Novas Trilhas No Modo de Fazer Pesquisa em Educação Especial
March 23, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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okvis ]VHLJIQ
ok ekmk m` ciz`r p`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil L`hli V`nhoi m'Klhv`hri m` Tiuli Ouo`s (Krn.)
O E C T @ @
L V ‘K T T O K
O O E E C T @ @
Eirålhi IFT@@ 6464
I QQKAHIÎÁK QQKAHIÎÁK FVIQHL@HVI M@ T@QYPHQIMKV@Q @E @MPAIÎÁK @QT@AHIL
Akpyrhnjt© 6464 mk iutkr Mhr`tkrhi mi Isskahiîák Frishl`hri m` T`squhsimkr`s `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil (649:-6464) Tr`shm`ot`
S`ri L÷ahi E`sshis Chljk Aip`llhoh (Po`sp m` Fiuru) Sha`-Tr`shm`ot` Qimik Kekt` - PO@QT/Eirålh PO@QT/Eirålhi i 9· Q`ar`térhk O`hzi m` Lkurm`s Cr`m`rhak Cue`s ‑ PCIL 6· Q`ar`térhk Clévhi Cihssil m` Qkuzi- P@VG `skur`hrk L`koirmk Q. I. Aifril ‑ PCNM Akos`ljk Chsail
@msko Ilv`s PC@Q ‑ P@TI Hviohlm`Tiotil`ák Ipklua`ok m` ‑Klhv`hri Airlk Qajehmt ‑ PCQE V`vhsti Frishl`hri M` @muaiîák @sp`ahil @mhtkr-aj`c`7 Eérahi M`ohs` Tl`tsaj - PCVVG @mhtkr`s imguotks7 Mèfkri V. m` Tiuli Ouo`s ‑ PCVO Mhra` Qjhzubk Cughsiwi ‑ P@L Eirhi Luhzi Q. Chkrhoh ‑ PO@QT Ieèlhi E`squhti E`squhti ‑ PCTI PCTI ^isjhontko ^ isjhontko OkzuOkzu- PCNM
@MH]KVI I I FT@@ FT@@ @mhtkr @muirmk Gksè Eiozhoh Akehtç @mhtkrhil Eirhlmi Ekri`s Nirahi Fruok (PCNM) Qimik Kekt` (Po`sp) ]`r`shoji Nuheirá`s Ehriomi (PCFI) Akos`ljk @mhtkrhil Oiahkoil Il`xiomri Ioiaj` Iyiaj` (PCEQ) Imrhioi Iri÷gk T`r`hri T`r`hri Fkrn`s Fkrn`s (PCEN) Iomr`ssi Qiotks Qiotks V`f`lk (PCEQ) (PCEQ) Aliumhk Vkf`rtk Fipthsti (PCVNQ/CIA@M) Aliumhi Vkmrhnu`s m` Cr`htis (PCVNQ) M`ohs` E`yr`ll`s m` G`sus (PC@Q) @muirmk Gksè Eiozhoh (PO@QT) @ohaèhi Nkoîilv`s E`om`s (PCQAir) N`kvioi E`omkoîi Luoirmh E`om`s (PM@QA) Nhlf`rti E. Gioouzzh (Pohaiep) Hviohlm` Ipklua`ok m` Klhv`hri (P@TI) L`hli V. K. T. Ouo`s (P@VG) L÷ahi m` Iri÷gk Vieks Eirthos (PCVO)
LuahioiIeèlhi Tiaj`ak Eirqu`s (PCGC) Eirhi Ile`hmi (PCQAir) Eirhi Th`mim` V`s`om` mi Aksti (PCQAir) Ehnu`l Aléumhk E. Ajiako (Po`sp-Eirålhi) Eýohai Einiljá`s Bissir (PCEQ,Akruefé) Eýohai T`r`hri mks Qiotks (PCVG) Qimik Kekt` (Po`sp-Eirålhi) Qkrihi Oipkl`ák Cr`htis (PCQE) ]`r`shoji Nuheirá`s Ehriomi (PCFI) Silm`l÷ahi Ilv`s mi Aksti (PCC)
Chaji aitilknréai `lifkrimi p`lk Q`rvhîk ]èaohak m` Fhflhkt`ai ` Mkaue`otiîák - Po`sp - Aiepus m` Eirålhi
O813 Okvis trhljis ok ekmk ekmk m` ciz`r p`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil / L`hli V`nhoi m‘Klhv`hri m‘Klhv`hri m` Tiuli Ouo`s, krniohzimkri. ‑ Eirålhi 7 IFT@@, 6464. 9==p. Hoaluh fhflhknrii. HQFO 8>:-30-::=30-46-:
9. @muaiîák `sp`ahil - T`squhsi. 6. T`squhsi T`squhsi - E`tkmklknhi. 1. @muaiîák `sp`ahil `sp`ahil - V`miîák tèaohai. H. Ouo`s, L`hli V`nhoi m‘Klhv`hri m` Tiuli. AMM 1>9.84>6
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Tr`céahk ........................................... ...................................................................................... ........................................................ .............
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Trkfl`eis m` T`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil Mèfkri V. T. OPO@Q ............................................................................... ...............................................................................
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T`squhsi @xp`rhe`otil `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil L`hli V`nhoi m‘Klhv`hri m` Tiuli OPO@Q2 Aéthi Arhv`l`oth m` Chnu`hr`mk ^IL@V ...................................................
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I E`tkmklknhi m` Jhstñrhi m` m` Shmi oi T`squhsi T`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil7 i @sauti mks Qug`htks Vksioi NLI2 Bithusahi A. Sirnis IOPO@Q ......................................... .........................................
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I @toknrii akek Ifkrmin`e E`tkmklñnhai `e T`squhsis T`squhsis oi @muaiîák @sp`ahil Eérahi M`ohs` TL@QAJ2 Eiåri Eiåri Nke`s m` Qkuzi mi VKAJI ................. .................
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I T`squhsi-Iîák7 T`squhsi-Iîák7 Isp`atks Akoa`htuihs, Iplhaiîák ` Heplhaiîð`s Heplhaiîð`s `e Hov`sthniîð`s skfr` @muaiîák @sp`ahil Titråahi FVIPO ..................................... ................................................................................ ................................................. ......
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Itrhfutks `ñrhak-E`tkmklñnhaks mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai Qhst`eéthai mis T`squhsis T`squhsis @epårhais `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil7 @vhmçoahis Ah`otåais oi keimi keimi m` M`ahsák skfr` is E`ljkr`s Tréthais Hoalushvis Ayl`o` E@MVIMK2 Shvhio Eirthos NKE@Q2 Crioahsak Crioa hsak m` Tiuli OPO@Q QKFVHOJK ........................................... ................................................. ...... 940 Akoshm`riîð`s skfr` @lifkriîák m` Vkt`hrks piri Nrupk Ckail @muirmk Gksè EIOWHOH ........................................................................... ...........................................................................
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Qkfr` ks iutkr`s...................................... ................................................................................. ................................................. ......
9=9
Skltir piri k sueérhk
TV@CÉAHK
Ake euhti sithsciîák ia`ht`h k akovht` piri pr`ciahir k lhvrk “Okvis rhljis ok Ekmk m` Ciz`r T`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil― , krniohzimk pkr L`hli V`nhoi m‘Klhv`hri m` Tiuli Ouo`s, p`squhsimkri ake visti `xp`rhçoahi oi ér`i m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil. Qui prkmuîák ah`otåai è iltie`ot` r`akoj`ahmi, ake m`stiqu` piri i Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi, qu` c`z m`li uei u ei mis phko`hris m`ssi ér`i ok Frishl. È ake he`osk priz`r qu` `sar`vk `st` pr`céahk oák sñ p`li ituilhmim` ` r`l`væoahi mi t`eéthai ifkrmimi ok lhvrk, “p`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil―, p`li quil s`epr` e` hot`r`ss`h, eis tiefèe p`lk r`sp`htk ` imehriîák qu` outrk p`li krniohzimkri m`sti akl`tæo`i, augi pksturi èthai, r`v`limi m`sm` k t`epk `e qu` i akoj`ah, ckh s` `vhm`oahiomk ` vhm`oahiomk ois suis ithvhmim`s prksshkoihs qu` t`ojk iakepiojimk. I kfri triti m` uei t`eéthai r`l`viot` qu`, s`e o`ojuei skefri m` m÷vhmi, triré akotrhfuhîð`s hepkrtiot`s piri i ér`i m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil, uei v`z qu` m`sar`v` akek is eihs virhimis e`tkmklknhis m` p`squhsi pkm`e s`r iplhaimis o`ssi ér`i. K lhvrk è akepkstk pkr s`t` aipåtulks, ` aimi ue m`sar`v`, oi t`krhi ` oi préthai, “ue ekmk― mhc`r`ot` m` ciz`r p`squhsi. >
L V. K. T. O (K.)
K prhe`hrk aipåtulk, Trkfl`eis m` T`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil , `sarhtk pkr Mèfkri V. T. Ouo`s, m`sar`v` k prka`ssk m` `lifkriîák m` prkfl`eis m` p`squhsi ok akot`xtk `muaiahkoil, tkeiomk akek fis` is t`eéthais thphaie`ot` ifkrmimis ok aiepk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil. Sil` m`stiqu` i ckrei akek i iutkri m`sar`v` ks isp`atks préthaks ` t`ñrhaks mk akoj`ahe`otk ah`otåak ik e`sek t`epk qu` vih m`lho`iomk `stritènhis m` akek m`lhehtir ` r`mhnhr ue prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi. Ok s`nuomk aipåtulk, T`squhsi @xp`rhe`otil `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil, L`hli V`nhoi m‘Klhv`hri m` Tiuli Ouo`s ` Aéthi Arhv`l`oth m` Chnu`hr`mk ^ilt`r ^ ilt`r,, pr`kaupimis ake k akoa`htk akoa`htk m` e`ljkr`s préthais, préthais, hot`rv`oîð`s ku tritie`otks fis`imks ku vilhmimks `e `vhmçoahis ` vhmçoahis ah`otåais ku `epårhais, m`sar`v`e uei ekmilhmim` m` p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil m`okehoimi m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi hotrissug`htks, augk mhc`r`oahil è i piri ivilhiîák homhvhmuil ` rhnkrksi mks `c`htks mis hot`rv`oîð`s ku tritie`otks aimi pirthahpiot`. Aimi uei mis ekmilhmim`s m`ss` thpk m` m`lho`ie`otk sák m`sarhtis ` hlustrimis ake `x`eplks m` p`squhsis gé r`ilhzimis. I s`nuhr s`nuhr,, Vksioi Nlit ` Bithusahi A. Sirnis Iotuo`s ipr`s`otie k t`ra`hrk aipåtulk, I E`tkmklknhi m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi oi T`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil7 I @sauti mks Qug`htks, ok quil sák triîimis ilnueis akoshm`riîð`s skfr` k usk mi e`tkmklknhi m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi `e p`squhsis ok aiepk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil. Q`nuomk is iutkris, o`ss` thpk m` hov`sthniîák, ik mir vkz iks sug`htks ” p`rehthomk qu` cil`e if`rtie`ot` skfr` suis vhmis ”, k p`squhsimkr `stif`l`a` ake `l`s uei r`liîák m` jkrhzkotilhmim` ` aueplhahmim`, rkep`omk ake i vhsák trimhahkoil m` qu` `l` è k m`t`otkr mk sif`r ` prkmuz, skzhojk, k akoj`ahe`otk skfr` is vhvçoahis m` m`t`rehoimk nrupk skahil, qu` pisshvie`ot` aklifkri ake k `stumk.
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I p`squhsi `toknréai è t`ei mk quirtk aipåtulk, r`mhnhmk pkr @toknrii ii Eérahi M`ohs` Tl`tsaj ` Eiåri Nke`s m` Qkuzi mi Vkaji, I @toknr akek Ifkrmin`e E`tkmklñnhai `e T`squhsis oi @muaiîák @sp`ahil triz ioélhs`s hepkrtiot`s skfr` k usk m`ssi e`tkmklknhi m` p`squhsi `e `stumks qu` `ovklv`e iluoks - p÷flhak-ilvk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil -, `sp`ahile`ot` iqu`l`s qu` ipr`s`otie m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil ` e÷lthpli. K ckak mk t`xtk r`aih skfr` k usk mi `toknrii `e p`squhsis qu` ifkrmie ks prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e m`ssi pkpuliîák ` is préthais p`minñnhais i `li mhrhnhmi. Titråahi Friuo, ok quhotk aipåtulk, hothtulimk I T`squhsi-Iîák7 Isp`atks Akoa`htuihs, Iplhaiîák ` Heplhaiîð`s Heplhaiîð`s `e Hov`sthniîð`s Hov`sthniîð`s skfr` @muaiîák @muaiîák @sp`ahil, ifkrmi ` ciz uei r`st`xák skfr` isp`atks akoa`htuihs mi p`squhsiiîák, m` ioilhsir iplhaiîð`s heplhaiîð`s m`sti kpîák e`tkmklñnhai mhiot`ilèe m` hov`sthniîð`s oi ér`i mi`@muaiîák @sp`ahil. K s`xtk aipåtulk, Itrhfutks `ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhaks mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mis T`squhsis @epårhais `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil7 @vhmçoahis Ah`otåais oi keimi m` M`ahsák skfr` is E`ljkr`s Tréthais Hoalushvis , `sarhtk pkr Ayl`o` E`mrimk, Shvhio Eirthos Nke`s ` Crioah Crioahsak sak m` Tiuli Ouo`s Qkfrhojk, ifkrmi ks itrhfutks t`ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhaks mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri (VQL) akek hostrue`otk qu` inrupi, shot`thzi ` hot`nri `vhmçoahis ah`otåais n`rimis pkr r`sultimks m` p`squhsis `epårhais. I p`squhsi skfr` nrupk ckail `oa`rri `st` lhvrk, ` triz i akotrhfuhîák m` @muirmk Gksè Eiozhoh ake k trifiljk Akoshm`riîð`s skfr` @lifkriîák m` Vkt`hrks piri Nrupk Ckail, akek ue prka`mhe`otk piri akl`tir hockreiîð`s v`rfihs skfr` ue m`t`rehoimk t`ei, mhsauthomk i ckrei m` akek `lifkrir ue rkt`hrk piri `ss` thpk m` akl`ti m` mimks.
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`ojk a`rt`zi m` qu` `sti kfri hré akotrhfuhr shnohaithvie`ot` piri i m`sehsthaiîák mk “itk m` r`ilhzir p`squhsi― oi ér`i m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil, uei v`z qu` aimi ue m`st`s aipåtulks ipkoti aiehojks i s`r`e s`nuhmks qu` pkm`e ` m`v`e s`r uthlhzimks ok mhi i mhi mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil, s`e r`a`hk ` ake akoj`ahe`otk m` aiusi. Qák Airlks, 64 m` ifrhl m` 649=. Eirhi Ie`lhi Ile`hmi Mka`ot` ` T`squhsimkri mk Trknriei m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil Skltir piri k sueérhk
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TVKFL@EIQ M@ T@QYPHQI @E @MPAIÎÁK @QT@AHIL Mèfkri V. T. OPO@Q
K
kfg`thvk mk pr`s`ot` aipåtulk è m`sar`v`r k prka`ssk m` `lifkriîák m` prkfl`eis m` p`squhsi ok akot`xtk `muaiahkoil. keiomk akek fis` is t`eéthais thphaie`ot` ifkrmimis ok aiepk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil, k t`xtk silh`oti is mhc`r`oîis `otr` ks prkfl`eis m` oitur`zi ah`otåai ` oák ah`otåai. @e s`nuhmi m`sar`v` isp`atks préthaks ` t`ñrhaks mk akoj`ahe`otk ah`otåak, m`lho`iomk `stritènhis m` akek m`lhehtir ` r`mhnhr ue prkfl`ei. TVKFL@EI AH@O]ÅCHAK7 MK YP@ @Q]IEKQ CILIOMK;
Trkfl`ei ah`otåak akepr``om` quilqu`r shtuiîák oák r`sklvhmi qu` pkm` s`r skluahkoimi `ephrhaie`ot`. kmi kmi p`squhsi, hom`p`om`ot` mi ifkrmin`e t`ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhai imktimi, t`e hoåahk ake i m`t`rehoiîák m`ss` prkfl`ei . Ckreulé-lk, ok `otiotk, oák è uei tir`ci shepl`s. Pe prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi m`v`, o`a`ssirhie`ot`, s`r skluahkoimk pkr ue prka`ssk `epårhak m` akl`ti ` ioélhs` m` mimks. Hssk shnohai shnohai qu` `l` `ovklv` virhév`hs qu` pkm`e s`r t`stimis, kfs`rvimis ` eiohpulimis. Euhtks prkfl`eis, ok `otiotk, oák ipr`s`otie `ssis airiat`råsthais, pkm`omk s`r skluahkoimks pkr e`hk mi hotuhîák, p`li trimhîák, p`lk s`osk akeue
ku pkr e`ri `sp`auliîák (LISHLL@2 MHKOO@, 9888). @ss` è k aisk, 99
L V. K. T. O (K.)
pirthaulire`ot`, m` qu`stð`s m` oitur`zi préthai ku èthai. B`rlhon`r (98:3) hothtuli `ss`s prkfl`eis, r`sp`athvie`ot`, m` prkfl`eis m` `on`ojirhi ` prkfl`eis m` vilkr . Ks prkfl`eis m` `on`ojirhi mhz`e r`sp`htk ä ckrei akek pkm`eks ciz`r ku usir ilnuei akhsi m` eio`hri `ah`ot`. Isshe, ok aiepk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil, pkm`eks p`osir `e prkfl`eis mk thpk “akek ieplhir i akeuohaiîák m` p`sskis m`sprkvhmis m` cili irthaulimi―; “akek civkr`a`r k usk mks r`aursks mi `aoklknhi Isshsthvi oi sili m` r`aursks eulthcuoahkoihs;―, Ku, ihomi, “akek civkr`a`r k ia`ssk m` trifiljimkr`s ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil ok e`raimk m` trifiljk;―. @efkri i ahçoahi pkssi shoilhzir ckreis m` skluahkoir `ss`s prkfl`eis, oák pkm` r`spkomçlks mhr`tie`ot` (NHL, 644>). Hssk pkrqu` ilnueis virhév`hs i s`r`e hov`sthnimis o`ssis qu`stð`s oák `sták `xplåahtis `, pkrtiotk, oák pkm`e s`r e`osurimis (B@VLHON@V, 98:3). Sirhév`hs sák `v`otks, akepkrtie`otks ku airiat`råsthais homhvhmuihs qu` issue`e p`lkshtuiîð`s, e`oks mkhs vilkr`s mhsarhehoithvks, s`gie `l`s quilhtithvks ku quiothtithvks (VIP@O, 6496). Qák isp`atks kfs`rvév`hs m` ue c`oýe`ok, qu` pkm`e ipr`s`otir virhiîð`s ku mhc`r`oîis `e r`liîák ik e`sek ku i kutrks c`oýe`oks. S`gieks, akek `x`eplk, i prhe`hri hominiîák7 “akek ieplhir i akeuohaiîák m` p`sskis m`sprkvhmis m` cili irthaulimi―; I virhév`l “akeuohaiîák― è ue c`oýe`ok qu` pkm` s`r kfs`rvimk ` e`mhmk, pkr `x`eplk, pkr e`hk mi cr`quçoahi m` turoks akeuohaithvks `ehthmks p`lk homhvåmuk. @e kutris pilivris, i cr`quçoahi m` v`z`s `e qu` uei p`sski hohahi ku r`spkom` i uei hot`riîák skahil pkr e`hk m` v`rfilhziîð`s, vkailhziîð`s, usk m` n`stks, m` låonui m` shoihs, m` kljir`s, m` phatknrieis `ta. Eis k qu` pkm` ic`tir ku akotrhfuhr piri k iue`otk oi cr`quçoahi m`ss` akepkrtie`otk;
K prkfl`ei, akek è ipr`s`otimk, oák hockrei i pr`s`oîi m` kutris virhév`hs qu` pkssie ic`tir i virhév`l “akeuohaiîák―. Isshe, è pr`ahsk m`ohr uei s`nuomi virhév`l. Tkm`eks p`osir, pkr `x`eplk, ok usk mi Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi ` Ieplhimi (AII),9 akoshm`rimi uei Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi Ilt`roithvi ` Ieplhimi (AII) è uei uei ér`i mi préthai alåohai ` `muaiahkoil `muaiahkoil qu` kfg`thvi akep`osir,, t`epkrérhi ku p`reio`ot`e`ot akep`osir p`reio`ot`e`ot`, `, ks pr`guåzks oi akeuohaiîák `xpr`sshv `xpr`sshvii ` r`a`pthv r`a`pthvi. i. @li `ovklv` 9
km`otr` usk m` n`stks eiouihs, `xpr`ssð`s ciahihs ` cia` akrpkrihs, vkz mhnhtilhzimi kuok shot`thzimi, kutrks e`hks m` `c`tuir i akeuohaiîák i cia` såefklks m` p`sskisnréaks, qu` ipr`s`otie lhehtiîð`s usk `/ku akepr``osák mi lhonuin`e kril (F@PB@LEIO2 EHV@OMI, 988:).
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préthai prkehsskri ok m`s`ovklvhe`otk mi akeuohaiîák m` p`sskis qu` `vhm`oahie pr`guåzks oi cili (F@PB@LEIO2 EHV@OMI, 988:). Akek r`sultimk, akos`nuheks akos`nuheks e`osurir i r`liîák r`liîák `otr` muis virhév`hs7 cr`quçoahi m` itks akeuohaithvks ` usk mks r`aursks mi AII. Ake `ssis virhév`hs, r`ckreulieks i p`rnuoti piri “Yuihs ks `c`htks mk usk mi AII oi itks akeuohaithvks cr`quçoahi m`prkfl`ei m` ah`otåai, p`sskis m`sprkvhmis m` pkssk cili irthaulimi; i rthaulimi; Hssk s`rhi ue m` oitur`zi uei v`z qu` kfs`rvir, kfs`rvir, e`osurir ` t`stir is virhév`hs. Q` `u `oakotrir uei akrr`liîák `otr` is e`seis, akoaluk qu` k usk mi AII pkm` ieplhir i akeuohaiîák m` p`sskis m`sprkvhmis m` cili irthaulimi. @ss` r`sultimk ckh `oakotrimk, pkr `x`eplk, ok `stumk m`s`ovklvhmk pkr ^ilt`r ` Ile`hmi (6494). O`ssi p`squhsi, m` auojk `xp`rhe`otil, k usk mi AII ieplhku i cr`quçoahi m` akepkrtie`otks akeuohaithvks m` m` p`sskis ake iuthsek ` s`us ciehlhir`s. O`ss` aisk, k eètkmk ah`otåak pksshfhlhtku qu` is iutkris `oakotriss`e ue citkr qu` pum`ss` akotrhfuhr piri i ieplhiîák mi akeuohaiîák m`
homhvåmuks m`sprkvhmks m` cili irthaulimi. Ks prkfl`eis m` vilkr `ovklv`e isp`atks èthaks ` ekrihs mk p`squhsimkr, qu` oák pkm`e s`r akeprkvimks pkr e`hk m` t`st`s `epårhaks. Qák qu`stð`s qu` ipurie s` ilnk è fke ku ruhe, im`quimk ku hoim`quimk, m`s`gév`l ku hom`s`gév`l (NHL, 644>). T`rnuotir s` “iluoks surmks eitrhaulimks `e `saklis akeuos sák e`ljkr`s mk qu` iluoks surmks qu` `stumie `e `saklis `sp`ahihs― ku s` “è `rrimk `st`rhlhzir p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil― oák s` airiat`rhzie akek prkfl`eis m` p`squhsi pkr s`r`e qu`stð`s qu` `ovklv`e gulnie`otks ekrihs, akoshm`riîð`s sufg`thvis, qu` oák pkm`e s`r e`osurimis `ephrhaie`ot`. Ok prhe`hrk `x`eplk, akek pkm`eks ivilhir s` ue thpk m` `sakli è e`ljkr mk qu` kutri; Yuil k akoa`htk m` e`ljkr ; E`ljkr `e r`liîák i qu` ` ` oi p`rsp`athvi m` qu`e; O`ss` aisk, pr`ahsiråieks, hohahile`ot`, m`ohr k akoa`htk m` e`ljkr. Qupkojieks qu` k p`squhsimkr `st`gi, oi r`ilhmim`, qu`r`omk iv`rhnuir k oåv`l m` ilcif`thziîák mks iluoks surmks hos`rhmks `e `saklis akeuos ` `saklis fhlåonu`s. @ssi e`mhmi pkm`, pkr `x`eplk, s`r iv`rhnuimi p`lis oktis oi Trk Trkvhoji vhoji Frishl6 mks iluoks. Isshe, k p`squhsimkr pkm`rhi p`rnuotir s` “iluoks surmks hos`rhmks `e aliss`s I Trkvhoji Trkvhoji Frishl è uei ivilhiîák mhinoñsthai mk oåv`l m` ilcif`thziîák mis arhioîis eitrhaulimis ok s`nuomk iok m` `saklirhziîák mis `saklis p÷flhais frishl`hris. 6
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akeuos ipr`s`otie oktis sup`rhkr`s oi Trkvhoji Frishl mk qu` iqu`l`s eitrhaulimks `e `saklis fhlåonu`s―. Ks r`sultimks m`ssi hov`sthniîák p`rehthrhie ik p`squhsimkr akepirir k oåv`l m` ilcif`thziîák m` iluoks surmks, ivilhimks p`li Trkvhoji Frishl, `e mkhs akot`xtks m` `oshok. @stumks m`ssi oitur`zi ckrie r`ilhzimks, ok Frishl, pkr Aipkvhlli (644:). Ok s`nuomk aisk, `stif`l`a`r s` ue akepkrtie`otk è akrr`tk ku `rrimk `ovklv` ue gulnie`otk ekril, sufg`thvk, qu` `stirhi ckri mk `sakpk mk p`squhsimkr. Oimi hep`m`, ok `otiotk, qu` `l` hov`sthnu` k gulnie`otk m` kutrks homhvåmuks `e r`liîák i uei t`eéthai akek, pkr `x`eplk, i `st`rhlhziîák m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi. Isshe, è pkssåv`l r`ckreulir i p`rnuoti mi s`nuhot` ckrei7 Yuil i p`ra`pîák mks pihs `e r`liîák ä `st`rhlhziîák m` s`us ljks ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil; M`ssi M`ssi ckrei, k p`squhsimkr `stirhi m`sar`v`omk i p`ra`pîák m` uei pkpuliîák ` oák m` sh prñprhk. K `stumk akomuzhmk pkr Aist`lik ` aklifkrimkr`s (6441), qu` kfg`thvivi ioilhsir is kphohð`s m` pihs ` prksshkoihs skfr` i s`xuilhmim` m` p`sskis ake såomrke` m` Mkwo, ifkrmku `ssi qu`sták. M I TVKFL@EÉ]HAI IK IK TVKFL@EI
@lifkrir ue prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi oák è uei tir`ci shepl`s. Hm`his hohahihs qu` pir`a`e prkehsskris pr`ahsie, euhtis v`z`s, s`r liphmimis ` r`ckreulimis piri s` tkroir`e fkos prkfl`eis m` p`squhsi. Pe pissk hohahil è p`osir ok prkfl`ei m`otrk m` ue a`oérhk, m` ue akot`xtk, akostruåmk i pirthr mks akoj`ahe`otks, mis `xp`rhçoahis ` mks vilkr`s mk p`squhsimkr. mk qu` m`ss`s Livhll`iutkr`s, ` Mhkoo` (9888) hothtulie s`othmi . riti-s` m` prkfl`eéthai Oi p`rsp`athvi R...U i akosah`othziîák m` ue prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi m`p`om` mk qu` mhspkeks ok cuomk m` oñs e`seks7 akoj`ahe`otks m` mhv`rsis krm`os ” frutks ` akostruåmks ”, ` `otr` `ss`s akoa`htks ` t`krhis2 akoj`ahe`otks qu` niojie s`othmk `e cuoîák m` vilkr`s ithvimks pkr kutrks vilkr`s7 aurhkshmim`, a`thahsek, akoioîi ok prka`mhe`otk ah`otåak ` akosahçoahi m` s`us lheht`s R...U (LI (LISHLL@2 SHLL@2 MHKOO@, 9888, p. 8>)
@ss` prkfl`ei pkm`ré imvhr mk akthmhiok mk p`squhsimkr, akek isshoilie ks iutkr`s supriahtimks. Heinho`eks qu` ue p`squhsimkr mi 9=
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ér`i mi @muaiîák isshsti `stirr`ahmk ä oktåahi m` qu` k o÷e`rk m` iluoks qu` ifiomkoie i `sakli ithonhu åomha`s ilireiot`s `e s`u @stimk. @l` m`slhni i t`l`vhsák ` r`st`t` skfr` ks citkr`s qu` pkm`rhie `stir iairr`tiomk til `visák. Is akomhîð`s m` `oshok mis `saklis m` sui ahmim`, i ckreiîák m` prkc`sskr`s, is pklåthais p÷flhais, is nr`v`s, ks silérhks ` tiotis kutrks isp`atks qu` l`u, kuvhu, s`othu ku p`squhsku m`akrr`r m` sui trig`tñrhi - akek iluok ` prkc`sskr - pissie pkr suioke`ot`. @ss`s p`osie`otks aulehoie `e uei ku vérhis jhpñt`s`s 1 qu` pkm`e `xplhair k c`oýe`ok mi `visák `saklir `e sui ahmim`. Isshe, akog`aturi qu` “ks iluoks m`hxie ku ifiomkoie is `saklis pkrqu` pr`ahsie trifiljir― ku “i `visák è r`st`xk mis m`ahtérhis akomhîð`s m` `oshok― ku ihomi heinhoi qu` “ks iluoks m`shst`e pkrqu` ipr`s`otie fihxi iutk`sthei―. iutk`sthei―. Ipñs akosah`othzir-s` mk prkfl`ei ` l`viotir jhpñt`s`s hohahihs, k p`squhsimkr aiehoji piri i akostruîák m` uei prkfl`eéthai riahkoil (LISHLL@2 MHKOO@, 9888). Ku s`gi, m`lhehtir k prkfl`ei, tkroélk shnohaithvk ` ckreulé-lk akek p`rnuoti. @ss` prka`ssk m`eiomiré qu` `saklji k æonulk p`lk quil m`s`gi hov`sthnir k issuotk ` qu` r`vhs` i lht`rituri skfr` i t`eéthai. Ok prhe`hrk aisk, `l` m`v`ré r`st`thr skfr` ks mhc`r`ot`s `ockqu`s mi qu`sták prkpksti piri, pkst`rhkre`ot`, ckair `e ue isp`atk mk prkfl`ei. Ok `x`eplk iahei, pkm`ré p`osir oks isp`atks `akoýehaks qu` pkm`rhie akotrhfuhr piri i `visák, akek i o`a`sshmim` mks iluoks m` trifiljir pr`aka`e`ot` m`vhmk ä cilti m` `epr`nk mks pihs. Tkm`ré, tiefèe, p`osir `e isp`atks p`minñnhaks , akek i imkîák m` `stritènhis hoim`quimis m` `oshok qu` m`sekthvie k iluoimk. Tkr e, p`osirhi oks isp`atks pshaklñnhaks 7 oák `stirhie ks iluoks sihomk pkrqu` ipr`s`otie fihxk s`othe`otk m` iutk`sthei; I OI]PV@WI MK TVKFL@EI M@ T@QYPHQI
K prkfl`ei ah`otåak surn` quiomk okssk akoj`ahe`otk oák è suah`ot` piri m`sar`v`r ` `xplhair shtuiîð`s, qu` pkm`e s`r m` oitur`zi préthai ku ku m` oitur`zi t`ñrhai . @e s`nuhmi s`rák `xplhahtimis ` xplhahtimis airiat`råsthais m` aimi ekmilhmim`.
Jhpñt`s` ‑ ‑ uei akog`turi ku prkpkshîák qu` v`rsi skfr` i skluîák m` ue prkfl`ei (^H@VQEI, 6444).
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TVKFL@EIQ M@ OI]PV@WI TVÉ]HAI
@e t`reks préthaks, i ckreuliîák mk prkfl`ei pkm`7 i) sufshmhir uei iîák2 f) ivilhé-li2 ku a) pr`v`r ue iakot`ahe`otk (NHL, 644>). Ok prhe`hrk aisk, heinho`eks i s`nuhot` shtuiîák7 Pei `sakli Z ipr`s`oti iltis tixis m` ifs`ot`åsek pkr pirt` mks iluoks mk turok v`sp`rthok, eitrhaulimks ok It`omhe`otk @muaiahkoil @sp`ahilhzimk (I@@).= @ss` mimk m`eiomi qu` ks n`stkr`s mi hosthtuhîák m`s`ovklvie iîð`s ok s`othmk m` ehohehzir is ciltis äs iulis. Tiri ue im`quimk plio`gie`otk, è pr`ahsk hohahile`ot` akepr``om`r is rizð`s qu` l`vie ik ifs`ot`åsek mhsa`ot`. Isshe, k s`nuhot` prkfl`ei pkm` s`r ckreulimk7 “quihs “quihs ks citkr`s akotrhfuhot`s piri i kakrrçoahi m` cilti äs iulis mks iluoks mk I@@, eitrhaulimks ok p`råkmk eituthok mi `sakli Z;―. Ik tèrehok m` uei p`squhsi m` l`viotie`otk, akoaluhu-s` qu` ue mks citkr`s akotrhfuhot`s piri k ifs`ot`åsek mhsa`ot` `ri i hepksshfhlhmim` mks l`vir`e ljksv`sp`rthok, ä `sakli oks mkhs pihs turoks. Tkr oák ciltirpihs ik m` trifiljk okksturok euhtks kptivie pkrpkm`r`e triz`r k ljk ä `sakli ip`ois p`li eiojá. Isshe, ks iluoks oák hie äs iulis ä tirm` ` r`a`fhie k it`omhe`otk ok I@@ ok p`råkmk eituthok. Ake `ss`s mimks `e eáks, i mhr`îák mi `sakli m`lho`ku uei iîák7 m`s`ovklv`r ue prknriei m` `muaiîák hot`nril iks iluoks it`omhmks p`lk I@@. O`ss` prknriei, `ss`s iluoks pkm`rhie p`reio`a`r oi hosthtuhîák `e t`epk hot`nril. Akockre` iot`rhkre`ot` isshoilimk, ue prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi m` oitur`zi préthai pkm`ré igumir oi ivilhiîák m` uei iîák m` `ocr`otie`otk. Sklt`eks, Sklt`eks, `oták, ä `sakli Z, kom` ks n`stkr`s prkpus`rie k t`epk hot`nril iks iluoks mk I@@. Aif`rhi, o`ss` akot`xtk, ivilhir `ssi iîák, ok s`othmk m` iv`rhnuir s` i tixi m` ifs`ot`åsek ckh r`muzhmi. Isshe, k s`nuhot` prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi pkm` s`r ckreulimk7 “Yuihs ks `c`htks prkmuzhmks p`li `muaiîák hot`nril oi tixi m` ifs`ot`åsek mks iluoks mk I@@, eitrhaulimks mk turok eituthok mi `sakli Z;―. O`ss` okvk `stumk, ks n`stkr`s pkm`rhie akepirir i cr`quçoahi m` kakrrçoahi m` ciltis iot`s ` ipñs i hepl`e`otiîák mi iîák m` `ocr`otie`otk. Q` i tixi m` ifs`ot`åsek K It`omhe`otk @muaiahkoil @sp`ahilhzimk (I@@) è ue s`rvhîk mi `muaiîák `sp`ahil qu` hm`othai, `lifkri, ` krniohzi r`aursks p`minñnhaks ` m` ia`sshfhlhmim` piri iluoks qu` `vhm`oahie m`ahçoahis, triostkroks ` =
iltis jifhlhmim`s. @ss` it`omhe`otk è thphaie`ot` `e Qilis m` V`aursks Eulthcuoahkoihs ok akotriturok `saklir `saklir. . Isshe, iluoks eitrhaulimks oikc`rtimk `sakli r`nulir ok turok v`sp`rthok sák it`omhmks(QVE) ois QVE ok turok v`sp`rthok v`sp`rthok..
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ckr r`muzhmi, homhai qu` i iîák ckh `aiz. Aisk i tixi oák t`oji shmk r`muzhmi, è pr`ahsk ivilhir ` prkpkr uei okvi iîák. Tkr e, ue prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi pkm` t`r akek e`ti pr`v`r ue iakot`ahe`otk, ake vhstis i plio`gir uei iîák. Tkm`eks, pkr `x`eplk, ivilhir k hepiatk prkmuzhmk pkr prknrieis `muaiahkoihs, akek k Trknriei m` Ipkhk i Tlioks m` V``struturiîák ` @xpiosák mis Pohv`rshmim`s C`m`rihs (V`uoh), m`s`ovklvhmk ois uohv`rshmim`s p÷flhais frishl`hris. @ss` prknriei nkv`roie`otil vhsku, m`otr` kutris e`tis, ieplhir k o÷e`rk m` vinis mhspkoåv`hs ois Hosthtuhîð`s m` @oshok Qup`rhkr (H@Q). T`squhsis, T`squhsis, ok `otiotk, ckrie pr`vhie`ot` r`ilhzimis piri ivilhir ks `c`htks m`ssi `xpiosák oi `struturi mis H@Q. I pirthr m`ss`s mimks, akostitku-s` i o`a`sshmim` m` akotritiîák m` okvks mka`ot`s, kc`rti m` okvks aursks ` ieplhiîák mi ia`sshfhlhmim` mis hosthtuhîð`s. TVKFL@EIQ M@ OI]PV@WI ]@ÑVHAI K prkfl`ei m` oitur`zi t`ñrhai ku hot`l`atuil è hepkrtiot` piri iprhekrir k akoj`ahe`otk skfr` ue m`t`rehoimk c`oýe`ok, t`stir t`krhis ku prkpkr okvks pirimhneis. Ok prhe`hrk aisk `sták ks `stumks qu` triz`e akek e`ti m`sar`v`r ue m`t`rehoimk kfg`tk ku iv`rhnuir, ake eihs `sp`ahahmim`, is akomhîð`s `e qu` a`rtks c`oýe`oks kakrr`e (NHL, 644>). E`r`a`e m`stiqu`, o`ss` piokriei, is p`squhsis m`sarhthvis , lht`rituri i ` is r`vhsð`s mi lht`ritur ` ks `stumks ckaimks oi hm`othaiîák m` r`liîð`s `otr` virhév`hs .
Pei mis pksshfhlhmim`s mi p`squhsi m` oitur`zi t`ñrhai m`sarhthvi è m`lho`ir k p`rl m` uei m`t`rehoimi pkpuliîák. Ilv`s ` Eistuburi (6499), pkr `x`eplk, m`sar`v`rie i p`ra`pîák qu` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi cåshai thojie skfr` k usk mi `aoklknhi Isshsthvi oi `sakli akeue. K kfg`thvk mi p`squhsi ckh, `sp`ahaie`ot`, hm`othair, i pirthr mk pkotk m` vhsti m` ahoak iluoks ake pirilhshi a`r`fril, is akotrhfuhîð`s, mhaulmim`s ` k akthmhiok heplhaimk ok usk m` r`aursks m` `aoklknhi Isshsthvi ok akot`xtk mi `saklirhziîák ok `oshok r`nulir. Ks mimks ckrie prkmuzhmks i pirthr m` `otr`vhstis s`eh`struturimis akomuzhmis ake ks pirthahpiot`s.
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lht`rituri i , pirthaulire`ot`, is p`squhsis m` “`stimk Is r`vhsð`s mi lht`ritur mi irt`― ` is e`ti-ioélhs`s `otrie, tiefèe, o`ssi ait`nkrhi. @lis sák m`ohmis akek `stumks fhflhknréaks qu` vhsie R...U eip`ir ` mhsauthr a`rti prkmuîák iaimçehai `e mhc`r`ot`s aiepks mk akoj`ahe`otk, t`otiomk r`spkom`r qu` isp`atks ` mhe`osð`s vçe s`omk m`stiaimks ` prhvhl`nhimks `e mhc`r`ot`s èpkais ` lunir`s, m` qu` ckreis ` `e qu` akomhîð`s tçe shmk prkmuzhmis R...U (C@VV@HVI, 6446, p. 60>).
I p`squhsi akomuzhmi pkr Ouo`s ` Ouo`s Qkfrhojk Qkfrhojk (6494), pkr `x`eplk, vhsku hm`othair is airiat`råsthais e`tkmklñnhais mks `stumks skfr` k usk mi Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi ake `muaiomks ake iuthsek puflhaimis ois ÷ltheis mèaimis. @ssi hov`sthniîák p`rehthu eip`ir is prkmuîð`s ah`otåais prkmuzhmis o`ss` p`råkmk, isshe akek hm`othair suis liauois. Ake fis` oks iajimks m`ssi prkmuîák, kutrk p`squhsimkr sif`ré “pkr kom`― ake`îir suis fusais, hm`othaiomk k qu` gé ckh prkmuzhmk ` k akoj`ahe`otk qu` ihomi pr`ahsi s`r n`rimk. Tkr e, `xhst`e is p`squhsis qu` kfg`thvie `oakotrir r`liîð`s `otr` c`oýe`oks . M`otr` ks kfg`thvks mk `stumk m`s`ovklvhmk pkr AirviljkCr`htis Cr `htis (644:), pkr `x`eplk, `stivi hov`sthnir is r`liîð`s `otr` `otr` i ckrei akek i m`ahçoahi è vhsti p`lks n`r`ot`s ` p`sskis r`spkosév`hs p`li hos`rîák m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahis ois `epr`sis ` is iîð`s m` im`quiîák mis akomhîð`s ` préthais m` trifiljk o`ssis e`seis akrpkriîð`s. Ks r`sultimks homhairie qu` quiotk e`ljkr i p`ra`pîák mis p`sskis `e r`liîák ik m`s`ep`ojk, prkmuthvhmim` ` quilhmim` m` trifiljk mis p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi, eihkr`s is iîð`s m` s`oshfhlhziîák r`ilhzimis oi `epr`si, ` vha`-v`rsi. I p`squhsi m` oitur`zi t`ñrhai tiefèe s`rv` m` fis` piri t`stir uei t`krhi. Heinho`eks, pkr `x`eplk, i t`krhi mi Trkc`ahi Iutkrr`ilhzimkrii m`sarhti pkr Ilpkrt oi mèaimi m` 9804 (FVHK2 Iutkrr`ilhzimkr LKEKOIAK, 98:1). Q`nuomk `ss` pkstulimk, is ar`oîis sák aipiz`s m` hostu`oahir k akepkrtie`otk miqu`l`s qu` o`lis ar``e. O`ss` s`othmk, is p`sskis eumirhie m` ithtum`s ` s` `onigirhie `e akepkrtie`otks qu` iue`otirhie is ajioa`s m` kakrr`r k qu` ckr mhtimk p`li ar`oîi. @e r`liîð`s hot`rp`sskihs, `ssi homhvåmuks. ar`oîi (ku prkc`ahi) t`rhi k pkm`r m` ic`tir k akepkrtie`otk m` kutrks 9:
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Vks`otjil ` Giakfsko (98:9) akomuzhrie mhv`rsks `stumks `e akot`xtks `saklir`s ` akoaluårie qu` is `xp`atithvis mks prkc`sskr`s tçe hepiatk `xpr`sshvk ok m`s`ep`ojk mks iluoks. M` ckrei `sp`aåai, v`rhairie qu` arhioîis mis quihs ks prkc`sskr`s `sp`rivie eihkr ar`sahe`otk hot`l`atuil, `vhm`oahirie til prknr`ssk prknr`ssk.. Heinho`eks qu` ue p`squhsimkr ile`g` r`plhair ks `stumks m` Vks`otjil ` Giakfsko (98:9) oi ituilhmim`. Akog`tur`eks qu`, m`pkhs m` r`p`thmis r`plhaiîð`s, `ovklv`omk ue o÷e`rk `xpr`sshvk ` xpr`sshvk m` pirthahpiot`s, r`sultimks måspir`s s`gie `oakotrimks. Ku s`gi, qu` is ar`oîis mk prkc`sskr pkuak hostu`oahie k s`u akepkrtie`otk ku k m`s`ep`ojk m` s`us iluoks. @ss`s r`sultimks pkm`rhie susahtir k qu`sthkoie`otk mi t`krhi, airiat`rhziomk, isshe, i prkpkshîák m` ue okvk pirimhnei. O`ss` a`oérhk, ue okvk prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi, m` oitur`zi t`ñrhai, pkm`ré s`r ckreulimk. CKVEPLIOMK TVKFL@EIQ M@ T@QYPHQI 7 ILNPEIQ MHAIQ
Ipñs akepr``om`r i krhn`e ` i oitur`zi mks prkfl`eis m` p`squhsi, è pr`ahsk ipr`om`r i `sar`vç-lks im`quimie`ot`. Nhl (644>) ` EaEhllio EaEhll io (6441) ckro`a`e ilnueis mhais, ifihxk ipr`s`otimis7 K TVKFL@EI M@S@ Q@V V@L@SIO]@
Ks r`sultimks m` uei p`squhsi m`v`e triz`r akotrhfuhîð`s t`ñrhais ku préthais oi ér`i hov`sthnimi, akockre` mhsauthmk pr`vhie`ot`. I r`l`væoahi t`ñrhai è m`t`rehoimi p`lks sufsåmhks qu` k `stumk triz ä prkmuîák ah`otåai akrr`ot`. Ku s`gi, ks r`sultimks `oakotrimks triz`e okvks akoj`ahe`otks ku ekmhaie i ckrei akek akepr``om`eks ue c`oýe`ok; T`os`eks, pkr `x`eplk, oks `stumks akomuzhmks pkr G`io Thin`t. I pirthr m` kfs`rviîð`s shst`eéthais, Thin`t m`s`ovklv`u ue ekm`lk t`ñrhak mk m`s`ovklvhe`otk aknohthvk. Akotripkomk is hm`his hoithstiseituriahkohstis, sun`rhu qu` is `struturis e`otihs sák piulithoie`ot` akostruåmis i pirthr mi hot`riîák mk homhvåmuk ake k e`hk cåshak ` skahil. Ip`sir m` oák o`nir i hostuçoahi m` citkr`s fhklñnhaks, Thin`t r`ssiltku i 98
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hepkrtæoahi mk iefh`ot` ok m`s`ovklvhe`otk mi arhioîi. @ssi prkpksti r`vkluahkoku is t`krhis vhn`ot`s mi èpkai. È hepkrtiot` silh`otir qu` uei p`squhsi oák pr`ahsi r`vkluahkoir ue pirimhnei! @li pkm`, ok `otiotk, triz`r hockreiîð`s r`l`viot`s qu` oks igumie i akepr``om`r c`oýe`oks. S`gieks, pkr `x`eplk, k aisk m` p`squhsis qu` tritie mi `visák `saklir. Ok `stumk m` riekothoi ` aklifkrimkr`s (6446), akomuzhmk oi ahmim` m` Tkrtk Il`nr` (VQ), ckh akostitimk qu` ks iluoks qu` ipr`s`otivie itrisks aknohthvks ok m`s`ovklvhe`otk t`omhie i ifiomkoir ks `stumks ake eihs cr`quçoahi mk qu` ks `muaiomks ake hot`lhnçoahi okreil. @ss` r`sultimk è r`l`viot`, uei v`z qu` oks cili skfr` k c`oýe`ok mi `visák `saklir oi ahmim` m` Tkrtk Il`nr`. Ku s`gi, iluoks qu` `vhm`oahie pr`guåzks hot`l`atuihs pkm`rhie `stir eihs prkp`osks i ifiomkoir i `sakli mk qu` `muaiomks ake m`s`ovklvhe`otk tåphak. I hepkrtæoahi p`squhsi mhz`e r`spivilhir r`sp`htk `htk ä iplhaifhlhmim` m` s`us r`sultimks. Tkm`ekspréthai p`osirmi p`osir, , pkr `x`eplk, i `aéahi m` uei m`t`rehoimi `stritènhi m` `oshok `e ue nrupk m` iluoks. O`ss` akot`xtk, Gusthok ` Firr`ri Firr`ri (6496) `stumirie ks `c`htks mk eètkmk cýohak0 `e iluoks ake nriv`s m`cisin`os oi ilcif`thziîák. Ks r`sultimks mi p`squhsi r`v`lirie ks `xpr`sshvks niojks qu` i pkpuliîák hov`sthnimi kft`v` i pirthr mk usk mk r`c`rhmk eètkmk. K TVKFL@EI M@S@ (TV@C@V@OAHILE@O]@) Q@V CKVEPLIMK AKEK T@VNPO]I
K prkfl`ei homhai uei cilti m` akoj`ahe`otk ku uei liauoi `e ue m`t`rehoimk tñphak m` p`squhsi. Ip`sir m` pkm`r s`r ckreulimk akek ireithvi ku m` ckrei m`sarhthvi (^H@VQEI 6444), ckreulé-lk akek p`rnuoti ciahlhti i hm`othaiîák mk ckak ` mks kfg`thvks mi p`squhsi. K p`squhsimkr qu` homhai qu` “vih `stumir k c`oýe`ok mk fullyhon ― pkuak ckro`a` ik l`htkr i m`lhehtiîák m` s`u kfg`tk m` hov`sthniîák. Tkssk Tkssk heinhoir qu` `stumirhi i p`ra`pîák m` prkc`sskr`s skfr` k fullyhon ois ois `saklis, ks `c`htks mk fullyhon ok ok m`s`ep`ojk iaimçehak mks iluoks ku, ihomi, k qu` 0
m` ilcif`thziîák qu` m`c`om` k `oshok mi l`hturi m` ckrei shotèthai,hohahile`ot`, pirthomk mi kpirt` (cko`ei) piri k Eètkmk tkmk (pilivri). @ss` eètkmk akotripð` k eètkmk ioilåthak, qu` `ockai, `oshok mk “tkmk― (pilivris, cris`s ku t`xtks) piri s` aj`nir äs pirt`s (sålifis ku cko`eis).
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ks r`sultimks mis p`squhsis puflhaimis oks ÷ltheks trçs ioks tçe r`v`limk skfr` k c`oýe`ok mk fullyhon ois ois `saklis frishl`hris. S`gieks inkri i m`lhehtiîák mk kfg`tk hov`sthnimk ok s`nuhot` prkfl`ei7 “Yuihs ks citkr`s qu` akotrhfu`e piri i préthai mk fullyhon `e iluoks ake m`ahçoahi cåshai eitrhaulimks ok `oshok eèmhk mis `saklis p÷flhais mi ahmim` mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk; Gio`hrk;―. ―. @ssi p`rnuoti p`reht` qu` k l`htkr akepr``omi qu` k p`squhsimkr ile`gi hm`othair ks citkr`s qu` akotrhfu`e piri i préthai mk fullyhon `otr` `otr` ks gkv`os ake m`ahçoahi oi ahmim` stueho`os`. K TVKFL@EI M@S@ @QT@AHCHAIV I I TKTPLIÎÁK HOS@Q]HNIMI Tkpuliîák mhz r`sp`htk äs p`sskis qu` k p`squhsimkr qu`r hov`sthnir. Pe fke prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi shoilhzi, `e pkuais pilivris, is
airiat`råsthais eihs r`l`viot`s uei pkpuliîák. Heinho`eks Heinho`eks ueoktis prkfl`ei mk thpk7 “Arhioîis surmis qu`m`ciz`e pilivris aruzimis kftçe eihs `l`vimis `e pkrtunuçs mk qu` is arhioîis surmis qu` oák ciz`e pilivris aruzimis;― O`ss` aisk, i m`sarhîák mi pkpuliîák è vini, uei v`z qu` cilji `e ckro`a`r hockreiîð`s hepkrtiot`s akek i hmim`, i krhn`e mis arhioîis ku `sp`ahahmim`s m` sui akomhîák. O`ssi p`rsp`athvi, m`v`eks m`eirair i pkpuliîák qu` pkm`ré s`r, m` citk, `stumimi p`lk p`squhsimkr. Isshe, k prkfl`ei pkm` s`r r`ckreulimk mi s`nuhot` ckrei 7 “Is arhioîis surmis oák krilhzimis mk quhotk iok m` `saklis p÷flhais m` Oitil qu` ciz`e pilivris aruzimis kftçe oktis eihs `l`vimis `e pkrtunuçs mk qu` is arhioîis surmis oák krilhzimis qu` oák k ciz`e;― O`ss` s`nuomk `x`eplk, i pkpuliîák ckh m`lhehtimi iks `muaiomks oák krilhzimks m`, iprkxheimie`ot`, 8 i 94 ioks, prkv`oh`ot`s prkv`o h`ot`s m` `saklis p÷flhais m` uei ahmim` okrm`sthoi. K prkfl`ei ckh, pkrtiotk, m`eiraimk i uei mhe`osák vhév`l, susa`tåv`l m` hov`sthniîák. K TVKFL@EI M@S@V Q@V ALIVK @ TV@AHQK
I akepr``osák mk l`htkr skfr` k prkfl`ei i s`r hov`sthnimk hov`sthnimk m`v` s`r ioélkni ik qu` k p`squhsimkr `sté, m` citk, s` prkpkomk hov`sthnir. Isshe, t`reks iefånuks ku vinks m`v`e s`r `vhtimks oi ckreuliîák mks prkfl`eis m` p`squhsi. 69
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Heinho`eks k s`nuhot` prkfl`ei7 I `muaiîák hoalushvi civkr`a` i ipr`omhzin`e m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi; K qu` k p`squhsimkr qu`r mhz`r ake “`muaiîák hoalushvi―; hoalushvi―; @ss` akoa`htk è iefånuk ` t`e shmk `epr`nimk ake mhsthotks shnohaimks oi lht`rituri. S`gieks ilnuos `x`eplks ioilhsimks pkr Clkrhio (6440)7 M`ohîák m` @muaiîák Hoalushvi Pei `sakli hoalushv` è iqu`li qu` ia`hti tkmis is arhioîis @saklis hoalushvis ipr`s`otie aurråaulks piri ks iluoks ake imiptiîð`s qu` oák sák kfs`rvimis `e `saklis qu` `xalu`e ks iluoks mk akot`xtk r`nulir m` `oshok. Pe akoguotk m` prhoaåphks qu` niriot` qu` k iluok ake m`ahçoahi s`gi p`ra`fhmk akek ue e`efrk vilhksk ` o`a`ssérhk mi akeuohmim` `saklir `e tkmks ks isp`atks.
Iutkr`s
]keis, 988> Fillirm, 9880) Pmhtsby, 9881
Ckot`7 Imiptiîák m` Clkrhie (6440 p. 19).
Q` CLKVHIE, p`osireks `e `muaiîák oi ckrei ]keis (988> ipum 6440) isshoili,hoalushvi heinhoiråieks qu`akek i prkpksti mk p`squhsimkr s`rhi `stumir i ipr`omhzin`e mk iluok ake m`ahçoahi s`oskrhil `e uei `sakli qu` p`reht` i eitråauli m` tkmks ks `muaiomks. Kutrk l`htkr,, akoshm`riomk i m`ohîák m` Fillirm (9880 ipum CLKVHIE, 6440), l`htkr m`t`rehoirhi qu` i “imiptiîák aurrhaulir― s`rhi uei virhév`l homhsp`osév`l piri airiat`rhzir i hoalusák `saklir. Pe t`ra`hrk l`htkr akoshm`rirhi qu` i `muaiîák hoalushvi “kakrr`rhi― s` k iluok ake m`ahçoahi ckss` p`ra`fhmk akek e`efrk vilhksk mi akeuohmim` `saklir, akek sun`r` Pmhtsby (9881 ipum CLKVHIE, 6440). Tiri `vhtir iefhnuhmim`s, è prhekrmhil qu` k iutkr m`oi kp`riahkoile`ot` is virhév`hs i s`r`e hov`sthnimis `e sui p`squhsi. Arkajhb ` aklifkrimkr`s (6491), pkr `x`eplk, akomuzhrie ue `stumk qu` t`v` akek kfg`thvk v`rhair s` `xhsthi r`liîák `otr` nriu m` `muaiîák hoalushvi ` ` eiohc`stiîák m` pr`akoa`htk, ok iefh`ot` `saklir. I `muaiîák hoalushvi ckh, o`ssi hov`sthniîák, m`ohmi i pirthr m` mhe`osð`s pklåthais, préthais ` aulturihs mi `sakli e`osurimis p`lk Hom`x , ue hostrue`otk `lifkrimk pkr Fkktj ` Ihosakw (6446 ipum AVKAJHB `t il., 6491). Ks akoa`htks `stumimks `e @muaiîák sák thphaie`ot` akepl`xks ` ifstritks. Akek prka`m`r, `oták, quiomk k p`squhsimkr ile`gi `stumir akostruatks akek hot`lhnçoahi ku prka`ssks m` ipr`omhzin`e; Q`ré qu` 66
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tkmks akepirthljie mi e`sei m`ohîák m`ss`s t`reks; ke`eks, akek `x`eplk, k prhe`hrk akoa`htk, qu` è ieplk ` pkm` s`r m`sarhtk m` ckreis mhv`rsis, m`p`om`omk mk ekm`lk t`ñrhak imktimk. @e uei p`rsp`athvi pshakeètrhai , i hot`lhnçoahi è ue akostruatk pissåv`l m` e`osuriîák, m`ohmk akek i aipiahmim` m` gulnir, akepr``om`r ` riahkahoir. K ekm`lk aknohthvhsti m` Nirmo`r, m` Nirmo`r , pkr sui v`z, ireiskluahkoir qu` i hot`lhnçoahi è ue akoguotk m` jifhlhmim`s qu` p`reht`e i p`sski prkfl`eis m` ckrei arhithvi oks eihs mhv`rsks ` m`siimkr`s akot`xtks. Akotripkomk i p`rsp`athvi pshakeètrhai, Nirmo`r irei qu` i hot`lhnçoahi oák pkm` s`r e`osurimi.
Isshe, è pr`ahsk kp`riahkoile`ot` m`ohr k t`rek “hot`lhnçoahi “hot`lhnçoahi―― ok prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi. I pirthr m`ssi m`ohîák, k l`htkr akepr``om`ré k c`oýe`ok qu` k p`squhsimkr, m` citk, ile`gi hov`sthnir hov`sthnir.. Eihi ` Ckos`a Ckos`aii (6446), pkr `x`eplk, `stumirie i r`liîák `otr` qukah`ot` m` hot`lhnçoahi ` ` l`hturi m` pilivris `e ue nrupk m` iluoks m` `saklis p÷flhais. Ok akrpk mk trifiljk, is iutkris m`o`e k akoa`htk m` hot`lhnçoahi tkeiomk akek fis` pkotuiîð`s ok ^`ajsl`r Hot`llhn`oa` Qail` ckr Ajhlmr`o (^HQA), ue t`st` pshakeètrhak. M`ss` ekmk, i hot`lhnçoahi è ivilhimi i pirthr mk r`sultimk mk m`s`ep`ojk mi p`sski ois tir`cis `x`autimis ok r`c`rhmk t`st`. @ss` r`sultimk è `xpr`ssk `e ue o÷e`rk, k Yukah`ot` m` Hot`lhnçoahi (YH), kp`riahkoile`ot` m`ohmk akek i r`liîák `otr` i Hmim` E`otil (HE) ` i Hmim` Arkoklñnhai (HA) mk homhvåmuk. TVKFL@EI M@S@ Q@V QPQA@]ÅS@L M@ QKLPÎÁK
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Heinho`eks ue prkfl`ei mk thpk7 Trkc`sskr`s qu` prkmuz`e, akoakehtiot`e`ot`, i Låonui m` Qhoihs ` i cili irthaulimi sák eihs f`eakepr``omhmks p`lks iluoks surmks mk qu` iqu`l`s qu` `epr`nie ip`ois i Låonui m` Qhoihs;
Ip`sir m` k prkfl`ei s`r im`quimie`ot` ckreulimk, oák è pkssåv`l akeuohair-s`, sheultio`ie`ot`, ake muis låonuis. K prkc`sskr pkm`rhi ilt`rir is muis ekmilhmim`s, eis oák prkmuzh-lis ik e`sek t`epk! Isshe, ik `lifkrir ue prkfl`ei prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi, è `ss`oahil akoj`a`r akoj`a`r k kfg`tk i s`r hov`sthnimk hov`sthnimk.. 61
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AKOQHM@VIÎÐ@Q CHOIHQ
K pr`s`ot` aipåtulk m`sar`v`u isp`atks ho`r`ot`s ik prka`ssk m` akostruîák m` ue prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi. Hohahile`ot` ckrie mhsauthmis is mhc`r`oîis `otr` prkfl`eis ah`otåaks ` qu`stð`s m` oitur`zi préthai ku èthai. @e s`nuhmi, ckrie m`sarhtis is `sp`ahahmim`s mk akot`xtk mk prkfl`ei (prkfl`eéthai), silh`otiomk sui oitur`zi ` prkpñshtk. O`ss` a`oérhk ckh pkssåv`l kfs`rvir qu` k prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi pkm` issuehr ue ieplk `sp`atrk m` kfg`thvks, m`sm` sufshmhir ` ivilhir c`oýe`oks itè t`stir t`krhis ku prkpkr okvks pirimhneis. Tkr e, mhais m` akek r`mhnhr ue prkfl`ei m` p`squhsi ckrie m`sarhtis. V @C@VÇOAHIQ @C@VÇOAHIQ
ILS@Q, I. A. G.2 EIQPBPVI, ILS@Q, EIQPBPVI, . Q. T`ra`pîák T`ra`pîák m` iluoks ake pirilhshi a`r`fril skfr` k usk m` r`aursks m` t`aoklknhi isshsthvi oi `sakli r`nulir. V`vhsti Frishl`hri m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil , Qák Tiulk, v.9>, o.6, p.6:>-14=, 6499. F@PB@LEIO, M.2 EHV@OMI, T. Iune`otithv` iom ilt`roithv` akeeuohaithko7 eioin`e`ot kc s`v`r` akeeuohaithko mhskrm`rs ho ajhlmr`o iom imults . 6om `m. Filthekr`7 Tiul J. Frkkb`s Tuflhsjhon, 988:. FVHK, S. S. E. S.2 S.2 LKEKOIAK, G. C. C. F. @xp`atit @xp`atithvi hvi mk prkc`sskr7 prkc`ssk r7 heplhaiîð`s heplhaiîð `s pshaklñnhais ` skahihs. Tshakl. ah`oa. prkc., Frisålhi Frisålhi,, v.1, o.6, p.08->8, 98:1. AITKSHLLI, C. C. A. Trhoahpihs iajimks ` heplhaiîð`s mk eihkr prknriei mk euomk `e ivilhiîák mk m`s`ovklvhe`otk m` akep`tçoahis lhonuåsthais m` surmks. Ho7 Q@OOX@X, I. L.2 AITKSHLLI, C.2 C.2 EKOH@L, G. (Krn.). riostkroks m` ipr`omhzin`e. Qák Tiulk7 Irt`s Eèmhais, 644:. p.909-93=. p.909-93=. AIVSILJK-CV@HIQ, E. O. I. Hos`rîák m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi `e `epr`sis frishl`hris . Pe `stumk skfr` is r`liîð`s `otr` akoa`pîð`s m` m`ahçoahi, akomhîð`s m` trifiljk ` quilhmim` m` vhmi ok trifiljk. 644>. 19=c. `s` `s` (Mkutkrimk `e `e Imehohstriîák) - Ciaulmim` Ciaulmim` m` Ahçoahis @akoýehais, A`otrk m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák Tñs-Nrimuiîák ` T`squhsis `e Imehohstriîák, Pohv`rshmim` C`m`ril m` Ehois N`rihs, F`lk Jkrhzkot`, 644>. AIQ@LIK, . F.2 QAJHISK, E. V.2 GPVF@VN, T. Q`xuilhmim` mi p`sski ake såomrke` m` Mkwo. , Qák Tiulk, v.1>, o.9, p.16-18, 6441. V`v. Qi÷m` T÷flhai
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AVKAJHB, G. L. `t il. Hoalusák ` `xalusák oi `muaiîák `saklir . Qák Tiulk7 Ilåo`i @mhtkri, 6491. CIO@, A. C`oýe`ok Fullyhon7 akek pr`v`ohr i vhklçoahi ois `saklis ` `muair piri i piz. Aiephois7 S`rus, 6440. C@VV@HVI, O. Q. I. Is p`squhsis m`okehoimis “`stimk mi irt`―. @mua. Qka. Aiephois, v.61, o.>8, p.60>-6>6, 6446. CLKVHIO, L. Hoalushv` priatha`7 ^jit, wjy iom jkw; Ho7 KTTHON, KTTHON, B.2 EILKO@X, EILKO@X, Q. (@ms.). ]` Vkut l`mn` Cil Cile`r e`r V`im`r ho Hoalushv` @muaithko.Kxko, PB7 Vkutl`mn`, 6440. p.68-=4. NHL, I. A. Akek `lifkrir prkg`tks m` p`squhsi . =. `m. Qák Tiulk7 Itlis, 644>. GPQHOK, E. H. Q. S.2 S.2 FIVV@VI, Q. M. @c`htks m` uei hot`rv`oîák oi ifkrmin`e cýohai `e iluoks ake mhaulmim`s m` ilcif`thziîák. Tsha.7 `kr. `kr. ` T`sq., Frisålhi, v.6:, o.=, p.188-=4>, 6496. B@VLHON@V, C. O. Ckuomithkos kc f`jivhkril f`jiv hkril r`s`iraj, 1rm `m. O`w Xkrb7 Jklt, Vho`jirt iom ^hostko, 98:3. LISHLL@, LI SHLL@, A.2 MHKOO@, G. I akostruîák mk sif`r 7 eiouil m` e`tkmklknhi mi p`squhsi `e ahçoahis jueiois. Tkrtk Il`nr`7 Irte`m2 F`lk Jkrhzkot`7 PCEN, 9888. EIHI, I. A. F.2 CKOQ@AI, E. L. Yukah`ot` m` hot`lhnçoahi ` iquhshîák m` l`hturi7 ue `stumk akrr`liahkoil. Tshakl. V`st`x. Arht., Tkrtk Il`nr`, v.90,o.6, p.639-6>4, 6446. EaEHLLIO, G. J. @muaithkoil V`s`iraj7 Cuomie`otils ckr tj` akosue`r akosue `r.. 1.tj O`w Xkrb7 X krb7 Lkoneio, 6444 OPO@Q, M. V. T.2 OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, C. T. Akeuohaiîák ilt`roithvi ` ieplhimi piri `muaiomks ake iuthsek7 akoshm`riîð`s e`tkmklñnhais. V`v. Fris. @mua. @sp`a., v.93, o.6, p.68>-196, 6494 VIP@O, C. C. G. T`squhsi ah`otåai7 mhsauthomk i qu`sták mis virhév`hs. Ho7 QHETÑQHK QKFV@ CKVEIÎÁK M@ TVKC@QQKV@Q ‑ QHECKT, =., Pohv`rshmim` mk Qul m` Qioti Aitirhoi, Aiepus m` ufirák. Ioihs ... ... Pohv`rshmim` mk Qul m` Qioti Aitirhoi, 6496. VKQ@OJIL, V.2 GIAKFQKO, L. Trkc`ahis iutk-r`ilhzimkris oi sili m` iuli7 is `xp`atithvis mks prkc`sskr`s akek m`t`rehoiot`s oák hot`oahkoihs mi aipiahmim` hot`l`atuil mks iluoks. Ho7 TIK, TIK, E. J. (Krn.). Hotrkmuîák ä pshaklknhi `saklir . Qák Tiulk7 . I. Yu`hrkz, 98:9. p.60:-680.
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VIEKOHOI, Q. `t il. @stheit`m e`otil r`tirmithko iom sajkkl mrkpkut ho i siepl` kc stum`ots crke stit` puflha sajkkls ho Tkrtk Il`nr`, Frizhl. V`v. Fris. Tshquhitr., Qák Tiulk, v.6=, o. =, p.9>>-9:9, 6446. ^IL@V, ^IL @V, A.2 ILE@HMI, E. I. Ivilhiîák Ivilhiîák m` ue prknriei m` akeuohaiîák ilt`roithvi ` ieplhimi piri eá`s m` imkl`sa`ot`s ake iuthsek . V`v. Fris. @mua. @sp`a., v.93, o.1, p. =68-==3, 6494. ^H@VQEI, ^. ^. V`s`iraj e`tjkms ho `muaithko7 io hotrkmuathko. > `m. Fkstko7 Illyo iom Fiako, 6444.
Skltir piri k sueérhk
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T@QYPHQI @ @ ZT@VH ZT@VHE@O] E@O]IL IL @E @MPAIÎÁK @QT@AHIL 9
L`hli V`nhoi m‘Klhv`hr m‘Klhv`hrii m` Tiuli OPO@Q Aéthi Arhv`l`oth m` Chnu`hr`mk ^IL@V
I FPQAI M@ E@LJKV@Q TVÉ]HAIQ @E @MPAIÎÁK @QT@AHIL
Oi mèaimi m` 9884, i M`aliriîák Euomhil skfr` @muaiîák
piri kmks, kmks, r`mhnhmi r`mhn hmi oi ihlæomhi ihlæomhi,, ` i M`aliriîák M`aliri îák m` Qilieioai Qilie ioai r`ssiltirie r`ssi ltirie i urnçoahi ok it`omhe`otk iks mhr`htks mks iluoks ake o`a`sshmim`s `muaiahkoihs `sp`ahihs. @e qu` p`s`e k iepirk l`nil ` ks `sckrîks mks pihs ` mks in`ot`s `muaiahkoihs piri niriothr k ia`ssk, k honr`ssk ` i p`reioçoahi m`ssi pkpuliîák oi `sakli féshai, è `ss`oahil qu` s` nirioti hnuile`ot` k sua`ssk oi ipr`omhzin`e mks akot`÷mks iaimçehaks ` oák ip`ois i skahilhziîák (E@OM@Q, 6443). O`ss` s`othmk, i fusai mis préthais ` prka`mhe`otks m` `oshok eihs `aiz`s ` `c`thvks piri iss`nurir k e`ljkr m`s`ep`ojk `saklir m`ss` iluoimk niojie m`stiqu` oi ér`i mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil. Ihomi qu` oák s`gi i ÷ohai ckot`, i p`squhsi ah`otåai t`e s` m`stiaimk akek uei ifkrmin`e `ss`oahil piri kft`r r`spkstis i qu`stð`s `muaiahkoihs m`sm` k sèaulk pissimk (B@OO@MX, 6440). I lht`rituri ah`otåai v`e `ocithziomk, oks ÷ltheks ioks, k akoa`htk m` e`ljkr`s préthais, hot`rv`oîð`s ku tritie`otks fis`imks ku vilhmimks `e `vhmçoahis ah`otåais ku `epårhais (E@QHFKS2 (E@QHFKS2 QJ@I, 6499). Tréthais ah`othaie`ot` @xpr`ssieks okssks shoa`rks inrim`ahe`otks iks prkc`sskr`s mkutkr`s Mèfkri V`nhoi m` Tiuli Ouo`s, mi PCVO, ` Crioahsak m` Tiuli Ouo`s Qkfrhojk, mi P`rg ` PAT, p`li r`vhsák auhmimksi ` sun`stð`s vilhksis. 9
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vilhmimis r`c`r`e-s` i “eètkmks ` tèaohais qu` t`ojie sithsc`htk pimrð`s ah`otåaks rhnkrksks m`t`rehoimks pkr e÷lthplks r`vhskr`s ` qu`, quiomk r`plhaimks m` ckrei akoshst`ot`, vélhmi ` m`mhnoi, prkmuz`e r`sultimks pkshthvks― (OPO@Q2 OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, 6494, p.68:). M`otr` ks mhv`rsks arhtèrhks `epr`nimks piri m`ohr `stis préthais, E`shfkv ` Qj`i (6499) i uthlhziîák m` m`lho`ie`otks m` p`squhsi 6 m` nrupk`ocithzie ake iekstris riomkehzimis (ks quihs `xp`rhe`otihs ririe`ot` sák akomuzhmks guotk i pirthahpiot`s ake m`ahçoahi) ` m` `xp`rhe`otks qu` m`ekostr`e m`ekostr`e akotrkl`s hotrissug`htks ` hot`rsug`htks. I lht`rituri ipkoti trçs piræe`trks piri akoshm`rir hot`rv`oîð`s `muaiahkoihs cuomie`otimis `e `vhmçoahis ah`othais. Qák `l`s7 i) ue eåohek m` ahoak `stumks hotrissug`htks puflhaimks `e p`rhñmhaks ake r`vhsák pkr pir`s, qu` it`omie i arhtèrhks e`tkmklñnhaks ` m`ekostr`e i `xhstçoahi m` akotrkl` `xp`rhe`otil2 f) `ss`s ahoak `stumks m`v`e s`r m` iutkrhi m` ik e`oks trçs p`squhsimkr`s mhc`r`ot`s ku nrupks m` p`squhsi lkailhzimks `e trçs mhc`r`ot`s r`nhð`s n`knréais2 ` a) ks ahoak `stumks m`v`e `ovklv`r ue eåohek m` 64 pirthahpiot`s (JKVO@V `t il. 6440). Tkrtiotk, sák ks `xp`rhe`otks, s`gie `l`s akomuzhmks ake nriom` o÷e`rk m` pirthahpiot`s ku ake pkuaks, qu` p`reht`e cuomie`otir is e`ljkr`s préthais1 (OPO@Q, 6491). T@QYPHQI @ZT@VHE@O]IL
Mhc`r`ot`e`ot` mi p`squhsi quilhtithvi qu` s` prkpð` i m`sar`v`r ` akepr``om`r i tktilhmim` m` ue c`oýe`ok, i p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil t`e akek kfg`thvk v`rhair i kakrrçoahi m` r`liîð`s aiusihs, ku e`ljkr mhz`omk, r`liîð`s cuoahkoihs shst`eéthais `otr` `v`otks ku virhév`hs. Sirhév`l r`c`r`-s` i “uei prkprh`mim` ä quil s` itrhfu`e vilkr`s oueèrhaks, vilkr`s `st`s susa`tåv`hs m` virhiîák ik lkonk mk m` uei ieplhtum` ohti (virhév`l ait`nkrhil ku oák akotåoui Rakek nço`rk, pkr `x`eplkU) ku hoohti (virhév`l akotåoui Rakek o÷e`rk m` ia`rtks `e ue t`st`U)― S`gi `e qu` akoshst`e is iekstris riomkehzimis riomkehz imis ok t`xtk m` E`mrimk, E`mrimk, Nke`s ` Ouo`s Qkfrhojk o`st` lhvrk. 1 I m`sp`htk mi cilti m` iakrmk skfr` k qu` akosthtu`e tritie`otks `aiz`s ` cuomie`otimks `e `vhmçoahis 6
ah`otåais piri, `x`eplk, i pkpuliîák m` pkr homhvåmuks ake triostkroks hotrissug`htks, mk `sp`atrk iuthsti, ipr`s`otimis `epkr Ouo`s (6491) akoaluårie, e`hk mks `xp`rhe`otks qu` kse`ti-ioélhs`s r`aursks mi Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi pkm`e s`r akoshm`rimks akek prka`mhe`otks prkehsskr`s prkehsskr`s oi `muaiîák m`ss`s iluoks.
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(VKMVHNP@Q, 98>3, p. 10). Akockre` i lht`rituri, jé trçs thpks m` ait`nkrhis m` virhév`hs7 is virhév`hs `xp`rhe`otihs ku hom`p`om`ot`s (SHs), is virhév`hs kfs`rvimis ku m`p`om`ot`s (SMs) ` is ajieimis virhév`hs `striojis (S@s). Is Sirhév`hs Hom`p`om`ot`s (SHs) (SHs) sák iqu`lis eiohpulimis p`lk p`squhsimkr, ake k prkpñshtk m` v`rhaiîák m` s`us `c`htks skfr` M`p`om`ot`s is SH è s`epr` ithvie`ot` p`lkSirhév`hs `xp`rhe`otimkr, ku (SMs). s`gi, `l`I m`t`rehoi quiomk ` akekeiohpulimi i SH s`ré kc`rtimi. Is Sirhév`hs M`p`om`ot`s (SMs) (SMs) s` r`c`r`e i isp`atks, itrhfutks ku mhe`osð`s mk c`oýe`ok `e `stumk, ks quihs sák e`osurimks m` ekmk i `vhm`oahir ku m`ekostrir ks `c`htks prkmuzhmks p`li SH. Sirhév`hs Sirhév`hs Hom`p`om`ot`s pkm`e `ovklv`r quilqu`r ekmilhmim` m` tritie`otk ku hot`rv`oîák `muaiahkoil, pshakt`réphai, shkt`réphai, e`mhaie`otksi `ta., ` is Sirhév`hs M`p`om`ot`s s` r`pkrtie äs r`spkstis akepkrtie`otihs mhr`ti ku homhr`tie`ot` kfs`rvév`hs akek is iîð`s ektkris ku e`sek `oakf`rtis (pkr `x`eplk, ks p`osie`otks, qu` pkm`e s`r `xpr`ssks skf i ckrei m` r`litks v`rfihs), ku ihomi is shklñnhais (rhtek airmåiak, pr`ssák irt`rhil, sumkr`s`, mhlitiîák mis puphlis `ta.) (OPO@Q, 6491).
Ok plio`gie`otk `xp`rhe`otil, ik hovès m` s` akoaluhr, hotuhthvie`ot`, ku m`muzhr lknhaie`ot` qu` i Sirhév`l Hom`p`om`ot` ic`ti pkshthvie`ot` i Sirhév`l Sirhév`l M`p`om`ot`, k p`squhsimkr t`sti shst`eithaie`ot` ks `c`htks mi hepl`e`otiîák mi SH, m` ckrei i mkaue`otir i `xhstçoahi m` r`liîð`s cuoahkoihs qu` kakrr`e `otr` i Sirhév`l Hom`p`om`ot` ` i Sirhév`l M`p`om`ot`. Aif`-lj` ihomi hm`othair ` akotrklir ks `c`htks m` virhév`hs hot`rv`oh`ot`s ku `striojis, is quihs tçe `c`htk shst`eéthak ` oák il`itñrhk skfr` is SM. Tiri tiotk, k p`squhsimkr s` vil` `xp`rhe`otihs m` p`squhsi qu` s` r`c`r`e i mks ajieimks m`lho`ie`otks R...U irriogks `sp`ahihs qu` p`reht`e ik ah`othsti m`ekostrir, puflhaie`ot`, qu` ks r`sultimks `oakotrimks RSirhév`hs M`p`om`ot`sU itrivès mi p`squhsi sák m`vhmks `xalushvie`ot` ä ekmilhmim` m` tritie`otk RSirhév`l Hom`p`om`ot`U iplhaimk i ue ku i ue nrupk m` homhvåmuks, oák s`omk imehssåv`hs, ok aisk, jhpñt`s`s ilt`roithvis R`c`htk mis virhév`hs `striojis ku hot`rv`oh`ot`s) piri `xplhaiîák m`ss`s mimks (OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, 6449, p. 38).
I lht`rituri ipkoti muis ekmilhmim`s m` m`lho`ie`otks `xp`rhe`otihs - m`lho`ie`otk m` nrupk, ku `otr` nrupks, ks eihs 68
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trimhahkoile`ot` `epr`nimks ois Ahçoahis Jueiois, ` ks m`lho`ie`otks m` sug`htk ÷ohak ku hotrissug`htks. Ok m`lho`ie`otk m` nrupk, ks `c`htks mi ituiîák mi SH sák v`rhaimks akepiriomk-s` k m`s`ep`ojk m` p`lk e`oks mkhs nrupks m` pirthahpiot`s, sufe`thmks aimi ue m`l`s i mhc`r`ot`s akomhîð`s ku tritie`otks `xp`rhe`otihs. Isshe, k nrupk `xp`rhe`otil è`oquiotk sufe`thmk ä iîák akotrkl` mi SH (pkr k prka`mhe`otk m` qu`sták, `oshok), ik nrupk oák`x`eplk è iplhaimk k prka`mhe`otkZ `e ku `l` è sufe`thmk ä kutri ekmilhmim` m` `stritènhi hostruahkoil. Iefks ks nrupks, tiotk k `xp`rhe`otil quiotk k akotrkl` m`v`e s`r `quhvil`ot`s `e tkmks ks s`us itrhfutks, ku virhév`hs, akek cihxi `térhi, nço`rk, aliss` skahk`akoýehai, oåv`l hot`l`atuil `ta. Ok aisk, `ssi `quhvilçoahi m` itrhfutks m`hxi m` `xhsthr `e ue m`l`s - qu` è s`r sufe`thmk ku oák ik i k prka`mhe`otk hostruahkoil `e qu`sták. K `c`htk prkmuzhmk p`li hepl`e`otiîák mk prka`mhe`otk Z è ivilhimk akepiriomk-s` ks m`s`ep`ojks eèmhks `otr` ks nrupks, ku s`gi, p`lk inrupie`otk mks mimks r`c`r`ot`s iks pirthahpiot`s qu` akepð`e aimi nrupk (pkr `x`eplk, eèmhis, m`svhkspimrák). il akepiriîák pkm` `xhnhr k `epr`nk m` `stitåsthai hoc`r`oahil, akek t`st`s piri ivilhir k åomha` m` m`mhnohmim` `stitåsthai mks mimks ` k oåv`l m` shnohaæoahi mis mhc`r`oîis `oakotrimis `otr` ks nrupks (QIETIHK (QIET IHK `t il., 644:). Q` jkuv`r mhc`r`oîi `stithsthaie`ot` shnohaithvi `otr` is eèmhis mks mkhs nrupks, k `xp`rhe`otimkr pkm`ré akoaluhr p`lk `c`htk pkshthvk mk prka`mhe`otk Z m` `oshok. Akek i eèmhi, ku kutri e`mhmi m` t`omçoahi a`otril, r`pr`s`oti tkmks ks homhvåmuks m`st` nrupk, è låahtk ireir qu` k prka`mhe`otk ic`tku pkshthvie`ot` k m`s`ep`ojk mk nrupk, akoshm`rimk akek ue tkmk. @otr`tiotk, i ioélhs` mks m`s`ep`ojks homhvhmuihs pkm` r`v`lir uei mhsp`rsák mis oktis, `vhm`oahiomk qu` pksshv`le`ot` euhtks s` f`o`ahirie mk tritie`otk, eis o`e tkmks. @e s` tritiomk m` ipr`omhzin`e, akotumk, eihs hepkrtiot` mk qu` ireir qu` k prka`mhe`otk t`v` `c`htk pkshthvk `e tkmk k nrupk, è m`ekostrir sui `aéahi piri aimi ue, ue, homhvhmuile`ot`, mks e`efrks m`ss` nrupk. @st` prkpñshtk m` v`rhair ks `c`htks m` ue prka`mhe`otk, ku virhév`l, ik oåv`l homhvhmuil è airiat`råsthai m` kutri ekmilhmim` m` m`lho`ie`otk `xp`rhe`otil, m`okehoimk m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi hotrissug`htks.= Cuomie`otimk ok pirimhnei kp`riot` mi ioélhs` Kutris m`okehoiîð`s `oakotrimis oi lht`rituri oiahkoil ` hot`roiahkoil sák m`lho`ie`otk m` sug`htk akek s`u prñprhk akotrkl`, m`lho`ie`otk m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi O 5 9, m`lho`ie`otk m` sug`htk ÷ohak ku aisk ÷ohak, m`lho`ie`otk =
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`xp`rhe`otil ` mi ioélhs` iplhaimi mk akepkrtie`otk, ` kp`riahkoilhzimk oks ioks 9834 (QHMEIO, 9834), `st` m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi t`v`, hohahile`ot`, akek ckak ks akepkrtie`otks mhr`tie`ot` kfs`rvév`hs. Tkst`rhkre`ot`, ckh tiefèe uthlhzimk piri ifkrmir, m` ekmk `xp`rhe`otil, `v`otks `oakf`rtks, r`litks v`rfihs ` `v`otks pshakshklñnhaks, `e p`squhsis ioakrimis `e kutrks Chshkt`riphi, ekm`lks t`ñrhaks, `e mhc`r`ot`s ér`is akek @muaiîák @sp`ahil, E`mhahoi, Cireiaklknhi, Tshaklknhi Qkahil, Q`rvhîk Qkahil ` Fhke`aæohai Kaupiahkoil. Ake `c`htk, eihs m` =0 p`rhñmhaks ah`otåaks s` r`pkrtie i `stumks m` aisk ÷ohak ku p`squhsi hotrissug`htks (JKVO@V `t il., 6440). Ihomi qu` uei quiothmim` `xpr`sshvi m` `stumks `xp`rhe`otihs m` sug`htk akek s`u prñprhk akotrkl` ku hotrissug`htks t`oji `epr`nimk m` trçs i khtk pirthahpiot`s, oák è k o÷e`rk m`l`s qu` airiat`rhzi `ssi ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai ` she k thpk m` ioélhs` mks mimks r`ilhzimi. Ilèe mis tkeimis shst`eéthais m` e`mhmis r`p`thmis, k mhc`r`oahil m`st` m`lho`ie`otk è i ivilhiîák homhvhmuil ` rhnkrksi mks `c`htks mis hot`rv`oîð`s ku tritie`otks, piri aimi pirthahpiot`, ku s`gi, i ioélhs` mks `c`htks mi(s) Sirhév`l(`hs) Hom`p`om`ot`(s) `e aimi aisk homhvhmuil . Ilèe mhssk, `ss` ekmk m` akomuzhr ue `xp`rhe`otk m` p`squhsi `ovklv`7 i) Iplhaiîák m` aimi akomhîák `xp`rhe`otil prheérhi, `e aimi pirthahpiot`, homhvhmuile`ot`, m` ekmk i pksshfhlhtir i akepiriîák mk nriu m` m`s`ep`ojk m`l` ake `l` e`sek, skf mhc`r`ot`s akomhîð`s `xp`rhe`otihs. I akepiriîák `otr` prka`mhe`otks `xp`rhe`otihs ` m` akotrkl` è akomuzhmi hotrissug`htks, sufsthtuhomk-s` isshe i akepiriîák nrupk akotrkl` v`rsus nrupk `xp`rhe`otil, akockre` pr`akohzimk p`lk ekm`lk `stitåsthak. f) Ipr`s`otiîák vhsuil mks mimks. Ks mimks kfthmks r`p`thmi ` shst`eithaie`ot`, pkr aimi pirthahpiot`, ik lkonk mk `xp`rhe`otk, `e aimi s`ssák `xp`rhe`otil, sák usuile`ot` r`pr`s`otimks `e ckrei nréai (nréaks m` lhoji, nréak m` firris, nréak s`tkrhil ` m` r`nhstrks aueulithvks) ` sufe`thmks ä hosp`îák vhsuil. a) @epr`nk m` tif`lis ku nréaks ake e`mhmis m` t`omçoahi a`otril, piri ckro`a`r hockreiîák imhahkoil. Ks nréaks s` ekstrie `sp`ahile`ot` hot`oshvk, shonl` ais` m`shno ` shonl` sufg`at m`shno (Bizmho, 98:62 Qiepihk `t il., 644:).
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÷t`hs `e prkv`r uei r`pr`s`otiîák vhsuil mk oåv`l mis eumioîis kakrrhmis, isshe akek i t`omçoahi mi aurvi mks mimks mi Sirhév`l M`p`om`ot` `e qu`sták. m) @stifhlhmim` vhsuil mks mimks `e aimi cis` `xp`rhe`otil. Iot`s mi hotrkmuîák m` uei okvi akomhîák `xp`rhe`otil, ciz-s` o`a`ssérhk m`ekostrir, i `stifhlhmim` vhsuil mks mimks, kfthmi piri aimi ue mks pirthahpiot`s oi cis` `sp`aåai mi `xp`rhe`otiîák `e aursk. `) Ivilhiîák akotåoui ake i uthlhziîák uthlhziîák m` m` e`mhmis r`p`thmis mi Sirhév`l Hom`p`om`ot` (SH). @st` auhmimk `e ipr`s`otir ks mimks mi Sirhév`l Hom`p`om`ot` r`pr`s`oti uei niriothi m` qu` ks prka`mhe`otks m` hot`rv`oîák ckrie oák ske`ot` plio`gimks akek m` citk hepl`e`otimks. Hstk s` r`c`r` ä m`lhmim` mi hepl`e`otiîák mi SH (Q@HML M@ EKPVI2 OPO@Q, 988:). c ) Sirh`mim` m` shtuiîð`s ` iefh`ot`s, iefh`ot`s, ku s`gi, tihs `xp`rhe`otks tçe shmk akomuzhmks oák ske`ot` `e shtuiîð`s rhnkrksie`ot` akotrklimis, akek tiefèe `e lifkritñrhks m` uohv`rshmim`s ku akosultñrhks, `, ihomi, `e iefh`ot`s oiturihs, eis ake e`okr akotrkl` m` virhév`hs, akek `saklis, r`shmçoahis, pirqu`s, m`otr` kutrks. n) I ivilhiîák mks `c`htks mi hot`rv`oîák hot`rv`oîák ku tritie`otk kakrr` pkr e`hk mi hosp`îák vhsuil mks mimks ipr`s`otimks skf i ckrei m` nréaks, pr`sahomhomk cr`qu`ot`e`ot` mk `epr`nk m` t`st`s `stitåsthaks. @otr`tiotk, k usk `v`otuil mk ekm`lk `stitåsthak, akek akepl`e`otk mi hosp`îák vhsuil, inr`ni `l`e`otks m` ilti r`l`væoahi oi vilhmiîák mks r`sultimks mk `xp`rhe`otk. j) I prkprh`mim` prkprh`mim` mks m`lho`ie`otks m`lho`ie`otks m` p`squhsi m` sug`htks sug`htks akek s`u prñprhk akotrkl` oi @muaiîák @sp`ahil ckh r`ssiltimi pkr iwo`y ` Nist (98:=), Ilf`rtk ` rkuteio (6441), Ile`hmi (6441), Jkro`r `t il. (6440), m`otr` kutrks. I lht`rituri akot`epkræo`i ipr`s`oti ue o÷e`rk ar`sa`ot` m` hov`sthniîð`s `xp`rhe`otihs ckaimis oi ivilhiîák mi `aéahi m` mhv`rsks prka`mhe`otks ` `stritènhis m` `oshok, guotk i arhioîis ` gkv`os ake m`ahçoahi ` riostkroks mk @sp`atrk Iuthsti (@I) (QAJLKQQ@V, 98>>2 LHNJ, 98882 QAJLKQQ@V2 L@@, 64442 TV@QKO2 AIV@V, 64482 QKFVHOJK, LKPV@OÎK264942 JIXIQJH2 ILE@HMI, 64482 OPO@Q2 OPO@Q NIOW 16
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`t il., 64992 EP@LL@V2 OBKQH2 JHO@, 64992 LIONJKVO@2 EaNHLL, 64992 NIOW `t il., 6496). Pe akoshm`rév`l ia`rvk m` `stumks `ovklv`omk m`lho`ie`otks m` p`squhsi hotrissug`htks guotk ä pkpuliîák `sp`ahil t`e shmk akothouie`ot` puflhaimk ok Gkuroil kc Ipplh`m F`jivhkr Ioilyshs. Ioilyshs. Ip`ois ä nuhsi m` hlustriîák, `e `stumks `xp`rhe`otihs `ovklv`omk pirthahpiot`s ake m`ahçoahi ` ake riostkrok mk @sp`atrk Iuthsti (@I), sák `x`eplks m` Sirhév`hs Hom`p`om`ot`s ks s`nuhot`s7 `epr`nk m` tèaohais m` r`lixie`otk ipñs iuli m` @muaiîák Cåshai, aipiahtiîák mi eá` imkl`sa`ot` m` f`fç m` rhsak pkr e`hk mk Nuhi Tkrtin`, iplhaiîák m` tr`hok shst`eéthak isskahimk ä ioélhs` m` tir`ci, kc`rti kc`r ti m` hostruîð`s v`rfihs ` oák v`rfihs, it`oîák akothon`ot`, irriogks iefh`otihs, `squ`eis m` r`ckrîie`otk, r`ckrîie`otk mhc`r`oahil, mhspkohfhlhziîák m` prioajis m` akeuohaiîák `/ku m` airtð`s air tð`s phatknréaks, ipr`s`otiîák m` jhstñrhis skahihs, ekm`lks leimks, akot`oîák cåshai, ekm`liîák m` r`spkstis iprkprhimis, kc`rti m` tutkrhi pkr pir`s, `ta. Is Sirhév`hs M`p`om`ot`s m`ss`s e`seks `stumks ckrie is s`nuhot`s7 `ehssák m` akepkrtie`otks hoiprkprhimks `e sili m` iuli, `stheuliîák im`quimi mk m`s`ovklvhe`otk m` f`fçs m` rhsak, jifhlhmim`s m` vhmi mhérhi ` jifhlhmim`s prksshkoilhziot`s, cr`quçoahi m` kakrrçoahi m` akepkrtie`otks hom`s`gév`hs, v`rfilhziîák `spkotæo`i m` pilivris, kc`rti m` airtð`s phatknréaks piri sklhahtir kfg`tks, `ehssák m` n`stks eiouihs, kljir ilt`roimk `otr` k hot`rlkautkr ` k kfg`tk ekstrimk pkr `l`, l`hturi kril m` s`ot`oîis, `sarhti akrr`ti m` pilivris mhtimis, skrrhsk ik s`r ipr`s`otimk i kutri p`sski, r`nhstrk m` suis prñprhis r`spkstis, eiout`oîák m` akotitk vhsuil ake64912 i prkc`sskri, uthlhziîák r`pr`s`otir kutrks `ta. (OPO@Q, ILE@HMI, 6441).m` kfg`tks piri Akek m`stiaimk iot`rhkre`ot`, `xp`rhe`otks `ovklv`e s`epr` i e`osuriîák mis virhév`hs. Isshe, ok plio`gie`otk mi p`squhsi, è `stif`l`ahmi i e`ljkr ckrei m` e`mhr is Sirhév`hs M`p`om`ot`s, ku s`gi, is r`spkstis mks pirthahpiot`s. Is ekmilhmim`s m`ss`s pimrð`s m` e`mhmis sák7 i) o÷e`rk ku cr`quçoahi mi kakrrçoahi ‑ akotin`e mk o÷e`rk m` v`z`s qu` ue akepkrtie`otk kakrr` muriot` ue `spiîk akostiot` m` t`epk2 f) pkra`otin`e ‑ o÷e`rk m` v`z`s qu` ue akepkrtie`otk kakrr`, mhvhmhmk p`lk o÷e`rk kpkrtuohmim`s qu` lj` akoa`mhmis piri kakrr`r, eulthplhaimk pkr m` 9442 a) tixi ‑ o÷e`rk m` sák kakrrçoahis mk 11
L V. K. T. O (K.)
akepkrtie`otk, mhvhmhmk p`lk o÷e`rk tktil m` jkris (ehoutks) muriot` is quihs k akepkrtie`otk ckh kfs`rvimk ` r`nhstrimk2 m) muriîák ‑ quiothmim` m` t`epk m`sp`omhmk oi kakrrçoahi mk akepkrtie`otk skf kfs`rviîák2 `) litçoahi ‑ lipsk m` t`epk m`akrrhmk `otr` i ipr`s`otiîák mk `ståeulk ik pirthahpiot` ` i `ehssák mi r`spksti. EKMILHMIM@Q M@ M@LHO@IE@O]KQ M@ T@QYPHQI HO]VIQQPG@H]KQ
I lht`rituri ah`otåai ipr`s`oti s`t` ekmilhmim`s m` m`lho`ie`otks féshaks m` p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil hotrissug`htks. K m`lho`ie`otk quis` `xp`rhe`otil IF pr`akohzi i akl`ti m` mimks mi Sirhév`l M`p`om`ot` (SM), ku akepkrtie`otk-ilvk, oi cis` I ku lhoji m` fis`, ku s`gi, skf is akothonçoahis oiturihs, ` oi cis` F, ipñs i hepl`e`otiîák mks prka`mhe`otks m` hot`rv`oîák ku tritie`otk. Tkr `x`eplk, `e ue `stumk akomuzhmk `e ar`aj` piri arhioîis m` fihxi r`omi, ckh r`nhstrimi i cr`quçoahi m` kakrrçoahi m` v`rfilhziîð`s `ehthmis pkr Gkrn`, uei arhioîi m` = ioks m` hmim`, ake itrisk ok m`s`ovklvhe`otk mi lhonuin`e, oi cis` m` lhoji m` fis`. Oi cis` m` hot`rv`oîák ku tritie`otk ‑ cis` F ‑, k akepkrtie`otk-ilvk akothouku s`omk e`osurimk, quiomk skf `c`htk mi Sirhév`l Hom`p`om`ot` ku tritie`otk, ok aisk, `epr`niomk-s` prka`mhe`otks m` `oshok hoahm`otil (OPO@Q2 APOJI2 OKNP@HVI, 9881). Ok `otiotk, o`ss` m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi k `xp`rhe`otimkr oák m`tèe akotrkl`/eiohpuliîák tktil mis virhév`hs qu`, pkrv`oturi, pkssie ic`tir i r`spksti-ilvk. @e tihs ahrauostæoahis, oák sák m`sairtimks, tktile`ot`, ks `c`htks hom`s`gév`hs prkmuzhmks virhév`hs virhév`hs `striojis skfr` k akepkrtie`otk `epkr ` stumk, `stumk, akek,hot`rv`oh`ot`s/ pkr `x`eplk, eituriîák ` `v`otks jhstñrhaks, is quihs pkm`e s`r ks citkr`s akotrhfuhot`s ku r`spkosév`hs p`li `ehssák mk akepkrtie`otk-ilvk.0 Oi Chnuri 9 è ipr`s`otimi i cr`quçoahi ifskluti m` v`rfilhziîð`s `ehthmis pkr Gkrn` ois s`ssð`s akomuzhmis oi ar`aj`, ois cis`s m` lhoji m` fis` ` m` tritie`otk.
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Aiepf`ll ` Qtiol`y (9831) kc`r`a`e uei `xa`l`ot` m`sarhîák mis ie`iîis ä vilhmim` hot`roi.
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Chnuri 9 - Cr`quçoahi ifskluti m` v`rfilhziîð`s `ehthmis pkr Gkrn` ois s`ssð`s akomuzhmis oi ar`aj`, ois cis`s m` lhoji m` fis` ` tritie`otk. K m`lho`ie`otk m` r`v`rsák `stif`l`a` qu` k tritie`otk (SH) s`gi imehohstrimk, ilt`roimie`ot`, akepkrtie`otks-ilvk Isshe, i Sirhév`l Sirhév`l Hom`p`om`ot`i -mkhs it`oîák mks hot`rlkautkr`s,hoakepitåv`hs. pkr `x`eplk `x`eplk - pkm` s`r kc`rtimi m` ckrei ilt`roimi ` ip`ois quiomk k homhvhmuk `eht` cilis iprkprhimis `, `e kutris shtuiîð`s, ske`ot` quiomk `xhf` cilis pshañthais - r`ckrîie`otk mhc`r`oahil ilt`roithvk (FVHK `t il. 6443). K m`lho`ie`otk m` r`thrimi (I-F-I-F), tiefèe sueirhzimk akek I-F-I-F, akoshst` `e hotrkmuzhr ` r`thrir shst`eéthai ` r`p`thmis v`z`s prka`mhe`otks m` hot`rv`oîák (pkr `x`eplk, kc`rti akothon`ot` m` ajis, r`ckrîie`otk mhc`r`oahil) ok akepkrtie`otk-ilvk (pkr `x`eplk, eiot`r-s` oi pkshîák s`otimi, akepl`tir tir`cis iaimçehais). Ifihxk, oi Chnur Chnurii 6, è ipr`s`otimk k nréak hlustrithvk m` ue `stumk jhpktèthak ake `epr`nk m` m`lho`ie`otk m` r`thrimi. Tkm`-s` vhsuilhzir i cr`quçoahi ifskluti m` r`spkstis iprkprhimis mk pirthahpiot` ois cis`s m` lhoji m` fis` (I ` I½) ` tritie`otk (F ` F½) .
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96
I s i t s k p s ` r ` m i h a o ç u q ` r C
F
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94
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Chn Chnuri uri 6 - Cr Cr`quçoahi `quçoahi ifskluti m` r`spkstis iprkprhimis mk pirthahpiot` ois cis`s m` lhoji m` fis` (I ` I‘) I‘) ` tritie`otk (F ` F‘). K m`lho`ie`otk m` lhoji m` fis` e÷lthpli , k eihs cr`qu`ot`e`ot` `epr`nimk `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil, è r`ake`omimk quiomk k `stumk `ovklv`r ipr`omhzin`e akoa`htuil. I Sirhév`l Hom`p`om`ot` (SH), pkr `x`eplk, pr`s`ot` `e prka`mhe`otks mk `oshok oiturilåsthak, è iplhaimi `e mhc`r`ot`s eke`otks skfr` k r`p`rtñrhk m` r`spkstis mk e`sek pirthahpiot` (kc`r`a`r airtð`s ake phatknrieis piri sklhahtir ilnk) ku skfr` i e`sei r`spksti `e kutrks pirthahpiot`s, ku `e shtuiîð`s mhc`r`oahimis (`sakli, aisi, pirqu` hociothl) piri k e`sek pirthahpiot`. @e ue `stumk akomuzhmk guotk ickh eá`s imkl`sa`ot`s, m`lho`ie`otk m` m` p`squhsi m` lhoji m` fis` e÷lthpli `epr`nimk pirikivilhir i `aéahi ue prknriei m`sthoimk i `oshoir eá`s i `stheulir i hehtiîák m` s`us f`fçs m` rhsak ake hmim`s virhiomk m` 3 i : e`s`s (OPO@Q, 98:0). Oi Chnuri 1, k nréak ekstri i p`ra`otin`e m` ekm`lks ipr`s`otimks p`lis eá`s ` hehtimks pkr Miooy,, Vkllk ` Gio` ois s`ssð`s m` lhoji m` fis` ` m` tritie`otk. Miooy
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944
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Q@QQÐ@Q AKOQ@AP]HS AKOQ@AP]HSIQ IQ
Chnurii 1 - T`ra`otin`e m` ekm`lks ipr`s`otimks p`lis p`lis eá`s ` hehtimks Chnur pkr Miooy, Miooy, Vkllk ` Gio` ois s`ssð`s m` lhoji m` fis` ` tritie`otk. K kfg`thvk mk m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi m` lhoji m` fis` e÷lthpli è m`ekostrir qu` is eumioîis kakrrhmis `e aimi Sirhév`l M`p`om`ot` (SM) sñ s` `c`thvie quiomk i Sirhév`l Hom`p`om`ot` (SH), ku tritie`otk, è iplhaimi `e aimi uei m`lis ` oák m`vhmk ä iîák m` 1>
L V. K. T. O (K.)
kutris virhév`hs rhvihs (virhév`hs hot`rv`oh`ot`s `striojis ku `sp÷rhis) qu` ie`iîie i vilhmim` hot`roi ` `xt`roi mk `stumk, akek pissin`e mk t`epk ` eituriîák. Kfs`rv` oi Chnuri 1 qu` k oåv`l m` m`s`ep`ojk mks f`fçs sñ ckh ekmhaimk pkshthvie`ot`, akockre` ekstrimk oi aurvi m` mimks ake t`omçoahi isa`om`ot`, m`pkhs qu` is eá`s pissirie i kc`rtir ks ekm`lks m` ckrei im`quimi, s`nuhomk is hostruîð`s mi `xp`rhe`otimkri. Yuiomk oák è pkssåv`l ku r`ake`omév`l akepkr uei lhoji m` fis` ake e`mhmis r`p`thmis, qu` ipr`s`ot`e ilti cr`quçoahi m` kakrrçoahi mk akepkrtie`otk `e `stumk, k homhaimk è `epr`nir k m`lho`ie`otk m` e÷lthplis skomin`os . riti-s` m` uei virhiîák mk m`lho`ie`otk m` lhoji m` fis` e÷lthpli qu` oák `xhn` e`osuriîák akotåoui mi Sirhév`l Sirhév`l M`p`om`ot`, ku s`gi, mk akepkrtie`otk-ilvk. @oquiotk ok m`lho`ie`otk m` lhoji m` fis` e÷lthpli, i akl`ti m` mimks oi lhoji m` fis` s` mé m` ckrei akothoui, ok m`lho`ie`otk m` e÷lthpli skomin`e `ssi akl`ti kakrr` m` ekmk hot`reht`ot`, m`p`om`omk mi e`mhmi qu` `st`gi s`omk `stumimi (I^O@X2 NIQ,piri 98:=). m`lho`ie`otk m` e÷lthplis s`rcr`quçoahi uthlhzimk, `oták, lhmirKake is mhaulmim`s isskahimisskomin`os ä `xt`osákpkm` ` ä ilti m` akl`ti m` mimks ois cis`s mk `stumk (JKVO@V2 FI@V, 98>:). I Chn Chnuri uri = r`pr`s`oti uei sheuliîák mk m`lho`ie`otk m` e÷lthplis skomin`os `e trçs pirthahpiot`s. K nréak ekstri is mhc`r`ot`s cis`s mk m`lho`ie`otk ` ks p`råkmks m` skomin`os ` hot`rv`oîák kakrr`omk `e eke`otks mhsthotks. LF
Hot`rv`oîák
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Chnuri = - V`pr`s`otiîák mk ekm`lk m` m`lho`ie`otk `xp`rhe`otil m` e÷lthplis skomin`os. L`n`omi7 LF - lhoji m` fis`2 Q9 - 9ª skomin`e2 Q6 - 6ª skomin`e 62 Q1 - 1ª Qkomin`e
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Ok `squ`ei sheulimk, r`pr`s`otimk p`li Chnuri =, è pkssåv`l kfs`rvir hohahile`ot` qu` k p`squhsimkr r`ilhzi i lhoji m` fis`, r`c`r`ot` i uei m`t`rehoimi akomhîák, ake ks trçs pirthahpiot`s, ok hoåahk mk `xp`rhe`otk. Is lhojis m` fis`s m`v`e sun`rhr i `stifhlhmim` mi akomhîák m` m`s`ep`ojk, ku s`gi, s`r kfs`rvimi ok eåohek m` trçs s`ssð`s. Ipñs i `stifhlhmim` lhoji m`ksfis`, i hot`rv`oîák è hotrkmuzhmi ake k prhe`hrk pirthahpiot`,mi `oquiotk m`eihs oák r`a`f`e o`ojue tritie`otk. Ipñs k prhe`hrk pirthahpiot` ithonhr k arhtèrhk m`t`rehoimk akek `stév`l p`lk p`squhsimkr,, hohahi-s` k prka`mhe`otk m` skomin`e ake ks pirthahpiot`s 6 p`squhsimkr ` 1. @sp`ri-s` qu` k pirthahpiot` 9 eiot`oji k pimrák m` akepkrtie`otk imquhrhmk (eiout`oîák), e`sek quiomk oák `sthv`r eihs skfr` shtuiîák m` akotrkl` pkr pirt` mk p`squhsimkr, m`sarhtk akek eiout`oîák, oi Chnuri 9. Ipñs is s`ssð`s mi s`nuomi skomin`e, hohahi-s` i hot`rv`oîák ake k s`nuomk pirthahpiot`, `oquiotk k t`ra`hrk pirthahpiot` inuirmi piri r`a`f`r k tritie`otk cuturk, ` k prhe`hrk pirthahpiot` p`reio`a` `e eiout`oîák. K e`sek prka`mhe`otk mi cis` m` hot`rv`oîák è r`ilhzimk ake k pirthahpiot` 6, ` ipñs ithonhr k arhtèrhk `stif`l`ahmk akek akepkrtie`otk hostilimk, okvis s`ssð`s m` skomin`os ` eiout`oîák sák r`ilhzimis, piri qu` s`gi hohahimk k prka`ssk m` hot`rv`oîák ake k pirthahpiot` 1. @ss` pimrák è r`prkmuzhmk itè qu` i hot`rv`oîák s`gi hotrkmuzhmi ake tkmks ks pirthahpiot`s. V`ake`omi-s` qu` k p`squhsimkr r`ilhz` ue eåohek m` trçs s`ssð`s m` lhoji m` fis` iot`s mi hotrkmuîák mi hot`rv`oîák, i e m` `stif`l`a`r ue pimrák `stév`l mk m`s`ep`ojk mi lhoji m` fis`. Hssk iue`oti i prkfifhlhmim` m` k p`squhsimkr s`r aipiz m` mkaue`otir uei r`liîák cuoahkoil `otr` i hot`rv`oîák ` i eumioîi ok akepkrtie`otk mk pirthahpiot`. È hepkrtiot` hnuile`ot` qu` is s`ssð`s m` skomin`os s`gie r`ilhzimis sheultio`ie`ot` ake tkmks ks pirthahpiot`s, iot`s qu` i hot`rv`oîák s`gi hotrkmuzhmi piri aimi ue m`l`s. Is e÷lthplis skomin`os sák, `e n`ril, uthlhzimis piri v`rhair s` kutris virhév`hs m`p`om`ot`s, qu` oák iqu`lis e`osurimis ois akomhîð`s mk `xp`rhe`otk, ckrie ic`timis p`lis eiohpuliîð`s mi SH. Isshe, k m`lho`ie`otk hré ivilhir i triosc`rçoahi mks `c`htks kfs`rvimks skfr` uei virhév`l m`p`om`ot` piri kutris (pkr `x`eplk7 s`gie `lis r`spkstis mhc`r`ot`s, ku uei e`sei r`spksti `e shtuiîð`s mhc`r`ot`s), r`ilhziomk
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e`mhmis kaishkoihs m` kutris r`spkstis qu` oák i virhév`l m`p`om`ot` mk `xp`rhe`otk (BIWMHO, 98:6). Is `tipis m` hepl`e`otiîák mk m`lho`ie`otk m` e÷lthplis skomin`os sák `ss`oahile`ot` is e`seis uthlhzimis ok m`lho`ie`otk m` lhoji m` fis` e÷lthpli. I `saklji p`lk m`lho`ie`otk m` e÷lthplis skomin`os pkm` n`rir, akotumk, ilnuos prkfl`eis oi hov`sthniîák, oák s`omk euhtk mhc`r`ot` mks prkfl`eis m`sarhtks ok m`lho`ie`otk m` lhoji m` fis` e÷lthpli. Q`nuomk K‘O`hll `t il. (6499), jé muis shtuiîð`s prkfl`eéthais7 i prhe`hri mhz r`sp`htk ä lhehtiîák oks mimks m` lhoji m` fis`. E`sek qu` vérhis p`squhsis t`ojie uthlhzimk e÷lthplis skomin`os akek ckrei m` mhehouhr i cr`quçoahi m` akl`ti m` mimks oi lhoji m` fis`, tihs mimks lhehtimks pkm`e oák ckro`a`r ik p`squhsimkr i kpkrtuohmim` m` `stif`l`a`r pimrð`s m` `stifhlhmim` ok m`s`ep`ojk (QVIHO2 QJKV@Q, 98>8) `, isshe, `l` oák t`ré i kpkrtuohmim` m` kfs`rvir t`omçoahis m` r`spkstis m` `rrks p`lk pirthahpiot`, ` m`st`@e ekmk ekmhaiîð`s r`ake`omév`hs oi hot`rv`oîák. suei,oák s` hepl`e`otiré k p`squhsimkr `sthv`r hot`r`ssimk `e `xiehoir is t`omçoahis m` r`spkstis m` `rrk, ku s` k p`squhsimkr susp`htir qu` ue pimrák mk m`s`ep`ojk pkssi `stir pr`s`ot`, `oták k m`lho`ie`otk m` e÷lthplis skomin`os pkm` oák s`r k eihs im`quimk piri til `stumk. K s`nuomk prkfl`ei mk m`lho`ie`otk m` e÷lthplis skomin`os mhz r`sp`htk ä r`ithvhmim` kfs`rviahkoil, ku s`gi, i eumioîi ok akepkrtie`otk mk pirthahpiot` mk `stumk, m`akrr`ot` mk citk m` `l` `stir s`omk kfs`rvimk. Ok m`lho`ie`otk m` lhoji m` fis` e÷lthpli, i `xt`osák mis cis`s m` lhoji m` fis` ` m` hot`rv`oîák pkm` ipkotir i hostuçoahi mi r`ithvhmim` kfs`rviahkoil, ` itè e`sek `lhehoéli, ä e`mhmi qu` k pirthahpiot` s` jifhtui ä pr`s`oîi mk kfs`rvimkr ` oák ekmhai s`u akepkrtie`otk pkr `stir s`omk kfs`rvimk. @e `stumks m` e÷lthplis skomin`os, akotumk, m`vhmk ik o÷e`rk lhehtimk m` mimks oi lhoji m` fis`, jé iue`otk mi pksshfhlhmim` mi r`ithvhmim` kfs`rviahkoil s`r triosc`rhmi piri i cis` m` hot`rv`oîák `, m`st` ekmk, akeprke`t`r ks r`sultimks mi hot`rv`oîák (QIHO2 QJKV@Q, 98>8). @e shtuiîð`s `e qu` i r`ithvhmim` kfs`rviahkoil s` ekstri akek ue citkr m` rhsak piri vilhmim` hot`roi mk `xp`rhe`otk, k p`squhsimkr pkm`ré kptir p`lk usk mk m`lho`ie`otk m` lhoji m` fis` e÷lthpli, ik hovès mk m`lho`ie`otk m` e÷lthplis skomin`os. =4
O O @ @
K m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi m` tritie`otk ilt`roimk `ovklv` i iplhaiîák m` muis ku eihs hot`rv`oîð`s ku tritie`otks (SH) qu` hoahm`e skfr` k e`sek akepkrtie`otk, `e n`ril s`nuhmk i uei lhoji m` fis` hohahil. @e ue `stumk akomuzhmk pkr Ouo`s `t il. (6444), ckh ivilhimk k `c`htk mi ipr`s`otiîák m` muis prioajis akeputimkrhzimis m` Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi, uei akot`omk `sakljhmks(akomhîák pkr Inksthojk, ue gkv`e ake pirilhshi a`r`fril,phatknrieis s`e cili irthaulimi I), ` kutri akot`omk nuris oák s`l`ahkoimis pkr `l` (akomhîák F) ‑ skfr` i Sirhév`l M`p`om`ot` (SM) ‑ r`spksti m` pir`ie`otk m` nuris ake s`us oke`s v`rfilhzimks p`lk `xp`rhe`otimkr. `xp`rhe`otimkr. Oi Chnuri 0 è `xhfhmi i p`ra`otin`e m` r`spkstis akrr`tis m` Inksthojk mhiot` mks mkhs akoguotks m` phatknrieis. :4
s i t s k p s ` r ` m e ` n i t o ` a r ` T
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3=
>4
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I7 Chnuris s`l`ahkoimis
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p`lk sug`htk
=3
=4 == 14
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1:
18
64
F7 Chnuris oák s`l`ahkoimis p`lk sug`htk
94 4 9
6
1
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Q`ssð`s akos`authvis
Chnuri T`ra`otin`e m` r`spkstis akrr`tis m` Inksthojk mhiot` mks mkhs Chnuri 0 - T`ra`otin`e akoguotks m` phatknrieis. Akovèe m`stiair qu` i krm`e mi ipr`s`otiîák mks akoguotks m` phatknrieis ckh akotrifilioîimi, ku s`gi, s` ok prhe`hrk mhi `ri ipr`s`otimi hohahile`ot` i akomhîák I, s`nuhmi p`li akomhîák F, ok s`nuomk mhi i krm`e m` ipr`s`otiîák `ri hov`rsi, ` isshe sua`sshvie`ot`. il il prkvhmçoahi s`rvhu piri `vhtir k vhès, pkr akoti mi krm`e m` ipr`s`otiîák, akotrkliomk, m` a`rti ckrei, k `c`htk m` krm`oiîák, ku s`gi, k m`s`ep`ojk mhiot` mk s`nuomk akoguotk m` nuris s`r ciahlhtimk p`li `xpkshîák iot`rhkr mk prhe`hrk akoguotk. Akek `sti krm`e virhku, shst`eithaie`ot`, ik lkonk mis s`ssð`s `xp`rhe`otihs, imeht`-s` qu` `sti ie`iîi ä vilhmim` hot`roi t`oji shmk akotrklimi. =9
L V. K. T. O (K.)
Ihomi qu` k m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi hotrissug`htks pr`sahomi, itè a`rtk pkotk, mi ioélhs` `stitåsthai, akek s`ré mhsauthmk eihs imhiot`, o`st` aipåtulk, ue t`st` `stitåsthak iplhaimk iks mimks m`st` `stumk (t 5 1.>416. p< .446) `vhm`oahku i mhc`r`oîi shnohaithvi `otr` is p`ra`otin`os eèmhis kfthmis skf is muis akomhîð`s `xp`rhe`otihs. Choile`ot`, k m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi m` arhtèrhk eñv`l, qu` è uthlhzimk piri ivilhir k hepiatk m` uei hot`rv`oîák mhvhmhmi `e sufcis`s, is quihs akrr`spkom`e i eumioîis pr``stif`l`ahmis oks oåv`hs m` m`s`ep`ojk mk pirthahpiot`. @st` m`lho`ie`otk è homhaimk piri ivilhir eumioîis ok akepkrtie`otk-ilvk akepkrtie` otk-ilvk qu` kakrr`e `e `tipis nrimithvis, itè aj`nir ä sui ckrei oil. @x`eplk7 K iue`otk oi cr`quçoahi m` kakrrçoahi m` r`spkstis akrr`tis oks `x`raåahks m` aélaulk `e sili m` iuli è `stif`l`ahmk nrimithvie`ot`, itè k iluok ilaioîir k nriu m` m`s`ep`ojk ia`htév`l ake k `epr`nk m` r`ckrîie`otk mhc`r`oahil (BIWMHO, 98:62 K‘O@HLL `t il., 6499) Ifihxk, oi Chn Chnuri uri 3, è ipr`s`otimk k nréak m` ue `stumk jhpktèthak ipkhimk pkr m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi m` arhtèrhk eñv`l, kfs`rviomk-s` i cr`quçoahi ifskluti m` r`spkstis akrr`tis mk pirthahpiot`, ois cis`s m` lhoji m` fis` (I) ` tritie`otk (F, A, M, @). I cis` m` tritie`otk è mhvhmhmi `e sufcis`s qu` akrr`spkom`e äs eumioîis oks arhtèrhks pr``stif`l`ahmks m` m`s`ep`ojk, ks quihs sák ekstrimks ok nréak akepkstk pkr lhojis jkrhzkotihs.
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Chnuri 3 - Cr`quçoahi ifskluti m` r`spkstis akrr`tis mk pirthahpiot` ois cis`s m` fis` (I) ` tritie`otk (F, A, M, @).
=6
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I S SILHIÎÁ ILHIÎÁK K MKQ MIMKQ MKQ M@LHO@IE@O]KQ @ZT@VHE@O]IHQ HO]VIQQPG@H]KQ
Oks m`lho`ie`otks m` p`squhsi hotrissug`htks, i `aéahi mi hot`rv`oîák ku tritie`otk, `e n`ril, oák è ivilhzimi ake fis` `e t`st`s `stitåsthaks, ihomi qu` pkssie s`r uthlhzimks, akek akepl`e`otk mi vilhmiîák mk `xp`rhe`otk, eis she p`li hosp`îák vhsuil mks mimks. il hosp`îák akosthtuh k eètkmk pkr `xa`lçoahi m` hot`rpr`tiîák mks `c`htks mi SH skfr` i SM. V`c`r`-s` tiefèe i ue gulnie`otk ia`rai mi m`mhnohmim` ` akoshstçoahi mks `c`htks mk tritie`otk ku hot`rv`oîák pkr e`hk mk `xie` vhsuil mks mimks ipr`s`otimks `e nréaks (BIWMHO, 98:6). Euhtk cr`qu`ot`e`ot`, i ivilhiîák `stitåsthai ekstri-s` eihs s`osåv`l mk qu` i hosp`îák vhsuil `e m`t`atir ks `c`htks mi hot`rv`oîák, ku s`gi, `st`s pkm`e s`r `stithsthaie`ot` shnohaithvks, e`sek quiomk s` ekstrie criaks. @sti r`lithvi hos`oshfhlhmim` mi hosp`îák vhsuil `e aiptir `c`htks pkuak `xpr`sshvks oák s` akosthtuh, tkmivhi, `e m`sviotin`e2 ik akotrérhk, hoa`othvi ks p`squhsimkr`s i fusair hot`rv`oîð`s rkfustis ku`liihomi m`s`ovklv`r ks tritie`otks crén`hs itè k pkotkpkt`ot`s, `e qu` `c`htks akoshm`rév`hs s`gie prkmuzhmks. Lkon` m` s`r akoshm`rimi sufg`thvi ` vh`simi, i hosp`îák vhsuil mks mimks m`v` it`om`r i a`rtks piræe`trks kfg`thvks. Eihs `xplhahtie`ot`, i m`ahsák ia`rai mks `c`htks mk tritie`otk è tkeimi akoshm`riomk-s` is airiat`råsthais r`lithvis ä einohtum` mis eumioîis ‑ eèmhi ` oåv`l ‑ ‑ ` iks s`us rhteks ‑ t`omçoahi ` ` litçoahi . Eumioîis akoshst`ot`s ois eèmhis kfthmis ois mhc`r`ot`s cis`s ‑ lhoji m` fis` oi ` tritie`otk pkm`em`it`stir s` k tritie`otk ckh `aiz. Kfs`rv`-s` Chnuri > k‑nréak ue `stumk jhpktèthak `e qu` s` `epr`nku k m`lho`ie`otk m` r`thrimi (I-F-I-F).
=1
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96
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19
Chnuri > - Mimks jhpktèthaks m` ue m`lho`ie`otk I-F-I-F ok quil is eèmhis mk m`s`ep`ojk m` aimi cis` sák eiraimis akek lhojis jkrhzkotihs.
Akoshst`ot`e`ot`, k oåv`l m` m`s`ep`ojk eèmhk ois cis`s m` lhoji m` fis` ‑ I ` I‘ ‑ ckh hoc`rhkr ik oåv`l m` m`s`ep`ojk ois cis`s m` tritie`otk ‑ F ` F‘ ‑, ipkotiomk isshe piri k `c`htk m`st` skfr` i Sirhév`l Sirhév`l M`p`om`ot` (SH). Is eumioîis oks oåv`hs r`c`r`e-s` ä m`sakothouhmim` mk m`s`ep`ojk `otr` k oil m` uei cis` ` k hoåahk mi cis` s`nuhot`. Hstk pkm` s`r `x`eplhaimk oi Chnuri Chnuri :, qu` ekstri k nréak jhpktèthak, ake mimks atåahks m` ue m`lho`ie`otk m` r`v`rsák. 93
I
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96 94 : 3 = 6 4 9
3
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m` ue`otr` m`lho`ie`otk `vhm`oahimi Chnuri : - Mimks jhpktèthaks i m`sakothouhmim` ok m`s`ep`ojk, k oil m` I-F-I-F ue i cis` `okk quil uei hohahkè mi s`nuhot`. ==
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Akek homhaie is s`tis, jé qu`fris ok m`s`ep`ojk quiomk kakrr` eumioîi m` cis`. Eumioîi ois t`omçoahis s` r`c`r` ä prkp`osák mks mimks `xhfhr`e iue`otks ku mhehouhîák shst`eéthaks ik lkonk mk t`epk. Oi Chnuri 8, is lhojis m` t`omçoahis `sták isshoilimis `e aimi uei mis cis`s m` ue m`lho`ie`otk I-F-I-F. 93
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96 94 : 3 = 6 4 9
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Chnuri uri 8 - Homhaiîák mis t`omçoahis `e aimi aimi cis` m` ue m`lho`ie`otk Chn I-F-I-F. K nréak ekstri i `stifhlhmim` mks mimks oi prhe`hri lhoji m` fis` (I). Is cis`s F ` F‘, akotumk, `xhf`e t`omçoahis mi aurvi alirie`ot` isa`om`ot`s, `oquiotk i s`nuomi lhoji m` fis` (I‘) ipr`s`oti t`omçoahi m`ar`sa`ot`. Choile`ot`, litçoahi s` r`c`r` ik p`råkmk akepr``omhmk `otr` k hoåahk ku tèrehok m` uei akomhîák ` is eumioîis ok oåv`l m` m`s`ep`ojk. Yuiotk eihs riphmie`ot` s` hohahir i eumioîi ipñs i hepl`e`otiîák mk tritie`otk, eihs alirk è k s`u `c`htk. Oi Chnuri 94 sák ipr`s`otimks mkhs nréaks ake mimks jhpktèthaks m` `stumk ipkhimk pkr m`lho`ie`otk quis` `xp`rhe`otil I-F.
=0
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8
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:
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>
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3
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0
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0
8
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91
0
8
91
Chnuri 94 - Nréaks `xhfhomk litçoahis mhc`r`ot`s Chnuri mhc`r`ot`s oi eumioîi mk oåv`l m` m`s`ep`ojk quiomk i cis` F ckh hepl`e`otimi. Ok nréak mi Chnuri Chnuri 94, ä `squ`rmi, quiomk i cis` F ckh hohahimi, i eumioîi ok m`s`ep`ojk kakrr`u riphmie`ot`, `oquiotk ok nréak ä mhr`hti i eumioîi kakrr`u eihs l`otie`ot`. Oi préthai, eumioîis oi einohtum` (eèmhi ` oåv`l) ` ok rhtek (t`omçoahi ` litçoahi) kakrr`e guotis (BIWMHO, 98:6). K m`s`gév`l è qu` ks mimks mi cis` m` hot`rv`oîák oák s` skfr`pkojie iks mi lhoji m` fis`. Qarunns ` Eistrkph`rh (6496) prkpð`e k aélaulk m` p`ra`otin`e m` mimks oák skfr`pkstks (TOM ku p`ra`otin` kc okokv`rlipphon miti ) `otr` is cis`s, akek uei e`mhmi mi pktçoahi ` akoshstçoahi mi hot`rv`oîák. Ok nréak mi Chnuri 99, ks mimks mis cis`s m` tritie`otk ‑ F ` F‘ ‑ oák s` skfr`pð`e iks mis cis`s m` lhoji m` fis` I ` I‘. 93
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Chnuri 99 - Oák skfr`pkshîák m` mimks mis cis`s m` tritie`otk (F ` F‘) ake is mi lhoji m` fis` (I ` I‘).
=3
O O @ @
@e ue auhmimksk `stumk akomuzhmk pkr Bijon `t il. (6494), ks mimks `vhm`oahirie iltk oåv`l m` iakrmk `otr` guåz`s `xp`rh`ot`s oi hosp`îák vhsuil m` 13 nréaks r`c`r`ot`s i `stumks jhpktèthaks ake m`lho`ie`otks m` r`v`rsák (I-F-I-F). It`sti-s` isshe qu` i hosp`îák vhsuil, quiomk nuhimi p`lks piræe`trks iot`rhkre`ot` m`sarhtks, pkm` prkmuzhr hot`rpr`tiîák akoshst`ot` mks mimks mi p`squhsi. S ILHMIM@ HO]@VOI , S SILHMIM@ ILHMIM@ @Z]@VOI @ SILHMIM@ SILHMIM@ QKAHIL
I vilhmim` hot`roi m` ue `xp`rhe`otk s` eiohc`sti quiomk ks r`sultimks pkm`e s`r itrhfuåmks ake pkuai ku o`ojuei iefhnuhmim` iks `c`htks mi virhév`l hom`p`om`ot`. Hstk shnohai qu` ks prka`mhe`otks `epr`nimks `lhehoie `xplhaiîð`s ilt`roithvis mk r`sultimk. Gé vilhmim` `xt`roi kakrr` quiomk ks r`sultimks mk `xp`rhe`otk pkm`e s`r n`o`rilhzimks piri ilèe mis akomhîð`s mk `xp`rhe`otk. Ku s`gi, ks r`sultimks pkm`e s`r `st`omhmks piri kutris p`sskis, iefh`ot`s, hostrue`otks m` ivilhiîák, prkfl`eis alåohaks, `ta (BIWMHO, 98:6). Pe o÷e`rk `xpr`sshvk m` p`squhsimkr`s m`c`om` qu` i vilhmim` hot`roi ` i vilhmim` `xt`roi mks `xp`rhe`otks sák ták hepkrtiot`s quiotk i vilhmim` skahil mis p`squhsis. Hstk shnohai qu` is r`spkstis iks tritie`otks imehohstrimks, isshe akek ks r`sultimks oihs mk `xp`rhe`otk sñ s`rák akoshm`rimks `aiz`s s` ivilhimk k hepiatk skahil prkmuzhmk skfr` k akepkrtie`otk mks pirthahpiot`s mi p`squhsi. K akoa`htk m` “vilhmim` skahil―, akek virhév`l aråthai piri os m` n`o`rilhziîák mis r`liîð`s cuoahkoihs `xp`rhe`otile`ot` m`ekostrimis, heplhai uei mupli ifkrmin`e. Tkr ue limk, is ioélhs`s m` vilhmim` skahil sák r`ilhzimis piri ivilhir akek i vhmi mk pirthahpiot` mk `stumk ckh ic`timi `e suis hot`riîð`s jifhtuihs ake kutris p`sskis, lkaihs ` shtuiîð`s. Tkr Tkr kutrk, i vilhmim` skahil pr`ahsi akoshm`rir is pklåthais skahihs ` `muaiahkoihs ituihs i tuihs qu` m`t`rehoie k oioahie`otk m` s`rvhîks. I ckrei akek i skah`mim` p`ra`f`, akoa`f` ` vilkrhzi ku oák p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi hré ic`tir ic`tir,, skfr`eio`hri, ks r`aursks qu` lj`s sák ilkaimks akek tiefèe piri ks prkv`mkr`s m` s`rvhîks. È iltie`ot` r`ake`omév`l qu`, ok plio`gie`otk mi p`squhsi, ckailhzimk oi hot`rv`oîák guotk i `ssi pkpuliîák, k p`squhsimkr akoshm`r` ks arhtèrhks, i e m` m`ekostrir, `ephrhaie`ot`, akek eumioîis m` akepkrtie`otk
=>
L V. K. T. O (K.)
kakrr`e `e vérhks iefh`ot`s oiturihs ` akot`xtks skahihs. B`oo`my (6440) ipkoti trçs ifkrmin`os qu` tçe shmk usimis piri ivilhir i vilhmim` skahil. I prhe`hri, gé homhaimi `e 98:6 pkr Bizmho, s` r`c`r` ä ivilhiîák sufg`thvi, qu` `ovklv` i kft`oîák m` hockreiîð`s skfr` i p`ra`pîák mis p`sskis `ovklvhmis (sug`htk, pihs, prkc`sskr`s `ta.) i r`sp`htk mks kfg`thvks, prka`mhe`otks ` r`sultimks m` mi`saklji shtuiîák `xp`rhe`otil, e`hk m`` qu`sthkoérhks, prka`mhe`otks ckrîimi, `otr`vhstis pkr `struturimis s`eh`struturimis. Sil` Sil` l`efrir iquh k akos`ljk m` Qajwirtz ` Fi`r (9889, ipum B@OO@MX B@OO@MX, 6440) m` qu` i ivilhiîák mk prñprhk pirthahpiot` pirthahpiot` ` m` s`u nrupk skahil ia`rai mk `xp`rhe`otk m`v` s`r `l`e`otk a`otril oi ioélhs` mi vilhmim` skahil ` oák ue `sckrîk s`auomérhk. I s`nuomi ckrei m` `stheir i vilhmim` skahil è prka`m`r i uei akepiriîák okreithvi. Hstk heplhai akepirir k m`s`ep`ojk mk pirthahpiot` mi p`squhsi ik m` s`u nrupk m` pir`s, ku s`gi, uei iekstri m` homhvåmukståphaks mi e`sei hmim` `Tkr s`xk, akepkrtie`otks s`gie akoshm`rimks ku m`s`gév`hs. e,augks i ifkrmin`e eihs r`a`ot` m` ic`rhr i vilhmim` Qkahil mhz r`sp`htk ä sust`otifhlhmim`, ku s`gi, i akostitiîák m` qu` ks prka`mhe`otks ` r`sultimks mk `xp`rhe`otk p`rshst`e ipñs k tèrehok mi hov`sthniîák (BIWMHO, 98:6). T@QYPHQI YPIO]H]I]HSI @ T@QYPHQI YPILH]I]HSI TKM@E Q@V AKEFHOIMIQ;
@e @muaiîák, ks p`squhsimkr`s qu` s` ilhojie ä trimhîák quilhtithvi cr`qu`ot`e`ot` arhthaie ks eètkmks `xp`rhe`otihs pkr ipr`s`otir`e, supkstie`ot`, uei vhsák `str`hti ` oák akot`xtuilhzimi mk c`oýe`ok, akoa`otriomk ks `sckrîks oi m`ekostriîák m` r`liîð`s cuoahkoihs `otr` virhév`hs. È hepkrtiot` l`efrir qu` i `saklji e`tkmklñnhai è m`t`rehoimi `ss`oahile`ot` p`lis p`rnuotis ckreulimis, is quihs, pkr sui v`z, `e`rn`e mk r`c`r`oahil t`ñrhak ake k quil k p`squhsimkr `sté akeprke`thmk. I akepl`xhmim` mis qu`stð`s m` p`squhsi, akotumk, pkm` `xhnhr qu` s`gie akefhoimks eètkmks quilhtithvks ` quiothtithvks, m` ckrei i aiphtilhzir ks isp`atks pkshthvks m` aimi p`rsp`athvi, ` i akep`osir ks pkotks eihs crén`hs m` iefis. Isshe, è pkssåv`l akefhoir prka`mhe`otks, mimks ` r`sultimks (TPOAJ, 6444). Fryeio (9886, ipum TPOAJ,
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O O @ @
6444) ipkoti koz` ckreis qu` `ssis akefhoiîð`s pkm`e issuehr, mis quihs sák m`stiaimis is s`nuhot`s7 i) rhionu rhionuliîák liîák ‑ ks r`sultimks kfthmks pkr ue thpk m` ifkrmin`e pkm`e s`r aj`aimks ake ks r`sultimks m`rhvimks m` kutrk thpk. Tkr `x`eplk, ks mimks qu` sust`otie i `aéahi mk `epr`nk mks r`aursks mi Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi ok m`s`ovklvhe`otk mi lhonuin`e ` mi hot`riîák skahil m` arhioîis ake @I oi `sakli, m`ekostrimks `e ue `stumk `xp`rhe`otil hotrisssug`htks, pkm`e s`r r`liahkoimks iks mimks quilhtithvks n`rimks ake fis` `e mimks m` `otr`vhstis s`eh`struturimis guotk i pihs ` prkc`sskr`s. @ssi prkpksti è r`ake`omimi piri s` m`ekostrir i vilhmim` skahil mk `xp`rhe`otk. f) Ciahlhtiîák ‑ i p`squhsi quilhtithvi pkm` ckro`a`r hockreiîák m` fis` skfr` ks akot`xtks ` ks pirthahpiot`s, akosthtuhr-s` akek ckot` m` jhpñt`s`s ` piri akostruîák m` `sailis. a) Trkmutk ` prka`ssk ‑ `oquiotk i p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil t`e akek kfg`thvk k r`sultimk mi iplhaiîák m` m`t`rehoimk tritie`otk, i p`squhsi quilhtithvi pkm` m`sar`v`r ks isp`atks prka`ssuihs m`sti hot`rv`oîák, `orhqu`a`omk m`ssi ckrei is akoalusð`s mk `stumk. m) T`rsp`athvis mk p`squhsimkr ` mk pirthahpiot` ‑ ‑ akeue`ot` i p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil è mhrhnhmi p`lk hot`r`ss` mk p`squhsimkr ik pissk qu` i ifkrmin`e quilhtithvi tkei akek pkotk m` pirthmi i vhsák mks pirthahpiot`s. @ssis p`rsp`athvis pkm`e s`r hot`nrimis piri ckro`a`r ue quimrk eihs akepl`tk mk c`oýe`ok `e piuti. c c)) Hot`rpr`tiîák Hot`rpr`tiîák mis r`liîð`s `otr` is virhév`hs ‑ tkmi hov`sthniîák, s`gi `li quilhtithvi ku quiothtithvi, `ovklv` hot`rpr`tiîák. Tkr eihkr qu` s`gi i `vhmçoahi mis r`liîð`s `otr` muis virhév`hs, it`stimi p`lk mimks oueèrhaks, `st`s `e sh oimi mhz`e i oák s`r quiomk hot`rpr`timks ä luz mks akoa`htks akostruåmks ku `e akostruîák p`lk p`squhsimkr. p`squhsimkr. Isshe, ue `stumk quilhtithvk pkm` s`r hovkaimk piri `xplhair is rizð`s mi m`ekostriîák mis r`liîð`s `otr` virhév`hs prkmuzhmis pkr ue `stumk `xp`rhe`otil.
=8
L V. K. T. O (K.)
Tiri oilhzir `sti mhsaussák skfr` mhc`r`ot`s p`rsp`athvis e`tkmklñnhais, aif` l`efrir i vilhksi sun`sták m` Luoi (988>, p. 1=)7 R...U i ckrîi m` uei ifkrmin`e t`ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhai è m`ekostrimi p`li sui r`shstçoahi ä arhthai qu` s` `x`ra` akotri `li e`sei. Pe trifiljk eihs prkmuthvk s`rhi r`ilhzimk s` pumèss`eks oks iprkv`htir mi prkmuîák ah`otåai m`rhvimi mis vérhis akrr`ot`s e`tkmklñnhais akek ckot` m` hosphriîák piri k `x`raåahk mi aråthai hot`roi.
V @C@VÇOAHIQ @C@VÇOAHIQ ILF@VK, T. ILF@VK, T. I.2 VKPEIO, VKPEIO, I. A. Ipplh`m f`jivhkr ioilyshs ckr t`iaj`rs . Akluefus, Kjhk7 E`rrhll Tr`otha` Jill, 6441. ILE@HMI, E. I. E`tkmklknhi m` m`lho`ie`otks m`lho`ie`otks m` p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil hotrissug`htks7 r`litk m` ilnuos `stumks akomuzhmks ok Frishl. Ho7 EIVYP@WHO@, E. A.2 ILE@HMI, E. I.2 KEK@, Q. (Krn.). Aklñquhks skfr` p`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil . Lkomrhoi7 @mu`l, 6441. p. 31-88. FVHK, H. N. `t il. V`ckrîie`otk mhc`r`oahil m` akepkrtie`otks v`rfihs ilt`roithvks m` ue `squhzkcrçohak. V`vhsti Frishl`hri m` `riphi `riphi Akepkrtie`otil ` Aknohthvi, Ak nohthvi, v.:, o.9, p.>1-:=, 6443. NIOW, G. F. `t il. I e`ti-ioilyshs kc shonl` ais` r`s`iraj stumh`s ko ihm`m iune`otithv` iom ilt`roithv` akeeuohaithko syst`es whtj homhvhmuils whtj iuthse sp`atrue iom M`v`lkpe`otil Mhskrm`rs , v.=6, o.9, p.34->=, 6496. mhskrm`rs. Gkuroil kc Iuthse iom NIOW, G. F. `t il. Io innr`nit` stumy kc shonl`-ais` r`s`iraj hovklvhon ihm`m IIA7 Tirthahpiot Tirthahp iot ajiriat`rhsthas kc homhvhmuils whtj iuthse sp`atrue mhskrm`rs. V`s`iraj ho Iuthse Qp`atrue Mhskrm`rs, Mhskrm`rs, v.0, p.9044-9048, 6499. JKVO@V, V. M.2 FI@V M. E. Eulthpl`-prkf` t`ajohqu`7 i virhithko ko tj` eulthpl` Ipplh`m F`jivhkr Ioilyshs , v.99, o.9, p.9:8‑983, 98>:. fis`lho`. Gkuroil kc Ipplh`m JKVO@V, V. J. `t il. ]` us` kc shonl`-sufg`at r`s`iraj tk hm`othcy `vhm`oa`-fis`m priatha` ho Qp`ahil @muaithko. @xa`pthkoil Ajhlmr`o, v.>9, o.6, p.930->8, 6440. Ipplh`m BIJON, Q. ^. ^. `t il. Akoshst`ot Akos hst`ot vhsuil ioilys`s kc hotrisufg`at miti. Gkuroil kc Ipplh`m F`jivhkr Ioilyshs , v.=1, o.9, p.10-=0, 6494.
BIWMHO, I. Qhonl` ais` r`s`iraj m`shnos7 e`tjkms ckr alhohail iom ipplh`m s`tthons. Okvi Xkrb7 X krb7 Kxckrm Pohv`rshty Pohv`rshty Tr`ss, Tr`ss, 98:6. B@OO@MX, A. J. Qhonl`-ais` m`shnos ckr `muaithkoil r`s`iraj. Fkstko7 Illyo & Fiako, 6440. LIONJKVO@, T.2 Ea NHLL, T. Iss`sshon tj` skahil iaa`ptifhlhty kc tj` cuoathkoil Ipplh`m F`jivhkr Ioilyshs , v.==, o.6, p.=41-=4>, ioilyshs 6499. kc prkfl`e f`jivhkr. Gkuroil kc Ipplh`m
04
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LHNJ, G. Mk iune`otithv` iom ilt`roithv` akeeuohaithko hot`rv`othkos LHNJ, hot`r v`othkos r`illy eib` i mhffl`r`oa`; ]` ajill`on`s kc `fiaiay r`s`iraj. Iune`otithv` iom Ilt`roithv` Akeeuohaithko, v.90, p.91-6=, 9888. LKPV@OÎK, @.2 JIXIQJH, E. A.2 ILE@HMI, E. I. M`lho`ie`otks hotrissug`htks ois mhss`rtiîð`s ` t`s`s mk TTN@@Q/PCQAir. V`vhsti Frishl`hri m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil , v.90, o.6, p.198-113, 6448. LPOI, Q. S. S. K cilsk akosthtk `otr` ` otr` t`omçoahis e`tkmklñnhais. Ho7 CIW@OMI, H. (Krn.). E`tkmklknhi mi p`squhsi `muaiahkoil . Qák Tiulk7 Akrt`z, 988>. p.69-1=. E@OM@Q, @. N. I rimhailhziîák mk m`fit` skfr` hoalusák `saklir ok Frishl. V`vhsti Frishl`hrii m` @muaiîák, v.99, o.11, p.1:>-=40, 6443. Frishl`hr E@QHFKS, N. F., QJ@I, S. @vhm`oa`-fis`m priatha`s iom iuthse. ]` Oithkoil Iuthstha Qkah`ty , v.90, o.9, p.99=-911, 6499. EP@LL@V, E.2 OBKQH, I.2 JHO@, G. Cuoathkoil ioilyshs ho puflha sajkkls7 i Ipplh`m F`jivhkr Ioilyshs , v.==, o.=, sueeiry kc 84 cuoathkoil ioilys`s. Gkuroil kc Ipplh`m p.:4>-:9:, 6499. OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, C. T. T. M`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil hotrissug`htks. Ho7 OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, C.2 OIPGKVBQ, E. H. (Krn.). T`squhsi `e `muaiîák `sp`ahil7 k m`sik mi quilhaiîák. Fiuru7 @musa, 6449. p.38-84. OPO@Q, M. V., OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, C. C. Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi ` Ieplhimi piri `muaiomks ake iuthsek7 Akoshm`riîð`s e`tkmklñnhais. V`vhsti Frishl`hri m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil, v.93, o.6, p.68>-196, 6494. OPO@Q, L. V. rihohon rihohon t``oin` ektj`rs tk `vkb` hehtithko crke tj`hr it-rhsb hociots7 io `xp`rhe`otil ioilyshs. `s` (mkutkrimk) - Siom`rfhlt Pohv`rshty, `oo`ss``, PQI, 98:0. OPO@Q, L. V. Iuthsek ` Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi7 akotrhfuhîð`s mi p`squhsi hotrissug`htks. Ho7 OPO@Q, L. V.2 QPTLHOK, E.2 ^IL ^IL@V, @V, A. (Krn.). @osihks skfr` iuthsek ` m`ahçoahi e÷lthpli . Eirålhi7 IFT@@, Qák Airlks7 Eirqu`zho` & Eiozhoh, 6491. p.98-16.
OPO@Q, L. V. `t il. K usk mi hockreéthai ake arhioîis m`ah`ot`s7 Hakohahmim` ` `oshok m` r`akoj`ahe`otk m` såefklks m` shst`ei akeputimkrhzimk m` Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi. Aim`rok mk Cñrue T`reio`ot` m` @muaiîák ` Qi÷m` mk Hosthtutk Tjhlhpp` Tho`l Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 Gio`hrk7 Ehohstèrhk mi Qi÷m`, 6444. p.38->>. OPO@Q, L. V. rihohon t``oin` ektj`rs tk `vkb` hehtithko crke tj`hr tj` hr it-rhsb hociots 7 io `xp`rhe`otil ioilyshs. 98:0. `s` (Mkutkrimk) - Siom`rfhlt Pohv`rshty, `oo`ss``, PQI, 98:0. OPO@Q, L. V.2 APOJI, I. A.2 OKNP@HVI, M. Ciahlhtiomk i iquhshîák mi lhonuin`e cuoahkoil `e arhioîis ake itrisk m` m`s`ovklvhe`otk. Irquhvks Frishl`hrks Frishl`hrks m` Tshaklknhi , v.=0, p.=8->3, 9881.
09
K‘O@HLL, V. `t il. Qhonl` ais` r`s`iraj m`shnos ho `muaithkoil iom akeeuohty s`tthons . Fkstko7 T`irsko @muaithko Hoa., 6499. TV@QKO, M.2 AIV@V, AIV@V, E. I r`vh`w kc tj` `fiaiay kc tj` Thatur` @xajion` Akeeuohaithko Qyst`e hot`rv`othko. Gkuroil kc Iuthse iom M`v`lkpe`otil Mhskrm`rs, o.18, p.=>9-=:3, 6448. TPOAJ, B. C. Ehx e`tjkms iom `viluithv` arht`rhi. Ho7 TPOAJ, B. C. Hotrkmuathko tk skahil r`s`iraj7 quiothtithv` iom quilhtithv` ipprkiaj`s. Lkomr`s7 Qin`, 6444. p.618-631. VKMVHNP@Q, I. I p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil `e pshaklknhi ` `muaiîák. T`trñpklhs7 Skz`s, 98>3. QIETIHK, I. `t il. Pei hotrkmuîák iks m`lho`ie`otks `xp`rhe`otihs m` sug`htk ÷ohak. Hot`riîák `e Tshaklknhi , v.96, o.9, p.909-3=, 644:. QAJLKQQ@V, V. ^. ^. Akepirithv` `fiaiay kc hot`rv`othkos ho iune`otithv` iune `otithv` iom ilt`roithv` akeeuohaithko. Iune`otithv` iom Ilt`roithv` Ilt`roithv` Akeeuohaithko, o.90, p.033:, 9888. QAJLKQQ@V, V. ^.2 ^.2 L@@, M. Trkekthon n`o`rilhzithko iom eihot`oioa` ho iune`otithv` iom ilt`roithv` akeeuohaithko7 I e`ti-ioilyshs kc 64 y`irs kc `ffl`athv`o`ss r`s`iraj. Iune`otithv` iom Ilt`roithv` Akeeuohaithko, o.93, p.64:-663, 6444. QAVPNNQ, .2 EIQVKTH@VH, E. TOM it 607 Tist, pr`s`ot, iom cutur` tr`oms ho sueeirhzhon shonl`-sufg`at r`s`iraj. V`e`mhil iom Qp`ahil @muaithko, v.1=, o.9, p.8-98, 6496. Q@HML m` EKPVI, E. L. Q.2 OPO@Q, L. V. I p`squhsi `e pshaklknhi mk m`s`ovklvhe`otk. Ho7 Q@HML m` EKPVI, E. L.2 AKVV@I, G.2 QTHOHLLK, I. (Krn.). T`squhsis frishl`hris frishl`hris `e pshaklknhi mk m`s`ovklvhe`otk. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 @mu`rg, 988:. p.11-=0. QHMEIO, E. iathas kc sah`otha r`s`iraj. Okvi Xkrb7 Fisha Fkkbs. 9834. QVIHO, T. T. Q.2 QJKV@Q, V. @. Qke` immhthkoil akee`ots ko eulthpl` fis`lho` Gkuroil kc E`otil M`ah`oay , v.:=, p.668m`shnos ho hostruathkoil r`s`iraj. Ie`rhaio Gkuroil 61=, 98>8. I^O@X, G. ^.2 NIQ, M. L. Qhonl` sufg`at r`s`iraj ho sp`ahil `muaithko. Akluefus, Kjhk7 Ajirl`s @. E`rrhl, 98:=.
Skltir piri k sueérhk
06
I E@]KMKLKNHI M@ JHQ]ÑVHI M@ S HMI HMI OI @QYPHQI @E
T
MPAIÎÁK
QT@AHIL
@ @ I @QAP]I MKQ QPG@H]KQ
7
Vksioi NLI Bithusahi A. Sirnis Sirnis IOPO@Q IO PO@Q
R...U aimi oirriîák iutkfhknréai akoti, s`gi ue akrt` jkrhzkotil ku v`rthail, uei préthai jueioi... Pei vhmi è uei préthai qu` s` iprkprhi mis r`liîð`s skahihs (is `struturis skahihs), is hot`rhkrhzi ` is triosckrei `e m`s`struturiîák r``struturiîák... okssk shst`ei skahil `sté hot`hrk akothmk `e okssks itks...` i jhstñrhi m`ss` shst`ei `sté hot`hri oi jhstñrhi m` okssi vhmi homhvhmuil (C@VVIVKH, (C@VVIVKH, 9881, p. 04).
O`st` aipåtulk s`rák triîimis ilnueis akoshm`riîð`s skfr` k usk
mi e`tkmklknhi m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi `e p`squhsis ok aiepk mi @muaiîák
@sp`ahil. @st``spkotæo`i thpk m` hov`sthniîák, pkrt`e prhvhl`nhir akekue ckot` prheérhi m` mimks i cili mks sug`htks, s` ekstrimk prkcåauk e`hk piri s` akoj`a`r ` akepr``om`r `ssi r`ilhmim`. Tkhs, Tkhs, ik mir vkz iks sug`htks, m`hxiomk qu` `st`s cil`e if`rtie`ot` skfr` suis vhmis, k p`squhsimkr `stif`l`a` ake `l`s uei r`liîák m` jkrhzkotilhmim` ` aueplhahmim`, rkep`omk ake i vhsák trimhahkoil m` qu` `l` è k m`t`otkr mk sif`r ` prkmuz, skzhojk, k akoj`ahe`otk skfr` is vhvçoahis m` m`t`rehoimk nrupk skahil, qu` pisshvie`ot` pisshvie`ot` aklifkri (“s` (“s` sug`hti―) sug`hti―) ake k `stumk. Ok okssk okssk `ot`omhe`otk, i nriom` akotrhfuhîák m`ssi ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai è qu` p`reht` qu` nrupks jhstkrhaie`ot` shl`oahimks ` eirnhoilhzimks akoquhst`e ue `spiîk piri `sauti m` sui cili `, eihs mk qu` hssk, r`ire`e sui akomhîák m` prktinkohstis m` suis prñprhis jhstñrhis.
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Tiri m`stiair i pkt`oahilhmim` mi Jhstñrhi m` Shmi akek r`c`r`oahil t`ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhak ok aiepk mi p`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil ` Hoalushvi mhsauthr`eks, susahotie`ot`, ks prhoahpihs cuomie`otks akoa`htuihs ` airiat`råsthais qu` okrt`hie `ss` thpk m` hov`sthniîák. I s`nuhr, s`nuhr, ipr`s`otir`eks ilnuos `stumks qu` s`nuhrie `ss` ` ss` p`raursk e`tkmklñnhak. JHQ]ÑVHI M@ S HMI HMI 7 AKOQHM@VIÎÐ@Q ]@ÑVHAK-E@]KMKLÑNHAIQ
Akockre` e`oahkoimk, i Jhstñrhi m` Shmi s` akosthtuh ouei ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai qu` rkep` ake m`t`rehoimks pr`ssupkstks pirimhneis ah`otåaks pkshthvhstis, krhuomks mk aiepk mis Ahçoahis @xitis ` mi Oitur Oitur`zi, `zi, qu` pr`akohzie uei supksti o`utrilhmim` mk p`squhsimkr, p`squhsimkr, r`sultiomk `e ue m`s`gimk mhstioahie`otk `otr` sug`htk mk akoj`ahe`otk (p`squhsimkr) ` “kfg`tk― “kfg`tk― i s`r akoj`ahmk (p`squhsimk). Oks pr`ssupkstks mi ahçoahi alésshai, pr`vil`a` i hm`hi m` qu` k p`squhsimkr m`v` “akotrklir― “akotrklir― tkmi i hov`sthniîák piri niriothr i l`nhthehmim` mk akoj`ahe`otk prkmuzhmk (QIOKQ, 6440). @st` pirimhnei pkshthvhsti t`e r`st`xks ok aiepk mis Ahçoahis Jueiois ` Qkahihs, kom` s` kfs`rvi, tiefèe, i pr`vilçoahi m` ifkrmin`os e`tkmklñnhais qu` r`prkmuz`e i trimhahkoil mhaktkehi `otr` k p`squhsimkr ` s`u “kfg`tk― “kfg`tk― m` hov`sthniîák. Ik e`sek t`epk `e qu` s` icisti mk pirimhnei alésshak m` ahçoahi, i p`squhsi ake Jhstñrhis m` Shmi `struturi ue ekm`lk m` hov`sthniîák heplhaimk oi `sauti `spkotæo`i mk sug`htk, ok r`sp`htk äs suis oirrithvis ` ok lhvr` stuxk mk mhélknk, pkrèe eiot`omk ue rhnkrksk prka`mhe`otk m` akl`ti ` tritie`otk mks mimks. I f`l`zi m`sti ifkrmin`e è qu` `li “thri k p`squhsimkr p`squhsi mkr m` s`u p`m`stil p`m` stil m` mkok mk sif`r― (NLI (NL I, 6448, p. 14), gé qu` s`u kfg`thvk è ipr``om`r ks shnohaimks qu` aimi sug`htk ku nrupk itrhfuh iks `v`otks ` v`otks m` sui vhmi vhm i (IPNVIQ, 64482 6 4482 NLI NL I, 64482 NLI NLI 2 QIOKQ, TL@QAJ2 OKNP@HVI2 MPYP@, 644=2 NLI2 TL@QAJ, 6448). Ok aiepk mi p`squhsi `e @muaiîák, ituile`ot`, jé ue pr`mkeåohk m` e`tkmklknhis quilhtithvis, `ovklv`omk mhc`r`ot`s ifkrmin`os akek `toknrii,9 `stumk m` aisk, p`squhsi-iîák, `otr` kutris. @efkri, i Jhstñrhi m` Shmi `st`gi s`omk nrimithvie`ot` eihs mhss`ehoimi, Ilnuos `stumks, pkr pkr oák s`nuhr`e tkmks tkmks ks pr`ssupkstks pr`ssupkstks mi `toknrii alésshai, alésshai, s` m`okehoie akek “mk thpk thpk `toknréak―. 9
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ihomi oák kaupi ue lunir m` m`stiqu` oi prkmuîák ah`otåai mi ér`i. Cknlh, Ckn lh, Iotuo`s ` Friuo (6494) r`ilhzirie ue u e l`viotie`otk ` uei ioélhs` m` => mhss`rtiîð`s ` t`s`s m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil mk Trknriei m` Tñsnrimuiîák `e @muaiîák mi P`rg (TVKT@m), r`ilhzimis `otr` 6449 ` 6494, ` v`rhairie qu` ip`ois :% `rie m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi. @e uei ioélhs` eihs nlkfil, `ovklv`omk kutrks prknrieis, `ss` p`ra`otuil, a`rtie`ot`, s`rhi ihomi e`okr. ilv`z, ue mks citkr`s qu` ehohehz`e uei uthlhziîák eihs iepli m`ssi ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai ok aiepk m` hov`sthniîák mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil s`gi m`akrr`ot`, gustie`ot`, mk citk m` qu` i iutkp`ra`pîák ku i vhsák m` euomk m` p`sskis ake o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs ririe`ot` sák l`vimis `e akoti oi ckreuliîák m` `stumks ` t`krhis skfr` i m`ahçoahi, ` ták pkuak ok plio`gie`otk m` pklåthais ` prknrieis m` it`omhe`otk i `ss` p÷flhak (OPO@Q `t il., 988:). Akek l`efrie Cknlh `t il. (6494), quiomk vkltieks `sp`ahihs okssk kljir piri kakeue, prka`sskn`rile`ot` m` hoalusák m` iluoksi ake o`a`sshmim`s ok `oshok r`akrr`eks kfs`rviîð`s c`htis p`lks p`squhsimkr`s `/ku hockreiîð`s kfthmis ake ks prksshkoihs mi @muaiîák. M` citk, pkuais p`squhsis tçe akek ckak i cili mks iluoks2 prkc`sskr`s, prkc`sskr `s, ciehlhir`s, ` n`stkr`s akeue`ot` sák ks sug`htks m` p`squhsis qu` ioilhsie i hoalusák `saklir. @otr`tiotk, akek ekstrir`eks `e ilnuos mks `stumks qu` s`rák mhsauthmks ok m`akrr`r m`st` t`xtk, ks e`ljkr`s hockreiot`s skfr` s`u prka`ssk m` `saklirhziîák ` ipr`omhzin`e sák ks prñprhks itkr`s qu` k vhv`oahie7 ks iluoks ake o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs. @ piri `ss` kfg`thvk, i Jhstñrhi m` Shmi ipr`s`oti-s` akek ue prkcåauk eètkmk m` hov`sthniîák ` mhélknk ake `ss`s sug`htks, oi e`mhmi `e qu` sui prkpksti è, gustie`ot`, “prhkrhzir i v`rsák mks homhvåmuks p`rt`oa`ot`s ik nrupk `sthneithzimk, `e v`z mks prksshkoihs qu` ks rktulie― (NLI, 6448, p. 63). K kfg`thvk m`ss` thpk m` `stumk è kuvhr k qu` `ss`s sug`htks tçe i mhz`r skfr` sh e`seks, s`us r`liahkoie`otks ` sui vhmi akthmhioi. Tr`t`om`s`, isshe, i pirthr m` suis oirrithvis, iv`rhnuir m` qu` ckrei i akomhîák m` `sthneithzimk ic`ti suis `xp`rhçoahis, vhsák mk euomk ` hm`othmim` p`sskil, f`e akek akoj`a`r is `stritènhis m` skfr`vhvçoahi skahil m`s`ovklvhmis, pkr ilnuos, piri sup`riîák ku ehohehziîák mk `sthnei (NLI2 TL@QAJ, 6448, p.9=9). Riquh akphieks i ahtiîák lht`ril, m`v` s`r eiothmk k t`xtk krhnhoilU
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Jhstñrhi m` Shmi è uei e`tkmklknhi krhuomi mis Ahçoahis Qkahihs (F@VIPZ, 98:42 FIVVKQ, 98:92 FKQH, 98:=2 F@AB@V, 98:32 AKOQIOKTKLKP, 98:>2 QIL@E, 98:9) qu`, akek mhtk, ckh r`snitimi piri i @muaiîák @sp`ahil, `e mhv`rsks `stumks `ovklv`omk p`sskis ake m`ahçoahis, ciehlhir`s ` ks prksshkoihs qu` ks it`om`e. Mioh`l F`rtkux (98:4 ipum NLI NLI , 6448), ue mks mk s pr`aurskr`s pr`aurskr` s oi uthlhziîák uthlhzi îák m`ss` eètkmk ok aiepk mis Ahçoahis Jueiois ` Qkahihs, ik m`sar`v`r `sti e`tkmklknhi, ciz uei mhc`r`oahiîák `otr` k qu` `l` m`okehoi7 Lhc` Jhstkry (Jhstñrhi (Jhstñrhi m` Shmi) ` Lhc` Qtkry (@stñrhi (@stñrhi m` Shmi). Ok prhe`hrk aisk, ilèe m` uthlhzir is `otr`vhstis fhknréais ` `stumks m` aisk, k p`squhsimkr tiefèe pkm` s` vil`r m` kutris ckot`s, tihs akek ioélhs` m` mkaue`otks, mksshçs eèmhaks, r`nhstrks pklhahihs ku guråmhaks, mhérhks, t`xtks gkroilåsthaks, `otr`vhstis ake p`sskis qu` akoj`a`e ks sug`htks ku i p`squhsi. Ok s`nuomk aisk, k p`squhsimkr akoshm`ri akek i ÷ohai ckot` m` mimks ks r`litks m` vhmi akockre` oirrimks p`lks sug`htks muriot` is `otr`vhstis. I pr`kaupiîák mk p`squhsimkr oák è fusair i v`rmim` mks citks oirrimks, pkhs k qu` r`ile`ot` hepkrti è k pkotk m` vhsti mks prñprhks sug`htks (NLI `t il., 644=2 NLI2 TL@QAJ, 6448). Tkm`-s` mhz`r qu` k qu` mhc`r`oahi k eètkmk m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi m` kutris ckreis m` hov`sthniîák qu` `ovklv`e m`pkhe`otks, tihs akek `otr`vhstis s`eh`struturimis ` qu`sthkoérhks, è k citk mk p`squhsimkr oák s`l`ahkoir ku r`strhonhr ks t`eis qu` s`rák ifkrmimks, mhr`ahkoiomk is p`rnuotis. Tkr uthlhzir `otr`vhstis if`rtis, i akomuîák mk `stumk è mimi p`lks sug`htks, i pirthr m` sui vhsák skfr` k euomk. @st`s sák lhvr`s piri oirrir, ä sui eio`hri, k qu` akoshm`rie r`l`viot` `e sui prñprhi jhstñrhi ` oirrir, `xp`rhçoahi m` vhmi `, tiefèe, piri r`st`thr akek ks `phsñmhks vhv`oahimks hot`rc`r`e ok s`u pr`s`ot` (QIOKQ2 NLI, 98882 NLI `t il., 644=2 AIVO@HVK, 644>2 NLI2 TL@QAJ, 64482 IOPO@Q, 6496). Pe mks isp`atks r`l`viot`s m`st` `ockqu` è k mhélknk qu` s` `stif`l`a` `otr` p`squhsimkr ` hockreiot`. K eke`otk mi `otr`vhsti, eihs mk qu` uei akl`ti m` mimks, è uei kpkrtuohmim`, piri iefks, m` qu`sthkoie`otks ` r`st`xð`s. I `sa `sauti uti r`sp`htk r`sp`htksi si t`o t`oti ti ipr ipr``om ``om`r `r i `sp `sp`ah `ahah ahmim mim`` mk euom euomkk p`s p`sski skil.l. O`ssi p`rsp`athvi, k p`squhsimkr m` eihs ei hs oimi, ipr`omhz v`rmim`i mk kutrk. Kri i ilt`rhmim` è pkrè, iot`s oitur`zi hrr`mutåv`l. Akek mi ilaioîir
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vhsák qu` k kutrk t`e m` sh ` mk s`u euomk; Qke`ot` p`lk mhélknk... I mhe`osák mhilñnhai mi hov`sthniîák akosthtuh i niriothi mi im`quiîák mk mhsaursk prkmuzhmk o`ss` `oakotrk (IPNVIQ, 6448, p. 96).
Gustie`ot` pkr mir vkz iks sug`htks mi p`squhsi è qu` i e`tkmklknhi m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi è `sp`ahile`ot` prkcåaui piri i @muaiîák @sp`ahil ` kutris ér`is qu` lhmie ake nrupks jhstkrhaie`ot` `xaluåmks, pkhs p`reht` ik hov`sthnimkr cilir ake ks sug`htks ` oák skfr` `l`s. `l`s. K eètkmk vhsi ic`rhr ks shnohaimks qu` aimi sug`htk ku nrupk itrhfuh iks `v`otks m` sui vhmi, s`e pr`gulnie`otk pkr pirt` mk p`squhsimkr. O`ss` isp`atk, shtui-s` oks eètkmks `xp`rhe`otihs, `e qu` is pksshfhlhmim`s m` r`spksti sák `stif`l`ahmis m` iot`eák, piri i t`stin`e m` jhpñt`s`s. I `otr`vhsti m` jhstñrhi m` vhmi mhsthonu`-s` tiefèe mi ioieo`s` alåohai, `e qu` m`t`rehoimks isp`atks gulnimks r`l`viot`s piri k pshañlknk, sák shst`eithaie`ot` p`squhsimks. Iquh s` triti m` m`sakfrhr k qu` k prñprhk sug`htk akoshm`ri akek r`l`viot` `e sui vhmi (IPNVIQ, 6448, p. 91).
Ik r`akoj`a`r akek l`nåthei i vkz miqu`l`s qu`, trimhahkoile`ot` tçe thmk s`u mhsaursk m`svilkrhzimk ku hnokrimk, `st` thpk m` ifkrmin`e rkep` ake i “kfg`thviîák― mks sug`htks, r`snitiomk, itrivès mk mhélknk, i hot`riîák `otr` p`squhsimkr ` pirthahpiot`s mi p`squhsi, iuc`rhomk k pip`l m` prktinkohsti m`ss`s homhvåmuks jhstkrhaie`ot` eiraimks p`lk shlçoahk ` `xalusák (IOPO@Q, 6496). Sil` r`ssiltir uei ilh`oiîák mis airiat`råsthais heputimi i p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi è ueiqu` supksti `e r`liîák ä sui akomhîák, hoaipiahmim` m` iutkrr`st`xák ` `xpr`ssák, f`e akek m` kphoir ` tkeir m`ahsð`ss i r`sp`htk m` sui prñprhi m`ahsð` prñ prhi vhmi (OPO@Q (OPO@ Q `t il., 988:2 NLI, NLI, 6448). il akoa`pîák iue`oti ihomi eihs sui akomhîák m` vulo`rifhlhmim`, gusthaimi p`lk p`lk mhinoñsthak mhinoñsthak alåohak, alåohak, qu` s` tkroi, isshe, eihs ue `l`e`otk m` “m`sueiohziîák― “m`sueiohziîák― ` eirnhoilhziîák skahil. Ho÷e`ris p`squhsis qu` tçe akek e`tkmklknhi i Jhstñrhi m` Shmi ake sug`htks ake m`ahçoahi vçe m`ekostriomk qu` quiomk i r`liîák p`squhsimkr-sug`htk s` `stif`l`a` m` eio`hri r`sp`htksi, ks mimks kfthmks sák r`l`viot`s, oák sñ piri i prkmuîák m` akoj`ahe`otk ah`otåak,
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quiotk piri k m`s`ovklvhe`otk p`sskil mks prñprhks pirthahpiot`s. Ois pilivris m` Nlit `t il. (644=, p. 610)7 @ssi p`rsp`athvi m` hov`sthniîák triz `efuthmi, tiefèe, uei ioilhs` r`st`xhvi, gé qu` k sug`htk, ik r`litir sui vhmi, oák sñ m`sar`v` suis `xp`rhçoahis ` vhsák m` euomk, akek, ho`vhtiv`le`ot`, hm`othai suis o`a`sshmim`s ` mhaulmim`s, f`e akek is `stritènhis m` imiptiîák ` sup`riîák m` sui akomhîák `sthneithzimi. Oi eihkrhi mks `stumks ahtimks, pkrtiotk, i iplhaiîák m`ss` eètkmk triz r`ake`omiîð`s piri iîð`s t`ripçuthak-`muaithvis.
Oi Jhstñrhi Jhstñrhi m` Shmi, i `otr`vhsti t`e hoåahk ake uei p`rnuotiajiv`, i pirthr mi quil s` m`s`orkli tkmi i akov`rsi. @otr`tiotk, k p`squhsimkr ai lhvr` piri ciz`r p`rnuotis ku qu`sthkoie`otks ok s`othmk m` alirhair ku iprkcuomir pkotks qu` `st`gie eihs r`liahkoimks ake ks kfg`thvks mk `stumk (NLI (NLI `t il., 644=). M`sti ckrei, pirthomk mis mhv`rshmim`s mks r`litks ` mis virhiîð`s homhvhmuihs, k p`squhsimkr pkm` s`epr` (` è ohssk gustie`ot` qu` akoshst` i sui tir`ci) `oakotrir ue o÷al`k xk, ue k akomutkr qu` airiat`rhzi k nrupk ik quil p`rt`oa`e ks sug`htks. K homhvåmuk `xhst` ` m`s`ovklv` sui hm`othmim` p`sskil `oquiotk pirt` m` ue nrupk m` r`c`rçoahi. È, pkrtiotk, itrivès mks r`litks m` jhstñrhis m` vhmi homhvhmuihs qu` s` pkm` airiat`rhzir i préthai skahil m` ue nrupk (NLI, 6448, p. 14-9).
M` iakrmk ake ks prka`mhe`otks e`tkmklñnhaks mi Jhstñrhi m` Shmi, oák jé lheht` (eåohek ku eéxhek) piri i muriîák mis `otr`vhstis o`e piri k tieiojk mi iekstri. I akl`ti m` mimks s` tkroi akepl`ti quiomk s` aj`ni ik qu` F`rtiux (98:4 ipum NLI, 6448) m`okehoi m` “pkotk m` situriîák―. @ss` piræe`trk è mimk i pirthr mk eke`otk qu` k p`squhsimkr p`ra`f` qu` ks mimks akl`timks `sták r`p`ththvks ` qu` oák jé eihs oimi m` okvk piri s` ipr``om`r ia`rai mk kfg`tk m` `stumk. I E@]KMKLKNHI M@ JHQ]ÑVHI M@ S HMI HMI OI T@QYPHQI @E @MPAIÎÁK @QT@AHIL
@efkri, akek ipkotimk, ihomi oák s`gi uei e`tkmklknhi pr`mkehoiot`, gé jé `e okssk piås uei akoshm`rév`l prkmuîák m` `stumks
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m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi oi ér`i m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil ` Hoalushvi, akek i m` Aio`gk (9883), Qiotks ` Nlit (9888), Bissir (9888), Oknu`hri (6446), Nlit ` Muqu` (6441), Sill` Sill` (644=), Airo`hrk (644>), Eull`r ` Nlit (644>), Nlit (6448), Iotuo`s (6496), `otr` kutrks. K trifiljk phko`hrk ok Frishl `e qu` `ssi e`tkmklknhi ckh uthlhzimi, t`omk akek kfg`tk m` hov`sthniîák k akthmhiok m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi, ckh i t`s` m` mkutkrimk m` Nlit (98::) 6, oi quil ckrie `otr`vhstimis 10 eulj`r`s ake mhinoñsthak m` m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil, ake hmim`s virhiomk m` 91 i 34 ioks, iluois m` trçs hosthtuhîð`s `sp`ahilhzimis. I p`squhsi p`squhsi t`v` akek prhoahpil kfg`thvk kuvhr k qu` qu` `ssis eulj`r`s thojie i mhz`r skfr` sh e`seis, piri m`t`rehoir itè qu` pkotk suis vhmis `stivie r`strhtis ik pip`l skahil `st`r`kthpimk m` m`ah`ot`. @st` `stumk è akoshm`rimk ue eirak ok aiepk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil, pkhs t`v` k eèrhtk m` s`r ue mks prhe`hrks trifiljks iaimçehaks frishl`hrks i mir vkz i p`sskis ake m`ahçoahis, ifrhomk aiehojk piri uei sèrh` m` kutris p`squhsis ` r`st`thomk-s` `e ho÷e`rks prknrieis m` m`s`ovklvhe`otk pshaksskahil, iutkn`sták ` iutkm`c`oskrhi 1 piri p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi. Ois pilivris mi iutkri7 R...U ik r`st`thr skfr` quis` 90 ioks m` ituiîák oi ér`i mi m`ahçoahi e`otil, p`ra`fh qu` i ehoji pksturi, akek i mi eihkrhi mks e`us akl`nis, `ri `lhthsti (akek iaimçehai) ` eit`roilhsti (akek alåohai)7 `u sifhi ` `u igumivi. Ok `otiotk, ouoai jivhi `c`thvie`ot` pirimk piri kuvhr k qu` ks akosuehmkr`s m`ss` e`u sif`r ` trifiljk thojie piri e` akotir. (NLI, 6448, p. 6>)
Is pirthahpiot`s mi p`squhsi m`sar`v`rie s`u mhi i mhi `e aisi ` oi hosthtuhîák2 cilirie skfr` suis cieålhis, s`us iehnks, s`us oiekrimks. Cilirie skfr` s`us skojks, m`s`gks ` `xp`atithvis. Mhsauthrie skfr` is mhaulmim`s qu` s`othie ok r`liahkoie`otk, hoalusák skahil ` pirthahpiîák oi vhmi m` sui akeuohmim`, isshe akek prkfl`eis m`akrr`ot`s mi m`ahçoahi. Ckh kfs`rvimk, pkr e`hk mi ioélhs` mis `otr`vhstis, qu` k K t`xtk akepl`tk mi mi t`s` ckh puflhaimk `e 98:8, ake k tåtulk Qkeks Hnuihs i Skaçs7 m`pkhe`otks m` eulj`r`s ake m`ahçoahi e`otil , `, pkst`rhkre`ot`, r``mhtimk, `e v`rsák r`vhsimi, `e 6448 (NLI, 6448). 6
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Iutkm`c`oskrhi (s`lc-imvkaiay) r`c`r`-s` ik prka`ssk pklåthak m` r`snit` mi iutkokehi m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahis, qu` pissie i lutir p`sskile`ot` p`li m`c`si m` s`us mhr`htks, tkeir suis prñprhis m`ahsð`s i r`sp`htk m` suis vhmis, r`hvhomhair vkz ` `spiîk piri `xpr`ssir suis hm`his, m`s`gks, `xp`atithvis ` o`a`sshmim`s (NLI, (NLI, 644=).
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akthmhiok m`ssis eulj`r`s s` m`s`orklivi `e trçs `spiîks mhsthotks7 i “aisi aisi―, ―, i “hosthtuhîák― ` i “rui―. Ks mkhs prhe`hrks r`pr`s`otivie `spiîks s`nurks ‑ k euomk “m` m`otrk― ‑ kom` `lis pirthahpivie ` sifhie akek inhr. I rui ‑ k euomk “m` ckri― ‑ `ri r`tritimk akek ue `spiîk ie`iîimkr ` vhkl`otk, kom` `rie m`spr`zimis ` pr`ahsivie s`r prkt`nhmis. I r`g`h r`g`hîák îák qu` `ssis eulj`r`s eulj`r`s skcr skcrhie hie pkr pirt` mks “kutr kutrks ks―― ckh ue mks isp`atks m`stiaimks oi p`squhsi. Hssk s` r`st`thi ok s`u hsklie`otk hot`rnrupil, ku s`gi, i eihkrhi sñ s` r`liahkoivi ake kutris p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil, hot`l`atuil, prksshkoihs prksshkoihs ku ciehlhir`s. iefèe `e`rnhrie `e`rnhrie akek airiat`råsthais tåphais m`st` nrupk i m`p`omçoahi ciehlhir ‑ tiotk oioa`hri quiotk `ekahkoil ‑, isshe akek i r`pr`ssák, o`niîák `/ku hociothlhziîák mi s`xuilhmim`. @otr`tiotk, ip`sir mks sug`htks ipr`s`otir ipr`s`otir`e `e `ssis airiat`råsthais `e akeue, a`rtie`ot` mhc`r`e `otr` sh `e ho÷e`ris kutris. R...U ks r`sultimks mi pr`s`ot` p`squhsi m`ekostrie i ciléahi mk ehtk m` qu` tkmis is p`sskismhc`r`ot` ake m`ahçoahi ckreie ueT`lks nrupkt`st`euojks jkeknço`k, quilhtithvie`ot` mk r`stke`otil mi pkpuliîák. mis eulj`r`s iquh `otr`vhstimis, pkm`-s` v`rhair qu`, ip`sir mis akostiot`s tåphais mk nrupk, aimi jhstñrhi m` vhmi è ÷ohai, p`sskil ` krhnhoil. (NLI, 6448, p. 646, nrhcks mi iutkri)
@st` `stumk m`u vhshfhlhmim` i mhv`rsis qu`stð`s ia`rai mi akoa`pîák m` euomk ` vhvçoahis m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahis, `, akek e`oahkoimk, n`rku uei sèrh` m` kutris hov`sthniîð`s skfr` k akot`xtk `e qu` `st`s homhvåmuks s` m`s`ovklv`e ` ckreie sui hm`othmim`, i pirthr m` sui iutkp`ra`pîák (OPO@Q `t il., 988:). Tirthomk m`ss` r`c`r`oahil, ipr`s`otir`eks, i s`nuhr, ilnueis p`squhsis ok aiepk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil ake p`sskis ake m`ahçoahis ` kutris o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs qu` uthlhzirie akek ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai i Jhstñrhi m` Shmi. Aio`gk (9883) ioilhsku is akos`quçoahis ` ks hepiatks pshaksskahihs vhv`oahimks pkr p`sskis qu` s` tkroirie a`nis oi hmim` imulti. I pirthr m` sui `xp`rhçoahi p`sskil, i iutkri `ocithzku k prka`ssk m` r`ifhlhtiîák, ekstriomk is p`rmis skcrhmis `e m`akrrçoahi mi m`ahçoahi imquhrhmi, f`e akek ks aiehojks `oakotrimks pkr ilnuos sug`htks piri sup`rir is lhehtiîð`s akthmhiois m` lkakekîák, hoalusák skahil ` `muaiahkoil.
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@sti p`squhsi ifkrmku k c`oýe`ok mi a`nu`hri ouei p`rsp`athvi jhstñrhak- skahil, `vhm`oahiomk ehtks ` pr`akoa`htks qu` akotrhfu`e piri i eirnhoilhziîák m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi vhsuil. I s`nr`niîák aiusimi p`lk pr`akoa`htk skahil, k r`liahkoie`otk, `e euhtks aisks, akoturfimk `otr` i p`sski a`ni ` sui cieålhi, ` i m`sehsthaiîák mi supksti “hoaipiahmim`― mk m`ah`ot` vhsuil `e r`liîák ik trifiljk ` äs ithvhmim`s m` vhmi mhérhi, ckrie ilnueis mis shtuiîð`s hm`othaimis i pirthr mks m`pkhe`otks akljhmks. Ok `stumk ckh pkssåv`l v`rhair qu` is r`iîð`s `ekahkoihs ä p`rmi mi vhsák pkm`e s` mir m` ekmks mhc`r`oahimks7 `oquiotk ilnuos homhvåmuks `otrie `e m`pr`ssák ` vhv`oahie i a`nu`hri m` ckrei “irrisimkri irrisimkri―, ―, kutrks fusaie eio`hris m` sup`rir is mhaulmim`s, vhv`oahiomk i sui okvi akomhîák, ake k pissir mk t`epk, akek ue “hoakov`oh`ot` m`sinrimév`l―. Q`nuomk i iutkri, i akosthtuhîák pshaklñnhai m` aimi sug`htk, k e`hk skahil `, skfr`tumk, k ipkhk ciehlhir sák citkr`s m`t`rehoiot`s mis mhc`r`ot`s trig`tñrhis. Bissir (9888), pkr sui v`z, prkaurku hm`othair ks ekmks m` hos`rîák ` pirthahpiîák m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi e÷lthpli ouei hosthtuhîák prhvimi m` airét`r isshst`oahil. K `stumk ckh r`ilhzimk ake khtk iluoks (m` 91 i 60 ioks) ` sui prkc`sskri. Is ioélhs`s ckairie ks mhsaursks mks sug`htks skfr` sh prñprhks, suis `xp`atithvis, s`us lheht`s ` hm`ihs. iefèe iefèe thv`rie m`stiqu` is préthais m` `oshok `e sili m` iuli ` is r`liîð`s `otr` prkc`sskr ` iluok, f`e akek is hot`riîð`s `otr` ks iluoks ` m`eihs prksshkoihs. Ks m`pkhe`otks `vhm`oahirie qu` ks prkfl`eis ` is mhaulmim`s `ocr`otimis `ss`s gkv`os `rielimk, a`otrimks `e ipkotku sui akomhîák homhvhmuil ` oi r`liîákpkr ciehlhir. Tkr kutrk sui cili i `xhstçoahi m` ckrt`s r`liîð`s m` airhojk ` iehzim` `otr` `l`s. Kutrk isp`atk m` m`stiqu` ckh k m`s`gk `xpr`ssk p`li eihkrhi mks m`pk`ot`s m` eihs iutkokehi oi vhmi akthmhioi pr`s`ot` ` cuturi. kmivhi, i p`squhsi ekstrku qu`, cr`qu`ot`e`ot`, `l`s `rie tritimks m` eio`hri hociothlhzimi, ` s`u m`s`gk m` hom`p`omçoahi oák `ri l`vimk `e akoshm`riîák. ihs mimks akoreie k thpk m` r`liîák qu` s` `stif`l`a` ake p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi, eiraimi p`li hociothlhziîák m` suis ithtum`s, cilti m` akoioîi `e suis pksshfhlhmim`s ` shl`oahie`otk m` sui cili.
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Qiotks ` Nlit (9888)= uthlhzirie k eètkmk m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi ake k kfg`thvk m` ioilhsir ks s`othe`otks ` is `xp`atithvis mis eá`s m` f`fçs ake m`ahçoahi `e r`liîák ik m`s`ovklvhe`otk mks ljks. @st` `stumk tiefèe fusaku iv`rhnuir i p`ra`pîák m`ssis eá`s i r`sp`htk mks prksshkoihs m` Qi÷m`. I pirthr mi ioélhs` mks mimks kfthmks, i p`squhsi p`rehthu uei r`st`xák ok qu` mhz r`sp`htk ik pip`l ` ä r`spkosifhlhmim` mk prksshkoil mi Qi÷m` ‑ qu` pkm`e s`r tiefèe `st`omhmks i kutris ér`is ‑ quiotk ä préthai m` uei pksturi èthai, ake fis` oi “jueiohziîák― mi alh`ot`li hefuåmi, `c`thvie`ot`, m` r`sp`htk ` sklhmirh`mim`. Ks m`pkhe`otks mis pirthahpiot`s mk `stumk ipkotirie i nriom` o`a`sshmim` qu` `ssis eá`s tçe m` cilir ` m` s`r`e kuvhmis i r`sp`htk m` sui luti piri pkm`r mir i e`ljkr quilhmim` m` vhmi pkssåv`l iks ljks. iefèe ckh `vhm`ot` i cilti m` krh`otiîák quiotk ik mhinoñsthak, iks prkvév`hs prkfl`eis qu` pkm`e surnhr, surnhr, äs ilt`roithvis m` it`omhe`otk `sp`ahilhzimk ` ik mi rkthoi ciehlhir, ciehlhir , k qu` i o`a`sshmim` m` r`vhsák pkrplio`gie`otk pirt` mks prksshkoihs mi Qi÷m`, ok ipkoti qu` mhzpiri r`sp`htk ä akot`xtuilhziîák mi krh`otiîák mimi i `ssis cieålhis. I p`squhsi m`ekostrku ihomi qu`, ik kuvhr ks sug`htks, ckh pkssåv`l akepr``om`r e`ljkr k akot`xtk, ks prhoaåphks ` vilkr`s qu` r`nhie suis vhmis. @ss` kljir eihs it`otk piri i r`ilhmim` m`ss` p÷flhak thri k ckak mk isshst`oahilhsek qu`, n`rile`ot`, airiat`rhzi k it`omhe`otk äs cieålhis m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi. Oi p`squhsi m` Muqu` (6449), k eètkmk m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi ckh uthlhzimk piri ioilhsir airiat`råsthais nrupihs ` shtuiîð`s m` vhmi m` gkv`os ake iltis jifhlhmim`s. K pkotk a`otril mk trifiljk ckh i r`st`xák skfr` qu`stð`s qu` `ovklv`e k akthmhiok, airiat`råsthais m` p`rskoilhmim`, akepkrtie`otks, nkstks ` o`a`sshmim`s m`ssi pkpuliîák. K hotuhtk mi p`squhsi, s`nuomk i iutkri, ckh ekstrir i r`ilhmim` m`st`s gkv`os, alirhaiomk pkshîð`s ` r`pr`s`otiîð`s, ake k kfg`thvk m` akotrhfuhr ake i hoalusák m`ss`s homhvåmuks oi skah`mim` `e n`ril `, skfr`tumk, ok e`hk `muaiahkoil mk quil sák, pirimkxile`ot`, ake cr`quçoahi, `xaluåmks. I p`squhsi `vhm`oahku i nriom` pr`kaupiîák qu` `ss`s sug`htks tçe ake is qu`stð`s skahihs ` k m`s`gk m` akotrhfuhr piri i fusai m` skluîð`s. Ks pirthahpiot`s r`akoj`a`rie qu` piri ituir akostruthvie`ot` =
Kfri puflhaimi i pirthr mi p`squhsi m` mkutkrimk m` Qiotks (9883)krh`otimi pkr Vksioi Nlit.
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oi skah`mim` pr`ahsirhie ciz`r usk pl`ok mk s`u pkt`oahil, eis, ok `otiotk, cr`qu`ot`e`ot`, s` s`othie m`siar`mhtimks ku m`sairtimks `e sui akeuohmim`. iefèe iefèe aku `vhm`ot` qu` ue it`omhe`otk im`quimk, oue iefh`ot` civkrév`l ` ake r`aursks eit`rhihs rhaks, civkr`a` i arhithvhmim` ` k m`s`ovklvhe`otk m` suis pkt`oahilhmim`s. I p`squhsimkri akoaluhu qu` is o`a`sshmim`s o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs mks gkv`os oák s` r`strhon`e äs mhaulmim`s m` s` `oquimrir oks “eklm`s― ckreihs m` ipr`omhzin`e, akek n`rile`ot` è ipkotimk oi lht`rituri. @lis s` `st`om`e, `sp`ahile`ot`, ik aiepk skahkic`thvk, ` s`u m`s`ovklvhe`otk sñ s` mé m` ckrei “siumév`l― quiomk tçe kpkrtuohmim` m` vhv`oahir ue iefh`ot` `stheulimkr. @ss` citkr è cuomie`otil piri k f`e-`stir m`ss`s gkv`os, iprkv`htie`otk m` s`us til`otks ` piri i sui `c`thvi hoalusák ` pirthahpiîák ithvi oi skah`mim`. Oknu`hri (6446) r`ilhzku ue `stumk qu` t`v` akek kfg`thvk hov`sthnir ks iot`a`m`ot`s jhstñrhaks, i shtuiîák ituil ` k m`s`ovklvhe`otk hot`r-r`liahkoil mi vhmi m` homhvåmuks ake mhc`r`ot`s thpks m` o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs qu` `stivie aursiomk ku thojie akoaluåmk k @oshok Qup`rhkr, vhsiomk ipr``om`r suis r`pr`s`otiîð`s skahihs ` vhsð`s m` euomk, ake ckak `e sui trig`tñrhi `muaiahkoil. Tirthahpirie mi p`squhsi sug`htks ake m`ahçoahi iumhthvi, vhsuil, cåshai ` iltis jifhlhmim`s, krhuomks m` mhc`r`ot`s uohv`rshmim`s. Quis akoalusð`s ipkotie qu` k çxhtk m` prka`ssks `muaiahkoihs hoalushvks `xhn` k `ovklvhe`otk mhr`tk m` pihs, iehnks, prkc`sskr`s, akeuohmim` mks prñprhks ake tir`ci. o`a`sshmim`s ks quihs pr`ahsie` `stir pr`pirimksiluoks piri `sti iefèe`sp`ahihs, `vhm`oahku i hepkrtæoahi mis r`liîð`s ciehlhir`s ` mis iehzim`s piri sup`riîák mis mhaulmim`s `ocr`otimis pkr `ssis p`sskis. I p`squhsi ajieku it`oîák piri i o`a`sshmim` mis hosthtuhîð`s m` @oshok Qup`rhkr s` im`quir, tiotk skf k isp`atk m` ia`sshfhlhmim` (irquht`týohai, m` hockreiîák ` akeuohaiîák) quiotk p`minñnhak, piri it`om`r i tkmks ks `stumiot`s, akockreiomk-s`, isshe, ä pklåthai m` @muaiîák Hoalushvi. Sil` Sil` r`ssiltir qu` `efkri r`ilhzimi iot`s mi pklåthai m` aktis piri honr`ssk m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi ois uohv`rshmim`s p÷flhais, `ssi p`squhsi triz uei vilhksi akotrhfuhîák piri s` p`osir k akot`xtk ituil.
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Kutrk `stumk, tiefèe ake eètkmk m` Jhstkrhi m` Shmi, r`ilhzimk pkr Nlit ` Muqu` (6441) ake pihs m` arhioîis ake mhc`r`ot`s o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs, hov`sthnku i mhoæehai m` iîð`s ` r`liîð`s ciehlhir`s akthmhiois, itrivès mk kljir pit`rok. Tr`t`om`u-s`, isshe, i pirthr mi ioélhs` mis préthais mhérhis mi måim` pih-ljk, aj`nir i uei eihkr akepr``osák mis airiat`råsthais ` ithtum`s m`st`s nrupks ciehlhir`s. Pe mks isp`atks qu` eihs ajieku it`oîák o`sti p`squhsi ckh k ip`nk ` k airhojk qu` ks pihs m`ekostririe ik cilir skfr` s`us ljks, r`v`liomk uei r`liîák m` prkcuomi ic`thvhmim`, akepr``osák, trkai ` ipr`omhzimk e÷tuk. Ks mimks kfthmks homhairie k iltk nriu m` `ovklvhe`otk pit`rok ` i hot`nriîák m`ss`s ljks oi vhmi akthmhioi mks pihs. Akotrirhiomk k s`osk akeue, i eihkrhi mks pihs `otr`vhstimks m`ekostrku pirthahpir ithvie`ot` mi vhmi akthmhioi mks ljks. Chaku alirk, pkr s`us r`litks, k auhmimk qu` `l`s tçe ake ks ljks, eiohc`stimk `e ho÷e`ris m`ekostriîð`s `xplåahtis m`mhaiîákpkrèe ` ic`tk2nrithaiot`. piri `ss`s pihs, auhmir mks ljks `sp`ahihs è uei rkthoim`aiosithvi, Ks pihs tiefèe s` ekstririe fistiot` `ovklvhmks ok tritie`otk ` oi `muaiîák mks ljks, prkauriomk hostrue`oté-lks piri uei eihkr iutkokehi `e suis ithvhmim`s. Sill` (644=) ioilhsku is vhvçoahis m` 90 gkv`os ` imultks ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil hos`rhmks ok e`raimk ckreil m` trifiljk, fusaiomk hm`othair oks s`us m`pkhe`otks ks citkr`s qu` akotrhfuårie piri k m`s`ovklvhe`otk p`sskil ` prksshkoil m` aimi ue. Ks t`eis qu` eirairie ks r`litks p`rpissie p`li trig`tñrhi `saklir ` prksshkoil, i rkthoi m` trifiljk, k shnohaimk qu` k trifiljk t`e oi vhmi mks sug`htks ` k r`liahkoie`otk ake ks akl`nis. Ks mimks mk `stumk l`vie ä akoalusák qu` ipñs `stir`e hos`rhmks ok e`raimk m` trifiljk jkuv` e`ljkrhi `e vérhks isp`atks mi vhmi m`ss`s homhvåmuks, tihs akek7 iue`otk mi iutk`sthei, hom`p`omçoahi, iutkokehi, s`othe`otk m` hnuilmim` iks m`eihs e`efrks mi cieålhi, `otr` kutrks. Ilèe mhssk, i p`squhsi m`hxi alirk qu` k sua`ssk mk trifiljimkr ake o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs m`p`om`, `e nriom` pirt`, mi `xhstçoahi `e s`u lkail m` trifiljk mis imiptiîð`s qu` s` ciz`e o`a`ssérhis piri i r`ilhziîák mis ithvhmim`s m` sui cuoîák.
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Tirthomk mk pr`ssupkstk m` qu` i aipiahtiîák m` prkc`sskr`s è akomhîák féshai piri i e`ljkrhi mk it`omhe`otk iks iluoks ake o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs, Eull`r ` Nlit (644>) r`aklj`rie r`litks skfr` i trig`tñrhi m` vhmi prksshkoil m` prkc`sskris mk `oshok `sp`ahil `e trçs ahmim`s frishl`hris,0 piri ioilhsir akek s` m`s`ovklv` k trifiljk p`minñnhak o`sti ekmilhmim` m` `oshok, i pirthr mi vhsák mis prñprhis prkc`sskris. Ake fis` oks m`pkhe`otks r`akljhmks, ilnuos isp`atks mi préthai mka`ot` oi @muaiîák @sp`ahil, pr`s`ot`s oi cili m` nriom` pirt` mks sug`htks, homhaie, pkrtiotk, pimrð`s qu` pr`ahsie s`r l`vimks `e akoshm`riîák piri ue pkssåv`l iprhekrie`otk mi préthai mka`ot`. @otr` `ss`s, m`stiaie-s`7 9) m`snist` cåshak ` `ekahkoil2 6) ckreiîák iaimçehai pr`aérhi, hoalushv` oi ér`i m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil2 1) mhaulmim` `e hot`nrir s`us iluoks oi `sakli ` s`u prñprhk hsklie`otk2 =) cilti m` t`epk piri `stumir ` fihxi r`euo`riîák. Ajieku it`oîák k citk m` qu`, ip`sir mi eihkrhi mis prkc`sskris t`r akepl`timk k @oshok Qup`rhkr, `lis eiohc`stirie t`r uei `okre` airçoahi m` akoj`ahe`otks m`vhmk ä pr`airh`mim` m` sui ckreiîák iaimçehai hohahil. I ckreiîák `e s`rvhîk, kc`r`ahmi p`lis r`m`s `saklir`s, m` ekmk n`ril, oák it`omhi äs suis o`a`sshmim`s he`mhitis. K eètkmk m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi ekstrku-s` ue hepkrtiot` hostrue`otk m` hov`sthniîák, gé qu`, s`nuomk is iutkris, i p`ra`pîák mis prkc`sskris skfr` sui `xp`rhçoahi akthmhioi ihomi `ri ue t`ei pkuak prhvhl`nhimk tiotk `e p`squhsis akek oi ckreuliîák ois pklåthais `muaiahkoihs. O`st` s`othmk, k `stumkskfr` pkm` r`snitir isp`atkiqu` ririe`ot`` è e`oahkoimk ois mhsaussð`s hoalusákue`saklir7 s`nr`niîák akos`qu`ot` eirnhoilhziîák mis prkc`sskris mk `oshok `sp`ahil p`lks m`eihs prksshkoihs mi `sakli. M` citk, akek `lis r`litirie, cr`qu`ot`e`ot` oák pirthahpie mis ithvhmim`s skahihs, mks akos`ljks m` aliss` ` mk plio`gie`otk p`minñnhak n`ril mi `sakli, iaifiomk, `e euhtks aisks, ták s`nr`nimis ` hsklimis quiotk s`us iluoks. Kutrk `stumk qu` e`r`a` m`stiqu` è k m` Airo`hrk (644>), qu` trifiljku ake jhstñrhis m` vhmi m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil. Tiutimi ouei ifkrmin`e jhstñrhak-aulturil, i p`squhsi t`v` akek kfg`thvk Vhk m` Gio`hrk (VG), Guhz m` Ckri Ckri (EN) ` Qák Luås (EI).
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“mhsauthr i m`ahçoahi e`otil akek akomhîák qu` s` m`s`ovklv` i pirthr mis r`liîð`s skahihs `stif`l`ahmis ake sug`htks qu` ipr`s`otie airiat`råsthais shonulir`s `e r`liîák ä eihkrhi mi pkpuliîák ` oák akek uei hoaipiahmim` prñprhi― (p. 94). K pr`ssupkstk mi iutkri `ri qu` è itrivès mis r`liîð`s skahihs qu`, hom`p`om`ot` m` sui akomhîák krnæohai, ks sug`htks s` m`s`ovklv`e ku oák akek m`ah`ot`s e`otihs. Tiri akoreir `ssi pkshîák, r`litku is jhstñrhis m` vhmi m` trçs imultks ake Qåomrke` m` Mkwo (mkhs ripiz`s ` uei ekîi) qu`, ip`sir mk mhinoñsthak, akotrirhirie is `xp`atithvis, akoaluhomk k @oshok Eèmhk, honr`ssiomk honr`ssiomk oi uohv`rshmim` ` s` hos`rhomk ok e`raimk m` trifiljk. @e sui p`squhsi, Airo`hrk ipr`s`oti i r`m` m` ipkhks qu` `ss`s sug`htks r`a`f`rie ik lkonk m` suis trig`tñrhis. @e tkmks ks aisks is `xp`atithvis pkshthvis ` k ipkhk mi cieålhi ckrie `ss`oahihs. M`stiaku qu` ip`sir mis akoquhstis ` mks sug`htks t`r`e uei akomhîák skahk`akoýehai civkrév`l, “is “is lutis `epr``omhmis p`lis cieålhis, ks `efit`s oi `sakli ` ok trifiljk heprhehrie eirais oi vhmi mks sug`htks―, `sthneithzimks akek pkrtimkr`s mi Qåomrke` m` Mkwo. Eihs r`a`ot`e`ot`, Iotuo`s (6496), `e sui t`s` m` mkutkrimk, prkaurku akepr``om`r k prka`ssk m` hoalusák ` `saklirhziîák m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil i pirthr mis suis jhstñrhis m` vhmi ` sui p`ra`pîák skfr` i `sakli, akoshm`riomk i r`liîák `otr` m`ahçoahi, `sakli ` akostruîák mk akoj`ahe`otk. Tiri til, `otr`vhstku ahoak gkv`os hoaluåmks `e uei `sakli p÷flhai mi r`m` r`nulir m` `oshok. Yuitrk mks sug`htks aursivie k k
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s`nuomk mk @oshok Cuomie`otil , > ` 8eñmulk ioks) ` m` ueue k 1aursk iok mk @oshoks`ne`otk Eèmhk akoakehtiot`e`ot` ake (3 k ÷lthek prksshkoilhziot` kc`r`ahmk p`li prñprhi `sakli. K r`c`r`oahil t`ñrhak imktimk ok `stumk piutku-s` oi ifkrmin`e pshaksskahil, r`ssiltiomk i r`liîák qu` i p`sski ake m`ahçoahi `stif`l`a` ake k e`hk skahil ` aulturil mk quil ciz pirt`. I pirthr mk r`litk mis jhstñrhis m` vhmi mks sug`htks ckh pkssåv`l akepr``om`r akek ks gkv`os vhv`oahie sui trig`tñrhi `saklir, ake m`stiqu` piri is s`nuhot`s ait`nkrhis7 9) trig`tñrhi `saklir2 6) k pip`l mi `sakli2 1) r`liîák ake ks prkc`sskr`s ` is mhsahplhois2 =) r`liîák ake akl`nis m`otrk ` ckri mi `sakli2 0) p`rsp`athvis m` cuturk ` trioshîák piriksi vhmi imulti.
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K `stumk r`v`lku is akotrimhîð`s ` i akepl`xhmim` mk prka`ssk m` hoalusák m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil `e aliss`s r`nulir`s, pirthaulire`ot` quiomk s` triti mk s`nuomk s`ne`otk mk @oshok Cuomie`otil ` @oshok Eèmhk. T`ra`f`u-s` qu` ip`sir mk mhsaursk ` mi t`otithvi m` ifskrîák m`ss`s iluoks ok akthmhiok `saklir, suis trig`tñrhis ihomi `rie eiraimis p`li aulturi mi hoaipiahmim` ` mk m`sarèmhtk `e r`liîák äs suis pksshfhlhmim`s m` ipr`omhzin`e. @ss`s mimks, qu` vçe ik `oakotrk i ho÷e`rks kutrks `stumks, ekstrie qu` is pklåthais ` i prkmuîák m` akoj`ahe`otk skfr` hoalusák `saklir oák s` trimuz`e oi sup`riîák m` préthais jkekn`o`hzimkris m` `oshok ` krniohziîák mk `spiîk `saklir. `saklir. Isshe akek Nlit (6448), Qiotks ` Nlit (9888) ` Iotuo`s (6496), tiefèe ajiei it`oîák piri k hepiatk qu` i e`tkmklknhi m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi aiusku `e sui ckreiîák akek p`squhsimkri, oi e`mhmi `e qu` i `sauti r`sp`htksi iks sug`htks, eihs mk qu` uei ckot` m` mimks, r`pr`s`otku uei `xp`rhçoahi m` akekmilhmir i mhc`r`oîi. Tiri i p`squhsimkri, uem`mksiutkrr`st`xák niojks s`auomérhks sui ake p`squhsi ckh ifiomkoir pr`akoa`htks qu` ciz`e pirt` mk heinhoérhk akl`thvk skfr` ks iluoks ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil. Cuh tkeimi pkr uei nriom` hos`nurioîi skfr` akek s`rhi i `xp`rhçoahi m` lhnir k nrivimkr ` m`hxir qu` ks k s iluoks ciliss`e skfr` suis trig`tñrhis `saklir`s. K e`u p`osie`otk hohahil `ri k m` qu` k shlçoahk tkeirhi akoti miqu`l` eke`otk ` qu` ks iluoks s` s`othrhie hohfhmks ku e`sek oák sif`rhie cilir s`e qu` `u z`ss` p`rnuotis mhr`tis. @sti `xp`atithvi e` c`z r`st`thr k quiotk ehoji ithtum` `stivi eiraimi p`li akoa`pîák pr`akoa`htuksi m` qu`, pkr s`r`e p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil, oák prñprhis s` `xpr`ssirhie m` eio`hri kuue oákr`st`xk sif`rhie cilir skfr` suis vhmis. @sti pksturi ak`r`ot` tilv`z s`gi mi o`a`sshmim` qu` k p`squhsimkr t`e m` “akotrklir― is virhév`hs mk s`u `stumk ` s`r `l` k prktinkohsti. O`st` prhe`hrk eke`otk gé aku alirk akek ciz`eks gulnie`otks prèvhks skfr` ks homhvåmuks ake m`ahçoahi, s`e e`sek mireks i `l`s i kpkrtuohmim` m` mhz`r qu`e sák, k qu` ciz`e... Tkrèe, i hos`nurioîi hohahil ckh miomk lunir i uei r`liîák m` akoioîi ` mhilknhahmim` `otr` ehe ` ks iluoks. Ik akotrérhk mk qu` p`osivi, ik lhnir k nrivimkr ` p`mhr qu` `l`s e` akotiss`e ue pkuak skfr` sui vhmi oi `sakli, ik hovès mk shlçoahk `sp`rimk, r`a`fh r`litks rhaks `e m`tilj`s skfr` akek `l`s vhvhie ` s`othie i `sakli. Qhe, ks iluoks ake m`ahçoahi pkm`e cilir pkr sh e`seks e`sek s `, eihs mk qu` hssk, qu`r`e cilir ` s`r kuvhmks ! (IOPO@Q, 6496, p. >8).
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Pe pkotk m` iprkxheiîák mks `stumks itè iquh ipr`s`otimks ckh qu` i kpîák p`li e`tkmklknhi m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi oák ckh uei `saklji o`utri ` “lhvr`― m` hot`oahkoilhmim`s. T`lk akotrérhk, akek gé shoilhzivi Nlit (6448) k s`u `stumk krhnhoil, prkaurku mir vkz i sug`htks sug`htks qu` jhstkrhaie`ot` sák shl`oahimks p`li `sakli ` p`li skah`mim` m` eio`hri n`ril. Ik prkekv`r kpkrtuohmim`s piri `ss`s sug`htks cilir`e skfr` suis vhmis, fusaku-s` vilkrhzir k prktinkohsek m`l`s, oks mhc`r`ot`s akot`xtks p`squhsimks. Quis jhstñrhis triz`e i eirai mis r`liîð`s skahihs oi akosthtuhîák mi hm`othmim` p`sskil m` aimi ue. O`ss` s`othmk, r`snitir i Jhstñrhi m` Shmi akek e`tkmklknhi m` p`squhsi ok aiepk mi @muaiîák `, pirthaulire`ot`, oi p`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil r`pr`s`oti uei akoa`pîák t`ñrhai qu` gulnieks ak`r`ot` ake ue mks prhoaåphks mi hoalusák, ku s`gi, niriothr ue `spiîk m` cili, r`st`xák ` pkshahkoie`otk piri nrupks eirnhoilhzimks, akek p`sskis ake o`a`sshmim`s ok euomk. `sp`ahihs, vilkrhziomk suis vhvçoahis, sui ckrei m` s`r ` `stir AKOQHM@VIÎÐ@Q CHOIHQ
T`lk `xpkstk, pkm`-s` akoshm`rir qu`, ok aiepk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil, uei e`tkmklknhi m` p`squhsi akek i Jhstñrhi m` Shmi, ilèe m` s` akosthtuhr ouei ckot` rhai m` mimks, ifr` `spiîk piri k r`snit` mi hm`othmim` mks sug`htks pirthahpiot`s ois hov`sthniîð`s ” p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi, suis cieålhis ` prksshkoihs qu` ks it`om`e ”, itrivès m` s`us r`litks p`sskihs. @st` thpk m` p`squhsi triz uei pr`ehssi èthai cuomie`otil qu` è r`sp`htir i r`ilhmim` mk sug`htk akockre` pkr `l` p`ra`fhmi ` vhv`oahimi (NLI2 IOPO@Q, 6496). Akek mhsauthmk ok hoåahk m`st` t`xtk, k trifiljk ake Jhstñrhi m` Shmi prkvkai ue m`slkaie`otk hepkrtiot` `e r`liîák ik pip`l mk p`squhsimkr ` mk(s) sug`htk(s) qu` pirthahpie mk `stumk. O`st` O`st` thpk m` ifkrmin`e, k p`squhsimkr aj`ni i aiepk m`sphmk m` uei vhsák pr`akoa`fhmi ku jhpñt`s` i s`r akeprkvimi. Ks mimks kfthmks oák sák krhuomks m` kfs`rviîð`s `xt`rois, r`sultimks m` t`st`s ku r`litks m` t`ra`hrks, eis she ks m`sv`limks oi hot`riîák mhr`ti ake i r`ilhmim` mks pirthahpiot`s. @st` `ockqu`, pkrtiotk, “r`pr`s`oti “r`pr`s`oti eumioîi rimhail mk
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kfg`tk m` `stumk ` mi prñprhi r`liîák mk p`squhsimkr ake k sug`htk, pkhs m`hxieks m` ioilhsir sui mk`oîi ku m`svhk ` pissieks i akepirthljir i sui vhmi― (NLI, 6448, p. 646). Hepkrti m`stiair qu` R...U k mhinoñsthak m` m`ahçoahi prkg`ti uei r`pr`s`otiîák skahil m` hoaipiahmim` ` pitklknhi qu` “akotiehoi―, pkr isshe mhz`r, oák sñ k prñprhk homhvåmuk `sthneithzimk, eis tkmks iqu`l`s qu` ake `l` akovhv`e, akek s`us ciehlhir`s ` itè e`sek prkc`sskr`s. Akos`qu`ot`e`ot`, ik mir vkz ithvi i `ss`s sug`htks ok æefhtk mi p`squhsi ah`otåai, `stieks r`snitiomk - `e euhtks aisks, ais ks, akoa`m`omk p`li prhe`hri v`z - s`u pip`l m` prktinkohstis ` oirrimkr`s m` suis prñprhis jhstñrhis, oue prka`ssk m` `epkm`rie`otk qu` vih ilèe mks lheht`s mk `stumk ` t`e ue hepiatk pkshthvk oi triosckreiîák ithvi m` sui r`ilhmim` akthmhioi (NLI (NLI2 IOPO@Q, 6496, p. 6::). 6::).
Fknmio ` iylkr (98>3), iutkr`sake m` m`ahçoahis, ue mks prhe`hrks `stumks puflhaimks piutimks oks r`litks m` p`sskis `ocithzie qu` ik s` imktir `st` `ockqu`, is mhc`r`oîis ku airiat`råsthais “`xa`pahkoihs― m`hxie m` t`r hepkrtæoahi, gé qu` “suis prñprhis pilivris oks ckrîie i p`osir oks sug`htks akek p`sskis, ` tkmks ks thpks m` ait`nkrhis s` tkroie e`oks r`l`viot`s r`l`viot`s―― (p. (p. 06). Ake hssk, hssk, rkep`eks rkep`eks ake is ait`nkrhis mhaktýehais akostiot`e`ot` itrhfuåmis i `ss`s sug`htks, tihs akek “okreihs― “okreihs― ` “iokreihs―, “mk`ot` ` siumév`l―, “ahmimák ` r`cunhimk―, “hoaluåmk― ` “`xaluåmk―. Kutrk pkotk qu`` mis e`r`a` m`stiqu` sák ks `stumkspiri qu`usir triz`e i vhsák mks prksshkoihs cieålhis, ks “hockreimks―, ue akoa`htk m` Nkffleio (98:6). M`vhmk ä akomhîák m` m`p`omçoahi qu` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi n`rile`ot` vhv`e, oák s` pkm` p`osir `e sui s`nr`niîák ku hoalusák skahil s`e t`reks akek piok m` cuomk k thpk m` r`liîák qu` `lis `stif`l`a`e ake iqu`l`s qu` lj`s sák eihs prñxheks (NLI2 IOPO@Q, 6496). Is p`squhsis iquh r`litimis p`reht`e vhsluefrir qu` is r`liîð`s qu` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahis ` kutris o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs `stif`l`a`e, m` ekmk n`ril, sák p`re`imis pkr uei r`pr`s`otiîák, euhtis v`z`s, o`nithvi m` sui hm`othmim`. Q`othe`otks m` hoc`rhkrhmim`, `xalusák ` fihxi iutk`sthei sák pr`s`ot`s oi vhmi m`ssis p`sskis, qu` s` `st`om`e iks ciehlhir`s ` itè
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e`sek iks prkc`sskr`s. @otr`tiotk, iar`mhtieks qu`, i pirthr mk eke`otk `e qu` `ss`s sug`htks `oakotrie `spiîk piri s` `xpr`ssir ` ekstrir qu`e sák ` k qu` pkm`e ciz`r, ciz`r, i sui hm`othmim` è r`sshnohaimi ` ks s`othe`otks, m`sarhtks iahei, iks pkuaks, pkm`e s`r sup`rimks. T`lk `xpkstk, akoshm`rieks qu` i akosklhmiîák mi Jhstñrhi m` Shmi akek uei ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai ok aiepk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil,akotrhfuhré piri qu` k akoj`ahe`otk ia`rai m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahis ku kutris o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs s`gi akostruåmk “m` m`otrk piri ckri―. @e kutris pilivris, oák ip`ois p`lk kljir mk p`squhsimkr ku miqu`l`s qu` “cilie pkr `l`s―, eis i pirthr mi vhsák m` euomk mks qu` vhv`oahie `ssi r`ilhmim`. Tkr mir vkz iks nrupks jhstkrhaie`ot` eirnhoilhzimks, `sti e`tkmklknhi trimuz ue mks prhoaåphks cuomie`otihs mis pklåthais m` hoalusák7 cke`otir i iutkokehi ` i vilkrhziîák mk qu` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi p`osie m` sh e`seis, m` suis `xp`rhçoahis `muaiahkoihs vkaiahkoihs, mis suis r`liîð`s skahihs, `, `e ÷lthei ioélhs`, mk euomk mk`quil ciz`e pirt`. V @C@VÇOAHIQ @C@VÇOAHIQ IOPO@Q, B. A. S. S. Jhstñrhi m` Shmi m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil7 p`raursk `saklir ` i akosthtuhîák mk sug`htk. 6496. 90=c. `s` `s` (Mkutkrimk `e @muaiîák) Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk, 6496. IPNVIQ, E. Tr`céahk. Tr`céahk. Ho7 NLI NLI, V7 Qkeks hnuihs i vkaçs7 m`pkhe`otks m` eulj`r`s ake m`ahçoahi e`otil. 6. `m. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 > L`tris, 6448. p. 91-90. FIVVKQ, E. E. L.iotrkpklñnhais `st`euojk m` `st`euojk ue `stumk iotrkpklñnhak m` eulj`r`s oi v`ljha`. T`rsp`athvis mi vhmi7 eulj`r , Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 Wijir @mhtkr`s, 98:9. p.99->4. v.6. F@AB@V, J. Q. Fhknripjh` `t eksihqu` sah`othqu`. Iat`s m` li V`aj`raj` `o Qah`oa`s Qkahil`s , o.36/31, p.940-994, 98:3 F@VIPZ, M. L‘ipprkaj` F@VIPZ, L‘ipprkaj` fhknripjhqu`7 si vilhmhtè eètjkmklknhqu`, e ètjkmklknhqu`, l`s pkt`othilhtè`s. Aijh`rs lot`roithkoiux m` Qkahklknh` , o.38, p.98>-660,98:4. FKNMIO, V2 I IXLKV, Q. ]` gumn`m, okt tj` gumn`s7 io hoshm`r‘s hoshm`r‘s vh`w kc e`otil Tsyajklknhst , v.19, 98>3. p.=>-06. r`tirmithko. Ie`rhaio Tsyajklknhst p.=>-06. FKQH, @. Is kutris t`st`euojis . Tr`céahk. Ho7 MHIQ, E. K. L. Q. Yukthmhiok ` pkm`r `e Qák Tiulk ok sèaulk ZHZ , Qák Tiulk7 Frishlh`os` Q.I., 98:=.
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AIO@GK, @. I r`hot`nriîák r`hot`nriîák mks pkrtimkr`s m` a`nu`hri imquhrhmi oi hmim` imulti7 uei ifkrmin`e pshaksskahil . 9883. 948c. Mhss`rtiîák (E`strimk) - Trknriei m` Tñs-nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák, Pohv`rshmim` m` @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk, 9883. AIVO@HVK, E. Q. A. M`ahçoahi e`otil akek prkmuîák skahil7 uei mhsaussák i pirthr m` jhstkrhis m` vhmi m` imultks ake såomrke` m` Mkwo. 644>. 981c. `s` `s` (Mkutkrimk `e @muaiîák) ‑ Pohv`rshmim` C`m`ril mk Vhk Nriom` mk Qul, Vhk Nriom` mk Qul, 644>. AKOQIOKTKLKP, A. E`eñrhi oiahkoil, t`epk ` pkm`r. Akoc`rçoahi prkc`rhmi AKOQIOKTKLKP, ok H Akonr`ssk Hot`roiahkoil m` `krhi `krhi mi E`eñrhi , Vhk m` Gio`hrk, s`t. 98:>. MPYP@, C. J. K. Ake i pilivri ks pkrtimkr`s m` iltis jifhlhmim`s. Airiat`råsthais, nkstks ` o`a`sshmim`s. 6449.990c. Mhss`rtiîák (E`strimk) - Trknriei m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák, Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk, 6449. C@VVIVKH, C. Jhstkhr` `t Jhstkhrh`s m` vh` . Tirhs7 Lhfrirh` m`s E`rèmh`os, 98:1. CKNLH, F. C. A2 IOPO@Q, B. A. S., FVIPO, T. Pei ioélhs` aråthak-e`tkmklñnhai mis p`squhsis `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil ok Trknriei m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák mi P@VG7 akotrhfuhîð`s piri i ckreiîák m` prkc`sskr`s Ho7 Q@EHOÉVHK HO@VOIAHKOIL HOALPQÁK @E @MPAIÎÁK, uohv`rshmim` ` pirthahpiîák. Vhk m` Gio`hrk. Ioihs... v.9. 6494, p. :11-:=1. NLI, V. Oák skeks mhc`r`ot`s mis kutris p`sskis 7 jhstñrhis m` vhmi m` eulj`r`s ake m`ahçoahi e`otil. 98::. `s` `s` (Mkutkrimk `e Tshaklknhi) - Cuomiîák N`tulhk Sirnis Sirnis mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk, 98::. [[[[[[. Iutkm`c`oskrhi ‑ ekvhe`otk m` iutkokehi m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi e`otil7uei prkpksti pklåthak-`muaiahkoil. `l`akoc`rçoahi `l`akoc`rçoahi piri Aursk m` @sp`ahilhziîák i Mhstæoahi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil Hoalushvi, TPA-Ehois/C`m`riîák TPA-Ehois/C`m`riîák @stimuil mis Ipi`s m` Ehois N`rihs, c`v c`v.. 644=. [[[[[[. Qkeks hnuihs i vkaçs 7 m`pkhe`otks m` eulj`r`s ake m`ahçoahi e`otil. 6. `m. V`vhsimi. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 > L`tris, 6448. [[[[[[2 IOPO@Q, A. S. S. T`squhsiQ.`e r`st`xð`s skfr` sug`htks, Èthai ` p`squhsi èthai ` e`tkmklknhi. Ho7B.IYP@@, V.2@muaiîák AILMIQ,@sp`ahil7 A. T. (Krn.). ake pkpuliîð`s vulo`rév`hs. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 @mu`rg, 6496. p.63>-686. p.63>-686. [[[[[[2 MPYP@, E. I. . Akovhv`omk ake ljks `sp`ahihs 7 k kljir pit`rok. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 > L`tris, 6441. [[[[[[2 TL@QAJ, E. M. K eètkmk m` jhstñrhi m` vhmi `e p`squhsis skfr` iutkp`ra`pîák m` p`sskis ake o`a`sshmim`s `muaiahkoihs `sp`ahihs. V`vhsti @muaiîák @sp`ahil , Qioti Eirhi, v.66, o.1=, p.918-90=, 6448. [[[[[[. `t il. K eètkmk m` Jhstñrhi m` Shmi oi p`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil. V`vhsti Frishl`hrii m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil . v.94, o.1, 644=, p.610-604. Frishl`hr @sthnei NKCCEIO, 7 oktis skfr` i eiohpuliîák mi hm`othmim` m`t`rhkrimi . Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 Wijir@.@mhtkr`s, @mhtkr `s, 98:6.
>9
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BIQQIV, E. A. E. M`ahçoahi e÷lthpli ` `muaiîák ok Frishl 7 mhsaursk ` shlçoahk oi jhstñrhi m` sug`htks. Aiephois7 Iutkr`s Isskahimks, 9888. E@OM@Q, @. N.2 C@VV@HVI, G. V.2 OPO@Q, L. V. K. T. T. Hot`nriîák/Hoalusák7 k qu` r`v`lie is t`s`s ` mhss`rtiîð`s `e @muaiîák ` pshaklknhi. Ho7 OPO@Q, C. T. Hoalusák @muaiahkoil7 p`squhsi ` hot`rcia`s. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 Lhvr` `xpr`ssák, 6441. p.8:-9==. EPLL@V, . E.2 NLI, V. Pei prkc`sskri euhtk `sp`ahil . 6. `m. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 > L`tris, 644>. OKNP@HVI, E. L. L. @muaiîák hoalushvi ‑ uei r`st`xák i pirthr mi cili m` uohv`rshtérhks pkrtimkr`s m` o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs. 6446. 9:4c. Mhss`rtiîák (E`strimk `e @muaiîák) ‑ Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk, 6446. OPO@Q, L. V. T `t il. T`squhsi `e `muaiîák `sp`ahil oi pñs-nrimuiîák. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 > L`tris, 988:. QIL@E, . . Eulj`r`s civ`limis7 ake i v`omi oks kljks. Ho7 T`rsp`athvis iotrkpklñnhais mi eulj`r. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 Wijir @mhtkr`s, 98:9. QIOKQ, F. Q. Pe mhsaursk skfr` is ahçoahis . Qák Tiulk7 Akrt`z, 6440. QIOKQ, V. Q.2 NLI, V. Q`r eá` m` uei arhioîi `sp`ahil7 mk skojk ä r`ilhmim`. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 Iooi O`ry/PCVG, 9888. SILL@, E. J. C. Shvçoahis m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi e`otil hos`rhmis ok e`raimk m` trifiljk. 644=. 89c. Mhss`rtiîák (E`strimk `e @muaiîák) ‑ Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk, 644=.
Skltir piri k sueérhk
>6
I @]OKNVICHI AKEK I FKVMIN@E FKVMIN@E @QYPHQIQ OI E@]KMKLÑNHAI @MPAIÎÁK @E @ T QT@AHIL
Eérahi M`ohs` TL@QAJ Eiåri Nke`s Nke`s m` Qkuzi mi VKAJI
T`squhsir, isshe, è s`epr` tiefèe mhilknir, ok s`othmk `sp`aåak m` prkmuzhr akoj`ahe`otk mk kutrk piri sh, ` m` sh piri k kutrk R...U qu`e p`squhsi t`e k qu` akeuohair akeuohair.. Yu`e oák p`squhsi ip`ois r`prkmuz ku ip`ois `sauti. Yu`e p`squhsi è aipiz m` prkmuzhr hostrue`otks ` prka`mhe`otks m` akeuohaiîák. Yu`e oák p`squhsi isshst` ä akeuohaiîák mks kutrks (M@EK, 6446, p. 18). Ciz`r `toknrii è ue pkuak m` mkiîák m` ahçoahi, m` m`mhaiîák ` m` il`nrhi, m` vhnkr ` m` eiohi, m` `stumk ` m` it`oîák. Ciz`r `toknrii è p`ra`f`r k euomk `stiomk pr`s`ot` ok euomk mk kutrk, qu` pir`a` oák `xhsthr eihs (EIKQ, 6499, p. =0).
Oks ÷ltheks ioks, t`e ar`sahmk k usk mi ifkrmin`e `toknréai
`e `stumks r`ilhzimks oi ér`i m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil (TL@QAJ2 CKO@Q2 NLI, 6448). Tiri r`st`thr skfr` i iplhaifhlhmim` ` ks isp`atks t`ñrhake`tkmklñnhaks pr`s`ot`s o`sti ifkrmin`e m` p`squhsi, `st` aipåtulk s` prkpð` i triz`r ioélhs`s skfr` k s`u usk `e `stumks qu` `ovklv`e p`sskis ake o`a`sshmim`s `muaiahkoihs `sp`ahihs, `sp`ahile`ot` ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil ` e÷lthpli. Okssk ckak r`aih skfr` k usk mi `toknrii `e p`squhsis `ovklv`omk ks prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e m`ss`s sug`htks ` is préthais p`minñnhais i `l`s mhrhnhmis.
>1
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I pilivri `toknrii, akek gé shoilhzimk `e t`xtk iot`rhkr (TL@QAJ, 6494), ckh auojimi ok e mk sèaulk ZHZ piri airiat`rhzir ah`othaie`ot` oirrithvis ` r`litks r`ilhzimks pkr vhigiot`s skfr` ks pkvks oák kahm`otihs. K t`rek v`e mk nr`nk “nric(k)― “nric(k)― ` shnohai “`sar`v`r “`sar`v`r skfr`― skfr`― ue thpk skahil pirthaulir - ue “`to(k)―. Tkm` Tkm` s`r m`ohmi, pkrtiotk, akek i `sarhti skfr` sug`htks ku m`t`rehoimks nrupks skahihs, ake k kfg`thvk m` akepr``om`r i aulturi, is r`liîð`s `stif`l`ahmis ok hot`rhkr m` ue nrupk ku `otr` nrupks skahihs. M` iakrmk ake Eittks (6449), ks prhe`hrks `stumks `toknréaks ckrie r`ilhzimks pkr iotrkpñlknks pr`kaupimks `e akepr``om`r skah`mim`s m`sakoj`ahmis ` sui aulturi - jéfhtks, vilkr`s, lhonuin`os, r`pr`s`otiîð`s, ar`oîis -, i pirthr mis hot`riîð`s `stif`l`ahmis p`lks sug`htks qu` i akepuojie. I `st` r`sp`htk vil` `salir`a`r qu` k t`rek aulturi è pkr oñs `ot`omhmk akek is p`ra`pîð`s, “is “is vhsð`s m` euomk, ks `sthlks, is jhstñrhis, `xpr`ssð`s ` ks qu` såefklks usimks pkr ue ku n`riîð`s― s`gi, s`us akoa`htks is ` akoj`ahe`otks sák triosehthmks pirinrupk, is okvis (@WIOH, 644=, p. 99=-90). Oi @muaiîák, k usk mi `toknrii ake`îku i s`r `epr`nimk m` ckrei eihs ia`otuimi oks ioks 98:4. Itè iqu`l` eke`otk, ks `stumks ok aiepk mi @muaiîák ckaivie ioélhs`s eiarksskahklñnhais `ovklv`omk qu`stð`s akek k ia`ssk ä `sakli ` i krhn`e skahil mk iluok (FKPVMH@P2 TIQQ@VKO, 98>0). M`ssi ckrei, mhc`r`ot`s mhe`osð`s qu` hot`nrie k iefh`ot` `saklir, akek, pkr `x`eplk, is r`liîð`s m` pkm`r, is akotrimhîð`s ` is t`osð`s pr`s`ot`s ok cuoahkoie`otk mk s`u akthmhiok oák `rie ioilhsimis. Tkr kutrk limk, `stumks akoj`ahmks akek “ioélhs`s m` hot`riîák― ckailhzivie qu`stð`s aurrhaulir`s aurrhaulir`s ` m` ivilhiîák skf i hostuçoahi mi pshaklknhi akepkrtie`otil, prhkrhziomk k akepkrtie`otk m` prkc`sskr`s ` iluoks `e sui hot`riîák. @ss` thpk m` ioélhs`, s`nuomk uri (6441), r`muzhi ks akepkrtie`otks mks sug`htks i uohmim`s pissåv`hs m` tifuliîák ` e`osuriîák, s`e l`vir `e akoshm`riîák k akot`xtk skahil eihs ieplk `e qu` s` shtuivie. Akek pkm`eks m`pr``om`r m`pr``om`r,, ifkrmin`os m`ssi oitur`zi akotrhfuårie pkuak piri i akepr``osák mks c`oýe`oks `ovklvhmks oks prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e (IOMVÈ, 64402 TL@QAJ, 6494). O`ssi mhr`îák, tkeiomk akek fis` k mhélknk ake i iotrkpklknhi i otrkpklknhi ` is ahçoahis skahihs, hohahirie-s` `stumks skfr` is préthais p`minñnhais
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r`ilhzimis m`otrk m` m`t`rehoimi r`ilhmim` skahil. ihs hov`sthniîð`s `epr`nivie prktkaklks eihs st`xåv`hs, ` o`ss` akot`xtk i `toknrii s` tkroku ue hepkrtiot` r`c`r`oahil e`tkmklñnhak piri p`squhsis mi r`ilhmim` `saklir pr`kaupimis ake i akepr``osák mks prka`ssks `ovklvhmks ok akthmhiok m`ssis hosthtuhîð`s (IOMVÈ, 98802 988>). @ssi akoa`pîák e`tkmklñnhai piutimi ois airiat`råsthais cuomie`otihs mi `toknrii ` oi uthlhziîák m` s`us prka`mhe`otks oi @muaiîák m`u krhn`e ik qu` s` ajiei m` `stumk mk thpk `toknréak. O`st` aisk, pkm`-s` ifrhr eák m` a`rtks r`quhshtks9 akek i lkoni p`reioçoahi mk p`squhsimkr `e aiepk ku k akotitk ake kutris aulturis ` k usk m` ieplis ait`nkrhis skahihs oi ioélhs` mks mimks (IOMVÈ, 9880). I `st` r`sp`htk, akek shoilhzi Tl`tsaj (6494, p. 943), i `toknrii, R...U akek r`c`r`oahil t`ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhak, p`reht` m`sar`v`r is r`liîð`s ` prka`ssks akonurimkr`s mi `xp`rhçoahi akthmhioi mks in`ot`s `ovklvhmks ok akot`xtk hov`sthnimk, pkr e`hk mi r`liîák mhr`ti `otr` k p`squhsimkr ` k p`squhsimk.
Isshe, `e e`hk ik akot`xtk mis p`squhsis m` auojk quilhtithvk, ituile`ot`, i `toknrii `e`rn` akek uei mis e`tkmklknhis pr`c`r`oahihs piri i hov`sthniîák mi r`ilhmim` `muaiahkoil (NLI2 TL@QAJ, 6496). Q`nuomk `stis iutkris, i pksshfhlhmim` m` uei he`rsák ok aiepk pkr e`hk mi uthlhziîák m` mhc`r`ot`s prka`mhe`otks m` akl`ti m` mimks ieplhku k `epr`nk m`ss` r`c`r`oahil e`tkmklñnhak. Ks prka`mhe`otks eihs cr`qu`ot`s sák i kfs`rviîák pirthahpiot`, `otr`vhstis, hein`os m` våm`k, jhstñrhis m` vhmi, oirrithvis, qu`sthkoérhks, `otr` kutrks (EIKQ, 6449). ihs prka`mhe`otks pksshfhlhtie uei préthai m`sarhthvi, m`osi ` hot`rpr`tithvi mis iîð`s ` r`liîð`s mks itkr`s skahihs p`rt`oa`ot`s ik nrupk hov`sthnimk (TL@QAJ2 NLI, 644>). Tkr hssk, i ifkrmin`e `toknréai `e @muaiîák è tiefèe akoj`ahmi akek p`squhsi skahil, hot`rpr`tithvi ku ioilåthai, pkr prkpkrahkoir eihkr`s pksshfhlhmim`s m` “m`sarhîák m`osi― m`osi― mis iîð`s ` r`liîð`s mks itkr`s skahihs p`rt`oa`ot`s ik nrupk hov`sthnimk (N@@VW, 98:8). 9
^klakltt ^ klakltt (98::) ipkoti r`quhshtks eåoheks i s`r`e aueprhmks piri qu` m` citk uei p`squhsi pkssi s`r akoshm`rimi piutimi oi `toknrii. Lümb` ` Iomrè (98:3) ahtie r`suek mks arhtèrhks m` ^klakltt c`htk pkr Chr`stko` ` Miwsko (98:9).
>0
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Ihomi skfr` ks prka`mhe`otks m` p`squhsi, `e okssis hov`sthniîð`s t`eks ckaimk ue akoguotk m`st`s, `sp`ahile`ot` i kfs`rviîák pirthahpiot`, `otr`vhstis s`eh`struturimis ` hein`os m` våm`k. Eis è hepkrtiot` shoilhzir qu` i `toknrii pkr oák s`nuhr “pimrð`s “pimrð`s rånhmks ku pr`m`t`rehoimks, ekmhaiomk-s` ok m`akrr`r mk trifiljk m` aiepk, m` iakrmk ake i p`ra`pîák mk p`squhsimkr― (NLI2 TL@QAJ, 6496, p.>4), pkm` hoakrpkrir kutrks hostrue`otks m` akl`ti m` mimks. Iomrè (6440) r`ckrîi okssk irnue`otk ik mhz`r qu` pkr e`hk mi `toknrii7 R...U è pkssåv`l eiot`r ue `squ`ei if`rtk ` st`xåv`l qu` p`rehti r`v`r ks pkotks aråthaks mi p`squhsi, lkailhzir okvks sug`htks, s` o`a`ssérhk, hoaluhr okvks hostrue`otks ` okvis tèaohais m` akl`ti m` mimks, iprkcuomir a`rtis qu`stð`s, ihomi muriot` k m`s`orklir mk trifiljk (p. 6:).
M`st` ekmk, i p`squhsi `toknréai triz pksshfhlhmim`s qu` sák cuomie`otihs akek `muaiahkoihs is qu` t`eks 6 m`s`ovklvhmk `e mhc`r`ot`s r`m`spiri m` hov`sthniîð`s `oshok ` akot`xtks . Hov`sthniîð`s qu` `xhn`e ue kljir it`otk ` s`osåv`l m` okssi pirt`, `sp`ahile`ot` pkr t`reks akek p÷flhak-ilvk sug`htks ake `sp`ahahmim`s ia`otuimis ok m`s`ovklvhe`otk qu` `xhn`e ioélhs`s auhmimksis mks mhc`r`ot`s prka`ssks qu` `ovklv`e i sui `saklirhziîák, `sp`ahile`ot` quiomk tritieks m` iluoks ake e÷lthplis m`ahçoahis oák krilhzimks (TL@QAJ, 64962 VKAJI, 6491). I `st` prka`ssk, Eittks (644=) ajiei it`oîák piri i hepkrtæoahi mi èthai 1 mk p`squhsimkr `toknréak, qu` m`v` ckair k prka`ssk ` k `ot`omhe`otk ` ot`omhe`otk mk akot`xtk `e `stumk ` stumk ` oák shepl`se`ot` k “prkmutk “prkmutk―― crutk mi ioélhs` mks mimks. @sti pr`kaupiîák ake k prka`ssk `sfirri ok pip`l it`otk mk p`squhsimkr muriot` i kfs`rviîák pirthahpiot`, piri qu` ilaioa` m`tilj`s qu` oák pkm`e pissir m`sp`ra`fhmks. Ihomi, è p`rtho`ot` r`ssiltir qu` `sti it`oîák ik prka`ssk oks r`e`t` ä o`a`sshmim` m` r`st`xák, Qák trçs okssks prkg`tks m` p`squhsi, i sif`r7 i) i `saklirhziîák m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil7 pklåthais p÷flhais, prka`ssks aknohthvks ` ivilhiîák mi ipr`omhzin`e (oioahimk p`lk @mhtil =8/6496 Kfs`rvitñrhk mi @muaiîák mi Aip`s ` mi Cip`rg p`lk `mhtil “Ipkhk i Trkg`tks m` T`squhsi oi Ér`i m` Jueiohmim`s― ‑ Trka. ok 994.439/6496)2 f) i `saklirhziîák m` iluoks ake e÷lthplis m`ahçoahis `e uei `sakli mi Fihximi Clueho`os`7 ckreiîák m` prkc`sskr`s ` prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e (oioahimk p`li Cip`rg ‑ @mhtil “Ipkhk ä E`ljkrhi mk @oshok `e @saklis mi V`m` T÷flhai s`mhimis ok @stimk mk VG― ‑ Trka`ss Trka`sskk ok @-63/996.639/6496), a) “Ipr`omhzin`e m` Iluoks ake E÷lthplis M`ahçoahis7 `aoklknhis Isshsthvis ` Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi 6
pksshfhlhtiomk préthais ok I@@― ‑ PCVVG/ TTN@mua (oioahimk ake fklsi m` `stumks p`li Aip`s). 1 Okssks `stumks ckrie iprkvimks ok Akehtç m` Èthai mi PCVVG skf k prktkaklk ok 6.=:6/644:. Tiri r`st`thr skfr` is qu`stð`s mi èthai `e p`squhsis oi ér`i m` jueiois ` skahihs sun`rheks i l`hturi m` Nu`rr`hrk ` Ehoiyk (6491).
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hoalushv` `e æefhtk eihkr7 “oi `toknrii oák jé ip`ois uei m`sarhîák mk iefh`ot` `stumimk, eis tiefèe uei r`st`xák eihs iepli ia`rai mi skah`mim`― (TL@QAJ, 6494, p.94>). Ilèe mhssk, akek ipkotimk ipkotimk `e trifiljks iot`rhkr`s (TL@QAJ, 64402 TL@QAJ2 NLI, 64432 644>2 TL@QAJ2 CKO@Q2 NLI, 64482 TL@QAJ, 6494), p`squhsis `e `saklis m`v`e l`vir `e akoshm`riîák i sufg`thvhmim` ` is shonulirhmim`s homhvhmuihs s`epr` m` eio`hri r`liahkoil, hstk è, i pirthr mi sui hot`riîák ake uei akl`thvhmim`, uei aulturi, ue mimk akot`xtk skahil. Tiri til, sun`rheks qu` p`squhsis ake fis` oi `toknrii skfr` ks prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e m` iluoks ake o`a`sshmim`s `muaiahkoihs `sp`ahihs ` is préthais p`minñnhais shnie trçs krh`otiîð`s7 i) `stumir k akot`xtk s`epr` mi eio`hri eihs nlkfil pkssåv`l2 f) `ovklv`r ks in`ot`s hov`sthnimks oi p`squhsi, ku s`gi, akostruhr k trifiljk m` ckrei qu` ks pirthahpiot`s aklifkr`e ake i akl`ti m` mimks2 r`liîð`s shnohaithvis, m` hepulshkoir k mhélknk `otr` t`krhia) `r`v`lir `ephrhi ok aursk mi ithvhmim`i e m` p`squhsi. M`ssi ckrei, ks mimks s`rák ioilhsimks ` akepr``omhmks oák akek hmhksshoarishis p`sskihs, eis akek préthais akl`thvis prkmuzhmis jhstkrhaie`ot` `otr` sug`htks `e hot`riîák (TL@QAJ, 6494). Kutrk isp`atk qu` e`r`a` eihs ioélhs`s oi r`ilhziîák m` p`squhsis `ovklv`omk i `toknrii s` r`c`r` ä muriîák ` ik akotitk mhr`tk mk p`squhsimkr ake k aiepk, hssk pkm` virhir akoshm`riv`le`ot`, homk m`sm` ilnueis s`eiois, pissiomk pkr e`s`s ku itè ioks, m`p`om`omk mks kfg`thvks trifiljk,p`lk mhspkohfhlhmim` m` t`epk ` `xp`rhçoahi p`squhsimkr p`squhsimkr, , suimkia`htiîák nrupk ` k o÷e`rk m` p`sskis `ovklvhmis mk oi p`squhsi (IOMVÈ, 64402 TL@QAJ2 CKO@Q2 NLI, 6448). Qkfr` k akotitk mhr`tk mk p`squhsimkr - qu` triz akoshnk tkmi uei jhstñrhi m` vhmi p`re`imi pkr vilkr`s - è hepkrtiot` qu` `l` r`spkomi ithvie`ot` äs ahrauostæoahis qu` sák `oakotrimis ik lkonk mi p`squhsi m` aiepk. Tiri Tiri til, Iomrè (98802 6440) imv`rt` qu` k p`squhsimkr m`v` `stir ah`ot` m` qu` suis vhvçoahis ` s`us pkotks m` vhsti ic`tie i akostruîák mk kfg`tk m` p`squhsi. Tkr hssk e`sek, s`nuomk i e`sei iutkri, m`v` ilhe`otir a`rtks prka`mhe`otks piri qu` sui aipiahmim` m` ioélhs` oák sihi pr`gumhaimi, akek i p`reio`ot` aråthai m` s`us prñprhks pr`ssupkstks, i st`xhfhlhmim` ` i s`oshfhlhmim`. I `stis airiat`råsthais iar`sa`oti, ihomi,
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L V. K. T. O (K.)
i tkl`ræoahi ä iefhnuhmim`, ku s`gi, sif`r akovhv`r ake is m÷vhmis ` is hoa`rt`zis2 pkr ÷lthek, m`stiai i jifhlhmim` m` `xpr`ssák kril ` `sarhti. @st` isp`atk piri i iutkri è cuomie`otil, pkhs euhtis v`z`s k p`squhsimkr ciz ue fke trifiljk m` aiepk, ks mimks akljhmks sák rhaks ` shnohaithvks, eis `l` oák akos`nu` `xpr`ssir, `xpr`ssir, p`li `sarhti, k qu` kfs`rvku, kfs`r vku, kuvhu ` s`othu, r`liahkoiomk ake k r`c`r`oahil t`ñrhak imktimk. O`st` s`othmk, i iutkri oks l`efri mi prkcuomhmim` ` krhn`e mi `toknrii, s`omk o`a`ssérhk piri k hov`sthnimkr `x`rahtir ue kljir vkltimk piri i r`ilhmim` `e qu`sták, eis oák s` c`ajir i `li. @st` pkotk tkroi-s` pr`pkom`riot` quiomk s` triti m` uei p`squhsi `ovklv`omk ks prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e, ks quihs oák m`v`e s`r ioilhsimks m` ckrei hs`oti mis hostuçoahis qu` kakrr`e oi r`ilhmim` qu` triospissi ks eurks mi `sakli. E`mhiot` i tkmis `stis qu`stð`s è pliusåv`l r`ssiltir qu` `e okssis p`squhsis oák oks r`pkrtieks ä `toknrii akoshm`riomk-i ip`ois akek uei tèaohai, eis akek uei kpîák t`ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhai. O`st` aisk, t`eks akek r`c`rçoahi i t`krhi jhstñrhak-aulturil m` Shnktsbh qu`, s`nuomk Nñ`s (6444), Tl`tsaj (6494) ` Bissir (6491), t`e shmk hepkrtiot` supkrt` piri i ioélhs` `toknréai `e p`squhsis `muaiahkoihs. Isshe, prkaurieks it`om`r k qu` Iomrè (9880, p. =6) `xplhahti oi ahtiîák ifihxk7 R...U sák o`a`ssérhks uei p`rsp`athvi t`ñrhai m`ohmi, ue `ockqu` m`t`rehoimk qu` igum` i aiptir `ss` mhoiehsek ` qu` krh`ot` sui ioélhs` ` hot`rpr`tiîák. @efkri k prka`ssk `toknréak m`vi s`r if`rtk ` st`xåv`l, hssk oák shnohai iusçoahi tktil m` ue r`c`r`oahil t`ñrhak. I m`ohîák mk kfg`tk m` `stumk è s`epr` c`hti pkr aiusi m` ue ilvk qu` s` fusai ` m` ue hot`r`ss` `sp`aåak pkr akoj`a`r, k qu` heplhai uei `saklji t`ñrhai qu` pkm` ` m`v` s`r `xplhahtimi ik lkonk mk `stumk.
O`sti mhr`îák, okssis hov`sthniîð`s r`liahkoie-s` m` ckrei prkcåaui ake i eharkn`oèthai, ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai qu` tiefèe pkm` s`r r`c`rhmi akek “ioélhs` eharkn`oèthai― (NÑ@Q, 6444). Ilèe m` ipr`s`otir våoaulk ake i t`krhi jhstñrhak-aulturil, suis airiat`råsthais ` prka`mhe`otks vák ik `oakotrk ake k p`rl mks sug`htks pirthahpiot`s m` okssis hov`sthniîð`s, aklifkriomk oák ske`ot` piri i akl`ti m` mimks, eis piri uei ioélhs` m`tiljimi ` r`st`xhvi. Nñ`s m`sar`v` f`e `ss` prka`ssk7
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M` ue ekmk n`ril, triti-s` m` uei ckrei m` akostruîák m` mimks qu` r`qu`r i it`oîák i m`tilj`s ` k r`akrt` m` `phsñmhks hot`rithvks, s`omk k `xie` krh`otimk piri k cuoahkoie`otk mks sug`htks ckaihs, is r`liîð`s hot`rsufg`thvis ` is akomhîð`s skahihs mi shtuiîák, r`sultiomk oue r`litk ehouahksk mks iakot`ahe`otks (NK@Q, 6444, p. 8).
Akoshm`riomk qu` i eharkn`oèthai pkm` s` irthaulir i kutrks prka`mhe`otks m` p`squhsi (NÑ@Q, 6444), `sti t`e akotrhfuåmk piri i akepl`e`otiîák ` k `orhqu`ahe`otk mks hostrue`otks qu` gé `epr`nieks `e okssks `stumks `toknréaks, akek, pkr `x`eplk, i kfs`rviîák pirthahpiot` ` i lein`e. Ilhés, t`omk `e vhsti k r`c`r`oahil t`ñrhak qu` tkeieks akek fis`, f`e akek ks prka`mhe`otks ` arhtèrhks mi ioélhs` eharkn`oèthai, i lein`e t`e shmk ue m` okssks prhoahpihs hostrue`otks m` akl`ti m` mimks. @sti t`e shmk `epr`nimi ok r`nhstrk mks eke`otks m` hot`riîák m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi ok iefh`ot` `saklir, i e m` hm`othair isp`atks p`rtho`ot`s iks prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e m`st`s sug`htks. il il préthai t`e shmk cuomie`otil piri mhsauthr ks prka`ssks qu` `ovklv`e i `saklirhziîák m` okssk p÷flhak-ilvk, qu`, m` eio`hri n`ril, ipr`s`oti mhaulmim`s oi lhonuin`e ku oák è krilhzimk. il isp`atk `xhn` kfs`rvir it`otie`ot` `xpr`ssð`s ciahihs, p`qu`oks n`stks ku itè e`sek ruåmks qu` ake i kfs`rviîák pirthahpiot` pkm`e pissir m`sp`ra`fhmks, eis ake k usk mi lein`e oks p`reht`e uei ioélhs` eihs rhnkrksi ` k `ot`omhe`otk mis iîð`s mks sug`htks. È pkssåv`l mhz`r qu` is p`aulhirhmim`s mi eharkn`oèthai `e t`reks e`tkmklñnhaks ilhimks ä `toknrii oks krh`otie oi hm`othaiîák ` ioélhs`pr`s`ot`s m` ehark`v`otks, aklifkriomk piri` k `ot`omhe`otk m` sufg`thvhmim`s oks prka`ssks m` `oshok ipr`omhzin`e (NÑ@Q, 6444, p. 80). Ihomi i r`sp`htk, B`leio ` Frioak (644=) oks akoreie i sui p`rthoçoahi `e r`liîák iks kfg`thvks qu` pr`t`om`eks ilaioîir `e okssks `stumks, ik akoshm`rir qu`7 “i ioélhs` eharkn`oèthai oi `sakli è pirthaulire`ot` hot`r`ssiot` pkrqu` p`reht` kfs`rvir akek kakrr` k prka`ssk m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e―. ipr`omhzin`e―. E`mhiot` k `xpkstk, piri `x`eplhair k `epr`nk mi `toknrii ilhimi ä eharkn`oèthai, `oquiotk r`c`r`oahil t`ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhak, ipr`s`otieks, i s`nuhr, suahotie`ot` okssis p`squhsis hohahimis, `e 6448, ake i arhiîák mk nrupk m` p`squhsi “Kfs`rvitñrhk m` @muaiîák
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@sp`ahil ` Hoalusák @saklir7 préthais aurrhaulir`s ` prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e― (TTN@mua/PCVVG). M`otr` ks prkg`tks qu` t`eks m`s`ovklvhmk, m`stiaieks mkhs. Trhe`hrie`ot` k prkg`tk m` p`squhsi “I `saklirhziîák m` iluoks ake e÷lthplis m`ahçoahis `e uei `sakli p÷flhai mi Fihximi Clueho`os`7 ckreiîák m` prkc`sskr`s ` prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e―=, m`s`ovklvhmk `e `sakli p÷flhai mk euohaåphk m` Okvi Hnuiîu, lkailhzimk oi Fihximi Clueho`os`/VG, oi quil t`eks iakepiojimk k it`omhe`otk m` iluoks m`ah`ot`s e÷lthplks `e muis silis m` r`aursks eulthcuoahkoihs, s`rvhîk p`rt`oa`ot` ik It`omhe`otk @muaiahkoil @sp`ahilhzimk ‑ I@@ (FVIQHL, 6448). Qák sug`htks m` okssi hov`sthniîák quitrk iluoks ake e÷lthplis m`ahçoahis (m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil ` s`v`ris mhaulmim`s ektkris ` m` akeuohaiîák) ` muis prkc`sskris mk I@@ qu` ks it`om`e. Ks quimrks i s`nuhr ipr`s`otie ks iluoks ` is prkc`sskris pissiomk pkr ilnuos mimks p`sskihs hepkrtiot`s piri k `stumk. Yuimrk 9 - Airiat`rhziîák mks mks iluoks pirthahpiot`s Oke`s9
Hnkr
Hmim`
8 ioks
C`r `roi oiom omkk 99 io ioks ks
Eiraks
94 ioks
M`sarhîák mks iluoks
`omk Qåomrke` m` Mkwo ` surm`z (liumk ‑ AHM J89.8 C>69), k iluok ipr`s`oti nriom` mhaulmim` `e s` akotrklir, prhoahpile`ot` quiomk s` s`ot` akotrirhimk. O`st`s eke`otks, akstuei r`inhr itrivès m` inr`ssð`s cåshais ku ake k irr`e`ssk m` kfg`tks. I eiohc`stiîák m` sui lhonuin`e s` mé pkr e`hk m` nrhtks ` kutris `ehssð`s m` skos. Ake k mhinoñsthak m` pirilhshi a`r`fril (AHM n:4.1), ipr`s`oti mhaulmim`s ektkris ` oi cili, pkrèe, `sckrîi-s` `e s` akeuohair ihomi qu` oák jigi euhti alir`zi. Ks isp`atks aknohthvks sák pr`s`rvimks, `vhm`oahiomk k s`u pkt`oahil m` m`s`ovklvhe`otk oi akostruîák m` akoa`htks ah`otåaks. Q`u liumk ipkoti `oa`cilkpithi arýohai mi hocæoahi (AHM 947 n:4.4). Ake tktil iusçoahi mi cili, k iluok prkauri s` eiohc`stir itrivès m` n`ehmks ` `ehssák m` skos s`e ipir`ot` s`othmk. I prkc`sskri kfs`rvi eke`otks ake homåahks m` pkssåv`l akepr``osák, triz`omk `vhmçoahis m` pr`s`rviîák mi aknohîák, ok `otiotk, ipkoti qu` è o`a`ssérhk ivilhiîák m`vhmi piri i akoreiîák `st` isp`atk.
V`liahkoimi i `sti hov`sthniîák, t`eks i p`squhsi m` e`strimk mi s`nuomi iutkri, skf krh`otiîák mi prhe`hri, `e cis` m` akoalusák, hothtulimi “Ipr`omhzin`e m` iluoks ake e÷lthplis m`ahçoahis7 `aoklknhis Isshsthvis ` Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi pksshfhlhtiomk préthais ok I@@― (TTN@mua/PCVVG), i quil kfg`thvi ioilhsir ks prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e m` iluoks m`ah`ot`s e÷lthplks ` is préthais `ovklv`omk r`aursks mis ér`is mis `aoklknhis `aoklknhis Isshsthvis ` mi Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi ä luz mi t`krhi jhstñrhak-aulturil m` Shnktsbh. =
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@lhzi
9: ioks
K liumk mi iluoi ipkoti piripl`nhi s`osñrhk-ektkri/eh`lke`ohonka`l` lkefir kp`rimk/jhmrka`cilhi/prkfl`eis m` p`ra`pîák vhsk-ektkri. Oák ipr`s`oti krilhmim`, `ehthomk ip`ois ilnuos ruåmks quiomk s` s`ot` hoakekmimi ake ilnuei akhsi. `e nriom` s`oshfhlhmim` iumhthvi, aiomk euhtk inhtimi quiomk jé euhtk firuljk ku skos `strhm`ot`s. Ilèe mis mhaulmim`s tiefèe m`t`rehoimks ipr`s`oti itrisk aknohthvk2 isshe, okti-s` qu` iektkris, iluoi hm`othai isp`atks mk s`uihomi akthmhiok, isshe akek ilnuos kfg`tks.
9 V`ssiltieks qu` ks oke`s uthlhzimks, uthlhzimks, tiotk mks iluoks quiotk mis prkc`sskris, prkc`sskris, sák atåahks piri i pr`s`rviîák mi hm`othmim` mks e`seks
Yuimrk 6 - Airiat`rhziîák mis prkc`sskris pirthahpiot`s
Trkc`sskris
Qili m` V`aursks Eulthcuoahkoihs
Vutj
QV I
Aliumhi
QV F
Ckreiîák Hohahil
Nrimuimi `e T`minknhi ake jifhlhtiîák `e einhstèrhk ` @muaiîák @sp`ahil. @sp`ahilhziîák piri k It`omhe`otk @muaiahkoil @sp`ahilhzimk ` riostkroks Nlkfihs mk M`s`ovklvhe`otk M`s`ovklvhe`otk.. Nrimuimi `e T`minknhi ` `sp`ahilhziîák `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil.
]`epk ok Einhstèrhk
]`epk m` ituiîák oi QV
93 ioks
8 ioks
Tiri i akl`ti m` mimks ckrie `epr`nimks prka`mhe`otks akek i kfs`rviîák pirthahpiot` (ake r`nhstrk `e mhérhk m` aiepk)2 ioélhs` eharkn`oèthai pkr e`hk mk `epr`nk mi lein`e2 ioélhs` m` mkaue`otks (r`nhstrks ckro`ahmks p`li `sakli ` mkaue`otks kahihs c`m`rihs ` lkaihs skfr` k I@@ ` i `saklirhziîák m`ss`s sug`htks)2 ` `otr`vhstis s`eh`struturimis ake is prkc`sskris. kmis is ithvhmim`s ckrie m`vhmie`ot` iutkrhzimis p`li hosthtuhîák `saklir ` pissirie p`lks prka`mhe`otks èthaks, akockre` gé shoilhzieks iot`rhkre`ot`. Qkfr` i kfs`rviîák pirthahpiot` è hepkrtiot` m`stiair qu` usieks rkt`hrks pr``stif`l`ahmks piri .oks krh`otir oks r`nhstrks mk mhérhk m` aiepk, akockre` `x`eplk i s`nuhr. s`nuhr
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Yuimrk 1 - Vkt`hrk m` kfs`rviîð`s m` aiepk Iluok7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Iluok7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[ Hmim`7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Iok Hmim`7[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[Iok `saklir7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ `saklir7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Fr`v` m`sarhîák mi turei7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Hot`riîák mk iluok ake i prkc`sskri7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ prkc`sskri7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Hot`riîák mk iluok ake ks akl`nis7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ akl`nis7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[ Ithvhmim`s prkpkstis prkpkstis p`li prkc`sskri7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ prkc`sskri7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Ithvhmim`s r`ilhzimis p`lk p`lk iluok (ake ku s`e iuxålhk)7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ iuxålhk)7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Isp`atks qu` eihs ajieirie it`oîák7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ it`oîák7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ M`eihs hockreiîð`s r`l`viot`s7[[[[[[[[[ r`l`viot`s7[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
Ckot`7 Tl`tsaj (6494).
Kutrk r`aursk qu` pkm` s`r `epr`nimk piri iuxhlhir oi krniohziîák ` r`nhstrk mks mimks akl`timks pkr e`hk mi kfs`rviîák pirthahpiot` è k prktkaklk m` kfs`rviîák imiptimk i pirthr mis homhaiîð`s m` Cughsiwi, Cughsiwi, Eiozhoh ` Airmksk (6448). Yuimrk = - èaohai m` r`nhstrk èaohai m` r`nhstrk Kfs`rvimkr7 Tirthahpiot`7 Qug`htks kfs`rvimks7 Miti mi kfs`rviîák7 Muriîák mi Kfs`rviîák M`sarhîák mk iefh`ot` cåshak7 M`sarhîák mk iefh`ot` skahil7 M`sarhîák mis kakrrçoahis7 Akepkrtie`otk mks sug`htks kfs`rvimks7
Tiri i triosarhîák mis hein`os m` våm`k, `epr`nieks is sun`stð`s Tiri m` Tl`tsaj (6440, 6494), akockre` homhaimk ok quimrk i s`nuhr. s`nuhr.
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Yuimrk 0 - @x`eplks m` triosarhîák mis hein`os m` våm`k Jkri
91j61eho
M`sarhîák mis hein`os ” Ks iluoks `sták frhoaiomk ake uei fkli ok prhe`hrk pivhe`otk, `e cr`ot` äs silis m` r`aursks ` mi aliss` `sp`ahil. @e s`nuhmi ckrie piri k titie`. Eirhioi s`otku-s` oue aiotk, p`nku ue t`l`cko` m` plésthak, aklkaku-k ok kuvhmk akek s` `sthv`ss` t`l`ckoiomk. Chaku s`nuriomk k t`l`cko` s`e cilir oimi `oquiotk kljivi ks akl`nis. @oquiotk hssk ks akl`nis frhoaivie m` aipk`hri. @e s`nuhmi, i prkc`sskri i akovhmku i `otrir ok titie` piri pirthahpir oi rkmi m` aipk`hri ` Eirhioi skltku k t`l`cko` ` `otrku oi rkmi m` aipk`hri, ciz`omk aiefiljktis ` gkniomk aipk`hri.
91j=3eho ” I prkc`sskri akovhmku i turei piri r`tkroir piri i sili. Ik ailîir k tçohs, Eirhioi oák akos`nuhi cizç-lk. I prkc`sskri iniajku-s` ` ckh igumir, ekstrku akek ciz`r,, eis Eirhioi ipñs vérhis t`otithvis oák akos`nuhu. Ake hssk i prkc`sskri ckh ciz`r ` ieirrku k tçohs piri `li. 0
Ckot`7 Tl`tsaj (6494, p. 989) .
I ioélhs` mks mimks v`e trhionuliomk is hockreiîð`s akl`timis pkr e`hk mks mhc`r`ot`s prka`mhe`otks `epr`nimks ik lkonk mi hov`sthniîák. O`ssi mhr`îák, i ioélhs` m` mimks, `e iomie`otk, homhai qu` uei v`z it`omhmis äs o`a`sshmim`s `muaiahkoihs m`st`s iluoks ake m`ahçoahi e÷lthpli, suis pkt`oahilhmim`s piri k ipr`omhzimk s` `vhm`oahie aisk i aisk, ilaioîiomk pksshfhlhmim`s `e akep`osir3 is lhehtiîð`s ho`r`ot`s is suis m`ahçoahis. Ks p`minñnhak mimks tiefèe qu`stð`s r`lithvis `sp`ahahmim`s mk trifiljk akeshoilhzie iluoks m`ah`ot`s e÷lthplksäs ok I@@, isshe akek piri i o`a`sshmim` m` ckreiîð`s ake akoj`ahe`otks eihs `sp`aåaks piri qu` ks prkc`sskr`s pkssie uthlhzir r`aursks ` `stritènhis qu` it`omie äs shonulirhmim`s m`st`s iluoks. Hnuile`ot`, shoilhzie piri k mhstioahie`otk mis pklåthais p÷flhais m` hoalusák `e vhnkr `e okssk piås (FVIQHL, 644:2 64482 6499) quiomk s` triti m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi e÷lthpli ok tkaiot` ä sui `c`thvi `saklirhziîák. Ilèe mhssk, ks prkfl`eis `struturihs sák `okre`s, akek, pkr `x`eplk, i cilti m` triospkrt` imiptimk ` i iusçoahi Ks r`nhstrks s` r`c`r`e i uei p`squhsi `toknréai skfr` is préthais aurrhaulir`s r`ilhzimis ake iluoks ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil oi V`m` Euohahpil m` @muaiîák mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk. 3 K t`rek akep`osiîák è uthlhzimk uthlhzimk ake fis` oks ipkotie`otks m` Shnktsbh (988>, 6499) `e `e s`us `stumks mi m`c`atklknhi. 0
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m` irthauliîák `otr` `muaiîák ` si÷m`, `otr` kutris. ihs prkfl`eis, mhnis` m` pissin`e, sák akeuos ä pkpuliîák `e n`ril mi Fihximi Clueho`os`, r`nhák ckrt`e`ot` eiraimi pkr hogusthîis skahihs, `akoýehais ` iefh`otihs. I s`nuomi p`squhsi, hothtulimi “I `saklirhziîák m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil7 pklåthais p÷flhais, prka`ssks aknohthvks ` ivilhiîák mi ipr`omhzin`e―, oioahimi p`lk Trknriei Kfs`rvitñrhk mi @muaiîák mi Aip`s, ifrion` p`squhsimkr`s m` mhc`r`ot`s Trknrieis m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák ` kfg`thvi ioilhsir ks prka`ssks m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil `e khtk r`m`s m` `oshok (ahoak mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk ` trçs mk @stimk m` Qioti Aitirhoi). I p`squhsi pr`t`om`, ihomi, ioilhsir i pirthahpiîák ` k iprkv`htie`otk m`ss`s iluoks ois ivilhiîð`s mk Qi`f ` Trkvi Frishl. K `stumk, `e iomie`otk, t`e `epr`nimk mhc`r`ot`s r`aursks ` prka`mhe`otks piri i akl`ti m` mimks, i sif`r7 i kfs`rviîák pirthahpiot` ` i lein`e, i iplhaiîák m` qu`sthkoérhks `mimks `otr`vhstis ake` mkaue`otks n`stkr`s mis r`m`s i ioélhs` m` fioak m` mk Ho`p lkaihspirthahpiot`s, ` c`m`rihs skfr` i hoalusák `saklir m`ss`s sug`htks. iefèe t`eks akek kfg`thvk kuvhr ks sug`htks pkr e`hk m` `otr`vhstis if`rtis skfr` k s`u `ot`omhe`otk ok qu` s` r`c`r` i sui pirthahpiîák ois ivilhiîð`s `saklir`s ` c`m`rihs. I pirthr mk `xpkstk ` mi fr`v` ipr`s`otiîák m` okssis hov`sthniîð`s, `ot`om`eks qu` i `toknrii akek r`c`r`oahil t`ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhak “pksshfhlhti mir vkz iks sug`htks kfs`rvimks― (TL@QAJ, 6494, p.94:). O`sti mhr`îák, akoshm`rieks qu` i `toknrii iplhaimi `e p`squhsis oi ér`i m` @muaiîák è7 m` nriom` iplhaifhlhmim` piri i r`ilhziîák m` `stumks Pe@sp`ahil hostrue`otk ckaimks `e nrupks skahile`ot` `xaluåmks ku `sthneithzimks, ` v`e akotrhfuhomk m` eio`hri shnohaithvi piri i vilhmiîák ah`othai m` préthais ` `stritènhis qu` r`sultie oi m`sehthaiîák m` pr`akoa`htks `e r`liîák i sug`htks eirnhoilhzimks, akek è k aisk m` p`sskis ake o`a`sshmim`s `muaiahkoihs `sp`ahihs (NLI2 (NLI2 TL@QAJ, 644:, p.13).
Ku s`gi, i `toknrii prkpkrahkoi iks hov`sthnimkr`s7 Mir vkz i uei ehokrhi shl`oahksi2 aiehojir `e ue euomk m`sakoj`ahmk2 ifrhrpiri aiehojks akothonçoahis piri i iutkm`t`rehoiîák, hoalusák pissiomk oi `sakli, mis oi vhmi skahil, ok euomk mi `xhstçoahi sklhmérhi sk lhmérhi ` ahmimá (EI (EIKQ, KQ, 6499, p.=0).
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Tkr e, is airiat`råsthais ` ks prka`mhe`otks mi `toknrii (ilhimi ku oák iks r`c`r`oahihs mi eharkn`oèthai) oks igumie i akepr``om`r oák ske`ot` ks mhc`r`ot`s c`oýe`oks qu` `ovklv`e is préthais p`minñnhais r`ilhzimis piri i `saklirhziîák m` iluoks ake o`a`sshmim`s `muaiahkoihs `sp`ahihs, eis tiefèe oks kc`r`a`e mimks qu` iuxhlhie i uxhlhie oi r`st`xák skfr` ks r`aursks aknohthvks uthlhzimks pkr `ss`s sug`htks piri i sui ipr`omhzin`e ` akos`qu`ot` m`s`ovklvhe`otk m`s`ovklvhe`otk.. V @C@VÇOAHIQ @C@VÇOAHIQ IOMVÈ, E. @. M. I. @toknrii mi préthai `saklir . Aiephois7 Tiphrus, 9880. (Qèrh` Tréthai T`minñnhai). [[[[[[. `omçoahis `omçoahis ituihs mi p`squhsi oi `sakli. Aim. A`m`s , Aiephois, o.=1, p.=3-0>, 988>. [[[[[[. @stumk m` aisk `e p`squhsi ` ivilhiîák `muaiahkoil. Frisålhi, MC7 Låf`r Lhvrk @mhtkri, 6440. (Qèrh` T`squhsi, v.91). FKPVMH@P, T.2 TIQQ@VKO, G. A. I r`prkmuîák ‑ `l`e`otks piri uei t`krhi mk shst`ei m` `oshok. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 Crioahsak Ilv`s, 98>0. FVIQHL. Tklåthai Oiahkoil Oiahkoil m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil oi T`rsp`athvi mi @muaiîák Hoalushvi . Frisålhi, MC, 644:. [[[[[[[[. V`skluîák ok =, m` 6/94/48. Hosthtuh Mhr`trhz`s Mhr`trhz`s Kp`riahkoihs piri k I@@ oi @muaiîák Féshai, ekmilhmim` @muaiîák @sp`ahil. Frisålhi, MC, MC, 6448. [[[[[[[. M`ar`tk ok >399. Mhspð` skfr` i @muaiîák @sp`ahil, k It`omhe`otk Kahil`e7 mi kut. Pohák @muaiahkoil @sp`ahilhzimk ` mé kutris prkvhmçoahis. MhérhkIa`ssk , Frisålhi, MC, 6499. Mhspkoåv`l `e7 31-:6, 6491. NÑ@Q, E. A. V. I ifkrmin`e eharkn`oèthai oi eitrhz jhstñrhak-aulturil7 uei p`rsp`athvi piri k `stumk mi akosthtuhîák mi sufg`thvhmim`. Aim`roks A`m`s, v.64, o.04, 6444. BIQQIV, E. A. E. Akotrhfuahko`s m`l `ockqu` `toknréak i li hov`sthniahño skfr` ilueoks ako mhsaipiahmim`s e÷lthpl`s `o prka`sk `saklir. V`vhsti Akeplut`os` m` @muaiahño. v.6=, o.6, p. 169-=4, 6491. B@LEIO, A. I.2 FVIOAK, I. P. Ioélhs` eharkn`oèthai `e p`squhsi ake iluoks surmks. V`vhsti Frishl`hri m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil , Eirålhi, v.94, o.9, p.81-943, 644=. LÜMB@, E.2 IOMVÈ, E. @. M. I. T`squhsi `e @muaiîák7 ifkrmin`os quilhtithvis. Qák Tiulk7 @TP, 98:3. EIKQ, A. L. N. I ifkrmin`e `toknréai oi hov`sthniîák ah`otåai. Ituilhmim`s `e EIKQ, @muaiîák V`vhsti HO@Q-@QT HO@Q-@QTIÎK, IÎK, Vhk m` Gio`hrk, o.93, p.=6-08, 6449. [[[[[[. @toknrii ` hot`riahkohsek shefñlhak oi p`squhsi `muaiahkoil7 uei såot`s` pkssåv`l. Ho7 AKOC@VÇOAHI HO@VOIAHKOIL MK FVIQHL M@ T@QYPHQI YPILHIHSI, YPILHI HSI, 9., iufitè iufitè,, 644=. Ioihs ..., ..., 644=, p. 0. [[[[[[. @stumks `toknréaks mi `muaiîák7 uei r`vhsák m` t`omçoahis ok Frishl. Ho7 EIKQ, A. L. N.2 AIQVK, T. I. (Krn.). @toknrii ` @muaiîák7 akoa`htks ` usks. Aiephoi Nriom`7 @MP@TF, 6499. TL@QAJ, E. M. K prkc`sskr htho`riot` akek supkrt` piri @muaiîák Hoalushvi `e `saklis mi V`m` Euohahpil m` @muaiîák mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk. 6440. 966c. Mhss`rtiîák (E`strimk `e @muaiîák) ‑ Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk, Vhk m` Gio`hrk, 6440. [[[[[[. V`p`osiomk i hoalusák `saklir7 mhr`trhz`s pklåthais, préthais aurrhaulir`s ` m`ahçoahi hot`l`atuil. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 @mhtkris OIP & @mur, 6494. [[[[[[. @muaiîák `sp`ahil ` hoalusák `saklir7 uei rimhknrii mk it`omhe`otk `muaiahkoil `sp`ahilhzimk ois r`m`s m` `oshok mi Fihximi Clueho`os`/VG. Ahçoahis Jueiois ` Qkahihs `e V`vhsti , Vhk m` Gio`hrk, v.1=, v.1=, o.96, p.19-=:, 6496. TL@QAJ, E. M. 2 NLI NL I`muaiahkoihs , V. K `oshok `o shok htho`riot` akek supkrt` i hoalusák V`vhsti m` iluoks ake o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs oi r`m` p÷flhai m` piri `oshok. Pokpir Ah`otåai , Lkomrhoi, v.>, o.9, p. 11-=4, 6443.
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[[[[[[2 NLI, NLI, V. K `oshok htho`riot` akek supkrt` piri i hoalusák m` p`sskis ake o`a`sshmim`s `muaiahkoihs `sp`ahihs oi r`m` p÷flhai m` `oshok7 ue `stumk `toknréak. Ho V`vhsti Hf`rkie`rhaioi m` @muaiahño (ko-lho`), v.=9, p. 9-99, 644>. [[[[[[2 CKO@Q, V.2 NLI N LI , V. T`squhsis ake ifkrmin`e ifk rmin`e `toknréai skfr` s kfr` i hoalusák m` p`sskis ake o`a`sshmim`s `muaiahkoihs `sp`ahihs ok `oshok r`nulir. Ho7 EIVYP@WHO@, E. A. `t il. ñphaks m` e`tkmklknhi m` p`squhsi piri `muaiîák `sp`ahil . Qèrh` `stumks eulthmhsahplhoir`s m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil. Lkomrhoi7 IFT@@, 6448. VKAJI, E. N. Q. I. I ipr`omhzin`e m` iluoks ake e÷lthplis m`ahçoahis7 t`aoklknhis isshsthvis ` akeuohaiîák ilt`roithvi ` ieplhimi akek pksshfhlhmim`s piri prka`ssks ` préthais ok I@@. 6491. 8>c. Trkg`tk m` quilhaiîák (E`strimk `e @muaiîák) Trknriei m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák, Akot`xtks Akot`epkræo`ks ` M`eiomis Tkpulir`s, PCVVG, 6491. @WIOH, . . A. V. Is hot`rcia`s mi p`squhsi `toknréai oi `muaiîák. V`vhsti Lhojis , Clkrhioñpklhs, v.0, v.0, o.9, p.94>-966, 644=. PVI, E. L. V. I kfs`rviîák mk akthmhiok `saklir. Ho7 WINK, O.2 AIVSILJK, AIVSILJK, E. T.2 SHL@LLI, V. I. . (Krn.). Htho`rérhks m` p`squhsi ‑ p`rsp`athvis quilhtithvis `e skahklknhi mi `muaiîák. Vhk m` Gio`hrk7 @mhtkri MT&I, 6441. p.9:1-643. SHNKQBH, L. Q. Kfris `saknhmis S. S. Eimrh7 Shskr, 988>. [[[[[[. I m`c`atklknhi ` k `stumk mk m`s`ovklvhe`otk ` mi `muaiîák mi arhioîi iokreil. @muaiîák ` T`squhsi , v.1>, o.=, p. :39-:>4, 6499. ^KLAKL,, J. ^. ^KLAKL ^. @tjoknripjha r`s`iraj ho `muaithko. Ho7 Ho7 GI@N@V, V. E. Akepl`e`otiry e`tjkms ckr r`s`iraj ho `muaithko. I@VI, 98::. p. 9:>-649.
Skltir piri k sueérhk
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I T@QYPHQI -I -I ÎÁK ÎÁK7 I QT@A]KQ QT@A]KQ AKOA@H]PIHQ, @ HETLHAIÎÐ@Q @E HOS@Q]HNIÎÐ@Q I TLHAIÎÁK QKFV@ @MPAIÎÁK @QT@AHIL
Titråahi FVIPO
@st` aipåtulk t`e pkr oilhmim` ifkrmir ` r`st`thr skfr` isp`atks
akoa`htuihs mi p`squhsi-iîák, f`e akek ioilhsir iplhaiîð`s ` heplhaiîð`s m`sti kpîák e`tkmklñnhai mhiot` m` hov`sthniîð`s oi ér`i mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil.
I QT@A]KQ AKOA@H]PIHQ I p`squhsi-iîák pr`vç, `e sui mhoæehai, iîð`s piri plio`gir `/ ku r`v`r uei préthai, ue akot`xtk r`il vhv`oahimk pkr ilnuos sug`htks. Akotumk, i préthai akek ckak m` ioélhs` `e hov`sthniîð`s ake `ss` auojk oák pkm` s`r r`suehmi i iîð`s hsklimis, s`e ue akot`xtk qu` is r`liahko` i isp`atks ckreithvks - aulturihs, pklåthaks ` skahihs, prñprhks mk iefh`ot` ` sug`htks `ovklvhmks. Shsluefrir `sti ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai akek vhès mk prka`ssk `xhn` ue kljir auhmimksk skfr` i r`liîák mks kfg`thvks mi p`squhsi ake k kfg`tk m` sui hov`sthniîák.
Hstkikpkrqu`, ip`sirqu` m`sti ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai `ovklv`r ilnk oituril s`r jueiok, è qu`r`r akepr``om`r (p`squhsir) i sui
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r`ilhmim` piri inhr ` ekmhaé-li (iîák), is ckreis m` akepr``om`r ` m` inhr pkm`e issuehr mhc`r`ot`s v`rsð`s ` iplhaiîð`s. @, s`omk isshe, pkm`e hr ku oák ik `oakotrk mis m`eiomis r`ihs mk aiepk ` mks sug`htks qu` pirthahpie. Tkr hssk, ok uohv`rsk mis mhv`rsis pksshfhlhmim`s piri k inhr, p`squhsimkr`s tçe it`oîák ` ciz`e ioélhs`s skfr` is aråthais `e r`liîák ä crinhlhmim` mi airiat`rhziîák mi p`squhsi-iîák. I p`ra`pîák m` qu` i p`squhsi-iîák pkm` ipr`s`otir crinhlhmim`s quiotk ik rhnkr e`tkmklñnhak piri uei hov`sthniîák m` airét`r ah`otåak è, hoalushv`, usimi pkr cke`otks m` p`squhsi akek r`spilmk piri akot`stir sui vilhmim` akek prka`ssk hov`sthnithvk (FVIPO, 64482 VHTT, 64402 W@HAJO@V2 MHOHW-T@V@HVI, 64402 CVIOAK, 6440). @otr`tiotk, jé qu` s` pkom`rir qu` quilqu`r ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai pkm` tkroirs` crénhl quiomk oák sák akoshm`rimis is r`liîð`s o`a`ssérhis `otr` k qu` s` hov`sthni ` i ckrei m` prka`m`r, `oaiehojir, m`s`ovklv`r ` iplhair k eètkmk m` p`squhsi. K qu` t`r kakrrhmk ake i p`squhsi-iîák `e ue m`t`rehoimk p`råkmk ckhpir`a` i fioilhziîák mks prka`mhe`otks imktimks, i `xa`sshvi imkîák mi `xplioiîák skfr` ue t`ei, s`e ue m`fit` t`ñrhak, uei qu`sták m` hov`sthniîák ` ioélhs` m` r`sultimks akoshst`ot`, qu` m`ekostriss` k qu` ckh r`ilhzimk ` kom` s` aj`nku ake ks mimks akl`timks. O`ssi mhr`îák, kutrk pkotk qu` e`r`a` m`stiqu` `e r`liîák ä m`ohîák m`ssi e`tkmklknhi m` p`squhsi, mhz r`sp`htk ik aiepk mi iîák, k quil euhtis v`z`s è akocuomhmk ake k aiepk mi préthai . O`ss` s`othmk, è hepr`sahomåv`l i mhc`r`oahiîák `otr` préthai ` iîák. I préthai, s`nuomk The`oti s` akosthtuh ois r`liîð`s ` aulturihs iaueulimis, ku s`gi, è(6440), ilnk `lifkrimk, cuomimk i pirthr skahihs mis p`ra`pîð`s ` r`liîð`s `otr` ue akot`xtk skahil-jhstñrhak ` s`us `ovklvhmks. Gé i iîák è uei ckrei m` `xpr`ssák ho`r`ot` ik s`r jueiok, qu` `xpr`ssi `xitie`ot` k qu` `l` è. Is iîð`s (k akoguotk m`lis), pkrtiotk, sák ckreis m` `xpr`ssák mis préthais imquhrhmis, akostruåmis ik lkonk mis r`liîð`s skahihs ` jhstñrhais vhvhmis p`lks sug`htks. Ku s`gi, oi ér`i mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil, pkr `x`eplk, jé p`squhsis skfr` préthais qu`, akepkstis pkr ue akoguotk m` iîð`s, oks l`vie i hominir skfr` isp`atks qu` is akepð`e mhiot` m` prka`ssks qu` `ovklv`e iluoks, prkc`sskr`s, i akeuohmim` `saklir, `otr` kutrks (QKPWI2 THAJ, 64912 AÈLHK QKFVHOJK2 ILS@Q, 64912 FVIPO, 64962 AÈLHK
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QKFVHOJK, 64992 IOGKQ2 ILE@HMI, 64942 T@LKQH2 OPO@Q, 64482 QIOKQ, 644=2 AVPW2 VIW@O@2 EIONIF@HVI, 6441). K m`fit` skfr` i mhv`rshmim` ake qu` i p`squhsi-iîák pkm` s`r airiat`rhzimi `sté pr`s`ot` m`sm` ks prheñrmhks m` sui ipr`s`otiîák ok aiepk ah`otåak. Ilhés, `ssi è uei mis airiat`råsthais qu`, pkr v`z`s, è usimi piri ipkotir i pkssåv`l crinhlhmim` m`sti e`tkmklknhi. Eis i mhv`rshmim` iquh akepr``om` m`ohr k airét`r i qu` s` pr`sti i p`squhsi, ake prka`mhe`otks, prka`ssks ` ue ckak qu` virhi m` iakrmk ake ks kfg`thvks, ake k aiepk ` is pksshfhlhmim`s m` iîák. Q`nuomk rhpp (6440, p. =00), “quis` he`mhitie`ot` m`pkhs m` L`who9 t`r auojimk k t`rek oi lht`rituri, i p`squhsi-iîák ckh akoshm`rimi ue t`rek n`ril piri quitrk prka`ssks mhc`r`ot`s m` p`squhsi7 p`squhsimhinoñsthak, p`squhsi-pirthahpiot`, p`squhsi `epårhai ` p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil―.6 I p`squhsi-iîák, m`sm` is krhn`os m` sui iplhaiîák, è kfs`rvimi `e hov`sthniîð`s piutimis ok akl`thvk, `e hot`r`ss`s m`rhvimks mk akthmhiok ` oi triosckreiîák skahil. @efkri, ok prhoaåphk, k m`shno m` p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil ihomi ckss` pr`mkehoiot`, ckh `ss` thpk m` ifkrmin`e hov`sthnithvi qu` m`u eirn`e i okvis p`rsp`athvis m` p`squhsi piutimis oi aklifkriîák mks sug`htks `ovklvhmks. @x`eplk mhstk è i p`squhsi pirthahpiot` quiomk pissku i civkr`a`r ue okvk kljir skfr` k lkaus hov`sthnithvk hov`sthnithvk ` suis r`liîð`s (CVIOAK, 6440). Akek f`e irei Ekoa`iu (6440, p.=>9), “L`who pkstulivi s`r o`a`ssérhk ituir skfr` i r`ilhmim` piri akoj`aç-li― ` m`ss` ekmk `l` civkr`a`u “i trioshîák `otr` muis e`tkmklknhis7 i alisshaie`ot` `xp`rhe`otil mk lifkritñrhk ` i mi p`squhsi-iîák.― Eihs tirm`, i pirthr Tshañlknk m` krhn`e il`eá, oiturilhzimk ie`rhaiok, muriot` i Q`nuomi Nu`rri Euomhil `ri prkc`sskr mi Pohv`rshmim` Pohv` rshmim` m` F`rlhe, `sp`ahilhsti `e Tshaklk Tshaklknhi nhi N`stilt. Ip`sir mks `stumks m` Burt L`who s`r`e akoshm`rimks ue eirak ok qu` mhz r`sp`htk ä p`squhsi-iîák, `ss` akos`osk oák è akepirthljimk pkr tkmks ks s`nuhmkr`s m`ssi lhoji m` hov`sthniîák hov`sthniîák.. Oi lht`rituri p`squhsimi, k oke` m` Burt L`who ipir`a` cr`qu`ot`e`ot` ake ue r`c`r`oahil `e r`liîák ä p`squhsi-iîák, oi mèaimi m` 98=4. @otr`tiotk, s`nuomk rhpp rhpp (6440), iot`rhkre`ot` ä prhe`hri puflhaiîák m` trifiljks m` L`who, jé homhaimkr`s m` ue trifiljk puflhaimk usiomk `ssi t`rehoklknhi `e Sh`oi, ok iok m` 9891. Ilèe mhssk, kutrks iutkr`s ipr`s`otie mhc`r`ot`s oke`s akek pr`aurskr`s o`ss` aiepk akek Gkjo M`w`y ` Gkjo Akll`r. @e qu` p`s`e is m÷vhmis skfr` k pr`aurskr mi p`squhsi-iîák, k citk è qu` k trifiljk m` L`who, r`ilhzimk muriot` i Q`nuomi Nu`rri Euomhil, Euomhil, augi oilhmim` ckh ekmhair ks jéfhtks ilhe`otir`s mi pkpuliîák okrt`-ie`rhaioi, è akoshm`rimk ue pr`aurskr o`ssi ifkrmin`e i fkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai. 6 Tiri akoj`ahe`otk eihs m`tiljimk skfr` i m`sarhîák mks mhc`r`ot`s thpks m` p`squhsi-iîák prkpkstks pkr L`who, r`ake`omieks i l`hturi mk Aipåtulk > mi kfri m` @st`fio (6494). 9
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mi mèaimi m` 98:4, iakot`a` k eirak m` iprkxheiîák ä hov`sthniîák ake oilhmim` m` eumioîi ` e`ljkrhi m` préthais. Ok Frishl, s`nuomk Crioak (6440), i p`squhsi-iîák t`e s` airiat`rhzimk ok akot`xtk hov`sthnithvk m`, p`lk e`oks, trçs ckreis m` ipr`s`otiîák mhc`r`ot`s7 i p`squhsi-iîák aklifkrithvi, i p`squhsi-iîák aråthai ` i p`squhsi-iîák `stritènhai. Hom`p`om`ot`e`ot` mi thphaiîák ku airiat`rhziîák mis ckreis m` s` ciz`r i p`squhsi-iîák, è pr`ahsk pr`s`rvir k rhnkr e`tkmklñnhak i pirthr m` s`u ckreitk “aåalhak-`sphril―, akockre` sui airiat`rhziîák i pirthr mks `stumks m` Burt L`who. O`ss` ckreitk, i hov`sthniîák è krniohzimi i pirthr m` ue ahalk qu` s` hohahi ake i `vhmçoahi m` ue prkfl`ei, m` uei qu`sták qu` o`a`sshti m` hot`rv`oîák, m` eumioîi. Sil` crhsir qu` k prkfl`ei ku i qu`sták e`r`a`mkri m` hot`rv`oîák oák è m`ohmi, i prhkrh , p`lk kljir `xalushvk miqu`l` qu` m`s`gi hov`sthnir, eis tiefèe, ` prhoahpile`ot`, p`lks sug`htks ` p`lis préthais m`st`s, kfs`rvimis ok iefh`ot` `e qu` vhv`e, trifiljie ` s` r`liahkoie. Ake i hm`othaiîák mk qu` pr`ahsi ekmhair, uei iîák è plio`gimi `e pira`rhi, `otr` p`squhsimkr ` sug`htks pirthahpiot`s, ` pksti `e préthai, s`omk akostiot`e`ot` kfs`rvimi `e suis heplhaiîð`s ` eumioîis, m` ekmk qu` pksshfhlht` ipr``om`r e`ljkr, tiotk skfr` i iîák hepl`e`otimi quiotk skfr` i hov`sthniîák r`ilhzimi. Ku s`gi, `ss` ahalk vih tkeiomk i ckrei `sphrilimi pkr s` airiat`rhzir akek uei r`st`xák akotåoui skfr` i iîák ` i eumioîi pkr `li m`s`oaim`imi. I pirthr m` ue prkfl`ei `sp`aåak, k prka`ssk hov`sthnithvk s` “m`s`orkli― “m`s`orkli― ` isa`om` i sa`om` `e suis iîð`s. Oi e`mhmi `e qu` `ssis iîð`s sák ivilhimis, ok akot`xtk ` ok akl`thvk mks `ovklvhmks, iaifie pkr ipr`s`otir okvks `l`e`otks ` hockreiîð`s, qu`, pkr sui v`z, susahtie okvk plio`gie`otk m` iîð`s, okvis kfs`rviîð`s, ivilhiîð`s ` isshe sua`sshvie`ot`. Qif`r `l`n`r tiotk k thpk m` hov`sthniîák-iîák akek s`us hostrue`otks im`quimks iks kfg`thvks, ä m`eiomi hm`othaimi, iks pirthahpiot`s, äs lhehtiîð`s `/ku äs pksshfhlhmim`s mk aiepk ` m` s`us pirthahpiot`s, sák isp`atks m`ahshvks piri mir ar`mhfhlhmim` ik prka`ssk hov`sthnithvk `c`thvimk `c`thvimk. @ssi èisuei pr`ehssi r`l`viot` quiomk r`c`rheks ä p`squhsi-iîák. Ilèe.mhssk, tèaohais s`l`ahkoimis pr`ahsieoks it`otir piri
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arhtèrhks akeuos i quilqu`r préthai hov`sthnithvi, ku s`gi, `ocr`otir “i r`vhsák p`lks pir`s, quiotk iks prka`mhe`otks, shnohaæoahi, krhnhoilhmim` ` vilhmim`― (VHTT, 6440, p. =>>). M`otr` is tèaohais uthlhzimis o`ssi ifkrmin`e, Firfh`r (6446) ahti i kfs`rviîák pirthahpiot` ` k mhérhk m` aiepk. iefèe sák uthlhzimks i ioélhs` m` mkaue`otks, ks nrupks m` `stumk, is hot`rv`oîð`s aklifkrithvis, is `otr`vhstis, nriviîð`s `e éumhk ` våm`k, `otr` kutris. I m`ohîák mi p`squhsi-iîák ok ok aiepk `muaiahkoil p`rpissi pkr ilnuos pkotks qu` tçe shmk akeuos `otr` s`us s`nuhmkr`s, ois ÷ltheis muis mèaimis, s`omk ilnuos m`ohmks akek7 s`r uei p`squhsi qu` prkekv` i pirthahpiîák m` tkmks ks `ovklvhmks (p`squhsimkr ` sug`htks). Hstk è, tkroi-s` ue prka`ssk eulthmhr`ahkoimk oi e`mhmi `e qu` prhvhl`nhi i irthauliîák mis m`sakf`rtis, mis prkfl`eithziîð`s ` mhsaussð`s ok akl`thvk ` ok akthmhiok `e qu` k prka`ssk hov`sthnithvk kakrr`. @st` isp`atk pkm` s`r `ot`omhmk akek ue isp`atk pkshthvk m`sti ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai, iplhaimi `e @muaiîák. @x`eplk mi akoakrmæoahi skfr` k airét`r akl`thvk mi p`squhsiiîák, oks ÷ltheks quhoz` ioks, iutkr`s ` p`squhsimkr`s tçe ipr`s`otimk `e s`us `stumks i vilhmim` mi akostruîák m` akoj`ahe`otks i pirthr m` ue `spiîk akl`thvk m` hov`sthniîák, hostruîák ` ckreiîák (E@LLK2 EIVHOQ2 THV@Q, 644:2 G@QPQ, 644>2 VHTT, 64402 CVIOAK, 64402 THE@OI, 64402 EKOA@IP, 64402 FVIPO, 644=2 64962 FIVFH@V, 64462 W@HAJO@V2 MHOHW-T@V@HVI, 64402 VKFQKO, 988:2 FV@IB^@LL `t il., 98802 JHKLL@O, 988=). I tåtulk m` akoreiîák m`ssi p`rsp`athvi, ilnuos m`ss`s p`squhsimkr`s ` t`ñrhaks, o`ss` `spiîk t`epkril m` quhoz` ioks, akrrkfkrie `otr` sh skfr` k airét`r hot`rithvk-akl`thvk ` skahil-jhstñrhak mi p`squhsiiîák. ]hkll`ot (988=, p. 9=), pkr `x`eplk, mhz qu` p`squhsi-iîák è R...U ue thpk m` p`squhsi skahil ake fis` `epårhai, qu` è akoa`fhmi ` r`ilhzimi `e `str`hti isskahiîák ake uei iîák ku ake i r`skluîák m` ue prkfl`ei akl`thvk ` ok quil ks p`squhsimkr`s ` ks pirthahpiot`s r`pr`s`otithvks mi shtuiîák ku mk prkfl`ei `sták `ovklvhmks m` ekmk akkp`rithvk ku pirthahpithvk.
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Firfh`r (6446, p.0=) r`ssilti qu` “i p`squhsi-iîák akoshst` `e igumir i akl`thvhmim` i m`t`rehoir tkmks ks m`tilj`s aruahihs lhnimks ik prkfl`ei, pkr uei tkeimi m` akosahçoahi mks itkr`s mk prkfl`ei ouei iîák akl`thvi―. The`oti (6440, p. 061) mhz qu` “i p`squhsi-iîák t`e pkr pr`ssupkstk qu` ks sug`htks qu` o`li s` `ovklv`e akepð`e ue nrupk ake kfg`thvks ` e`tis akeuos, hot`r`ssimks `e ue prkfl`ei qu` `e`rn` oue mimk akot`xtk ok quil ituie m`s`ep`ojiomk pipèhs mhv`rsks―, uos oi cuoîák mk p`squhsimkr uohv`rshtérhk ` kutrks oi cuoîák m` p`squhsimkr (`ss` ÷lthek m`ohmk akek k prkc`sskr mi `sakli oi quil iakot`a` i p`squhsi). Crioak (6440, p. =:8) aklifkri ake i mhsaussák mhz`omk qu` i p`squhsiiîák “è uei p`squhsi `eho`ot`e`ot` p`minñnhai, m`otrk mi p`rsp`athvi mk `x`raåahk p`minñnhak, akonurimk akek uei iîák qu` ah`othahzi i préthai `muaithvi, i pirthr m` prhoaåphks èthaks qu` vhsuilhzie i akotåoui ckreiîák ` `eioahpiîák m` tkmks ks sug`htks mi préthai―. G`sus (644:), ik ciz`r uei ioélhs` skfr` is akotrhfuhîð`s mi p`squhsi-iîák mhiot` mi akosthtuhîák m` préthais `muaiahkoihs hoalushvis, akrrkfkri ks iutkr`s supriahtimks, ilèe m` kutrks akek Ekoa`iu (6440, p. 9=:), quiomk irei qu` o`ss` thpk m` hov`sthniîák s` akoshm`ri i “vkz mk sug`htk, sui p`rsp`athvi, s`u s`othmk, eis oák ip`ois piri r`nhstrk ` pkst`rhkr hot`rpr`tiîák mk p`squhsimkr7 i vkz mk sug`htk ciré pirt` mi t`sshturi, mi e`tkmklknhi ` mi hov`sthniîák―, guotk ake is p`ra`pîð`s mk p`squhsimkr. Ik p`ra`f`reks k airét`r akl`thvk ` hot`rithvk `otr` is nuris mk p`squhsimkr-uohv`rshtérhk ` mkt`omi prkc`sskr mi `sakli, è`li r`l`viot` qu` i p`squhsi-iîák, “`efkri i s`r prineéthai, s` mhc`r`akoshm`rir mi préthai `, `efkri s`gi p`squhsi, tiefèe s` mhsthonu` alirie`ot` mi p`squhsi trimhahkoil― (VHTT (VH TT,, 6440, p. =>>), pkhs is hot`riîð`s ` k qu` iakot`a` ok m`akrr`r mk prka`ssk m` hov`sthniîák, o`ss` aisk, sák pissåv`hs m` eumir k qu` è hov`sthnimk ik e`sek pissk qu` kakrr` i lhehtiîák mis iîð`s p`li èthai mis préthais `c`thvimis, piri uei m`t`rehoimi r`ilhmim`. I iplh iplhaiîák aiîák mi p`sq p`squhsiuhsi-iîák iîák oi ér`i mi @mua @muaiîák, iîák, eihs `sp`ahaie`ot` mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil ` qu`stð`s mi hoalusák `saklir, pkm` s`r uei pksshfhlhmim` r`il piri i krniohziîák ` hepl`e`otiîák mis iîð`s `muaithvis quiomk tiotk k hov`sthnimkr quiotk k hov`sthnimk(s) sák akot`eplimks ok prka`ssk m` r`st`xák ` iîák, skfr` suis akoa`pîð`s ` préthais.
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M`st` ekmk, ik s`r`e iefks civkr`ahmks ok prka`ssk mi hov`sthniîák, i vilhmim` mk `stumk è, mi e`sei ckrei, niriothmi iot` ks pr`a`htks ah`otåaks ` skahihs. O`ss` prka`ssk m` vhr i s`r, m` `lifkrir `e pira`rhi ilnk okvk ku m` r`v`r ilnuos isp`atks m`otr` ks tiotks qu` akepð`e k e`hk hov`sthnimk, i p`rsp`athvi m` eumioîi ipkoti i pksshfhlhmim` m` e`ljkrir k qu` `sté mimk. rit`eks ue pkuak eihs mhstk, i s`nuhr. I TLHAIÎÁK TLHAIÎÁK @ HETLHAIÎÐ@Q
Ituile`ot`, i p`squhsi-iîák t`e niojimk `spiîk, prhoahpile`ot`, `e qu`stð`s skfr` akek pksshfhlhtir ik prkc`sskr qu` `sté `e sili m` iuli imquhrhr, r`v`r ku e`ljkrir i préthai p`minñnhai piri `oshoir i tkmks ks iluoks qu` akepð`e i turei `e qu` l`ahkoi. O`ss` akot`xtk, p`squhsis, akek ilnueis mis gé ahtimis, tçe s` prkpkstk i hov`sthnir7 akot`xtks, aulturis, prka`sskspiri ` préthais m` `oshokp`li ` ipr`omhzin`e qu` akotrhfuie `oshoir`saklir`s, i tkmks,`stritènhis akek k pr`vhstk prkpksti mi hoalusák `saklir. I pr`s`oîi m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi, iuthsek, iltis jifhlhmim`s ku kutris m`eiomis qu` airiat`rhz`e mhaulmim`s ok prka`ssk m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e è uei qu`sták r`il ` pr`e`ot` ois `saklis. Qpkshtk (6443, ipum Ile`hmi, 644:) r`liti skfr` k akothon`ot` aimi v`z eihkr m` iluoks qu` oák `oakotrie oi vhmi `saklir pksshfhlhmim`s piri s` m`s`ovklv`r`e, r`sp`htiomk suis m`eiomis. @ss` è ue a`oérhk m` lkoni miti, qu` t`e eirnhoilhzimk ehljir`s m` arhioîis, hoalushv` iqu`lis qu` oák tçe ue mhinoñsthak `sp`aåak piri is qu`stð`s mhiot` mi `saklirhziîák. Eittks (644:) r`v`li pirt` m`ssi r`ilhmim` `e p`squhsis skfr` k criaissk `saklir iot` i r`ilhmim` oiahkoil ` is pklåthais p÷flhais hepl`e`otimis piri “sioir― is qu`stð`s quiotk äs m`shnuilmim`s skahihs, `otr` `lis, k ia`ssk ` i p`reioçoahi ä `muaiîák. @e s`us `stumks, i iutkri ipkoti qu` `efkri pklåthais p÷flhais t`ojie shmk pr`vhstis piri ehohehzir k akot`xtk mi `xalusák, tihs prknrieis iaifirie airiat`rhziomk-s` akek isshst`oahilhstis ku akep`ositñrhks `, o`ss` s`othmk, triosckreirie i “hoalusák prke`thmi― `e uei “hoalusák oi `xalusák―. Hssk pkrqu`, R...U is p`sskis i s`r`e hoaluåmis `oakotrie-s` ouei zkoi m` vulo`rifhlhmim` skahil qu` oák lj`s p`reht` pirthahpir ake sua`ssk
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mks prka`ssks r`nulir`s m` `saklirhziîák. R...U qu` `efkri t`ojieks ithonhmk i `muaiîák piri tkmks, R...U k eihs mhcåahl `sté s`omk cizçlks (gkv`os ` arhioîis) p`reio`a`r oi `sakli ake ipr`omhzin`os shnohaithvis (EIKQ, 644:, p. 1=).
Is eiz`lis mk prka`ssk m` `saklirhziîák tçe shmk iouoahimis `e e`hks mi eåmhi qu` ahraulie p`lk piås ` pkr p`squhsis ah`otåais puflhaimis. M` citk, sif`eks skfr` ks ho÷e`rks `otriv`s qu` mhaultie k prka`ssk m` `saklirhziîák m` euhtks iluoks. T`osir ` krniohzir ckreis qu` akefitie `ss`s `otriv`s è o`a`ssérhk. T`squhsis T`squhsis qu` prkvkqu`e i eumioîi m`ss` akot`xtk, i pirthr mi pirthahpiîák mks qu` o`l` s` `oakotrie, è uei ckrei m` hosthnir i triosckreiîák. I p`squhsi-iîák, o`ss` s`othmk, kc`r`a` sufsåmhks piri qu` `ss` aiehojk s`gi hohahimk. @, m`otrk mis mhc`r`ot`s ckreis m` iplhair `ssi e`tkmklknhi, i p`squhsi-iîák aklifkrithvi t`e issuehmk pip`l r`l`viot` o`st` a`oérhk. M` iakrmk ake @st`fio (6494), i p`squhsi-iîák aklifkrithvi t`e pkr oilhmim` `salir`a`r ` mhinoksthair uei shtuiîák prkfl`eéthai piri i préthai. I p`squhsi-iîák akek ckrei m` akostruîák pirthahpithvi, hov`sthnithvi ` aklifkrithvi pr`ahsi s`r tiefèe `xplhaithvi. Q`u prka`ssk pr`ahsi s`r krniohzimk tiotk i pirthr mi m`sarhîák m` ue akot`xtk, quiotk mi ioélhs` ` `xplhaiîák mks c`oýe`oks `oakotrimks, piri `oták s`r`e prkvhmis iîð`s (pr`sarhîák) qu` v`ojie i eumir i qu`sták hohahil mimi akek prkfl`ei. @ot`omhmi m`ssi ckrei, akek ok ekm`lk aåalhak-`sphril, i p`squhsi-iîák aklifkrithvi s` ipr`s`oti akek uei pksshfhlhmim` piri i krniohziîák m` ue mhélknk `otr` k aiepk ` i t`krhi, akek akostimk `e p`squhsis akek is m` Ifmili (6440), Ile`hmi (644:), Eirthos (644:), Oiugkrbs (644:), E`llk `t il. (644:). Tiri s` `epr``om`r `epr``om`r,, `otr`tiotk, uei p`squhsi-iîák aklifkrithvi ok æefhtk mi `sakli, R...U è hepr`sahomåv`l qu` tkmks ks prkfl`eis s`gie mhsauthmks m` eio`hri auhmimksi ok nrupk, qu` jigi i pirthahpiîák m` tkmks ks itkr`s `muaiahkoihs vhsiomk i uei pira`rhi qu` tkro` pkssåv`l n`r`oahir k mhcåahl `quhlåfrhk `otr` p`squhsi, iîák ` m`ahsák, `e `sp`ahil quiomk s` prkauri i akostruîák m` iefh`ot`s hoalushvks (EIVHOQ, (EIVHOQ, 644:, p. 930).
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Mhc`r`ot`e`ot` m` kutris ifkrmin`os m` p`squhsi, o`ss` ckreitk m` hov`sthniîák sák ks sug`htks ` k akot`xtk mi p`squhsi qu` m`o`e k prkfl`ei i s`r `oaiehojimk, ku s`gi, k pip`l mk p`squhsimkr o`ss` p`raursk è iuxhlhir ks sug`htks mi p`squhsi ok prka`ssk m` p`osir, r`st`thr ` ivilhir. Ois pilivris m` G`sus (644:, p. 9=), k p`squhsimkr iuxhlhi “k sug`htk i tkeir akosahçoahi mis triosckreiîð`s qu` vák kakrr`omk `e sh prñprhk ` ok prka`ssk.― The`oti (6440) `salir`a` qu` quiomk i fusai pkr okvks ciz`r`s, okvis préthais, è sklhahtimi p`lk nrupk m` r`c`rçoahi - prkc`sskr`s, `sakli -, ` k prka`ssk i s`r ioilhsimk ckh m`s`oaim`imk iot`rhkre`ot` p`lks sug`htks mk nrupk, `ss` prka`ssk è r`akoj`ahmk akek uei p`squhsiiîák aklifkrithvi. O`l` k hov`sthnimkr t`ré i cuoîák m` iuxhlhir k nrupk i krniohzir,, i r`v`r iîð`s ` préthais gé `c`thvimis ok akot`xtk `e ckak. krniohzir K prka`ssk m` hov`sthniîák qu` `ovklv` i p`squhsi-iîák aklifkrithvi è m`lhaimk `, pkr v`z`s, mhcåahl, pkhs m`eiomi t`epk, m`p`om` mk oåv`l m` `ovklvhe`otk ` hot`r`ss` mks sug`htks, mk `stif`l`ahe`otk m` våoaulks, isshe akek mi e`mhiîák im`quimi mk p`squhsimkr piri civkr`a`r i aklifkriîák `otr` tkmks. Yuiomk krniohzimk, r`sp`htiomk s`us pr`a`htks, p`squhsimkr ` pirthahpiot`s tçe niojks. Eirthos (644:, p. 93:) irei qu` i pksshfhlhmim` m` ipr`omhzin`os aklifkrithvis, “m` ue ipr`om`r ake k kutrk―, akoshm`riomk is r`ihs o`a`sshmim`s `saklir`s, tiefèe civkr`a` k m`s`ovklvhe`otk m` iîð`s `muaithvis m` ckrei eihs “prkmuthvi “prkmuthvi ` ak`r`ot` ake i j`t`rkn`o`hmim` mks iluoks, ok iefh`ot` r`nulir m` `oshok `oshok―. ―. Akepirthljir iîð`s ` is p`ra`pîð`s imvhomis mhilknir k prkc`sskr, i `sakli i uohv`rshmim`, civkr`a`r m`lis, r`st`xð`s skfr` ake is iîð`s ` préthaisake è s`e m÷vhmi` pkm`r aklifkrir piri i e`ljkrhi m` akot`xtks `muaiahkoihs. @, ake hssk, civkr`a`r k ia`ssk ` i p`reioçoahi m` tkmks ks iluoks oi `sakli. Is viotin`os m` iplhaireks i p`squhsi-iîák aklifkrithvi `e `stumks qu` t`ojie t`ojie akek ilvk k prka`ssk m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi, iuthsek, iltis jifhlhmim`s ku kutris m`eiomis qu` airiat`rhz`e mhaulmim`s ok prka`ssk m` `oshok ` ipr`omhzin`e, pkm`e s`r akoshm`rimis i pirthr m` ilnueis airiat`råsthais ipr`s`otimis pkr Fr`ibw`ll `t il. (9880, p. 199), akek s`r7
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préthai, pkhs oák akomuz ske`ot` i ivioîks t`ñrhaks, eis tiefèe i ipr`omhzin`os m` iîð`s p`minñnhais piri k trifiljk mka`ot` mks pirthahpiot`s mk `stumk2
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pirthahpithvi ` aklifkrithvi ik prkphahir uei pksturi eihs m`ekaréthai
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`otr` p`squhsimkr ` pirthahpiot`s2 `eioahpitñrhi, oi e`mhmi `e qu` pksshfhlhti iks pirthahpiot`s s` `ovklv`r`e ake i p`squhsi, hostu`oahiomk-i ` r`liahkoiomk-i ake is iîð`s mis suis vhvçoahis mhérhis2
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hot`rpr`tithvi, pkhs tkmis is p`rsp`athvis ` kphohð`s mks pirthahpiot`s tçe l`nhthehmim`, `e v`z m` s`r`e is kphohð`s mk p`squhsimkr is ÷ohais akoshm`rimis2
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aråthai, uei v`z qu` `ovklv` tkmks ks pirthahpiot`s ouei pkshîák r`st`xhvi ` ioilåthai mhiot` mis iîð`s i s`r`e tkeimis, tkeimis, ku ioilhsimis, ioilhsimis,
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piri is pkssåv`hs eumioîis qu` pr`t`om`e m`s`ovklv`r. m`s`ovklv`r. Im`eihs, i p`squhsi-iîák aklifkrithvi è akoshm`rimi uei shnohaithvi ifkrmin`e akepl`e`otir piri is `stritènhis m`s`ovklvhmis muriot` k prka`ssk m` p`squhsi qu` hot`ot`e i r`st`xák ` hot`rv`oîð`s hot`r v`oîð`s skfr` k prka`ssk `saklir, p`rehthomk ik p`squhsimkr m`s`ep`ojir ue pip`l ithvk, hockreiomk, `oakrigiomk ` ipkhiomk k nrupk m` pirthahpiot`s, ik e`sek t`epk `e qu` `stumi ` ioilhsi is r`st`xð`s ` iîð`s ä luz mk prka`ssk hov`sthnithvk. kmivhi, è pr`ahsk akoshm`rir uei r`ssilvi o`ss` akot`xtk. È o`a`ssérhi i it`oîák äs lhehtiîð`s qu` pkm`e surnhr skfr` is ioélhs`s qu` k hov`sthnimkr vh`r i `lifkrir, `lifkrir, i r`sp`htk mis iîð`s krniohzimis. Is ioélhs`s `e ue prka`ssk hov`sthnithvk- aklifkrithvk pirt`e m` r`st`xð`s akl`thvis qu`, ä luz m` ipkrt`s ipkr t`s ah`otåaks, `stumie ` r`v``e prka`mhe`otks ` akoa`pîð`s. M`st` ekmk, irnue`otiîð`s fis`imis `e hm`his mk s`osk akeue oák p`rt`oa`e ä rkthoi mi p`squhsi. Oák kfs`rvir `ss` arhtèrhk pkm` hoahmhr skfr` i vilhmim` mk `stumk. Auhmimks m`ss` thpk m`v`e s`r akoshm`rimks piri qu` i hov`sthniîák oák issuei ue airét`r e`rie`ot` m`sarhthvk, k quil oák r`v`li m` ckrei ak`si ` m`ekostrithvi ks aiehojks mks r`sultimks ipr`s`otimks. Ku,akek eihs nriv` ihomi, oák ipr`s`oti r`sultimks qu` pkssie s`r hot`rpr`timks r`ihs ku p`rt`oa`ot`s ä r`ilhmim` `stumimi ` s`us prktinkohstis. O`ss` s`othmk, Ile`hmi (644:, p.9>6) r`ckrîi is hm`his mk
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`stumk m` G`sus (644:), ik ireir i vhtil o`a`sshmim` mi “akosklhmiîák m` prka`mhe`otks qu` akomuzie k p`squhsimkr piri m`otrk mi `sakli piri v`r ` kuvhr s`us prktinkohstis. prktinkohstis.―― Tkr `sti rizák, quiomk oks mhrhnheks ik aiepk m` p`squhsi, piri iplhair uei p`squhsi-iîák, jé i homhaiîák piri s`reks “eiosks oi `sauti ` ckrt`s oi tkeimi m` m`ahsð`s― (Vkgk, 988>), pkhs è pr`ahsk kfs`rvir, kuvhr, akoj`a`r ` akepr``om`r k lunir kom` s` r`v`lie is r`st`xð`s, s`us sug`htks ` iîð`s qu` akepð`e is préthais ioilhsimis, mk e`sek ekmk qu` è r`l`viot` akepr``om`r, piri m`pkhs ioilhsir, k(s) ekthvk(s) p`lks quihs `stis s` `stif`l`a`e ilh, oue r`akrt` m` t`epk ` `spiîk skahil. Akek pkm`eks akostitir, iplhair uei p`squhsi-iîák t`e heplhaiîð`s hotråos`ais, prka`mhe`otks prka`mhe`otks èthaks, e`tkmklñnhaks ` t`ñrhaks qu` m`v`e s`r akoshm`rimks `e akoskoæoahi ake ks pirthahpiot`s. Akrrkfkrieks ake Ile`hmi (6496, p. 1393) ik ireir qu` “i p`squhsi-iîák quiomk sust`otimi p`lk `ot`omhe`otk e÷tuk pkm` akotrhfuhr piri k ipr`omhzimk m` préthais aklifkrithvis `, isshe, `on`omrir kutrks ekmks m` hosthtuhr hosthtuhr―― iîð`s p`minñnhais eihs p`rtho`ot`s iks iluoks akoshm`rimks mi `muaiîák `sp`ahil, eis qu` ituile`ot` `sták eitrhaulimks `e `saklis r`nulir`s. r`nulir`s. TKV CHE, TIVI @OAIEHOJIV IQ IQ V@CL@ZÐ@Q ...
Ik akoshm`rireks qu` i ckreiîák m` prkc`sskr`s ` i krniohziîák m` préthais, `stritènhis ` prka`mhe`otks m` `oshok piri tkmks ks iluoks sák isp`atks qu` akothouie e`r`a`omk it`oîák mhiot` mis hov`sthniîð`s, i p`squhsi-iîák ipr`s`oti-s` akek ue vhès e`tkmklñnhak, `e pkt`oahil, piri iuxhlhir ois r`st`xð`s `, prhoahpile`ot`, oi akostruîák m` akoj`ahe`otks ia`rai mks prka`ssks `saklir`s. Sil` ihomi l`efrir qu` `ssi ifkrmin`e m` hov`sthniîák t`e shmk uthlhzimi akek “pir― e`tkmklñnhak m` kutris e`tkmklknhis m` p`squhsi `e @muaiîák. Ku s`gi, p`reht` qu` k prhoaåphk mi akepl`e`otirhmim` `otr` e`tkmklknhis `orhqu`îi is ioélhs`s skfr` k kfg`tk m` `stumk `e qu`sták. @stumk m` aisk ` p`squhsi `toknréai, pkr `x`eplk, sák ifkrmin`os e`tkmklñnhais uthlhzimis akek uei mis `tipis mk `stumk, k quil, `e m`akrrçoahi mk kfg`tk m` p`squhsi, `oaiehoji ks prka`ssks hov`sthnithvks piri uei hot`rv`oîák fis`imi oks prhoaåphks mi p`squhsi-iîák (FVIPO,
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6496). I lñnhai mi hov`sthniîák `e @muaiîák `, eihs pirthaulire`ot`, skfr` ks isp`atks qu` `ovklv`e i @muaiîák @sp`ahil `/ku i hoalusák `saklir, oks l`vi ä fusai pkr akosklhmiîák m` prka`mhe`otks muriot` k prka`ssk. I `sakli `sté `e pl`ok cuoahkoie`otk, ks iluoks sák r`ihs ` is m`eiomis niojie mhc`r`ot`s prkpkrîð`s i aimi r`ilhmim` skahil/`saklir. Qák, `oták, o`a`ssérhis prkpkstis hov`sthnithvis qu` `oaiehoj`e ks m`fit`s piri ilèe mis r`st`xð`s t`ñrhais ` l`nhslithvis. Qák hepr`sahomåv`hs prkpkstis qu` vilhm`e is fkis préthais p`minñnhais ` r`v`l`e ku akostruie is qu` sák `ss`oahihs piri ks iluoks qu` jkg` tçe s`u mhr`htk m` ia`ssk ä `sakli niriothmk s`e, akotumk, k e`sek ivil piri sui p`reioçoahi ` ipr`omhzin`e. Isshe, akothoui ituil k qu` mhz Ai`tiok (644>, p. 0:), ik ireir qu` i p`squhsi-iîák ipr`s`oti-s` akek ue prka`ssk R...U `eho`ot`e`ot` p`minñnhak ` pklåthak R...U k qu` l`vi ä pksshfhlhmim` m` `ovklvhe`otk, trkai, ekmhaiîð`s ois préthais p`li vhi mi m`ekostriîák ` pirthahpiîák, `e ekvhe`otk m` ciz`r ake `, ik e`sek t`epk, `e uei ckrei mhc`r`oahimi m` p`squhsi. È uei pira`rhi qu` `ovklv` tkmks ks itkr`s qu` pirt`e m` uei m`eiomi akoar`ti.
I lkailhziîák lkailhziîák - mi “m`eiomi “m`eiomi akoar`ti akoar`ti―― - ok akot`xtk akot`xtk akthmhiok akthmhiok mi préthai p`minñnhai (oi sili m` iuli, oi `sakli), ake i hot`oîák m` `stumk akepirthljimk ake ks prkc`sskr`s ` m` hot`rv`oîák guotk iks iluoks, r`v`li i p`squhsi-iîák akek uei pksshfhlhmim` m` hepl`e`otir iîð`s m` ckreiîák akothouimi, ik e`sek t`epk `e ` e qu` vhifhlhzi qu`sthkoireks ks e`aiohseks skahihs ` pklåthaks qu` `on`omrie i e`sei préthai ` aulturi `saklir,, ituile`ot`, hosuah`ot` piri `oshoir i tkmks ks iluoks. `saklir I p`squhsi-iîák è `ot`omhmi, m`st` ekmk, akek akotrhfuhot` ä krniohziîák ` ä ekmhaiîák mks ekmks m` akoa`f`r ` `x`ra`r i ithvhmim` `saklir,, mka`ot` ` mhsa`ot`, uei v`z qu` pkm`ré pksshfhlhtir akepr``om`r ` `saklir ioilhsir k iefh`ot` i pirthr mk qu` k akosthtuh t`ñrhai, skahil ` pklhthaie`ot`, `e t`epk r`il. il p`rsp`athvi pir`a` hr ik `oakotrk mks m`fit`s skfr` is iîð`s mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil ` skfr` ks prka`ssks `saklir`s ake iluoks qu` ipr`s`otie m`ahçoahi, iuthsek, iltis jifhlhmim`s ku kutri akomhîák qu` pkssi hot`rvhr skfr` k m`s`ovklvhe`otk m`st`s ` is préthais `saklir`s mhr`ahkoimis i `l`s.
944
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T`osir i préthai `saklir ` s`us prka`ssks i pirthr mi prñprhi préthai, `hs ue aiehojk. E`sek qu` akoshm`rimis suis lhehtiîð`s ` qu` pihr` skfr` `sti ifkrmin`e qu`sthkoie`otks skfr` sui vilhmim` pkr pirt` m` ñrnáks m` cke`otk, ihomi isshe m`stiai-s` akek uei ifkrmin`e hov`sthnithvi ` ah`otåai r`l`viot` piri `oaiehojir ks m`siks ituihs kfs`rvimks oi `sakli. V @C@VÇOAHIQ @C@VÇOAHIQ IFMILI, E. C. C. I p`squhsi-iîák akek hostrue`otk m` ioélhs` ` ivilhiîák mi préthai mka`ot`. @osihk7 ivilhiîák, pklåthai p÷flhai ` `muaiîák, Vhk m` Gio`hrk, v.91, v.91, o.=:, p.1:1=44, 6440. ILE@HMI, E. L. Pei ioélhs` mi prkmuîák iaimçehai skfr` ks usks mi p`squhsi-iîák `e prka`ssks m` hoalusák `saklir 7 `otr` k inhr akeuohaithvk ` k inhr `stritènhak. 6494. 61=c. `s` `s` (mkutkrimk `e @muaiîák) ‑ Trknriei m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák, Pohv`rshmim` C`m`ril mk @spårhtk Qiotk, Shtñrhi, 6494. ILE@HMI, E. L.i préthai 6496. Ip`minñnhai akostruîák`e m``muaiîák akoj`ahe`otks p`squhsi-iîák7 heplhaiîð`s piri `sp`ahiloi/p`li oi p`rsp`athvi mi hoalusák. ZSH @omhp`, 93., Aiephois. Ioihs ... ... Aiephois7 Pohaiep Pohaiep,, @omhp`, p. 134:-1398. ILE@HMI, E. I. 644:. Ilnueis r`st`xð`s skfr` i p`squhsi-iîák ` suis akotrhfuhîð`s akotrhfuhîð`s piri i ér`i mi `muaiîák `sp`ahil. Ho7 FITHQI, A. V.2 AIHIMK, B. V. E.2 G@QPQ, M. E. (Krn.). @muaiîák @sp`ahil7 mhélknk ` plurilhmim`s. Tkrtk Il`nr`7 E`mhiîák. p.9>99>3. IOGKQ, I. V.2 ILE@HMI, E. L. I ckreiîák akothouimi m` prkc`sskr`s oi p`rsp`athvi p`rsp`athvi hoalushvi7 uei ioélhs` mi prka`ssuilhmim` mk prknriei ciz`omk i mhc`r`oîi. V`vhsti CIA@SS , Shli S`lji, o.=, p.6:-1:, 6494. FIVFH@V, V. I p`squhsi-iîák. Frisålhi7 Tliok @mhtkri. 6446. FVIP O, T. Ioélhs` quis` `xp`rhe`otil mks `c`htks m` ue prknriei FVIPO, prknriei hostruahkoil skfr` iutkakotrkl` piri prkc`sskr`s mi `muaiîák hociothl ` mk `oshok cuomie`otil. 644=. Mhss`rtiîák. (E`strimk `e @muaiîák) ‑ Trknriei m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák, Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk, Vhk m` Gio`hrk, 644=. [[[[[[. Pe `osihk i pirthr mk mk lkaus t`ñrhak skfr` i ifkrmin`e e`tkmklñnhai mi p`squhsi-iîák7 i ckreiîák mk prkc`sskr piri `oshoir i tkmks. AKONV@QQK FVIQHL@HVK EPLHMHQAHTLHOIV EPLHMHQAHTLHOIV M@ @MPAIÎÁK @QT@AHIL, 3., Lkomrhoi, 6448. Ioihs ... ... Pohv`rshmim` @stimuil m` Lkomrhoi, IFT@@7 6448. [[[[[[. Pei hot`rv`oîák aklifkrithvi skfr` ks prka`ssks m` `oshok- ipr`omhzin`e mk iluok ake m`ahçoahi . 6496. 16=c. `s` `s` (Mkutkrimk `e @muaiîák) - Trknriei m` TñsNrimuiîák `e @muaiîák, Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk, Vhk m` Gio`hrk. 6496.
949
L V. K. T. O (K.)
FV@IB^@LL, N. E.2 JIEEKOM, Q.2 CHC@-QAJI^, A. V`s`iraj e`tjkms ho psyajklkny. Lkomr`s7 Qin` Qin` Tuflhaithkos, Tuflhaithkos, 9880. 9880. AÈLHK QKFVHOJK, V. Iprkxheiîð`s `otr` p`squhsi-iîák aklifkrithvi-aråthai ` i skahklknhi nuriahkoil oi p`squhsi `e `muaiîák `sp`ahil. @muaiîák ` Crkot`hr Crkot`hris, is, v.9, o.6, p. =3-03, 6494. [[[[[[2 ILm`ahçoahi7 ILS@Q, S@Q, @. T. Ir`st`xð`s r`liîák m`sm` cieålhiuei ` `sakli `e ueskahklñnhai akot`xtk m`nuriahkoil. `saklirhziîák@muair mk iluok ake ifkrmin`e `e V`vhsti , Aurhthfi, o.=8, p.161-11:, 6491. AVPW, N. A.2 Viz`ot`, M. E. V.2 EIONIF@HVI, @. E. A. Akoshm`riîð`s m` prkc`sskr`s m` `muaiîák cåshai skfr` k it`omhe`otk m` iluoks m` aliss`s `sp`ahihs hos`rhmks `e iefh`ot`s `muaiaihkoihs skf i p`rsp`athvi mi hoalusák. V`v. Fris. @m. @sp., Eirålhi, v.82 o.6, p. 699-663, 6441. @Q@FIO, E. T. Q. T`squhsi quilhtithvi `e `muaiîák7 cuomie`otks ` trimhîð`s. Tkrtk Il`nr`7 IENJ, 6494 CVIOAK, E. I. Q. T`minknhi mi p`squhsi-iîák. @muaiîák ` T`squhsi, Qák Tiulk, v.19, o.1, p. =:1-046, 6440. G@QPQ, M. E. K qu` oks hepulshkoi i p`osir i p`squhsi-iîák aklifkrithvi-aråthai aklifkrithvi-aråthai akek pksshfhlhmim` m` hosthtuhîák m` préthais `muaiahkoihs eihs hoalushvis; Ho7 FITHQI, FITHQI, A. V.2 AIHIMK, B. V. E.2 G@QPQ, M. E. (Krn.). @muaiîák @sp`ahil7 mhélknk ` plurilhmim`s. Tkrtk Il`nr`7 E`mhiîák, p. 918-908, 644:. EIVHOQ, L. I. V. EIVHOQ, V . T`squhsi-iîák ouei p`rsp`athvi hoalushvi7 r`st`xð`s ` iîð`s. Ho7 FITHQI, FITHQ I, A. V.2 AIHIMK, A IHIMK, B. V. E.2 G@QPQ, G @QPQ, M. E. (Krn.). @muaiîák @sp`ahil7 mhélknk ` plurilhmim`s. Tkrtk Il`nr`7 E`mhiîák, p. 939-38, 644:. EIKQ, A. L. N. m`. @xalusák7 uei e`tiait`nkrhi oks `stumks skfr` `muaiîák. Ho EIKQ, CIAHKO, G. V. (Krn.). Hoalusák `saklir ` suis heplhaiîð`s . Aurhthfi7 Hfp`x, p.99-06, 644:. E@LLK, C. V. L. S.2 EIVHOQ, L. I. V.2 THV@Q, G. @xp`rhçoahis m` hot`rv`oîák `e prkl mi hoalusák m` iluoks ake pirilhshi a`r`fril7 akostitiîð`s i pirthr m` uei p`squhsiiîák. Ho7 EIVHOQ, L. I. V. `t il . (Krn.). Hoalusák7 akepirthljiomk sif`r`s. si f`r`s. T`trñpklhs7 Skz`s, 644:. p.9=9-9=:. EKOA@IP, N. riosckreir riosckreir is préthais piri akoj`aç-lis7 akoj` aç-lis7 p`squhsi-iîák ` prksshkoilhziîák mka`ot`. @muaiîák ` T`squhsi, Qák Tiulk, v.19, v.19, o.1, p. =3>-=:6. 6440. OIPGKVBQ, E. H. T`squhsi-iîák ois p`squhsis `e `muaiîák `sp`ahil7 r`litk m` uei `xp`rhçoahi. Ho7 FITHQI, FITHQI, A. V.2 AIHIMK, B. V. E.2 G@QPQ, G@ QPQ, M. E. (Krn.). @muaiîák @sp`ahil7 mhélknk ` plurilhmim`s. plurilhmim`s. Tkrtk Il`nr`7 E`mhiîák, 644:. p.9>>-9:9. p.9>>-9:9. T@LKQH, E. F.2 OPO@Q, L. V. K. Ckreiîák `e s`rvhîk m` prksshkoihs mi si÷m` oi ér`i m` `aoklknhi `aoklknhi Isshsthvi7 k pip`l mk t`rip`uti `muaiahkoil. V`v. Fris. Ar`sahe`otk ` M`s`ovklvhe`otk Jueiok, v.98, o.1, p.=10-===. 6448.
946
O O @ @
THE@OI, Q. N. T`squhsi-iîák aråthak-aklifkrithvi7 akostruhomk s`u shnohaimk i THE@OI, pirthr m` `xp`rhçoahis ake i ckreiîák mka`ot`. @muaiîák ` T`squhsi , Qák Tiulk, v.19, o.1, p.069-18, 6440. VKFQKO, A. V`il wkrlm r`s`iraj7 i r`skura` ckr skahil sah`othsts iom priaththko`rr`s`iraj`rs. Kxckrm7 Fliabw`ll Tuflhsj`rs Ltmi, 988:. VKGK, E. V. Jiahi uoi mhméathai aråthai . Eimrh7 @mhtkrhil Li Eurilli, 988>. QIOKQ, E. T. T. M`s`ovklv`omk pklåthais ` préthais hoalushvis sust`otév`hs7 k limk airhkai m` uei p`squhsi hot`roiahkoil. Ho7 E@OM@Q, @. N. `t. il. (Krn.). `eis `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil7 ivioîks r`a`ot`s. Qák Airlks7 PCQAir, 644=. p.691-664. p.691-664. QKPWI N. A.2 THAJ, Q. I r`krh`otiîák mi iîák p`minñnhai mi `muaiîák cåshai skf i p`rsp`athvi mi hoalusák7 i p`squhsi-iîák akek aiehojk. V`v. Ekvhe`otk, Tkrtk Il`nr`, v.98, o.1, p.9=3-938. 6491. JHKLL@O, E. E`tkmklknhi mi p`squhsi-iîák. Qák Tiulk7 Akrt`z, 988=. VHTT, M. 6440. T`squhsi-iîák7 uei hotrkmuîák e`tkmklñnhai. @muaiîák ` T`squhsi , Qák Tiulk, v.19, o.1, p.==1-=33, 988=. W@HAJO@V, B. E.2 MHOHW-T@V@HVI, G. @. T`squhsi mks `muaimkr`s ` ckreiîák mka`ot` vkltimi piri i triosckreiîák skahil. Aim`roks m` T`squhsi , v.10, o.960, p. 31-:4, 6440.
Skltir piri k sueérhk
941
94=
]VHFP]KQ ]@ÑVHAK-E@]KMKLÑNHAKQ MI I ]VHFP]KQ @SHQÁK QHQ]@EÉ]HAI MIQ T@QYPHQIQ @ETÅVHAIQ V @E @MPAIÎÁK @QT@AHIL 7 @ SHMÇOAHIQ AH@O]ÅCHAIQ OI ]KEIMI M@ M@AHQÁK QKFV@ IQ IQ E@LJKV@Q TVÉ]HAIQ HOALPQHSIQ
Ayl`o` E@MVIMK Shvhio Eirthos NKE@Q Crioahsak m` Tiuli OPO@Q QKFVHOJK
Ok pr`s`ot` aipåtulk sák ifkrmimks ks itrhfutks t`ñrhak-
e`tkmklñnhaks mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri (VQL) akek hostrue`otk qu` inrupi, shot`thzi ` hot`nri `vhmçoahis ah`otåais n`rimis pkr r`sultimks m` p`squhsis `epårhais, e`tkmklknhaie`ot` akotrklimis ake rhnkr ` qu` i tkeimi m` m`ahsð`s oi `saklji mis e`ljkr`s préthais `ecuomie`otie @muaiîák @sp`ahil/@muaiîák Hoalushvi. @ss`oahile`ot`, ks m`c`oskr`s m`ss` ekvhe`otk imvknie qu` is préthais prksshkoihs ` is pklåthais skahihs m`v`e s`r fis`imis `e `vhmçoahis prkv`oh`ot`s m` V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais ` såot`s`s m` p`squhsi, aipiz`s m` sueirhzir, ake iltk oåv`l m` rhnkr e`tkmklñnhak, ks r`sultimks mks `stumks r`l`viot`s skfr` k issuotk `e qu`sták, akockre` Jiee`rl`y (6440), ahtimk pkr riat`of`rn riat`of`rn ` Qtruajho`r (6499). Oi ituilhmim`, i `vhmçoahi `epårhai sun`r` qu` i it`oîák mks `stumhksks mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil è, pr`mkehoiot`e`ot`, vkltimi piri i hoalusák mi mhv`rshmim` jueioi, kfg`tk m` iailkrimis mhsaussð`s ailaimis oi hm`klknhi hoalushkohsti ` skfr` i quil s` m`fruîie ks p`squhsimkr`s.
940
L V. K. T. O (K.)
Isshoil`-s` qu` k t`ei a`otril mk SHH Akonr`ssk Frishl`hrk Eulth Eulthmhsahplhoir mhsahplhoir m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil, r`ilhzimk `e Lkomrhoi, ok Tirioé, `e okv`efrk m` 6491, ckh “Hoalusák7 `krhi, Tréthai, ` Trkmuîák mk Akoj`ahe`otk―. Eihs r`ektie`ot`, ks Ioihs mk 9:k Akonr`ssk Euomhil m` @rnkokehi , s`mhimk ok Frishl, `e 6496, r`nhstri oimi e`oks m` 9.:90 tåtulks m` trifiljks ah`otåaks qu` akot`eplie ks uoht`reks “hoalusák m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahis―. Ilèe mk hot`r`ss` eiraiot` p`li hoalusák mi mhv`rshmim`, `stumhksks ` p`squhsimkr`s mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil mhr`ahkoie s`u ckak piri is préthais hoalushkohstis, ku e`ljkr`s préthais (OPO@Q2 OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, 6494), ok it`omhe`otk m` homhvåmuks jhstkrhaie`ot` `xaluåmks, tiotk ok iefh`ot` mi `sakli, quiotk ok euomk mk trifiljk ` `e kutrks lkaihs m` akovhvçoahi jueioi (FVH@2 OPO@Q QKFVHOJK2 QKPWI, 64942 AVKAJHB `t il., 64912 OPO@Q QKFVHOJK2 LPA@OI, 64962 SH@HVI2 OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, 6491). @otr`tiotk, hoakoshstçoahis `oakotrimis oks r`litñrhks m` p`squhsis, akek, pkr `x`eplk, i crinhlhmim` ois m`ohîð`s m` akoa`htks prkalieimks p`lk pirimhnei mi hoalusák, akek i prñprhi “hoalusák―, o`e s`epr` sák m`vhmie`ot` r`v`limis ake fis` ois virr`muris fhflhknréais. Ks lheht`s itrhfuåmks ik akoa`htk m` hoalusák, ok `otiotk, oák m`v`e heplhair k ifiomkok mi luti pklåthai p`li hoakrpkriîák mis ehokrhis äs `sc`ris skahihs mis quihs `sták `xaluåmis2 s`rv`e, tkmivhi piri ekstrir qu` i skah`mim` oák p`reht`, m`vhmk äs suis akotrimhîð`s, i `eioahpiîák pl`oi mks homhvåmuks ` qu` k akoj`ahe`otk m`ss`s lheht`s iuxhlhi i t`omçoahi pklåthai qu` hot`oti i ekmhaiîák skahil (AKAJHB `t il., 6491). K prka`ssk m` V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri (VQL) s` akosthtuh ok r`snit`, ok inrupie`otk, ok eip`ie`otk, oi hot`nriîák, oi ivilhiîák aråthai ` oi hot`rpr`tiîák m` mimks n`rimks p`li ithvhmim` m` p`squhsi, `e quilqu`r qu` s`gi i ér`i mk sif`r jueiok, ok qu` s` r`c`r` i ue prkfl`ei qu` m`eiom` skluîák he`mhiti, ue issuotk mk akthmhiok ku c`oýe`ok m` hot`r`ss`, pkr pirt` mk p`squhsimkr. K p`squhsimkr “vih i aiepk―, sñ qu` `e v`z m` `oakotrir p`sskis, nrupks ` akeuohmim`s, `l` `oakotri puflhaiîð`s, irthnks, t`s`s ` kutrks mkaue`otks m` p`squhsi (VIA@OF@VN2 QVPAJHO@V, 6499). riti-s` m` ue eètkmk m` p`squhsi qu` s`nu` arhtèrhks ` akomutis im`quimis piri eip`ir ` hot`nrir
943
O O @ @
k akoj`ahe`otk skfr` m`t`rehoimk issuotk ` qu`, ilèe mhssk, hostu`oahi k pkm`r m` tkeimi m` m`ahsák mk prksshkoil (I (IILLIJ, 6446). Isskahimk ik prka`ssk m` V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri (VQL), k akoa`htk m` Tréthai Fis`imi `e @vhmçoahi (TF@) è tiefèe m` r`l`væoahi ok pr`s`ot`akep`tçoahis aipåtulk. @etèaohak-prksshkoihs, lhojis n`rihs, i TF@ m`otr` akoshst`kutris, `e irthaulir akefhoir ake ks` homhaimkr`s n`rimks p`lk akoj`ahe`otk prkmuzhmk itrivès m` p`squhsi, oks a`oérhks m` hot`r`ss` mi akeuohmim` ah`otåai. @e m`t`rehoimk eke`otk jhstñrhak ` ake fis` oks mimks m` r`litñrhks m` p`squhsi, i prkpksti mi TF@ sun`r` i isskahiîák mi e`ljkr `vhmçoahi mhspkoåv`l ` ah`othaie`ot` vilhmimi, ake i ituiîák `ah`ot` m` ue prksshkoil. I TF@ pkm` s`r akepr``omhmi tiefèe akek akep`tçoahis tèaohais ekohtkrimis pkr r`sultimks m` p`squhsi, s`omk, m` citk, uei c`rrie`oti hepr`sahomåv`l piri i préthai prksshkoil ` qu` s` isskahi ä VQL. È ake fis` o`ssi isskahiîák qu` s` cuomie`otie is tkeimis m` m`ahsð`s prkvhmis mi e`ljkr `vhmçoahi ah`otåai pkssåv`l. riti-s` mi akostitiîák ` mi vilhmiîák mis e`ljkr`s préthais cuomimis oi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai ` qu` s` skeie ä `xp`rhçoahi prksshkoil ` iks citkr`s akot`xtuihs, skahihs ` homhvhmuihs m` aimi p`sski. Ahtimk pkr Ouo`s ` Ouo`s Qkfrhojk (6494), ok mhz`r m` Qpiulmhon (6448), is e`ljkr`s préthais, `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil, s` akosthtu`e `e ekmilhmim`s m` hot`rv`oîð`s eihs `aiz`s ` `ah`ot`s ` qu` iss`nurie ue m`s`ep`ojk ñthek mk iluok. I CHOIL , K YP@ È V @SHQÁK QHQ]@EÉ]HAI MI L H]@VI]PVI ; Pei V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri, isshe akek kutris ekmilhmim`s m` `stumks m` r`vhsák, s` akosthtuh `e ilt`roithvi piri s` m`s`ovklv`r p`squhsi qu` uthlhzi, akek ckot` m` mimks, i lht`rituri skfr` k t`ei ku kfg`tk mi hov`sthniîák. @ss` thpk m` hov`sthniîák mhspkohfhlhzi uei såot`s` ku r`suek mis `vhmçoahis r`liahkoimis i uei `stritènhi m` hot`rv`oîák hot`r v`oîák `sp`aåai, e`mhiot` i iplhaiîák m` eètkmks `xplåahtks ` shst`eithzimks m` fusai, ipr`ahiîák aråthai ` såot`s` mi hockreiîák s`l`ahkoimi. @e rizák mi `aéahi mks prka`mhe`otks m` fusai, ok pr`s`ot` aipåtulk sák ifkrmimks,
prhekrmhile`ot`, ks Aklifkrithko akoa`htks ` eètkmks p`lks hosthtutks Akajrio` (6491),akockre` mhspkoåv`lmhss`ehoimks `e jttp7//www.
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L V. K. T. O (K.)
akajrio`.krn/ifkut-us, ` Aiepf`ll Qyst`eitha V`vh`ws (6491), mhspkoåv`l `e jttp7//www jttp7//www.aiepf`llakllifkrithko.kr .aiepf`llakllifkrithko.krn/a6[syst`eitha[r`vh`ws. n/a6[syst`eitha[r`vh`ws. Isshe, is m`ohîð`s prkpkstis piri VQL, akockre` ks prhoahpihs iutkr`s ristr`imks ` fusai `xt`oshvi skfr` k t`ei, p`reht`e ik l`htkr ia`ssir, ckreimiréphmi ` oák `ovh`simi, ue `ot`omhe`otk akot`÷mk tritimk. m` riti-s` riti-s` r`vhsák skfr` is `vhmçoahis m` uei qu`stákmkalirie`ot` ckreulimi qu` uthlhzi eètkmks shst`eéthaks ` `xplåahtks piri hm`othair, s`l`ahkoir ` ipr`ahir, arhthaie`ot`, p`squhsis prheérhis r`l`viot`s, ` piri `xtrihr ` ioilhsir mimks mks `stumks qu` ckr`e hoaluåmks oi r`vhsák (BJIO `t il., 6449). Tiri ks iutkr`s qu` trifiljie `e `on`ojirhi m` skctwir`, uei V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri è ue ekmk m` hm`othair, ivilhir ` hot`rpr`tir tkmis is p`squhsis mhspkoåv`hs qu` sák r`l`viot`s piri uei qu`sták pirthaulir m` p`squhsi, ku ér`i, ku c`oýe`ok m` hot`r`ss` (BHAJ@OJIE, 644=2 644>). @e r`litñrhk tèaohak frishl`hrk skfr` akek akomuzhr V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais `e `on`ojirhi m` skctwir`, k t`rek V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai è uthlhzimk piri s` r`c`rhr i uei e`tkmklknhi (sha ) `sp`aåai m` p`squhsi, m`s`ovklvhmi m` ckrei i `oakotrir ` ivilhir is `vhmçoahis mhspkoåv`hs, p`rt`oa`ot`s i ue tñphak ckaimk (FHKLAJHOH `t il., 6440). M` eio`hri n`ril, i VQL è ue `stumk s`auomérhk akoa`fhmk i pirthr m` `stumks prheérhks, ku s`gi, `e ue prka`ssk shst`eithzimk piri hoaluhr `stumks prheérhks qu` r`spkomie i uei qu`sták m` p`squhsi m`t`rehoimi. M` pkss` mi virh`mim` m` m`ohîð`s, è pkssåv`l p`ra`f`r-s`, alirie`ot`, pkrtiotk, quihs is mhc`r`oîis `otr` VQL ` kutris ekmilhmim`s m` r`vhsð`s; Ok æefhtk mis m`eihs ekmilhmim`s m` r`vhsák mk akoj`ahe`otk prkmuzhmk, akek sák `stif`l`ahmis is mhc`r`oîis, prhoahpile`ot`, `otr` VQL ` is mhtis r`vhsð`s m` lht`rituri; I V @SHQÁK @SHQÁK QHQ]@EÉ]HAI @ I I V V @SHQÁK @SHQÁK O IVVI IVVI]HS ]HSI I MI L L H]@VI]PVI H]@VI]PVI
Tkr s` tritir m` eètkmk r`a`ot`e`ot` hoakrpkrimk iks issuotks m` p`squhsi ` tiefèe pkuak mhvulnimk, jé qu`e akocuomi i VQL ake kutris ekmilhmim`s m` r`vhsð`s, prhoahpile`ot` is r`vhsð`s m` lht`rituri ku V`vhsð`s Oirrithvis Oirrithvis mi Lht`rituri (VO).
94:
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I r`vhsák mi lht`rituri, trimhahkoile`ot` akoj`ahmi akek V`vhsák Oirrithvi (VO), t`e ue airét`r m`sarhthvk-mhsaurshvk, airiat`rhzimk p`li iepli ipr`s`otiîák ` mhsaussák m` t`eis m` hot`r`ss` ah`otåak. T`reht` ihomi ik l`htkr imquhrhr ` ituilhzir k akoj`ahe`otk skfr` uei t`eéthai `sp`aåai, m` eio`hri akoar`ti, `e ue hot`rvilk m` t`epk r`lithvie`ot` fr`v`. Tkrèe, t`e akek m`sviotin`e oák s`r r`prkmutåv`l, ` hssk kakrr` pkr akoti m` oák s`r akostiot`e`ot` ituilhzimi, äs v`z`s hoakepl`ti `, `e ilnuos aisks, hoakoalushvi (IILLIJ2 AIQVK, 988:). I r`vhsák è m`okehoimi shst`eéthai shst`eéthai quilhtithvi, ku shepl`se`ot` shst`eéthai (VQ), quiomk i hockreiîák kfthmi i pirthr mks `stumks hoaluåmks oi r`vhsák oák è susa`ptåv`l ä ioélhs` `stitåsthai. Yuiomk ks trifiljks hoaluåmks oi VQL p`reht`e r`ilhzir uei såot`s` `stitåsthai mi `vhmçoahi n`rimi, triti-s` m` VQ quiothtithvi ku e`tioélhs`, s`omk `st` k eètkmk `stitåsthak piri i ioélhs` oueèrhai mi VQ, akockre` Itillij ` Aistrk (988:). Oi s`quçoahi, s`rák ipr`s`otimis is prhoahpihs mhc`r`oîis `otr` i V`vhsák Oirrithvi Oirrithvi mi lht`rituri (VO) ` i V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri (VQL), ake k kfg`thvk m` pkotuir mhv`rnçoahis `otr` iefis, m`sarhtks ok quimrk 9. Yuimrk 9 - Trhoahpihs mhc`r`oîis `otr` i V`vhsák Oirrithvi (VO) ` V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri (VQL) Ht`os
V`vhsák Oirrithvi
V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai
Ckot`s ifrion`ot`s, `stritènhi m` Ckot`
Cr`qu`ot`e`ot` oák `sp`ahaimi vhès ‑ `saklji il`itñrhi m` irthnks) (pkt`oahil fusai `xplåahti (`saklji oák il`itñrhi m` irthnks) Q`l`îák fis`imi `e arhtèrhks iplhaiCr`qu`ot`e`ot` oák `sp`ahaimi (pkt`oahil Q`l`îák mks uohckre`e`ot` (pkssuh arhtèrhks vhès ‑ pkm` s`r s`e arhtèrhk) m` hoalusák ` `xalusák) Ivilhiîák Sirhév`l Ivilhiîák arht`rhksi arht`rhksi ` r`prkmutåv`l r`prkmutåv`l Qåot`s` Yuilhtithvi Yuilhtithvi ` Yuiothtithvi Äs v`z`s fis`imis `e r`sultimks m` p`squhsi Cr`qu`ot`e`ot` fis`imis `e r`sulHoc`rçoahis alåohai timks m` p`squhsi alåohai. Ckot`7 rimuzhmi m` Akkb `t il. (988>).
948
L V. K. T. O (K.)
Pei såot`s` heplhai oi uthlhziîák m` eètkmks piri r`suehr, hot`nrir `, s`epr` qu` pkssåv`l, inrupir `stumks skfr` ue t`ei ku qu`sták. I ckrei eihs shepl`s m` såot`s` m` p`squhsi è i r`vhsák quilhtithvi trimhahkoil mi lht`rituri, euhtis v`z`s r`c`rhmi akek i V`vhsák Oirrithvi (VO). Oi sui `xpr`ssák eihs shepl`s, i VO s` kaupi `e hm`othair k qu` t`e shmk puflhaimk skfr` ue m`t`rehoimk tñphak m` p`squhsi. Tkr v`z`s, oák jé quilqu`r t`otithvi, pkr pirt` mk p`squhsimkr, m` fusair i n`o`rilhziîák ku k akoj`ahe`otk iaueulimk skfr` k qu` `sté s`omk r`vhstk. Ik akotrérhk, i tir`ci mk p`squhsimkr s` r`strhon` `e hm`othair k ilaioa` ` i mhv`rshmim` mk qu` jé mhspkoåv`l oi lht`rituri. Euhtk mk qu` è p`squhsimk è, euhtis v`z`s, r`pl`tk m` akot`÷mks hoakoalushvks, m`hxiomk liauois qu` sun`r`e i o`a`sshmim` m` okvis p`squhsis. Ok `otiotk, is V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais m` Lht`rituri (VQL) sák s`epr` s`l`thvis, oi e`mhmi `e qu` `ovklv`e uei fusai shst`eéthai, rhnkrksi ` `xiusthvi m` tkmks ks `l`e`otks mi lht`rituri p`rtho`ot`, uthlhziomk i eåmhi hepr`ssi ` `l`trýohai (MISH@Q, 9888). Ilèe mhssk, is V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais s` mhc`r`oahie mis r`vhsð`s trimhahkoihs pkrqu` uthlhzie uei ifkrmin`e r`plhaév`l, ah`otåai ` triospir`ot` piri `vhtir t`om`oahkshmim`s (BJIO `t il., 6449). M` citk, k p`raursk e`tkmklñnhak m` uei VQL r`muz is t`om`oahkshmim`s mis p`squhsis, iue`otiomk k vilkr mi quilhmim` mk `stumk, citkr`s akoshm`rimks prhekrmhihs `e uei V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai (BJIO `t il., 6449). Mhiot` m` tiotis akoa`pîð`s ` irnue`otks, ilèe miqu`l`s pr`akohzimks krniohziîð`s qu` piri s` m`mhaie äs V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais, aif` r`ssiltir, r`ssiltir, p`lis pkrtiotk, is viotin`os r`ilhzé-lis. I prhe`hri viotin`e è quiotk ä `aéahi piri sueirhzir `vhmçoahis `e t`reks m` e`tkmklknhi m` `oshok hokvimkri, e`sek qu` oák s` t`oji oktåahis m` usk `c`thvk ok æefhtk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil/@muaiîák Hoalushvi. Ilèe mhssk, i pirthr mk inrupie`otk m` kutrks r`litñrhks m` p`squhsi, è pkssåv`l hm`othair liauois m`hximis pkr `ssis hov`sthniîð`s, m` ckrei i sun`rhr tñphaks piri cuturks `stumks. Qkfr` `st` issuotk, Bjio `t il., (6449) sust`oti qu` ik hm`othair k qu` s` sif` ` k qu` oák s` sif`, is V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais igumie i plio`gir okvis p`squhsis prheérhis. Ipñs hm`othaimis is liauois, uei akl`tæo`i shst`eithzimi skfr` i fhflhknrii r`c`r`ot` ik issuotk qu` s` m`s`gir `stumir prkpkrahkoi ue “piok m` cuomk― cuomk― iprkprhimk ik pkshahkoie`otk m` okvis
994
O O @ @
ithvhmim`s m` p`squhsi. Tkr e, i V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai, ok æefhtk mi @muaiîák @sp`ahil, pkm`, ihomi, ipkotir k quiotk is `vhmçoahis `epårhais akotrimhz`e ku akoreie is jhpñt`s`s t`ñrhais, ku e`sek sák aipiz`s m` supkrtir k prka`ssk m` n`riîák m` okvis jhpñt`s`s. Akoshm`riomk is viotin`os irnue`otks pkshthvks oi prkmuîák m` uei V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai, r`sti-oks`sif`r akek r`ilhzé-li. T@VAPVQK JHQ]ÑVHAK MI TVÉ]HAI FIQ@IMI @E @SHMÇOAHI
I trig`tñrhi jhstñrhai hohahil mi TF@ kakrr`u oi e`mhahoi, i pirthr m` r`sultimks m` p`squhsis, mk m`s`ovklvhe`otk m` eètkmks ` m` ioélhs`s `stitåsthais iprkprhimis, augk kfg`thvk akoshsthi `e ckreir prksshkoihs, imehohstrimkr`s mi si÷m`, p`squhsimkr`s ` akosuehmkr`s, pkr e`hk m` hockreiîð`s krniohzimis, r`uohmis ` ivilhimis arhthaie`ot` (EPLVK^, 988=). Ks prhe`hrks trifiljks puflhaimks skfr` ks ekmks m` hot`nrir ` ivilhir m` ckrei aråthai r`sultimks m` p`squhsis krhnhoérhks m` s`tkr`s mhv`rsks mk akoj`ahe`otk sák mitimks mk hoåahk mk sèaulk ZZ. @otr`tiotk, ske`ot` oks ioks >4 mk sèaulk pissimk i uthlhziîák m` tèaohais m` såot`s` fhflhknréai s` tkroirhi r`l`viot` ois Ahçoahis Qkahihs, s`omk lioîimis ik p÷flhak l`htkr itrivès m` uei akl`tæo`i m` jiomfkkbs . Oi `sc`ri m` iplhaiîð`s m`ss`s r`sultimks n`rimks p`lis p`squhsis, is ér`is f`o`ahimis ckrie i pshaklknhi alåohai, i pshaklknhi homustrhil/krniohziahkoil, i pshaklknhi skahil, i `muaiîák ` i airmhklknhi (FHKLAJHOH (FHKLAJHOH `t il., 6440). Muriot` ks ioks 98>4, surnhu i `xpr`ssák “E`mhahoi Fis`imi `e @vhmçoahi―, ` o`ss` e`sek p`råkmk, k p`squhsimkr ` `phm`ehklknhsti Irajh` Akajrio` akotrhfuhu piri i ckreilhziîák mi TF@, m`c`om`omk prknrieis m` si÷m` fis`imks `e `vhmçoahis ah`otåais, k qu` r`sultku ok imv`otk mi hosthtuhîák m`okehoimi Akajrio` Aklifkrithko, augk kfg`thvk è k m`s`ovklvhe`otk m` t`aoklknhis ` m` `stumks m` V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri, `e mhv`rsks piås`s, hoalushv` ok Frishl (IO@Q2 KZEIO, 64492 G@OOHNQ2 LKIO, 64492 LHEI, 6448). Ihomi oks ioks 98>4, mk sèaulk pissimk, Irajh` Akajrio` (98>6) ipkstivi oi `aéahi mk ekm`lk mi Tréthai Fis`imi `e @vhmçoahi
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L V. K. T. O (K.)
(TF@), akomuzhmi pkr e`hk mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri, m` ckrei i prkekv`r i hm`othaiîák, k r`akoj`ahe`otk ` i såot`s` mis `vhmçoahis ah`otåais, ok `stif`l`ahe`otk m` r`liîð`s m` r`spkosifhlhmim` ` m` sif`r tèaohak-prksshkoil. Yuiotk iks r`sultimks kfthmks ake fis` ois V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais mi Lht`rituri, k r`c`rhmk iutkr ireivi qu` ks m`sc`ajks r`v`limks p`lks `stumks `epr``omhmks `rie pirt` hepkrtiot` piri k ip`rc`hîkie`otk mis tkeimis m` m`ahsð`s alåohais ` tiefèe m` m`ahsð`s skfr` i p`squhsi ah`otåai. Gé oi mèaimi m` :4, mk sèaulk pissimk, ks r`sultimks ipr`s`otimks `e r`litñrhks m` p`squhsi ake`îirie i s`r uthlhzimks, eihs hot`osie`ot`, p`li e`mhahoi. @hs i rihz mi eihkr trimhîák ok usk mi VQL oi ér`i mi Qi÷m`. O`ssi e`sei èpkai, i ifkrmin`e m` såot`s` m` p`squhsi nioji akrpk ` ake hssk `e`rn` akek aiepk m` hov`sthniîák. Oi s`quçoahi, is ifkrmin`os m` e`tioélhs` ` m` r`vhsák m` p`squhsis ake`îie i s` hot`nrir, hot`nrir, okvks eètkmks sák m`s`ovklvhmks ` ue oåv`l eihs rhnkrksk m` e`tkmklknhi è ithonhmk (FHKLAJHOH `t il., 6440). Ihomi skfr` `ss` t`ei, Myfi, Bhtaj`ojie ` Gkrn`os`o (644=) ` Bhtaj`ojie (644>) ireie qu` ik oil mi mèaimi m` 98:4 ` hoåahk mks ioks 9884, r`sultimks m` `stumks ipkotirie qu` i oák r`ilhziîák m` V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais pkm`rhi austir vhmis ` qu` k gulnie`otk m` `sp`ahilhstis ipr`s`otivi r`sultimks m`scivkrév`hs, quiomk akepirimks iks r`sultimks m` V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais. M`ss` ekmk, hohahku-s` ue p`råkmk ok quil ipir`a` eihs alirie`ot` k pip`l cuomie`otil mi VQL oks mhv`rsks aiepks mk sif`r. Isshe, akoj`a`r `xiusthvie`ot` k issuotk, kfg`tk m` `stumk, tkroku-s` akomhîák o`a`ssérhi piri qu` is kphohð`s ah`otåais thv`ss`e k s`u m`vhmk vilkr. Ik oil mi mèaimi m` 98:4, i såot`s` m` p`squhsis triosfkrmi k iefh`ot` eèmhak ` s` `spilji piri i ér`i m` pklåthais skahihs (skahil pklhah`s), `oquiotk oi e`mhahoi `ssi ifkrmin`e ithon` ue stitus gé mhsthothvk, ake inçoahis m` cke`otk ` l`nhsliîð`s hoa`othviomk i r`ilhziîák m` `stumks m`ss` thpk (FHKLAJHOH `t il., 6440). O`ss` trig`tk jhstñrhak, `e 9886, mhiot` mk ios`hk p`li akephliîák m`ss`s `stumks oi Qi÷m`, i p`mhmk mk eèmhak ` p`squhsimkr Frhtæohak Irajh` Akajrio`, ckh cuomimi i Aklifkriîák Akajrio` ok V`hok Pohmk. Hos`rhmi o`ss` piokriei, `ssi krniohziîák hot`roiahkoil kp`ri s`e os luarithvks ` t`e akek kfg`thvk pr`pirir, eiot`r ` iss`nurir k ia`ssk i V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais skfr` ks
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`c`htks prkmuzhmks pkr hot`rv`oîð`s oi ér`i mi Qi÷m`. @ssi krniohziîák `x`ra` ue pip`l hepr`sahomåv`l quiotk äs hockreiîð`s skfr` ks `c`htks mk auhmimk ä si÷m` mhspkoåv`l pkr tkmk k euomk, isshe akek prkmuz`e ` mhss`ehoie i VQL, t`omk akek kfg`tk is hot`rv`oîð`s iks auhmimks ä si÷m`, prkekv`omk i `vhmçoahi ah`otåai (@L MHF, 644>). Akoshm`riomk-s` i r`l`væoahi mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai piri i prkmuîák mk akoj`ahe`otk `e ér`is mhv`rsis, k A`otrk Akajrio` mk Frishl (6443) m`stiai qu` sui ehssák è pr`pirir, eiot`r ` iss`nurir k ia`ssk äs V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais skfr` ks `c`htks mis hot`rv`oîð`s m` si÷m`. Q`u prhoahpil kfg`thvk è `lifkrir, eiot`r ` mhvulnir V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais m` `osihks alåohaks riomkehzimks, s`omk akoshm`rimk k e`ljkr oåv`l m` `vhmçoahis piri m`ahsð`s `e Qi÷m`.
I V @SHQÁK QHQ]@EÉ]HAI MI L H]@VI]PVI @E @MPAIÎÁK Akostruåmk k ekm`lk m` VQL, ckh `oták hosthtuåmi uei krniohziîák mhr`ahkoimi piri prkmuzhr V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais oi ér`i skahil. Isshe, `e 9888, i pirthr pir thr mis hm`his hm`hi s mk Mr. Mr. Mkoilm . . Aiepf`ll, e`efrk e `efrk mi Iaim`ehi Iaim` ehi Oiahkoil m` Ahçoahis mks @stimks Pohmks, cuomku-s` i Aklifkriîák Aiepf`ll, i quil pr`akohzivi qu` is r`ckreis nkv`roie`otihs m`v`rhie s`r akoa`fhmis akek `xp`rhe`otks skahihs, ` qu` i `vhmçoahi ah`otåai pkm`rhi r`muomir `e e`ljkr`s préthais pklåthais ` skahihs piri i pkpuliîák. O`ss` s`othmk, i Aklifkriîák Aiepf`ll ckh hosthtuåmi piri akotrhfuhr ake
V`vhsð`s m` fki quilhmim` skfr` iskahil `aéahi m` hot`rv`oîð`s `muaiîák,Qhst`eéthais arhehoilhmim` ` gusthîi ` f`e-`stir (JKEIQ, 644>).`e Oi m`c`si mis préthais fis`imis `e `vhmçoahis, Mivh`s, Jutl`s ` Qehtj (6444) akoshm`rie hepkrtiot` qu` i préthai `muaiahkoil ifiomko` s`us arhtèrhks m` gulnie`otk ekril piri ituiîák ` hoakrpkr` k akoj`ahe`otk m` préthai fis`imi `e `vhmçoahis, i e m` qu` k r`sultimk trini l`nhthehmim` ä préthai prksshkoil mk `muaimkr. `muaimkr. @e 6441, k Ehohstèrhk mi @muaiîák mks @stimks Pohmks gé `ocithzivi i hepl`e`otiîák m` iîð`s m` pklåthais `muaiahkoihs, ` i e`ljkrhi oi quilhmim` mi `muaiîák piri tkmis is arhioîis, ake i hm`hi qu`, ok `oshok, is préthais p`minñnhais m`v`e s`r akeprkvimis `e m` t`reks m` `aéahi, piri k trifiljk `e sili m` iuli. Aif` m`stiair qu` ks m`c`oskr`s mi
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L V. K. T. O (K.)
`muaiîák fis`imi `e `vhmçoahis irnue`otie qu` is V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais Qhst`eéthais vhifhlhzie k usk m` r`sultimks mis p`squhsis `xhst`ot`s, piri `lifkriîák ` lifkriîák m` pklåthais p÷flhais ` ckreiîák prksshkoil (C@VV@HVI, 6448). I e m` akoa`m`r eihs ar`mhfhlhmim` ä TF@, ckrie arhimks okv` okv` prhoaåphks a`otrihs oks quihs k trifiljk mi Aiepf`ll Akllifkrithko ` mi Akajrio` Akllifkrithko s` cuomie`otie7 9. Aklifkrir, Aklifkrir, `stheuliomk hot`roi ` `xt`roie`ot` ` xt`roie`ot` is fkis akeuohaiîð`s, i tkeimi m` m`ahsð`s if`rti ` k trifiljk `e `quhp`. 6. rifiljir i pirthr mk `otushisek mks homhvåmuks, `ovklv`omk `ovklv`omk ` ipkhiomk p`sskis m` mhc`r`ot`s jifhlhmim`s ` ckreiîð`s. 1. @vhtir i muplhaiîák m`so`a`ssérhi, pkr e`hk m` fki n`sták ` akkrm`oiîák piri niriothr niriothr i `akokehi mi hohahithvi. =. Ehohehzir k vhès, pkr e`hk m` uei sèrh` m` ifkrmin`os, akek k aueprhe`otk m` pimrð`s `l`vimks m` `vhmçoahi ah`otåai, niriothomk pirthahpiîák iepli ` `vhtiomk akosthtks m` hot`r`ss`. 0. Eiot`r-s` ituilhzimk, pkr e`hk m` ue akeprkehssk piri niriothr qu` is r`vhsð`s mi Aiepf`ll s`gie eiothmis pkr e`hk mi hm`othaiîák ` hoakrpkriîák m` okvis `vhmçoahis. 3. Lutir p`li r`l`væoahi, prkekv`omk i ivilhiîák m` pklåthais ` préthais qu` us`e r`sultimks qu` s`gie hepkrtiot`s piri is p`sskis. >. Trkekv`r k ia`ssk, pkr e`hk m` mhss`ehoiîák iepli mi prkmuîák mi aklifkriîák, iprkv`htiomk is ilhioîis `stritènhais ` prkekv`omk pr`îks, akot`÷mk ` e`hks im`quimks, piri it`om`r is o`a`sshmim`s mks usuérhks `e tkmk k euomk. :. Niriothr quilhmim`, s`omk if`rtks ` l`viomk `e akoti is aråthais, iplhaiomk ks ivioîks `e e`tkmklknhi ` m`s`ovklv`omk shst`eis m` e`ljkrhi m` quilhmim`. 8. Akothouir niriothomk qu` i r`spkosifhlhmim` pkr ivilhiîð`s, prka`ssks `mhtkrhihs ` cuoîð`s hepkrtiot`s s`gi eiothmi ` r`okvimi. (JKEIQ.644>, p. =4).
Ok aueprhe`otk mk qu` ckh r`litimk itè k pr`s`ot` eke`otk, skfr` i V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri (VQL), i `x`auîák mk prka`ssk mhinoñsthak, ` i ekfhlhziîák m` tèaohais ` m` prka`mhe`otks m` hot`rv`oîák, oi ér`i `muaiahkoil pkm`rák s`r ekohtkrimis ä luz mks r`sultimks mi p`squhsi ah`otåai. @e s` tritiomk m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil/@muaiîák Hoalushvi, k ekm`lk VQL sun`r` i o`a`sshmim` m` mkeåohk ieplk mk akoj`ahe`otk, pkr pirt` mk prksshkoil, r`lithvk, pkr `x`eplk, i issuotks qu` trit`e mk usk m` rñtulks ` m` shst`eis alisshaitñrhks kahihs mis m`ahçoahis,
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akoshm`riomk-s` tiefèe i hot`osi virhifhlhmim` i qu` `sták `xpkstks ks homhvåmuks oák hoaluåmks. Ik lkonk mk t`epk, i @muaiîák @sp`ahil v`e s` uthlhziomk m` vérhis e`tkmklknhis ` thpks m` m`lho`ie`otks m` p`squhsi7 i) p`squhsi `xp`rhe`otil2 p`squhsi m` ÷ohak2 a)m`p`squhsi ` m) p`squhsi f)quilhtithvi, pirisug`htk hm`othaiîák préthais akrr`liahkoil2 `muaiahkoihs `aiz`s (JKVO@V `t il., 644=). Pei p`squhsi m` ilti quilhmim` `e V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai è prkg`timi piri hoaluhr ` `xaluhr r`sultimks m` `stumks prheérhks, fusaiomk i quilhmim` mi e`tkmklknhi `epr`nimi. Ilnuos lhvrks mhméthaks skfr` i p`squhsi `muaiahkoil m`sar`v`e i e`tkmklknhi `, ok `otiotk, m`hxie m` ckro`a`r hockreiîð`s suahotis ku akepr``osåv`hs skfr` homhaimkr`s ÷t`hs piri p`sskis qu` oák tçe ckreiîák `e oåv`l m` pñsnrimuiîák `e e`tkmklknhi m` p`squhsi (KMKE `t il., 6440). @otr`tiotk, ks homhaimkr`s m` quilhmim` sák r`aursks m` p`squhsi qu` r`pr`s`otie i iplhaiîák rhnkrksi m` e`tkmklknhi piri qu`stð`s m` hot`r`ss`, ` s`rv`e iks s`nuhot`s prkpñshtks7 i) piri p`squhsimkr`s qu` pr`t`om`e prkg`tir ` akomuzhr p`squhsis2 f) piri r`vhskr`s qu` ivilhie i “ar`mhfhlhmim`― mks iajimks m` p`squhsi2 ` a) piri ks akosuehmkr`s qu` pr`ahsie m`t`rehoir i “uthlhmim`― mi p`squhsi `oakotrimi ok akot`xtk prksshkoil, ku s`gi, k m` s` akomuzhr p`squhsis mhr`ahkoimis oi hepl`e`otiîák m` okvis préthais ku mis e`ljkr`s préthais p`minñnhais, k qu` heplhai r`vhsák ` vilhmiîák m` prka`mhe`otks. O`ssi p`rsp`athvi, vil` krh`otir k hot`r`ss` m` `muaimkr`s piri iprkmuzhmk V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri (VQL), vhstk qu` inr`nir k sif`r gé` `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil/@muaiîák Hoalushvi, s`l`ahkoé-lk iplhaé-lk akotrhfuh skfr`eio`hri piri is e`ljkr`s préthais p`minñnhais, isshe akek piri k `c`thvk ipr`omhzimk `saklir mks iluoks. Ik ifkrmir k t`ei Tréthai Fis`imi `e @vhmçoahi (TF@) oi @muaiîák @sp`ahil, sák akoshm`rimks p`lk e`oks trçs isp`atks m` r`l`væoahi7 i) è m` hepkrtæoahi, piri k prkc`sskr, i `vhmçoahi m` qu` i V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai iss`nuri i iplhaifhlhmim` m` uei préthai prksshkoil ake r`spilmk ah`otåak2 f) jé hepkrtæoahi piri k iluok oi hepl`e`otiîák m`ssis préthais qu` akotrhfu`e piri k m`s`ovklvhe`otk m` akep`tçoahis, civkr`a`omk, isshe, ks prka`ssks m` `oshok ` m` ipr`omhzin`e2 ` a) iss`nuri eihkr hov`sthe`otk `e iîð`s m` pklåthais p÷flhais ckaimis oi @muaiîák @sp`ahil/@muaiîák Hoalushvi.
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K TIQQK I V @SHQÁK I TIQQK MI V @SHQÁK QHQ]@EÉ]HAI
I V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri (VQL) r`pr`s`oti uei ckrei ioilåthai m` mhr`ahkoir prkg`tks ` p`squhsis qu` tçe akek kfg`thvk hm`othair okvis prkpkstis m` hov`sthniîð`s ah`otåais, m`lhehtiomk eètkmks cr`qu`ot`e`ot` piri aimi ér`i (QIETIHK2 (QIETIH K2 EIOAHOH, 644>). riti-s` m` uei uthlhzimks ckrei plio`gimi mi lht`rituri ah`otåai qu` `l`n` ` ioilhsi ks `stumks eihs r`l`viot`s, akockre` aimi qu`sták ckreulimi. Akoshm`riomk, i hepkrtæoahi mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai piri i préthai fis`imi `e `vhmçoahi, s`rák ipr`s`otimis is s`t` `tipis `epr`nimis piri i akomuîák mi VQ, m` iakrmk ake ks pr`a`htks mk Akajrio` (Jiomfkkb) ` Aiepf`ll Aklifkrithko7 9. Ckreuliîák Ckreuliîák m` uei p`rnuoti r`l`viot`. 6. Fusai oi lht`rituri m` irthnks alåohaks r`l`viot`s. 1. =. 0. 3. >.
Ioélhs` aråthai mis `vhmçoahis `vhmçoahis `e r`liîák ä vilhmim` vilhmim` ` iplhaifhlhmim`. Akl`ti m` mimks. Ioélhs` ` ipr`s`otiîák mks mimks. Hot`rpr`tiîák mks mimks. Ip`rc`hîkie`otk ` ituilhziîák mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai
I s`nuhr s`nuhr,, oi Chn Chnuri uri 9, k stuxknriei mis `tipis piri i r`ilhziîák mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai.
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Chnuri Chn uri 9 - Cluxknriei mi `stritènhi mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri Tiri akepkr sui VQ, k p`squhsimkr m`v` uthlhzir sui `xp`rhçoahi prksshkoil ` l`hturi prèvhi skfr` i t`eéthai skf hov`sthniîák. I l`hturi m` irthnks ` V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais oi ér`i ckro`a`e phstis shnohaithvis piri kQhst`eéthai hoåahk m` uei Qhst`eéthai. S`rhair iks S`rhair i `xhstçoahi m` uei ilaioîir V`vhsák akeV`vhsák ks kfg`thvks s`e`ljiot`s qu` pr`t`om` m`v` cizç-lk r`tkeir i qu`sták ` `struturé-li m` ckrei qu` oák r`phti i e`sei r`vhsák, aiusiomk `sckrîks iaimçehaks m`so`a`ssérhks. Oi fusai m` e`ljkr`s `vhmçoahis, akek `e quilqu`r p`squhsi, i prhe`hri ` eihs hepkrtiot` m`ahsák è arhir ue ckak `sp`aåak m` p`squhsi, triosckreiomk k prkfl`ei `e uei qu`sták (VHAJIVMQKO `t il., 9880). Tissk 9 ↖ O`sti prhe`hri `tipi mi VQ, k p`squhsimkr pr`ahsi `lifkrir i prñprhi p`rnuoti m` p`squhsi, ok s`othmk m` m`t`rehoir i `struturi m` sui V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai. Ilèe mhssk, `xhst`e ilnuos akepko`ot`s-ajiv` piri uei qu`sták f`e-ckreulimi (AKPOQ@LL, 988>2 VHAJIVMQKO `t il., 9880), qu` m`v`e s`r hoaluåmks akek arhtèrhks oi s`l`îák m` `stumks
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piri r`vhsák. Ks akepko`ot`s-ajiv` sák7 i) k thpk m` m`lho`ie`otk m` p`squhsi2 f) k thpk m` pirthahpiot`2 a) k thpk m` hot`rv`oîák2 ` m) ks thpks m` m`sc`ajks m` hot`r`ss`. Hohahile`ot`, i qu`sták heplhaimi oi p`squhsi m`v`ré s`r ckreulimi ` shot`thzimi iarýohek Thak, qu` akotèe tkmks ks akepko`ot`s-ajiv` ahtimksp`lk iot`rhkre`ot`, akoshm`rimks hepr`sahomåv`hs piri iuxhlhir oi fusai pkr `vhmçoahis7 T ‑ Tkpuliîák, H ‑ hot`rv`oîák, A ‑ akepiriîák, K (kutake`s ) ‑ r`sultimk. I ckreuliîák mi p`rnuoti ake k usk mi `stritènhi Thak pksshfhlhti i m`ohîák mks arhtèrhks m` `l`nhfhlhmim` mis puflhaiîð`s. Isshe, i p`rnuoti m` p`squhsi m`v` s`r krh`otimi pkr `ss`s quitrk `l`e`otks, k qu` p`reht` m`lhehtir f`e k qu` `sté s`omk prkauriomk oks `stumks. Kutrk auhmimk hepkrtiot` o`sti `tipi è akepr``om`r qu` is pilivris qu` akepð`e k iarýohek Thak sák uthlhzimis akek m`sarhtkr`s oi fusai mis puflhaiîð`s. @e uei V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai, i s`l`îák m` aimi m`sarhtkr ku pilivri-ajiv` è r`ilhzimi oks t`siurks m` fusai, vkaifulérhk akotrklimk ake i oilhmim` m` s`rvhr akek lhonuin`e ÷ohai piri hov`sthniîák mis hockreiîð`s `e fis` m` mimks `l`trýohais (KQHW, 6494). Ilèe mk eihs, p`reht`e i ioélhs` m`tiljimi mks irthnks hom`ximks, vhifhlhziomk ik p`squhsimkr i r`aup`riîák m` issuotks `e fis`s m` mimks hepkrtiot`s. @otr`tiotk, piri kft`r-s` eihkr ifrionçoahi oi akl`tæo`i m` `stumks, sun`r`-s` tiefèe i uthlhziîák m` t`reks lhvr`s, ilèe mks m`sarhtkr`s pimrð`s. Aif` r`ssiltir qu`, quiotk eihs pr`ahsi è i p`rnuoti, eihs `sp`aåai è i r`vhsák, `, isshe, `li pissi i s`r aruahil piri `oakotrir i `vhmçoahi eihs im`quimi piri r`sklv`r k prkfl`ei mi p`squhsi (JHNNHOQ `t il., 6440). Tissk 6 ↖ Ake ks m`sarhtkr`s gé m`t`rehoimks, oi s`nuomi `tipi mi VQL k p`squhsimkr m`v` m`t`rehoir ` akefhoir ks kp`rimkr`s fkkl`ioks “IOM― “KV― ` “OK―, m` iakrmk ake is pirthaulirhmim`s m` aimi fis` m` mimks p`squhsimi, ku s`gi, ipñs m`ohr quil s`ré i p`rnuoti krh`otimkri mi p`squhsi, ciz-s` o`a`ssérhi i krniohziîák ehouahksi quiotk ä `stritènhi m` fusai mks irthnks. È hepr`sahomåv`l qu` k p`squhsimkr t`oji uei `stritènhi m` fusai f`e-ckreulimi m` ekmk i vhifhlhzir i r`spksti
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piri i p`rnuoti mi p`squhsi, r`aup`rir is `vhmçoahis ois fis`s m` mimks ` a`otrilhzir k `sakpk mi p`squhsi (F@VOIVMK2 OKFV@2 GI@O@, 644=2 EIEÈMHK2 IOMVPAHKLH2 APA@, 644>). @sti `tipi mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai m`v` prhkrhzir i s`l`îák mis prhoahpihs pirieiouil lkailhziîák `stumks, mis fis`smim`ér`i. mimks `l`trýohais,ckot`s mi fusai ` mkmks akotitk akeitrivès p`squhsimkr`s Is prhoahpihs fis`s m` mimks `l`trýohais uthlhzimis `e V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais Iustrilhio ckaimis `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil, sák7 @rha, Frhthsj @muaithko Hom`x, Iustrilhio @muaithko Hom`x, AFAI @muaithko, @muaithko7 I Qin` Cull-t`xt Akll`athko2 @muaithko Ifstr Ifstriats iats (QIOKQ2 QKPWI, 6494), m`sarhtis i s`nuhr. I fis` m` mimks @rha è i eihkr ckot` m` hockreiîák `xhst`ot` oi ér`i `muaiahkoil, akot`omk eihs m` 804 ehl r`sueks m` mkaue`otks ` irthnks m` p`rhñmhaks ah`otåaks m` préthai ` p`squhsi `e @muaiîák. K usuérhk pkm` ia`ssé-li vhi hot`ro`t, vhi Nkpj`r ku itrivès m` r`m`s p÷flhais. @sti fis` m` mimks è ituilhzimi e`osile`ot` ` pkm` s`r `oakotrimi `e v`rsák hepr`ssi ok p`rhñmhak V`skura`s ho @muaithko iom Aurr`ot Åom`x k Gkuroils ho @muaithko. I fis` m` mimks Frhthsj @muaithko Hom`x è è ue åomha` qu` ckro`a` hockreiîð`s r`c`r`oahihs skfr` p`squhsis, pklåthais ` préthais oi ér`i m` @muaiîák ok V`hok Pohmk. Ifrion` isp`atks mi pklåthai `muaiahkoil, k usk m` t`aoklknhis oi @muaiîák, ks eètkmks m` n`sták ` ivilhiîák, @muaiîák @sp`ahil ` `muaiîák mk prè-`saklir ik `oshok sup`rhkr. Is ckot`s hoalu`e r`vhstis, lhvrks, r`litñrhks, sèrh`s ` t`xtks m` akoc`rçoahis, s`omk `e sui eihkrhi puflhaimks ok V`hok Pohmk. Pohmk. Iustrilhio ilhio @muaithko Hom`x akosthtuh-s` I Iustr akosthtuh-s` ok Åomha` m` @muaiîák iustrilhiok, ` è uei fis` m` mimks fhflhknréai qu` akotèe eihs m` 904 ehl r`sueks, ifrion`omk k p`råkmk m` 98>: itè k pr`s`ot`. È i eihkr ckot` m` mimks skfr` @muaiîák mi Iustrélhi, ` i hockreiîák o`li akothmi è ituilhzimi e`osile`ot`. Pe rhnkrksk prka`ssk m` s`l`îák niriot` qu` i akf`rturi mi p`squhsi `e @muaiîák iustrilhioi s`gi ifrion`ot` ` r`sthti is t`omçoahis ` préthais m` `oshok, ipr`omhzin`e ` n`sták mi @muaiîák. V`litñrhks, lhvrks, irthnks m` r`vhstis trifiljks ipr`s`otimks `e akonr`ssks, aipåtulks m` lhvrks ` t`s`s sák hom`ximks usiomk-s` k ]`siurus Iustrilhiok m` M`sarhtkr`s mi @muaiîák.
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I AFAI @muaithko è akepksti m` uei fis` m` mimks fhflhknréai ` mk Mhr`tñrhk m` @muaiîák aioim`os`. @sti fis` m` mimks ckro`a` ahtiîð`s m` lht`rituri `muaiahkoil puflhaimi ok p`råkmk 98>3-988: (iot`rhkre`ot` ajieimk m` Åomha` m` @muaiîák Aioim`os`). M`sm` 988>, k AFAI @muaithko kc`r`a`, ilèe m` ahtiîð`s, k t`xtk akepl`tk m` irthnks skfr` @muaiîák i pirthr m` ue ieplk `sp`atrk m` gkroihs ` r`vhstis aioim`os`s. Ckro`a`, ihomi, hom`xiîák ä lht`rituri oi ér`i mi @muaiîák puflhaimi `e irthnks mk Aioimi Gkuroil , r`litñrhks nkv`roie`otihs ` m` p`squhsi, ekoknriis, io÷oahks m` lhvrks, mkaue`otks aurrhaulir`s ` mhss`rtiîð`s m` pñs-nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák. I Qin` Cull-t`xt Akll`athko è uei fis` m` mimks qu` hoaluh k t`xtk akepl`tk m` 66 r`vhstis puflhaimis p`li Qin` ` skah`mim`s pirthahpiot`s, ifrion`omk eihs m` khtk ehl irthnks. Akfr` t`eis akek imultks ` `muaiîák akothouimi, ivilhiîák, `muaiîák eulthlåonu`, ér`is m` akot`÷mk, aurråaulk, `muaiîák hociothl, n`sták `muaiahkoil, pklåthai `muaiahkoil, pshaklknhi `muaiahkoil, `muaiîák `l`e`otir ` prheérhi, cieålhi ` akeuohmim`, `oshok sup`rhkr, `muaiîák hot`roiahkoil, lhm`rioîi, `muaiîák eulthaulturil ` mhv`rshmim`, lkski mi `muaiîák, m`s`ovklvhe`otk prksshkoil, eètkmks m` p`squhsi ` ivilhiîák, iakos`ljie`otk `saklir, oioîis, `sakli ` krîie`otk, k oioahie`otk `saklir, si÷m` `saklir, i r`ckrei mi `sakli, @muaiîák @sp`ahil ` `muaiîák m` sup`rmktimks, okreis, `oshok ` hostruîák, eètkmks m` `oshok, t`aoklknhi, t`krhi mi `muaiîák ` ckreiîák prksshkoil. Ifstriats iats ckro`a` I @muaithko Ifstr ckro`a` hom`xiîák ` r`sueks piri a`ot`ois
m` ` iouérhks. @sti fis`` m` ifrion` uei`stumiot`s iepli niei m` r`vhstis, issuotkslhvrks r`c`r`ot`s ä @muaiîák è mimks ho`stheév`l piri m` @muaiîák, prksshkoihs ` m`ahskr`s pklåthaks. Tkssuh hom`xiîák ` r`sueks m` eihs m` 3:4 r`vhstis ` iouérhks mitimks m` 98:1, ` hom`xiîák m` lhvrks skfr` @muaiîák puflhaimks i pirthr m` 9880. Muriot` i s`l`îák mi `stritènhi m` fusai, k p`squhsimkr m`v` akot`eplir i s`oshfhlhmim` m` fusai ioilhsiomk vérhis ckot`s m` hockreiîák, hoaluhomk gkroihs `sp`ahilhzimks ` akotitk ake `sp`ahilhstis mi ér`i m` hot`r`ss`, ake k kfg`thvk m` ehohehzir i p`rmi m` `stumks hepkrtiot`s (JHNNHOQ2 NV@@O, 6440).
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Tissk 1 ↖ Oi t`ra`hri `tipi mi VQ, k iutkr m`v` s`l`ahkoir ks `stumks, ake fis` oks arhtèrhks gé m`t`rehoimks, itrivès mk pr``oajhe`otk m` ckreulérhk `sp`ahaie`ot` `lifkrimk p`lk iutkr, m` ckrei i akomuzhr aimi `stumk, `xaluhomk mi lht`rituri k qu` oák pr``oaji k prkpñshtk mi p`squhsi. Tkr e`hk mi `xplkriîák aråthai, ivilhiîák ` såot`s`, i V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai s`piri k hoshnohaiot` ku r`muomiot`, oi lht`rituri mks `stumks r`l`viot`s, arhthaiomk i sui r`l`væoahi ` vilhmim` (AKPOQ@LL, 988>2 EPLVK^2 AKKB2 MISHMKCC, 988>). È p`rtho`ot` qu` jigi eihs m` ue r`vhskr piri i s`l`îák mks `stumks. Tissk = ↖ Oi quirti `tipi mi VQ, piri i akl`ti mks mimks, m`v`es` eiot`r ks mkhs r`vhskr`s piri aj`ain`e mis hoalusð`s ` `xalusð`s. Yuiotk ä `x`auîák m` uei V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai, ue mks arhtèrhks hepkrtiot`s piri i sui r`ilhziîák è i o`a`sshmim` m` mkhs r`vhskr`s, `quhpie`otks akeputimkr`s ` iplhaithvks - ` jifhlhmim`s mk p`squhsimkr - `lifkriîák ` `stritènhis m` fusai, s`l`îák m` `stumks, ivilhiîák aråthai mks `stumks hoaluåmks oi r`vhsák (@l MHF, 644>). È hepkrtiot` qu` aimi r`vhskr t`oji `xp`rhçoahi prksshkoil oi ér`i ` `e p`squhsi iaimçehai, piri ivilhir s`nurie`ot` k m`lho`ie`otk mk `stumk ` i ckrei akek ckh akomuzhmi aimi p`squhsi ` s`us r`sultimks. I `ssi `tipi sák iar`sa`otimks i m`mhnohmim` ` k vilkr mk trifiljk `e `quhp` piri i érmui tir`ci mi ivilhiîák aråthai m` aimi `stumk, akoshm`riomks` ks m`siks ` prkpñshtks `ovklvhmks `e uei r`uohák akos`osuil piri aj`ain`e mks mimks hoaluåmks (@SIOQ, 6441). Tissk 0 ↖ Oi quhoti `tipi mi VQ, i ioélhs` ` ipr`s`otiîák mks mimks pkm`e s`r inrupimis akockre` i s`e`ljioîi `otr` ks `stumks, pkm`omk s` tkroir uei e`tioélhs`. Akoj`a`r prkcuomie`ot` k aiepk m` e`tkmklknhi m` p`squhsi ` m` ioélhs` `stitåsthai è uei akomhîák cuomie`otil piri qu` ks p`squhsimkr`s r`ilhz`e, ake sua`ssk, i akomuîák mi VQL (QIETIHK2 EIOAHOH, 644>). Tissk 3 ↖ Oi p`o÷lthei `tipi mi VQ, k p`squhsimkr r`ilhzi i hot`rpr`tiîák mks mimks, i pirthr mi `vhmçoahi, s`gi `li `oakotrimi ku oák. @xplioir ks mimks mi VQ p`reht` ik p`squhsimkr v`rhair is heplhaiîð`s m`st` `stumk oi préthai prksshkoil ` m`t`rehoir tiefèe is heplhaiîð`s piri is cuturis p`squhsis oi ér`i.
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Tissk > ↖ iotk Akajrio` quiotk Aiepf`ll Aklifkrithko sun`r`e qu` aimi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai s`gi r`nhstrimi `e sui fis` m` mimks ` ituilhzimi i aimi trçs ioks. @sti è i ÷lthei `tipi mi VQ, ` i gusthaithvi piri s`u ip`rc`hîkie`otk s` mé oi e`mhmi qu` p`squhsis prheérhis sák r`ilhzimis. I hoalusák m`ss`s mimks oi r`vhsák p`reht` iue`otir k pkm`r mi `vhmçoahi mk `stumk, iprhekriomk ` ituilhziomk i VQL `e akoguotk ake i préthai fis`imi `e `vhmçoahi mk prksshkoil. AKOQHM@VIÎÐ@Q CHOIHQ I V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`rituri (VQL) m`spkoti okvks akoj`ahe`otks skfr` ks rueks mk p`osie`otk hoalushkohsti oi ituilhmim`, akotrhfuhomk cuomie`otile`ot` oi n`sták mis e`ljkr`s préthais. È, m` citk, ue hepkrtiot` r`aursk e`tkmklñnhak, aipiz m` inr`nir i nr`nir `stumks `epårhaks ake k kfg`thvk m` m`t`atir i `vhmçoahi ah`otåai piri i qu`sták pr`t`omhmi p`lk p`squhsimkr. Pei V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai `xhn` rhnkr e`tkmklñnhak `e tkmis is `tipis m` s`u plio`gie`otk, m`sm` k kfg`thvk ` i p`rnuoti hohahil mi p`squhsi, pkst`rhkre`ot`, oi fusai ifrion`ot` ois fis`s m` mimks, oks arhtèrhks m` `l`nhfhlhmim`, hoalusák ` `xalusák m` eit`rhil fhflhknréak, oi ivilhiîák mi quilhmim` mks `stumks s`l`ahkoimks `, pkr e, oi ioélhs` aråthai mks r`sultimks. I quilhmim` m` uei V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai m`p`om` mi akomhîák qu` ks `stumks prheérhks s` fis`hie, ` ok rhnkr rhnkr,, oi triospirçoahi mks arhtèrhks m` hoalusák ` oi `xalusák uthlhzimks p`lks p`squhsimkr`s. È homhsautåv`l qu` i V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai m`vi s`r uei préthai akostiot` piri issuotks m` hoalusák mi mhv`rshmim`, p`li ifrionçoahi ` prkprh`mim` ah`otåai qu` o`li s` iprkprhi. Mhc`r`ot`s ér`is mk akoj`ahe`otk akek pshaklknhi, si÷m` p÷flhai, e`mhahoi, arhehoklknhi ` isshstçoahi skahil kfthv`rie çxhtk oi `x`auîák mis V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais (T@HAV@^2 VKF@VQ, 6448). Ks m`smkfrie`otks t`ñrhaks ` préthaks mi V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai sák, r`suehmie`ot`, ks s`nuhot`s7 i) `stif`l`a`r ue piokriei mis prkmuîð`s ah`otåais mi ér`i2 f) vhifhlhzir ` iss`nurir iks n`stkr`s m` pklåthais p÷flhais i imehohstriîák m` r`aursks, i pirthr mis `vhmçoahis ah`otåais oktimie`ot` `oakotrimis `e p`squhsis skfr` @muaiîák ` trifiljk2 a) m`s`ovklv`r, oks prksshkoihs hoalushkohstis, akep`tçoahis piri i uthlhziîák mis e`ljkr`s préthais, tiotk oi `sakli quiotk ok iefh`ot` lifkril, ` qu` is fusqu`e itrivès m` V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais, akek tiefèe ois V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais
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akepl`tis2 ` m) niriothr äs p`sskis ake o`a`sshmim`s `sp`ahihs i `muaiîák ` is akomhîð`s m` trifiljk jueiohzimis, `e akockrehmim` ake i `vhmçoahi ah`otåai. I akoshm`riîák mi préthai fis`imi `e `vhmçoahis t`e l`vimk euhtks p`squhsimkr`s i m`fit`r i oitur`zi mis prkvis, m` ckrei qu` mhv`rsks thpks m` p`squhsi ` m` akoj`ahe`otk m`v`e s`r akoshm`rimks akek ckot`s l`nåtheis m` `vhmçoahi ah`otåai. iefèe, quiomk s` triti m` hoaluhr p`sskis, jé uei `okre` pr`kaupiîák quiotk ä quilhmim` mk akoj`ahe`otk ah`otåak prkmuzhmk ` m` qu` eio`hri è iplhaimk. @ssi qu`sták s` tkroi r`l`viot` quiomk s` akoshm`ri qu` i t`krhi ` i préthai r`st`t`e oi quilhmim` tiotk mk ipr`omhzimk mk iluok quiotk oi vhmi mk trifiljimkr. Isshe, piri qu` s` prkekvi i hoalusák mks jhstkrhaie`ot` `xaluåmks, k prksshkoil m`v`ré m`ahmhr ake fis` ois `vhmçoahis ah`otåais. Ilèe mhssk, m`v`ré akoj`a`r k p`raursk e`tkmklñnhak mi VQL ` aulthvir k jéfhtk m` ia`ssir ckot`s m` mimks `l`trýohais qu` civkr`îie k ia`ssk ä hockreiîák. Aif` iks akkrm`oimkr`s mks aursks m` nrimuiîák ` m` pñs-nrimuiîák hoa`othvir `stumks prheérhks, V`vhsð`s Qhst`eéthais ` e`tioélhs`s. Ks `v`otuihs `otriv`s oi tir`ci m` r`vhsir shst`eithaie`ot` i lht`rituri skfr` i hoalusák mi mhv`rshmim` oák s` gusthaie p`lk `xa`ssk m` hockreiîð`s i qu` `sták `xpkstks ks p`squhsimkr`s. Ioil m` akotis, ks ivioîks mi `aoklknhi mi Hockreiîák oks p`reht`e ia`ssk céahl, `e t`epk r`il, i ehljir`s m` a`ot`ois m` akot`÷mks fhflhknréaks mhspkoåv`hs oks shst`eis m` fusai ko-lho` . K hepiss` ituil r`shm`, gustie`ot`, oi hepksshfhlhmim` m` s` t`r ia`ssk i “tkmk k akoj`ahe`otk prkmuzhmk―, e`sek `e s` tritiomk m` ue ÷ohak tñphak m` p`squhsi. Ilèe mhssk, `ss` vklue` `xa`sshvk m` hockreiîð`s è citkr akotrhfuhot` piri i skfr`airni aknohthvi mks p`squhsimkr`s. Miå i o`a`sshmim` m` s`r`e eip`imis akep`tçoahis aråthais, is akr` akep`t`oah`s , ok hotuhtk m` pr`piré-lks piri i akostruîák m` homhaimkr`s, is tkeimis m` m`ahsák, k gulnie`otk ` i s`l`îák mis e`ljkr`s préthais hoalushvis, fis`imis ok akoj`ahe`otk ah`otåak prkmuzhmk. V @C@VÇOAHIQ @C@VÇOAHIQ IO@Q N.2 KZEIO I.M (@m). (@m). ]` Akajrio` Akllifkrithko ho tj` 64tj A`otury. Ho @nn`r E.2 Qehtj, N.M.2 Ilteio, M.N. Qyst`eitha V`vh`ws ho J`iltj Air` 7 e`ti-ioilyshs ho akot`xt. Lkomr`s7 FEG Tuflhsjhon Nrkup2 Nrkup2 6449. p. ==>-00:.
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IILLIJ, I. O. K qu` è i Akajrio` Lhfriry; V`vhsti Mhinoñsthak ritie`otk, Qák I Tiulk, v.>, v.>, o.9, p.1=-10, 6446. Mhspkoåv`l `e7 94>84. Ia`ssk `e7 91 s`t. 6496. MISH@Q, J.2 JPL@X, Q.2 QEHJ, T. Hotrkmuahon @vhm`oa`-Fis`m Tklhay iom Triatha` ho Tuflha Q`rvha`s. Ho7 ^jit ^krbs; ^krbs; @vhm`oa`-Fis`m Tklha Tklhayy iom Tr Triatha` iatha` ho tj` Tuflha Q`rvha`s. Frhstkl7 Tklhay Tr`ss, 6444. p.9-96.
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MISH@Q, T. ^jit hs @vhm`oa`-Fis`m @muaithko; Frhthsj Gkuroil kc @muaithkoil Qtumh`s , v.=3>, o.6, p.94:-69, 9888. MXFÁ, .2 .2 BHAJ@OJIE, F.I.2 GKVN@OQ@O, E. @vhm`oa`-Fis`m Qkctwir` @onho``rhon ckr Triaththko`rs. H@@@7 skctwir`, v.66, v.66, o.9, p.0:-30, 6440. @L MHF, V. T. T. Akek prithair i e`mhahoi fis`imi `e `vhmçoahis. G. visa. fris., Tkrtk Il`nr`, v.3, v.3, o.9, 644>. Mhspkoåv`l Mhspkoåv`l `e7 444944449&lon5`?. t&phm5Q93>0==8644 >444944449&lon5`?. Ia`ssk `e7 4= m`z. 6491. 6491. @SIOQ, M. Jh`rirajy kc @vhm`oa`7 i crie`wkrb @SIOQ, crie` wkrb ckr riobhon `vhm`oa` `viluithon j`iltjair` hot`rv`othkos. G. Alho Ours .,., v.96, p.>>-:=, 6441. C@VV@HVI, E. Q. I uthlhziîák mk akoj`ahe`otk ah`otåak7 uei mhsaussák skfr` is p`squhsis `muaiahkoihs ` i ckreuliîák m` pklåthais. Tr Tréxhs éxhs @muaithvi . Tkoti Nrkssi, v.=, o.6, p.961-914, 6448. JHNNHOQ, G.T..2 NV@@O, Q. Akajrio` Jiomfkkb ckr Qyst`eitha V`vh`ws kc Hot`rv`othkos. 6440. S`rshko S`rshko 0.9.4 Rupmit`m Eiraj 6499U. ]` Akajrio` Akllifkrithko, 6499. Mhspkoåv`l `e7 8, 644=. Mhspkoåv`l `e7 jttp7//www.cr``w`fs.ake/lkwvhshkostuffl/Qh jttp7//www .cr``w`fs.ake/lkwvhshkostuffl/Qhonl`[Qufg`at.pmc. onl`[Qufg`at.pmc. Ia`ssk `e7 94 kut. 6491. G@OOHONQ, F.E.2 LKIO L.I. Ehsakoa`pthkos iekon ours`s ifkut `vhm`oa`-fis`m Ourshon Qajklirsjhp. v.11, o.6, p.69-96>, 6449. priatha`. Gkuroil kc Ourshon BJIO, B. `t il. Pom`rtibhon Qyst`eitha V`vh`ws kc V`s`iraj ko @ffl`athv`o`ss 7 AVMs Nuhmioa` ckr tjks` Airryhon Kut kr Akehsshkohon V`vh`ws. OJQ A`otr` ckr V`vh`ws iom Mhss`ehoithko, Pohv`rshty kc Xkrb, Xkrb, 6449. BHAJ@OJIE, F. Nuhm`lho`s ckr T`rckrehon Qyst`eitha Lht`ritur` V`vh`ws ho Qkctwir` @onho``rhon. @FQ@ `ajohail `ajohail V`pkrt, @FQ@ ‑ 6449 ‑ 449, 644>. BHAJ@OJIE, F.I.2 MXFÁ, .2 GKVN@OQ@O, E. @vhm`oa`m-Fis`m Qkctwir` @onho``rhon. Ho7 HAQ@, H@@@, 644=. Trka``mhons… Akeput`r Qkah`ty Tr`ss, 644=, p.6>1-6:9. LHEI, M.S M.S.E. .E. V`p`raussð`s kxhj`ekmhoæehais mk fiojk ok piah`ot` imultk hot`roimk `e `stimk aråthak7 `vhmçoahis p`li V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai mi Lht`ritur Lht`rituri i . 6448. 661c. `s` (mkutkrimk) ‑ @sakli m` @oc`rein`e, Pohv`rshmim` m` Qák Tiulk, Qák Tiulk, 6448. EIEÈMHK, A. Q. A.2 IOMVPAHKLH, E. T. T. A.2 APA@ O.E.V. I `stritènhi THAK piri i akostruîák mi p`rnuoti m` p`squhsi ` fusai m` `vhmçoahis. V`vhsti Lithok Ie`rhaioi m` @oc`rein`e, v.90, o.1, p.9-9=, p.9-9=, 644>. Mhspkoåv`l `e7 =461?. r`milya.krn/irthaulk.ki;hm5 6:9=69:>=461?. Ia`ssk `e7 9> eir. 6491. EPLVK^, A.M. Vithkoil` ckr Qyst`eitha V`vh`ws. Fr. E`m. G., o.1, p.08>¾088, 988= Mhspkoåv`l `e7 jttp7//www j ttp7//www.oafh.ole.ohj.nkv/pufe`m/:4:3801 .oafh.ole.ohj.nkv/pufe`m/:4:3801.. Ia`ssk `e7 4= eihk
6491. 960
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EPLVK^, A.M.2 AKKB, M.G.2 MISHMKCC, C. Qyst`eitha V`vh`ws7 arhthail lhobs ho tj` Iooilsls kc Hot` Hot`roil roil E`mhah E`mhaho` o` , v.963, nr`it ajiho kc `vhm`oa`. Iooi v.963, p.1:8-189, p.1:8-189, 988>. Mhspkoåv`l `e7 jttp7//www.oafh.ole.ohj.nkv/pufe`m/:4:380 jttp7//www.oafh.ole.ohj.nkv/pufe`m/:4:3801. 1. Ia`ssk `e7 `e 7 9: guo. 6491. OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, C. T.2 LPA@OI, P.L. @rnkokehas iom tj` Hoalushko kc T`kpl` whtj Mhsifhlhth`s ho i Frizhlhio ^krbplia`. ^krbplia`. ^krb (V`imhon, (V`imhon, EI), v. =9, 6496, p.=>48=>90. OPO@Q, M. V.2 OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, C. T. Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi ` Ieplhimi piri `muaiomks ake iuthsek7 akoshm`riîð`s e`tkmklñnhais. V`vhsti Frishl`hri m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil , Eirålhi, v.93, o.6, p.68>-196, 6494. KMKE, Q. L. `t il. V`s`iraj ho Qp`ahil @muaithko7 Qah`otha E`tjkms iom @vhm`oa`Fis`m priatha`s. @xa`pthkoil Ajhlmr`o, v.>9, v.>9, o.6, p.91>-=:, 6440. Mhspkoåv`l `e7 jttp7// www.oismmms.krn/pmc/A@A%64Qp www .oismmms.krn/pmc/A@A%64Qp`a@mV`s`irajKmke99-8-40.pmc `a@mV`s`irajKmke99-8-40.pmc.. Ia`ssk `e7 90 kut. 6491. T@HAV@^, E.2 VKF@VQ, J. Qyst`eitha V`vh`ws ho tj` Qkahil Qkahil Qah`oa`s7 i priathail nuhm`. Eilm`o, E.I.7 Fliabw`ll Tuflhsjhon, 6443. VHAJIVMQKO, ^. ^. `t il. ]` ^`ll-Fuhlt ^`ll-Fuhlt Alhohail Yu`sthko7 i b`y tk `vhm`oa`-fis`m ` vhm`oa`-fis`m Gkuroil Aluf, v.961, p.96-91, 9880. m`ahshkos. IAT Gkuroil QIETIHK, V.C.2 V.C.2 EIOAHOH, E.A. @stumks m` V`vhsák Qhst`eéthai7 ue nuhi piri såot`s` arht`rhksi mi `vhmçoahi ah`otåai. V`v. Fris. Chshkt`r. Qák Airlks , v.99, o.9, p.:1-8, 644>. Mhspkoåv`l `e7 jttp7//r`vhsti.hfhat.f jttp7//r`vhsti.hfhat.fr/ahhoc/hom`x.pjp/ahhoc/irthal r/ahhoc/hom`x.pjp/ahhoc/irthal`/vh`w/9814/9=18. `/vh`w/9814/9=18. Ia`sskk `e7 66 Ia`ss 66 c`v. c`v. 6496. 6496. QIOKQ, A. N.2 QKPWI, G. C. A. Ia`ssk äs fis`s m` mimks m` `muaiîák ` ér`is ios 7 oiv`niomk ok akoj`ahe`otk. ako j`ahe`otk. Aiephois7 C@/Pohaiep, 6494. JKEIQ, N. Hotrkmuîák7 `vhmçoahis ` préthai. Ho7 JKEIQ, N.2 TVHON, V. (Krn.). @muaiîák fis`imi `e `vhmçoahis 7 uthlhziîák mks iajimks ah`otåaks piri i quilhaiîák mi préthai p`minñnhai. Tkrtk Il`nr`7 Irte`m, 644>, p. 8-6:. [[[[[[. Hotrkmuîák7 `vhmçoahis ` préthai. Ho7 JKEIQ, N.2 TVHON, V. (Krn.). @muaiîák fis`imi `e `vhmçoahis 7 uthlhziîák mks iajimks ah`otåaks piri i quilhaiîák mi préthai p`minñnhai. Tkrtk Il`nr`7 Irte`m, 644>. VIA@OF@VN, L.2 QVPAJHO@V, E. V`vhsák r`ilhsti7 uei ifkrmin`e m` såot`s` m` p`squhsis piri cuomie`otir i t`krhziîák ` i préthai fis`imi `e `vhmçoahis. Ahçoahi mi Hockreiîák, Frisålhi, MC, v.=4, o.1, p.=60-=1:, 6499. Mhspkoåv`l `e7 jttp7//r`vhsti.hfhat. fr/ahhoc/hom`x.pjp/ahhoc/irthal`/vh`w/9814/9=18. fr/ahhoc/hom`x.pjp/ahhoc/ irthal`/vh`w/9814/9=18. Ia`ssk `e7 96 kut. 6491. SH@HVI, A. Q.2 OPO@Q QKFVHOJK, C. T. Trknriei m` ckreiîák m` hos`ehoimkr`s irthahihs `e fkvhoks7 hoalusák lifkril m` p`sskis ake m`ahçoahi vhsuil. V`vhsti F`ogieho Akostiot. Vhk m` Gio`hrk, v.98, v.98, o.00, p.11-==, 6491.
Skltir piri k sueérhk
963
AKOQHM@VIÎÐ@Q QKFV@ @LIFKVIÎÁK M@ V K]@HVKQ TIVI NVPTK CKAIL
@muirmk Gksè EIOWHOH
I `otr`vhsti `otr`vhsti t`e shmk ue prka`mhe`otk m` akl`ti m` hockreiîð`s
fistiot` uthlhzimk oi p`squhsi `e `muaiîák. @e ilnueis p`squhsis, `li t`e shmk ue prka`mhe`otk ÷ohak piri akl`tir hockreiîð`s ia`rai mk qu` is p`sskis p`osie ` arç`e skfr` m`t`rehoimks t`eis ku iakot`ahe`otks ` tiefèe pkm` r`v`sthr-s` `e prka`mhe`otk piri m`sar`v`r ku ivilhir `ss`s e`seks c`oýe`oks. @e kutris p`squhsis, i `otr`vhsti t`e cuoahkoimk akek akepl`e`otk ku iprkcuomie`otk m` mimks akl`timks pkr e`hk m` kutrks prka`mhe`otks, akek i iplhaiîák m` qu`sthkoérhks, `sailis, ku p`squhsis kfs`rviahkoihs.
K aiepk oi `muaiîák `sp`ahil tiefèe s`nu` `ssi e`sei t`omçoahi, n`rile`ot` is `otr`vhstis sák homhvhmuihs, ake nrupks eihs ku e`oks jkeknço`ks, mk thpk s`eh`struturimi, ake ue rkt`hrk prèvhk ` ake st`xhfhlhmim` piri okvis p`rnuotis, k qu` niriot` a`rti krniohziîák ` s`nurioîi piri k p`squhsimkr `xp`rh`ot` ku piri k gkv`e p`squhsimkr mk e`strimk (EIOWHOH, 6496).
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Pei ckrei pirthaulir m` akl`tir hockreiîð`s v`rfihs `epr`nimi `e p`squhsis ake `muaiîák `sp`ahil ` qu` s` iss`e`lji, `e ilnuos isp`atks, ä `otr`vhsti `e nrupk, r`c`r`-s` ik nrupk ckail. I akl`ti m` mimks pkr e`hk mk nrupk ckail `oquimri-s` oks eklm`s mi p`squhsim` quilhtithvi, eisnrupk oák trimhahkoil. pkm` s`r akoa`fhmk ue prka`mhe`otk `otr`vhsti `e riti-s` m`akek ue prka`mhe`otk augks mimks `e`rn`e mk prka`ssk m` hot`riîák mks pirthahpiot`s mk nrupk, qu` t`e akek e`mhimkr ue p`squhsimkr qu` t`oti prkvkair i mhsaussák, i r`st`xák ` i prkmuîák m` hoshnjts skfr` skfr` ks t`eis qu` `sták s`omk ipr`s`otimks piri k nrupk (EKVNI (EKVNIO, O, 98>>). Tkrtiotk, oák s` triti m` akl`tir r`spkstis i m`t`rehoimis p`rnuotis, eis m` akek hosthnir ` eiot`r i prkmuîák m` mhélknk skfr` k t`ei `e ckak. @st` pr`s`ot` t`xtk t`e akek e`ti i ipr`s`otiîák mk nrupk ckail akek ue prka`mhe`otk piri akl`tir hockreiîð`s v`rfihs skfr` ue m`t`rehoimk t`ei, `, prhoahpile`ot`, mhsauthr akek `lifkrir ue rkt`hrk piri `ss` thpk m` akl`ti, uei v`z qu` i lht`rituri mi ér`i oák ipr`s`oti, alirie`ot`, akek m`v` s`r k rkt`hrk piri mhsaussák. NVPTK CKAIL 7 M@CHOHÎÐ@Q , AKETKQHÎÁK @ AKOMPÎÁK
Tiri ilnuos p`squhsimkr`s, k nrupk ckail è uei ckrei m` `otr`vhsti `e nrupk m` qu` aiphtilhzi, ku thri prkv`htk, mi akeuohaiîák `otr` p`squhsimkr ` pirthahpiot`s i e m` qu` ks mimks s`gie n`rimks ok nrupk (BHWHON@V, 98802 BHOM, 644=2 ^@LL@V, 6443). M` ckrei n`ril, i lht`rituri skfr` e`tkmklknhi m` p`squhsi t`e mhc`r`oahimk k nrupk ckail mi akl`ti m` mimks pkr e`hk m` `otr`vhstis `e nrupk. Oi `otr`vhsti `e nrupk, ks p`squhsimkr`s `sták pr`kaupimks `e kuvhr i kphohák homhvhmuilhzimi mks `otr`vhstimks ` i ioélhs` r`aih skfr` k homhvåmuk m`otrk mk nrupk, `oquiotk qu`, ok nrupk ckail, i uohmim` m` ioélhs` r`aih skfr` k nrupk2 ` `ssi hockreiîák pkm` s`r akepirthljimi, akrrkfkrimi ku ipr`s`otir mhsakrmæoahi `otr` ks pirthahpiot`s (NKOMHE, 6441). K ckak mi mhsaussák mk nrupk è m`ohmk p`lk p`squhsimkr, p`squhsimkr, `oquiotk qu` mimks mi hot`riîák mk nrupk (EKVN (EKVNIO, IO, 98>>). Tkrtiotk, ai ks alirk qu`imvçe k nrupk ckail s` r`c`r` i ue prka`mhe`otk m` akl`ti m`
hockreiîð`s qu` oák kakrr` `e ue iefh`ot` oituril, eis jé ue irriogk 96:
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m`sthoimk piri qu` ue nriom` vklue` m` hockreiîð`s v`rfihs pkssi `e`rnhr ake i pr`s`oîi m` ue ekm`rimkr, ku s`gi, pkm`-s` r`c`rhr i uei shtuiîák m` lifkritñrhk, arhimi irthahile`ot`, eis qu` oák s` iss`e`lji i ue `xp`rhe`otk m` lifkritñrhk ake akotrkl` m` virhév`hs. Tiri mhsthotis Ekrnio `e (98>>), k nrupk ckail pkm` s`r uthlhzimk `e trçs shtuiîð`s s` tritiomk m` akl`ti m` mimks7 9) akek ue prka`mhe`otk ÷ohak, iutkssuah`ot`, qu` s`rv` akek prhoahpil ` ÷ohak piri akl`tir ks mimks2 6) pkm` s`r usimk akek prka`mhe`otk supl`e`otir piri akl`tir mimks qu` m`p`om`e m` ue prka`mhe`otk prhoahpil, pkr `x`eplk, akek ue Qurv`y 2 1) pkm` s`r uthlhzimk, `e akoguotk, akek eulthe`hk, piri akl`tir hockreiîð`s pkr hot`reèmhk m` mkhs ku eihs prka`mhe`otks m` akl`ti. Tkrtiotk, k pip`l ku p`sk qu` k nrupk ckail pkssuh akek prka`mhe`otk, ÷ohak ku oák, piri i akl`ti m` mimks, vih m`p`om`r mk m`shno qu` k p`squhsimkr `lifkrku piri i sui p`squhsi, piri quihs kfg`thvks i p`squhsi s` mhrhn` ` quil p`rnuoti s` m`s`gi r`spkom`r. r`spkom`r. Ilèe mhssk, k nrupk ckail pkm` s` m`sthoir i kft`r hockreiîð`s hohahihs piri akostruhr ue hostrue`otk m` p`squhsi i s`r uthlhzimk ake iepli pkpuliîák (NKOMHE, 6441)2 pkm` s`r m`sthoimk i ivilhir ue prkmutk `e m`s`ovklvhe`otk (C@VV@HVI, 6443)2 pkm` s`r uthlhzimk piri m`sar`v`r ku ivilhir uei shtuiîák ku iakot`ahe`otk (CHKVHOH2 EIOWHOH, 6496)2 pkm` s`r uthlhzimk piri kft`r ar`oîis ` ithtum`s skfr` m`t`rehoimks c`oýe`oks (BHWHON@V, 9880). I quiothmim` m` e`efrks mk nrupk ckail tiefèe è ue pkotk mhsaussák oi lht`rituri `sp`ahilhzimi. Oák `xhst` ue akos`osk skfr` `ss` arhtèrhk. K o÷e`rk m` pirthahpiot`s m` ue nrupk pkm` `stir ok hot`rvilk `otr` s`hs ` 96 e`efrks, ` `ssi `saklji m`p`om`ré mks kfg`thvks mk prkg`tk ` mks r`aursks mhspkoåv`hs (BHWHON@V, 98802 NIH, 6440). Nrupks nriom`s pkm`e oák kc`r`a`r kpkrtuohmim` m` cili i tkmis is p`sskis. @e r`liîák ä akepkshîák m` nrupks, Ekrnio (98>>) pkotui qu` `xhst` ue “pimrák kurk― piri s`r s`nuhmk quiomk s` m`s`gi akl`tir mimks pkr e`hk mk nrupk ckail. Tiri `ss` iutkr, k o÷e`rk m` pirthahpiot`s mk nrupk m`v` s`r `otr` s`hs ` 94 ` k o÷e`rk m` nrupks m`v` ifirair `otr` trçs
` ahoak nrupks pkr prkg`tk. 968
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I eihkrhi mks p`squhsimkr`s r`ake`omi i jkekn`o`hmim` m`otrk m` aimi nrupk i e m` aiphtilhzir `xp`rhçoahis akepirthljimis m`ssi pkpuliîák. Ok `otiotk, m`p`om`omk mk kfg`thvk kfg`thvk mi p`squhsi, p`squhsi, tiefèe pkm` s`r viotigksk r`uohr ue nrupk mhv`rshaimk, pkr `x`eplk7 mhv`rsks prksshkoihs piri mhsauthr ue issuotk akeue i tkmks. Hssk pkm`ré eixhehzir i `xplkriîák m` mhc`r`ot`s p`rsp`athvis m` ue e`sek nrupk. Pei hlustriîák mhssk s` r`c`r` ik t`ei hoalusák `saklir7 pkm`eks r`uohr mhc`r`ot`s prksshkoihs piri mhsauthr k issuotk. I akepkshîák mk nrupk pkm` kakrr` oiturile`ot`, pkr `x`eplk, is p`sskis qu` trifiljie guotis ku `stumie guotis, s` k kfg`thvk mi p`squhsi isshe mhr`ahkoir i akepkshîák mk nrupk (EIOWHOH2 QHLSI2 AKVVÇI, 6491) K qu` è hepkrtiot` oi akepkshîák mk nrupk è qu` ks kfg`thvks mi p`squhsi pkssie s`r ilaioîimks pkr `ssi akepkshîák, ` qu` jigi i situriîák mk t`ei (BHOM, 644=). K t`epk m` muriîák mk nrupk m`v` s`r r`ilhzimk `e cuoîák mk rkt`hrk m` mhsaussák ` `e cuoîák mi mhspkohfhlhmim` mk prñprhk nrupk. Oák `xhst` ue akos`osk skfr` i muriîák mis r`uohð`s, pkm`omk virhir m` uei jkri ` e`hi i muis, eis oák m`v`ré `xa`m`r trçs jkris m` muriîák (NIH, 6440). Oák è m`so`a`ssérhk pkotuir i hepkrtæoahi mk irriogk iefh`otil ` mk lkail kom` k nrupk hré `oakotrir-s` (BHOM, 644=2 NIH, 6440). @e r`liîák ehohehz` lkail, m`v`-s` auhmir pirim`qu`7 prkphah` akockrtév`l2 is hot`rc`rçoahis ruåmks2 s`gi m`prhviahmim`2 céahl ia`ssk s`gi iks pirthahpiot`s2 s`gi inrimév`l. @e r`liîák ik irriogk iefh`otil, m`v`-s` it`otir piri qu`7 is aim`hris s`gie akockrtév`hs2 i mhspkshîák mk nrupk s`gi `e aåraulk ku `e vklti m` uei e`si, jigi mhspkohfhlhziîák m` énui eho`ril piri ks pirthahpiot`s. @ss`s auhmimks m`v`e vhr iakepiojimks ake is qu`stð`s tèaohais mi lein`e ku nriviîák mk ske. K usk m` mkhs nrivimkr`s è r`ake`omév`l piri s` t`r a`rt`zi m` qu` is hot`riîð`s v`rfihs `sták s`omk r`nhstrimis. Ilèe mhssk, s` ks nrivimkr`s ckr`e aklkaimks `e pkotks mhc`r`ot`s muriot` i mhsaussák mk nrupk, p`rehthrák qu` is tkmis is cilis
s`gie iumåv`hs. I o`a`sshmim` m` lein`e vih m`p`om`r mk prkfl`ei m` 914
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p`squhsi qu` pkm`ré ku oák `xhnhr `ssi ckrei m` r`nhstrk. Pei qu`sták qu` m`v` s`r iakrmimi ake k nrupk s` r`c`r` i cilis sup`rpkstis, `lis sák mhcåa`hs m` s`r`e triosarhtis ` ue pimrák i s`r `stif`l`ahmk s`rhi `sp`rir aimi e`efrk t`rehoir i sui ipr`ahiîák piri, `oták, i kutri p`sski `xpkr k prñprhk pkotk m` vhsti skfr` k t`ei. I hot`riîák v`rfil ` i s`qu`oahiîák m` qu`e sák ks in`ot`s mi cili sák pkotks hepkrtiot`s. Pei ckrei r`ilhzir `ss` r`nhstrk è pkm`r akotir ake iuxhlhir`s m` p`squhsi piri ciz`r `ssi s`qu`oahiîák, qu` m`v`rák ioktir k stuxk mis cilis. M`ssi ckrei, oi akepkshîák mk nrupk, ilèe mks pirthahpiot`s ` ekm`rimkr, `xhst` i o`a`sshmim` m` iuxhlhir`s ku isshst`ot`s m` p`squhsi. I lht`rituri oke`hi tiefèe `ss`s isshst`ot`s akek kfs`rvimkr`s (BHOM, 644=). K pip`l mk isshst`ot` pkm` s`r k m` r`nhstrir i s`qu`oahiîák mis cilis ku e`sek ituir piri eiot`r i mhsaussák. I `xp`rhçoahi oi akomuîák m` nrupks ckaihs t`e homhaimk i o`a`sshmim` m` mkhs isshst`ot`s m` p`squhsi, qu` t`e pip`hs mhc`r`oahimks7 igumir oi eiraiîák mi s`qu`oahiîák ` ituir akek kfs`rvimkr-pirthahpiot`. @ss`s isshst`ot`s tiefèe pkm`rák, m`pkhs m` oilhzimi i mhsaussák, ivilhir i akos`auîák mks kfg`thvks pr`t`omhmks ois ÷ltheis cis`s m` akl`ti (i s`r`e e`oahkoimis, pkst`rhkre`ot`, ok pr`s`ot` t`xtk). K pip`l mk kfs`rvimkr è `xplhahtie`ot` `sfkîimk pkr Bhom (644=, p. 914)7 K kfs`rvimkr è cuomie`otil piri vilhmir i hov`sthniîák qu` uthlhzi nrupk ckail. Pe mks pipèhs eihs hepkrtiot`s mk kfs`rvimkr è ioilhsir i r`m` m` hot`riîð`s pr`s`ot`s muriot` k prka`ssk nrupil. Aif` i `l`, tiefèe, ipkotir is r`iîð`s mk ekm`rimkr `e r`liîák ik nrupk, suis mhaulmim`s ` lhehtiîð`s. K kfs`rvimkr m`v` t`r pkshîák e`oks ithvi, r`strhonhomk-s` ik r`nhstrk m` akeuohaiîð`s oák-v`rfihs, lhonuin`e, ithtum`s pr`kaupiîð`s ` krm`e m` r`spkstis qu` s`gi akoshm`rimi hepkrtiot`. Ok `otiotk, k kfs`rvimkr oák m`v` `sp`rir qu` tumk s`gi shnohaithvk. Isshe akek ok aisk mk ekm`rimkr, k akoj`ahe`otk prèvhk mk t`ei iuxhlhi ok r`nhstrk qu` aif` ik kfs`rvimkr. K pip`l prhoahpil mk kfs`rvimkr è vhifhlhzir i mhsaussák ipñs k tèrehok mk nrupk ake k ekm`rimkr, quiomk k prhe`hrk `xpð` suis hepr`ssð`s ` r`nhstrks, ake k hotuhtk m` r`m`ohr k t`eérhk, `vhtir akoalusð`s pr`ahphtimis pkr pirt` mk ekm`rimkr, ivilhir is hot`rv`oîð`s c`htis, `ta.
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K pip`l mk e`mhimkr ok nrupk ckail hré, hohahile`ot`, m`p`om`r mk eètkmk ku ifkrmin`e t`ñrhai mk p`squhsimkr. Nrupks eihs mhr`thvks ku e`oks mhr`thvks t`rák r`liîák ake `ssi ifkrmin`e t`ñrhai (EKVNIO, 98>>). K ekm`rimkr m`v` `xplhahtir qu` k kfg`thvk mk nrupks m` ckail è hoa`othvir is p`sskis i cilir`e ueis ake is kutris, ik hovçs m` i cili s`r mhrhnhmi ik p`squhsimkr. Isshe, ok m`akrr`r mi akl`ti, s` ks pirthahpiot`s `sthv`r`e r`spkom`omk ik ekm`rimkr, k nrupk ckail triosckreku-s` `e uei `otr`vhsti `e nrupk. Akek e`oahkoimk iot`rhkre`ot`, ok nrupk ckail, ks mimks m`v`e `e`rnhr mis hot`riîð`s `otr` ks e`efrks mk nrupk. I lht`rituri tiefèe t`e pkotuimk, `stif`l`ahmk ` m`tiljimk is iîð`s `sp`rimis mk ekm`rimkr7 Tiri Bhtzhon`r (988=2 9880), `ssis iîð`s akoshsthrhie `e7 9) hosthnir k m`fit` piri akothouir ilèe mk `sténhk qu` pkm`rhi oilhzir i mhsaussák2 6) m`siir p`sskis i qu`sthkoir`e i pirthr m`oiuei r`ilhmim` qu` ckh imehthmi p`lk is nrupk2 1) hoa`othvir ks pirthahpiot`s mhsaussák m` hoakoshstçoahis tiotk `otr` ks pirthahpiot`s ` akek m`otrk m` s`u prñprhk p`osie`otk. Gé piri Fkjosiab (9888 ipum ^@LL@V, 6443), i lhsti m` cuoîð`s mk ekm`rimkr s`rhi eihkr7 • @stif`l`a`r ue akotitk r`aåprkak ake ks `otr`vhstimks ` prkpkrahkoir
uei fis` m` akoioîi e÷tui. • Mhrhnhr i p`rnuoti ik nrupk akek ue tkmk ` oák i ue hot`nriot`
`sp`aåak. •` Hohahir i mhsaussák uei p`rnuoti vini, qu` `stheul` i pirthahpiîák hot`riîák `otr` ksake hot`nriot`s. @x`eplk7 Skaçs pkm`rhie cilir ue
pkuak skfr` k vkssk nrupk; Akek ckh qu` `l` surnhu; • T`rehthr qu` i krniohziîák ku krm`oiîák mis cilis qu` i `oairnk
mk nrupk. • Ckreulir p`rnuotis qu` n`r`e oirrithvis ` oák i e`ri m`sarhîák m`
citks. M`v`-s` `vhtir, pkrtiotk, is p`rnuotis pkr qu` ` prhkrhzir iqu`lis qu` p`rnuotie p`lk akek. @x`eplk7 Akek vkaçs vç`e k prkfl`ei mi vhklçoahi ok fihrrk; • Ciz`r ake qu` i mhsaussák s`gi mhrhnhmi p`lk nrupk ` qu` s`us
hot`nriot`s `sakljie i ckrei ` ks t`eis mk m`fit`. • Hot`rvhr ske`ot` quiomk sklhahtimk ku s` p`ra`f`r qu` è o`a`ssérhk
lioîir kutri^@LL@V, p`rnuoti piri eiot`r i hot`riîák mk nrupk (FKJOQIAB, 9888 ipum 6443, p.6=8).
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I lht`rituri homhai qu` i akomuîák mk nrupk ckail p`rpissi pkr ahoak `tipis (BHOM, 644=). I prhe`hri `tipi s`rhi i Tr`piriîák, ` akoshst` oi ipr`s`otiîák mks e`efrks mk nrupk ake k hotuhtk m` `stif`l`a`r uei “fki r`liîák―. I pirthr m` `oták, è pkssåv`l i trioshîák piri i s`nuomi `tipi, qu` s`rhi k M`fit` `e nrupk. O`sti s`nuomi `tipi, k ekm`rimkr uthlhziré vérhis tèaohais piri akomuzhr i mhsaussák, akek lioîir p`rnuotis m` `salir`ahe`otk, akocrkotir kphohð`s, m`otr` kutris hot`rv`oîð`s. I t`ra`hri `tipi è k `oa`rrie`otk mk nrupk ` k ekm`rimkr ciz uei såot`s` mi mhsaussák. I quirti `tipi ckh oke`imi Yu`stð`s pkst`rhkr`s ä ivilhiîák mk nrupk ` akoshst` `e ioilhsir k qu` r`ile`ot` è hockreiîák imvhomi mk nrupk ` k qu` è hot`rpr`tiîák mk ekm`rimkr. Yuiomk jkuv`r i `xhstçoahi m` eihs m` ue nrupk, è k eke`otk piri r`ilhzir i akepiriîák `otr` `l`s. I quhoti `tipi akoshst` oi Iîák pkst`rhkr ä ä akl`ti piri v`rhair s` ks mimks akl`timks sithsciz`e ik kfg`thvk mi p`squhsi ku s` s`rák o`a`ssérhks kutrks `oakotrks ku kutrks nrupks. M`p`om`omk mi ifkrmin`e t`ñrhai mk p`squhsimkr, è pkssåv`l uei s`xti `tipi, oke`imi m` cis` M`vkluthvi. Akoshst` `e krniohzir is hockreiîð`s ` ipr`s`oté-lis ik nrupk. @ssi cis` s`rv` akek uei vilhmiîák mks mimks p`lk nrupk. K p`squhsimkr ipr`s`oti is hockreiîð`s ` ciz uei hot`rpr`tiîák mks mimks. Ihomi o`ssi cis`, ks pirthahpiot`s pkm`e akepl`e`otir, mhsakrmir, mhsauthr ` iprkcuomir `ss`s mimks (CHKVHOH2 EIOWHOH, 64962 EIOWHOH2 QHLSI2 AKVVÇI, 6491). I ioélhs` mis hockreiîð`s akl`timis ok nrupk m` ckail è fishaie`ot` mk e`sek thpk quiomk s` akl`ti mimks m` oitur`zi v`rfil, ks prka`mhe`otks sák quilhtithvks. K p`squhsimkr hm`othai ks t`eis ` ks s`us akot`÷mks, v`rhaiomk k qu` è hockreiîák s`e`ljiot` ku oák, ` inrupiomk `e t`eis, s`epr` t`omk akek e`ti r`spkom`r ik kfg`thvk mi p`squhsi. @e n`ril, ks mimks oák sák iprkprhimks piri ioélhs` `stitåsthai (BHWHON@V, 9880). @LIFKVIÎÁK M@ VK]@HVK TIVI HOQ]HNIV I I MHQAPQQÁK OK NVPTK CKAIL
I lht`rituri m` e`tkmklknhi ah`otåai qu` ifkrmi nrupks ckaihs t`e homhaimk i o`a`sshmim` m` ue rkt`hrk, ku m` ue nuhi m` t`eis, piri
piutir i mhsaussák ok nrupk. Oi eihkrhi mis v`z`s, oák s` mhsaut` eihs 911
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m`tiljimie`ot` akek m`v` s`r `ss` rkt`hrk. Ilnuos iutkr`s oks ckro`a`e phstis skfr` akek m`v`rhi s`r k rkt`hrk. @ssis homhaiîð`s pkotuie7 i quiothmim` m` qu`stð`s, i ckrei mis qu`stð`s, i r`liîák `otr` p`rnuotis ` k kfg`thvk mi p`squhsi. Tkw`ll `if`rtis, Qhonl` r`mhnhmis (6443), km`rkt`hrk m`v` `s`r akepkstk pkr ahoak ku Tiri s`hs qu`stð`s ckrei aliri shepl`s ` m`v`-s` cuomie`otir `e `x`eplks akoar`tks piri hlustrir k tñphak. Tiri Bhom (644=), k t`eérhk m`v` `stir isskahimk ik kfg`thvk mi p`squhsi ` k tieiojk ` `sp`ahahmim` mis qu`stð`s m`p`om`rák mi `xp`rhçoahi mk ekm`rimkr, eis oák m`v` s`r euhtk nriom` piri qu` k nrupk s` aios` ` i mhsaussák qu` `epkfr`ahmi. ^`ll`r (6443) r`ilhzku ue `stumk ake gkv`os p`rt`oa`ot`s ik ^`ll`r ekvhe`otk jhp jkp ois ahmim`s m` Qák Tiulk ` F`rlhe. Ipr`s`otku ue hot`r`ssiot` quimrk, qu` ckh uthlhzimk `e sui p`squhsi, m`ekostriomk akek k rkt`hrk ckh `lifkrimk. K quimrk ckh akepkstk pkr trçs akluois. I prhe`hri ipr`s`otivi k t`ei m`s`gimk piri s`r mhsauthmk, i s`nuomi akluoi ipr`s`otivi i qu`sták mhspirimkri mi mhsaussák ` i t`ra`hri akluoi homhaivi quil k kfg`thvk m`s`gimk ake iqu`li p`rnuoti. Tkr `x`eplk, ok t`ei cieålhi, i qu`sták ipr`s`otimi ckh7 “vkaçs p`osie `e aisir ` akosthtuhr cieålhi; K qu` p`osie mhstk;― (^@LL@V, 6443, p. 600). K kfg`thvk `sfkîimk oi t`ra`hri akluoi `ri k m` akoj`a`r is prkg`îð`s cuturis skfr` i cieålhi. @ss` thpk m` quimrk tiefèe gé ckh m`s`ovklvhmk piri ioélhs` `e `otr`vhstis s`eh`struturimis ` pkm` akosthtuhr-s` `e ue fke prka`mhe`otk piri i krniohziîák iot`s mi akl`ti m` mimks (EIOWHOH, 6441), eis o`a`sshtirhi m` uei okvi akoa`htuilhziîák piri i akl`ti pkr e`hk m` nrupk ckail. Imktiomk-s` i akoa`pîák m` qu` k nrupk ckail è ue nrupk m` mhsaussák ok quil ks mimks `e`rn`e mi hot`riîák `otr` ks pirthahpiot`s, s`rhi hoak`r`ot` issuehr ks e`seks pr`ssupkstks e`tkmklñnhaks qu` okrt`hie i `lifkriîák piri rkt`hrks piri `otr`vhstis s`eh`struturimis, qu`, jé ilnue t`epk, gé tçe iprkcuomimk i mhsaussák skfr` akek akostruhr rkt`hrks (EIOWHOH, 64412 644=). I `xp`rhçoahi oi akomuîák ake nrupks ckaihs homhai i o`a`sshmim` m` ue ivioîk akoa`htuil skfr` `ssi qu`sták. Oi préthai m`ssi akomuîák
gé ckh pkssåv`l v`rhair qu` is p`rnuotis shepl`s, mhr`tis ` kfg`thvis tçe 91=
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l`vimk i prkmuîák mk mhsaursk piri uei `otr`vhsti `e nrupk, ` oák piri uei mhsaussák `e nrupk (EIOWHOH2 AKVVÇI2 QHLSI, 6491). Pei ckrei m` `lifkrir rkt`hrks qu` t`e r`sultimk `e hot`riîð`s qu` n`rie prkmuîák m` mhsaursk è hohahir i hot`rv`oîák v`rfil akek uei ireiîák `, pkst`rhkre`ot`, ipr`s`otir ue qu`sthkoie`otk qu` t`e r`liîák ake `ssi ireiîák.
I p`squhsi m` Chkrh Chkrhoh oh ` Eiozhoh (6496) pkm` hlustrir `ssi `stritènhi piri `lifkriîák m` rkt`hrks piri nrupks ckaihs. Ks iutkr`s m`lho`irie uei p`squhsi piri ckreiîák m` prkc`sskr`s m` `muaiîák cåshai, vhsiomk i hoalusák m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi, ` i prhe`hri `tipi (@stumk 9) ckh hm`othair is mhaulmim`s m`ss`s prkc`sskr`s, piri pkst`rhkre`ot`, s`l`ahkoir ks akot`÷mks m` ckreiîák r`liahkoimks i `ssis mhaulmim`s. Pei fki ckrei piri akl`tir ks mimks s`rhi, `oták, akosthtuhr nrupks ckaihs piri n`rir mhsaussð`s `ss` t`ei. Ckrie akosthtuåmks mkhs nrupks ckaihs,` ue akepkstk pkrskfr` khtk prkc`sskr`s qu` s` r`uohrie ok p`råkmk mi eiojá okv` qu` s` r`uohrie ok p`råkmk mi tirm`. @st` ckh k m`shno` mk @stumk 9. Tkrtiotk, ok @stumk 9, ks iutkr`s thv`rie akek kfg`thvk hm`othair is mhaulmim`s `oakotrimis pkr prkc`sskr`s m` @muaiîák Cåshai piri it`om`r`e ä m`eiomi mi hoalusák `muaiahkoil m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi. Ckrie m`ohmks ahoak t`eis mhspirimkr`s7 9) Ckreiîák iaimçehai2 6) Ckreiîák akothouimi2 1) @xp`rhçoahi prksshkoil2 =) mhinoñsthak2 0) ivilhiîák2 3) Mhaulmim`s. Aimi t`ei thoji ue `ouoahimk ireithvk s`nuhmk pkr uei p`rnuoti7 `ei mhspirimkr7 CKVEIÎÁK IAIMÇEHAI Yu`sták7 I pirthr m` 98:> ake i V`skluîák 1/:>, i mhsahplhoi @muaiîák Cåshai Imiptimi pissku i ciz`r pirt` mks aurråaulks uohv`rshtérhks oi `sp`rioîi qu` m` `li pum`ss` hostu`oahir oi ckreiîák mk prkc`sskr m` @muaiîák Cåshai. T`osiomk ohssk, akek ckh i ckreiîák iaimçehai m` vkaçs `e r`liîák ik t`ei hoalusák m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi ok Qhst`ei V`nulir m` @oshok;
È pkssåv`l v`rhair ok `x`eplk iot`rhkr qu` k `ouoahimk cuomie`otku-s` ouei hockreiîák krhuomi mi l`nhsliîák. riti-s` riti-s` m` ilnk qu` kakrr`u ok pissimk ` qu` pkm`rhi n`rir akos`quçoahis piri i ckreiîák
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mks pirthahpiot`s. Lknk i s`nuhr, ipr`s`otku-s` uei p`rnuoti ik nrupk augi hot`oîák ckh r`liahkoir i l`nhsliîák ake i ckreiîák piri ituiîák ake iluoks ake m`ahçoahi. Ok `x`eplk qu` s`nu`, k t`ei mhspirimkr ckh Ckreiîák Akothouimi7
Ipñs k aursk m` nrimuiîák, k prksshkoil t`om` i s` ituilhzir ` ip`rc`hîkir-s`, pkr `x`eplk, pirthahpiomk m` `v`otks, aursks ` Tñs-Nrimuiîák. Oi kphohák m` vkaçs, `ssi ckreiîák akothouimi, `sp`ahaie`ot` oi ér`i mi @muaiîák Cåshai Imiptimi, pkm` iuxhlhir k prkc`sskr m` @muaiîák Cåshai jé hoaluhr iluoks ake m`ahçoahi;
K `ouoahimk skfr` k t`ei mhspirimkr Ckreiîák Akothouimi ipr`s`oti ue mimk m` r`ilhmim`, qu` è i pirthahpiîák mks prkc`sskr`s `e `v`otks. Lknk i s`nuhr, fusai-s`, okvie`ot`, uei r`liîák `otr` i ckreiîák akothouimi ` i `c`thvhmim` m`ssi ckreiîák oi préthai ake iluoks ake m`ahçoahi. K t`ei mhspirimkr Mhaulmim`s è ipr`s`otimk i s`nuhr. I trimhîák mi @muaiîák Cåshai @saklir ekstri uei shst`eithziîák mks akot`÷mks i s`r`e trifiljimks `e nriom`s `hxks7 `spkrt`s, gknks, ithvhmim`s råtehais, lutis, nhoésthais ` mioîis. @sp`ri-s` qu` itè i =ª sèrh`/0´ iok ks iluoks t`ojie vhv`oahimk k eihkr o÷e`rk pkssåv`l m` `xp`rhçoahis ektkris. Akek vkaçs ciz`e k plio`gie`otk mis iulis piri i turei `e qu` jé ue ku eihs iluoks ake m`ahçoahi;
K `ouoahimk skfr` mhaulmim`s cuomie`oti-s` `e akot`÷mks m`s`ovklvhmks oks aursks m` `muaiîák cåshai. Gé i p`rnuoti t`e i hot`oîák m` r`liahkoir ks akot`÷mks qu` s`rhie m`s`ovklvhmks piri iluoks s`e m`ahçoahi, eis ckaiomk k iluok ake m`ahçoahi, ku s`gi, `sp`ri-s` qu` `ssi r`liîák ciîi `e`rnhr k akot`÷mk m`s`gimk. @ssi ckrei m` m`s`ovklv`r p`rnuotis t`e shmk fistiot` crutåc`ri piri hosthnir i mhsaussák mk nrupk. Kutrk aiehojk qu` t`e cuoahkoimk f`e piri i prkmuîák m` mhsaursk `e nrupks ckaihs s` r`c`r` i qu`stð`s qu` `ockaie mkhs akepko`ot`s mi p`rnuoti qu` sák kpkstks.
913
O O @ @
I p`squhsi - `e m`s`ovklvhe`otk - akomuzhmi pkr Eiozhoh, Qhlvi ` Akrrçi (6491) pkm` iuxhlhir o`ssi t`krhziîák. Ks iutkr`s m`s`ovklv`rie ue prkg`tk piri hov`sthnir i `struturiîák aurrhaulir m` ue aursk m` p`minknhi qu` `stivi `e vhnkr jé quitrk ioks. O`ss` aursk, k ÷lthek iok kc`rtivi i kpîák piri ks `stumiot`s `saklj`r`e i r`ilhziîák `e ue iprkcuomie`otk `e ér`is `sp`aåais, akek `muaiîák `sp`ahil, `muaiîák hociothl, ` imehohstriîák ` sup`rvhsák `saklir. K kfg`thvk mk prkg`tk ckh ivilhir, skf i ñthai mk iluok mk aursk m` p`minknhi, i ckreiîák r`a`fhmi ok aursk m` p`minknhi mi ciaulmim`, `sp`ahaie`ot` `e r`liîák ik iprkcuomie`otk ` ik `sténhk aurrhaulir. aurrhaulir. Ks iluoks ckrie akovhmimks i pirthahpir`e mk nrupk ckail ik oil mk s`e`str` l`thvk, quiomk `stivie t`rehoiomk k aursk, pkrtiotk, `rie iluoks mk quirtk iok. Ckrie akovhmimks pkr vklti m` s`hs iluoks m` aimi uei mis tureis mk iprkcuomie`otk (okturok ` mhurok). Tiri i mhsaussák, ue rkt`hrk ckh `lifkrimk ake k kfg`thvk m` cke`otir i mhsaussák ` ueiqu` `stritènhi ckh ipr`s`otir ue `ouoahimk ireithvk ` muis kutris qu`stð`s pkm`rhie homhair kpkshîák, akek hlustri k `x`eplk7 Skaçs thv`rie mhsahplhois oi nrimuiîák ` ilnueis akothouirie ok iprkcuomie`otk. Kljiomk piri is mhsahplhois mk aursk m` p`minknhi, quihs pkotks qu` vkaçs v``e pkshthvks, itè qu` pkotk `ssis mhsahplhois akotrhfuårie piri i ckreiîák m` vkaçs; Q` thv`ss` qu` eumir ilnuei akhsi ois mhsahplhois, k qu` vkaçs homhairhie piri eumir;
Ik ioilhsir i qu`sták qu` ckh ipr`s`otimi ik nrupk, p`ra`f`s` qu` ipñs k `ouoahimk hohahil, sklhahti-s` uei ivilhiîák skfr` pkotks pkshthvks ` pkotk o`nithvks qu` pkm`rhie s`r ekmhaimks oi `struturi mis mhsahplhois. Tkrtiotk, v`rhai-s` qu` i qu`sták t`e åothei r`liîák ake k kfg`thvk ` fusai `xp`rhçoahis akosthtiot`s. Kutri qu`sták mk rkt`hrk fusai hockreiîð`s skfr` uei ithvhmim` mk aursk m`shnoimi akek O÷al`ks Hot`nrimkr`s, qu` s`rhie eke`otks ik oil mk s`e`str` ok quil ks iluoks hrhie, guotk ake ks prkc`sskr`s, ipr`s`otir ue trifiljk qu` ifkrmiss`, m` ckrei hot`nrimi, ks akot`÷mks m`s`ovklvhmks ok iok. I qu`sták ipr`s`otimi p`lk ekm`rimkr ckh7 “@u qu`rhi mhsauthr ue pkuak ks O÷al`ks Hot`nrimkr`s. K qu` m`u a`rtk; Oi `xp`rhçoahi m` vkaçs k qu` m`u a`rtk ` k qu` m`u `rrimk;―
91>
L V. K. T. O (K.)
Okvie`ot`, p`ra`f`-s` qu` i qu`sták ipr`s`oti Okvie`ot`, i pr`s`oti ue t`ei qu` ckh vhv`oahimk p`lks pirthahpiot`s ` sklhahti uei ivilhiîák miqu`li ithvhmim`. È o`a`ssérhk silh`otir qu` `ssi ckrei m` `lifkriîák m` rkt`hrk piri mhsaussák mk nrupk ckail è f`e iprkprhimi quiomk s` m`s`gi qu` ks pirthahpiot`s vhvçoahis, `xp`rhçoahis, ` qu`, m` ckrei m`sarhthvi, ipr`s`ot`e ksivilh`e akotripkotks pkshthvks ` o`nithvks m`lis. AKOQHM@VIÎÐ@Q CHOIHQ
I `xpkshîák ipr`s`otimi t`otku m`ohr m`ohr,, `e t`reks t`ñrhaks e`tkmklñnhaks, is airiat`råsthais mk nrupk ckail ` akek ue rkt`hrk pkm` s`r akosthtuåmk piri s`r uthlhzimk p`lk p`squhsimkr ku ekm`rimkr ekm`rimkr.. @e r`liîák ä t`rehoklknhi, i kpîák ckh akoa`f`r k nrupk ckail akek ue iutkr`s prka`mhe`otk m` akl`tiè m` hockreiîák m` kutrks augi akoa`pîák m` qu` k nrupk v`rfil, ckail è mhc`r`ot`e`ot` ue eètkmk ku uei tèaohai. Tkrtiotk, `ot`om`-s` qu` k nrupk ckail è ue prka`mhe`otk m` akl`ti, qu` pkm` akepkrtir vérhis tèaohais, qu` pkm`ré s`r itr`limk i ifkrmin`os t`ñrhais mhc`r`ot`s piri akepkr ue eètkmk, piri, `oták, jiv`r uei i guoîák t`ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhai. Ip`sir m` oák s`r tritimk `ocithaie`ot` ok t`xtk, silh`oti-s` qu` i akl`ti m` mimks pkr e`hk mk nrupk ckail tiefèe air`a` m` akos`othe`otk mks pirthahpiot`s piri k usk mks mimks, ` i oák hm`othaiîák mks pirthahpiot`s è ilnk qu` m`v` s`r `sp`ahaimk iot`s mk hohahk mis s`ssð`s mk nrupk. Akek ipkotimk iot`rhkre`ot`, k nrupk ckail è uei akomhîák m` irriogk m` lifkritñrhk, eis hssk oák shnohai i o`utrilhmim` ah`otåai mk p`squhsimkr,, p`lk akotrérhk, m`v`-s` akoa`f`r qu` i pr`s`oîi mk ekm`rimkr p`squhsimkr ` mks isshst`ot`s m` p`squhsi, ` s`us r`sp`athvks pipèhs skahihs, hostu`oahirák i akl`ti m` mimks, hom`p`om`ot` mis hot`rv`oîð`s v`rfihs airiat`råsthais mi cuoîák mi e`mhiîák. Tkrtiotk, è hoauefçoahi mk p`squhsimkr t`otir `ot`om`r k quiotk hssk aiusku hoc`rçoahi ku oák oi prkmuîák mk mhsaursk mk nrupk. I ioélhs` mis hot`riîð`s v`rfihs pkm`ré iuxhlhir o`sti m`sakf`rti.
91:
O O @ @
V @C@VÇOAHIQ @C@VÇOAHIQ C@VV@HVI, N. A. Trknriei m` `muaiîák ciehlhir akothouimi `e lhonuin`e7 krh`otiîð`s i pihs m` arhioîis ake itrisks nlkfihs mk m`s`ovklvhe`otk. 6443. 930c. Mhss`rtiîák (E`strimk `e @muaiîák) - Ciau Ciaulmim` lmim` m` Chlkski ` Ahçoahis, Po`sp, Eirålhi, 6443. CHKVHOH, E. L. Q.2 EIOWHOH, @. G. Mhaulmim`s mks prkc`sskr`s prkc`sskr`s m` `muaiîák cåshai mhiot` mi hoalusák `muaiahkoil m` iluoks ake m`ahçoahi. Ho7 AKONV@QQK FVIQHL@HVK M@ @MPAIÎÁK @QT@AHIL, 0., 6496, Qák Airlks. Ioihs ... ... Qák Airlks, IFT@@, 6496. NIH, I. F. Nrupk ckail oi p`squhsi `e ahçoahis skahihs ` jueiois . Frisålhi, MC7 Låf`r Låf`r,, 6440. (Qèrh` T`squhsi `e @muaiîák, v.94). BHOM, L. Oktis piri k trifiljk ake i tèaohai m` nrupks ckaihs. Tshaklknhi `e V`vhsti , F`lk Jkrhzkot`, v.94, o.90, p.96=-913, 644=. BHWHON@V, G. Hotrkmuahon ckaus nrkups. FEG , Lkomko, v.199, p.688-146, 9880. Mhspkoåv`l `e7 jttp7//www jttp7//www.oafh.ole.ohj.nkv/pea/irthal`s/TEA6004 .oafh.ole.ohj.nkv/pea/irthal`s/TEA6004130/pmc/ 130/pmc/ feg44341-4419.pmc. Ia`ssk `e7 46 m`z. 6491. BHWHON@V, G. ]` e`tjkmklkny kc Ckaus Nrkups7 tj` hepkrtioa` kc hot`riathko f`tw``o r`s`iraj pirthahpiots. Qkahklkny kc J`iltj & Hllo`ss, Kxckrm, v.93, o.9, p.941969,988=. EIOWHOH, @. G. Akoshm`riîð`s skfr` i `lifkriîák m` rkt`hrk piri `otr`vhsti s`eh`struturimi. Ho7 EIVYP@WHO@7 E. A.2 ILE@HMI, E. I.2 KEK@2 K EK@2 Q. (Krn.). Aklñquhks skfr` p`squhsi `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil . Lkomrhoi7 @mu`l, 6441. p.99-60. EIOWHOH, @. G. @otr`vhsti s`eh-`struturimi7 ioélhs` m` kfg`thvks ` m` rkt`hrks. Ho7 Q@EHOÉVHK HO@VOIAHKOIL M@ T@QYPHQI @ @QPMKQ YPILHIHSKQ, Ioihs... s..., Fiuru7 QHT@Y, 644=. 9 AM. 6., I p`squhsi quilhtithvi `e m`fit`, Fiuru, 644=. Ioih EIOWHOH, @. G. Psk mi `otr`vhsti `otr`vhsti `e mhss`rtiîð`s ` t`s`s prkmuzhmis prkmuzhmis `e ue prknriei m` pñs-nrimuiîák `e `muaiîák. V`vhsti T`raursk (Kolho`), Eirhoné, v.=, p.9=8-9>9, 6496. Ivilhiîák hiîák m` ue aursk m` p`minknhi EIOWHOH, @. G.2 QHLSI, E. K.2 AKVVÇI, T. E. Ivil s`nuomk i ñthai mk `stumiot` . Trkg`tk `e m`s`ovklvhe`otk, Eirålhi7 Po`sp, 6491. EIOWHOH, @. G.2 AKVVÇI, T. E2 QHLSI, E. K. Krniohziîák mk s`rvhîk ` mis ithvhmim`s m`s`ovklvhmis ois silis m` r`aursks eulthcuoahkoihs `e ue euohaåphk mk hot`rhkr m` Qák Ioihs... hs...,, PCQAir, 6491. p.9-91. Tiulk. @OAKOVK MK KO@@QT, =., 6491. Ioi EKVNIO, M. L. Ckaus nrkups is quilhtithv` r`s`iraj. 3. `m. Lkomko7 Qin` Tuflhaithkos, 98>>. (Yuilhtithv` V`s`iraj E`tjkms Q`rh`s - v.93). v.93).
918
TK^@LL, V. I2 QHONL@, J. E. Ckaus Nrkups. Hot`roithkoil Gkuroil ckr Yuilhty ho TK^@LL, J`iltj Air`, Kxckrm, v.:, o.0, p.=88-04=, 9883. ^@LL@V, ^. ^. Nrupks m` mhsaussák oi p`squhsi ake imkl`sa`ot`s ` gkv`os7 ipkrt`s t`ñrhak-e`tkmklñnhaks ` ioélhs` m` uei `xp`rhçoahi ake k eètkmk. @muaiîák ` T`squhsi , Qák Tiulk, v.16, o.6, p.6=9-634, 6443.
Skltir piri k sueérhk
9=4
QKFV@ KQ IP]KV IP]KV@Q @Q
A É É]HI ]HI AVHS@L@O]H M@ CHNP@HV@MK ^ IL]@V IL ]@V pkssuh nrimuiîák `e Ckokiumhklknhi p`li PQA-Fiuru, e`strimk ` mkutkrimk `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil p`li PCQAir, pñs-mkutkrimk `e Akeuohaiîák Ilt`roithvi p`li P@VG P@VG ` p`li Pohv Pohv`rshty `rshty kc A`otril Clkrhmi. Trkc`ss Trkc`sskri kri isskahimi isskahimi mi Ciaulmim` m` @muaiîák ` mk Trkn Trknriei riei m` Tñs Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák mi Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk (TVKT@m/P@VG). aithiwilt`rDneihl.ake A XL@O@ E@MVIMK è è Ckokiumhñlkni p`li Pohv`rshmim` Aitñlhai m` T`trñpklhs (6444), pkssuh `sp`ahilhziîák `e Iltis Jifhlhmim`s p`li P@VG (6449), ckreiîák `e Mhsl`xhi p`li Isskahiîák Frishl`hri m` Mhsl`xhi (644>) ` e`str` `e Tshaklknhi p`li Pohv`rshmim` Aitñlhai m` T`trñpklhs (649=) ` mkutkri `e Tshaklknhi p`li Pohv`rshmi Pohv`rshmim` m` C`m`ril C`m`ril m` Guhz m` Ckri. Ckri.
aye`mrimkDjkteihl.ake MÈFKVI V V @NHOI @NHOI M@ T IP IPLI LI O OPO@Q è pshañlkni p`li Pohv`rshmim` C`m`ril mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk (988>), pkssuh e`strimk `e @muaiîák p`li Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk (6444) ` mkutkrimk ` pñs mkutkrimk `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil - Clkrhmi Qtit` Pohv`rshty (6440 ` 6493). Ituile`ot` è mka`ot` mks prknrieis m` nrimuiîák ` pñs-nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák mi Pohv`rshmim` C`m`ril mk Vhk Nriom` mk Okrt` (PCVO) ` Akkrm`oimkri mk E`strimk Trksshkoil Trksshkoil `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil mi PCVO.
m`fkriouo`s`imDneihl.ake
9=9
L V. K. T. O (K.)
@MPIVMK GKQÈ E IOWHOH è mka`ot` mk Trknriei m` Tñs-nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák oi Po`sp m` Eirålhi, pkssuh nrimuiîák `e Tshaklknhi p`li Pohe`p (98:1), e`strimk `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil p`li PCQAir (98:8)2 mkutkrimk `e Tshaklknhi p`li PQT-QT (98:0), lhvr`-mkaçoahi p`li Po`sp m` Eirålhi (644:), pñs-mkutkrimk p`li P@VG (649=). T`squhsimkr 9 F mk AOTq. `muirmk.eiozhohD `muirmk.eiozhohDuo`sp.fr uo`sp.fr CVIOAHQAK M@ T IPLI OPO@Q QKFVHOJK è pshañlknk p`li Pohv`rshmim` C`m`ril mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk (9838), e`str` `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil p`lk N`krn` T`ifkmy Akll`n` ckr `iaj`r `iaj`rss (98>>) ` Tj.M. `e @muaiîá @muaiîákk @sp`ahil p`li Siom`rfhlt Pohv`rshty (98:0)2). Tñs-Mkutkrimk `e Ahçoahis mk Ekvhe`otk Jueiok (644=), p`li Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk m` Qioti Aitirhoi. Trkc`sskr thtulir ipks`otimk mi Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk
m` Gio`hrk. couo`sskfrhojkDyijkk.ake.fr B I I]HPQAHI ]HPQAHI A. S IVNIQQ I O]PO@Q IVNI O]PO@Q è mka`ot` oi Ciaulmim` m` @muaiîák ` p`squhsimkri mk O÷al`k m` @stumks ` T`squhsis `e @muaiîák ` Mhv`rshmim` (O`p`m/PCGC) mi Pohv`rshmim` C`m`ril m` Guhz m` Ckri (PCGC). bithusahi.virnisDjkteihl.ake
L @HLI V @NHOI @HLI V @NHOI M‘KLHS@HVI M@ T IPLI OPO@s è Tshañlkni p`li Pohv`rshmim`
C`m`ril Vhk m` Gio`hrk e`str` `e @muaiîák @sp`ahil N`krn`lt T`ifkmymkAkll`n` (98>>) (98>4), ` Tj.M. `e @muaiîá @muaiîák k @sp`ahi @sp`ahil l p`lip`li Siom`rfh iom`rfhlt Pohv`rshty (98:0). Ituile`ot` è prkc`sskri thtulir mi Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk. Gio`hrk. T`squhsim `squhsimkri kri 9 M mk AOTq. l`hlir`nhoiouo`sDneihl.ake E IÅVI N NKE@Q M@ QKPWI MI V V KAJI KAJI è E`str` `e @muaiîák mk Trknriei m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák, Akot`xtks Akot`epkræo`ks ` M`eiomis Tkpulir`s (TTN@mua/PCVVG) ` Trkc`sskri mis V`m`s Euohahpihs m`
Muqu` m` Aixhis ` m` Okvi Hnuiîu/VG. eihrinsrkajiDneihl.ake eihrinsrkajiDneihl.ake
9=6
O O @ @
E ÉV M@OHQ@ TL@]QAJ è Mkutkri `e @muaiîák. Trkc`sskri Isskahimi mk ÉVAHI AHI M M`pirtie`otk @muaiîák ` Qkah`mim` ` mk Trknriei m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák, Akot`xtks Akot`epkræo`ks ` M`eiomis Tkpulir`s Tkpulir`s (TTN@mua) ` mk Trknriei m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e Jueiohmim`s Mhnhtihs (TTNHJM) mi Pohv`rshmim` C`m`ril Vuril mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk (PCVVG). Akkrm`oimkri mk Kfs`rvitñrhk m` @muaiîák @sp`ahil ` Hoalusák @muaiahkoil (Kf@@). Gkv`e Gkv`e Ah`othsti mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk mi CIT@VG ` p`squhsimkri mk AOTqoåv`l 6. eirahim`ohs`p eirahim`ohs`pl`tsajDneihl l`tsajDneihl.ake .ake T I I]VÅAHI ]VÅAHI FVIPO è Mkutkri `e @muaiîák (Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk/P@VG). È prkc`sskri isskahimi mk Hosthtutk m` Iplhaiîák C`roiomk Vkmrhnu`s mi Qhlv`hri - AIp/P@VG. friuopitrhahi48Dneihl.ake V KQIOI NLI KQIOI N LI] ] è prkc`sskri thtulir mi Ciaulmim` m` @muaiîák ` mk Trknriei m` Tñs-Nrimuiîák `e @muaiîák mi Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk (TVKT (TVKT@m/P@VG), @m/P@VG), p`squhsimkri 9M mk AOTq ` Ah`othsti mk Okssk @stimk mi Cip`rg. rksionlitDneihl.ake S HSHIO HSHIO E IV IV]HOQ ]HOQ NKE@s è ckreimi `e pshaklknhi p`li Pohv`rshmim` @stéahk m` Qé `e 6494, o`urkpshañlkni alåohai p`lk Hosthtutk Frishl`hrk m`
O`urkpshaklknhi, `e pshaklknhi p`li Pohv`rshmim` Aæomhmk E`om`s,pñs-nrimuimi e`str` `e pshaklknhi p`li guråmhai Pohv`rshmim` Aitñlhai m` T`trñpklhs (649=) ` mkutkriomi `e Tshaklknhi Qkahil oi Pohv`rshmim` mk @stimk mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk/P@VG . Trkc`sskri mi Pohv`rshmim` Pohv`rshmim` @stéahk m` Qé. vhvhioenke`sDneihl.ake Skltir piri k sueérhk
9=1
QKFV@ K LHSVK
Ckreitk 93Z61ae
hpklknhi Imkf` Niriekom Trk
hpk `-fkkb
Aitilkniîák `lei Giqu`lho` Mhis Qhlv`hri
Okreilhziîák @muirmk Gksè Eiozhoh
Aipi Eðohai M`lhf`ritk Fipthsti
Mhinrieiîák @m`vilmk M. Qiotks (v`rsák hepr`ssi) @muirmk Gksè Eiozhoh (imiptiîák piri `-fkkb) 6464
9==
O O @ @
L @HLI @HLI V @NHOI @NHOI M‘KLHS@HVI M@ T IPLI OPO@s pkssuh Fiajir`limk `e Tshaklknhi p`li Pohv`rshmim` C`m`ril mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk (9838), nrimuiîák `e Ckreiîák m` Tshañlknk p`li Pohv`rshmi Pohv`rshmim` m` C`m`ril mk Vhk m` Gio`hrk (98>4), e`strimk `e Qp`ahil @muaithko oi N`krn` T`ifkmy Akll`n`, PQI (98>> ` mkutkrimk
(Tj M) @muaithko Pohv`rshty Ituile`ot` thtulir mi
Qp`ahil -`eSiom`rfhlt (98:0). è prkc`sskri Pohv`rshmim`
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