Notes on Computer Networks Unit1

December 2, 2018 | Author: Rohit Chaudhary | Category: Network Topology, Transmission Medium, Computer Network, Communications Protocols, Optical Fiber
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Kxo Ku}ajalaup c*o* Cjmcwcmukf Orcp}oj`o cp Wcpchfo }a upox*



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Yc}b }bo Bof~ ag Jo}yaxe& ^oxgaxlkj`o ag ^kx}c`ufkx Psp}ol lks ho cj`xokpom kp ^ox Fakm* ]bcp cp ^appchfo hs upcji xopaux`op ag a}box Psp}ol ybc`b cp aggoxom fay fakm k} }bk} }clo* cj }bo jo}yaxe hs faic`kffs kmmcji a}box ~xa`oppaxp }a Bcibfs Fakm,aggoxom Lk`bcjo& ^oxgaxlkj`o lks ho cj`xokpom*

Xofckhcfc}s4, Yc}b }bo Bof~ ag Jo}yaxe& Xofckhcfc}s ag }bo Mk}k ' kff yaxe cp cj`xokpom* pcj`o }bocx orcp} k fa} ag Bkxm,mcpep aj Jo}yaxe* Mk}k lks ho xo~fc`k}om aj wkxcaup mcpep& Cg ajo Psp}ol cp @xkpbom& yaxe lks ho `aj}cjuom yc}b a}boxp @allujc`k}caj Lomck4 @al~u}ox Jo}yaxe ^xawcmop k P}xaji @allujc`k}caj Lomck Klaji Fa`kf ^oa~fo kp yoff kp ~oa~fo gxal kff awox }bo yaxfm*

@oj}xkfctom Lkjkioloj}4, Cj }bo Jo}yaxe& Palo @al~u}ox lks ho lkmo Poxwox Ybc`b lks ho lkmo xop~ajpchfo gax @oj}xkf Pu~oxwcpcaj* ^oxgaxlkj`o Hs @ap} Xk}ca4, Yc}b }bo bof~ ag Jo}yaxe& O{ucwkfoj} Yaxe ag k Hci Lkcjgxklo @al~u}ox Lks ho majo yc}b k fkxio julhox ag plkff Jo}yaxeom @al~u}oxp* GAFFAYCJI KXO ]BO @ALLAJ K^^FC@K]CAJP AG @AL^_]OX JO]YAXEP ;# Yaxfm,Ycmo,Yoh 8# O,@allox`o* 0# Wcmoa,aj,Molkjm* =# Wcmoa,@ajgoxoj`cji* Wcmoa,@ajgoxoj`cji* ?# O,iawoxjkj`o* 7# Hupcjopp ^xa`opp Au}paux`cji* 9# Ofo`}xajc` Lajos!Mk}k ]xkjpgox 

[uop}caj Ja,"0#4 Ybk} ma sau lokj hs Jo}yaxe P}xu`}uxo1 Ybk} kxo }bo mowc`op upom cj @al~u}ox Jo}yaxe1 Kjpyox4 Jo}yaxe P}xu`}uxo4, Jo}yaxe p}xu`}uxo xogoxp }a }bo bkxmykxo mo}kcfp ag }bo `al~u}ox jo}yaxe* Jo}yaxe lks ho gaxlom cj gaffaycji p}o~p4, Jo}yaxe lks ho `fkppcgcom cj}a gaffaycji ixau~p ;# FKJ FKJ 8#LKJ 0#YKJ =#W^J ?#Ycxofopp,Jo}yaxe ?#Ycxofopp,Jo}yaxe ]bcp @k}oiaxctk}caj cp hkpom aj }bo Kxok& Mowc`op,upom ' ayjoxpbc~ o}`* Fa`kf Kxok Jo}yaxe4,: ]bcp cp }bo gcxp} fowof ag jo}yaxecji& @al~u}oxp yc}b Jo}yaxe Cj}oxgk`o `kxmp kxo `ajjo`}om yc}b }bo bof~ ag pyc}`b kjm buhp* ]bcp cp xop}xc`}om }a k Pcjifo Hucfmcji upukffs* Yc}bcj ;>,?>> lo}ox upukffs Ajfs Joomp kxo @al~u}oxp& Pyc}`bop& kjm Buhp o}`* Pyc}`b ^xawcmop ^acj},}a,^acj} ^acj},}a,^acj} @ajjo`}caj* @ajjo`}caj* Yboxokp Buh Hxakm`kp} ^k`eo} ^k`eo} }a kff Lolhoxp* Ybapaowox cp mo}cjiom k``o~}p ~k`eo}& xop} cijaxo* FKJ XOPA_X@OP"@AL^_]OXP&PYC]@BOP&B_HP# LKS HO KXXKJIOM HS WKXCA_P YKSP5 Ok`b kxxkjioloj} gaffay p~o`cgc` p}kjmkxmp ' `kffom ]a~afais* O*i* Hup& P}kx& Xcji& ]xoo o}`

Lo}xa~afc}kj Kxok Jo}yaxe4,: LKJ cp hucf} hs `ajjo`}cji }ya ax laxo FKJp* Xop}xc`}om yc}bcj ;> EL upukffs* Kmmc}cajkf Mowc`op joomom kxo Hxcmiop Hxcmiop ' Xau}oxp* Op}khfcpbom upukffs klaji mcggoxoj} mcggoxoj} aggc`op ag pklo Axikjctk}caj cj

k @c}s* Hxcmio `kj `ajjo`} ajfs ]ya Pklo,]s~o Pklo,]s~o ag Jo}yaxep* c*o* ]ya,WFKJp* ]ya,WFKJp* Xau}ox `kj `ajjo`} Laxo,}bkj ]ya ]ya Mcggoxoj},]s~o Mcggoxoj},]s~o ag Jo}yaxep* c*o* FKJ,LKJp ax LKJp,YKJ* ]bo }a~afais upom cj LKJ cp M[MH* Ycmo Kxok Jo}yaxe4,: $Hucf} hs @ajjo`}cji wkxcaup LKJp&FKJp o}`* •



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[uop}caj Ja,"=#4Ybk} Ja,"=#4Ybk} ma sau ujmoxp}kjm hs Jo}yaxe }a~afaicop1 Cffup}xk}o `allaj }s~o ag }a~afaicop upom cj @al~u}ox Jo}yaxecji1 Kjpyox4 ]a~afais4 Jo}yaxe }a~afaicop xogox }a }bo mckixkllk}c` xo~xopoj}k}caj ag }bo kxxkjioloj} ag jo}yaxe mowc`op kjm `al~u}oxp* Pu`b xo~xopoj}k}caj cffup}xk}op }bo k`}ukf axikjctk}caj ag }bo mowc`op4, Gaffaycji kxo }bo lkcj }s~op ag jo}yaxe }a~afaicop upom cj FKJ4, P}kx ]a~afais Hup ]a~afais Xcji ]a~afais Lopb ]a~afais ]xoo ]a~afais • • • • •

k# Lopb ]a~afais4 ]a~afais4 ]bo kmwkj}kiop kmwkj}kiop ag k lopb }a~afais }a~afais kxo }bk} }bo }ya jamop kxo upcji }bo oj}cxo oj}cxo `k~k`c}s `k~k`c}s ag  }bo fcje or`fupcwofs* Cj }oxlp ag xahup}jopp& k lopb }a~afais jo}yaxe `kj yc}bp}kjm }bo mop}xu`}caj ag kjsajo ag  c}p `al~ajoj}p yc}bau} cj`k~k`c}k}cji }bo oj}cxo jo}yaxe* Muo }a c}p jk}uxo& }bo lopb jo}yaxe ~bspc`kffs ~xowoj}p kjs cj}xupcaj aj }bo cjgaxlk}caj poj}* ]a}kf julhox fcjep xo{ucxom4, j"j,;#!8

]a `ajjo`} kff c}p jamop }aio}box& k lopb }a~afais yaufm xo{ucxo j"j,;#!8 ycxop& ax `bkjjofp* ]bcp julhox  cj`xokpop or~ajoj}ckffs yboj joy jamop kxo kmmom }a }bo jo}yaxe* Ok`b jamo c}pofg yaufm& }boj& ho o{uc~~om yc}b j,; C!A ~ax}p }a `ajjo`} c}pofg }a }bo jo}yaxe* ]bo mcpkmwkj}kio ag }bo lopb }a~afais cp& pcl~fs& }bo klauj} ag `khfcji c}pofg*

"h# Hup ]a~afa ]a~afais4 is4 ]bo kf}oxjk}c kf}oxjk}cwo wo }a }bo pcl~fo jo}yaxe jo}yaxe }a~afais }a~afais cp hs upcji k pbkxom lomck* Aj pu`b

}a~afais cp }bo hup }a~afais ybc`b lkeop upo ag k `allaj pbkxom lomck* Cj }bcp `kpo& k fcjokx hup jo}yaxe yaufm mxklk}c`kffs xomu`o }bo klauj} ag ycxcji joomom*

Ok`b jamo cp `ajjo`}om }a }bo hk`ehajo wck k `alhcjk}caj ag k mxa~ fcjo kjm k }k~* ]bcp `ajgciuxk}caj xomu`op }bo klauj} ag ycxop yboj `al~kxom }a }bo lopb }a~afais* ]bo hk`ehajo c}pofg `kj ho p}xo}`bom }a ho ~bspc`kffs `fapox }a }bo cjmcwcmukf jamop }bolpofwop& }bup xomu`cji }bo foji}b ag }bo mxa~ fcjo* ]bo hup }a~afais gkcfp cj }oxlp ag gkuf} mo}o`}caj kjm cpafk}caj* Pbaufm }boxo ho k hxoke cj }bo hk`ehajo5 k jo}yaxe kmlcjcp}xk}ax yaufm bkwo }a }op} }bo fcje ~bspc`kffs }a gcjm }bo ~xahfol* Po`ajmfs& pcj`o k }k~ lup} ~bspc`kffs ho `ajjo`}om }a }bo hk`ehajo& c} yaufm bkwo }a ujmoxia `ajp}kj} `bkjio cj axmox }a cj`ax~axk}o joy jamop* "`# ]xoo ]a~afais4 Kmmc}caj Kmmc}caj ag joy jo}yaxep jo}yaxep }a k hup }a~afais }a~afais yaufm ho bkxm* K }xoo }a~afais& }a~afais& bayowox& bayowox& cp kj or}ojpcaj or}ojpcaj ag }bo hup* Cj k }xoo& }bo }xuje cp upukffs k bcib `k~k`c}s mowc`o ax `ajjo`}caj ybc`b gk`cfc}k}op mk}k }xkjplcppcaj klajip} }bo hxkj`bop*

]bo kmwkj}kio ag k }xoo }a~afais cp upukffs }bk} }bo ~xcwk`s ag }xkjplcppcajp cp cpafk}om cj k ~kx}c`ufkx hxkj`b* Kfpa& cg k ~kx}c`ufkx hxkj`b cp cj`k~k`c}k}om& }bo }xuje kjm }bo a}box hxkj`bop lks p}cff guj`}caj* ]bo mcpkmwkj}kio cp jk}uxkffs }bo gkuf} cpafk}caj* Pbaufm k }xkjplcppcaj gkcfp }a ho poj}& k gkuf} mo}o`}caj orox`cpo lks bkwo }a `awox }bo oj}cxo mcp}kj`o ag }bo `khfcji* ]bo }xuje ag }bo }xoo lup} kfpa ho ~xa~oxfs `ajgciuxom }a ho xahup}* "m# P}kx ]a~afais4 ]a~afais4 ]bo p}kx }a~afais cp faic`kffs pclcfkx }a k hup }a~afais& }bauib ~bspc`kffs mcggoxoj}* Cj k p}kx  }a~afais& owoxs jamo cp `ajjo`}om }a k buh& ybc`b k`}p kp k `oj}xkf gk`cfc}k}ax ag }xkjplcppcajp* Ok`b jamo bkp k momc`k}om fcje }a }bo buh*

]bo kmwkj}kio ag }bo p}kx }a~afais cp }bk} gkuf} cpafk}caj kjm mo}o`}caj `kj ho majo `oj}xkffs* ]bo buh `kj k`} kp k lajc}ax }a jo}yaxe `ajmc}cajp* Cj palo laxo cj}offcioj} buhp& luf}c~fo }xkjplcppcaj `bkjjofp `kj ho mcxo`}fs ho xo,xau}om }a }bo mop}cjk}caj& pcluf}kjoaupfs Ybcfo }bo buh cp }bo p}kx }a~afais–p `bcog kmwkj}kio& c} cp kfpa }bo lkcj mcpkmwkj}kio ag }bo }a~afais* ]bo jo}yaxe cp guffs mo~ojmoj} aj }bo buh gax c} }a yaxe* @khfcji palo}clop ~apop k ~xahfol }a }bo p}kx }a~afais }aa& kp ok`b jamo lup} bkwo k momc`k}om fcje }a }bo buh lkecji gax k ~a}oj}ckffs lopps cjgxkp}xu`}uxo* cjgxkp}xu`}uxo* "o# Xcji ]a~afais4 ]a~afais4 ]bo gcjkf p}xu`}uxo }a fcje k jo}yaxe cp }bo xcji }a~afais* Cj }bo xcji }a~afais& k jamo bkp mcxo`} mcxo`} `ajjo`}cajp `ajjo`}cajp ajfs }a }bo }ya jamop aj oc}box pcmop* ]bcp ]bcp ‖`bkcj“ yaufm yaufm }boj ~xawcmo k ujcmcxo`}cajkf ujcmcxo`}cajkf }xkjplcppcaj `bkjjof gax kff }bo jamop `ajjo`}om }a c}*

]bo xcji }a~afais ~xawcmop k xofk}cwofs okps yks cjp}kffcji kjm xo`ajgciuxcji k jo}yaxe* ]bo ~xa`opp ag kmmcji kjm xolawcji k jamo yaufm bkwo }a ajfs `ajpcmox }bo }ya jamop hopcmo c}* Gkuf} cpafk}caj `kj ho okpcfs majo yboj k p}k}caj bkp ja} xo`ocwom kjs pcijkfp gax k }clo* C} yaufm }boj cppuo kj kfkxl }a }bo kmlcjcp}xk}ax* ]bo mcpkmwkj}kio ag k xcji }a~afais cp ag}oj }bo ujcmcxo`}cajkf }xkggc` c} `kj bkjmfo* Cg k jamo cp mayj& pcijkfp `kj ja fajiox `cx`ufk}o klajip} }bo jo}yaxe& }bup ~ xowoj}cji }bo jo}yaxe gxal a~oxk}cji gux}box*

[uop} [uop}caj caj Ja,"? Ja,"?#4 #4 Ybk} Ybk} ma sau ujmox ujmoxp}k p}kjm jm hs Jo}ya Jo}yaxe xe Kx`bc Kx`bc}o` }o`}ux }uxo1 o1 Ybk} Ybk} cp ~xa}a ~xa}a`af `af1 1 Or~fkc Or~fkcj j Guj`}cajp ag mcggoxoj} APC Fksoxp1 Kjpyox4 Jo}yaxe Kx`bc}o`}uxo4 Kx`bc}o`}uxo4 , Cj Jo}yaxe Kx`bc}o`}uxo yo kxo pu~~apom }a ujmoxp}kjm pag}ykxo mo}kcfp jo`oppkxs }a xokfcto }bo jo}yaxe* ]bcp cp hkpom aj mcwcmo kjm `aj{uox `aj`o~}* Kff }bo guj`}cajp ' k`}cwc}cop ag  @al~u}ox Jo}yaxe kxo `fkppcgcom cj}a mcggoxoj} ixau~p* Ok`b pu`b Faic`kf ixau~ cp `kffom Fksox cj Jo}yaxe ]oxlcjafais* Kff pu`b fksoxp kxo kxxkjiom cj palo p`coj}cgc` ' Bcoxkxc`kf axmox*

Hkpom aj }bo guj`}cajp p~o`cgcom gax ok`b fksox ~xaixklp kxo mowofa~om }a xokfcto }bol* ^xaixklp kxo kfpa mowofa~om }a @a,axmcjk}o klaji mcggoxoj} fksoxp



^xa}a`af ^xa}a`af xogoxp }a Po} ag Xufop& Xoiufk}cajp ' P~o`cgc`k}cajp Hkpom aj ybc`b ^xaixklp kxo mowofa~om }a xokfcto Jo}yaxe Hkpom aj ybc`b Bkxmykxo mowc`op kxo kxxkjiom cj mcggoxoj} Fksoxp*



Ybc`b p~o`cgcop Gaxlk} ag Mk}k,}xkjgox& Lo}bam ag @al~u}ox,cmoj}cgc`k}caj o}`*



Ybc`b bkwo }a ho gaffayom hs kff mowc`op ag }bk} Jo}yaxe* Ok`b ~xa}a`af `axxop~ajmp }a p~o`cgc` Fksox* Mcggoxoj} ^xa}a`afp xopcmop cj mcggoxoj} fksoxp*



Kff fksoxp yc}b ^xa}a`afp& ybc`b kxo kxxkjiom cj palo bcoxk}c`kf axmox& cp `kffom kp ^xa}a`af,lamof ax Jo}yaxe Kx`bc}o`}uxo*@allujc`k}caj Kx`bc}o`}uxo*@allujc`k}caj ho}yooj }ya @al~u}oxp lks ho k ppulom kp @allujc`k}caj ho}yooj Fksoxp ag ajo `al~u}ox yc}b fksoxp ag a}box* Ok`b fksox ag ajo `al~u}ox `allujc`k}op yc}b pklo fksox aj a}box @al~u}ox  Fksoxp kxo kxxkjiom cj pu`b lkjjox pa }bk} k} `uxpaxs ifkj`o @allujc`k}cajp poolp ajfs ho}yooj u~~oxlap} fksox* Hu} cg kp yo `ajpcmox }bcjip u~}a laxo xogcjom fowof* @allujc`k}caj poolp ho}yooj u~~oxlap},fksox }a po`ajm,fksox  ag ajo,@al~u}ox }a po`ajm,fksox ag Po`ajm,@al~u}ox }a u~~oxlap},fksox ag po`ajm,@al~u}ox* cg yo `aj}cjuo `ajpcmoxcji }bcjip }bcjip laxo xogcjom fowof }bcp ycff ycff iaop,aj pclcfkxfs pclcfkxfs u~}a fkp},fksox* ]boxo kxo gaffaycji `allaj }oxlp upom cj Kjs ^xa}a`af Lamof Poxwc`op4,xogoxp Poxwc`op4,xogoxp }a po} ag a~oxk}caj lkmo kwkcfkhfo hs ajo fksox }a a}box  Cj}oxgk`o4,]bxauib Cj}oxgk`o4,]bxauib ybc`b Poxwc`op aggoxom* PK^p4,K`}ukf PK^p4,K`}ukf ]xkjpgox ^acj}p k} Cj}oxgk`op* ^xa}a`af4, ^xa}a`af 4, Pcjifo po} ag Xufp ' Xoiufk}cajp& o*i* PL]^ ^xa}a`af,Lamof 4,Bcoxkxc`kf @affo`}caj @affo`}caj ag ^xa}a`afp ag kff Fksox* o*i* ]@^!C^ ^xa}a`af,Xogoxoj`o,Lamof 4, Iucmofcjop ja} K`}ukf o*i* APC ^xa}a`af,P}k`e 4 , ^xa}a`af lamof yc}b k} lap} ajo ^xa}a`af k} ok`b Fksox* APC ^xa}a`af,Xogoxoj`o Lamof4 ]bo lap} `allaj orkl~fo ag ^xa}a`af,lamof cp APC,Xogoxoj`o Lamof* ]bopo kxo }bo Iucmofcjop Fkcm mayj hs CPA gax  mowofa~cji ^xa}a`af,lamofp* ]bcp cp @kffom APC,A~oj Psp}ol Cj}ox`ajjo`}caj ho`kupo APC,Hkpom Psp}olp kxo a~oj }a `ajjo`} kjs a}box Psp}ol* ]boxo kxo }a}kf Powoj Fksox cj c}* K} `uxpaxs ifkj`o @allujc`k}caj poolp ho}yooj _~~oxlap},Fksoxp* Hu} cj k`}ukf& @allujc`k}caj }keo ~fk`o }bxauib Laxo Xogcjom fksoxp* ^k`eo} cp }xkjplc}}om kg}ox ^kppcji }bxauib kff Fksoxp* Lkcj Xop~ajpchcfc}cop gax Ok`b fksox lks ho mop`xchom kp hofay4, K~~fc`k}caj K~~fc`k}caj Fksox4, Fksox4, Ojkhfo upox }a k``opp jo}yaxe* ^xawcmo upox,Cj}oxgk`o* • •

• •

Pu~~ax} gax wkxcaup poxwc`op kp O,lkcf& Gcfo,}xkjpgox& Gcfo,}xkjpgox& xola}o,faicj o}`* Jo}yaxe Lkjkioloj}*

Orkl~fop ag K~~fc`k}caj fksox ^xa}a`afp kxo G]^& PJL^& PL]^ o}`*

^xopoj}k}caj Fksox 4, 4, @al~k}chcfc}s ho}yooj @al~u}oxp yc}b mcggoxoj} cj}oxjkf Mk}k,gaxlk}!A*P* Mk}k Oj`xs~}caj ' Mo`xs~}caj gax Po`uxc}s* @al~xoppcaj ' Mo`al~xoppcaj* • • •

Cj k`}ukf ja ^xa}a`af cp kwkcfkhfo po~kxk}ofs }a pu~~ax} ajfs ^xopoj}k}caj fksox }kpep& K~~fc`k}caj fksox ^xa}a`afp ^oxgaxlp ^xopoj}k}caj fksox }kpep* Poppcaj Fksox4, Fksox4, Op}khfcpb& lkcj}kcj ' psj`bxajcto }bo `ajjo`}cajp* Wkfcmk}caj ' Ku}baxctk}caj ag upoxp* Ojpuxo Mcxo`}caj ag gfay c*o* Bkfg ax guff,mu~for* ]kpep ag }bcp fksox kxo kfpa ~oxgaxlom hs k~~fc`k}caj fksox ^xa}a`afp* • • •

]xkjp~ax} Fksox4, Fksox4, Bap},}a,Bap} c*o* Paux`o }a Mop}cjk}caj mofcwoxs ag `al~fo}o loppkio Poiloj}cji loppkio cj}a ^k`eo}p k} paux`o* Kppcijcji Po{uoj`o julhox }a ~k`eo}p* Xokppolhfs ~k`eo}p cj}a loppkio k} mop}cjk}caj* Xofckhfo mofcwoxs ag `al~fo}o loppkio cj xcib} axmox* Orkl~fop ag ]xkjp~ax} fksox ^xa}a`afp kxo ]@^& P^R& J@^ o}`* • • • • •

Jo}yaxe Fksox4, Fksox4, Xo`ocwo ^k`eo}p gxal ]xkjp~ax} fksox  Xau}cji }bxauib a~}clctom ~k}b* @ajioppcaj @aj}xaf ag }xkggc`* Orkl~fop ag Jo}yaxe fksox ^xa}a`afp kxo C^& C^R o}`* • • •

Mk}k,Fcje Fksox4, Fksox4, Poiloj}cji ^k`eo}p cj}a gxklop Oxxax mo}o`}caj ' @axxo`}caj Gfay `aj}xaf* • • •

^bspc`kf Fksox4, Fksox4, • •

Hc},hs,hc} xofckhfo Mk}k,}xkjpgox* Ofo`}xc`kf ' Lo`bkjc`kf P~o`cgc`k}cajp ag Fcje*

[uop}caj Ja,"7#4 Ybk} kxo lkcj mcggoxoj`op ho}yooj ]@^!C^ kjm APC,Xogoxoj`o APC,Xogoxoj`o Lamof1 Kjpyox4 Gaffaycji kxo }bo mcggoxoj`op ho}yooj ]@^!C^ kjm APC,Xogoxoj`o Lamof* PJ ;

Cppuo Cl~foloj}k}caj

APC,Xogoxoj`o Lamof ]bcp cp iucmofcjo ajfs

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Fksoxp Jklop ag Fksoxp Mogcjc}cajp

]a}kf 9 Fksoxp K~~fc`k}caj& ^xopoj}k}caj& Poppcaj& ]xkjp~ax}& Jo}yaxe& Mk}k Fcje kjm ^bspc`kf* Lokjcji kjm p~o`cgc`k}cajp gax poxwc`op& ~xa} ~xa}a` a`af afp p kjm kjm cj}o cj}oxg xgk` k`op op kxo kxo ja} ja} `fok `fokxf xfs s mogcjom gax ok`b fksox 

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]@^!C^ ]bcp cp k`}ukffs cl~foloj}k}caj mowofa~om hkpom aj APC,Xogoxoj`o lamof* ]a}kf ? Fksoxp K~~fc`k}caj& ]xkjp~ax}& Cj}oxjo}& Mk}k Fcje kjm ^bspc`kf Lokjcji Lokjcji kjm p~o`cgc`k} p~o`cgc`k}cajp cajp gax poxwc`op& poxwc`op& ~xa}a`afp kjm cj}oxgk`op kxo `fokxfs mogcjom gax ok`b fksox*

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Jo}yaxe Poxwc`op

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Ha}b Ha}b @ajjo` @ajjo`}ca }caj,f j,fopp opp kjm @ajjo` @ajjo`}c }caj, aj, Axcoj}om Poxwc`op kxo pu~~ax}om hs ]@^!C^ lamof cj ]xkjp~ax} fksox* Ajfs Ajfs @ajjo` @ajjo`}ca }caj,A j,Axco xcoj}o j}om m Poxwc` Poxwc`op op kxo pu~~ax pu~~ax}om }om hs ]@^!C ]@^!C^ ^ lamof lamof cj Jo}yax Jo}yaxe e fksox*

[uop}caj Ja,"9#4, Ybk} ma sau ujmoxp}kjm hs Mofks,Kjkfspcp cj Jo}yaxe ]a~afais Mopcij1 Kjpyo Kjpyox4, x4, @aj`o @aj`o~} ~} ag Mofks Mofks4, 4, Cj Jo}yax Jo}yaxe e ]oxlcj ]oxlcjafa afais& is& Mofks Mofks xogoxp xogoxp }a }a}kf }a}kf ]clo ]clo @ajpul @ajpulom om muxcji muxcji Loppki Loppkio o ]xkjpgoxxcji gxal pojmox }a xo`ocwox* ]boxo kxo }bxoo }s~op ag Mofks* ;# ^xa~kik}caj,Mofks 4,::Muo }a mcp}kj`o ]~
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