RIEWBP]EDFD EITBPIFMEAIFC ]BO GFMRCTFD DB ]BNRPEDFD U ]FCRD AMRZFMEAIFC Trf`fka db gei db mfrrbrf tetucfda; –PBMAZECFMEAI
KRPE]ZPRDBIMEF
DB
CF
IAPLFTEWF
FZCEMF@CB
F
CBNFC
U
BIGBPLBDFDB]
ZPAGB]EAIFCB] U FMMEDBITB] DB TPF@FKA U BCF@APFMEAI DB WFDBLBMRL DB PBMCFLA] ]A@PB PEB]NA] DB TPF@FKA“
Pbfcezfda par; PFLEPA NAI[FCA @APKF @APKF Derbmtar dbc praybmta; Cmda. Dfrìa Æcvfrbz Mfcdbrýi L]m. Mala rbqueseta pfrf cf a`tbimeýi dbc tìtuca db LFNE]TBP BI ]BNRPEDFD U ]FCRD AMRZFMEAIFC
VRETA, LFP[A 0:64
e
DBMCFPFMEAI KRPFLBITFDF
Ua, Pflera Naizfca @arkf @arkf, dbmcfra `fka kurflbita qub bc trf`fka fquì dbsmreta bs db le futarìf? qub ia hf seda prbveflbitb prbsbitfdf pfrf ieinûi nrfda a mfcegemfmeýi pragbseaifc, y, qub hb maisuctfda rbgbrbimefs `e`ceanrægemfs qub sb eimcuybi bi bstb damulbita. F trfvås db cf prbsbitb dbmcfrfmeýi mbda les dbrbmhas db prapebdfd eitbcbmtufc marrbspaidebitbs f bstb trf`fka, f cf RIEWBP]EDFD EITBPIFMEAIFC ]BO, sbnûi ca bstf`cbmeda par cf cby db Zrapebdfd Eitbcbmtufc, par su Pbncflbita y par cf iarlftevedfd eistetumeaifc venbitb.
Pflera Naizfca @arkf @arkf M.M.Ia. 6>668658:=
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DBMCFPFTAPEF Bc prbsbitb trf`fka db eivbstenfmeýi tetucfda; –PBMAZECFMEAI DB CF IAPLFTEWF CBNFC U KRPE]ZPRDBIMEF K RPE]ZPRDBIMEF
FZCEMF@CB F BIGBPLBDFDB] ZPAGB]EAIFCB] U FMMEDBITB] DB TPF@FKA U BCF@APFMEAI DB WFDBLBMRL DB PBMCFLA] ]A@PB PEB]NA] DB TPF@FKA“
Pbfcezfda par; PFLEPA NAI[FCA @APKF @APKF Mala rbqueseta pfrf cf a`tbimeýi dbc tìtuca db LFNE]TBP BI ]BNRPEDFD U ]FCRD AMRZFMEAIFC Hf seda dereneda par bc pragbsar. CMDA. DFPEA FCWFPB[ MFCDBPAI L]m. Vuebi maisedbrf qub maistetuyb ui trf`fka areneifc db su futar.
CMDA. DFPEA FCWFPB[ MFCDBPAI L]m. DEPBMTAP CA] ZPAGB]APB] EIGAPLFITB]. Cas pragbsarbs eigarlfitbs; Ein. Lfrìf Passbceib Mfcesta Ein. Lfrìf Nrfmef Mfcesta Dbspuås db rbvesfr rbvesfr bc trf`fka prbsbitfda, ca hfi mfcegemfda mala fpta pfrf su dbgbisf dbgbisf arfc fitb bc tre`ui tre`uifc fc bxfleifdar
Vueta, lfrza dbc 0:64
eee
FNPFDBMELEBITA
Fnrfdbzma fc Cmda. Dfrìa Æcvfrbz Mfcdbrýi, par su dbdemfmeýi bi cf derbmmeýi db tbses, f cf Rievbrsedfd Eitbrifmeaifc ]BO, f sus futaredfdbs y pragbsarbs quebibs elpfrtebrai sus maiamelebitas, db lfibrf lfibrf bspbmefc f le bspasf b hekfs, par su malprbiseýi, sfmregemea y fpaya eimaidemeaifc, pfrf canrfr bstb pbcdföa fdemeaifc bi le vedf pragbseaifc, yf qub mai su flar y maigefizf gub sugemebitb pfrf a`tbibr bstb canra fmfdålema.
ev
DBDEMFTAPEF
Bstf tbses bstæ dbdemfdf f le gflecef, le bspasf, les hekfs, quebibs hfi seda le elpucsa psemacýnema y larfc, pfrf maiteiufr mai le supbrfmeýi bi le mfrrbrf pragbseaifc. Tfl`eåi dbdema bstf a`rf f le lfdrb, quebi hf seda bc latar latar b elpucsa durfitb tadf le vedf, mala tfl`eåi f tadfs cfs pbrsaifs qub hfi maitre`ueda bi canrfr les lbtfs bi vedf pragbseaifc. ]ebida mrbybitb, ia padrìf dbkfr f fnrfdbmbr f deas y f cf vernbi db fnuf sfitf db @föas par sbr cf nuìf y cuz bi cas lalbitas læs degìmecbs db le vedf. ve df.
v
RIEWBP]EDFD EITBPIFMEAIFC ]BO GFMRCTFD DB ]BNRPEDFD U ]FCRD AMRZFMEAIFC TBLF; –Pbmapecfmeýi db cf iarlftevf cbnfc y kuresprudbimef fpcemf`cb f bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs y fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bcf`arfmeýi db vfdblåmul db rbmcflas sa`rb rebsnas db trf`fka“
FRTAP;
Dr. Pflera Naizfca @arkf @arkf
DEPBMTAP;
Cmda. Dfrìa Æcvfrbz Mfcdbrýi Lsm.
GBMHF; Gb`rbra
0:64 PB]RLBI Cf prbsbitb eivbstenfmeýi gub dbsfr dbsfrraccfdf raccfdf bi taria fc fiæceses db cf iarlftevf ifmeaifc, Kuresprudbimef y Maivbieas Eitbrifmeaifcbs, mai rbspbmta db Pebsnas db Trf`fka bi Bmufdar, fdblæs db cfs rbspaisf`ecedfdbs bi mfsa db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, par pfrtb db Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc y/a pftraifc, cf iarlftevf fdblæs dbtbrleif laitas eidbliezftareas bi gfvar dbc trf`fkfdar qub sugrf ui seiebstra rbnucfda par Pebsnas db Trf`fka, mala tfl`eåi sböfcf cas prambdelebitas db rbmcflas fdleiestrftevas y kudemefcbs db cas trf`fkfdarbs qub ia hfyfi seda fgecefdas fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, eimulpcelebita qub bs ecbnfc, fdblæs dbtbrleif bc Mýdena Arnæiema Eitbnrfc Zbifc qub cf gfctf db fgecefmeýi pubdb dbrevfrsb bi uif sfimeýi bmaiýlemf y maitrfvbimeýi pbifc pbifc qub padrìf sbr sfimeaifda mai preseýi? y, bi mfsa db rbtbimeýi db cfs fpartfmeaibs par pfrtb dbc blpcbfdar bs ui dbceta tepegemfda par cf iarlf pbifc. Mai bstf tepegemfmeýi mrbblas qub db`bræ desleiuer maisedbrf`cblbitb bc eimulpcelebita eimulpce lebita db cf gfctf db fgecefmeýi db cas trf`fkfdarbs. Tfl`eåi sb hf fifcezfda cas rbmcflas rbmcflas fdleiestrftevas y kudemefcbs
db cas
trf`fkfdarbs fgecefdas fc EB]], qub padrìf ccbnfr fc rbsacvbr bstb tepa db rbmcflas bi vfreas föas.
ve
vee
RIEWBP]EDFD EITBPIFMEAIFC ]BO GFMRCTFD DB ]BNRPEDFD U ]FCRD AMRZFMEAIFC TBLF; –Pbmapecfmeýi db cf iarlftevf cbnfc y kuresprudbimef fpcemf`cb f bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs y fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bcf`arfmeýi db vfdblåmul db rbmcflas sa`rb rebsnas db trf`fka“
FRTAP; Dr. Pflera Naizfca @arkf @arkf DEPBMTAP; Cmda. Dfrìa Æcvfrbz Mfcdbrýi Lsm.
GBMHF; Gb`rbra 0:64
F@]TPFMT Thes rbsbfrmh wfs dbvbcapbd frauid thb fifcyses ag thb ifteaifc cbnescfteai , kuresprudbimb fid eitbrifteaifc maivbiteais weth rbnfrd ta ka` hfzfrds ei Bmufdar , ei fddeteai ta thb rbspaise`ecetebs ei mfsb ag fmmedbits ft waro fid ammupfteaifc desbfsbs, `y Bmufdarefi Eistetutb ag ]amefc ]bmurety fid / ar blpcaybrs , thb cbnescfteai fcsa dbtbrleibs malpbisfteai flauits gar thb warobr wha suggbrs f cass mavbrbd `y Ammupfteaifc Peso , fs paeitbd aut fdleiestrftevb prambdurbs fid cbnfc mcfels ag warobrs wha hfvb iat `bbi lbl`brs ag thb Bmufdarefi Eistetutb ag ]amefc ]bmurety , `rbfmh whemh `y cfw es eccbnfc fid fcsa weth thb fppravfc ag thb Madb ag mreleifc Eitbnrfc , cfmo ag fggecefteai lfy rbsuct ei geifimefc pbifctebs fid bvbi mreleifc veacfteai maucd `b puieshbd weth elpresailbit , fid , eg wethhacdein ag maitre`uteais `y thb blpcaybr es fi aggbisb uidbr thb mreleifc cfw . ^eth thes mhfrfmtbrezfteai wb `bcebvb thft et shaucd
seniegemfitcy
rbdumb
thb
gfecurb
wfs
uieisurbd
warobrs.
^b fcsa fifcyzbd thb fdleiestrftevb fid kudemefc mcfels ag EB]] warobrs maucd nbt ta rbsacvb sumh malpcfeits ei sbvbrfc ybfrs.
veee
EIDEMB NBIBPFC
DBMCFPFMEAI KRPFLBITFDF
EE
DBMCFPFTAPEF
EEE
FNPFDBMELEBITA
EW
DBDEMFTAPEF
W
PB]RLBI
WE
F@]TPFMT
WEE
EIDEMB NBIBPFC
WEEE
EITPADRMMEAI
6
ZPA@CBLF DB EIWB]TENFMEAI
0
DEFNIA]TEMA DBC ZPA@CBLF
0
ZPAIA]TEMA
0
GAPLRCFMEAIDBC ZPA@CBLF
=
]E]TBLFTEMFMEAI DBC ZPA@CBLF A@KBTEWA NBIBPFC
7 7
A@KBTEWA B]ZBMEGEMA
7
KR]TEGEMFMEÝI EIWB]TENFMEAI
>
TBAPEF
>
LBTADACANEF
>
TBMIEMF] DB CF EIWB]TENFMEAI
8
TBMIEMF]F B EI]TPRLBITA] DB CF EIWB]TENFMEAI
5
WFCEDB[ U MAIGEF@ECEDFD DB CA] EI]TPRLBITA]
6: ex
LFPMA TBAPEMA
6:
MFZETRCA E 6. CA] PEB]NA] DB TPF@FKA U CF IAPLFPEWF CBNFC
6:
6.6.Pebsnas db Trf`fka 6.0.Cas rebsnas db Trf`fka bi cf iarlftevf cbnfc bmuftarefif
6: 6=
6.=.Cas rebsnas db trf`fka bi cf iarlftevf cbnfc eitbrifmeaifc
08
6.4.Gfmtarbs qub eigcuybi bi cas rebsnas db trf`fka
=4
6.2.]bnuredfd 6.2.]bnured fd bi bc Trf`fka
46
MFZETRCA EE 0. TEZA] DB PEB]NA] DB TPF@FKA
42
0.6.Fmmedbitbs db Trf`fka 0.6.Fmmedbitbs 0.0. Mfusfs db cas Fmmedbitbs
48 2=
0.=. Eidbliezfmeýi Eidbliezfmeýi par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka
22
0.4. Bigbrlbdfdb Bigbrlbdfdbss pragbseaifcbs
7=
0.2.Mcfsegemfmeýi
72
0.7. Eidbliezfmeaibs Eidbliezfmeaibs par bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc
78
MFZETRCA EEE =. WBDBLBMRL DB PBMCFLA] ]A@PB PEB]NA] DB TPF@FKA
>5
=.6.Zrbsbitfmeýi =.0. A@KBTEWA]
>5 8:
=.0.6. A`kbtevas Nbibrfcbs
8:
=.0.0. A`kbtevas Bspbmìgemas
86
=.=.IAPLFTEWF CBNFC ]A@PB PEB]NA] DB TPF@FKA
86
=.=.6. Fmmedbitbs db Trf`fka
86
=.=.0. Dbgeiemeýi
86
=.4. Bigbrlbdfdb Bigbrlbdfdbss pragbseaifcbs
80
=.4.6. Dbgeiemeýi
80
=.2. Pbspaisf` Pbspaisf`ecedfd ecedfd nbibrfdf par fmmedbitb db trf`fka x
U bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc
8=
=.7.Maleseýi mfcegemfdarf db rebsnas
54
=.>.Eidbliezfmeýi =.>.Eidbliezf meýi par fmmedbitb db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc
55
=.8.Mfcmuca db eidbliezfmeýi
66:
=.5.Ma`ra db Eidbliezfm Eidbliezfmeaibs eaibs
664
=.6:.
Trfletb par fmmedbitb db Trf`fka y bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc Dbc pbrsaifc ia fgecefda fc EB]]
=.6:.6. Træletb
=.66.
66> 668
Bsqublf dbc træletb db dbiuimef y/a dblfidfd db
trf`fkfdarbs ia fgecefdas fc EB]] =.60.
60=
Trfletb par fmmedbitb db Trf`fka y bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc dbc
pbrsaifc fgecefda fgecefda fc EB]].
604
=.60.6. Eiemea db Eivbstenfmeýi db fmmedbitb db Trf`fka y/a bigbrlbdfd
Zragbseaifc =.60.0. Elpunifmeýi sbdb kudemefc =.6=. Bsqublf dbc træletb db dbiuimef y/a dblfidf db trf`fkfdarbs
607 6=:
fgecefdas fc EB]]
6==
=.64.
Fvesa db Fmmedbitb db trf`fka mai gfccbmelebita
6=4
=.62.
Eistrumteva pfrf garlucfrea db bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc
6=7
4. MFZETRCA EW 4.6. Maimcuseaibs y rbmalbidfmeai rbmalbidfmeaibs bs
64=
4.6.6. Maimcuseaibs
64=
4.6.0. Pbmalbidf Pbmalbidfmeaibs meaibs
642
MFZETRCA W 2. @e`ceanrfgìf
647
FIBXA] Fibxa Ia. 6. ]bitbimefs demtfdfs par bc cf Bx Martb ]uprbl ]uprblff db Kustemef db Martb Ifmeaifc db Kustemef dbc Bmufdar, qub xe
Maistetuyb prbmbdbitb kuresprudbimefc.
645
Fibxa Ia. 0. Maivbieas eitbrifmeaifcbs veimucfdas mai Cf sbnuredfd y sfcud amupfmeaifc
620
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MFZETRCA E 6. EITPADRMMEAI ZPA@CBLF DB EIWB]TENFMEAI. Cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar sböfcf qub bs ui bstfda Maistetumeaifc db dbrbmhas y kustemef samefc y dblamrætema y, par tfita, nfrfitezf dbrbmhas f cas trf`fkfdarbs y blpcbfdarbs, sböfcæidaca bi cas Frts. ==, =07 =07 iulbrfcbs 2, 7 y =75 =75 db cf Maistetumeýi, qub bi garlf tbxtufc sböfcf;
Frt. =75; Bc sbnura uievbrsfc a`cenftarea mu`reræ cfs maiteinbimefs db bigbrlbdfd, lftbriedfd, pftbriedfd, rebsnas db trf`fka, mbsfitìf, dbsblpcba, vbkbz, eivfcedbz, desmfpfmedfd, lubrtb y fqubccfs qub dbgeif cf cby. Cfs prbstfmeaibs db sfcud db cfs maiteinbimefs db bigbrlbdfd y lftbriedfd sb `reidfræi f trfvås db cf rbd pû`cemf eitbnrfc db sfcud.
Bc Eistrulbita Fideia db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka, gub demtfda par cf Maluiedfd Fideif mai bc prapýseta db lbkarfr cfs maidemeaibs dbc trf`fkfdar y leielezfr cas fmmedbitbs ddbb trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, aa`cenæidasb `cenæidasb cas bstfdas lebl`ras f elpcblbitfr pacìtemfs db bstfda f gei db bkbmutfr bi mfdf uia db cas pfìsbs.
Fdblæs, iubstrf cbnescfmeýi bi ]bnuredfd y ]fcud Amupfmeaifc bstæ dbtbrleifdf bi bc Mýdena db Trf`fka bi bc Tetuca EW bi bc qub f`frmf f cas fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbss pragbseaifcbs. bigbrlbdfdb Bc Pbncflbita db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud db cas Trf`fkfdarbs (Dbmrbta Bkbmuteva Ia. 0=5=) demtf cf iarlftevf pfrf fpcemfmeýi db cf prbvbimeýi db rebsnas dbc trf`fka bi Bmufdar. 6
Bc Maisbka Derbmteva dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, demtý bc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka lbdefitb rbsacumeýi MD. =5: db 6: db iavebl`rb db 0:66, bi bc mufc frlaiezf tadfs cfs iarlfs cbnfcbs venbitbs y veimucfdfs f cf Pebsnas db Trf`fka bi bc pfìs.
Db bstf lfibrf, padblas a`sbrvfr qub bxestb iarlftevf venbitb pfrf bc mulpcelebita bi prbvbimeýi db rebsnas, pbra hf seda lfrneifc bc maiamelebita db cf leslf par trf`fkfdarbs y blpcbfdarbs blpcbfdarbs y, par tfita, ia sb fpcemfda db`edflbitb? db`edflbitb? bi maitbxta mai bc prapýseta db praguidezfr bc maiamelebita db cas dbrbmhas db cas trf`fkfdarbs y a`cenfmeaibs db cas blpcbfdarbs bs ibmbsfrea rbmapecfr bstf eigarlfmeýi db lfibrf dedæmtemf.
DEFNIA]TEMA DBC ZPA@CBLF Cf prbsbimef db fmmedbitbs bi cfs blprbsfs nrfidbs, lbdefifs y pbquböfs læs bc dbsmaiamelebita db cf iarlftevf cbnfc bi bxpasemeýi f rebsnas cf`arfcbs, df mala rbsuctfda bi lumhas lumhas mfsas lu luctfs, ctfs, sfimeaib sfimeaibss y kuemeas btm. Daidb sb dblubstrf cfs gfcbimefs eitbrifs db
Nbsteýi db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud
Amupfmeaifc.
ZPAIA]TEMA. Zadblas a`sbrvfr qub bxestb iarlftevf venbitb pfrf bc mulpcelebita bi prbvbimeýi db rebsnas, pbra hf seda lfrneifc bc maiamelebita db cf leslf par trf`fkfdarbs y blpcbfdarbs y, y, par tfita, ia sb fpcemf fpcemfda da db`edflbitb? bi maitbxta mai bc bc prapýseta db praguidezfr bc maiamelebita db cas dbrbmhas db cas trf`fkfdarbs y a`cenfmeaibs db cas blpcbfdarbs bs ibmbsfrea rbmapecfr bstf eigarlfmeýi db lfibrf dedæmtemf. Cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar. Bc Eistrulbita Fideia db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka Mýdena db Trf`fka bi bc Tetuca EW 0
Bc Pbncflbita db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud db cas Trf`fkfdarbs (Dbmrbta Bkbmuteva Ia. 0=5=) Bc Maisbka Derbmteva dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, demtý bc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka lbdefitb rbsacumeýi MD. =5:. Bstf iarlftevf rbgbrbitb f cf prbvbimeýi db fmmedbitbs ias df uif cìibf db eiemea mai bc gei db qub cfs blprbsfs mulpcfi y maiazmfi cas pra`cblfs qub pubdbi amfseaifr muifda ia sb mulpcb bstf iarlftevf.
GAPLRCFMEAI DBC ZPA@CBLF Bc sestblf db maitrftfmeýi cf`arfc bi bc pfìs prbsbitf uif sbreb db bvbitufcedfdbs qub fgbmtfi su iarlfc dbsbivacvelebita, fc maitrftfr cas sbrvemeas db ui trf`fkfdar, bc apbrfdar vf f bstfr bxpubsta f gfmtarbs db rebsna prapeas db cf fmtevedfd cf`arfc. Dbitra db cas rebsnas qub bc trf`fkfdar qub bstæ bxpubsta, sb pradumb pradumb ui fmmedbitb fmmedbitb par gfctf db maitracbs apbrftevas a dbsmaiam dbsmaiamelebita elebita dbc sestblf pradumteva, f bstf bvbitufcedfd fgbmtf cf sfcud gìsemf y psemasamefc dbc eidevedua, nbibrfida pårdedfs pfrf cf blprbsf. Bc dbsmaiamelebita dbsmaiamelebita db cf cby tfita trf trf`fkfdar `fkfdar mala blprbsf, sb dbsncasf dbsncasf lumhas gfmtarbs db rbspaisf`ecedfd qub sai maisbmubimef db cas fmmedbitbs. Ri fmmedbitb pubdb dbsbimfdbifr
prambsas db ardbi cbnfc y rbsacvbr rbsacvbrsb sb mai
rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc bi mfsa db qub cf maisbmubimef hfyf seda cf lubrtb, Eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb pfrmefc, Eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb tatfc, Eimfpfmedfd Eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb f`sacutf, bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc y Pbu`emfmeýi dbc pubsta db trf`fka. Bi bc Bmufdar nbibrfclbitb bstb tepa db pra`cblætemf bs eniarfdf a sb ccbnf f fmubrdas bitrb pftraias y trf`fkfdarbs, leslas qub sai tatfclbitb dbsvbitfkasas pfrf bc a`rbra, fdblæs db vucibrfr sus dbrbmhas maistetumeaifcbs y cf`arfcbs, bxestebida uif bspbmeb db eiluiedfd par pfrtb db cas blpcbfdarbs. blpcbfdarbs. Zbsb qub bi bi iubstrf cbnescfm cbnescfmeýi eýi venbitb, rbmaiamb qqub ub bc trf`fkfda trf`fkfdarr bi mfsa qub cf blprbsf ia hfyf rbpartfda bc fmmedbitb, tebib bc dbrbmha db malpfrbmbr fitb eistfimefs fdleiestrftevfs y kudemefcbs qub sai; =
Trf`fkfdar fgecefda padræ rbmcflfr fitb cf Derbmmeýi Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, quebi sbræ cf bimfrnfdf bimfrnfdf db rbfcezfr bc bstudea y mfcegemfmeýi db eimf eimfpfmedfd, pfmedfd, pravbiebitb db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs y, bi mfsa db dbtbrleifr, eimfpfmedfd db`bræ dbtbrleifr se bxestb rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc a f su vbz fsuler cf rbspaisf`ecedfd rbspaisf`ec edfd bc EEB]] B]] bi mfsa qub bc blpcbfdar hfyf mulpceda mai tadfs cfs iarlfs db sbnuredfd y sfcud Amupfmeaifc. Bi cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc y sus rbncflbitas dbtbrleif cf a`cenftarebdfd db fgecefmeýi fc EB]] db cas trf`fkfdarbs, trf`fkfdarbs, pbsb fqubcca, bxestbi trf`fkfdarbs trf`fkfdarbs qub ia nazfi nazfi db cf fgecefmeýi, par tfita ia bstæi `fka bc flpfra y pratbmmeýi db cf Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc? sebida ibmbsfrea cf pratbmmeýi db bstb lfrnbi db trf`fkfdarbs sei fgecefmeýi, bc Mýdena db Trf`fka rbmanb fqubcca y sböfcf cf a`cenfmeýi dbc blpcbfdar eidbliezfr bi mfsa db bxester fmmedbitbs db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, seblprb y mufida ia rbme`f bstb `bibgemea dbc EB]]? pfrf rbfcezfr bstas rbmcflas, mrbf uif eistfimef db rbmcfla fdleiestrfteva f trfvås dbc eispbmtar db trf`fka quebi sbræ bc bimfrnfda db su eivbstenfmeýi y fdblæs cf dbtbrleifmeýi db rbspaisf`ecedfd dbc blpcbfdar. Db enufc lfibrf, lfibrf, ui trf`fkfdar tebi tebibb dbrbmha f prbsbitfr prbsbitfr su rbmcfla fi fitb tb ui kubz db trf`fka dbitra dbc æl`eta kudemefc, sebida bc kubz db trf`fka malpbtbitb pfrf qub prbvea cf prub`f marrbspaidebitb rbsubcvf bi sbitbimef bc nrfda db rbspaisf`ecedfd dbc blpcbfdar. Cfs dblfidfs y dbiuimefs dbiuimefs par fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs cf`arfcbs y bigbrlbdfdbs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs bi cas tre`uifcbs, kuznfdas, eisp eispbmmeýi bmmeýi db trf`f trf`fka ka y Derbmmeýi db Pebsn Pebsnas as db Trf`fka, sb tarif dbsmaiameda pfrf bc trf`fkfdar y cf blprbsf. Bc lateva db bstf eivbstenfmeýi bs dbtbrleifr bc prambdelebita cbnfc qub sb db`b sbnuer sbmubimefclbitb sbmubimefclb itb pfrf fcmfizfr uif eidbliezfmeýi dbc blpcbfdar a rbmaiamelebita rbmaiamelebita db ui dbrbmha par pfrtb dbc EB]], cas leslas qub pubdbi sbr trfletfdas vìf fdleiestrftevf (Derbmmeýi Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka), Leiestbrea db Pbcfmeaibs cf`arfcbs (Eispbmtar db Trf`fka) Trf`fka) y Kudemefc (Kubz db db Trf`fka) quebi bs mmalpbtbitb alpbtbitb pfrf maiambr maiambr cfs maitravbrsefs db trf`fka bitrb blpcbfdar y trf`fkfdar. t rf`fkfdar.
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Cfs rbsacumeaibs qub talb cf Maleseýi Ifmeaifc db Zrbvbimeýi db Pebsnas bs elpunif`cb fitb cf Maleseýi Zraveimefc db eimfpfmedfdbs? ca rbsubcta par bstf, pubdb elpunifrsb fdblæs fitb cf Maleseýi Ifmeaifc db Pebsnas, db bstf lfibrf geifcezf cf eistfimef fdleiestrftevf, fdleiestrftevf, y pubdb eiemefrsb eiemefrsb cf eistfimef kudem kudemefc, efc, dblfidfida fitb fitb uif db cfs sfcfs dbc Tre`uifc Destretfc Maitbimeasa Fdleiestrfteva quebibs quebibs db`bræ db`bræii rbsacvbr sa`rb cf cbnfcedfd y cbneteledfd db cfs rbsacumeaibs talfdfs par bc bitb fdleiestrfteva, sebida bstf sbitbimef fdblæs susmbpte`cb db ui rbmursa bxtrfardeifrea mala bs bc db mfsfmeýi fitb cf Martb Ifmeaifc db Kustemef, qubdfida a`veflbitb bi ce`brtfd quebi sb mrbybrb pbrkudemfda mai bstfs rbsacumeaibs bi malpfrbmbr f eistfimefs db cf Martb Maistetumeaifc mai dblfidf dbc rbmursa bxtrfardeifrea db pratbmmeýi, bc lesla qub fifcezfræ se cf sbitbimef hf seda demtfdf veacfida preimepeas maistetumeaifcbs. maistetumeaifcbs. Cf rbsacumeýi qub talb bc Eispbmtar db Trf`fka tfl`eåi bs susmbpte`cb db fpbcfmeýi fpbcfmeýi fitb bc Derbmtar dbc Trf`fka? Tr f`fka? y fdblæs bstf rbsacumeýi padræ elpunifrsb fitb bc bitb kudemefc mala sai cfs ]fcfs db ca Maitbimeasa Fdl Fdleiestrfteva eiestrfteva db mfdf kuresdemmeýi kuresdemmeýi,, pudebida db tfc lfibrf cf sbitbimef db bstf sbr mfsfdf fitb cf sfcf db ca maitbimeasa fdleiestrfteva db cf Martb Ifmeaifc db Kustemef? y, geifclbitb seblprb qubdfræ bc dbrbmha cbnìtela dbc rbmursa bxtrfardeifrea db pratbmmeýi fitb cf Martb Maistetumeaifc se sb mrbb qub cf rbsacumeýi hf seda demtfdf vucibrfida dbrbmhas maistetumeaifcbs. Cf rbmcflfmeýi qub sb eiemeb kudemefclbitb fitb bc kubz db trf`fka quebi db`bræ demtfr sbitbimef, cf leslf padræ sbr rbmurredf a fpbcfdf fitb uif db cfs sfcfs Cf`arfcbs db cf Martb Zraveimefc db Kustemef, qub bstæ bi su malpbtbimef bi rftegemfr a rbvamfr cf sbitbimef fpbcfdf. Cf leslf qub cfs pfrtbs prambsfcbs tebibi dbrbmha f eitbrpaibr rbmursas db mfsfmeýi. Cf sbitbimef qub rbsuctb db cf mfsfmeýi padræ dblfidfrsb bc rbmursa bxtrfardeifrea db pratbmmeýi
]E]TBLFTE[FMEAI DBC ZPA@CBLF
±Bxestb dbsmaiamelebita sa`rb cas dbrbmhas qub tebib bc trf`fkfdar y cfs rbspaisf`ecedfdbs dbc pftraia bi mfsa db fmmedbitbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs maitblpcfdfs maitblpcfdfs bi cf cbnescfmeýi cf`arfc bbmuftarefif1 muftarefif1
±Bxestbi bi cf rbcfmeýi cf`arfc gfmtarbs qub nbibrfi fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbss pragbseaifcbs par ibncenbimef a eimulpcelebita db cf cby1 bigbrlbdfdb 2
±Hfy dbsmaiamelebita bi cas trf`fkfdarbs db cf iarlftevf cbnfc qub cb flpfrf bi mfsa db sugrer ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc1
±Bxestbi vfmìas a maitrfdemmeaibs cbnfcbs qub fgbmtbi cas dbrbmhas dbc trf`fkfdar grbitb f ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka t rf`fka y bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc1
A@KBTEWA NBIBPFC Bcf`arfr ui damulbita kurìdema, `e`ceanrægema b eigarlfteva db cas prambsas fdleiestrftevas y kudemefcbs sa` sa`rb rb fmm fmmedbitbs edbitbs y bigbrlbdfdbs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs pragbseaifcbs
bi cf
praveimef db Zemheimhf, Zemheimhf, pfrf maiamelebita maiamelebita db bblpcbfdarbs lpcbfdarbs y trf`f trf`fkfdarbs kfdarbs y bitedfdbs bitedfdbs db maitrac.
A@KBTEWA] B]ZBMEGEMA]
Edbitegemfr cas prambsas fdleiestrftevas y kudemefcbs qub sb hfyfi nbibrfda par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs bi cf praveimef db Zemheimhf bi cas ûctelas meima föas, rbsubctas pa parr cf Maleseýi Maleseýi db Wfcufmeýi Wfcufmeýi db cf Derbmmeýi db Pebsnas db Trf`fka bi garlf nca`fc.
Bstudea malpfrfteva db
cfs bstfdìstemfs bstfdìstemfs db cf Maleseýi vfcufdarf db
eimfpfmedfdbs db cf ]u` Derbmmeýi Zraveimefc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka db Zemheimhf, Eispbmtarìf Eispbmtarìf dbc trf`fka db Vueta y Kuznfdas db Trf`fka db Vueta.
Edbitegemfr vfmìas a maitrfdemmeaibs cbnfcbs qub fgbmtbi cas dbrbmhas dbc trf`fkfdar grbitb f ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc.
Zase`cbs rbgarlfs f cf iarlftev iarlftevff f gei db su`sfifr cas vfmìas y maitrfdemmeaibs maitrfde mmeaibs cbnfcbs bxestbitbs.
KR]TEGEMFMEAI DB CF EIWB]TENFMEAI Bc f`ardfr cas fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfd bigbrlbdfdbs bs pragbseai pragbseaifcbs fcbs bs ui tblf db fmtufcedfd qub sb prbsbitf bi bc dìf f dìf db cfs blprbsfs, blprbsfs, sebida ibmbsfrea ibmbsfrea bstf`cbmbr su fcmfimb kurìdema, celetfmeaibs, dbrbmhas y a`cenfmeaibs tfita db trf`fkfdar mala dbc blpcbfdar y cfs bitedfdbs db ma maitrac itrac par bcca qub sb kustegemf kustegemf bstudefrca b eivbstenfrca eivbstenfrca 7
pfrf dfr f maiambr cf rbfcedfd fmtufc fmtufc db cf mcfsb a`rbrf grbitb f ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbss pragbseaifcbs. bigbrlbdfdb Fdblæs, bs elpbreasa trftfrca pfrf bvetfr bc eimulpcelebita db cf iarlftevf cbnfc par dbsmaiamelebita dbsmaiameleb ita db cf cby. Bs ui tblf db fmtufcedfd qub tebib qub vbr derbmtflbitb mai bc æl`eta pragbseaifc dbc f`anfda, fdblæs db tbibr iavbdfd par sbr pama eivbstenfda y nrfi flpcetud pfrf su dbsfrracca tbýrema y præmtema. Bc bcf`arfr bc vfdblåmul, vfdblåmul, bi bc qub sb dbtbrleifi cas prambdelebitas f ssbnuer bnuer bi ui rbmcfla fdleiestrfteva a kudemefc, sa`rb fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, pubdb maivbrtersb bi ui eistrulbita db maisuctf tfita pfrf bstudefitbs, trf`fkfdarbs, blprbsfreas y pû`cema bi nbibrfc. Bstb bstudea f`frmf trbs pase`cbs garlfs cbnfcbs db rbmcfla db ui fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc db ui trf`fkfdar fgecfda a ia fgecfda fc EB]], bi bstremta mulpcelebita db cfs iarlfs venbitbs bi iubstra pfìs.
TBAPEF. Bstb bstudea `usmf `usmf latevfr f cas pra pragbseaifcbs, gbseaifcbs, blprb blprbsfreas sfreas f trf`fkfr bi mmaikuita aikuita y mulpcer mai cf iarlftevf cbnfc venbitb bcf`arfida ui malpfrfteva bitrb cf cby venbitb cfs luctfs par maisbmubimef db ui fmmedbitb cf`arfc a bigbrlbdfd amupfmeaifc bitrbnfdas f rebsnas dbc trf`fka
LBTADACANEF. DE]BÖA DB CF EIWB]TENFMEÝI
]b fpcemfræ uif eivbstenfmeýi dbsmreptevf pfrf maiambr cf bvacumeýi db cas rebsnas dbc trf`fka, sus mfusfs, dbrbmhas y nfrfitìfs fgbmtfdfs bi bc mfsa db ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka y dfr sacumeýi f cf veacfmeýi a eifpcemfmeýi db cf iarlftevf cbnfc cf`arfc. >
TEZA DB EIWB]TENFMEÝI @e`ceanrægemf.- Cf prbsbitb eivbstenfmeýi tebib ui sapartb `e`ceanrægema `fsfda bi gubitbs sbmuidfrefs sbmuidfrefs mala ce`ras, tbxtas tbxtas,, rbvestfs, pu`cemfm pu`cemfmeaibs, eaibs, eitbribt y lfibka lfibka db damulbitas væcedas y maigef`cbs, leslas qub pbrletbi tbibr uif veseýi mcfrf dbc pra`cblf f trftfr.
TBMIEMF] DB EIWB]TENFMEAI. Bstf eivbstenfmeýi talfrf cfs bstfdìstemfs db cas fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs db cf ]u` Derbmmeýi Zraveimefc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka - Zemheimhf, Eispbmmeýi db trf`fka db Vueta y Kuznfdas db Trf`fka db Vueta. LRB]TPF. Fmmedbitbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs dbc föa 0::> fc 0:60 bi cf praveimef db Zemheimhf. Låtadas Bi cf prbsbitb eivbstenfmeýi sb utecezfræi cas senuebitbs låtadas;
Låtada fifcìtema ” seitåtema seitåtema F trfvås dbc fiæceses db cas rebsnas db trf`fka sb vf f maiambr su fcmfimb, tepas, y maimbpmeýi db mfdf uia db bccas, fdblæs db desnrbnfr sus pfrtbs y maiambr f mf`fcedfd su dbsfrracca.
Zar lbdea db cf sìitbses sb padræ rbmaistruer bc gbiýlbia db cas rebsnas db trf`fka, uiebida mfdf uif db sus pfrtbs pfrf garlfr ui tada, malprbideåidaca lbkar, dbtbrleifida su db dbsfrracca. sfrracca.
Låtada eidumteva dbdumteva ]b utecezfræ bc låtada eidumteva e idumteva pfrf maiambr cf iarlftevf cbnfc veacbitfdf bi bc mfsa db ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka, leslf qub fgbmtf cas dbrbmhas dbc trf`fkfdar. 8
Bc låtada dbdumteva sb utecezfræ pfrtebida dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka mala ui tada, pfrf maiambr sus bcblbitas, rbquesetas y rbspaisf`ecedfdbs qub fgbmtfi fc trf`fkfdar y cf marrbmtf rbcfmeýi r bcfmeýi bitrb trf`fkfdar y blpcbfdar.
Låtada bxbnåtema kurìdema; F trfvås db bstb låtada sb vf f dfr uif eitbrprbtfmeýi cetbrfc f ca qub cf cby demb, y ia f ca qub pra`f`cblbitb sb hfyf qubreda dbmer. Zar ca tfita lbdefitb bstb låtada, cfs cbybs venbitbs db`bi cbbrsb, eitbrprbtfrsb y fpcemfrsb, db fmubrda mai cas fcmfimbs cetbrfcbs y iarlftevas, dbkfida f ui cfda bc mretbrea dbc cbmtar.
TÅMIEMF] B EI]TPRLBITA] DB EIWB]TENFMEÝI Bitrb cfs tåmiemfs f fpcemfrsb sb utecezfræi; utece zfræi; Bc Gemhfkb.- Zfrf cf rbmacbmmeýi db cf eigarlfmeýi rbcbvfitb f sbr sbr utecezfdf, cfs mufcbs, mufcbs, db`edflbitb bcf`arfdfs y ardbifdfs maitebibi cf lfyar pfrtb db cf eigarlfmeýi qub sb rbmapecf bi uif eivbstenfmeýi par ca mufc maistetuyb ui vfceasa fuxecefr bi cf rbdfmmeýi geifc. Bitrbvestf.- ]b fpcemf bstf tåmiemf pfrf a`tbibr eigarlfmeýi db prelbrf lfia db pbrsaifs maiambdarfs dbc tblf b eivacumrfdfs bi bc æl`eta cf`arfc, fmbrmf db cas fmmedbitbs db trf`fka, fpcemfida ui nueýi db bitrbvestf prbv prbveflbitb eflbitb bcf`arfda bcf`arfda qub rbmf`b cf sugemebitb eigarlfmeýi sa`rb bc tblf. Pbmapecfmeýi db bstfdìstemf db cas ûctelas meima föas db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbss pragbseaifcbs db cf praveimef db Zemheimhf. bigbrlbdfdb
WFCEDB[ U MAIGEF@ECEDFD DB CA] EI]TPRLBITA]
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Cas eistrulbitas qub sb hfi fpcemfda bi bc mflpa db cf eivbstenfmeýi sbræi salbtedas f mretbrea db vfcedbz y bc kuemea db bxpbrtas. Lebitrfs qub cf gef`ecedfd bs f trfvås db uif prub`f pecata f uif pbquböf lubstrf pfrf dbtbmtfr brrarbs y marrbnercas f teblpa fitbs db cf fpcemfmeýi geifc.
LFPMA TBAPEMA CA] PEB]NA] DB TPF@FKA U CF IAPLFTEWF CBNFC 6.6. Pebsnas db trf`fka Zar rebsnas db trf`fka sb bitebidb f cf –camumeýi qub binca`f f cfs cbseaibs arnæiemfs, pbrtur`fmeaibs
guimeaifcbs a cf lubrtb leslf, fsì mala tada bstfda pftacýnema elputf`cb fc sestblf db pradummeýi? bs dbmer, qub rbme`bi bc mfcegemfteva db pragbseaifcbs, mufida sb pradumbi mala maisbmubimef a bi bc bkbrmemea dbc trf`fka“.(Eistetuta db Eivbstenfmeaibs Kurìdemfs RIFL, 0::7, p. 087:) 087:)
Db bcca sb dbsprbidb qub bc rebsna db trf`fka sai cfs pase`cbs maisbmubimefs ibnftevfs pfrf cf eitbnredfd gìsemf db cas trf`fkfdarbs, fsì mala cf lubrtb db bstb ûctela, db`eda f cfs lfcfs maidemeaibs db trf`fka pfrf bc marrbmta dbsblpböa db cas trf`fkfdarbs amupfdas bi bc trf`fka pradumteva. Bc Mýdena db Trf`fka Bmuftarefia maisedbrf par rebsnas dbc trf`fka tr f`fka f Frt. =4>.-–cfs bvbitufcedfdbs dföasfs f qub bstæ sukbta bc trf`fkfdar, mai amfseýi a par maisbmubimef db su fmtevedfd. Zfrf cas bgbmtas db cf rbspaisf`ecedfd dbc blpcbfdar sb maisedbrfi rebsnas dbc trf`fka cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs y cas fmmedbitbs.“
6:
Cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar bi su frtìmuca =07 cetbrfc 2 y 7 sböfcf; sböfcf; “ 2. Tadf pbrsaif tbidræ dbrbmha f dbsfrraccfr sus cf`arbs bi ui fl`ebitb
fdbmufda y prapemea, qub nfrfitemb su sfcud, eitbnredfd, sbnuredfd, henebib y `ebibstfr. 7. Tadf pbrsaif rbhf`ecetfdf dbspuås db ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd, tbidræ dbrbmha f sbr rbeitbnrfdf fc trf`fka y f lfitbibr cf rbcfmeýi cf`arfc, db fmubrda mai cf cby.“ (Fsfl`cbf Ifmeaifc Maistetuybitb, 0::8)
Rif db cfs mfusfs læs maluibs db rebsnas db trf`fka bstæ dfdf par fmtetudbs errbspaisf`cbs b eibsmrupucasfs db cas blpcbfdarbs, cas mufcbs ia dbsteifi cas rbmursas lftbrefcbs ibmbsfreas pfrf nfrfitezfr cf sbnuredfd cf`arfc `æsemf, elprbsmeide`cb pfrf cas trf`fkfdarbs db garlf tfc qub cas leslas pubdfi nazfr db ui fl`ebitb cf`arfc sfcudf`cb y fdbmufda fc dbsblpböa db cf fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf qub fhì rbfcezfi db tfc lada qub bxestfi tadfs cfs lbdedfs prbvbitevfs fitb cas rebsnas r ebsnas db trf`fka. Db enufc lfibrf bi bc frtìmuca =78 cf Maistetumeýi lfiegebstf; –Frt. =78.-
BE sestblf db sbnuredfd samefc malprbidbræ cfs bitedfdbs
pû`cemfs, iarlfs, pacìtemfs, rbmursas, sbrvemeas y prbstfmeaibs db sbnuredfd samefc, y guimeaifræ mai `fsb bi mretbreas db ssastbie`ecedfd, astbie`ecedfd, bgemebimef, mbcbredfd y trfispfrbimef. Bc Bstfda iarlfræ, rbnucfræ y maitracfræ cfs fmtevedfdbs r bcfmeaifdfs bcfmeaifdfs mai cf sbnuredfd samefc“ (Fsfl`cbf Ifmeaifc Maistetuybitb, 0::8) 0::8) Bc sestblf db sbnuredfd samefc rbnucf y iarlf tadfs cfs fmmeaibs bi gfvar db cas trf`fkfdarbs bi garlf tfc qub cf sbnuredfd cf`arfc bstæ eimcuedf dbitra db cas fspbmtas db lfyar elpartfimef y rbcbvfimef f trftfr par demha arnfiesla, nfrfitezfida f cas trf`fkfdarbs sus dbrbmhas samefcbs `æsemas `æsemas tfcbs mala ftbimeýi lådemf fc trf`fkfdar y su gflecef fsì mala eidbliezfmeaibs fitb pase`cbs fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs db garlf tfc qub sbf nfrfitezfdf ia saca cf sfcud dbc trf`fkfdar seia bc `ebibstfr db cas fdbudas qub dbpbidbi ddbc bc lesla.
66
Cf cby db Zrbvbimeýi db rebsnas Cf`arfcbs, Frt. 4 iulbrfc 0.- lftezf bstf dbgeiemeýi bi bc æl`eta cf`arfc mala cf pra`f`ecedfd db qub ui trf`fkfdar sugrf ui dbtbrleifda dföa dbrevfda dbc trf`fka y fdvebrtb qub pfrf mfcegemfr ui rebsna dbsdb bc puita db vestf db su nrfvbdfd, sb vfcarfræi maikuitflbitb cf pra`f`ecedfd db qub sb praduzmf y cf sbvbredfd dbc lesla. (Eistetuta Ifmeaifc db ]bnuredfd b Henebib bi bc Trf`fka dbc Na`ebria db Bspföf, 0:6:) 0:6:) Bitrb cf dbgeiemeýi db rebsnas db trf`fka, sfcud cf`arfc a sbnuredfd cf`arfc bxestb ui bstrbmha vìimuca db`eda f qub cf sbnuredfd cf`arfc bstæ dbgeiedf mala bc mûluca db lbdedfs a bstrftbnefs f talfr mai cf geifcedfd db desleiuer a bceleifr cas rebsnas db trf`fka y prapemefr db bstf garlf ui fl`ebitb cf`arfc fdbmufda f cf cf`ar bmaiýlemf qub rbfcezfi cas trf`fkfdarbs. –Pebsna dbc trf`fka
bs cf pra`f`ecedfd qub tebib ui trf`fkfdar db sugrer ui
fmmedbitb db trf`fka. Vubdb mcfra qub ia sb rbgebrb f –ca qub pfsý“ (bsta sb ccflf fmmedbitb) ie –ca qub puda pfsfr“ a –mfse pfsf“ (bsta sb ccflf eimedbitb). Pebsna bs, pubs, –ca qub pubdb pfsfr “ (Fidrfdb, 0:66, p. 24=)
Mala qubdf db lfiegebsta sb dbsprbidb qub cas rebsnas db trf`fka sai maisbmubimef derbmtf db pase`cbs fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs talæidasb bi mubitf qub bi ieinuif fmmeýi bmaiýlemf bxestb uif sbnuredfd qub pbrletf pcfitbfrsb cf eibxestbimef db rebsnas db trf`fka. Cas rebsnas db trf`fka sai bc maikuita db gfmtarbs gìsemas, quìlemas, `eacýnemas y pfrfsetfreas fsì mala pase`cbs brrarbs hulfias qub pubdbi fmtufr mala gfmtarbs `æsemas db mrbfmeýi b eistfurfmeýi db rebsnas db trf`fka, cas mufcbs sb trfdumeræi mala fgbmtfmeaibs f cf eitbnredfd gìsemf db cas trf`fkfdarbs fsì mala gubitbs db bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, mrbæidasb pfrf bvetfr demhas bgbmtas ui maikuita db lbdedfs bstrftånemfs f`ardfdfs par cf sfcud cf`arfc mai vestfs f celetfr y bvetfr cfs pase`cbs sbmubcfs y fgbmtfmeaibs f cfs qub sb pubdbi bigrbitfr cas trf`fkfdarbs bi bc bkbrmemea db sus fmtevedfdbs bmaiýlemfs. –]b dbialeif rebsna cf`arfc f tada fqubc fspbmta dbc trf`fka qub astbitf cf
patbimefcedfd db mfusfrcb fcnûi dföa fc trf`fkfdar“ (Gbriæidbz Fcvfrfda, 0::=, p. 46) 60
Cas rebsnas db trf`fka tfl`eåi sai dbgeiedas mala cas bgbmtas rbsuctfitbs db fmmeaibs cf`arfcbs cfs mufcbs pubdbi sbr dbceletfdfs f su vbz bi fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs muyf rbsuctfitb sb trfdumb bi bgbmtas db eivfcedbz tblparfref a pbrlfibitb y su rbsacumeýi pubdb bstfr dfdf par cf rbmupbrfmeýi tatfc, cf prbsbimef db bgbmtas sbmuidfreas a sbmubcfs y par ûctela cf pase`ecedfd rbfc dbc dbmbsa dbc trf`fkfdar. Fsì tfl`eåi cas rebsnas db trf`fka pubdbi sbr dbgeiedas mala cf pase`ecedfd rbfc db amurrbimef db bvbitas ibnftevas qub fgbmtbi cf sfcud b eitbnredfd gìsemf db cas trf`fkfdarbs. Trfdumeåidasb mala cf lbdedf db cf pase`ecedfd y lfnietud db bvbitas fdvbrsas, sebida cas leslas bc bgbmta derbmta db ui pbcenra, bc mufc bstæ ìitelflbitb rbcfmeaifda mai bc lalbita bi bc qub sb pubdf prbsbitfr demhf fmmeýi ibnftevf. Cas rebsnas db trf`fka sai tfl`eåi dbgeiedas mala cf lfnietud db patbimefc db pårdedf bmaiýlemf a cbseaibs f trf`fkfdarbs `fsæidasb bi cf pra`f`ecedfd db amurrbimef db ui bvbita fdvbrsa maikunfda f su vbz mai bc fcmfimb y lfnietud db sus maisbmubimefs.
6.0. CA] PEB]NA] DB TPF@FKA BI CF IAPLFTEWF CBNFC BMRFTAPEFIF Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar Bc iulbrfc 6 dbc frtìmuca = db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar hfmb su prelbr fmbrmflebita fmbrmflebita f cf sfcud bstf bstf`cbmebida; `cbmebida; –Frt. =.- ]ai db`brbs prelardefcbs dbc Bstfda;
Nfrfitezfr sei desmreleifmeýi fcnuif bc bgbmteva namb db cas dbrbmhas bstf`cbmedas bi cf Maistetumeýi y bi cas eistrulbitas eitbrifmeaifcbs, bi pfrtemucfr cf bdumfmeýi, cf sfcud, cf fcelbitfmeýi, cf sbnuredfd samefc y bc fnuf pfrf sus hf`etfitbs“
(Fsfl`cbf Ifmeaifc Maistetuybitb, 0::8, p. 62) 62) Cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar pcfitbf qub bc Bstfda bmuftarefia tebib bc db`br y cf a`cenfmeýi db nfrfitezfr, sei ieinûi tepa db desmreleifmeýi par rfzf, mrbda, fgecefmeýi pacìtemf bitrb atrfs bc dbrbmha f cf sfcud db cf pa`cfmeýi, bs dbmer db tadfs cfs
6=
pbrsaifs qub hf`etfi bi bc Bmufdar sebida ui dbrbmha eihbrbitb f cfs leslfs cf fsestbimef lådemf f trfvås db eistetumeaibs dbc Bstfda. Cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar rbmaiamb f cf sfcud mala ui dbrbmha maisfnrfdaa bi bc @ubi Wever, tfc bs fsì qub metf; maisfnrfd ]bmmeýi ]åptelf, dbc Mfpìtuca ]bnuida, ]bnuida, dbc Tìtuca EE –Frt. =0.- Cf sfcud bs ui dbrbmha qub nfrfitezf bc Bstfda, muyf rbfcezfmeýi
sb veimucf fc bkbrme bkbrmemea mea db atras dbrbmhas, bitrb bccas bc dbrbmha fc fnuf, cf fcelbitfmeýi, cf bdumfmeýi, cf mucturf gìsemf, bc trf`fka, cf sbnuredfd samefc, cas fl`ebitbs sfias y atras qub sustbitfi bc `ubi `ubi vever. Bc Bstfda nfrfitezfræ bstb dbrbmha lbdefitb pacìtemfs bmaiýlemfs, samefcbs, mucturfcbs, bdumftevfs y fl`ebitfcbs? y bc fmmbsa pbrlfibitb, apartuia y sei bxmcuseýi f pranrflfs, fmmeaibs y sbrvemeas db pralameýi y ftbimeýi eitbnrfc db sfcud, sfcud sbxufc y sfcud rbpradumtevf. Cf prbstfmeýi db cas sbrvemeas db sfcud sb rbneræ par cas preimepeas db bquedfd, uievbrsfcedfd,
sacedfredfd,
eitbrmucturfcedfd,
bgemebimef,
bgemfmef,
prbmfumeýi y `eaåtemf, mai bigaqub db nåibra y nbibrfmeaifc“ (Fsfl`cbf
Ifmeaifc Maistetuybitb, Maistetuybitb, 0::8, p. 07) 07) Cfs despasemeaibs maigerlfi bc rbmaiamelebita dbc dbrbmha f cf sfcud pfrf tadfs cfs pbrsaifs, y fnrbný tfl`eåi qub nfrfitezfræ bc desgrutb db tadas dbrbmhas rbcfmeaifdas mai cfs iarlfs db sfcud fdbmufdfs. Bi bc sbnuida pærrfga db demha frtìmuca bstf`cbmb qub bc Bstfda ccbvfræ f mf`a uif sbreb db fmmeaibs db garlfmeýi, bi ca rbgbrbitb f mubsteaibs bmaiýlemfs, bmaiýlemfs, samefcbs, mucturfcbs y fl`ebitfcbs pfrf fsbnurfr cf sfcud, y db`b nfrfitezfr qub bc fmmbsa sbrvemeas db sfcud. Bi mufita fc cunfr db trf`fka, cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, bi bc frtìmuca == bstf`cbmb qub bc Bstfda nfrfitezfræ f cas trf`fkfdarbs ui fl`ebitb db trf`fka sfcudf`cb, ca qub seniegemf qub bc trf`fka sb hfmb par cf sbnuredfd db cf vedf hulfif db`b mrbmbr bi ui fl`ebitb sfia, y par ca tfita bc bsgubrza gìsema a lbitfc pfrf hfmbrca db`b sbr sbnura pfrf bc bquece`rea dbc mubrpa, tfita gìsemf mala psemacýnemflbitb.
64
Bi ca qub rbspbmtf f cf eitbnredfd pbrsaifc, bc mufc bs rbmaiameda mala uia db cas dbrbmhas db ce`brtfd, frtìmuca 77, fpfrtfda =, cbtrf c btrf f), qub demb tbxtufclbitb; –=. Bc dbrbmha f cf eitbnredfd pbrsaifc, qub eimcuyb;
f) Cf eitbnredfd gìsemf, psìquemf, larfc y sbxufc “ (Fsfl`cbf Ifmeaifc
Maistetuybitb, 0::8, p. 645) Bstæ bstf`cbmeda par cf Maistetumeýi, qub cf eitbnredfd pbrsaifc bs ui dbrbmha db cas meudfdfias, eimcuybida fspbmtas gìsemas y psemacýnema, larfc y sbxufc. y, par supubsta, qub rbquebrb ftbimeýi, qub mu`rb tadas cas fspbmtas lbimeaifdas fitbrearlbitb. Cf rbfcezfmeýi db fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs eifdbmufdfs, pubdbi dfr arenbi f ui maikuita db trfisgarlfmeaibs gìsemfs y psemacýnemfs ibnftevfs bi bc trf`fkfdar, sb db`b talfr bi mubitf qub cfs fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs rbfcezfdfs bi cf karifdf iamturif y db garlf eidevedufc sei cf prbsbimef db atra pbrsaifc pubdb sbr trfdumedf mala dföa f cf eitbnredfd psemacýnemf dbc trf`fkfdar. Bs db sböfcfr qub cf pase`ecedfd db lfcas trftas par pfrtb db cas blpcbfdarbs bs ui fspbmta rbfcestf, bc mufc pubdb pravamfr dföas f cf eitbnredfd db cas trf`fkfdarbs fsì mala cf mrbfmeýi db uif `fkf futabstelf, bstas mfsas sai læs bvedbitbs bi lukbrbs, cfs mufcbs pubdbi sbr fmasfdfs dbsdb bc puita db vestf sbxufc mfusfida dföas psemacýnemas errbvbrse`cbs, setufmeaibs qub pubdbi dbsbl`amfr bi fnrbseaibs gìsemfs b eimcusevb ftbitfdas maitrf cf vedf tfita dbc blpcbfda mala dbc blpcbfdar. Cf sfcud amupfmeaifc f`ardf bc maikuita db lbdedfs muya a`kbteva y geifcedfd bs canrfr cf sfcvfnufrdef gìsemf. Zsemacýnemf y larfc db cas trf`fkfdarbs tr f`fkfdarbs qub rbfcezfi uif fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf bspbmìgemf. Bc iulbrfc 2 dbc frtìmuca =07 db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar bstf`cbmb qub; qub; –Tadf pbrsaif tbidræ dbrbmha f dbsfrraccfr sus cf`arbs bi ui fl`ebitb fdbmufda y prapemea qub nfrfitemb su sfcud, eitbnredfd, sbnuredfd, henebib y `ebibstfr“
(Fsfl`cbf Ifmeaifc Maistetuybitb, 0::8, p. 645) Mala qubdf bvedbimefda bc Bstfda bmuftarefia nfrfitezf cf sfcud db cas trf`fkfdarbs bi tada cunfr y lalbita. 62
MÝDENA DB TPF@FKA Bi Bmufdar, cf rbcfmeýi kurìdemf cf`arfc sb renb par bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka, qub bs bc arnfiesla agemefc qub maitebib cfs rbncfs qub sb fpcemfi fc dbrbmha f cf sbnuredfd y sfcud tfl`eåi f trfvås db su eitbrfmmeýi mai cf lftbref. Frt. 46:.- A`cenfmeaibs rbspbmta db cf prbvbimeýi db rebsnas.- Cas blpcbfdarbs bstæi a`cenfdas f fsbnurfr f sus trf`fkfdarbs maidemeaibs db trf`fka qub ia prbsbitbi pbcenra pfrf su sfcud a su vedf. Cas trf`fkfdarbs bstæi a`cenfdas f fmftfr cfs lbdedfs db prbvbimeýi, sbnuredfd b henebib dbtbrleifdfs bi cas rbncflbitas y gfmecetfdfs par bc blpcbfdar. ]u aleseýi maistetuyb kustf mfusf pfrf cf tbrleifmeýi dbc maitrfta db trf`fka (Mainrbsa Ifmeaifc db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 60:) 60:) Bi bc prelbr pærrfga dbc frtìmuca fitbrear sb hfmb rbgbrbimef f cf a`cenfmeýi cbnfc y larfc db cas blpcbfdarbs db `reidfr y fsbnurfr f sus trf`fkfdarbs ui bitaria cf`arfc bi bc mufc bstå leielezfdas cas rebsnas cf`arfcbs qub pubdfi fgbmtfr cf eitbnredfd gìsemf db sus trf`fkfdarbs. Bstb frtìmuca ia bstf`cbmb mai prbmeseýi cfs a`cenfmeaibs f mulpcer par bc blpcbfdar pfrf ccbvfr f mf`a tadfs cfs fmmeaibs, lbmfieslas y pacìtemfs rbgbrbitbs f cf sbnuredfd cf`arfc muyf geifcedfd bs nfrfitezfr cf sfcud y vedf db sus blpcbfdas. Bi cf sbnuidf pfrtb db cf cby sb f`ardf cf garlf bi cf qub cas trf`fkfdarbs db`bi sbnuer cfs derbmtevfs rbgbrbitbs f cf prbvbimeýi, iarlfs db sfcud y sbnuredfd, cfs mufcbs db`bi sbr bstepucfdfs y geifimefdfs par bc blpcbfdar. Frt. 408.- Pbncflbitas sa`rb prbvbimeýi db rebsnas.- Cf Derbmmeýi Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka, demtfræi cas rbncflbitas rbspbmtevas dbtbrleifida cas lbmfieslas prbvbitevas db cas rebsnas pravbiebitbs dbc trf`fka qub hfyfi db blpcbfrsb bi cfs devbrsfs eidustrefs.Bitrb tfita sb bxeneræ qub bi cfs gæ`remfs, tfccbrbs a cf`arftareas, sb painfi bi præmtemf cfs lbdedfs prbvbitevfs qub mrbybrbi ibmbsfrefs bi gfvar db cf sfcud y sbnuredfd db cas trf`fkfdarbs (Mainrbsa Ifmeaifc db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 602) 67
Bi bstb fspbmta qubdf mcfra cf ibmbsedfd db rbfcezfr eivbstenfmeaibs rbneaifcbs mai bc a`kbteva db garlucfr rbncflbitas qub sb fdfptbi f cfs ibmbsedfdbs bspbmìgemfs db cf eidustref, gæ`remf a mbitra cf`arfc bi bc qub sbræ pubsta bi præmtemf. Bi bc sbnuida pærrfga sb pcfitbf cf ibmbsedfd db qub bi cfs gæ`remfs, tfccbrbs a cf`arftareas db`f bxester ui maikuita db lbdedfs prbvbitevfs mai bc a`kbteva db sfcvfnufrdfr cf eitbnredfd gìsemf db cas trf`fkfdarbs. t rf`fkfdarbs. Bs db vetfc elpartfimef talfr bi mubitf ca pcfitbfda bi bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka bi fspbmtas rbgbrbitbs f lbdedfs db Henebib y ]bnuredfd, f sbr talfdfs par cas blpcbfdarbs,, qubdfida bi lfiegebsta bi bc Frt. 4=4 db cf senuebitb garlf; blpcbfdarbs Frt. 4=4.- Pbncflbita db henebib y sbnuredfd.- Bi tada lbdea macbmteva y pbrlfibitb db trf`fka qub mubitb mai læs db debz trf`fkfdarbs, cas blpcbfdarbs bstæi a`cenfdas f bcf`arfr y salbtbr f cf fpra`fmeýi dbc Leiestbrea db Trf`fka y Blpcba par lbdea db cf Derbmmeýi Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka, ui rbncflbita ddbb henebib y sbnuredfd, bc lesla qub sbræ rbiavfda mfdf das föas (Mainrbsa Ifmeaifc db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 60>) 60>) ]bnûi ca fitbrearlbitb pcfitbfda bs a`cenftarea qub bi eistetumeaibs cf`arfcbs bi cfs qub cf`arbi ui iûlbra supbrear f 6: blpcbfdas sbf a`cenftaref cf bxestbimef db ui rbncflbita heneåiema sfietfrea mai lbdedfs prbvbitevfs y rbmupbrftevfs prbveflbitb fpra`fdfs par bc Leiestbrea db Pbcfmeaibs Cf`arfcbs f trfvås db cfs derbmmeaibs rbneaifcbs db trf`fka, rbncflbita qub db`b sbr rbiavfda mfdf das föas. Zar atrf pfrtb bc Frt. 4=7 sböfcf qub; Frt. 4=7.- ]uspbiseýi db cf`arbs y mebrrb db camfcbs.- Bc Bc Leiestbrea db Trf`fka y Blpcba padræ despaibr cf suspbiseýi db fmtevedfdbs a bc mebrrb mebr rb db cas cunfrbs a lbdeas macbmtevas db cf`ar, bi cas qub sb ftbitfrb a fgbmtfrb f cf sfcud y sbnuredfd b henebib db cas trf`fkfdarbs, a sb maitrfveiebrb f cfs lbdedfs db sbnuredfd b henebib demtfdfs, sei pbrkuemea db cfs dblæs sfimeaibs cbnfcbs. Tfc dbmeseýi rbqubreræ demtflbi prbvea dbc Kbgb dbc Dbpfrtflbita db ]bnuredfd b Henebib dbc Trf`fka (Mainrbsa Ifmeaifc db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 608) 608) 6>
Db fmubrda f ca fitbrearlbitb pcfitbfda bs dbrbmha y db`br dbc Leiestbrea db Pbcfmeaibs Cf`arfcbs cf suspbiseýi db fmtevedfdbs a mebrrb dbgeieteva db cas mbitras cf`arfcbs bi cas mufcbs ia bxestfi a sb eimulpcfi cfs lbdedfs `æsemfs db sbnuredfd b henebib dbc trf`fka y par tfita sbfi ui rebsna rbfc f cf sfcud, sbnuredfd b henebib db cas trf`fkfdarbs. Pbncflbita dbc sbnura nbibrfc db rebsnas dbc trf`fka rbsacumeýi dbc EB]] Ia. =5: Bc ]bnura nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc trf`fka f`frmf tadas cas frtìmucas maimbriebitbs f cf nfrfitìf dbc trf`fka mala ui dbrbmha y db`br samefc, qub dfdf su elpartfimef db`b sbr rbspbtfda y maisedbrærsbcb tadfs cfs prbrranftevfs ibmbsfrefs fc trf`fkfdar t rf`fkfdar y maitrftfitbs db garlf tfc qub bc trf`fka fdblæs db sbr cf `fsb db cf bmaialìf ifmeaifc sbf ui vbhìmuca db uiedfd db cf samebdfd y gubitb db sftesgfmmeýi y rbfcezfmeýi pbrsaifc. Frt. 26.- ]estblf db Nbsteýi.- Cfs blprbsfs db`bræi elpcblbitfr bc ]estblf db Nbsteýi db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka, mala lbdea db mulpcelebita a`cenftarea db cfs iarlfs cbnfcbs a rbncflbitfrefs, maisedbrfida cas bcblbitas dbc sestblf; f) Nbsteýi Fdleiestrftevf; f6) Zacìtemf? f0) Arnfiezfmeýi? f=) Zcfiegemfmeýi? f4) Eitbnrfmeýi ” Elpcfitfmeýi? f2) Wbregemfmeýi/Fudetarìf eitbrif dbc mulpcelebita db bstæidfrbs b ìidembs db bgemfmef dbc pcfi db nbsteýi? f7) Maitrac db cfs dbsvefmeaibs dbc pcfi db nbsteýi? f>) Lbkarflebita maiteiua? f8) Eigarlfmeýi bstfdìstemf. `) Nbsteýi Tåmiemf; 68
`6) Edbitegemfmeýi db gfmtarbs db rebsna? `0) Lbdemeýi db gfmtarbs db rebsna? `=) Bvfcufmeýi db gfmtarbs db rebsna? `4) Maitrac apbrfteva eitbnrfc? `2) Wenecfimef Fl`ebitfc y db cf ]fcud. m) Nbsteýi dbc Tfcbita Hulfia; m6) ]bcbmmeýi db cas trf`fkfdarbs? m0) Eigarlfmeýi eitbrif y bxtbrif? m=) Maluiemfmeýi eitbrif y bxtbrif? m4) Mfpfmetfmeýi? m2) Fdebstrflebita? m7) Eimbiteva, bstìluca y latevfmeýi db cas trf`fkfdarbs. d) Zrambdelebitas y pranrflfs apbrftevas `æsemas; d6) Eivbstenfmeýi db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs? d0) Wenecfimef db cf sfcud db cas trf`fkfdarbs (venecfimef bpedbleacýnemf)? d=) Zcfibs db blbrnbimef? d4) Zcfi db maiteinbimef? d2) Fudetarìfs eitbrifs? d7) Eispbmmeaibs db sbnuredfd y sfcud? d>) Bquepas db pratbmmeýi eidevedufc y rapf db trf`fka? d8) Lfitbielebita prbdemteva, prbvbiteva y marrbmteva. Tadf blprbsf db`b elpcblbitfr ui ]estblf db Nbsteýi db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka bi qub sb talbi bi mubitf fspbmtas tfcbs mala cf nbsteýi fdleiestrftevf, 65
nbsteýi tåmiemf, nbsteýi db tfcbita hulfia y cas prambdelebitas y pranrflfs apbrftevas `æsemas. Frt. 66.- Pebsnas Bxmcuedas.- Ia sb maisedbrfi fmmedbitb fmmedbitb db trf`fka; f) ]e bc fgecefda sb hfccfrb bi bstfda db bl`refnubz a `fka cf fmmeýi db mufcquebr týxema, dranf a sustfimef psematrýpemf, f bxmbpmeýi db cas mfsas pradumedas lfcemeasflbitb par tbrmbras mai geibs dacasas, mufida bc fmmedbitfda sbf sukbta pfseva dbc seiebstra a mufida bc týxema pravbinf db cf prapef fmtevedfd qub dbsblpböf bc fgecefda y qub sbf cf mfusf dbc fmmedbitb? `) ]e bc fgecefda eitbimeaifclbitb, par sì a vfceåidasb db atrf pbrsaif, mfusfrb cf eimfpfmedfd? m) ]e bc fmmedbitb bs bc rbsuctfda db fcnuif reöf, kubna a eitbita db suemedea? sfcva bc mfsa db qub bc fmmedbitfda sbf sukbta pfseva bi bc kubna a bi cf reöf y qub sb bimubitrb bi mulpcelebita db sus fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs? d) ]e bc seiebstra gubrb rbsuctfda db ui dbceta par bc qub hu`ebrb sbitbimef maidbiftaref maitrf bc fsbnurfda? fsbnurfda? y, b) Mufida sb db`ebrb f mermuistfimefs db mfsa gartueta a db gubrzf lfyar, maigarlb cfs dbgeiemeaibs dbc Mýdena Mevec, bxtrföf fc trf`fka, bitbideåidasb mala tfc cf qub ia nufrdb ieinuif rbcfmeýi mai bc bkbrmemea db cf fmtevedfd cf`arfc. Bc frtìmuca 66 pcfitbf qub bi mfsa db amurrer ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka bi bstfda db bl`refnubz a `fka bc bgbmta db mufcquebr tepa db dranf eitbimeaifclbitb pradumta db reöfs, eitbita db suemedea ia sbræ maisedbrfda fmmedbitb db trf`fka. Frt. 60.- Gfmtarbs db Pebsna.- ]b maisedbrfi gfmtarbs db rrebsnas ebsnas bspbmìgemas qub bitrföfi bc rebsna db bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc y qub amfseaifi bgbmtas f cas fsbnurfdas, cas senuebitbs; lbmæiema, quìlema, gìsema, `eacýnema, brnaiýlema y semasamefc. ]b maisedbrfræi bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs u amupfmeaifcbs cfs pu`cemfdfs bi cf cestf db cf Arnfiezfmeýi Eitbrifmeaifc dbc Trf`fka, AET, fsì mala cfs 0:
qub dbtbrleifrb cf Maleseýi db Wfcufmeýi db Eimfpfmedfdbs, MWE, pfrf ca mufc sb db`bræ malpra`fr cf rbcfmeýi mfusf-bgbmta bitrb bc trf`fka dbsblpböfda y cf bigbrlbdfd fnudf a mrýiemf rbsuctfitb bi bc fsbnurfda, f `fsb dbc eigarlb tåmiema dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka Cas gfmtarbs db rebsna qub pubdbi pravamfr fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs sai mcfsegemfdas mala lbmæiemas, quìlemas, gìsemas, `eacýnemas, brnaiýlemas y psemasamefcbs. Frt. 6=.- Pbcfmeýi Mfusf-Bgbmta.- Cas gfmtarbs db rebsna ial`rfdas bi bc frtìmuca fitbrear, sb maisedbrfræi bi tadas cas trf`fkas bi cas qub bxestf bxpasemeýi fc rebsna bspbmìgema, db`ebida malpra`frsb cf prbsbimef y fmmeýi dbc gfmtar rbspbmteva. Bi tada mfsa, sbræ ibmbsfrea pra`fr cf rbcfmeýi mfusfbgbmta. Bs ibmbsfref cf bxestbimef db uif prub`f bitrb cf mfusf y bc bgbmta db cf bxpasemeýi f fnbitbs, lbmæiemas, gìsemas, quìlemas, `eacýnemas, brnaiýlemas y psemasamefcbs qub sbfi mfusf db fmmedbitb db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc. Frt. 64.- Zfrælbtras Tåmiemas pfrf cf Bvfcufmeýi db Gfmtarbs db Pebsna.- Cfs uiedfdbs dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka utecezfræi bstæidfrbs y prambdelebitas fl`ebitfcbs y/a `eacýnemas db cas gfmtarbs db rebsna maitbiedas bi cf cby, bi cas maivbieas eitbrifmeaifcbs susmretas par bc Bmufdar y bi cfs iarlfs tåmiemfs ifmeaifcbs a db bitedfdbs db rbmaiameda prbstenea eitbrifmeaifc Cf bvfcufmeýi db cas gfmtarbs db rebsna sb ccbvf f mf`a talæidasb bi mubitf pfrælbtras tåmiemas bstæidfrbs maitbiedas bi cf cby y bi maivbieas eitbrifmeaifcbs susmretas par bc pfìs mai cf geifcedfd geifcedfd db rbspbtfr cf cfss iarlfs bstf` bstf`cbmedfs cbmedfs bi pra db dbcc trf`fkfdar. Frt. 62.- Laietarba y Fiæceses.- Cf uiedfd marrbspaidebitb dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, par sì leslf a f pbdeda db blpcbfdarbs a trf`fkfdarbs, db garlf derbmtf a f trfvås db sus arnfiezfmeaibs, padræ laietarbfr bc fl`ebitb cf`arfc y fifcezfr cfs maidemeaibs db trf`fka db mufcquebr blprbsf. Enufclbitb padræ fifcezfr sustfimefs týxemfs y/a sus lbtf`acetas bi gcuedas `eacýnemas db trf`fkfdarbs bxpubstas. Bstas fiæceses 06
sbrveræi pfrf cf prbvbimeýi db rebsnas y mala uia db cas mretbreas pfrf bstf`cbmbr uif rbcfmeýi mfusfc db bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc. Db`bræ bxester uif uiedfd dbc sbnura nbibrfc db rebsnas db trf`fka, bc lesla qub rbfcezfræ bxælbibs pbreýdemas f cfs maidemeaibs db trf`fka y blpcbfdas mai vestfs f dbtbmtfr y prbvbier rebsna db trf`fka cas mufcbs pubdfi sbr mfusf db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs. Frt. 67.- Nfrfitìf db Bstf`ecedfd dbc Trf`fkfdar Trf`fkfdar ]eiebstrfda.- Bi bc mfsa dbc trf`fkfdar qub hu`ebrb sugreda fmmedbitb db trf`fka y/a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc, cf blprbsf blpcbfdarf bi daidb sugreý bc seiebstra db`bræ rbeitbnrfrca rbeitbnr frca f su pubsta db trf`fka areneifc a rbu`emfrca bi atra pubsta fmardb f su iubvf mfpfmedfd cf`arfc, se gubrb ibmbsfrea. Bc lfitbibr fc trf`fkfdar bi bc pubsta cf`arfc sbræ gfmtar ftbiufitb db sfimeaibs bi mfsa db rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc? y, db maigarledfd mai ca bstf`cbmeda bi bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka, bc trf`fkfdar seiebstrfda ia padræ sbr dbspbdeda par ca lbias hfstf ui (6) föa dbspuås db fmfbmeda bc seiebstra. Bs a`cenftarea pfrf cf blprbsf bi cf mufc bc blpcbfda sugreý ui fmmedbitb sbf rbeitbnrfda f su pubsta db trf`fka a uif fmardb f sus mfpfmedfdbs cubna dbc fmmedbitb, ia sb padræ dbspbder fc blpcbfda hfstf ui föa dbspuås db su rbeimarparfmeýi. Frt. 06.- Eimfpfmedfd Tblparfc.- ]b maisedbrf eimfpfmedfd tblparfc cf qub elpedb fc fgecefda maimurrer f su trf`fka db`eda f fmmedbitb db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, lebitrfs rbme`f ftbimeýi lådemf, querûrnemf, haspetfcfref a db rbhf`ecetfmeýi y trftæidasb db pbrìadas db a`sbrvfmeýi par bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc. Mfcegemfdf cf eimfpfmedfd tblparfc nbibrfræ dbrbmha fc su`sedea y/a f pbiseýi praveseaifc, sbnûi marrbspaidf. Bc EB]] bitrbnfræ bc su`sedea qub dbtbrleib bbcc marrb marrbspaidebitb spaidebitb Pbncflbita, pudebida fmardfr bitrb cfs pfrtbs db cf rbcfmeýi cf`arfc qub bc parmbitfkb rbstfitb sbf rbmaiameda par bc blpcbfdar. Cf eimfpfmedfd tblparfc sb maitblpcf mala bc pbreada bi bc mufc bc blpcbfda fgbmtfda par ui fmmedbitb cf`arfc a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc rbme`b ftbimeýi lådemf, querûrnemf,
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haspetfcfref a db rbhf`ecetfmeýi pbreada bi bc qub sb db`bræ atarnfr fc lesla ui su`sedea a pbiseýi praveseaifc sbnûi bc mfsa. Frt. 08.- Eimfpfmedfd Zbrlfibitb Zfrmefc.- Bs fqubccf qub pradumb bi bc trf`fkfdar uif cbseýi marparfc a pbrtur`fmeýi guimeaifc dbgeietevf qub seniegequb uif lbrlf db cf eitbnredfd gìsemf dbc fgecefda y su fptetud pfrf bc trf`fka. Cfs prbstfmeaibs par eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb pfrmefc ia nbibrfi dbrbmha f laitbpìa. Cf eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb pfrmefc sbræ dbgeiedf mala cf cbseýi a pbrtur`fmeýi marparfc mfusfitb db uif lbrlf dbgeietevf db cfs hf`ecedfdbs y fptetudbs dbc blpcbfda bi su dbsblpböa cf`arfc. Db sbr uif eimfpfmedfd pfrmefc ia bxestb dbrbmha f laitbpìa. Frt. ==.- Eimfpfmedfd Zbrlfibitb Zbr lfibitb Tatfc.- Bs fqubccf qub eihe`b fc fgecefda pfrf cf rbfcezfmeýi db tadfs a cfs guidflbitfcbs tfrbfs db cf pragbseýi u agemea hf`etufc. Cf eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb tatfc bs fqubccf pradumta db uif cbseýi qub elpase`ecetf fc fgecefda f rbfcezfr cfs guimeaibs bi cfs mufcbs sb dbsblpböf`f cf`arfclbitb. Frt. =2.- Eimfpfmedfd Zbrlfibitb F`sacutf.- Bs fqubccf qub cb eihf`ecetf par malpcbta fc fgecefda pfrf tadf pragbseýi u agemea rbquerebida db atrf pbrsaif pfrf su muedfda y ftbimeýi pbrlfibitbs. pbrlfibitbs. Cf eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb f`sacutf bs bc pradumta db uif cbseýi qub elpase`ecetf fc fgecefda f dbsblpböfrsb cf`arfclbitb mai cf ibmbsedfd db uif pbrsaif pfrf sbr ftbideda db garlf pbrlfibitb. Pbncflbita db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud db cas Trf`fkfdarbs Dbmrbta Bkbmuteva 0=5= Bi bc dbmrbta bkbmuteva 0=5= dbc rbncflbita db sbnuredfd y sfcud db cas trf`fkfdarbs y lbkarflebita dbc lbdea fl`ebitb db trf`fka qubdfi rbmanedfs cfs despasemeaibs nbibrfcbs maimbriebitbs f cf sbnuredfd db cas trf`fkfdarbs bi fspbmtas tfcbs mala cf henebib, sfcud nbibrfc y fspbmtas brnaiýlem brnaiýlemas as f sbr a`sbrvfdas pfrf nfrfitezfr cf sfcud y cf rbdummeýi fc læxela db bcblbitas y gfmtarbs db rebsna qub pubdfi sbr mfusf db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs.
0=
Frtìmuca 6=.- A`cenfmeaibs db cas trf`fkfdarbs. trf`fkfdarbs. 6. Zfrtemepfr bi bc maitrac db dbsfstrbs, prbvbimeýi db rebsnas y lfitbielebita db cf henebib bi cas camfcbs db trf`fka mulpcebida cfs iarlfs venbitbs. 0. Fsester f cas mursas sa`rb maitrac db dbsfstrbs, prbvbimeýi db rebsnas, sfcvflbita y samarresla pranrflfdas par cf blprbsf u arnfieslas bspbmefcezfdas dbc sbmtar pû`cema. =. Rsfr marrbmtflbitb cas lbdeas db pratbmmeýi pbrsaifc y macbmtevf praparmeaifdas par cf blprbsf y muedfr muedfr db su maisbrvfmeýi. 4. Eigarlfr fc blpcbfdar db cfs fvbrìfs y rebsnas qub pubdfi amfseaifr fmmedbitbs db trf`fka. ]e åstb ia fdaptfsb cfs lbdedfs pbrteibitbs, maluiemfr f cf Futaredfd Cf`arfc malpbtbitb f gei db qub fdaptb cfs lbdedfs fdbmufdfs y apartuifs. 2. Muedfr db su henebib pbrsaifc, pfrf prbvbier fc maitfnea db bigbrlbdfdbs y salbtbrsb f cas rbmaiamelebitas lådemas pbreýdemas pranrflfdas par cf blprbsf. 7. Ia eitradumer `b`edfs fcmahýcemfs ie atrfs su`stfimefs týxemfs f cas mbitras db trf`fka, ie prbsbitfrsb a pbrlfibmbr bi cas leslas bi bstfda db bl`refnubz a `fka cas bgbmtas db demhfs su`stfimefs. >. Macf`arfr bi cf eivbstenfmeýi db cas fmmedbitbs qub hfyfi prbsbimefda a db cas qub tbinfi maiamelebita. 8. (Fnrbnfda par bc Frt. 4 dbc D.B. 406>, P.A. 55>, 6:-WEEE-88) Fmftfr bi maimardfimef mai bc Frt. 66, iulbrfc sebtb dbc prbsbitb Pbncflbita cfs eidemfmeaibs maitbiedfs bi cas demtælbibs bletedas par cf Maleseýi db Bvfcufmeýi db cfs Eimfpfmedfdbs dbc EB]], sa`rb mfl`ea tblparfc a dbgeieteva bi cfs tfrbfs a fmtevedfdbs qub pubdbi fnrfvfr cfs cbseaibs a bigbrlbdfdbs fdqueredfs dbitra db cf prapef blprbsf, a fitbrearlbitb. Bc prbsbitb frtìmuca f`ardf cfs a`cenfmeaibs db cas trf`fkfdarbs pfrf dfr mulpcelebita f cfs iarlfs db sfcud y sbnuredfd db cas trf`fkfdarbs, tfcbs mala pfrtemepfr bi cas 04
maitracbs y mursas db dbsfstrbs, prbvbimeýi db rebsnas y lfitbielebita db cf henebib, utecezfmeýi marrbmtf db cas lbdeas db pratbmmeýi, eigarlfr sa`rb bcblbitas qub pubdfi mfusfr fmmedbitb cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, muedfr db cf henebib pbrsaifc, ia eitradumer sustfimefs týxemfs bi bc mbitra cf`arfc y maapbrfr bi cfs eivbstenfmeaibs db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka. Bi bc dbmrbta sb bimubitrfi mcfrflbitb bspbmegemfdfs cfs maidemeaibs qub pubdbi pravamfr cbseaibs db`eda f gfmtarbs rbcfmeaifdas mai cf eia`sbrvfimef eia`sbrvfimef db iarlfs heneåiemfs sfietfrefs qub pase`ecetbi bc iarlfc dbsblpböa db cas trf`fkfdarbs. t rf`fkfdarbs. Tfl`eåi sb prbstf ftbimeýi f cfs maidemeaibs brnaiýlemfs qub pubdbi sbr mfusf db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs db`eda f cf eibxestbimef db pfrælbtras db sbnuredfd sbnuredfd qub ppase`ecetbi ase`ecetbi ui iarlfc db dbsblpböa sblpböa db cas trf`fkfdarbs. Frt. 6>.- Garlfmeýi, prapfnfidf y devucnfmeýi.- Bc Leiestbrea db Bdumfmeýi y Mucturf y cfs Eistetumeaibs db Bisböfizf, f ievbc lbdea y supbrear, db`bi macf`arfr pfrf cf garlfmeýi bi ]bnuredfd b Henebib dbc Trf`fka. Bstf macf`arfmeýi sb rbgebrb f cfs mfrrbrfs a bspbmefcedfdbs tåmiemfs, bi cfs mufcbs db`bræ eimcuersb bi cas pranrflfs db bisböfizf a bstudea, cf lftbref db ]bnuredfd b Henebib dbc Trf`fka. Cas lbdeas db deguseýi macbmtevf, tfcbs mala prbisf, rfdea, meib, tbcbveseýi, btm., db`bræi maapbrfr bi cf deguseýi db mflpföfs db prbvbimeýi db rebsnas db trf`fka, mufida sbfi rbqubredfs fc rbspbmta. rbspbmta. Bc Pbncflbita db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud db cas Trf`fkfdarbs Dbmrbta Bkbmuteva 0=5= maitebib lbdedfs prbvbitevfs y rbmupbrftevfs fitb cf eimedbimef db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs mala maisbmubimef db cf eifpcemf`ecedfd db lbdedfs db sbnuredfd `æsemfs derenedfs f cf sfcud b henebib. he nebib. Tfl`eåi qubdfi rbmanedfs cfs despasemeaibs ibmbsfrefs pfrf cf bcf`arfmeýi db kuitfs bvfcufdarfs db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs pradumta db cf eia`sbrvfimef eia`sbrvfim ef db cfs lbdedfs ibmbsfrefs pfrf bc marrbmta dbsblpböa db cas trf`fkfdarbs. Bc dbmrbta malprbidb tfl`eåi cfs bxenbimefs y iarlfs f mulpcer par pfrtb db cfs derbmmeaibs blprbsfrefcbs bi fspbmtas tfcbs mala desböas db cfs eistfcfmeaibs, eistfcfmeaibs, bquepas y 02
lfqueifrefs mai vestfs f canrfr maidemeaibs db trf`fka ýptelfs bi cf qub sb maitblpcbi tadas cas fspbmtas brnaiýlemas. ]ai f`ardfdas cas degbrbitbs rebsnas lbmæiemas, gìsemas, `eacýnemas, quìlemas qub pubdfi sbr mfusfs db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs qubdfida bxpubstfs cfs lbdedfs f sbr talfdfs pfrf desleiuer cfs pase`ecedfdbs db bvbitas ibnftevas f cas trf`fkfdarbs. Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc EB]], Cby 22 Bi cf cby db sbnuredfd samefc dbc EB]] sb bimubitrfi cfs iarlftevfs qub nfrfitezfi cfs maiquestfs fc rbspbta db cas canras fcmfizfdas par bc pracbtfrefda bmuftarefia qub nfrfitezfi ui trfta kusta y hulfia f cf mcfsb trf`fkfdarf, maiquestfs qub nfrfitezfi cf ftbimeýi f trf`fkfdarbs, desmfpfmetfdas, gflecefrbs, vfmfmeaibs pfnfdfs, pfna db eidbliezfmeaibs par fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs bitrb atras fspbmtas qub nfrfitezfi fc trf`fka mala uif eistetumeýi kustf y ibmbsfref pfrf bc dbsfrracca eidevedufc. Frt. 622.- Ceibflebitas db pacìtemf.- Bc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka pratbnb fc fgecefda y fc blpcbfdar lbdefitb pranrflfs db prbvbimeýi db cas rebsnas dbrevfdas dbc trf`fka, y fmmeaibs db rbpfrfmeýi db cas dföas dbrevfdas db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, eimcuedf cf rbhf`ecetfmeýi gìsemf y lbitfc y cf rbeisbrmeýi cf`arfc. Bc frtìmuca fitbrear paib db lfiegebsta qub bc sbnura nbibrfc db rebsnas db trf`fka bs ui arnfiesla qub pratbnb fc blpcbfda y fc blpcbfdar pbrletebida db bstf garlf canrfr uif rbcfmeýi db rbspbta y maisedbrfmeýi lutuf. Frt. 627.- Maiteinbimefs mu`ebrtfs mu`ebrtfs..- Bc ]bnura N Nbibrfc bibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka mu`rb tadf cbseýi marparfc y tada bstfda lýr`eda areneifda mai amfseýi a par maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka qub rbfcezf bc fgecefda, eimcuedas cas qub sb areneibi durfitb cas dbspcfzflebitas bitrb su dalemecea y cunfr db trf`fka. Ia bstæi flpfrfdas cas fmmedbitbs qub sb areneibi par daca a elprudbimef tblbrfref dbc fgecefda, ie cfs bigbrlbdfdbs bxmcuedfs bi bc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka mala mfusfs db eimfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka. 07
Mala qubdfi bvedbimefdas tadfs cfs cbseaibs marparfcbs a bstfdas lýr`edas maisbmubimef db cf fmtevedfd cf`arfc qub rbfcezf bc blpcbfda sbræi eidbliezfdfs db malpra`frsb cf bxestbimef db ibncenbimef, elprudbimef y daca. Frt. 62>.- Zrbstfmeaibs `æsemfs.- Cf pratbmmeýi dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka atarnf dbrbmha f cfs senuebitbs prbstfmeaibs `æsemfs; f. ]brvemeas db prbvbimeýi? `. ]brvemeas lådema fsestbimefcbs, eimcuedas cas sbrvemeas db prýtbses y artapbdef? m. ]u`sedea par eimfpfmedfd, mufida bc rebsna amfseaib elpbdelbita tblparfc pfrf trf`fkfr? d. Eidbliezfmeýi par pårdedf db mfpfmedfd pragbseaifc, sbnûi cf elpartfimef db cf cbseýi, mufida bc rebsna amfseaib eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb pfrmefc qub ia kustegequb bc atarnflebita db uif pbiseýi db eivfcedbz? b. Zbiseýi db eivfcedbz? y, g. Zbiseýi db laitbpìa, mufida bc rebsna hu`ebsb amfseaifda bc gfccbmelebita dbc fgecefda. Bitrb cfs prbvbimeaibs `æsemfs qub maigebrb bc sbnura nbibrfc db rebsnas fc trf`fkfdar sb bimubitrfi cas sbrvemeas db prbvbimeýi, cf fsestbimef lådemf, su`sedeas par eimfpfmedfd, eidbliezfmeaibs,, pbiseaibs db eivfcedbz y pbiseýi db laitbpìa. eidbliezfmeaibs Frt. 628.- Pbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc par rebsnas dbc trf`fka.- Bc pftraia qub, bi mulpcelebita db bstf Cby, hu`ebrb fsbnurfda f cas trf`fkfdarbs fc EB]] y sb hfccbi `fka su sbrvemea, sb cbs pfnfræ bc mebi par mebita (6::%) db su rbluibrfmeýi bc prelbr lbs, y se bc pbrìada db rbmupbrfmeýi gubrf lfyar f åstb, qubdfræ rbcbvfda dbc mulpcelebita db cfs a`cenfmeaibs qub sa`rb cf rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs bstf`cbmb bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka. Zbra se åstas sb pradukbrbi par mucpf nrfvb dbc pftraia a db sus rbprbsbitfitbs, y debrb cunfr f eidbliezfmeýi sbnûi cf cbnescfmeýi malûi, bc Eistetuta prambdbræ f dblfidfr bc pfna db bsf eidbliezfmeýi, cf qub qubdfræ bi su gfvar hfstf bc laita mfcmucfda db cfs prbstfmeaibs qub hu`ebrb atarnfda par bc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd, db`ebida bitrbnfr f cas `bibgemefreas bc sfcda, se ca hu`ebrb. 0>
Bi mfsa db fmmedbitb cf`arfc bc prelbr lbs db eimfpfmedfd dbc blpcbfda sbræ fsuleda bi su tatfcedfd par bc blpcbfdar, fsulebida bc EB]] bc rbsta dbc teblpa qub bc blpcbfda ibmbsetb pfrf su rbmupbrfmeýi, bi mfsa db dblastrfrsb qub bc fmmedbitb cf`arfc gub pradumta db ibncenbimef pftraifc bc blpcbfdar db`bræ fsuler cf tatfcedfd db cf eidbliezfmeýi dbc teblpa db rbmupbrfmeýi dbc blpcbfda.
6.=. Cas rebsnas db trf`fka bi cf iarlftevf cbnfc eitbrifmeaifc Cf elpartfimef db cf iarlftevf eitbrifmeaifc bi Zrbvbimeýi db Pebsnas Cf`arfcbs bstæ dfdf par das rfzaibs; Zrelbrflbitb cfs arnfiezfmeaibs eitbrifmeaifcbs rbmaiambi dbtbrleifdas dbrbmhas y cas trfisgarlfi f cf mftbnarìf db dbrbmhas `æsemas; `æsemas; bc dbrbmha f cf sbnuredfd y sfcud bi bi bc trf`fka fdblæs db sbr uif iarlf rbmaiamedf suprfifmeaifclbitb, bstæ rbmaiamedf db garlf eitbrifmeaifc. Bs db sböfcfr qub cf iarlf eitbrifmeaifc pradumb ui bgbmta bstfidfrezfdar db mebrtas dbrbmhas. @fsæidasb bi qub ui uiff arnfiezfmeýi eitbrifm eitbrifmeaifc, eaifc, fc lalbita db bcbvfr ui dbrbmha f uif mftbnarìf eitbrifmeaifc, prapemef qub demha dbrbmha sbf eimcueda bi bc ardbiflebita eitbria db demhfs ifmeaibs, talæidasb mala bkblpca bc dbrbmha f cf sbnuredfd y sfcud cf`arfc bi bc trf`fka. Bstas maivbieas prapemefi cf pubstf bi præmtemf db demhas dbrbmhas db garlf halanbibezfdf bi cas bstfdas pfrtemepfitbs bi demhas fmubrdas mrbfida bi cas leslas cf a`cenftarebdfd db rbspbtfr y ccbvfr f cf præmtemf cas fmubrdas maivbiedas par cf arnfiezfmeýi eitbrifmeaifc.
Dbmeseýi Ia. 284; Eistrulbita fideia db sbnuredfd y sfcud bi bc trf`fka. Pbncflbita dbc eistrulbita fideia db sbnuredfd y sfcud bi bc trf`fka; Cf Dbmeseýi 284 bs ui eistrulbita qub renb f cas pfìsbs db cf Maluiedfd Fideif bi mufita f lbdedfs db sbnuredfd y sfcud bi bc trf`fka mai cf geifcedfd db qub cfs leslfs sbfi pubstfs bi præmtemf db garlf halanåibf bi cas pfìsbs lebl`ras db demhf maluiedfd mai bc a`kbteva db qub cas leslas mubitbi mai ui lbkar sestblf db ftbimeýi y sbnuredfd bi bc 08
trf`fka y db bstf garlf desleiuyfi cas fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs. Bstf dbmeseýi gub talfdf f pfrter db bxpbrebimefs fitbrearbs y mai bc maisbisa db tadas cas bstfdas lebl`ras db cf Maluiedfd Fideif f pfrter db mretbreas y bstudeas db bspbmefcestfs bi bc tblf cas mufcbs talfrai bi mubitf cfs mfrfmtbrìstemfs b edeaseimrfsef db cf rbneýi fideif. Cf rfzýi par cf mufc sb fdaptf bstf dbmeseýi bs mai bc a`kbteva db canrfr bc mulpcelebita db a`kbtevas maluibs bi mufita f lftbref db sbnuredfd y sfcud fsì mala bcbvfr cas ievbcbs db sbnuredfd db cas trf`fkfdarbs y lbkarfr sus maidemeaibs db vedf prapemeæidacbs uif uif ftbimeýi lådemf lådemf db mfcedfd mfcedfd.. Bi cas pfìsbs fideias sb mfrfmtbrezfrai par uif eidustref y bmaialìf su`dbsfrraccfda bi cf mufc brf malûi bc bcbvfda iûlbra db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs qub fgbmtf`fi f cas trf`fkfdarbs mala maisbmubimef maisbmubimef derbmtf db ui errbspbta b eimulpcelebita db cfs iarlfs `æsemfs db sbnuredfd y sfcud. Bc maletå fideia db futaredfdbs bi sbnuredfd y sfcud bi bc trf`fka (MFF]]T) sb mrbf mala maisbmubimef derbmtf db cf Dbmeseýi 284 qub bi su frt. == a`cenf f mrbfr demha maletå, maigarlfda par bspbmefcestfs db cas degbrbitbs pfìsbs lebl`ras db cf Maluiedfd Fideif mai bc a`kbteva db fsbsarfr bi fspbmtas rbgbrbitbs f cf sbnuredfd y sfcud. Bitrb cfs preimepfcbs guimeaibs dbc maletå fideia db futaredfdbs bi sbnuredfd y sfcud bi bc trf`fka (MFF]]T) sb bimubitrf galbitfr cf fpcemfmeýi dbc Eistrulbita Fideia db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc trf`fka, bleter apeieaibs tåmiemfs qub gfmecetbi cf talf db dbmeseaibs bmaiýlemfs. Fdblæs db sbr bc arnfiesla bimfrnfda db rbfcezfr cfs ladegemfmeaibs, flpcefmeaibs y iarlfs malpcblbitfrefs db Eistrulbita Fideia db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc trf`fka, mai bc a`kbteva db canrfr ui maisbisa bi mretbreas tåmiemas y geifclbitb cf mrbfmeýi db nrupas db trf`fka bspbmefcezfdas.
05
Arnfiezfmeýi Eitbrifmeaifc dbc Trf`fka AET; Bs uif arnfiezfmeýi mrbfdf mai bc gei db ftbidbr f ievbc eitbrifmeaifc eitbrifmeaifc cfs maidemeai maidemeaibs bs db trf`fka. ]b mrbf mai amfseýi amfseýi db cf gerlf dbc Trftfda db Wbrsfccbs bi 6565. Fc surner, bc bspìretu db cf AET ia bs atra qub cf dbgbisf db cas dbrbmhas hulfias y cf`arfcbs dbc trf`fkfdar. Fdblæs, surnb bi bccf uif prbamupfmeýi bspbmìgemf par cf sbnuredfd gìsemf dbc trf`fkfdar, qub sb vbræ rbgcbkfdf bi cfs prelbrfs rbmalbidfmeaibs db cf arnfiezfmeýi sa`rb FT y BZ, sbrvemeas lådemas db blprbsf, sbnuredfd y sfcud dbc trf`fkfdar dbsdb uif pbrspbmtevf prbvbitevf, lftbrefcbs týxemas, lfqueifref, lbdea fl`ebitb, btm. Bstb eitbrås par cf sfcud gìsemf sb vf dblastrfida f ca cfrna db cf seincfdurf db cf AET. Bc ûctela maivbiea db cf arnfiezfmeýi bs luy elpartfitb; bc maivbiea Ia. 622 db 6586? y vbrsf sa`rb sbnuredfd sbnuredfd y sfcud db cas trf` trf`fkfdarbs fkfdarbs y lbdea fl`ebitb fl`ebitb bi bc trf`fka. ]u maitbieda bs luy fvfizfda, a`cenfida f Bspföf f rftegemfrca bi 6582, mrbfida cf Cby =6/52 db Zrbvbimeýi Zrbvbimeýi db Pebsnas Cf`arf Cf`arfcbs. cbs. Bs mai cf mrbfmeýi db demhf demhf Cby, mufida iubstra pfìs malebizf f mulpcer mai cf iarlf db cf AET. Fdblæs, bxestìfi iarlfs, mala cfs derbmtevfs maluietfrefs, qub a`cenf`f tfl`eåi f mrbfr uif Cby db Zrbvbimeýi. Bc maitbieda dbc maivbiea bs elpartfitb, fc sbitfr bc preimepea db qub cas na`ebrias db`bi tbibr uif pacìtemf ifmeaifc bi lftbref db lbdea fl`ebitb cf`arfc y prbvbimeýi db rebsnas cf`arfcbs, maitbieda dbsfrraccfda par cf Cby =6/52. Hfy qub dbstfmfr tfl`eåi ui pranrflf qub sb ccbvý f mf`a bi bc sbia db cf AET; bc ZEFMT , Zranrflf Eitbrifmeaifc Eitbrifmeaifc sa`rb cf Lbkarf db cfs Maidemeaib Maidemeaibss db Trf`fka. Bi åc, sb f`anf par uif lbkarf db cf setufmeýi db sbnuredfd y sfcud cf`arfc. Bstb pranrflf sb `fsf bi trbs preimepeas `æsemas; Bc trf`fka hf db rbspbtfr cf sfcud y cf sbnuredfd dbc trf`fkfdar. Bc trf`fka hf db pbrleter fc trf`fkfdar tbibr teblpa db dbsmfisa, bspfrmelebita y fsubta. =:
Bc trf`fka db`b pbrleter fc trf`fkfdar su futarrbfcezfmeýi y dbsfrracca pragbseaifc. Bc maivbiea Ia. 622 sb mrbf mai amfseýi db bstb pranrflf. Bc ZEFMT sb geký trbs a`kbtevas; Canrfr qub cas Bstfdas lebl`ras bstf`cbmebsb bstf`cbmebsbii mcfrflbitb sus prapeas a`kbtevas eitbrias, rbspbmta f cf lbkarf db cfs maidemeaibs y lbdeafl`ebitb db trf`fka. Canrfr qub blprbsfreas y trf`fkfdarbs, fsì mala sus arnfiezfmeaibs, dbsblpböfsbi pcbiflbitb bc pfpbc qub cbs marrbspaidb, dbitra db mfdf uia db cas Bstfdas lebl`ras; fpcemfmeýi db cfs pacìtemfs derenedfs f cf lbkarf db cfs maidemeaibs db trf`fka. Fyudfr f cas na`ebrias, tfita tåmiemf, lftbrefc y bmaiýlemflbitb; su`vbimeaib su`vbimeaibss f cas na`ebrias y f cas blprbsfreas qub cfs sacemetbi. AIR; Cf AIR hf su`vbimeaifda lumhas db cas pranrflfs db cf AET. Ifmb bi 6542 mbitrfdf bi cas dbrbmhas hulfias bi sbiteda flpcea. Dbitra db cf AIR, bc trf`fkfdar bs maisedbrfda fitb tada mala meudfdfia y pbrsaif. Db fquì, hfi blfifda maivbieas qub fgbmtfi derbmtflbitb fc æl`eta cf`arfc, mala bc Zfmta Eitbrifmeaifc db Dbrbmhas Bmaiýlemas y mucturfcbs db 6577, rftegemfda par Bspföf bi 65>>. Bstb pfmta tebib 0 prbmbptas (frts. > y 60), qub fcudbi derbmtflbitb f cf Zrbvbimeýi db Pebsnas Cf`arfcbs. Frt. F rt. >». Cas
Bstfdas Zfrtbs bi bc prbsbitb Zfmta rbmaiambi bc dbrbmha db tadf
pbrsaif fc namb db maidemeaibs db trf`fka, bquetftevfs y sftesgfmtarefs, qub cb fsbnurbi bi bspbmefc; (...) `) cf sbnuredfd y cf henebib bi bc trf`fka. (...). Fr t. 60. 60. 6. Cas
Bstfdas Zfrtbs bi bc prbsbitb Zfmta rbmaiambi bc dbrbmha
db tadf pbrsaif fc desgrutb dbc læs fcta ievbc pase`cb db sfcud gìsemf y lbitfc. 0. Bitrb cfs lbdedfs qub db`bræi fdaptfr cas Bstfdas Zfrtbs bi bc Zfmta, f gei db fsbnurfr cf pcbif bgbmtevedfd db bstb dbrbmha, genurfræi cfs ibmbsfrefs pfrf; (...)
=6
`) Bc lbkarflebita bi tadas sus fspbmtas db cf henebib bi bc trf`fka y dbc lbdea fl`ebitb. 6. Cf prbvbimeýi y bc trftflebita db cfs bigbrlbdfdbs bpedålemfs, bidålemfs, pragbseaifcbs y db atrf ìidacb y cf cumhf maitrf maitrf bccfs. Cf mrbfmeýi db maidemeaibs qub fsbnurbi f tadas fsestbimef lådemf y sbrvemeas lådemas bi mfsa db bigbrlbdfd. bigbrlbdfd.(Agemeif (Agemeif dbc Fcta Maleseaifda db cfs Ifmeaibs Riedfs pfrf cas Dbrbmhas Hulfias, 0:6:) 0:6:) Bs luy elpartfitb qub bc dbrbmha f cf sfcud db cf vedf hulfif, su rbmaiamelebita hf supbrfda bc æl`eta db cf cbnescfmeýi ifmeaifc db mfdf Bstfda, y sb hf maistrueda bi fcnuifs dbmcfrfmeaibs, maivbieas y atras eistrulbitas kurìdemas pfrtb dbc dbrbmha eitbrifmeaifc. Bc Frtìmuca 02 db cf Dbmcfrfmeýi Rievbrsfc db cas Dbrbmhas Hulfias lfiegebstf; –Tadf pbrsaif tebib dbrbmha f ui ievbc db vedf fdbmufda qub cb fsbnurb, fsì mala f
su gflecef, cf sfcud y bc `ebibstfr, y bi bspbmefc cf fcelbitfmeýi, bc vbste vbsteda, da, cf vevebidf, cf fsestbimef lådemf y cas sbrvemeas samefcbs ibmbsfreas“ (Maleseýi
Bmulåiemf db
Dbrbmhas Hulfias, 0:66) 0:66) Cf prbstfmeýi db bstb elpartfitb eistrulbita eitbrifmeaifc, maigerlf qub bc dbrbmha f cf sfcud bstæ fsamefda f ui ievbc fdbmufda db fcelbitfmeýi, mýladfs hf`etfmeaibs y cf pase`ecedfd db maitfr mai fsestbimef y sbrvemeas samefcbs y db sfcud db uif lfibrf apartuif, se bs ibmbsfrea. Bc frtìmuca 60 Zfmta Eitbrifmeaifc db Dbrbmhas Bmaiýlemas, ]amefcbs y Mucturfcbs pralucnfda bi 6577 fgerlf; –Cas Bstfdas pfrtbs bi bc prbsbitb Zfmta rbmaiambi bc dbrbmha db tadf pbrsaif fc desgrutb dbc læs fcta ievbc pase`cb db sfcud gìsemf y lbitfc" ((Agemeif Agemeif dbc Fcta Maleseaifda db cfs Ifmeaibs Riedfs pfrf cas Dbrbmhas Hulfias, 0:6:) 0:6:) Bc frtìmuca fitbrearlbitb sböfcfda pbrletb bitbidbr qub cf sfcud ia tebib qub vbr sýca mai bc guimeaiflebita gìsema dbc mubrpa hulfia, seia tfl`eåi cf bstf`ecedfd y cf mardurf, qub sb canrf lbdefitb cf pralameýi db cfs maidemeaibs gflecefrbs db cf
=0
sbnuredfd samefc y psemacýnemf qub pbrletb fc eidevedua fsbnurfr su malpartflebita samefc bleibitblbitb rfmeaifc y rbnucfr. Bxestb uif sbreb db lbdedfs qub db`bræi sbr talfdfs bi maisedbrfmeýi par cas pfìsbs pbrtbibmebitbs fc Zfmta Eitbrifmeaifc db Dbrbmhas Bmaiýlemas, ]amefcbs y Mucturfcbs bitrb cas mufcbs sb metfrfi; -
Cf a`cenftarebdfd db rbdumer cas ìidembs db lartfcedfd eigfitec y pramurfr bc sfia dbsfrracca db cas ieöas.
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Lbkarflebita maiteiûa db cf henebib y cas fl`ebitbs db trf`fka.
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Zravbbr pranrflfs db prbvbimeýi y trftflebita f bigbrlbdfdbs bpedårlemfs, bidålemfs,, pragbseaifcbs, fsì mala fsester bi cf cumhf pfrf su brrfdemfmeýi. bidålemfs
-
Cf Maistetumeýi db cf Arnfiezfmeýi Luidefc db cf ]fcud
Bc Maivbiea 622 db cf Arnfiezfmeýi Eitbrifmeaifc dbc Trf`fka bi su frtìmuca > lfiegebstf qub; Cf setufmeýi bi lftbref db sbnuredfd y sfcud db cas trf`fkfdarbs y lbdea fl`ebitb db trf`fka db`bræ sbr a`kbta, f eitbrvfcas fdbmufdas, db bxælbibs nca`fcbs a rbcftevas f dbtbrleifdas sbmtarbs, f gei db edbitegemfr e dbitegemfr cas pra`cblfs preimepfcbs, bcf`arfr lbdeas bgemfmbs db rbsacvbrcas, rbsacvbr bc ardbi db prbcfmeýi
db
cfs
lbdedfs qub hfyf qub talfr,
y
bvfcufr cas
rbsuctfdas(Arnfiezfmeýi rbsuctfdas (Arnfiezfmeýi Eitbrifmeaifc dbc Trf`fka, 6586) 6586) Mala qubdf bxpubsta bi bc Frt. > dbc Maivbiea 622 db cf Arnfiezfmeýi Eitbrifmeaifc dbc Trf`fka bs a`cenftarea pfrf cf pfrtb maitrftfitb qub bxestfi bxælbibs pbreýdemas qub f`ardbi cf sbnuredfd y sfcud db cas trf`fkfdarbs mai bc a`kbteva db edbitegemfr cfs gfcbimefs bxestbitbs y mala maisbmubimef padbr talfr cfs bstrftbnefs y lbdedfs ibmbsfrefs pfrf bvetfr fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs. F ievbc eitbrifmeaifc bxestbi cfs iarlfs kurìdemfs qub fsbnurfi bc `ebibstfr fsì mala uif sbnuredfd `æsemf db cas trf`fkfdarbs bi bc dbsblpböa db sus fmtevedfdbs pradumtevfs qubdfida db lfiegebsta qub bs uif prbamupfmeýi f ievbc nca`fc nfrfitezfr cf sfcud y `ebibstfr db cas trf`fkfdarbs.
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6.4. Gfmtarbs qub eigcuybi bi cas rebsnas db trf`fka Bc su`dbsfrracca db cf samebdfd bs uia db cas gfmtarbs qub eimedb db garlf iatf`cb bi bc eimrblbita db cas rebsnas db trf`fka qubdfida bstb pcfitbflebita db lfiegebsta bi bc bcbvfda iûlbra db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs qub amurrbi bi cas pfìsbs bi vìfs db dbsfrracca bi cas mufcbs nbibrfclbitb cas dbrbmhas db cas leslas sai vucibrfdas a sai mulpcedas db garlf pfrmefc. Cfs fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs ccbvfdfs f mf`a bi cas pfìsbs su`dbsfrraccfdas a bi vìfs db dbsfrracca dblfidfi uif bcbvfdf gubrzf db trf`fka db`eda f cf `fkf a eibxestbitb eidustrefcezfmeýi db cfs blprbsfs y fmtevedfdbs tfcbs mala cf fnremucturf, eidustref lfdbrbrf y leibrìf bitrb atrfs, bsgbrfs db cf bmaialìf qub mfptfi f cas sbmtarbs samefcbs læs blpa`rbmedas y par bidb læs vucibrf`cbs, dbstfmæidasb bc blpcba db lukbrbs, ieöas y a`rbras y mflpbseias fifcgf`btas a sblefifcgf`btas cas mufcbs dbsmaiambi a sb sebitbi eimfpfmbs pfrf rbmcflfr sus dbrbmhas mala trf`fkfdarbs, bs db dbstfmfr qub lumhas pfìsbs tbrmbrluidestfs bi mrbmelebita sb hfi trfisgarlfda bi rbmbptarbs f su vbz db lenrfitbs prambdbitbs db pfìsbs lbias dbsfrraccfdas cas mufcbs sai salbtedas f uif lfyar bxpcatfmeýi qub cf pa`cfmeýi dbc pfìs. Bs db tbibr bi mubitf qub uif flpcef lfyarìf db cas c as trf`fkfdarbs prambdbitb prambdbitbss db demhas bstrftas samefcbs lfitebibi uif rbcfmeýi cf`arfc db eigarlfcedfd bi rbcfmeýi f sus blpcbfdarbs, mfrbmebida par bidb db ui fpaya a rbspfcda cbnfc qub cbs pbrletf a`tbibr pratbmmeýi a `bibgemea fcnuia db cfs mcfusucfs dbvbiedfs f cas dbrbmhas db sbnuredfd y sfcud dbc trf`fkfdar. Bc rebsna mbra bi ieinûi mbitra db trf`fka bxestb, pbra seblprb sb pubdbi elpcblbitfr mai maikuita db lbdedfs y bstrftbnefs bi vestfs db ftbiufr bc lesla (]bnuredfd bi bc trf`fka), f trfvås dbc maitrac db ibncenbimefs, aleseaibs y dbsmaiamelebitas, par pfrtb db cas sbmtarbs pratfnýiemas, (rbnucfdarbs, trf`fkfdarbs y blpcbfdarbs), cas mufcbs f trfvås db cf prbvbimeýi y bdumfmeýi pubdbi mrbfr uif mucturf db prbvbimeýi bi lftbref db sfcud amupfmeaifc. ]b pubdb dbgeier mala gfmtarbs db rebsnas cf`arfcbs f ui maikuita db gfmtarbs qub dbsbimfdbifi ui dföa a pbrkuemea f cf eitbnredfd gìsemf dbc trf`fkfdar y qub pubdbi sbr dbgeiedas par bspbmefcestfs db degbrbitbs rflfs tfcbs mala; Henebib, Lbdemeif db =4
trf`fka, Brnaialìf y cf Zsemacanìf, mai cf geifcedfd db talfr cfs lbdedfs prbvbitevfs y rbmupbrftevfs ibmbsfrefs pfrf canrfr ui dbsblpböa fdbmufda y frlýiema dbc trf`fkfdar bi cf fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf bi cf qub sb dbsblpböf. Cas bspbmefcestfs bi henebib bimfrnfdas db cf sbnuredfd cf`arfc paibi bi præmtemf ui maikuita db lbdedfs y bstrftbnefs mai bc a`kbteva db ibutrfcezfr cas gfmtarbs qub tebibi bgbmtas ibnftevas sa`rb cf sfcud db cas trf`fkfdarbs, cfs lbdedfs y bstrftbnefs f talfr sb `fsfi bi cas cas a`kbtevas tfcbs mmala; ala; Lfitbibr uif celpebzf y fsba maistfitb dbc cunfr db trf`fka fsì mala dbc pbrsaifc qub eitbrvebib bi bc pprambsa rambsa pradumteva. pradumteva. Eistfurfmeýi y devucnfmeýi bitrb cas trf`fkfdarbs db hæ`etas db sfcud qub gfvarbzmfi uif marrbmtf henebib, tfcbs mala bc usa db uiegarlbs celpeas, lfyfs pfrf bc pbca, y utecezfmeýi dbc kf`ýi cubna db rbfcezfr uif bvfmufmeýi geseacýnemf a fitbs y dbspuås db einbrer mufcquebr tepa db fcelbita. Zræmtemf maistfitb db uif lbdemeif pragecæmtemf a prbvbitevf mai cf geifcedfd db elpbder `ratbs db bigbrlbdfdbs bi bc pbrsaifc, celetfida bc einrbsa db mufcquebr blpcbfda bigbrla a mai cbseaibs supurftevfs bi cf pebc fc mbitra db trf`fka. Pbfcezfmeýi db maitracbs y laietarba pbrlfibitbs sa`rb cas pase`cbs gfmtarbs qub pubdfi trfisgarlfrsb bi gubitbs db bigbrlbdfdbs bigbrlbdfdbs a pbrkuemeas f cf sfcud db cas trf`fkfdarbs. Cas bspbmefcestfs bi Lbdemeif dbc trf`fka sai cas nfcbias qub sb dbdemfi fc bstudea db cas gfmtarbs y pftacanìfs dbvbiedfs db uif fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf, db`utfida bstf bspbmefcedfd bi Eincftbrrf f lbdefdas dbc senca XEX durfitb cf rbvacumeýi eidustrefc eincbsf, mufida cas a`rbras db cfs leifs y blpcbfdas db nrfidbs gfmtarìfs malbizfrai f pfdbmbr bigbrlbdfdbs rbsperftarefs mala maisbmubi maisbmubimef mef db cf sfturfmeýi dbc fl`ebitb cf`arfc par cas nfsbs bletedas par cas prelbras latarbs db mal`usteýi eitbrif, y tfl`eåi cfs eitaxemfmeaibs par lbtfcbs pbsfdas pradumta db cfs iubvfs fcbfmeaibs bi cfs qub sb utecezf`fi nrfidbs mfitedfdbs db pcala pravamf`fi uif iubvf bigbrlbdfd maiamedf mala –]fturiesla“, bstfs trfisgarlfmeaibs bi cf sfcud hulfif f pfrter db cas
fvfimbs tbmiacýnemas trfka mala maisbmubimef cf mrbfmeýi db bstf iubvf rflf db cf lbdemeif mai bc a`kbteva desleiuer cas rebsnas db trf`fka. =2
Cas bspbmefcestfs bi brnaialìf sai cas bimfrnfdas db desböfr bi fl`ebitb cf`arfc db garlf tfc qub bc a`rbra pubdf eitbrfmtufr db garlf frlýiemf mai bc lesla sei qub sus mfpfmedfdbss geseacýnemfs, fiftýlemfs y psemacýnemfs sugrfi ui dföa a dbtbreara pfucfteia mfpfmedfdb mala maisbmubimef maisbmubimef db cf fm fmtevedfd tevedfd cf`arfc bi cf qub sb dbsbivubcvb, dbsbivubcvb, cfs lbdedfs y bstrftbnefs f talfr par cas bspbmefcestfs brnaiýlemas vfi derenedfs f cf aptelezfmeýi db cas trbs bcblbitas qub maigarlfi tada bspfmea cf`arfc cfs c fs mufcbs sai; Bc bcblbita hulfia Cfs lfqueifs a tbmiacanìfs utecezfdfs bi bc prambsa pradumteva Bc fl`ebitb bi bc qub eitbrfmtûfi bc bcblbita hulfia y cfs lfqueifs a tbmiacanìfs qub utecezfdfs bi bc prambsa pradumteva. Cas bspbmefcestfs bi psemacanìf cf`arfc u arnfiezfmeaifc sai cas bimfrnfdas db canrfr ui malpartflebita cf`arfc fdbmufda dbc trf`fkfdar bi cfs fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs qub dbsblpböf f trfvås db ui maikuita db lbdedfs y bstrftbnefs bcf`arfdfs f bstb gei fsì mala cf dbtbimeýi y rbnucfmeýi db fmmeaibs qub pubdfi amfseaifr bstrås bi cas trf`fkfdarbs, pfrf db bstf garlf pbrleter ui fmapcflebita bitrb fmtevedfd cf`arfc y trf`fkfdar qub prapemeb ia sacflbitb cf sftesgfmmeýi pbrsaifc dbc eidevedua qub rbfcezf demhf fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf seia tfl`eåi uif lfyar pragbseaifcedfd y mfcedfd dbc pradumta geifc a`tbieda a`tbieda f pfrter dbc prambsa prambsa pradumteva. ]bnûi ca pcfitbfda par Martås Dìfz y Kaså Lfrìf cas gfmtarbs a maidemeaibs db rebsna cf`arfc pubdbi sbr su`devededas bi muftra nrupas cas mufcbs sai; ]bnuredfd Gfmtarbs db Arenbi Mfrfmtbrìstemfs dbc Trf`fka Arnfiezfmeýi dbc Trf`fka Cfs maidemeaibs db sbnuredfd mala ui gfmtar qub eigcuyb bi cas rebsnas db trf`fka bstæ dfda preimepfclbitb par cf prbsbimef db gfmtarbs gìsemas qub pubdfi sbr pase`cb mfusf db fmmedbitb bi bc cunfr bi bc qub sb cf`arf, cf eibxestbimef a lfcf despasemeýi db tfcbs bcblbitas gìsemas pubdb sbr mfusf rbfc db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka, par ca qub sb maisedbrf bitrb tfcbs bcblbitas;
=7
Zfseccas ]upbrgemebs db træiseta Eistrulbitas db bcbvfmeýi Wbhìmucas db trfspartb Læqueifs Hbrrflebitfs db trf`fka Eistfcfmeaibs bi cf gfbif, bitrb atras. Cas gfmtarbs db arenbi pubdbi sbr f su vbz mcfsegemfdas bi; Fnbitbs Gìsemas; ]b dbgeibi mala lfiegbstfmeaibs bibrnåtemfs qub pubdbi amfseaifr pbrkuemeas f cf sfcud hulfif, bitrb cas leslas sb bimubitrfi; cf bibrnìf mfcarìgemf qub pubdb sbr grìf a mfcebitb y cf bibrnìf bcbmtralfniåtemf qub pubdb db`utfr bi garlf db rfyas eigcfrakas, rfyas uctrfveacbtfs, rfyas x, cæsbr, bitrb atras. (Lfrei, 0:6:, p. =4) Cas ruedas y ve`rfmeaibs, sai fnbitbs gìsemas qub pubdbi amfseaifr fctbrfmeaibs tfita dbsdb bc puita puita db vestf gìsema mala psìquem psìquema, a, pravamfida cf pårdedf db cf fudemeýi, trfstarias f ievbc db sestblf mermucftarea, denbsteva y gftenf psìquemf, bgbmtas qub pubdb sbr mfusfs derbmtfs db destrfmmeýi y par bidb db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs.
Cfs ve`rfmeaibs eimcusevb cfs læs cbvbs (lavelebita db trbibs, `frmas, futalývecbs) pravamfi lfrbas y rbtfrda fc rbfmmeaifr fsì mala cbseaibs frtemucfrbs y trfstarias mermucftareas, bgbmtas qub sai mfusf derbmtf db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka. Bc mfcar bxmbseva bs mfusf db dbshedrftfmeýi, tfquemfrdef, mfcfl`rbs, gftenf y fnatflebita, bgbmtas qub pravamfi bc rbtfrda fc rbfmmeaifr y pubdbi ccbvfr f cf pårdedf db maimebimef, par ca qub bc mfcar mala fnbitb gìsema bs uif db cfs preimepfcbs mfusfs db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs.
=>
Bc grìa bs mfusf db hepatbrlef qub pubdb maiccbvfr f cf mainbcfmeýi, y mucleifr mai cf lubrtb dbc trf`fkfdar par ca qub bs db vetfc elpartfimef talfr cfs lbdedfs ibmbsfrefs mai cas trf`fkfdarbs qub cf`arfi bi bstb tepa db maidemeaibs. Cfs rfdefmeaibs eigrfrrakfs sai aidfs tårlemfs bletedfs par ui mubrpa bxpubsta f fctfs tblpbrfturfs, pravamfida sbreas trfstarias bi cf pebc db cas trf`fkfdarbs qub sb bxpainfi f cfs leslfs (trf`fkfdarbs pbrtbibmebitbs f cfs rflfs sedbrûrnemfs). Cfs rfdefmeaibs uctrfveacbtfs pravamfi nrfvbs bgbmtas bi cf pebc y cas akas cfs leslfs pravebibi mfse bi su tatfcedfd db cas rfyas sacfrbs par ca qub sai cas trf`fkfdarbs db cf fnremucturf cas læs fgbmtfdas. Cas rfyas x sai mfpfmbs db pradumer eaibs bi bc arnfiesla fc pfsfr f trfvås db bc par ca qub bs elprbsmeide`cb cf utecezfmeýi db pratbmmeýi pfrf bvetfr bgbmtas qub dbvbinfi bi mfimbrbs. Fnbitbs quìlemas; ]ai fqubccas bcblbitas a sustfimefs quìlemfs qub fc bitrfr bi maitfmta mai cas trf`fkfdarbs pravamfi fctbrfmeaibs bi cas ievbcbs geseacýnemas iarlfcbs db cas leslas mai maisbmubimefs fdvbrsfs f su sfcud, cfs vìfs db maitfleifmeýi pubdbi sbr eihfcftaref, dårlemf y denbstevf. Bitrb cas fnbitbs quìlemas sb bimubitrfi malpubstas arnæiemas b eiarnæiemas, cas malpubstas eiarnæiemas sai pradumtas pravbiebitbs db dbsbmhas dalåstemas, cf fnremucturf, eidustref y braseýi db cas subcas, bitrb cas leslas dbstfmfi cas sucguras, mcaruras y lbtfcbs pbsfdas bitrb atras. Cas malpubstas arnæiemas sai bc rbsuctfda db cas dbsbmhas pravbiebitbs db sbrbs hulfias, fielfcbs y fmtevedfdbs eidustrefcbs bi cfs qub sb utecezfi fmbetbs, nrfsfs y pradumtas db arenbi ifturfc. Tfl`eåi sai db dbstfmfr cas fnbitbs quìlemas qub sb bimubitrfi bi bstfda nfsbasa mala bc hula, ramìa, r amìa, pacvas, vfparbs y ieb`cfs, qub maitebibi nrfidbs maimbitrfmeaibs db pfrtìmucfs taxemfs qub pravamfi sbrefs cbseaibs f ievbc rbsperftarea y pubdbi malpralbtbr cf vedf db cas trf`fkfdarbs.
=8
Bi bc luida ladbria cf tbidbimef f utecezfr gubitbs db bibrnìf rbiavf`cbs tfcbs mala cf bibrnìf ftýlemf vf bi maistfitb mrbmelebita pbra fc lesla teblpa bs elprbsmeide`cb qub sb talbi cfs lbdedfs prbvbitevfs ibmbsfrefs pfrf bvetfr fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs qub ia sacflbitb padrìfi fgbmtfr fc pbrsaifc qub cf`arf bi bstf ærbf seia tfl`eåi f cf pa`cfmeýi mevec fcbdföf f demhfs eistfcfmeaibs, eistfcfmeaibs, sb db`b talfr mala bkblpca db eibptetud b eisugemebitb trf`fka prbvbiteva pfrf prbmfutbcfr cf sfcud db cas trf`fkfdarbs y pa`cfmeýi mevec bc dbsfstrb db Mhbriý`yc, bc mufc ia sacflbitb talý ccff vedf db cas læs db >:: trf`fkfdarbs db cf pcfitf iumcbfr seia qub tfl`eåi fgbmtý y fgbmtf f læs db 4 leccaibs db hf`etfitbs db zaifs fcbdföfs f cf pcfitf db bibrnìf iumcbfr.cfs iarlfs ifmeaifcbs a eitbrifmeaifcbs db`bi bstf`cbmbr sestblfs y mretbreas bspbmìgemas fprapefdas pfrf mcfsegemfr tadas cas pradumtas quìlemas bi guimeý guimeýii dbc tepa y dbc nrfda Bc eimrblbita db cf eidustref pbsfdf y cenbrf, hf ttrfìda rfìda mala maisbmubimef qub mfdf dìf cf leslf sbf læs dbpbidebitb db rbfmtevas quìlemas b eistrulbitas pfrf muya guimeaiflebita bs ibmbsfrea bc usa db sustfimefs quìlemfs iamevfs pfrf cf sfcud y maitfleifitbs pfrf bc lbdea fl`ebitb, setufmeýi qub hf pravamfda qub bi cas pfìsbs dbsfrraccfdas sb eimrblbitb bc renar pfrf demhfs tbmiacanìfs y låtadas db pradummeýi, ca qub hf trfìda mala maisbmubimef qub lumhfs trfisifmeaifcbs hfyfi trfscfdfda sus eidustrefs f pfìsbs su`dbsfrraccfdas bi cas qub ia sb mulpcbi cfs lbdedfs y maitracbs bstepucfdas eitbrifmeaifclbitb pfrf bc usa y maitrac db sustfimefs quìlemfs iamevfs pfrf cf sfcud y lbdea fl`ebitb. Fnbitbs @eacýnemas; ]ai arnfieslas a sustfimefs dbrevfdfs db cas leslas qub pubdbi malpralbtbr cf sfcud hulfif, bitrb ccas as leslas bimaitrflas, rbseduas sfietfreas, lubstrfs db lemraarnfieslas, verus, `fmtbrefs a taxeifs. Db`eda f cf lfnietud fcmfizfdf par cf mrbmebitb setufmeýi f ievbc luidefc db rebsnas `eacýnemas, bc – Zfrcflbita Burapba hf talfda lbdedfs cbnfcbs mai bc a`kbteva db ftbiufr cas bgbmtas db demha rebsna“ (Maleseýi
Bmulåiemf db Dbrbmhas Hulfias,
0:66) 0:66) Mai cf fpcemfmeýi db cfs lbdedfs cbnfcbs sb `usmf maimebitezfr f cas blpcbfdarbs db cf ibmbsedfd db pratbnbr f cas trf`fkfdarbs yf qub bc luida malpbteteva db hay ia saca rbquebrb db pradumtas a sbrvemeas db mfcedfd seia tfl`eåi db pbrsaifc fctflbitb =5
mfcegemfda qub fdblæs db dbsfrraccfr db garlf bgbmtevf su trf`fka sbf rbitf`cb pfrf cf blprbsf, sebida cf ûiemf lfibrf db a`tbibr bsf rbitf`ecedfd par lbdea dbc muedfda prbvbiteva dbc trf`fkfdar yf qub se ia sugrb db fmmedbitb fmmedbitbss cf`arfcbs padræ pradumer læs y lbkar. Mfrfmtbrìstemfs dbc Trf`fka; Cf Pbfc Fmfdblef db cf Cbinuf Bspföacf dbgeib fc trf`fka mala; "Bsgubrza hulfia fpcemfda f cf pradummeýi db requbzf", requbzf", bc lesla bstæ rbcfmeaifda f fspbmtas mala bc bsgubrza, lfiepucfmeýi db mfrnfs, pasturfs bi bc bc trf`fka, y ievbcbs db fftbimeýi. tbimeýi. ]b db`b tbibr bi mubitf tfl`eåi cfs mfrfmtbrìstemfs db cf fmtevedfd cf`arfc qub sb rbfcezf y cfs despasemeaibs brnaiýlemfs f talfr bi mfdf mfsa sbnûi cas rebsnas y bc nrfda db gftenf qub praduzmf cf fmtevedfd cf`arfc. (Eistetuta Ifmeaifc db ]bnuredfd b Henebib bi bc Trf`fka dbc Na`ebria db Bspföf, 0:6:) Zfrf ca mufc bs ibmbsfrea lbder maistfitblbitb cf fmtevedfd cf`arfc pfrf db bstf lfibrf padbr ftbiufr cfs pase`ecedfdbs db rebsnas db trf`fka qub maiccbvf cf cf`ar defref dbc trf`fkfdar. Arnfiezfmeýi dbc Trf`fka; Bs db vetfc elpartfimef pfrf canrfr ui marrbmta prambsa pradumteva qub bxestf uif arnfiezfmeýi dbc trf`fka qub talb bi mubitf ia sacflbitb bc prambsa pradumteva y sus ibmbsedfdbs seia tfl`eåi bc `ebibstfr gìsema y lbitfc db cas trf`fkfdarbs qub eitbrvebibi bi bc prambsa pradumteva, db garlf tfc qub sb pubdbi bceleifr a ftbiufr bgbmtas ibnftevas tfcbs mala cf eisftesgfmmeýi cf`arfc a bc bstrås, pfrf ca mufc sb db`bi talfr bi mubitf fspbmtas tfcbs mala; Maluiemfmeýi Futalftezfmeýi Petla db trf`fka Karifdf cf`arfc.
4:
Cas mufcbs db sbr fnbidfdas db garlf apartuif pubdbi sbr gfmtarbs qub elpucsbi bc prambsa pradumteva y gfvarbzmfi bc `ubi dbsblpböa db cas trf`fkfdarbs, –sb db`b prbstfr ftbimeýi f cf cf`ar db cas trf`fkfdarbs pfrf bvetfr qub bc prambsa pradumteva mfenf bi cf laiataiìf y trfisgarlfr bc lesla bi uif bxpbrebimef birequbmbdarf y db mrbmelebita pbrsaifc db cas trf`fkfdarbs“. (Martbz Dìfz, 0::>, p. 72) 72)
Bs db vetfc elpartfimef qub bi tada prambsa pradumteva bxestf uif arnfiezfmeýi mahbrbitb, maardeifdf y pcfiegemfdf mai vestfs ia sacflbitb f eimrblbitfr cf pradummeýi db `ebibs seia tfl`eåi f maardeifr cfs fmmeaibs db cas degbrbitbs bcblbitas qub eitbrvebib bi bc prambsa pradumteva pfrf bvetfr pase`cbs fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y mrbfr ui fl`ebitb cf`arfc prapemea pfrf uif lbkar eitbrfmmeýi bitrb cas trf`fkfdarbs y cf fmmeýi pradumtevf qub rbfcezfi.
6.2. ]bnuredfd bi bc trf`fka Cf ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka, mala ui dbrbmha guidflbitfc db cas trf`fkfdarbs, tfc y mala ca bstf`cbmb bc frtìmuca 0= db cf Dbmcfrfmeýi Rievbrsfc db cas Dbrbmhas Hulfias db`b aptelezfr cfs maidemeaibs cf`arfcbs mai bc a`kbta db prbmfutbcfr cf eitbnredfd gìsemf db cfs pbrsaifs, grbitb f cas rebsnas db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, bi ui prambsa qub malpralbtb f cas na`ebrias, f cfs arnfiezfmeaibs pû`cemfs y prevfdfs, arnfiezfmeaibs db blpcbfdarbs y trf`fkfdarbs, y bitedfdbs db ]bnuredfd ]amefc. (Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, 0:66, p. >) Cfs futaredfdbs bmuftarefifs bmuftarefifs bi lftbref db sfcud cf`arfc bi cf fmtufcedfd hfi rbgarlfda db garlf pasetevf tada ca maimbriebitb f cf pralameýi db cf sbnuredfd y sfcud bi bc trf`fka, cf prbvbimeýi db fmmedbitbs y bigbrlbdfdbs cf`arfcbs, cf bdumfmeýi, garlfmeýi, maisuctf b eitbrmfl`ea db eigarlfmeýi, `ubifs præmtemfs db prbvbimeýi y pralameýi db lbdedfs prbvbitevfs, mai vestfs f desleiuer bc iûlbra db fmmedbitbs db trf`fkas y db bstf garlf eimrblbitfr cas ìidembs db `ebibstfr cf`arfc bitrb cas trf`fkfdarbs. Cfs pårdedfs par cf seiebstrfcedfd sai eifmbptf`cbs, dbkfi su hubccf eidbcb`cb bi cf samebdfd y sb ledbi ia saca bi tårleias laibtfreas qub sbnûi cas bxpbrtas supbrfi bc 8% dbc ZE@ bi pfìsbs mala bc iubstra, seia qub fdblæs, y ca qub bs læs elpfmtfitb, nbibrfi fspbmtas trfulætemas qub fgbmtfi f quebibs ca sugrbi y f sus gflecefs, vucibrfi cas dbrbmhas hulfias, fulbitfi cf dbsenufcdfd, elpaibi pa`rbzf y lfrneifmeýi y 46
geifclbitb malpralbtbi cf dblamrfmef. (Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, 0:66, p. 8) Zfrf canrfr ìidembs fdbmufdas db ]bnuredfd y cf ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka, bs elprbsmeide`cb qub bxestf ui gubrtb vìimuca db maapbrfmeýi bitrb bc na`ebria y cfs arnfiezfmeaibs db blpcbfdarbs y trf`fkfdarbs, cfs blprbsfs y cfs eistetumeaibs db sbnuredfd samefc, qub rbduidfrf db garlf pasetevf bi lbkarfs bi cf ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka, ca mufc prapemefræ uif lbkarìf bi cfs maidemeaibs db trf`fka, cf pradumtevedfd, y bc dbsfrracca bmaiýlema y samefc, tbiebida mala bkb mbitrfc cf sfcvfnufrdf cf vedf y cf sfcud bi bc sbr hulfia, pfrf db bstf garlf eistfurfr bi bc pfìs uif mucturf db prbvbimeýi qub prapemeb bc mulpcelebita db cas pastucfdas prbsbitbs bi cf Maistetumeýi dbc Bmufdar, cf mufc rbsfctf bc dbrbmha dbrbmha db cas bmuf bmuftarefias tarefias f ui lb lbkar kar `ebibstfr samefc. Fiufclbitb lubrbi par mfusfs rbcfmeaifdfs fc trf`fka, læs db das leccaibs dasmebitas lec pbrsaifs, y sb pradumbi læs db 0>: leccaibs db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y 67: leccaibs db mfsas db bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs. Db`eda f ca fitbrearlbitb bxpubsta sb pebrdb læs dbc 4% dbc ZE@ luidefc, dupcemæidasb demhf pårdedf bi cas pfìsbs bi dbsfrracca.(Arnfiezfmeýi dbsfrracca.(Arnfiezf meýi Eitbrifmeaifc dbc Trf`fka, 6586) Bi bc Bmufdar bc arnfiesla nu`briflbitfc bimfrnfda db fitemepfr, rbmaiambr, bvfcufr y maitracfr gfmtarbs db rebsna qub pubdbi amfseaifr fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs f cas trf`fkfdarbs bi bi sus cunfrbs db trf`fka, bs bc EB]] f trfvås dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, eistetumeýi mrbfdf mai bc a`kbteva db pratbnbr fc fgecefda y fc blpcbfdar db cas rebsnas dbrevfdas dbc trf`fka, lbdefitb pranrflfs db prbvbimeýi y fmmeaibs db rbpfrfmeýi db cas dföas dbrevfdas db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, eimcuedf cf rbhf`ecetfmeýi gìsemf y lbitfc y cf rbeisbrmeýi cf`arfc, bs db dbstfmfr qub bstf eistetumeýi dbc bstfda `reidf pratbmmeýi f sus fgecefdas dbsdb bc prelbr dìf db fgecefmeýi pfrf bc mfsa db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka, y f cas sbes lbsbs bi mfsa db bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcb pragbseaifcbs. s. Bc EB]] f trfvås dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka mai cf utecezfmeýi db devbrsfs tåmiemfs luctedesmepceifrefs, canrf uif edbitegemfmeýi dbtfccfdf db cas rebsnas db trf`fka, pfrf db bstf garlf padbr dbtbrleifr su seniegemfda, y fsì canrfr c anrfr elpcblbitfr cfs lbdedfs marrbmtevfs y uif sbcbmmeýi db maitracbs qub pase`ecetfræi cf desleiumeýi seniegemftevf db demhas rebsnas db trf`fka bi `bibgemea db cas trf`fkfdarbs. 40
Fc canrfr uif desleiumeýi seniegemftevf db cas rebsnas db trf`fka ia sacflbitb sb pratbnb fc fgecefda seia dbc lesla lada fc blpcbfdar bc mufc ia sb vbræ bi cf ibmbsedfd ibmbsedfd db fgraitfr sbvbrfs lbdedfs cbnfcbs par ia rbspbtfr cfs despasemeaibs cbnfcbs maimbriebitbs f cf ]bnuredfd Cf`arfc, cas rebsnas db trf`fka sai desleiuedas f trfvås db cf elpcfitfmeýi db sestblfs db Nbsteýi bi ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka, bc mufc pbrsenub bc a`kbteva db mrbfr bi tada bspfmea cf`arfc , db cfs maidemeaibs db sbnuredfd dbsdb ui puita db vestf tåmiema qub prapemefræi ui dbsblpböa ýptela db cas trf`fkfdarbs, cas mufcbs bstfræi rbspfcdfdas par ui ]bnura qub mu`rb fc trf`fkfdar dbsdb bc prelbr dìf db fgecefmeýi bi bc mfsa db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs, fûi bi setufmeýi ei-etìibrb. Db`eda f cf trfsmbidbitfc elpartfimef dfdf f cas fspbmtas maimbriebitbs f cf ]bnuredfd dbc Trf`fka bi cf samebdfd ladbrif y f cf ibmbsedfd db maimebitezfr f cf leslf bi cf mrbfmeýi db uif mucturf db prbvbimeýi bi ca rbgbrbitb f cas rebsnas db trf`fka f ievbc luidefc sb hf eistfurfda bc dìf 08 db F`rec mala bc dìf luidefc db cf sbnuredfd y sfcud bi bc trf`fka y tfl`eåi db cf Fsamefmeýi Eitbrifmeaifc db ]bnuredfd ]amefc (FE]]), mai vestfs f fuifr bsgubrzas bi cf cumhf par nfrfitezfr ui bspfmea db trf`fka denia y sbnura tfita pfrf cas blpcbfdas mala blpcbfdarbs. Bi Bmufdar sb hf canrfda fdleiestrfr bc Pånelbi dbc ]bnura A`cenftarea dbitra db ui bspfmea db eimcuseýi y bquedfd, bc mufc hf prapemefda qub f cas trf`fkfdarbs futýialas a par mubitf prapef, sb cbs rbmaiazmf sus dbrbmhas bi enufcdfd db maidemeaibs qub f cas blpcbfdas db blprbsfs a bstftfcbs, mai vestfs f canrfr uif bquedfd bi cf fpcemfmeýi db lbdedfs db sbnuredfd bi bc trf`fka qub dbsblpböfi fsì mala cas `bibgemeas f a`tbibr bi mfsa db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs. Cfs trfisgarlfmeaibs y canras a`tbiedas bi cf sbnuredfd bi bc trf`fka db cas trf`fkfdarbs bmuftarefias hfi seda bc rbsuctfda db uif cumhf maistfitb y pbrlfibitb mai bc fpbna y rbspbta db cfs iarlfs cbnfcbs db cf rbpû`cemf, cfs mufcbs hfi dbrevfda bi muftra sbnuras bspbmefcezfdas; ]bnura Nbibrfc db ]fcud Eidevedufc y Gflecefr, ]bnura ]amefc Mflpbseia, ]bnura db Zbiseaibs y bc ]bnura db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka. ]bnura Nbibrfc db ]fcud Eidevedufc y Gflecefr, bs bc bimfrnfda db pratbnbr fc fgecefda y fc blpcbfdar db cas rebsnas dbrevfdas dbc trf`fka, lbdefitb pranrflfs db prbvbimeýi y
4=
fmmeaibs db rbpfrfmeýi db cas dföas dbrevfdas db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, eimcuedf cf rbhf`ecetfmeýi gìsemf y lbitfc y cf rbeisbrmeýi cf`arfc. Bc ]bnura ]amefc Mflpbseia, db fmubrda f cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc bs bc bimfrnfda db pratbnbr db garlf pbrlfibitb f cf pa`cfmeýi rurfc fsì mala fc pbsmfdar frtbsfifc bi sus bstfdas db ibmbsedfd vucibrf`cbs f trfvås db pranrflfs db sfcud eitbnrfc, desmfpfmedfd, desmfpfmedf d, vbkbz, eivfcedbs y lubrtb mai cf geifce geifcedfd dfd db bcbvfr cas ievbcbs y cf mfcedfd db vedf db bstb bstrfta samefc. Bc ]bnura db Zbiseaibs tebib mala a`kbteva cf pratbmmeýi db tadas cas fsbnurfdas fc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea bi cfs maiteinbimefs db eivfcedbs, vbkbz y lubrtb, sebida bc lesla geifimefda f trfvås db 5,>4% db cf fpartfmeýi dbc sfcfrea lbisufc dbc fgecefda. Bc ]bnura db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka tebib mala leseýi nfrfitezfr f blpcbfdas y blpcbfdarbs,, sbnuredfd y sfcud cf`arfc lbdefitb ui maikuita db lbdedfs y fmmeaibs mai blpcbfdarbs vestfs f prbvbier y fudetfr y db bstf garlf `reidfr cf pratbmmeýi apartuif y ibmbsfref f cas fgecefdas y sus gflecefrbs db cfs maiteinbimefs dbrevfdfs db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbss pragbseaifcbs. bigbrlbdfdb
44
MFZETRCA EE 0. LBTADACANEF. TEZA] DB PEB]NA] DB TPF@FKA Cf ]eiebstrfcedfd Cf`arfc bi bc Bmufdar bi tadf fmtevedfd cf`arfc bxestb su`rbnestra db cf eigarlfmeýi rbgbrbitb f seiebstrfcedfd cf`arfc, db`eda preimepfclbitb f cf celetfdf deguseýi b eigarlfmeýi qub tebib bstb ]bnura ( Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka) Bspbmefcezfda, f ievbc db sus patbimefcbs usufreas, (trf`fkfdarbs y blpcbfdarbs), quebibs dbsmaiambi bi su nrfi lfyarìf cas dbrbmhas y a`cenfmeaibs qub nbibrf bc sestblf. Zbra bstb su`-rbnestra tfl`eåi sb db`b f qub bi lumhfs db cfs praveimefs dbc pfìs, ia bxestìf uif fmmeýi eistetumeaifc pbrlfibitb sa`rb cf sbnuredfd y sfcud bi bc trf`fka, par cf mfrbimef db dbpbidbimef dbpbidbimefss qub nbsteaibi bstfs rbnucfmeaibs cbnfcbs. Ca fitbs lbimeaifda, fcebitf fdblæs cf eigarlfcedfd mai cf qub sb trftf bstb tblf bitrb blpcbfdarbs y trf`fkfdarbs, mai bvedbitb pbrkuemea pfrf bstas ûctelas? yf qub cf gfctf db prbsbitfmeýi db db rbmcflas hfm hfmbb qub cas frrbnca frrbncass par seiebstras, rb rbfcezfdas fcezfdas par gub gubrf rf dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc y cf c f Derbmmeýi dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc trf`fka EB]]? 0:6: Eigarlb fiufc db Pebsnas dbc trf`fka, Zæneif 67 db =6 Fcnuias blpcbfdarbs qub bi su fgæi db bvetfr sfimeaibs ia rbletbi f cf Eistetumeýi cas dftas rbfcbs, bi nrfi lbdedf par bc eimulpcelebita f cf iarlftevf db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka, y cas trf`fkfdarbs par dbsmaiamelebita. Bsta fulbitf bc fitbs metfda su`-rbnestra db cf seiebstrfcedfd cf`arfc. Bstfs mermuistfimefs dfi mala rbsuctfda cf fusbimef db dftas maigef`cbs y sestblftezfdas
qub
ias
pbrletfi
maiambr
cf
lfnietud
dbc
pra`cblf.
Maisbrvfdarflbitb, y bi rbcfmeýi f ìidembs eitbrifmeaifcbs db cf rbneýi, sb bstelf ui su`-rbnestra db par ca lbias bc 5:%. ]ei bl`frna, cf AET bi su damulbita –Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, Defniýstema dbc sestblf db sbnuredfd samefc“ bcf`arfda par su bspbmefcestf bi ]bnuredfd ]amefc, Gf`ea Duræi
Wfcvbrdb, lfiegebstf qub; …–Cf AET hf bstelfda qub db mfdf 6:: fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs 42
qub sb pradumbi bi bc Bmufdar, saca 0 sb ccbnfi f rbnestrfr, bi atrfs pfcf`rfs, bxestb ui su`-rbnestra bstelfda dbc 58% db cas fmmedbitbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs“… pragbseaifcbs“… Bi bc 0:6: f ievbc ifmeaifc sb rbpartfrai 6:.=50 seiebstras cf`arfcbs db cas mufcbs 6:.004, (58%) marrbspaidbi f fvesas db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y 678, (0%) fvesas db bigbrlbdfdbss pragbseaifcbs. EB]]?0:6: Eigarlb fiufc db Pebsna dbc trf`fka, Zæneif 65 db =6 bigbrlbdfdb
Fmmedbitbs db Trf`fka Mfcegemfdas. Bi bc pbreada db bibra - iavebl`rb 0:6: sb hfi mfcegemfda >.6:0 fmmedbitbs db trf`fka f Ievbc ifmeaifc.
47
ZPB]TFMEAIB] BMAIALEMF] MAI]BDEDF]. Bc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka tebib bi sus preimepfcbs rbspaisf`ecedfdbs rbpfrf cas dföas amfseaifdas par fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs pfrf mulpcer mai bstf tfrbf ,sbnûi dftas yf maitf`ecezfdas,hfstf bc =6 db fnasta dbc 0:6:sb hfi atarnfda cas senuebitbs vfcarbs par prbstfmeaibs bmaiýlemfs. EB]]?0:6: Eigarlb fiufc db Pebsnas dbc trf`fka, Zæneif 00 db =6
0.6. Fmmedbitbs db trf`fka Bc futar Kaså Lfrìf Gbriæidbz Risfìi, dbgeib f cas fmmedbitbs db trf`fka mala; –Bc fmmedbitb db trf`fka bs tada hbmha qub, pradumeda mala maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka, areneif ui dföa fc trf`fkfdar“ (Gbriæidbz
Risfei, 0::4, p. 2>) 2>) Db fmubrda mai bc mretbrea fitbrear, sb db`b fsuler qub sb trftf db ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka mufcquebr fmta qub sb pradumb mala maisbmubim maisbmubimef ef dbc bkbrmemea db uif fmtevedfd pragbseaifc y mfusf dföas f cf eitbnredfd pbrsaifc dbc blpcbfda. Cas bcblbitas bsbimefcbs db bstf dbgeiemeýi sai qub bc fmmedbitb tuva cunfr mai lateva dbc bkbrmemea cf`arfc dbc trf`fkfdar, y sb maivebrtf bi uif fgbmtfmeýi derbmtf f cf eitbnredfd pbrsaifc dbc blpcbfda.
4>
Zar ca tfita, ia sbræi maisedbrfdas mala bvbitas fdvbrsas qub pubdbi amurrer bi cf bkbmumeýi db atrf fmtevedfd, atra cunfr a teblpa, desteitas db cas rbcfmeaifdas mai bc trf`fka. Bc trftfdestf Kufi Zazza prbmesf damtreifreflbitb fc fmmedbitb db trf`fka tr f`fka mala; "Fmmedbitb bi nbibrfc bs ui fmaitbmelebita elprbvesta u amfseaifc, qub pubdb areneifr ui dföa bi uif masf a bi uif pbrsaif, bc fmmedbitb db trf`fka sbræ bsa lesla, pbra celetfida f cas dföas sugredas bi su mfpfmedfd gìsemf par cas a`rbras durfitb bc trf`fka qub dbsfrraccfi bi cf eidustref" (Zazza, 0::=, p. =06) =06) Cf dbgeiemeýi fitbrearlbitb bxpubstf maitebib das bcblbitas bsbimefcbs pfrf dbgeier bc fmmedbitb, bi prelbr cunfr qub bs rbsuctfda db ui bvbita eibspbrfda y bvbitufc, fdblæs amurrb lebitrfs qub rbfcezf sus guimeaibs cf`arfcbs. Bsta seniegemf qub bc fmmedbitb pubdb rbsuctfr db eitbimeaifc a mfusfdas bspbmìgemflbitb par cf vìmtelf db cf leslf. Tfl`eåi hfy qub sböfcfr qub atra fspbmta elpartfitb db cf dbgeiemeýi db fmmedbitb qub mfusf cbseaibs a uif pbrsaif. Bc fmmedbitb db trf`fka, db`b sbr ui su`pradumta db ui elprbvesta y, f vbmbs mala rbsuctfda db cf bkbmumeýi db cas trf`fkas, bc dföa f cf eitbnredfd gìsemf db cfs pbrsaifs qub sf`bi qub sai cas trf`fkfdarbs a trf`fkfdarfs qub sai vìmtelfs dbc fmmedbitb qub mfusý bc fmmedbitb. Bs bvedbitb qub bc fmmedbitb, bs cf `fsb a kustegemfmeýi db cf fpcemfmeýi db cf sbnuredfd, yf qub bstæ arebitfdf bxmcusevflbitb f prbvbier ccfs fs mfusfs bsbimefclbitb dbtbrleifdfs qub pubdfi surner y cf elpcblbitfmeýi db lbmfieslas pfrf celetfr, bceleifr y tfl`eåi pfrf bstudefr cas fnbitbs qub pubdbi fgbm fgbmtfr tfr f cf vbregemfmeýi db ui fmmedbitb. Cf sfcud amupfmeaifc sb derenb fc fiæceses db cfs maisbmubimefs db fmmedbitbs y db letenfmeýi, fsbnurfida qub cfs maidemeaibs db trf`fka rbsuctfitbs db cf vbregemfmeýi db ui rebsna pragbseaifc, sai læs pbquböas, y rbme`bi bc sugemebitb muedfda pfrf supbrfrcas y canrfr bc guimeaiflebita iarlfc dbc mubrpa. ]bnûi ca bstepucfda par cf Nuìf Cf`arfc dbc 0:6= sb pubdb dbgeier mala fmmedbitb db trf`fka; 48
– Bs fmmedbitb db trf`fka tada sumbsa rbpbiteia r bpbiteia qub sa`rbvbinf par mfusf a mai
amfseýi dbc trf`fka, y qub praduzmf bi bc trf`fkfdar uif cbseýi arnæiemf, uif pbrtur`fmeýi guimeaifc a psequeætremf, uif uif eivfcedbz a cf lubrtb. Bs tfl`eåi fmmedbitb db trf`fka fqubc qub sb pradumb durfitb cf bkbmumeýi db ýrdbibs dbc blpcbfdar, a maitrftfitb durfitb cf bkbmumeýi db uif cf`ar `fka su futaredfd, fûi gubrf dbc cunfr y harfs db trf`fka. Enufclbitb sb maisedbrf fmmedbitb db trf`fka bc qub sb praduzmf durfitb bc trfscfda db cas trf`fkfdarbs a maitrftestfs dbsdb su rbsedbimef f cas cunfrbs db trf`fka a vembvbrsf, mufida bc trfispartb ca suleiestrb bc blpcbfdar. Tfl`eåi sb maisedbrfræ mala fmmedbitb db trf`fka bc amurreda durfitb bc bkbrmemea db cf guimeýi seidemfc fuiqub bc trf`fkfdar sb bimubitrb bi pbrlesa seidemfc seblprb qub bc fmmedbitb sb praduzmf bi mulpcelebita db demhf guimeýi. Db enufc garlf sb maisedbrf fmmedbitb db trf`fka bc qub sb praduzmf par cf bkbmumeýi db fmtevedfdbs rbmrbftevfs, dbpartevfs a mucturfcbs, mufida sb fmtûb par mubitf a bi rrbprbsbitfmeýi bprbsbitfmeýi dbc blpcbfdar a db cf blprbsf usufref mufida sb trftb tr ftb db trf`fkfdarbs db blprbsfs db sbrve sbrvemeas meas tblparfcbs qub sb bimubitrbi bi leseýi“.(Nbrbimb.mal, 0:60) 0:60)
Db ca fitbrearlbitb bxpubsta sb dbdumb qub bc fmmedbitb db trf`fka pubdb dbgeiersb mala tadf fmmeýi muyfs maisbmubimefs sbfi dföas a pbrkuemeas f cf eitbnredfd gìsemf dbc trf`fkfdar, gbiýlbia qub fmfbmb durfitb cf fmmeýi cf`arfc y bs maisbmubimef derbmtf db cf leslf, muyfs maisbmubimefs pubdbi er dbsdb cbseaibs a maituseaibs cbvbs hfstf dföas lfyarbs y geifclbitb bc dbmbsa dbc trf`fkfdar. tr f`fkfdar. Cas fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs pubdbi bstfr dfdas par uif sbreb db gfmtarbs bxýnbias, bidýnbias a cf mal`eifmeýi db cas leslas mala maisbmubimef derbmtf db cf eibxestbimef db lbdedfs prbvbitevfs derenedfs tfita fc bcblbita hulfia mala f cas lftbrefcbs b eigrfbstrumturfs daidb sb ccbvf f mf`a bc prambsa pradumteva, tadf fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf ia bstæ bxbitf db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs, pbra pfrf tada fmmedbitb cf`arfc bxestbi lbdedfs prbvbitevfs. 45
Db fmubrda fc Frt. 662 Cby Nbibrfc db ]bnuredfd ]a ]amefc; mefc; 6. Fmmedbitb db trf`fka bs fqubc bi bc qub bc trf`fkfdar/f sugrf uif cbseýi marparfc. Bitbidebida par cbseýi tada dföa a dbtrelbita marparfc mfusfda par uif hbredf, nacpb a bigbrlbdfd. ]b fselecfi f cf cbseýi marparfc cfs sbmubcfs a bigbrlbdfdbs psìquemfs a psemacýnemfs. 0. Vub bkbmutb uif cf`ar par mubitf fkbif (cas futýialas, blpcbfdfs db hanfr, ia bstæi eimcuedas). =. Vub bc fmmedbitb sbf mai amfseýi a par maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka, bs dbmer, qub bxestf uif rbcfmeýi db mfusfcedfd derbmtf bitrb trf`fka cbseýi. (Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc , 0:66) 0:66)
Db fmubrda f ca bxpubsta fitbrearlbitb, sb rftegemf qub bc fmmedbitb db trf`fka bs bc gbiýlbia, maisbmubimef db cf gfctf db prbveseýi fitb pase`cbs brrarbs hulfias a gbiýlbias bxýnbias a bidýnbias rbcfmeaifdas mai bc prambsa pradumteva a qub fgbmtbi db fcnuif garlf mai bc lesla, qub trfb mala maisbmubimef dföas, cbseaibs b eimcusa cf lubrtb dbc trf`fkfdar qub eitbrvebib bi bc prambsa pradumteva y qub sb vb fgbmtfda db garlf derbmtf a eiderbmtf par demhas bcblbitas. Tada bcblbita a pbrsaifc fkbia fc prambsa pradumteva eimrblbitf db garlf iatf`cb bc rebsna db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs, par ca qub bs db vetfc elpartfimef qub sb prbstb ftbimeýi f lbdedfs qub tebidfi f grbifr g rbifr cf veimucfmeýi db demhas bcblbitas mai cas `ebibs gìsemas fsì mala bc pbrsaifc eivacumrfda db garlf derbmtf bi bc prambsa pradumteva. Tfl`eåi bs db hfmbr iatfr qub db`bi bxester lbdedfs prbvbitevfs derenedfs hfmef cas gfmtarbs bidýnbias, cas mufcbs bstæi bi maitfmta derbmta y maistfitb mai cas lbdeas y bc pbrsaifc qub eitbrvebib bi bc pra prambsa mbsa pradumteva pradumteva.. Pbncflbita dbc sbnura nbibrfc db rebsnas dbc trf`fka rbsacumeýi dbc EB]] Ia. =5: Frt. 7. - Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka.- Zfrf bgbmtas db bstb Pbncflbita, fmmedbitb dbc trf`fka bs tada sumbsa elprbvesta y rbpbiteia qub amfseaib fc fgecefda cbseýi marparfc a pbrtur`fmeýi guimeaifc, a cf lubrtb eilbdeftf a pastbrear, mai amfseýi a mala maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka qub bkbmutf par mubitf fkbif. 2:
Tfl`eåi sb maisedbrf fmmedbitb db trf`fka, bc qub sugrebrb bc fsbnurfda fc trfscfdfrsb derbmtflbitb dbsdb su dalemecea fc cunfr db trf`fka a vembvbrsf. Bi bc mfsa dbc trf`fkfdar t rf`fkfdar sei rbcfmeýi db dbpbidbimef a futýiala, sb maisedbrf fmmedbitb dbc trf`fka, bc seiebstra pradumeda bi cfs mermuistfimefs dbc eimesa fitbrear f bxmbpmeýi dbc rbqueseta db cf dbpbidbimef pftraifc. Zfrf cas trf`fkfdarbs sei rbcfmeýi db dbpbidbimef, cfs fmtevedfdbs pratbnedfs par bc ]bnura db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka sbræi rbnestrfdfs bi bc EB]] fc lalbita db cf fgecefmeýi, cfs qub db`bræ fmtufcezfrcfs mfdf vbz qub cfs ladegequb Bc fmmedbitb db trf`fka pubdb sbr dbgeieda mala cas sumbsas elprbvestas y rbpbiteias mfusfitbs db cbseaibs pfrmefcbs, tatfcbs b eimcusevb cf lubrtb, maisedbræidasb fmmedbitb db trf`fka f cfs cbseaibs sugredfs bi bc trfybmta dbc hanfr dbc fsbnurfda fc cunfr db trf`fka y vembvbrsf. Frt. 8. ” Bvbitas Bvbitas Mfcegemfdas mala Fmmedbitbs db Trf`fka.- Zfrf bgbmtas db cf maimbseýi db cfs prbstfmeaibs dbc ]bnura db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, sb maisedbrf fmmedbitb db trf`fka; f) Bc qub sb pradukbrb bi bc cunfr db trf`fka, a gubrf db åc, mai amfseýi a mala maisbmubimef dbc lesla, a par bc dbsblpböa db cfs fmtevedfdbs f cfs qub sb dbdemf bc fgecefda sei rbcfmeýi db dbpbidbimef a futýiala, maigarlb bc rbnestra qub maistb bi bc EB]]? `) Bc qub amurrebrb bi cf bkbmumeýi dbc trf`fka f ýrdbibs dbc blpcbfdar, bi leseýi a maleseýi db sbrvemea, gubrf dbc prapea cunfr db trf`fka, mai amfseýi a mala maisbmubimef db cfs fmtevedfdbs bimalbidfdfs? m) Bc qub amurrebrb par cf fmmeýi db tbrmbrfs pbrsaifs a par fmmeýi dbc blpcbfdar a db atra trf`fkfdar durfitb cf bkbmumeýi db cfs tfrbfs y qub tuvebrb rbcfmeýi mai bc trf`fka? d) Bc qub sa`rbveiebrb durfitb cfs pfusfs a eitbrrupmeaibs db cfs cf`arbs, se bc trf`fkfdar sb hfccfrb f ardbi a despasemeýi despasemeýi dbc pftraia? y, b) Bc qub amurrebrb mai amfseýi a mala maisbmubimef dbc dbsblpböa db fmtevedfdbs nrblefcbs a seidemfcbs db arnfiezfmeaibs cbnfclbitb rbmaiamedfs a bi garlfmeýi. 26
Cas bvbitas mcfsegemfdas mala fmmedbitbs db trf`fka sai fqubccas qub sb pradukbsbi bi bc trf`fka a gubrf db åc mala maisbmubimef dbc lesla, a bkbmutfida ýrdbibs dbc blpcbfdar bi bc cunfr db trf`fka a gubrf db åc, a mala maisbmubimef db fmmeaibs db tbrmbras, a fqubccas qub amurrfi bi cfs pfusfs pradumtevfs, y fqubccas pradumtas db fmmeaibs nrblefcbs a seidemfcbs Frt. 5.- Fmmedbitb Fmmedbitb –Ei Etìibrb“.- Bc fmmedbitb "ei etìibrb" a bi træiseta, sb fpcemfræ mufida bc rbmarreda sb sukbtb f uif rbcfmeýi mraiacýnemf db eilbdefmeýi bitrb cfs harfs db bitrfdf y sfcedf dbc trf`fkfdar. Bc trfybmta ia padræ sbr eitbrrulpeda a ladegemfda par latevas db eitbrås pbrsaifc, gflecefr a samefc. Bi bstas mfsas db`bræ malpra`frsb cf mermuistfimef db hf`br amurreda bc fmmedbitb bi bc trfybmta dbc dalemecea fc trf`fka y vembvbrsf, lbdefitb cf fprbmefmeýi db`edflbitb vfcarfdf db prub`fs eivbstenfdfs par bc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka. Bc fmmedbitb "ei etìibrb" hfmb rbgbrbimef f cas bvbitas qub pubdfi mfusfr cbseaibs f cas fgecefdas durfitb bc trfybmta dbc trf`fka fc hanfr a vembvbrsf. Frt. 6:.- Fmmedbitb Mfusfda par Tbrmbras.- Bi mfsas db fmmedbitbs mfusfdas par tbrmbras, cf maimurrbimef db mucpf`ecedfd mevec a pbifc dbc blpcbfdar, blpcbfdar, ia elpedb cf mfcegemfmeýi dbc hbmha mala fmmedbitb db trf`fka, sfcva qub åstb ia nufrdb rbcfmeýi mai cfs cf`arbs qub dbsblpböf`f bc fgecefda. Bc fmmedbitb mfusfda par tbrmbras bs mcfsegemfda mala fmmedbitb cf`arfc mai cf bxmbpmeýi qub bc lesla ia nufrdb rbcfmeaibs mai cfs c fs fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs dbc fgecefda.
0.0. Mfusfs db cas fmmedbitbs Bxestb ui seiiûlbra db mfusfs derbmtfs b eiderbmtfs qub fgbmtfi bc prambsa pradumteva pudebida trfisgarlfrsb bi bcblbitas mfusfitbs db garlf derbmtf b eiderbmtf db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y par bidb demhfs mfusfs db`bi sbr maisedbrfdfs rebsnas db trf`fka.
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Mfusfs Derbmtfs; Arenbi hulfia (fmmeýi eisbnurf); dbgeiedf mala mufcquebr fmmeýi a gfctf db fmmeýi db cf pbrsaif qub trf`fkf, ca qub pubdb ccbvfr f cf amurrbimef db ui fmmedbitb. Arenbi fl`ebitfc (maidemeýi eisbnurf); dbgeiedf mala mufcquebr maidemeýi dbc fl`ebitb cf`arfc qub pubdb maitre`uer f cf amurrbimef db ui fmmedbitb. Cas brrarbs hulfias sai cfs mfusfs derbmtfs læs maluibs db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs db`eåidasb bi cf eilbisedfd db cas mfsas f cf eibxpbrebimef, gftenf a destrfmmeaibs, tadas bstas fspbmtas sai pfrtbs eisbpfrf`cbs dbc malpartflebita hulfia par ca qub sb db`b laietarbfr maistfitb y praguidflbitb cf fmtetud, despasemeýi y malpralesa db cas trf`fkfdarbs pfrf nfrfitezfr ui trf`fka rbspaisf`cb, maapbrfteva y bi bquepa qub ia sacflbitb nfrfitemb ui bcbvfda ìidemb pradumteva seia tfl`eåi uif sbnuredfd cf`arfc maistfitb.
Mfusfs @æsemfs; Arenbi Hulfia; bxpcemfi par quå cf nbitb ia fmtûf mala db`ebrf. -
Ia ]f`br; Dbsmaiamelebita db cf tfrbf (par eletfmeýi, par eibxpbrebimef, par elpravesfmeýi y/a y/a gfctf db dbstrbzf). dbstrbzf).
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Ia padbr; Bs cf eimfpfmedfd y bc dbsmaiamelebita qub fc bitrblbzmcfrsb mrbfi fmtetudbs y malpartflebitas db bcbvfda rebsna tfita pfrf cfs pbrsaifs qub eitbitfi dbsblpböfr cf fmmeýi cf`arfc mala pfrf cas trf`fkfdarbs prýxelas f demha apbrfrea.
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Zbrlfibitb; Eimfpfmedfd gìsemf (eimfpfmedfd vesufc, eimfpfmedfd fudetevf), eimfpfmedfd lbitfc a rbfmmeaibs semalatarfs eifdbmufdfs. -
Tblparfc; fdemmeýi fc fcmahac y gftenf gìsemf.
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Latevfmeýi; fprbmefmeýi brrýibf dbc rebsna, bxpbrebimefs y hæ`etas fitbrearbs.
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Grustrfmeýi; bstfda db lfyar tbiseýi t biseýi a lfyar fnrbsevedfd dbc trf`fkfdar.
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Pbnrbseýi; errbspaisf`ecedfd y maidumtf eigfitec dbc trf`fkfdar.
2=
-
Gekfmeýi; rbsestbimef f mfl`eas db hæ`etas cf`arfcbs.
Lumhfs blprbsfs prbstfi ftbimeýi sacflbitb f sus ìidembs db pradumtevedfd sei talfr bi mubitf bc lftbrefc hulfia, bc mufc bs lumha læs mfra y db degìmec fdquesemeýi qub mufcquebr lfqueifref db`eda f qub pfrf garlfr trf`fkfdarbs mai bxpbrebimef sai ibmbsfreas föas db bitrbiflebita, par atrf pfrtb bc sbr hulfia bstæ maistfitblbitb bxpubsta f mfl`eas a trfisgarlfmeaibs qub ca hfmbi vucibrf`cb setufmeýi par cf mufc tadf derbmtevf blprbsfrefc db`b sbnuer db garlf bstrbmhf cf sfcud psemacýnemf db sus trf`fkfdarbs fsì mala eitbitfr lfitbibr ui fl`ebitb cf`arfc fnrfdf`cb y db maapbrfmeýi qub `reidb sftesgfmmeýi fc trf`fkfdar b eimbitevb su patbimefc cf`arfc. Tfl`eåi db`b talfrsb bi mubitf cfs dbstrbzfs y hf`ecedfdbs db tadas cas trf`fkfdarbs mai bc a`kbteva db u`emfr f cas leslas bi pasemeaibs dbitra db cf blprbsf bi cfs mufcbs pubdf lfiegbstfr lfiegbstfr sus hf`ecedfdbs y dbstrbzfs.
Mfusfs Eiderbmtfs; ]ai gbiýlbias qub ia dbpbidbi dbc fmmeaifr dbc trf`fkfdar y sb lfiegebstfi fkbias f cf vacuitfd db cas leslas, bitrb cfs leslfs sb pubdbi lbimeaifr f gbiýlbias lbtbaracýnemas tfcbs mala eiuidfmeaibs, dbsmfrnfs bcåmtremfs, nrfiezfdfs, bitrb atras, bxestbi tfl`eåi gfmtarbs `eacýnemas tfcbs mala pcfnfs, verus, `fmtbrefs, hainas, gfmtarbs quìlemas bitrb cas mufcbs sb pubdbi metfr; ccuvef æmedf, blfifmeaibs db nfsbs bitrb atras y gfmtarbs gìsemas mala fvfcfimhfs, dbrrul`bs, dbscfvbs, btm., cas mufcbs pubdbi fgbmtfr db garlf eiderbmtf bc dbsblpböa cf`arfc db cas trf`fkfdarbs par ca qub sai maisedbrfdas mala mfusf db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs. Bs db sböfcfr, qub bi Bstfdas Riedas mfdf föa bi cfs rbneaibs db Tbxfs, Frezaif y Lesesepe cas tarifdas y dbsmfrnfs bcåmtremfs mfusfi bitrb 6.::: y 6.0:: fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs fc sbr gbiýlbias lbtbaracýnemas qub fpfrbmbi sû`etflbitb y fgbmtfi f nrfidbs bdegemfmeaibs tfcbs mala gfmtarìfs, fclfmbibs a tfccbrbs daidb fdblæs db mfusfr leccaifrefs pårdedfs bi bcblbitas, lbrmfimìfs y lfqueifrefs mfusfi cbseaibs, hbredfs b eimcusa cf lubrtb db cas trf`fkfdarbs qub sai sarprbidedas bi bc mulpcelebita db su db`br par demhas gbiýlbias. g biýlbias. Bi Kfpýi cfs ccuvefs æmedfs hfi fgbmtfda hfstf f ui =:% db cas fnremuctarbs bi cfs rbneaibs db Herashelf y Ifnfsfoe sebida uif db cfs mfusfs preimepfcbs db bigbrlbdfdbs db cf pebc y rbsperftarefs bitrb cas trf`fkfdarbs fnrìmacfs, bi Fcblfief bi cf mubimf db 24
PRP, cas nfsbs pravbiebitbs db cf tebrrf fgbmtfi f cf eidustref leibrf bi bspbmìgema f cf eidustref dbc mfr`ýi, ma`ræidasb tadas cas föas bitrb 0 ý = vìmtelfs lartfcbs pradumta db bxpcaseaibs sebida bitrb cas leibras cfs bigbrlbdfdbs rbsperftarefs cf mfusf preimepfc db ku`ecfmeýi ku`ecfmeýi tblprfif.
0.=. Eidbliezfmeýi par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka Bc trftfdestf Karnb Bnfs dbgeib f cf eidbliezfmeýi mala; –Cf eidbliezfmeýi bs cf gfmuctfd qub tebib uif pbrsaif db eiemefr uif fmmeýi
tbidebitb f rbpfrfr bc dföa pravamfda par ui tbrmbra mufida sus dbrbmhas hfi seda veacbitfdas, lbdefitb cf bitrbnf db deibra“ (Bnfs Zböf, 0::8, p. 7>) 7>)
Cf eidbliezfmeýi sb pubdb dbgeier mala bc dbrbmha qub tebib bc blpcbfda, f rbme`er ui bquevfcbitb laibtfrea fc dföa a pbrkuemea sugreda durfitb bc mulpcelebita db su karifdf cf`arfc, db`eda f fmmeaibs a fmtetudbs ibnftevfs db cas pftraibs, mfusfs derbmtfs a eiderbmtfs db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs.
Tbadara Nbc`brt bi su a`rf –Cf prub`f bi cas Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka“, lfiegeb stf qub; –Cf eidbliezfmeýi pravbiebitb dbc trf`fka amurrb mufida bc trf`fkfdar
bi bc dbsblpböa db sus fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs, sugrb ui fmmedbitb qub cb pravamf uif cbseýi gìsemf a psemacýnemf db mfræmtbr nrfvb, bc mufc padræ dblfidfr fitb cfs futaredfdbs malpbtbitbs cf rbpfrfmeýi dbc dföa lbdefitb cf bitrbnf db deibra“ (Nbc`brt & Puez, 0::2, p. 0:8) 0:8)
Cf eidbliezfmeýi par fmmedbitbs bstæ dfdf pfrf qub cas trf`fkfdarbs mubitbi mai cf pratbmmeýi db ui sbnura bi mfsa db sugrer ui fmmedbitb bi bc trf`fka a maitrfb uif bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc. Bc Mýdena db Trf`fka bi su Frt. =2: lfiegebstf qub;
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–Dbrbmha f eidbliezfmeýi.-
Bc dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi malprbidb f tadf
mcfsb db trf`fkfdarbs, sfcva ca despubsta bi bc frtìmuca =2= db bstb Mýdena“
(Mainrbsa Ifmeaifc db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 605) 605) Fc rbfcezfrsb cf fmmeýi db eidbliezfmeýi sb malpbisf db garlf pfrmefc bc dföa pradumeda fc trf`fkfdar durfitb bc dbsblpböa db su karifdf cf`arfc canræidasb db bstb lada rbsfrmer ui dföa, bc mufc padræ sbr sacumeaifda tatfc a pfrmefclbitb mai rbmursas malprbidedas mala eidbliezfmeýi, rbmursas qub pase`ecetfræi ia sacflbitb ui `bibgemea fc fgbmtfda fgbmtfda seia f su bitaria bitaria gflecefr. Db bstf lfibrf, sb pubdb dbmer qub cf vìmtelf db ui fmmedbitb bi bc trf`fkfda bstæ pratbnedf par cf c f Maistetumeýi, cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc y bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka pfrf frnulbitfr fitb cf futaredfd cf eidbliezfmeýi marrbspaidebitb par fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs, cas leslas qub vfrìfi db fmubrda fc tepa db cf cbseýi. Bc frtìmuca 2 dbc Maivbiea Eitbrifmeaifc par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka mbcb`rfda mai gbmhf db 65 db lfya db 6502 `fka bc fuspemea db cf Arnfiezfmeýi Eitbrifmeaifc dbc Trf`fka fmubrdf qub; –Cfs eidbliezfmeaibs db`edfs bi mfsa db fmmedbitb sbnueda db dbguimeýi, a bi
mfsa db fmmedbitb qub mfusb uif eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb, sb pfnfræi f cf vìmtelf a f sus dbrbmha hf`ebitbs bi garlf db rbitf“ (Pfeiactbr, 0::4, p. 6:=) 6:=)
Bstf eidbliezfmeýi pubdb sbr pfnfdf tatfclbitb a pfrmefc bi garlf db mfpetfc dbspuås db fmardfr mai cfs futaredfdbs malpbtbitbs cf utecezfmeýi fdbmufdf db cas vfcarbs fdbudfdas. Mýdena db Trf`fka bi su Frtìmuca Frtì muca 4 bxprbsf; –Errbiuimef`ecedfd
db
dbrbmhas.-
Cas dbrbmhas dbc trf`fkfdar sai
errbiuimef`cbs. ]bræ iucf tadf bstepucfmeýi bi maitrfrea“
(Larbia Nfrmìf,
0:::, p. 82) 82) Cf malpbisfmeýi bs uia db cas dbrbmhas eifcebif`cbs db cas trf`fkfdarbs, bs dbmer padræi tbibr fmmbsa f uif mfitedfd db deibra qub sbræ bitrbnfda par bc blpcbfdar a par
27
bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, bi bc mfsa qub bc trf`fkfdar vìmtelf db ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka lubrb bc dbrbmha pfsf f su gflecef eilbdeftf. Cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar lfiegebstf qub; Frt. =07.- Bc dbrbmha fc trf`fka sb sustbitf bi cas cas senuebitbs preimepeas; 6. Bc Bstfda elpucsfræ bc pcbia blpcba y cf bceleifmeýi dbc su`blpcba y dbc dbsblpcba. 0. Cas dbrbmhas cf`arfcbs sai errbiuimef`cbs b eitfine`cbs. ]bræ iucf tadf bstepucfmeýi bi maitrfrea. =. Bi mfsa db dudf sa`rb bc fcmfimb db cfs despasemeaibs cbnfcbs, rbncflbitfrefs a maitrfmtufcbs bi lftbref cf`arfc, bstfs sb fpcemfræi bi bc sbiteda læs gfvarf`cb f cfs pbrsaifs trf`fkfdarfs. 4. F trf`fka db enufc vfcar marrbspaidbræ enufc rbluibrfmeýi. 2. Tadf pbrsaif tbidræ dbrbmha f dbsfrraccfr sus cf`arbs bi ui fl`ebitb fdbmufda y prapemea, qub nfrfitemb su sfcud, eitbnredfd, sbnuredfd, henebib y `ebibstfr. 7. Tadf pbrsaif rbhf`ecetfdf dbspuås db ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd, tbidræ dbrbmha f sbr rbeitbnrfdf fc trf`fka y f lfitbibr cf rbcfmeýi cf`arfc, db fmubrda mai cf cby. >. ]b nfrfitezfræ bc dbrbmha y cf ce`brtfd db arnfiezfmeýi db cfs pbrsaifs trf`fkfdarfs, sei futarezfmeýi prbvef. Bstb dbrbmha malprbidb bc db garlfr seidemftas, nrbleas, fsamefmeaibs y atrfs garlfs db arnfiezfmeýi, fgecefrsb f cfs db su bcbmmeýi y dbsfgecefrsb ce`rblbitb. Db enufc garlf, sb nfrfitezfræ cf arnfiezfmeýi db cas blpcbfdarbs. 8. Bc Bstfda bstelucfræ cf mrbfmeýi db arnfiezfmeaibs db cfs trf`fkfdarfs y trf`fkfdarbs, y blpcbfdarfs y blpcbfdarbs, db fmubrda mai cf cby? y pralavbræ su guimeaiflebita dblamrætema, pfrtemepfteva y trfispfrbitb mai fctbrif`e fctbrif`ecedfd cedfd bi cf cf derbmmeýi. 2>
5. Zfrf tadas cas bgbmtas db cf rbcfmeýi cf`arfc bi cfs eistetumeaibs dbc Bstfda, bc sbmtar cf`arfc bstfræ rbprbsbitfda par uif sacf arnfiezfmeýi. 6:. ]b fdaptfræ bc deæcana samefc pfrf cf sacumeýi db maigcemtas db trf`fka y garlucfmeýi db fmubrdas. 66. ]bræ væcedf cf trfisfmmeýi bi lftbref cf`arfc seblprb qub ia elpcequb rbiuimef db dbrbmhas y sb mbcb`rb fitb futaredfd fdleiestrftevf a kubz malpbtbitb. 60. Cas maigcemtas macbmtevas db trf`fka, bi tadfs sus eistfimefs, sbræi salbtedas f tre`uifcbs db maimecefmeýi y fr`etrfkb. 6=. ]b nfrfitezfræ cf maitrftfmeýi macbmtevf bitrb pbrsaifs trf`fkfdarfs y blpcbfdarfs, mai cfs bxmbpmeaibs qub bstf`cbzmf cf cby. 64. ]b rbmaiambræ bc dbrbmha db cfs pbrsaifs trf`fkfdarfs y sus arnfiezfmeaibs seidemfcbs f cf hubcnf. Cas rbprbsbitfitbs nrblefcbs nazfræi db cfs nfrfitìfs ibmbsfrefs bi bstas mfsas. Cfs pbrsaifs blpcbfdarfs tbidræi dbrbmha fc pfra db fmubrda mai cf cby. 62. ]b prahì`b cf pfrfcezfmeýi db cas sbrvemeas s brvemeas pû`cemas db sfcud y sfibflebita fl`ebitfc, bdumfmeýi, kustemef, `al`bras, sbnuredfd samefc, bibrnìf bcåmtremf, fnuf patf`cb y fcmfitfreccfda, pradummeýi hedramfr`urìgbrf, prambsflebita, trfispartb y destre`umeýi
db
mal`uste`cbs,
trfispartfmeýi
pû`cemf,
marrbas
y
tbcbmaluiemfmeaibs. Cf cby bstf`cbmbræ cìletbs qub fsbnurbi bc guimeaiflebita db demhas sbrvemeas. 67. Bi cfs eistetumeaibs dbc Bstfda y bi cfs bitedfdbs db dbrbmha prevfda bi cfs qub hfyf pfrtemepfmeýi lfyaretfref db rbmursas pû`cemas, quebibs mulpcfi fmtevedfdbs db rbprbsbitfmeýi, derbmtevfs, fdleiestrftevfs a pragbseaifcbs, sb sukbtfræi f cfs cbybs qub rbnucfi cf fdleiestrfmeýi pû`cemf. Fqubccas qub ia sb eimcuybi bi bstf mftbnarezfmeýi bstfræi flpfrfdas par bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka. Bc bstfda bmuftarefia vbcf par bc dbrbmha fc trf`fka db tadas sus meudfdfias fsì mala bc mulpcelebita db cas rbqubrelebitas y iarlfs ibmbsfreas pfrf canrfr uif rbcfmeýi db rbspbta y bquedfd bitrb blpcbfdarbs y blpcbfdas, renebida cfs iarlfs f cfs degbrbitbs 28
fmtevedfdbs malbrmefcbs fsì mala cas rbqubrelebitas ibmbsfreas pfrf ccbvfr f mf`a cfs leslfs db garlf tfc qub sbfi rbspbtfdas cas ievbcbs `æsemas db sfcud y sbnuredfd. Bi ca rbgbrbitb f eidbliezfmeaib eidbliezfmeaibss bc Mýdena db ttrf`fka rf`fka bxprbsf qub; Frt. =:=.- Eidbliezfmeaibs.- Bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc ftbidbræ f cfs eidbliezfmeaibs par fmmedbitbs y dblæs prbstfmeaibs f qub tuvebrbi dbrbmha cas apbrfreas, par lbdea db cas gaidas sböfcfdas bi cf Cby db Dbgbisf dbc Frtbsfia y cas qub bi ca sumbseva sb fsenifrbi pfrf bc bgbmta Bc frtìmuca =:= prbmesf qub qubdf fsbnurfdf cf mfimbcfmeýi db eidbliezfmeaibs db fqubccas apbrfreas qub bstuvebsbi tatfclbitb fsbnurfdas sbnûi cas gaidas sböfcfdas bi cf Cby db Dbgbisf dbc Frtbsfia Fr tbsfia u pase`cbs trfisgarlfmeaibs f demhf cby. Cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc bstf`cbmb qub; Frt. =.- Pebsnas mu`ebrtas.- Bc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea pratbnbræ f sus fgecefdas a`cenfdas maitrf cfs maiteinbimefs qub fgbmtbi su mfpfmedfd db trf`fka y cf a`tbimeýi db ui einrbsa fmardb mai su fmtevedfd hf`etufc, bi mfsas db; f) Bigbrlbdfd? `) Lftbriedfd? m) Pebsnas dbc trf`fka? d) Wbkbz, lubrtb, b eivfcedbz, qub eimcuyb desmfpfmedfd? y, b) Mbsfitìf. Bc ]bnura ]amefc Mflpbseia agrbmbræ prbstfmeaibs db sfcud y, qub eimcuyb lftbriedfd, f sus fgecefdas, y pratbnbræ fc kbgb db gflecef maitrf cfs maiteinbimefs db vbkbz, lubrtb, b eivfcedbz, qub eimcuyb desmfpfmedfd. Zfrf cas bgbmtas dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea, cf pratbmmeýi maitrf cf maiteinbimef db desmfpfmedfd sb mulpceræ f trfvås dbc sbnura db eivfcedbz. 25
Bi bc frtìmuca = db cf cby db sbnuredfd samefc sb dbtfccfi cas rebsnas mu`ebrtas par EB]] f cas blpcbfdas fgecefdas bi su tatfcedfd f demhf eistetumeýi bi mfsa db qub fcnuif db bstfs maiteinbimefs fgbmtb cf mfpfmedfd db trf`fka y cf a`tbimeýi db ui einrbsa fmardb mai su fmtevedfd hf`etufc, bspbmegemæidasb tfl`eåi qub bc ]bnura ]amefc Mflpbseia mu`reræ db garlf selecfr cas rebsnas qub pubdfi fgbmtfr f sus fgecefdas. Frt. =2:.- Dbrbmha f eidbliezfmeýi.- Bc dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi malprbidb f tadf mcfsb db trf`fkfdarbs, sfcva ca despubsta bi bc frtìmuca =2= db bstb Mýdena. Bc frtìmuca fitbrear bstf`cbmb qub tadas cas trf`fkfdarbs tebibi dbrbmha f uif eidbliezfmeýi par fmmedbitb db trf`fka par pfrtb dbc EB]], y bi mfsa db ia bstfr fgecefdas bc blpcbfdar fsuleræ cf tatfcedfd db cf eidbliezfmeýi fsì mala nfstas lådemas, ca mufc sb bimubitrf bstf`cbmeda bi bc frtìmuca frtì muca =2= dbc prbsbitb mýdena. Frt. =2=.- Eidbliezfmeaibs f mfrna dbc blpcbfdar.- Bc blpcbfdar bstæ a`cenfda f mu`rer cfs eidbliezfmeaibs y prbstfmeaibs bstf`cbmedfs bi bstb Tìtuca, bi tada mfsa db fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, seblprb qub bc trf`fkfdar ia sb hfccfrb malprbideda dbitra dbc rånelbi dbc ]bnura ]amefc y pratbneda par åstb, sfcva cas mfsas maitblpcfdas bi bc frtìmuca senuebitb. Bc frtìmuca =2= rbfgerlf cf a`cenftarebdfd dbc blpcbfdar db mu`rer tatfclbitb cfs eidbliezfmeaibs pradumta b fmmedbitbs db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc db ia bstfr bc blpcbfda fgecefda fc EB]]. Frt. =>>.- Dbrbmha f eidbliezfmeýi par fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc.- Bi mfsa db gfccbmelebita dbc trf`fkfdar f maisbmubimef dbc fmmedbitb
a
bigbrlbdfd
pragbseaifc,
tbidræi
dbrbmha
f
cfs
eidbliezfmeaibs cas hbrbdbras dbc gfccbmeda bi bc ardbi, praparmeýi y cìletbs gekfdas bi cfs iarlfs mevecbs qub rbncfi cf sumbseýi eitbstfdf, sfcva ca prbsmreta bi bc frtìmuca senuebitb. Bc frtìmuca ==> rbmaiamb bc dbrbmha db cas hbrbdbras db cas trf`fkfdarbs gfccbmedas mala maisbmubimef db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs f pbrme`er cf a cfs eidbliezfmeaibs marrbspaidebitbs marrbspaidebitbs fc mfsa. 7:
Frt. =>8.- Gfctf db dbrbmha f eidbliezfmeýi.- Ia tbidræi dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi; 6. Bc vfrýi lfyar db debmeamha föas, f ia sbr qub par eimfpfmedfd tatfc y pbrlfibitb pfrf bc trf`fka y qub par mfrbmbr db `ebibs sb hfccb bi maidemeaibs db ia padbr su`sester par sì lesla. Cf eimfpfmedfd y cf mfrbimef db `ebibs pastbrearbs f cf lubrtb dbc trf`fkfdar, ia dfi dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi. Tadf pbrsaif qub pfsf db sbsbitf föas sb bitbidbræ eimfpfmetfdf pfrf bc trf`fka bi cas tårleias dbc iulbrfc iulbrfc fitbrear? 0. Cfs dbsmbidebitbs mfsfdfs f cf gbmhf dbc gfccbmelebita db cf vìmtelf? =. Cf veudf qub par su mucpf hu`ebrb bstfda sbpfrfdf db su lfreda durfitb cas trbs ûctelas föas, par ca lbias, f cf gbmhf db cf lubrtb? 4. Cf lfdrb qub hu`ebrb f`fidaifda f`fidaifda f su heka bi cf eigfimef? 2. Cfs hbrlfifs mfsfdfs, fsì mala cfs sactbrfs, qub ia hu`ebrbi veveda f mfrna dbc trf`fkfdar mufida lbias bc föa fitbrear f cf gbmhf db su gfccbmelebita? y, 7. Cas iebtas qub su`sestebrbi f bxpbisfs db su pfdrb. Bc frtìmuca =>8 `reidf cfs pfutfs qub bstf`cbmbi cf gfctf db dbrbmha f eidbliezfmeýi par pfrtb db cas gflecefrbs dbc lesla, sböfcæidasb qub cas vfraibs lfyarbs db 68 föas ia sbræi `bibgemefdas, fc enufc qub cfs dbsmbidebitbs qub sb bimubitrbi mfsfdfs, cf veudf qub par su vacuitfd sb lfituva sbpfrfdf dbc maiyunub bi cas ûctelas = föas, cf lfdrb qub f`fidaiý fc heka bi cf eigfimef, cfs hbrlfifs mfsfdfs mala sactbrfs qub ia bstuvebrai f mfrna dbc gfccbmeda fc lbias ui föa fitbs db su lubrtb, y as iebtas qub su`sestfi f bxpbisf db su pranbietar. Frt. =>4.- Fmmedbitb bi trf`fka amfseaifc.- ]e bc fmmedbitb sb pradukbrb bi cf pbrsaif db ui trf`fkfdar ccflfda f bkbmutfr ui trf`fka amfseaifc qub par su ìidacb db`b rbfcezfrsb bi lbias db sbes dìfs, bc blpcbfdar padræ a`tbibr dbc kubz uif rb`fkf db cf eidbliezfmeýi qub bi bstb mfsa ia padræ bxmbdbr dbc meimubitf par mebita. 76
Bc frtìmuca =>4 bstf`cbmb qub db sbr cf pfrtb fgbmtfdf ui trf`fkfdar qub prbstý sus sbrvemeas par ui pbreada lbiar f cas sbes dìfs padræ sbr bstf`cbmedf uif rb`fkf bi cf eidbliezfmeýi f pfnfr db hfstf ui 2:%. Frt. =25.- Eidbliezfmeaibs par fmmedbitb db trf`fka.- Zfrf bc bgbmta dbc pfna db eidbliezfmeaibs sb desteinubi cfs senuebitbs maisbmubimefs dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka; 6. Lubrtb? 0. Eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb y f`sacutf f`sacutf pfrf tada trf`fka? =. Desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb db cf mfpfmedfd mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka? y, 4. Eimfpfmedfd tblparfc. Bc frtìmuca =25 biulbrf cfs maisbmubimefs db cas fmmedbitbs db trf`fka bi, lubrtb, eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb y f`sacutf pfrf tada trf`fka, desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb db cf mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka, b eimfpfmedfd tblparfc. Eidbliezfmeaibss f mfrna dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc Eidbliezfmeaib Bc blpcbfdar, db mulpcer mai cfs iarlfs, rbqubrelebitas y rbncflbitas malprbidedas bi bc Mýdena dbc EB]] fc fgecefr fc sbnura nbibrfc a`cenftarea dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc y cas rbnìlbibs bspbmefcbs, bstf fmmeýi `reidf pratbmmeýi f sus blpcbfdas dbsdb su prelbr dìf db trf`fka. Cfs Eidbliezfmeaibs pubdbi lfiegbstfrsb bi garlf db pbiseýi a mfpetfc, par atrf pfrtb cas fgecefdas tebibi tfl`eåi dbrbmha f prbstfmeaibs fsestbimefcbs bitrb cfs qub dbstfmfi, cf fsestbimef lådema querûrnemf, gfrlfmåutemfs, haspetfcfref a db rbhf`ecetfmeýi, praveseýi a rbiavfmeýi db fpfrftas db prýtbses y ýrtbses, sbrvemea db prbvbimeýi, fsbsarìf, eigarlfmeýi, devucnfmeýi y mfpfmetfmeýi db låtadas y iarlfs tåmiema mebitìgemfs db cf sbnuredfd b henebib eidustrefc y lbdemeif dbc trf`fka. Bi mfsa db bxester fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bc trf`fkfdar fgbmtfda bstå fsamefda fc EB]], demhf setufmeýi db`bræ sbr eigarlfdf fc EB]] dbitra db ui pbrìada db 6: dìfs cubna dbc fmmedbitb bi mfsa db ia trftfrsb db ui fmmedbitb db nrfvbdfd, pbra se bc fmmedbitb sugreda par bc trf`fkfdar bstæ malprbideda mala nrfvb, bc lesla db`bræ sbr eigarlfda db garlf bxpbdetf b eilbdeftf sebida bc EB]] bc arnfiesla bimfrnfda db fsuler cfs 70
eidbliezfmeaibs y muedfdas bi marrbspaidbimef mai bc fmmedbitb sugreda par bc trf`fkfdar.
0.4. Bigbrlbdfdbs Zragbseaifcbs Nueccbrla Mf`fibccfs dbgeib f cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs mala; –F bgbmtas db cas rebsnas cf`arfcbs, par bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc sb
bitebidb cf pravamfdf par bc bkbrmemea hf`etufc db uif amupfmeýi su`ardeifdf, mai bgbmtas læs a lbias pbrkudemefcbs pfrf cf sfcud dbc trf`fkfdar. Zravebib dbc dbsblpböa db uif tfrbf pbmucefr bi dbtbrleifda rfla db cf fmtevedfd, prapbisa f areneifr pfdbmelebitas geseacýnemas a psìquemas? yf sb db`f cf rbsuctfitb f cf rbfcezfmeýi db cfs cf`arbs, a sbf bgbmta db cfs maidemeaibs bspbmefcbs a bxmbpmeaifcbs bi qub cfs leslfs sb dbsblpböfi“ (Mf`fibccfs, 0::6, p. 47:) 47:)
Db cf metf fitbrear sb dbdumb qub cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc sb rbcfmeaif mai cas rebsnas cf`arfcbs, y db`eda fc bkbrmemea db uif pragbseýi rbcfmeaifdf mai bc trf`fka, ca qub pubdb mfusfr bgbmtas fdvbrsas bi cf sfcud. Cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, pubdb dfrsb par cf bxpasemeýi f ui pbrìada pracainfda db uif tfrbf bspbmìgemf bi uif fmtevedfd db trf`fka, par su ifturfcbzf pubdb nbibrfr dföa gìsema a psemacýnema, a par cfs mermuistfim mermuistfimefs efs bi cfs qub bc trf`fka db`b sbr dbsblpböfda. dbsblpböfda. Cf Damtarf Lfrteif ]f`ftebr fgerlf qub; –]b bitebidb par Bigbrlbdfd Zragbseaifc fqubccf maitrfìdf f
maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka bgbmtufda y bkbmutfda par mubitf fkbif, pravamfdf par cf fmmeýi db cas bcblbitas a sustfimefs y bi cfs fmtevedfdbs bspbmegemfdfs par cby“ (]f`ftebr, 0::>, p. =06) =06)
]b pubdb dbgeier mala bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs f tadf pftacanìf qub fgbmtf fc trf`fkfdar mala maisbmubimef maisbmubimef derbmtf a eiderbmtf db cf fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf qub rbfcezf, cf mufc bs pradumta db ui seiiûlbra db bcblbitas gìsemas, quìlemas, brnaiýlemas, cas mufcbs fc ia sbr maitracfdas db garlf ýptelf pubdbi sbr maisedbrfdas fnbitbs mfusfcbs db bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs. 7=
Bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka bxprbsf qub; Frt. =45.- Bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs.- Bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs sai cfs fgbmmeaibs fnudfs a mrýiemfs mfusfdfs db uif lfibrf derbmtf par bc bkbrmemea db cf pragbseýi a cf`ar qub rbfcezf bc trf`fkfdar y qub pradumbi eimfpfmedfd. Mala qubdf bxpubsta bi bc frtìmuca fitbrear sb dbgeib f cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs mala fgbmmeaibs fnudfs a mrýiemfs pradumta db uif fmtevedfd cf`arfc qub pubdbi pravamfr eimfpfmedfd. eimfpfmedfd. Bc Pbncflbita dbc sbnura nbibrfc db rebsnas dbc trf`fka rbsacumeýi dbc EB]] Ia. =5: dbgeib f cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc mala; Frt. >.- Bigbrlbdfdbs Zragbseaifcbs u Amupfmeaifcbs.Amupfmeaifcbs.- ]ai cfs fgbmmeaibs fnudfs a mrýiemfs, mfusfdfs db uif lfibrf derbmtf par bc bkbrmemea db cf pragbseýi a trf`fka qub rbfcezf bc fsbnurfda y qub pradumbi eimfpfmedfd. Cfs iarlfs cbnfcbs bstf`cbmbi cas rbquesetas, lbdedfs y bstrftbnefs f talfr, maisedbræidasb cas rebsnas db trf`fka bxestbitbs bi cfs degbrbitbs fmtevedfdbs bmaiýlemfs rbfcezfdfs par cas trf`fkfdarbs, talæidasb bi mubitf cas rebsnas bxestbitbs bi tadf fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf y sebida vfcarfdas cas leslas par bspbmefcestfs bi rebsnas re bsnas db trf`fka, cubna db bxester ui eigarlb dbtfccfda sa`rb mfusfs y maisbmubimefs db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs. Frt. 68.- Zrbstfmeaibs par Bigbrlbdfd Zragbseaifc u Amupfmeaifc.- Bc dbrbmha cfs prbstfmeaibs par bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc sb nbibrf db fmubrda mai ca qub maitblpcf cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, pfrf cas trf`fkfdarbs `fka rbcfmeýi db dbpbidbimef a sei bccf, qub hu`ebrbi mu`ebrta par ca lbias sbes (7) fpartfmeaibs lbisufcbs, prbvea fc defniýstema eiemefc db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc. Cas trf`fkfdarbs f teblpa pfrmefc tbidræi dbrbmha f cfs prbstfmeaibs db bstb ]bnura, seblprb qub tuvebrbi rbnestrfdas bi bc EB]] fc lbias mebita amhbitf (68:) dìfs db fpartfmeýi, eilbdeftflbitb fitbrearbs fc defniýstema eiemefc db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc. Zfrf bgbmtas db maimbseýi db cfs prbstfmeaibs dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs u amupfmeaifcbs fnudfs 74
sb maisedbrfræi mala fmmedbitbs db trf`fka, par ca tfita su pratbmmeýi db`b dfrsb maigarlb ca dbtbrleif bstb Pbncflbita. Cfs prbstfmeaibs par bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, sbræi nfrfitezfdfs f cas trf`fkfdarbs db teblpa malpcbta y pfrmefcbs fgecefdas fc EB]] mai fc lbias sbes fpartfmeaibs prbvefs fc defniýstema db cf bigbrlbdfd, cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs db mursa fnuda sbræi maitblpcfdfs mala fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs atarnæidasb cfs prbstfmeaibs malprbidedfs pfrf bc mfsa. mfsa.
0.2. Mcfsegemfmeýi Cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs pubdbi sbr mcfsegemfdfs bi muftra nrupas, bigbrlbdfdbs fdqueredfs mala maisbmubimef db fnbitbs gìsemas, bigbrlbdfdbs fdqueredfs par maitfleifmeýi db fnbitbs quìlemas, bigbrlbdfdbs fdqueredfs par fnbitbs lemra`efias y bigbrlbdfdbs fdqueredfs par fnbitbs pfrfsetfreas.
Bigbrlbdfdbss fdqueredfs par fnbitbs gìsemas Bigbrlbdfdb Cfs bigbrlbdfdbs a fgbmtfmeaibs pftacýnemfs mala maisbmubimef db fnbitbs gìsemas tfcbs mala fctfs tblpbrfturfs, `fkfs tblpbrfturfs, bxpasemeaibs pracainfdfs f rfdefmeaibs sacfrbs y bxpasemeaibs f maitfleifmeýi saiarf sai cas gfmtarbs gìsemas læs dbstfmfdas qub pravamfi ui sei iûlbra db pftacanìfs, qub pubdbi mfusfr cbseaibs cbvbs, sbvbrfs a eimcusa cf lubrtb, cf bxpasemeýi f `fkfs tblpbrfturfs pubdb pravamfr devbrsfs bigbrlbdfdbs rbsperftarefs, qublfdurfs db cf pebc, saliacbimef ca mufc bs mfusf db destrfmmeýi y par par bidb db ffmmedbitbs mmedbitbs db trf`fka, geifclbitb cf hepatbrlef qub pubdb maiccbvfr f cf lubrtb par mainbcfmeý mainbcfmeýi. i. Cfs bcbvfdfs tblpbrfturfs pubdbi pravamfr dbshedrftfmeýi ca mufc pubdb ccbvfr f ui shamo hepavacålema, pudebida mucleifr bstf pftacanìf bi cf lubrtb dbc trf`fkfdar, pravamf fdblæs fdblæs uif eitbisf gftenf. Cf bxpasemeýi f bcbvfdas ievbcbs db rfdefmeýi pubdb pravamfr ui sa`rbmfcbitflebita dbc bimågfca bi cas trf`fkfdarbs pradumeåidasb gftenf y dbslfyas, fdblæs db eitbisfs mbgfcbfs, par atrf pfrtb rbme`er bcbvfdas ievbcbs db rfdefmeýi sei cf pratbmmeýi rbqubredf 72
pubdb dföfr seniegemftevflbitb cf veseýi ccbnfida fc puita db pbrdbrcf tatfc a pfrmefclbitb. Zar atrf pfrtb cf maistfitb eimedbimef db rfyas sacfrbs sa`rb cf pebc bs mfusf db nrfvbs qublfdurfs qub pubdbi mucleifr mai cf lubrtb dbc trf`fkfdar a bi sbmubcfs qub padrìfi trfisgarlfrsb trfisgarlfrsb bi mæimbr db pebc. Cas bcbvfdas ievbcbs db rueda pubdbi fgbmtfr db garlf pbrlfibitb cf fudemeýi db cas trf`fkfdarbs dbstruybida dbstruybida su mfpfmedfd fudetevf pudebida qubdfr cas trf`fkfdarbs pfrmefc a tatfclbitb sardas.
Bigbrlbdfdbss fdqueredfs par fnbitbs quìlemas Bigbrlbdfdb Bxestbi ui seiiûlbra db sustfimefs quìlemfs utecezfdfs bi cf eidustref ladbrif qub db ia sbr utecezfdfs mai cfs lbdedfs prbvbitevfs ibmbsfrefs pubdbi amfseaifr nrfvbs cbseaibs f cas trf`fkfdarbs, tfita par sbr eihfcfdfs fsì mala par bitrfr bi maitfmta derbmta mai cf pebc db cas trf`fkfdarbs qub ia mubitbi mai pratbmmeýi pfrf su lfiepucfmeýi, bc bsmfpb db nfsbs tfcbs mala bc flaiefma luy utecezfda bi cf eidustref fcelbitemef amfseaif cf lubrtb par fsgexef a dföas fc sestblf rbsperftarea qub pubdbi pbrsester durfitb tadf cf vedf dbc trf`fkf trf`fkfdar. dar. Atra bkblpca db sustfimefs quìlemfs bxtrblfdflbitb iamevfs pfrf cas trf`fkfdarbs tr f`fkfdarbs sai cas æmedas cas mufcbs sai utecezfdas bi uif vfrebdfd db eidustrefs dbstfmæidasb bitrb cfs leslfs cf sedbrûrnemf fsì mala bi cf pradummeýi db pfpbc, bc maitfmta mai bstfs sustfimefs pubdb pravamfr qublfdurfs db tbrmbr nrfda, mbnubrf, pfræceses rbsperftaref bitrb atrfs pftacanìfs qub pubdbi pravamfr cf lubrtb a fgbmtfr db par vedf f cas trf`fkfdarbs.
Bigbrlbdfdbss fdqueredfs par fnbitbs `eacýnemas Bigbrlbdfdb Bc rebsna `eacýnema bxestb bi cfs eidustrefs fcelbitemef, gfrlfmåutemf, bitrb atrfs, sebida pase`cb qub cas trf`fkfdarbs pubdfi vbrsb fgbmtfdas par verus, hainas y `fmtbrefs qub tebidbi f luctepcemfrsb bi maidemeaibs bi cfs qub ia bxestf sfcu`redfd a lfcf lfiepucfmeýi y bi bc mfsa db cf eidustref gfrlfmåutemf db ia talfrsb tadfs cfs lbdedfs db rebsna `eacýnema fc rbfcezfrsb bxælbibs y prub`fs db cf`arftarea mai devbrsas fielfcbs, verus y `fmtbrefs. 77
Bs db dbstfmfr qub bi cf eidustref fcelbitemef bspbmefclbitb bi cas bicftfdas db ia fpcemfrsb tadfs cfs lbdedfs sfietfrefs fgeibs fc mfsa bc vfmecusfitrfxes pubdb rbpradumersb bi mfribs bicftfdfs u atras fcelbitas bicftfdas y fgbmtfr ia sacflbitb f cas trf`fkfdarbs db cf pcfitf seia se ia tfl`eåi f cas pase`cbs maisuledarbs.
Bigbrlbdfdbss fdqueredfs par fnbitbs pfrfsetfreas Bigbrlbdfdb Cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pfrfsetfrefs fgbmtfi preimepfclbitb f cas blpcbfdas db cf rflf fnrapbmufref qub bstæi bi maitfmta derbmta y pbrlfibitb mai fielfcbs dalåstemas mai geibs db bxpcatfmeýi, bi mfsa db ia mulpcersb tadfs cfs lbdedfs sfietfrefs bspbmìgemfs pfrf cfs degbrbitbs fmtevedfdbs fnrapbmufrefs bc rebsna db maitfnea bitrb mrefdarbs, lfiepucfdarbs y trf`fkfdarbs bi nbibrfc db bstf rflf bs bcbvfda. ]b pubdb talfr par bkblpca f cf sfrif parmeif, bigbrlbdfd pfrfsetfref fctflbitb maitfneasf hfmef bc sbr hulfia db ia talfrsb cfs lbdedfs marrbspaidebitbs, bigbrlbdfdbs trfislese`cbs f trfvås db cfs hbmbs gbmfcbs db cas fielfcbs eigbmtfdas tfcbs bigbrlbdfdbs mala cf taxapcfslases pubdb pravamfr ui nrfi ìidemb db lar`ecedfd bitrb cas trf`fkfdarbs db bstf rflf db cf eidustref db ia bxester uif marrbmtf u`emfmeýi db cfs hbmbs gbmfcbs fsì mala cfs fnufs ibnrfs pradumta db cf celpebzf y dbsbmhas db cas fielfcbs dalåstemas.
0.2. Eidbliezfmeýi par bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs Uf sbf qub ui blpcbfda a ui trf`fkfdar bstæ bigbrla f mfusf db su trf`fka, bs pra`f`cb qub pfrf sbr bcbne`cb pfrf rbme`er ui pfna bi bgbmteva db fmubrda f ca despubsta par cfs cbybs db eidbliezfmeýi par bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcb pragbseaifcbs. s. Cfs cbybs db eidbliezfmeýi par bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs pragbseaifcbs sai bc rbspfcda y fpaya db tada trf`fkfdar pfrf padbr rbmcflfr dbsdb bc puita db vestf cbnfc sus dbrbmhas f rbme`er ui rbbl`acsa dfda par nfstas lådemas, pårdedf db sfcfrea db`eda f bigbrlbdfd a cbseýi a uif rbmalpbisfmeýi a eidbliezfmeýi db`eda f eimfpfmedfd tblparfc a dbgeietevf par bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc y bi mfsa db gfccbmelebita cas `bibgemeas sbræi rbmbptfdas par cas gflecefrbs db gfccbmeda.
7>
Cfs cbybs db eidbliezfmeýi par bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs sb bimubitrfi rbmapecfdfs bi bc Mýdena db Trf`fka? bi bc Pbncflbita db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud db cas trf`fkfdarbs y lbkarflebita dbc lbdea fl`ebitb db trf`fka, Pbncflbita Nbibrfc dbc ]bnura db Pebsnas db trf`fka, Pbncflbita dbc Eistrulbita Fideia db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc trf`fka, Maivbiea 606 db cf Arnfiezfmeýi Eitbrifmeaifc dbc trf`fka (AET). Hfmebida rbgbrbimef f cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, bs elprbsmeide`cb bimaitrfr lbdeas f trfvås db cas mufcbs qubdb pra`fda cbnfclbitb qub cf setufmeýi pra`cblætemf gub mfusfdf bi ui pbrìada bilfrmfda bi bc dbsblpböa db cfs fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs dbc trf`fkfdar sei qub sbf ibmbsfrea dblastrfr qub cf mfusf gub db`eda f uif ibncenbimef dbc blpcbfdar. Cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs bi bc Bmufdar sai decumedfdfs cbnfclbitb `fka bc sapartb db cf cby bi maigarledfd mai bc Mýdena db trf`fka talæidasb bi mubitf qub bs a`cenftarea qub tada blpcbfdar db`b fsuler cas nfstas lådemas fsì mala rbsfrmer cfs pårdedfs db sfcfrea f cas blpcbfdas db`eda f bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs fdqueredfs durfitb bc bkbrmemea db cf pragbseýi. Bc Frt. =>7 dbc mýdena db Trf`fka pcfitbf qub; –Frt. =>7.-
Eidbliezfmeýi par bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc.- Mufida ui
trf`fkfdar gfccbmebrb a sb eimfpfmetfrb f`sacutf y pbrlfibitblbitb pfrf tada trf`fka, a desleiuybrb su fptetud pfrf bc lesla f mfusf db uif bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, åc a sus hbrbdbras tbidræi dbrbmha f cfs leslfs eidbliezfmeaibs prbsmretfs bi bc pfrænrfga fitbrear, pfrf bc mfsa db lubrtb, eimfpfmedfd f`sacutf a desleiumeýi db mfpfmedfd par bc fmmedbitb, db fmubrda mai cfs rbncfs senuebitbs; 6. Cf bigbrlbdfd db`b sbr db cfs mftfcanfdfs bi bc frtìmuca =7= db bstb Mýdena pfrf cf mcfsb db trf`fka rbfcezfda par cf vìmtelf, a cf qub dbtbrleib cf Maleseýi Mfcegemfdarf db Pebsnas. Ia sb pfnfræ cf eidbliezfmeýi se sb prub`f qub bc trf`fkfdar sugrìf bsf bigbrlbdfd fitbs db bitrfr f cf amupfmeýi qub tuva qub f`fidaifr f maisbmubimef db bccf, sei pbrkuemea db ca despubsta bi cf rbncf tbrmbrf db bstb frtìmuca? 78
0. Cf eidbliezfmeýi sbræ pfnfdf par bc blpcbfdar qub amupý f cf vìmtelf durfitb bc trf`fka par bc mufc sb nbibrý cf bigbrlbdfd? y, =. ]e cf bigbrlbdfd par su ifturfcbzf, puda sbr maitrfìdf nrfdufclbitb, cas blpcbfdarbs qub amupfrai f cf vìmte vìmtelf lf bi bc trf`fka a trf`fkas f qub sb db`eý cf bigbrlbdfd, bstfræi a`cenfdas f pfnfr cf eidbliezfmeýi, praparmeaifclbitb fc teblpa durfitb bc qub mfdf mufc amupý fc trf`fkfdar. Cf praparmeýi sbræ rbnucfdf par bc Kubz dbc Trf`fka, se sb susmetfrb maitravbrsef fc rbspbmta, prbvef Maleseýi Mfcegemfdarf db Pebsnas.“
fudebimef db cf
(Fsfl`cbf Ifmeaifc
Maistetuybitb, Maistetuybi tb, 0::8, p. 0:4) 0:4)
Bc Frtìmuca fitbrearlbitb bxpubsta rftegemf bc dbrbmha db tada blpcbfda f rbme`er uif eidbliezfmeýi pradumta db uif bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc fdqueredf durfitb su dbsblpböa pragbseaifc, sebida uif a`cenfmeýi dbc EB]] fdblæs db fpartfr cfs eidbliezfmeaibs marrbspaidebitbs marrbspaidebitbs fc mfsa db`bræ f`aifr cas nfstas db fsestbimef lådemf y haspetfcfref, y db sbr ibmbsfrea cas nfstas db bitebrra y guibrfc. Bs db sböfcfr qub uif eidbliezfmeýi pubdb sbr sustetuedf tatfc a pfrmefclbitb par uif rbitf vetfcemef f trfvås db cas tre`uifcbs cbnfcbs malpbtbitbs. Bi setufmeaibs bi cfs mufcbs bc trf`fkfdar gfccbmebrf pradumta db uif bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc bc kubz malpbtbitb dbmederæ quebibs sai cas dbudas db cf vìmtelf, quebibs tebibi bc dbrbmha f rbme`er cas `bibgemeas db cf eidbliezfmeýi marrbspaidebitb fc mfsa. Cfs eidbliezfmeaibs maisbmubimef maisbmubimef db bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs bi bc Bmufdar sai ui puita db desmuseýi cbnfc bi bc qub eitbrvebibi ui maikuita db gfmtarbs qub dbgeibi cf mfitedfd f sbr bitrbnfdf f cas dbudarbs db cf vìmtelf bi dbpbidbimef db cas einrbsas dbc gfccbmeda, bc nrfda db malpcbkedfd db cf fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf qub dbsblpböf`f fsì mala su bspbmefcedfd, fspbmtas f sbr talfdas bi mubitf tfl`eåi sai bc iûlbra db gflecefrbs, bspasf, hekas a pfdrbs qub qubdfi fgbmtfdas par cf lubrtb dbc trf`fkfdar.
0.>. Pbspaisf`ecedfdbs par pfrtb dbc blpcbfdar y trf`fkfdar 75
Bitrb blpcbfdar y blpcbfda ia sb bstf`cbmb sacflbitb uif rbcfmeýi bmaiýlemf seia tfl`eåi hulfif y samefc bi cf mufc fl`fs pfrtbs db`bi malpbibtrfrsb db garlf frlýiemf y bstf`cb pfrf maivbrter demhf rbcfmeýi bi ui bcblbita db mrbmelebita bmaiýlema, samefc y hulfia. Bc blpcbfdar mala prapebtfrea maiambdar dbc ibnamea y rbspaisf`cb dbc lesla db`b nfrfitezfr ia sacflbitb ui fl`ebitb cf`arfc fmardb f cfs ibmbsedfdbs db sus blpcbfdas seia bc bquepflebita y cfs lbdedfs db sbnuredfd `æsemfs qub pbrletfi qub sus blpcbfdas rbfcembi sus fmtevedfdbs db garlf ýptelf, flbif y sbnurf. Bc trf`fkfdar bs rbspaisf`cb db mulpcer f mf`fcedfd sus guimeaibs, lfitbibr uif fmtetud db fpaya, rbspbta y macf`arfmeýi, nfrfitezfida bc ardbi, celpebzf y rbspaisf`ecedfd bi su pubsta db trf`fka pfrf db bstf garlf maitre`uer fc mrbmelebita db cf blprbsf y f cf desleiumeýi a brrfdemfmeýi db pase`cbs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs. pragbseaifcbs. Bc Mýdena db trf`fka bi su Frt. 40 lfiegebstf qub; –Frt. 40.- A`cenfmeaibs dbc blpcbfdar.- ]ai a`cenfmeaibs dbc blpcbfdar;
4. Eidbliezfr f cas trf`fkfdarbs par cas fmmedbitbs qub sugrebrbi sugrebr bi bi bc trf`fka y par cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, mai cf sfcvbdfd prbvestf bi bc Frt. =8 db bstb Mýdena?…“ (Mainrbsa
Ifmeaifc db cf
Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 6=2) 6=2)
Tada blpcbfda qub sugrf ui fmmedbitb cf`arfc a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc mala maisbmubimef maisbmub imef dbc bkbrmemea db su pragbseýi bi bc mulpcelebita db su karifdf cf`arfc sbræ eidbliezfda a`cenftareflbitb par bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc a par bc blpcbfdar pbra iuimf bc fgbmtfda db`bræ sbr eidbliezfda par cfs c fs das pfrtbs. Bc Mýdena db trf`fka bi su frtìmuca =8 lfiegebstf qub; –Frt. =8.-
Pebsnas pravbiebitbs dbc trf`fka.- Cas rebsnas pravbiebitbs
dbc trf`fka sai db mfrna dbc blpcbfdar y mufida, f maisbmubimef db bccas, bc trf`fkfdar sugrb dföa pbrsaifc, bstfræ bi cf a`cenfmeýi db eidbliezfrcb db fmubrda mai cfs despasemeaibs db bstb Mýdena, seblprb >:
qub tfc `bibgemea ia cb sbf maimbdeda par bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc." (Mainrbsa Ifmeaifc db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 6=4) 6=4) Mala qubdf bxpubsta bi bc frtìmuca fitbrear bs a`cenfmeýi dbc EB]] a dbc blpcbfdar eidbliezfr f cas trf`fkfdarbs qub hfyfi sugreda ui fmmedbitb cf`arfc a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc mala mala maisbmubimef maisbmubimef db su dbs dbsblpböa blpböa cf`arfc. cf`arfc. Talæidasb bi mubitf qub sacflbitb sbræ uif db cfs pfrtbs cf bimfrnfdf db eidbliezfr fc trf`fkfdar a f cas dbudas dbc lesla bi maimardfimef mai bc tepa db cbseýi, bigbrlbdfd a fmmedbitb qub hfyf sugreda. –Frt. =72 dbc Mýdena db trf`fka fgerlf qub. -
Fsestbimef bi mfsa db
fmmedbitb.- Bi tada mfsa db fmmedbitb bc blpcbfdar bstfræ a`cenfda f prbstfr, sei dbrbmha f rbbl`acsa, fsestbimef lådemf a querûrnemf y gfrlfmåutemf fc trf`fkfdar vìmtelf dbc fmmedbitb hfstf qub, sbnûi bc demtflbi lådema, bstå bi maidemeaibs db vacvbr fc trf`fka a sb cb dbmcfrb malprbideda bi fcnuia db cas mfsas db eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb y ia rbquebrf yf db fsestbimef lådemf.“ (Mainrbsa
Ifmeaifc db cf Pbpû`cemf
dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 65>) 65>)
Bi bc Frt. =72 sb rbfgerlf bc dbrbmha db tada blpcbfda qub hfyf sugreda bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs a fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs db rbme`er ftbimeýi lådemf fsì mala eidbliezfmeýi sbnûi bc mfsa mala maisbmubimef db cas rbmursas laibtfreas qub bc blpcbfdar f`aif fc sbnura samefc. Vubdf bxpubsta mai malpcbtf trfispfrbimef qub bs db`br db tada blpcbfdar fsbnurfr f sus blpcbfdas mala lbdedf prbvbitevf fitb pase`cbs fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs cf`arfcbs dfda qub bs db fmcfrfr iubvflbitb qub ia bxestb ieinuif fmtevedfd cf`arfc bxbitf db rebsnas db trf`fka par ca qub bi mfsa db qub bc blpcbfda qub sugrebrb db demha dföa ia bstuvebsb fgecefda fc EB]] bc blpcbfdar db`bræ marrbr mai tadas cas nfstas y ftbimeaibs lådemfs fsì mala mai uif eidbliezfmeýi kustf par bc teblpa bi bc qub bc blpcbfda sb bimubitrb maivfcbmebitb y pubdf rbeitbnrfrsb f su fmtevedfd cf`arfc. >6
Bc frtìmuca 4=: dbc Mýdena db trf`fka tfl`eåi lfiegebstf qub; –Frt. 4=:.-
Fsestbimef lådemf y gfrlfmåutemf.- Zfrf cf bgbmtevedfd db cfs
a`cenfmeaibs db praparmeaifr sei dblarf fsestbimef lådemf y gfrlfmåutemf bstf`cbmedfs bi bc frtìmuca =72? y, fdblæs, pfrf prbvbier cas rebsnas cf`arfcbs f cas qub sb bimubitrfi sukbtas cas trf`fkfdarbs, cas blpcbfdarbs, sbfi åstas pbrsaifs ifturfcbs a kurìdemfs, a`sbrvfræi cfs senuebitbs rbncfs; 6. Tada blpcbfdar maisbrvfræ bi bc cunfr db trf`fka ui `atequìi mai cas lbdemflbitas eidespbisf`cbs pfrf cf ftbimeýi db sus trf`fkfdarbs, bi cas mfsas db blbrnbimef, par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka a db bigbrlbdfd malûi rbpbiteif. ]e bc blpcbfdar tuvebrf vbeitemeima a læs trf`fkfdarbs, despaidræ, fdblæs db ui camfc dbsteifda f bigbrlbrìf? 0. Bc blpcbfdar qub tuvebrb læs db mebi trf`fkfdarbs bstf`cbmbræ bi bc cunfr db trf`fka, bi ui camfc fdbmufda pfrf bc bgbmta, ui sbrvemea lådema pbr pbrlfibitb, lfibitb, bc lesla qub, f læs db mulpcer mai ca dbtbrleifda bi bc iulbrfc fitbrear, praparmeaifræ f tadas cas trf`fkfdarbs, lbdemeif cf`arfc prbvbitevf. Bstb sbrvemea maitfræ mai bc pbrsaifc lådema y pfrflådema ibmbsfrea y bstfræ sukbta f cf rbncflbitfmeýi demtfdf par bc Leiestbrea db Trf`fka y Blpcba y supbrvenecfda par bc Leiestbrea db ]fcud? y, =. ]e bi bc maimbpta dbc lådema a db cf pbrsaif bimfrnfdf dbc sbrvemea, sbnûi bc mfsa, ia sb pudebrf praparmeaifr fc trf`fkfdar cf fsestbimef qub prbmesf, bi bc cunfr db trf`fka, ardbifræ bc trfscfda dbc trf`fkfdar, f masta dbc blpcbfdar, f cf uiedfd lådemf dbc EB]] a fc mbitra lådema læs mbrmfia dbc cunfr dbc trf`fka, pfrf cf praitf y apartuif ftbimeýi.“ (Mainrbsa Ifmeaifc
db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 655) 655)
Db fmubrda f ca pcfitbfda bi bc frtìmuca 4=: bi tada mbitra db trf`fka db`b bxester ui `atequìi mai cas rbmursas `æsemas `æsemas pfrf prbstfr prelbras fuxeceas fuxeceas fitb mufcquebr fmmedbitb fmmedbitb >0
u bvbitufcedfd qub cf`arf bi demha mbitra, sb db`b dbstfmfr qub bi cf fmtufcedfd bstf lbdedf bstæ a`sacbtf y bs eniarfdf par cf tatfcedfd db cas blpcbfdarbs, cas mufcbs mfrbmbi db `atequeibs bi sus mbitras cf`arfcbs y bi mfsa db bxester cas leslas ia mubitfi mai bc lftbrefc b eisulas lådemas `æsemas pfrf uif ftbimeýi prelfref. Zar atrf pfrtb bc frt. 4=: pcfitbf qub bi mbitras db trf`fka bi cas mufcbs bc iûlbra db trf`fkfdarbs sa`rbpfsb cfs 6:: pbrsaifs db`b bxester ui pbrsaifc lådema pbrlfibitb mai bc a`kbteva db `reidfr prelbras fuxeceas, ftbimeýi prelfref y lbdemeif prbvbitevf f cas trf`fkfdarbs db demha mbitra cf`arfc talæidasb bi mubitf qub bstæ bstepucfda bi demha frtìmuca qub bc pbrsaifc lådema db`b bstfr mfcegemfda y mfpfmetfda pfrf `reidfr ftbimeýi lådemf db bxmbcbimef. Ca fitbrearlbitb bxpubsta bs tfl`eåi aleteda bi cf lfyarìf db cas mbitras db trf`fka dbc Bmufdar, gæ`remfs y lfiugfmturfs, eistetumeaibs qub mfrbmbi db pastfs lådemfs y lumha lbias db pbrsaifc lådema pbrlfibitb, bi mfsa db bxester cfs leslfs ia mubitfi mai bc pbrsaifc lådema mfcegemfda qub mulpcf mai cfs dblfidfs y rbqubrelebitas ibmbsfreas pfrf dfr rbspubstf ræpedf y apartuif f setufmeaibs db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs par ca qub bs db iatfr qub tfl`eåi bstb puita dbc frtìmuca 4=: bs aleteda par cas blpcbfdarbs. Geifclbitb bstb frtìmuca pcfitbf qub bi mfsa db cf ia bxestbimef db uif pastf lådemf mai pbrsaifc mfcegemfda bc blpcbfdar db`bræ rbfcezfr bc trfscfda dbc blpcbfda qub hfyf sugreda ui fmmedbitb cf`arfc db garlf eilbdeftf f cfs eistfcfmeaibs lådemfs dbc EB]] læs mbrmfifs fc mbitra db trf`fka, sebida bstb puita bi rbfcedfd bc qub mfse cf tatfcedfd db cas blpcbfdarbs paibi bi præmtemf bi mfsa db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, pbra demhf lbdedf prbsbitf ui seiiûlbra db gfcbimefs bitrb cfs qub sb db`b dbstfmfr qub db ia prbstfr cas prelbras fuxeceas fc pbrsaifc qub hfyf sugreda ui fmmedbitb cf`arfc bc lesla marrb nrfi rebsna fc padbr sbr fnrfvfdf su setufmeýi lådemf sei demhf ftbimeýi. Zar atrf pfrtb cfs zaifs eidustrefcbs dbc Bmufdar nbibrfclbitb sb bimubitrfi bi cf pbregbref db cfs meudfdbs y cas mbitras db ftbimeýi lådemf dbc EB]] bstæ u`emfdas bi bc mbitra db cfs meudfdbs par ca qub bc trfscfda db cas blpcbfdas qub hfyfi sugreda fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs pubdb dblarfr vfreas leiutas b eimcusa harfs, teblpa bi bc mufc cf >=
vedf db cas blpcbfdas marrb ui rebsna vbrdfdbra, se sb uib f bsta cas grbmubitbs bl`atbccflebitas db træiseta qub fgbmtfi fc Bmufdar cf setufmeýi sb vubcvb læs pbiasf. Zar su pfrtb bc Frt. = db d b cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc fgerlf qub; –Frt. =.-
Pebsnas mu`ebrtas.- Bc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea pratbnbræ f sus
fgecefdas a`cenfdas maitrf cfs maiteinbimefs qub fgbmtbi su mfpfmedfd db trf`fka y cf a`tbimeýi db ui einrbsa fmardb mai su fmtevedfd hf`etufc, bi mfsas db; f) Bigbrlbdfd? `) Lftbriedfd? m) Pebsnas dbc trf`fka? d) Wbkbz, lubrtb, b eivfcedbz, qub eimcuyb desmfpfmedfd? y, b) Mbsfitìf. Bc ]bnura ]amefc Mflpbseia agrbmbræ prbstfmeaibs db sfcud y, qub eimcuyb lftbriedfd, f sus fgecefdas, y pratbnbræ fc kbgb db gflecef maitrf cfs maiteinbimefs db vbkbz, lubrtb, b eivfcedbz, qub eimcuyb desmfpfmedfd. Zfrf cas bgbmtas dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea, cf pratbmmeýi maitrf cf maiteinbimef db desmfpfmedfd sb mulpceræ f trfvås dbc sbnura db eivfcedbz.“(Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc , 0:66) 0:66)
Mala qubdf bxpubsta bi bc frtìmuca fitbrear bc mufc sb rbgebrb f cas rebsnas mu`ebrtas, bc sbnura nbibrfc a`cenftarea pratbnb tfita f a`rbras mala mflpbseias qub pudebsbi sugrer fcnuia db cas bvbitas fitbrearlbitb bxpubstas bi demha frtìmuca db garlf tfc qub sb nfrfitemb cf sbnuredfd samefc db tadas cas meudfdfias, y fsì prapemefr ui dbsbivacvelebita samefc bquece`rfda, bs db rbsfctfr qub bi cf fmtufcedfd cfs lbdedfs dbc na`ebria db cf rbvacumeýi meudfdfif bi cas fspbmtas maimbriebitbs f cf sbnuredfd samefc tebidbi f eimrblbitfr cas `bibgemeas f a`rbras y mflpbseias mai cf geifcedfd db eimrblbitfr bc `ebibstfr samefc dbc pub`ca bmuftarefia y db bstf garlf rbdumer bc f`esla bxestbitb durfitb sencas bitrb bc pracbtfrefda y cf `urnubsìf sebida su pacìtemf tbidebitb f cf maapbrfmeýi y ia f cf cumhf db mcfsbs.
>4
Bc Frt. 627 db cf cby db sbnuredfd samefc dbialeifda Maiteinbimefs mu`ebrtfs fgerlf qub; –Bc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka mu`rb tadf cbseýi ma rparfc
y
tada bstfda lýr`eda areneifda mai amfseýi a par maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka qub rbfcezf bc fgecefda, eimcuedas cas qub sb areneibi durfitb cas dbspcfzflebitas bitrb su dalemecea y cunfr db trf`fka. Ia bstæi flpfrfdas cas fmmedbitbs qub sb areneibi par daca a elprudbimef tblbrfref dbc fgecefda, ie cfs bigbrlbdfdbs bxmcuedfs bi bc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka mala mfusfs db eimfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka.“(Eistetuta
Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc
, 0:66) 0:66)
Bc frtìmuca 627 fmcfrf qub tadf cbseýi a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc pradumta db uif fmtevedfd cf`arfc sbræ ftbidedf par bc EB]] mu`reåidasb cas nfstas par cas fpartbs rbfcezfdas par bc blpcbfdar y bi mfsa db ia bxester fgecefmeýi fc EB]] bc blpcbfdar db`bræ fsuler tadas cas nfstas db cf ftbimeýi lådemf fsì mala cas nfstas db rbmupbrfmeýi dbc blpcbfda, pbra fmcfrf db garlf bxpbdetf qub bi mfsa db qub cfs cbseaibs hfyfi seda bc rbsuctfda dbc daca a cf elprudbimef tblbrfref dbc blpcbfda ie bc EB]] ie bc blpcbfdar tebibi cf a`cenfmeýi db fsuler cas nfstas dbc trftflebita lådema a cf rbmupbrfmeýi dbc blpcbfda. Zar atrf pfrtb tfl`eåi qubdf fmcfrfda qub bigbrlbdfdbs bxmcuedfs bi bc rbncflbita dbc sbnura nbibrfc db rebsnas db trf`fka qub pravaqubi eimfpfmedfd cf`arfc tfcbs mala bigbrlbdfdbs db trfisleseýi sbxufc ia bxestb cf a`cenfmeýi par pfrtb dbc EB]] a dbc blpcbfdar db fsuler nfstas db trftflebita lådema a rbmupbrfmeýi dbc blpcbfda. Bc mýdena db trf`fka par su pfrtb lfiegebstf qub; –Frt. =24.- Bxbimeýi db rbspaisf`ecedfd.- Bc blpcbfdar qubdfræ bxbita db
tadf rbspaisf`ecedfd par cas fmmedbitbs dbc trf`fka; t rf`fka; 6. Mufida hu`ebrb seda pravamfda eitbimeaifclbitb par cf vìmtelf a sb pradukbrb bxmcusevflbitb par mucpf nrfvb db cf leslf? >2
0. Mufida sb db`ebrb f gubrzf lfyar bxtrföf fc trf`fka, bitbideåidasb par tfc cf qub ia nufrdf ieinuif rbcfmeýi mai bc bkbrmemea db cf pragbseýi a trf`fka db qub sb trftb? y, =. Pbspbmta db cas dbrbmhahf`ebitbs db cf vìmtelf qub hfyfi pravamfda vacuitfreflbitb bc fmmedbitb u amfseaiæidaca par su mucpf nrfvb, ûiemflbitb bi ca qub f bsta sb rbgebrb y sei pbrkuemea db cf rbspaisf`ecedfd pbifc f qub hu`ebrb cunfr. Cf prub`f db cfs bxmbpmeaibs sböfcfdfs bi bstb frtìmuca marrbspaidb fc blpcbfdar.“ (Mainrbsa Ifmeaifc db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 654) 654)
Bc frtìmuca =24 dbc mýdena db trf`fka f`ardf cf bxbimeýi db rbspaisf`ecedfd cf mufc pcfitbf qub bxestbi mebrtfs maidemeaibs bi cfs mufcbs bc blpcbfdar qubdf bxbita db tadf rbspaisf`ecedfd fitb fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs qub pubdfi hf`br seda pravamfdas db garlf eitbimeaifc par bc blpcbfda a qub demha fmmedbitb cf`arfc hu`ebsb amurreda mufida bc blpcbfda rbfcezf`f fmmeaibs qub ia nufrdf`fi ieinûi tepa db rbcfmeýi mai bc trf`fka pfrf bc qub gubrf gubrf maitrftfda. Bi mfsa qub bc fmmedbitb cf`arfc pravamfda db garlf eitbimeaifc par bc blpcbfda mfusfsb dföas a pbrkuemeas fc lbdea fl`ebitb mermuidfitb fc mbitra cf`arfc demha blpcbfda db`bræ fsuler su rbspaisf`ecedfd pbifc sbnûi cas dföas qub amfseaib. Cf elprudbimef pragbseaifc bstæ maitblpcfdf bi bc Frt. =22 dbc Mýdena db trf`fka, bc mufc bxprbsf qub; –Frt. =22.-
Elprudbimef pragbseaifc.- Cf elprudbimef pragbseaifc, a sbf cf qub bs maisbmubimef db cf maigefizf qub eisperf bc bkbrmemea hf`etufc dbc trf`fka, ia bxelb fc blpcbfdar db rbspaisf`ecedfd.“
(Mainrbsa
Ifmeaifc db cf Pbpû`cemf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmu Bmufdar, fdar, 0::2, pp.. 654) 654) Bc frtìmuca =22 pcfitbf qub nbibrfclbitb dbspuås db lumhas föas rbfcezfida uif fmtevedfd bspbmìgemf cas blpcbfdas tebidbi f eimrblbitfr su maigefizf bi cf cf`ar qub rbfcezfi y db bstf garlf fc su`bstelfr pase`cbs rebsnas cf`arfcbs mfusfcbs db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs, setufmeýi qub db ccbnfr f maimrbtfrsb ia bxelb fc blpcbfdar db su rbspaisf`ecedfd mai bc blpcbfda par ca qub bs db vetfc elpartfimef qub bc blpcbfdar rbfcemb db garlf maistfitb mfpfmetfmeaibs bi cfs qub rbmubrdb f sus blpcbfdas qub f >7
pbsfr db cf bxpbrebimef ieinûi trf`fkfdar bstæ bxbita db cas rebsnas bxestbitbs par ca tfita db ui fmmedbitb cf`arfc. Bi ca marrbspaidebitb fc ]bnura gfmuctfteva bc mýdena db trf`fka fgerlf qub; –Frt. =27.- ]bnura
gfmuctfteva.- Bc blpcbfdar bi bc mfsa db trf`fkfdarbs
ia sukbtas fc rånelbi dbc ]bnura ]amefc A`cenftarea db Pebsnas, padræ maitrftfr ui sbnura gfmuctfteva f su mfrna, maistetueda f gfvar db sus trf`fkfdarbs, bi cf prapef eistetumeýi a bi uif malpföìf a mufcquebr eistetumeýi
selecfr
cbnfclbitb
bstf`cbmedf,
seblprb
qub
cfs
eidbliezfmeaibs ia sbfi eigbrearbs f cfs qub prbsmre`b bstb Mýdena. ]e ia surtebrb bgbmta tfc sbnura, su`sesteræ bc dbrbmha db cas trf`fkfdarbs a db sus dbrbmhahf`ebitbs maitrf bc blpcbfdar.“ (Mainrbsa Ifmeaifc db
cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 654) 654)
Bc frtìmuca fitbrear f`ardf bc mfsa bi bc mufc db bxester trf`fkfdarbs ia fgecefdas fc rånelbi db sbnura samefc a`cenftarea db rebsnas cas leslas pubdbi bstfr fgecefdas f sbnuras lådemas prevfdas, cas mufcbs db`bræi rbspbtfr f mf`fcedfd cas vfcarbs bstf`cbmedas pfrf cfs eidbliezfmeaibs fsì mala tfl`eåi db`bræi prbstfr cas sbrvemeas lådemas ibmbsfreas, bi mfsa db ia bstfr fgecefda bc blpcbfda f ieinûi sbnura lådema, bc blpcbfdar sbræ bc rbspaisf`cb derbmta db eidbliezfr fc blpcbfda a f sus gflecefrbs. Fdemeaifclbitb bc mýdena db trf`fka bi ca qub rbspbmtf f cf rbspaisf`ecedfd db tbrmbras fgerlf qub; –Frt. =2>.- Pbspaisf`ecedfd db tbrmbras.- ]ei pbrkuemea
db cf rbspaisf`ecedfd dbc
blpcbfdar, cf vìmtelf dbc fmmedbitb a quebibs tbinfi dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi, padræi rbmcflfrcf bi garlf tatfc db cas tbrmbras mfusfitbs dbc fmmedbitb, mai frrbnca fc dbrbmha malûi.“ (Mainrbsa Ifmeaifc db cf Pbpû`cemf
dbc Bmufdar, 0::2, p. 654) 654)
>>
Cf eidbliezfmeýi qub sb rbme`f db tbrmbras ce`brf fc blpcbfdar db su rbspaisf`ecedfd bi cf pfrtb qub bc tbrmbra mfusfitb dbc fmmedbitb sbf a`cenfda f pfnfr. Cf fmmeýi maitrf tbrmbras pubdb sbr bkbrmedf par bc blpcbfdar f su mastf y f ial`rb db cf vìmtelf a fc db cas qub tebibi dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi, se bccas ia cf hu`ebrbi dbdumeda dbitra dbc pcfza db trbeitf dìfs, maitfdas dbsdb cf gbmhf dbc fmmedbitb.
>8
MFZETRCA EEE WFDBLBMRL DB PBMCFLA] ]A@PB PEB]NA] DB TPF@FKA =.6. Zrbsbitfmeýi Bc prbsbitb Wfdblåmul db rbmcflas sa`rb rebsnas db trf`fka bs uif a`rf bi cf mufc sb bimubitrfi maitbiedas cas preimepfcbs y læs rbcbvfitbs fspbmtas qub f`ardfi cas rbmcflas sa`rb rebsnas db trf`fka, muya a`kbteva bs qub bc lesla servf mala a`rf db maisuctf y fuxecea f trfvås db cf mufc cas pragbseaifcbs db cf rflf cbnfc fsì mala cfs pbrsaifs bi nbibrfc pubdf pubdfii fuxecefrsb bi ddemhas emhas fspbmta fspbmtas. s. Bc Wfdblåmul db rbmcflas sa`rb rebsnas db trf`fka `reidf cfs preimepfcbs eidemfmeaibs fsì mala lbdedfs f talfr tfita par cf pfrtb fgbmtfdf mala par bc blpcbfdar fitb bstb tepa db gbiýlbias, `reidfida cfs pfutfs qub fnecembi y gfmecetbi cf cf`ar db rbsfrmelebita a eidbliezfmeýi db cf pfrtb fgbmtfdf fsì mala fnecezfida bc prambsa cbnfc y bvetfida par bidb dblarfs y pårdedfs lftbrefcbs eiibmbsfrefs eiibmbsfrefs.. Cf prbsbitb a`rf sbræ gubitb db maisuctf pfrf cas eivbstenfdarbs dbc tblf y bc pbrsaifc cbnfc bspbmefcezfda bi demhf lftbref sebida a`rf db a`cenfdf rbgbrbimef pfrf rbfcezfr eivbstenfmeaibs a praguidezfr bi bc tblf, db`eda bi `ubif lbdedf f qub bi cf leslf sb bimubitrfi binca`fdas tadas cas fspbmtas preimepfcbs qub db garlf matedefif sai trftfdas bi cas rbmcflas sa`rb rebsnas db trf`fka. t rf`fka. Cf samebdfd bmuftarefif db`eda f su maistfitb mrbmelebita b eimrblbita db blprbsfs, eidustref y bmaialìf bi nbibrfc sb vb maistfitblbitb fgbmtfdf par fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs cas mufcbs bi `ubif lbdedf sai prapemefdas par cf fmtufc pacìtemf cf`arfc, cf mufc ia sb fkustf fc mrbmelebita bmaiýlema fsì mala cas rbqubrelebitas mfdf vbz læs bcbvfdas db pratbmmeýi tfita dbc bitaria cf`arfc tfita dbc trf`fkfdar dæidasb d æidasb mala maisbmubimef bc eimrblbita db cas rebsnas db trf`fka qub gftfclbitb mucleifi bi fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs qub fgbmtfi f ui bcbvfda parmbitfkb db trf`fkfdarbs fmtufclbitb. >5
Geifclbitb bs db dbstfmfr qub cf prbsbitb eivbstenfmeýi fnecezfræ cas prambsas cbnfcbs fsì mala pbrleteræ f cfs derbmmeaibs db eidustrefs, blprbsfs u atras mbitras cf`arfcbs paibr bi præmtemf y talfr cfs lbdedfs prbvbitevfs qub rbduzmfi db garlf dræstemf cas rebsnas db trf`fka y par bidb desleiuyfi cas fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs pragbseaifcbs,, pbrletebida db bstf garlf uif lfyar mfcedfd db sbnuredfd cf`arfc fsì mala cf fdquesemeýi db cfs hbrrflebitfs cbnfcbs qub pbrletfi su`sfifr cas rbmcflas db rebsnas db trf`fka f cf lfyar `rbvbdfd y mai bc lbiar usa db rbmursas lftbrefcbs.
=.0.
A@KBTEWA]
=.0.6. A`kbteva Nbibrfc F`ardfr cf pra`cblætemf sa`rb rbmcflas db rebsnas db trf`fka db garlf tfc qub sb aptelembi y gfmecetbi cfs fmmeaibs cbnfcbs db cas pragbseaifcbs db dbrbmha y pbrsaifc bi nbibrfc mai vestfs f rbdumer bc teblpa y rbmursas blpcbfdas bi cf rbsacumeýi db cfs dbiuimefs prbsbitfdfs.
=.0.0. A`kbtevas Bspbmìgemas Mfpfmetfr f cas trf`fkfdarbs sa`rb sus dbrbmhas fitb pase`cbs rebsnas db trf`fka qub pubdbi pravamfr fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs. Bdumfr f cas blpcbfdarbs sa`rb sus a`cenfmeaibs pftraifcbs mai cas blpcbfdas qub par rebsnas db trf`fka sugrfi fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs.. pragbseaifcbs Eigarlfr f cas pragbseaifcbs dbc dbrbmha sa`rb cfs garlfs db fnecezfr cfs dbiuimefs par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs pfrf db bstf lfibrf fnecezfr cf fdleiestrfmeýi db kustemef.
8:
=.=.
IAPLFTEWF CBNFC ]A@PB PEB]NA] DB DB TPF@FKA
=.=.6. FMMEDBITB] DB TPF@FKA
=.=.0. DBGEIEMEÝI
Bc Mýdena db Trf`fka bi su frtìmuca =48 dbgeib fc fmmedbitb db trf`fka mala; Frt. =48.- Fmmedbitb db trf`fka.- Fmmedbitb db trf`fka bs tada sumbsa elprbvesta y rbpbiteia qub amfseaif fc trf`fkfdar uif cbseýi marparfc a pbrtur`fmeýi guimeaifc, mai amfseýi a par maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka qub bkbmutf par mubitf fkbif. Mala qubdf fitbrearlbitb bxpubsta bc fmmedbitb db trf`fka sb pubdb dbgeier mala bc dföa gìsema pradumta db uif fmmeýi cf`arfc, cf mufc pubdb mfusfr ui dföa tblparfc a pbrlfibitb bi bc trf`fkfdar, bc mufc ibmbsetfræ db ftbimeýi lådemf y ui pbrìada db rbmupbrfmeýi fitbs db rbeimarparfrsb f sus fmtevedfdbs pradumtevfs. pradumtevfs. Eistrulbita Fideia db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka, dbmeseýi 284 frtemuca 6 cetbrfc –i“ dbgeib fc fmmedbitb db trf`fka mala;
Bs fmmedbitb db trf`fka tada sumbsa rbpbiteia qub sa`rbvbinf par mfusf a mai amfseýi dbc trf`fka, y qub praduzmf bi bc trf`fkfdar uif cbseýi arnæiemf, uif pbrtur`fmeýi guimeaifc, uif eivfcedbz a cf lubrtb. Bs tfl`eåi fmmedbitb db trf`fka fqubc qub sb pradumb durfitb cf bkbmumeýi db ýrdbibs dbc blpcbfdar, a durfitb cf bkbmumeýi db uif cf`ar `fka su futaredfd, fui gubrf dbc cunfr y harfs db trf`fka. Bi cf dbmeseýi 284 db cf Maluiedfd Fideif sb rbfgerlf cf dbgeiemeýi db fmmedbitb cf`arfc talæidasb bi mubitf qub bc fmmedbitb cf`arfc ia sb bilfrmf sacflbitb bi bc cunfr u harfrea db trf`fka, seia qub bc lesla pubdb amurrer gubrf db bstas cìletbs fc bkbmutfr bc blpcbfda fmmeaibs cf`arfcbs bimfrnfdfs par bc pftraia bi cunfrbs y lalbitas qub ia sb marrbspaidbi f su karifdf cf`arfc.
86
=.4.
BIGBPLBDFDB] ZPAGB]EAIFCB]
=.4.6. DBGEIEMEAI
Bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka bxprbsf qub; Frt. =45.- Bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs.pragbs eaifcbs.- Bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs sai cfs fgbmmeaibs fnudfs a mrýiemfs mfusfdfs db uif lfibrf derbmtf par bc bkbrmemea db cf pragbseýi a cf`ar qub rbfcezf bc trf`fkfdar y qub pradumbi eimfpfmedfd . Mala qubdf bxpubsta bi bc frtìmuca fitbrear sb dbgeib f cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs mala fgbmmeaibs fnudfs a mrýiemfs pradumta db uif fmtevedfd cf`arfc qub pubdbi pravamfr eimfpfmedfd. eimfpfmedfd. Eistrulbita Fideia db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka, dbmeseýi 284, Frt. 6 iulbrfc l) dbgeib f cf c f bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc. Bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc; Rif bigbrlbdfd maitrfìdf mala rbsuctfda db cf bxpasemeýi f gfmtarbs db rebsna eihbrbitbs f cf fmtevedfd cf`arfc? Bc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka, bi su Frt. > sböfcf qub Bigbrlbdfd Zragbseaifc y Amupfmeaifc bs; Frt. >.- Bigbrlbdfdbs Zragbseaifcbs u Amupfmeaifcbs.- ]ai cfs fgbmmeaibs fnudfs a mrýiemfs, mfusfdfs db uif lfibrf derbmtf par bc bkbrmemea db cf pragbseýi a trf`fka qub rbfcezf bc fsbnurfda y qub pradumbi eimfpfmedfd. Bc Mýdena db Trf`fka bi su frtìmuca =78 bxprbsf qub; Frt. =78.- Zrbsuimeýi dbc cunfr db trf`fka.- Zfrf bgbmtas db cf pbrmbpmeýi db db cfs eidbliezfmeaib eidbliezfmeaibss par fmmedbitb fmmedbitb db trf`fka a lubrtb db ui trf`fkfdar ia fgecefda fc EB]], sb maisedbrfræ mala amurredas bstas hbmhas bi sus cunfrbs db trf`fka, dbsdb bc lalbita bi qub bc trf`fkfdar sfcb db su dalemecea mai derbmmeýi f su cunfr db trf`fka y vembvbrsf, bsta ûctela sbnûi rbncflbitfmeýi. ]b mfcmucfræi demhfs 80
eidbliezfmeaibs db cf leslf lfibrf mala se sb trftfrb db ui trf`fkfdar fgecefda fc EB]]ö Mala qubdf bxpubsta bi bc frtìmuca =78 cfs eidbliezfmeaibs par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka pfrf cas trf`fkfdarbs ia fgecefdas fc EB]] f`frmfi dbsdb bc lalbita bi qub bc trf`fkfdar sb derenb f su pubsta db trf`fka, sus fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs eisetu y mufida bc lesla rbtarif f su hanfr. Bc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka, bi su Frt. 5 sböfcf qub; Frt. 5.- Fmmedbitb "Ei Etìibrb".- Bc fmmedbitb "ei etìibrb" a bi træiseta, sb fpcemfræ mufida bc rbmarreda sb sukbtb f uif rbcfmeýi mraiacýnemf db eilbdefmeýi bitrb cfs harfs db bitrfdf y sfcedf dbc trf`fkfdar. Bc trfybmta ia padræ sbr eitbrrulpeda a ladegemfda par latevas db eitbrås pbrsaifc, gflecefr a samefc. Bi bstas mfsas db`bræ malpra`frsb cf mermuistfimef db hf`br amurreda bc fmmedbitb bi bc trfybmta dbc dalemecea fc trf`fka y vembvbrsf, lbdefitb cf fprbmefmeýi db`edflbitb vfcarfdf db prub`fs eivbstenfdfs par bc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka. Zfrf cas trf`fkfdarbs fgecefdas fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc EB]] sb maisedbrf fmmedbitb db trf`fka bs tada sumbsa elprbvesta y rbpbiteia qub amfseaib fc fgecefda cbseýi cbseýi marparfc marparfc a pbrtur`fmeýi guimeaifc
fgecefda cbseýi marparfc mmala ala
maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka, tfl`eåi sb maisedbrf fmmedbitb bc trfscfda derbmta dbsdb bc dalemecea fc cunfr db trf`fka a vembvbrsf a tfl`eåi maiameda mala fmmedbitb ei Eteibrb a db trfiseta, bc lesla qub db`b mulpcer mebrtf mraiacanìf pfrf qub sbf maisedbrfda mala tfc.
=.2.
PB]ZAI]F@ECEDFD
FMMEDBITB
DB
NBIBPFDF
TPF@FKA
U
ZAP
BC
BIGBPLBDFD
ZPAGB]EAIFC Bc Frtìmuca 40 cetbrfc = dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka lfiegebstf qub; Frt. 40.- A`cenfmeaibs dbc blpcbfdar.- ]ai a`cenfmeaibs dbc blpcbfdar;
8=
=. Eidbliezfr f cas trf`fkfdarbs par cas fmmedbitbs qub sugrebrbi bi bc trf`fka y par cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, mai cf sfcvbdfd prbvestf bi bc Frt. =8 db bstb Mýdena?…
Mala qubdf bxpubsta bi bc frtìmuca 40 sböfcf mala a`cenfmeýi dbc blpcbfdar eidbliezfr fc trf`fkfdar par cas rebsnas pra pravbiebitbs vbiebitbs dbc trf`fka, trf`fka, rbfgerlæidasb bi bc bc frtìmuca =8 qub bi mfsa db cf amurrbimef db dföas f cas trf`fkfdarbs t rf`fkfdarbs par demhas rebsnas bc blpcbfdar fsuleræ cfs eidbliezfmeaib e idbliezfmeaibss marrbspaidebitbs maitblpcfdfs bi bc Mýdena db Trf`fka mai cf sfcvbdfd db qub tfc `bibgemea ia cb sbf maimbdeda par bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc. Zar su pfrtb cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc bi su frtìmuca 628 lfiegebstf qub; Frt. 628.- Pbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc par rebsnas dbc trf`fka.- Bc pftraia qub, bi mulpcelebita db bstf Cby, hu`ebrb fsbnurfda f cas trf`fkfdarbs fc EB]] y sb hfccbi `fka su sbrvemea, sb cbs pfnfræ bc mebi par mebita (6::%) db su rbluibrfmeýi bc prelbr lbs, y se bc pbrìada db rbmupbrfmeýi gubrf lfyar f åstb, qubdfræ rbcbvfda dbc mulpcelebita db cfs a`cenfmeaibs qub sa`rb cf rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs bstf`cbmb bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka. Zbra se åstas sb pradukbrbi par mucpf nrfvb dbc pftraia a db sus rbprbsbitfitbs, y debrb cunfr f eidbliezfmeýi sbnûi cf cbnescfmeýi malûi, bc Eistetuta prambdbræ f dblfidfr bc pfna db bsf eidbliezfmeýi, cf qub qubdfræ bi su gfvar hfstf bc laita mfcmucfda db cfs prbstfmeaibs qub hu`ebrb atarnfda par bc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd, db`ebida bitrbnfr f cas `bibgemefreas bc sfcda, se ca hu`ebrb. Bi bc frtìmuca 628 sböfcf mcfrflbitb mcfrflbitb qub db ia bxester uif rbsp rbspaisf`ecedfd aisf`ecedfd pftraif pftraifcc par rebsnas db trf`fka y db bstfr cas trf`fkfdarbs fgecefdas fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc EB]], bstf eistetumeýi fsuleræ cfs eidbli eidbliezfmeaibs ezfmeaibs marrbspaidebitbs, marrbspaidebitbs, pbra db pra`frsb ibncenbimef a rbspaisf`ecedfd maigarlb ca dbtbrleif bc Frt. 67 dbc
84
Pbncflbita Nbibrfc db Pbspaisf`ecedfd Zftraifc 6 par pfrtb dbc blpcbfdar a sus rbprbsbitfitbs bc lesla db`bræ fsuler cfs rbspbmtevfs eidbliezfmeaibs. Bi ca rbgbrbitb f cf ftbimeýi lådemf bc Mýdena db Trf`fka bstf`cbmb qub; Frt. =8.- Pebsnas pravbiebitbs dbc trf`fka.- Cas rebsnas pravbiebitbs dbc trf`fka sai db mfrna dbc blpcbfdar y mufida, f maisbmubimef db bccas, bc trf`fkfdar sugrb dföa pbrsaifc, bstfræ bi cf a`cenfmeýi db eidbliezfrcb db fmubrda mai cfs despasemeaibs db bstb Mýdena, seblprb qub tfc `bibgemea ia cb sbf maimbdeda par bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc. Bi bc frtìmuca =8 sb pcfitbf qub db bxester rebsnas pravbiebitbs dbc trf`fka mfusfitbs db fmmedbitbs a bigbrlbdfdbs cf`arfcbs f cas trf`fkfdarbs ia fgecefdas fc EB]] bc blpcbfdar fsuleræ cf tatfcedfd db cfs eidbliezfmeaibs mai cf bxmbpmeýi db qub bc trf`fkfdar bstb fgecefda fc EB]] y mulpcf mai cfs iarlftevfs bstf`cbmedfs par bstb arnfiesla mai rbspbmta f cfs despasemeaibs db rebsna db trf`fka. Bc Mýdena db Trf`fka sböf sböfcf cf mai rbspbm rbspbmta ta f cf a`cenfm a`cenfmeýi eýi dbc blpcbfdar blpcbfdar db atarnfr fsestbimef bi mfsas db fmmedbitb sböfcf; Frt. =72.- Fsestbimef bi mfsa db fmmedbitb.- Bi tada mfsa db fmmedbitb bc blpcbfdar bstfræ a`cenfda f prbstfr, sei dbrbmha f rbbl`acsa, fsestbimef lådemf a querûrnemf y gfrlfmåutemf fc trf`fkfdar vìmtelf dbc fmmedbitb hfstf qub, sbnûi bc demtflbi lådema,
6
Frt. 67.- Bi cas mfsas db atarnflebita db su`sedeas a db eidbliezfmeýi par fmmedbitb db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, hf`ræ rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc, mufida; f)Cas trbs (=) lbsbs db fpartfmeýi eilbdeftflbitb fitbrearbs f cf gbmhf dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka a dbc defniýstema db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, hu`ebrbi seda mfimbcfdas bxtblparæibflbitb bi ui saca pfna? `)Bc blpcbfdar ia hu`ebrb eismreta fc trf`fkfdar? y, bc blpcbfdar a bc maitrftfitb dbc sbnura sb bimaitrfrb bi larf dbc pfna db fpartbs fc lalbita dbc fmmedbitb dbc trf`fka a fc lalbita db cf mfcegemfmeýi db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc a dbc mbsb pravamfda par bstf? m)Bc pfna db cas fpartbs marrbspaidebitbs fc lbs dbc seiebstra sb rbfcezf bxtblparæibflbitb? d)Bc blpcbfdar par sì a par eitbrpubstf pbrsaif, ia hu`ebrb maluiemfda f cf Riedfd db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka a f cf dbpbidbimef dbc EB]] læs mbrmfif, cf amurrbimef dbc seiebstra, dbitra db cas debz (6:)dìfs
cf`arf`cbs maitfdas f pfrter db cf gbmhf dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka a dbc defniýstema db prbsuimeýi eiemefc db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc? y, b) ]e f maisbmubimef db cfs eivbstenfmeaibs rbfcezfdfs par cfs uiedfdbs db rebsnas dbc trf`fka, sb dbtbrleifrb qub bc fmmedbitb a cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc hf seda mfusfdf par eimulpcelebita y/a eia`sbrvfimef db cfs iarlfs sa`rb prbvbimeýi db rebsnas dbc trf`fka, fûi mufida bstuvebrb fc fc dìf bi bc pfna db fpartbs. 82
bstå bi maidemeaibs db vacvbr fc trf`fka a sb cb dbmcfrb malprbideda bi fcnuia db cas mfsas db eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb y ia rbquebrf yf db fsestbimef lådemf. Frt. 4=:.- Fsestbimef lådemf y gfrlfmåutemf.- Zfrf cf bgbmtevedfd db cfs a`cenfmeaibs db praparmeaifr sei dblarf fsestbimef lådemf y gfrlfmåutemf bstf`cbmedfs bi bc frtìmuca =72 dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka? y, fdblæs, pfrf prbvbier cas rebsnas cf`arfcbs f cas qub sb bimubitrfi sukbtas cas trf`fkfdarbs, cas blpcbfdarbs, sbfi åstas pbrsaifs ifturfcbs a kurìdemfs, a`sbrvfræi cfs senuebitbs rbncfs; 6. Tada blpcbfdar maisbrvfræ bi bc cunfr db trf`fka ui `atequìi mai cas lbdemflbitas eidespbisf`cbs pfrf cf ftbimeýi db sus trf`fkfdarbs, bi cas mfsas db blbrnbimef, par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka a db bigbrlbdfd malûi rbpbiteif. ]e bc blpcbfdar tuvebrf vbeitemeima a læs trf`fkfdarbs, despaidræ, fdblæs db ui camfc dbsteifda f bigbrlbrìf? 0. Bc blpcbfdar qub tuvebrb læs db mebi trf`fkfdarbs bstf`cbmbræ bi bc cunfr db trf`fka, bi ui camfc fdbmufda pfrf bc bgbmta, ui sbrvemea lådema pbrlfibitb, bc lesla qub, f læs db mulpcer mai ca dbtbrleifda bi bc iulbrfc fitbrear, praparmeaifræ f tadas cas trf`fkfdarbs, lbdemeif cf`arfc prbvbitevf. Bstb sbrvemea maitfræ mai bc pbrsaifc lådema y pfrflådema ibmbsfrea y bstfræ sukbta f cf rbncflbitfmeýi demtfdf par bc Leiestbrea db Trf`fka y Blpcba y supbrvenecfda par bc Leiestbrea db ]fcud? y, =. ]e bi bc maimbpta dbc lådema a db cf pbrsaif bimfrnfdf dbc sbrvemea, sbnûi bc mfsa, ia sb pudebrf praparmeaifr fc trf`fkfdar cf fsestb fsestbimef imef qub prbmesf, bi bc cunfr db trf`fka, ardbifræ bc trfscfda dbc trf`fkfdar, f masta dbc blpcbfdar, f cf uiedfd lådemf dbc EB]] a fc mbitra lådema læs mbrmfia dbc cunfr dbc trf`fka, pfrf cf praitf y apartuif ftbimeýi. Bi bc frtìmuca 4=: sb bstf`cbmbi cfs iarlfs f sbnuer par cas blpcbfdarbs mai vestfs f canrfr ui mulpcelebita bgbmteva bgbmteva dbc frtìmuca =7 =722 dbc Mýdena db Trf Trf`fka `fka db garlf tfc 87
qub sb bstf`cbmb qub bi tada mbitra cf`arfc eidbpbidebitblbitb dbc iûlbra db trf`fkfdarbs bs a`cenftaref cf bxestbimef db ui `atequìi, bstf`cbmeåidasb qub bi bc mfsa db qub bc iûlbra db trf`fkfdarbs bxmbdf cas 02 blpcbfdas db`bræ fmaidemeaifrsb ui camfc dbsteifda f cf bigbrlbrìf, se bc iûlbra db pbrsaifc bxmbdb cas 6:: trf`fkfdarbs fdblæs dbc camfc dbsteifda f cf bigbrlbrìf sb db`bræ maitfr mai pbrsaifc lådema y pfrflådema mai bc a`kbteva db `reidfr ui sbrvemea db lbdemeif prbvbitevf y prelbras fuxeceas bi mfsa db fmmedbitb cf`arfc, talæidasb bi mubitf qub db ia sbr sugemebitb mai cfs lbdedfs fitbrearbs pfrf `reidfr uif ftbimeýi lbdemf bgbmtevf sb prambdbræ fc trfscfda dbc trf`fkfdar f mubitf dbc blpcbfdar db garlf eilbdeftf f cf uiedfd lådemf dbc EB]] læs mbrmfif fc mbitra cf`arfc. Pbncflbita pfrf bc guimeaiflebita db cas sbrvemeas lådemas db blprbsfs Frt. 4.- Cfs blprbsfs mai mebi a læs trf`fkfdarbs arnfiezfræi a`cenftareflbitb cas ]brvemeas Lådemas mai cf pcfitf pcfitf gìsemf fdbmufdf, bc pbrsaifc lådema a pfrflådema qub sb dbtbrleif bi bc prbsbitb Pbncflbita. Bc frtìmuca 4 dbc rbncflbita pfrf bc guimeaiflebita db cas sbrvemeas lådemas db blprbsfs rbfgerlf cf a`cenftarebdfd pfrf cas blpcbfdarbs qub maitrftbi læs db 6:: trf`fkfdarbs bi pradummeýi db arnfiezfr marrbmtflbitb ui sbrvemea lådema qub mubitb mai pbrsaifc mfcegemfda tfc y mala qubdý bxpubsta bi bc frtìmuca 4=: marrbspaidebitb f cf fsestbimef lådemf y gfrlfmåutemf. Pbncflbita db sbnuredfd y sfcud db cas trf`fkfdarbs y lbkarflebita dbc lbdea fl`ebitb db trf`fka Frt. 67.- DB CA] ]BPWEMEA] LÅDEMA] DB CF BLZPB]F.- Cas blpcbfdarbs db`bræi dfr bstremta mulpcelebita f cf a`cenfmeýi bstf`cbmedf bi bc Frt. 402 (4=:) dbc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka y su Pbncflbita. Cas sbrvemeas lådemas db cf blprbsf prapbidbræi f cf lutuf macf`arfmeýi mai cas sbrvemeas db ]bnuredfd b Henebib dbc Trf`fka. Mala qubdf bxpubsta bi bc frtìmuca 67 Pbncflbita db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud db cas Trf`fkfdarbs y Lbkarflebita dbc Lbdea Fl`ebitb db Trf`fka cas sbrvemeas lådemas 8>
db`bræi bvfcufr maiteiuflbitb cf sfcud db cas blpcbfdas mai bc a`kbteva db dbtbmtfr mufcquebr fctbrfmeýi f cf sfcud db cas leslas y dfr uif praitf eigarlfmeýi f cas sbrvemeas db ]bnuredfd b Henebib dbc Trf`fka bi mfsa db qub sb veacbi cfs lbdedfs db sbnuredfd bi cas camfcbs bi cas qub sb rbfcezfi cfs fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs mala qubdf bxpubsta bi bi bc frtìmu frtìmuca ca 4=7 db dbcc Mýdena db Trf`fka a db ia bxester cas bcblbita brnaiýlemas qub nfrfitembi uif marrbmtf lfiepucfmeýi db cf lfqueifref a hbrrflebitfs par pfrtb db cas blpcbfdas mala sb bspbmegemf bi bc frtìmuca 402 dbc lesla mubrpa cbnfc. Frt. 4>. Pbncflbita db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud db cas Trf`fkfdarbs y Lbkarflebita dbc Lbdea Fl`ebitb db Trf`fka. BLZPB]F] MAI ]BPWEMEA LÅDEMA.- Bi cfs blprbsfs a`cenfdfs f maistetuer ]brvemea Lådema futýiala a lfimaluifda, sbræ åstb bc bimfrnfda db prbstfr cas prelbras fuxeceas f cas trf`fkfdarbs qub ca rbquebrfi, par fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd, durfitb su pbrlfibimef bi bc mbitra db trf`fka, db maigarledfd mai ca bstf`cbmeda bi bc Pbncflbita db ]brvemea Lådema db cf Blprbsf. Bc frtìmuca 4> marrbspaidebitb fc Pbncflbita db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud db cas Trf`fkfdarbs y Lbkarflebita dbc Lbdea Fl`ebitb db Trf`fka bstf`cbmb cf a`cenftarebdfd db cfs blprbsfs mai læs db 6:: blpcbfdas f `reidfr cas sbrvemeas db prelbras fuxeceas par fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs bi cfs ærbfs db sfcud malprbidedfs dbitra db cf blprbsf y mai bc pbrsaifc lådema y pfrflådema dbsteifda f laietarbfr db garlf pbrlfibitb cf sfcud db cas blpcbfdas. Bi ca rbgbrbitb f eidbliezfmeaib eidbliezfmeaibss bc Mýdena db ttrf`fka rf`fka bxprbsf qub; Frt. =2:.- Dbrbmha Dbr bmha f eidbliezfmeýi.- Bc ddbrbmha brbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi malprbidb f tadf mcfsb db trf`fkfdarbs, sfcva ca despubsta bi bc frtìmuca =2= db bstb Mýdena. Bs mcfra bc Mýdena db Trf`fka bi bstf despasemeýi cbnfc, fc sböfcfr bc dbrbmha qub tebib bc trf`fkfdar f rbmcflfr f su blpcbfdar uif eidbliezfmeýi par prbstfmeaibs pravbiebitbs db rebsnas db trf`fka, seblprb y mufida ia sb bimubitrb fgecefda fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc EB]].
88
Frt. =:=.- Eidbliezfmeaibs.- Bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc ftbidbræ f cfs eidbliezfmeaibs par fmmedbitbs y dblæs prbstfmeaibs f qub tuvebrbi dbrbmha cas apbrfreas, par lbdea db cas gaidas sböfcfdas bi cf Cby db Dbgbisf dbc Frtbsfia y cas qub bi ca sumbseva sb fsenifrbi pfrf bc bgbmta Bc frtìmuca =:= prbmesf qub sb db`b mfimbcfr cfs eidbliezfmeaibs db fqubccas apbrfreas qub bstuvebsbi fsbnurfdas bi bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc EB]] sbnûi cas gaidas sböfcfdas bi cf Cby db Dbgbisf dbc Frtbsfia, cas lelas qub db`bi sbr mu`ebrtas par bc bstfda0. Cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc bstf`cbmb qub; Frt. =.- Pebsnas mu`ebrtas.- Bc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea pratbnbræ f sus fgecefdas a`cenfdas maitrf cfs maiteinbimefs qub fgbmtbi su mfpfmedfd db trf`fka y cf a`tbimeýi db ui einrbsa fmardb mai su fmtevedfd hf`etufc, bi mfsas db; g) Bigbrlbdfd? n) Lftbriedfd? h) Pebsnas dbc trf`fka? e) Wbkbz, lubrtb, b eivfcedbz, qub eimcuyb desmfpfmedfd? y, k) Mbsfitìf. Bc ]bnura ]amefc Mflpbseia agrbmbræ prbstfmeaibs db sfcud y, qub eimcuyb lftbriedfd, f sus fgecefdas, y pratbnbræ fc kbgb db gflecef maitrf cfs maiteinbimefs db vbkbz, lubrtb, b eivfcedbz, qub eimcuyb desmfpfmedfd.
0
Frt. 06.- ]ai gaidas dbc ]bnura dbc Frtbsfia; f) Bc fpartb pbrsaifc dbc amha par mebita db cf rbitf cìquedf db mfdf frtbsfia. Cf rbmfudfmeýi db bstb fpartb sb rbfcezfræ db fmubrda mai bc Pbncflbita qub, fc bgbmta, demtb bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc? `) Bc fpartb bstftfc dbc trbmb par mebita db cf rbitf cìquedf dbc frtbsfia, qub sb malputfræ y pfnfræ fiufclbitb mai mfrna f cf pfrtedf dbc Zrbsupubsta dbc Bstfda, qub sb mrbfræ pfrf bc bgbmta? y, m) Cfs prelfs dbc ]bnura db Fmmedbitbs dbc Trf`fka y Bigbrlbdfdbs Zragbseaifcbs qub sbræi pfnfdfs par bc Bstfda y qub sb gekfræi par bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, db fmubrda mai bc demtflbi db su Dbpfrtflbita Lftblætema Fmtufrefc, f `fsb db tfregfs qub mu`rfi cfs prbstfmeaibs, cas mfpetfcbs maistetutevas db cfs rbitfs cìquedfs y cas nfstas fdleiestrftevas. Cfs prelfs sb gekfræi bi praparmeýi fc laita db cas subcdas y sfcfreas, f cas rebsnas eihbrbitbs f cf frtbsfiìf y f cf fmtevedfd pbmucefr dbc trf`fkfdar. 85
Zfrf cas bgbmtas dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea, cf pratbmmeýi maitrf cf maiteinbimef db desmfpfmedfd sb mulpceræ f trfvås dbc sbnura db eivfcedbz. Bi bc frtìmuca = db cf cby db sbnuredfd samefc sb dbtfccfi cas rebsnas mu`ebrtas par EB]] f cas blpcbfdas fgecefdas bi su tatfcedfd f demhf eistetumeýi bi mfsa db qub fcnuif db bstfs maiteinbimefs fgbmtb cf mfpfmedfd db trf`fka y cf a`tbimeýi db ui einrbsa fmardb mai su fmtevedfd hf`etufc, bspbmegemæidasb tfl`eåi qub bc ]bnura ]amefc Mflpbseia mu`reræ db garlf selecfr cas rebsnas qub pubdfi fgbmtfr f sus fgecefdas. Bc Frt. 0 db cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc dbtbrleif quebibs pubdbi sacemetfr pratbmmeýi db ]bnura ]amefc; Frt. 0.- ]RKBTA] DB ZPATBMMEAI.- ]ai sukbtas "a`cenfdas f sacemetfr cf pratbmmeýi" dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea, bi mfcedfd db fgecefdas, tadfs cfs pbrsaifs qub pbrme`bi einrbsas par cf bkbmumeýi db uif a`rf a cf prbstfmeýi db ui sbrvemea gìsema a eitbcbmtufc, mai rbcfmeýi cf`arfc a sei bccf? bi pfrtemucfr; f. Bc trf`fkfdar bi rbcfmeýi db dbpbidbimef? `. Bc trf`fkfdar tr f`fkfdar futýiala? m. Bc pragbseaifc bi ce`rb bkbrmemea? d. Bc fdleiestrfdar a pftraia db ui ibnamea? b. Bc duböa db uif blprbsf uiepbrsaifc? g. Bc lbiar trf`fkfdar eidbpbidebitb? eidbpbidebitb? y, n. Cas dblæs fsbnurfdas a`cenfdas fc rånelbi dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea bi vertud db cbybs y dbmrbtas bspbmefcbs….“
]ai sukbtas a`cenfdas f sacemetfr cf pratbmmeýi dbc rånelbi bspbmefc dbc ]bnura ]amefc Mflpbseia, cas trf`fkfdarbs qub sb dbdemfi f cf pbsmf frtbsfifc y bc hf`etfitb rurfc qub cf`arf "hf`etufclbitb" bi bc mflpa, par mubitf prapef a db cf maluiedfd f cf qub pbrtbibmb, qub ia rbme`b rbluibrfmeaibs db ui blpcbfdar pû`cema a prevfda y tflpama maitrftf f pbrsaifs bxtrföfs f cf maluiedfd a f tbrmbras pfrf qub rbfcembi fmtevedfdbs bmaiýlemfs `fka su dbpbidbimef dbpbidbimef.. 5:
Bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka fdblæs bxprbsf bi su frtìmuca =2=; Frt. =2=.- Eidbliezfmeaibs f mfrna dbc blpcbfdar.- Bc blpcbfdar bstæ a`cenfda f mu`rer cfs eidbliezfmeaibs y prbstfmeaibs bstf`cbmedfs bi bstb Tìtuca, bi tada mfsa db fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, seblprb qub bc trf`fkfdar ia sb hfccfrb malprbideda dbitra dbc rånelbi dbc ]bnura ]amefc y pratbneda par åstb, sfcva cas mfsas maitblpcfdas bi bc frtìmuca senuebitb. Bc frtìmuca =2= db Madegemfmeýi Mýdena dbc Trf`fka bi ca rbgbrbitb f cfs eidbliezfmeaibs f mfrna dbc blpcbfdar bstf`cbmb qub bc blpcbfda qub sugrebsb fmmedbitb cf`arfc a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc sei sbr fgecefda fc EB]] db`bræ sbr eidbliezfda par bc blpcbfdar bi ui 6::%, sfcva qub cfs mfusfs demha fmmedbitb cf`arfc a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc marrbspaidfi f uif fmtetud db daca a elprudbimef tblbrfref dbc fgecefda, a bigbrlbdfdbs bxmcuedfs bi bc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka mala mfusfs db eimfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka. Cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc bi su frtìmuca 627 eidemf mcfrflbitb qub; Frt. 627.- Maiteinbimefs mu`ebrtfs.- Bc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka mu`rb tadf cbseýi marparfc y tada bstfda lýr`eda areneifda mai amfseýi a par maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka qub rbfcezf bc fgecefda, eimcuedas cas qub sb areneibi durfitb cas dbspcfzflebitas bitrb su dalemecea y cunfr db trf`fka. Ia bstæi flpfrfdas cas fmmedbitbs qub sb areneibi par daca a elprudbimef tblbrfref dbc fgecefda, ie cfs bigbrlbdfdbs bxmcuedfs bi bc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka mala mfusfs db eimfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka. Bc frtìmuca 627 marrbspaidebitb f cfs maiteinbimefs mu`ebrtfs db cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc dbtbrleif qub cas blpcbfdas fgecefdas fc EB]] maitfræi mai cf ma`brturf tatfc fitb cbseaibs marparfcbs u bstfdas lýr`edas mala maisbmubimef db bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs a fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs bi maimardfimef mai ca qub despaib bc Frt. 0 dbc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, mai cf sfcvbdfd qub demhfs 56
cbseaibs a bstfda sbfi maisbmubimef derbmtf db fmtetudbs fmtet udbs db daca, elprudbimef tblbrfref a bigbrlbdfdbs bxmcuedfs bi bc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka mala mfusfs db eimfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka, . ]a`rb cf bxbimeýi db cfs rbspaisf` r bspaisf`ecedfdbs ecedfdbs bc Mýdena db Trf`fka bstepucf qub; Frt. =24.- Bxbimeýi db rbspaisf`ecedfd.- Bc blpcbfdar qubdfræ bxbita db tadf rbspaisf`ecedfd par cas fmmedbitbs dbc trf`fka; t rf`fka; 6. Mufida hu`ebrb seda pravamfda eitbimeaifclbitb par cf vìmtelf a sb pradukbrb bxmcusevflbitb par mucpf nrfvb db cf leslf? 0. Mufida sb db`ebrb f gubrzf lfyar bxtrföf fc trf`fka, bitbideåidasb par tfc cf qub ia nufrdf ieinuif rbcfmeýi mai bc bkbrmemea db cf pragbseýi a trf`fka db qub sb trftb? y, =. Pbspbmta db cas dbrbmhahf`ebitbs db cf vìm vìmtelf telf qub hfyfi pravamfda vacuitfreflbitb bc fmmedbitb u amfseaiæidaca par su mucpf nrfvb, ûiemflbitb bi ca qub f bsta sb rbgebrb y sei pbrkuemea db cf rbspaisf`ecedfd pbifc f qub hu`ebrb cunfr. Cf prub`f db cfs bxmbpmeaibs sböfcfdfs bi bstb frtìmuca marrbspaidb fc blpcbfdar . Bc frtìmuca =24 marrbspaidebitb f bxbimeýi db rbspaisf`ecedfd db cf madegemfmeýi mýdena dbc trf`fka dbtfccf qub bc blpcbfdar qubdfræ bxbita db tadf rbspaisf`ecedfd par cas fmmedbitbs dbc trf`fka db prbsbitfr prub`fs qub dblubstrbi cf bxestbimef db daca a mfusfs fkbifs f cf fmtevedfd cf`arfc dbsblpböfdf mala mfusfitbs dbc fmmedbitb. Frt. =22.- Elprudbimef pragbseaifc.pragbs eaifc.- Cf elprudbimef pragbseaifc, a sbf cf qub bs maisbmubimef db cf maigefizf qub eisperf bc bkbrmemea hf`etufc dbc trf`fka, ia bxelb fc blpcbfdar db rbspaisf`ecedfd. Bc frtìmuca =22 marrbspaidebitb fc fspbmta db elprudbimef pragbseaifc bi cf madegemfmeýi Mýdena dbc Trf`fka pcfitbf qub db sbr cf mfusf dbc fmmedbitb cf`arfc cf elprudbimef pragbseaifc a bxmbsa db maigefizf par pfrtb dbc blpcbfda, bc blpcbfdar db`bræ fsuler cfs eidbliezfmeaibs marrbspaidebitbs fc mfsa. 50
Frt. =27.- ]bnura gfmuctfteva.- Bc blpcbfdar bi bc mfsa db trf`fkfdarbs ia sukbtas fc rånelbi dbc ]bnura ]amefc A`cenftarea db Pebsnas, padræ maitrftfr ui sbnura gfmuctfteva f su mfrna, maistetueda f gfvar db sus trf`fkfdarbs, bi cf prapef eistetumeýi a bi uuif if malpföìf a mufcquebr eistetumeýi selecfr cbnfclbitb bstf`cbmedf, seblprb qub cfs eidbliezfmeaibs ia sbfi eigbrearbs f cfs qub prbsmre`b bstb Mýdena. ]e ia surtebrb bgbmta tfc sbnura, su`sesteræ bc dbrbmha db cas trf`fkfdarbs a db sus dbrbmhahf`ebitbs maitrf bc blpcbfdar. Bc frtìmuca =27 marrbspaidebitb fc sbnura gfmuctfteva db cf madegemfmeýi Mýdena dbc Trf`fka bstf`cbmb qub bi mfsa db qub cas blpcbfdas ia bståi fgecefdas fc EB]] bc blpcbfdar pubdf maitrftfr ui sbnura gfmuctfteva muyfs eidbliezfmeaibs ia sbfi eigbrearbs f cfs bstepucfdfs par bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka. Bc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, ia maisedbrf fmmedbitb db trf`fka mufida; Frt. 66.- Pebsnas Bxmcuedas.- Ia sb maisedbrfi fmmedbitb fmmedbitb db trf`fka; f) ]e bc fgecefda sb hfccfrb bi bstfda db bl`refnubz a `fka cf fmmeýi db mufcquebr týxema, dranf a sustfimef psematrýpemf, f bxmbpmeýi db cas mfsas pradumedas lfcemeasflbitb par tbrmbras mai geibs dacasas, mufida bc fmmedbitfda sbf sukbta pfseva dbc seiebstra a mufida bc týxema pravbinf db cf prapef fmtevedfd qub dbsblpböf bc fgecefda y qub sbf cf mfusf dbc fmmedbitb? `) ]e bc fgecefda eitbimeaifclbitb, par sì a vfceåidasb db atrf pbrsaif, mfusfrb cf eimfpfmedfd? m) ]e bc fmmedbitb bs bc rbsuctfda db fcnuif reöf, kubna a eitbita db suemedea? sfcva bc mfsa db qub bc fmmedbitfda sbf sukbta pfseva bi bc kubna a bi cf reöf y qub sb bimubitrb bi mulpcelebita db sus fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs? d) ]e bc seiebstra gubrb rbsuctfda db ui dbceta par bc qub hu`ebrb sbitbimef maidbiftaref maitrf bc fsbnurfda? y,
5=
b) Mufida sb db`ebrb f mermuistfimefs db mfsa gartueta a db gubrzf lfyar, maigarlb cfs dbgeiemeaibs dbc Mýdena Mevec, bxtrföf fc trf`fka, bitbideåidasb mala tfc cf qub ia nufrdb ieinuif rbcfmeýi mai mai bc bkbrmemea db cf fmtevedfd cf`arfc. Bc Mýdena db trf`fka gfmuctf qub sb pubdbi rbmcflfr
f tbrmbras mfusfitbs db ui
fmmedbitb; Frt. =2>.- Pbspaisf`ecedfd db tbrmbras.- ]ei pbrkuemea db cf rbspaisf`ecedfd dbc blpcbfdar, cf vìmtelf dbc fmmedbitb a quebibs tbinfi dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi, padræi rbmcflfrcf bi garlf tatfc db cas tbrmbras mfusfitbs dbc fmmedbitb, mai frrbnca fc dbrbmha malûi. Cf eidbliezfmeýi qub sb rbme`f db tbrmbras ce`brf fc blpcbfdar db su rbspaisf`ecedfd bi cf pfrtb qub bc tbrmbra mfusfitb dbc fmmedbitb sbf a`cenfda f pfnfr. Cf fmmeýi maitrf tbrmbras pubdb sbr bkbrmedf par bc blpcbfdar f su mastf y f ial`rb db cf vìmtelf a fc db cas qub tebibi dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi, se bccas ia cf hu`ebrbi dbdumeda dbitra dbc pcfza db trbeitf dìfs, maitfdas dbsdb cf gbmhf dbc fmmedbitb. Bc frtìmuca =2> marrbspaidebitb f cf rbspaisf`ecedfd db tbrmbras db cf madegemfmeýi Mýdena dbc Trf`fka prbmesf qub bc blpcbfdar qubdf bxbita db fsuler cf rbspaisf`ecedfd db eidbliezfmeaibs par fmmedbitbs mfusfdas par tbrmbras pudebida bkbmutfr fmmeaibs cbnfcbs maitrf cas leslas bi ial`rb db cf vìmtelf se cf pfrtb fgbmtfdf ia cfs ccbvfsb f mf`a bi ui pbreada db =: =: dìfs dbsdb cf gbmhf dbc fmm fmmedbitb. edbitb. Frt. =5>.- Zrbstfmeýi db prelbras fuxeceas.- Fui mufida bc fmmedbitb pravbinf db gubrzf lfyar bxtrföf fc trf`fka, se fmfbmb bi bc cunfr bi qub åstb sb bkbmutf, bc blpcbfdar db`b prbstfr cas prelbras fuxeceas. ]e ia ca hfmb, sb cb elpaidræ uif luctf db amha f mufrbitf dýcfrbs db cas Bstfdas Riedas db Flåremf bi `bibgemea dbc trf`fkfdar. Bc frtìmuca =5> marrbspaidebitb f cf prbstfmeýi db prelbras fuxeceas db cf madegemfmeýi Mýdena dbc Trf`fka bstf`cbmb qub bs a`cenftarea pfrf bc blpcbfdar prbstfr cas prelbras fuxeceas f cas blpcbfdas qub hfyfi sugreda fcnuif cbseýi bi cfs eistfcfmeaibs 54
marrbspaidebitbs fc mbitra cf`arfc sei talfrsb bi mubitf qub cf pase`cb mfusf db cf leslf sb marrbspaidf f bcblbitas fkbias f cf fmtevedfd cf`arfc dbsblpböfdf par bc blpcbfda.
=.7. MALE]EÝI MFCEGEMFDAPF DB PEB]NA] Bc mýdena db trf`fka bi su frtìmuca 4:4 bxprbsf qub; Frt. 4:4.- Eitbnrfmeýi db cfs maleseaibs.- Bi cas cunfrbs bi qub bc Leiestbrea db Trf`fka y Blpcba mrbybrb maivbiebitb guimeaifræi maleseaibs mfcegemfdarfs db rebsnas, malpubstfs par bc eispbmtar dbc trf`fka, se ca hu`ebrb, a db ui dbcbnfda dbc Derbmtar Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka, qub hfræ db Zrbsedbitb db cf maleseýi? db ui lådema dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, y db ui lådema luiemepfc. F gfctf db mufcquebrf db bstas das gfmuctftevas, cf Derbmmeýi Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka dbsenifræ bc sustetuta. Bc frtìmuca 4:4 marrbspaidebitb f cf eitbnrfmeýi db cfs maleseaibs db cf madegemfmeýi mýdena dbc trf`fka bstf`cbmb bstf`cbmb cf maigarlfmeýi db maleseaibs mfcegemf mfcegemfdarfs darfs db rebsnas par ui dbcbnfda dbc Derbmtar Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka pfrf su derbmmeýi, ui lådema dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, y ui lådema luiemepfc, pudebida sbr sustetuedas cas gfmuctftevas par bc pbrsaifc qub fsì ca despusebsb cf Derbmmeýi Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka. Frt. 4:2.- Eigarlbs db cfs maleseaibs.- Fdblæs db cfs atrfs ftre`umeaibs maigbredfs par bstb Mýdena, sbræ db malpbtbimef db cf Maleseýi Mfcegemfdarf eigarlfr fitb cas kubmbs y futaredfdbs fdleiestrftevfs, bi tada kuemea a rbmcflfmeýi latevfdas par rebsnas dbc trf`fka, fmbrmf db cf ifturfcbzf db cfs bigbrlbdfdbs a cbseaibs sugredfs y mcfsb db eimfpfmedfd supbrvbiebitb. Bstb eigarlb sbræ cf `fsb pfrf dbtbrleifr cf rbspaisf`ecedfd dbc blpcbfdar, db maigarledfd mai cf prbsmrepmeýi db bstb tìtuca. Bi mfsa db lubrtb `fstfræ bc eigarlb dbc lådema qub ftbideý fc pfmebitb, eigarlb qub padræ sbr rbvesfda par cf Maleseýi Mfcegemfdarf se bc kubz ca mrbybrb ibmbsfrea. 52
Bc frtìmuca 4:2 marrbspaidebitb f cas eigarlbs db cfs maleseaibs db cf madegemfmeýi mýdena dbc trf`fka prbmesf qub eidbpbidebitblbitb db cfs ftre`umeaibs dbc mýdena db trf`fka cf maleseýi mfcegemfdarf db`bræ eigarlfr f kubmbs y futaredfdbs fdleiestrftevfs bi tada prambsa cbnfc latevfda par rebsnas dbc trf`fka sa`rb cfs bigbrlbdfdbs, cbseaibs a eimfpfmedfdbs qub fgbmtfi fc blpcbfda pfrf canrfr dbtbrleifr mai bxfmtetud bc nrfda db rbspaisf`ecedfd dbc blpcbfdar, bi mfsa db lubrtb sbræ sugemebitb mai bc eigarlb dbc lådema qub ftbideý fc pfmebitb. Bs elpartfitb sböfcfr, sböfcfr, qub bs prub`f db dbtbrleifitb tbrleifitb dbitra db ui prambsa prambsa par Pebsna Pebsnass db Trf`fka, sbf bstb fdleiestrfteva a kudemefc, bc eigarlb db cf maleseýi, yf yf qub bi bi `fsb fc fc mufc cas Eispbmtarbs db Trf`fka y Kubmbs db ca Cf`arfc, padræi dbtbrleifr bc pfna db cfs eidbliezfmeaibs par rebsnas, bi vestf qub cf gfctf db fgecefmeýi dbtbrleif yf rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc. Frt. 4:7.- Maleseaibs bspbmefcbs.- Bi cas cunfrbs bi qub ia hu`ebrb Maleseýi Mfcegemfdarf, sb maistetueræ uif maleseýi bspbmefc malpubstf par uia a læs gfmuctftevas a pbrsaifs bitbidedfs bi cf lftbref db cf rbmcflfmeýi, dbsenifdas par bc kubz a futaredfd qub maiazmf dbc fsuita. Bc frtìmuca 4:7 marrbspaidebitb f cfs maleseaibs bspbmefcbs, bc mýdena dbc trf`fka dbtbrleif qub db ia bxester uif Maleseýi Mfcegemfdarf cf leslf sbræ maigarlfdf par uia a læs gfmuctftevas a pbrsaifs bitbidedfs bi cf lftbref db cf rbmcflfmeýi, prbvef dbsenifmeýi dbc kubz a futaredfd malpbtbitb. Bs ibmbsfrea rbsfctfr cf elpartfimef qub hf dfda iubstrf cbnescfmeýi fc eigarlb db cfs maleseaibs pfrf dbtbrleifr bc nrfda db rbspaisf`ecedfd, qub eimcusevb sb hf gfmuctfda bi mfsa db ia bxester maleseýi dbsenib cf rbspaisf`ecedfd, futaredfd qub maiazmf maiazmf bc prambsa prambsa f cas lebl`ras db cf maleseý maleseýii bspbmefc pfrf a`tbibr ui eigarlb tåmiema qub fyudb f cf rbsacumeýi db mfsa. Zbra bstf mfpfmedfd cbnfc qub cb atarnf cf cby fc kubz a futaredfd, sb padrìf ccbnfr f lf lfcc eitbrprbtfr qub bitrb cf futaredfd futaredfd qub rbsubcvb bc prambsa db rebsnas db trf`fka mai cas lebl`ras db cf Maleseýi Bspbmefc, par ca qub sbrìf elpartfitb qub f gfctf g fctf db Maleseýi Mfcegemfdarf db Pebsnas sb tal talbb pragbseaifcbs db cfs cestfs db pbretas dbc Maisbka db cf Kudemfturf, mai ca mufc sb bvetfrìf cf dbsenifmeýi f mretbrea db cf futaredfd qub rbsubcvb bc prambsa. Frt. 4:>.- Guidflbita db cas eigarlbs.- Cas eigarlbs pbremefcbs sb `fsfræi bi bxælbibs mcìiemas malpcbtas y, se gubsb lbibstbr, bi 57
bxælbibs db cf`arftarea y bcbmtra mfrdeacýnemas. Zar ca tfita, cf maleseýi mfcegemfdarf db`bræ aìr, f su vbz, bc demtflbi db lådemas bspbmefcezfdas, a dbc despbisfrea læs prýxela db cf Derbmmeýi dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db ]fcud Eidevedufc y Gflecefr dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc. Bc frtìmuca 4:> marrbspaidebitb fc guidflbita db cas eigarlbs db cfs maleseaibs, sai bvedbitblbitb tåmiemas, `fsf `fsfdas das bi bxælb bxælbibs ibs mcìiemas pravb pravbiebitbs iebitbs db cf Maleseýi Mfcegemfdarf db rebsnas y f su gfctf ca rbfcezfrf lådemas bspbm bspbmefcezfdas efcezfdas qub hfyfi seda seda dbsenifdas par bc kubz a futaredfd qub maiazmf bc prambsa. Frt. 4:8.- Maleseaibs mbitrfcbs db mfcegemfmeýi.- Bi Vueta, Nufyfquec, Mubimf y Fl`fta guimeaifræi maleseaibs mbitrfcbs db mfcegemfmeýi, malpubstfs; cf db Vueta, par bc Derbmtar Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka, qub hfræ db Zrbsedbitb db cf Maleseýi? par bc Derbmtar Nbibrfc dbc Dbpfrtflbita Lådema dbc ]bnura ]amefc a su dbcbnfda, y par ui pragbseaifc lådema dbc Dbpfrtflbita db ]bnuredfd b Henebib dbc Trf`fka? y cfs db Nufyfquec, Mubimf y Fl`fta, par bc Derbmtar Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka, qub cf prbsederæ? par bc Derbmtar Pbneaifc dbc Dbpfrtflbita Lådema a su dbcbnfda, y par ui pragbseaifc lådema dbc Dbpfrtflbita db ]bnuredfd b Henebib dbc Trf`fka. Bc frtìmuca 4:8 dbc Mýdena db Trf`f Trf`fka ka bstf`cbm bstf`cbmbb cf mai maigarlfmeýi garlfmeýi db db cfs maleseaibs maleseaibs mbitrfcbs db mfcegemfmeýi mfcegemfmeýi db Pebsnas db Trf`fka, mulpcebida mulpcebida cf garlfcedfd cbnfc cbnfc bi su eitbnrfmeýi y pa parr tfita db`bi db`bi bstfr ei eitbnrfdfs tbnrfdfs mala bstf`cb cf Cby f degbrbimef db cf Maleseaibs Bspbmefcbs Bspbmefcbs qub sai ddbsenifdfs bsenifdfs f mretbrea db cf futaredfd futaredfd qub maiazm maiazmff bc prambsa. Frt. 4:5.- Ftre`umeaibs db cfs maleseaibs mbitrfcbs.- Cfs maleseaibs mbitrfcbs db mfcegemfmeýi, fdblæs db cfs ftre`umeaibs puitufcezfdfs bi cas frtìmucas fitbrearbs, tbidræi cfs senuebitbs; 6. Demtfleifr fitb bc Leiestra db Trf`fka y Blpcba pfrf cf rbveseýi
qub åstb hfræ, sbnûi rbncflbita, db cf cestf db bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs y dbc mufdra vfcarfteva db desleiumeýi db mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka? 5>
0. F`sacvbr cfs maisuctfs db cfs dblæs maleseaibs mfcegemfdarfs y db
cfs futaredfdbs dbc trf`fka bi cas mfsas db asmuredfd a dbsfmubrda bi cf fpcemfmeýi db cfs despasemeaibs db bstb tìtuca? y, =. Pbvesfr, f pbtemeýi db cf pfrtb qub sb mrbybrb pbrkudemfdf, bc
eigarlb db cf Maleseýi Mfcegemfdarf a db cas gfmuctftevas dbsenifdas par bc kubz a par cf futaredfd qub maiazmf dbc fsuita, db fmubrda mai bc frtìmuca 4:7 db bstb Mýdena, mufida cf mufitìf db cf dblfidf bxmbdebrb db R] $ 0:: dýcfrbs db cas Bstfdas Riedas db Flåremf. 4. Zfrf bstas geibs, cfs maleseaibs tbidræi malpbtbimef bi cfs
rbspbmtevfs kuresdemmeaibs dbtbrleifdfs bi bc frtìmuca 2=5 db bstb Mýdena. Bc frtìmuca 4:5 marrbspaidebitb f cfs ftre`umeaibs db cfs maleseaibs mbitrfcbs db cf madegemfmeýi mýdena dbc trf`fka prbmesf qub bitrb cfs ftre`umeaibs marrbspaidebitbs f cfs maleseaibs mbitrfcbs db mfcegemfmeýi sb bimubitrfi bc demtflbi fitb bc Leiestra db Trf`fka y Blpcba db cf cestf db bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs y dbc mufdra vfcarfteva db desleiumeýi db mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka, sb atarnf cf mfpfmedfd db f`sacvbr maisuctfs pfrf tbibr ui mretbrea mretbrea uiegemfda db cas bi cf fpcemfmeýi db cf iarlftevf db rebsnas db trf`fka? y, rbveseýi bi mfsa mfsa db rbqubreleb rbqubrelebita ita dbc eigarlb db cf Maleseýi Maleseýi bspbmefc bspbmefc qub sai dbsenifdas par bc kubz a par cf futaredfd qub maiaz maiazmf mf dbc fsuita, trftfida qub cf maleseýi bspbmefc mulpcf mai cas pfrælbtras qub lbkf cf Maleseýi mfcegemfmeýi dbc EB]] y db bsf lfibrf pratbnbr fc trf`fkfdar qub hfyf sugreda ui fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc. Frt. 255.- Gfctf db maleseaibs mfcegemfdarfs db rebsnas.- Db ia bxester maleseaibs mfcegemfdarfs db rebsnas, bc kubz, bi cf pravedbimef bi qub ardbib metfr fc dblfidfda, ial`rfræ pbretas qub rbmaiazmfi b eigarlbi sa`rb cf ifturfcbzf db cf bigbrlbdfd a cbseaibs, arenbi db cfs leslfs y bstfda db su bvacumeýi. ]b prambdbræ, bi ca dblæs, maigarlb fc frtìmuca fitbrear.
58
Bc frtìmuca 255 ddbc bc Mýdena db Trf`f Trf`fka, ka, sb bimubitrf
dbitra db db mfpetuca dbc
prambdelebita db cas prambsas kudemefcbs cf`arfcbs y qub dbtbrleif qub bi cf pravedbimef db mfcegemfmeýi db cf dblfidf db`b ial`rfr pbretas bimfrnfdas bimfrnfdas db rbmaiambr b eigarlfr sa`rb cf ifturfcbzf db cfs bigbrlbdfdbs a cbseaibs pradumta db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs, cf`arfcbs, cas leslas db`bi sbr db dbcc cestfda dbc Maisbka ddbb cf kudemfturf mala ca sböfcf bc Frt. > db cf Iarlftevf qub Penb Haiarfreas db cas Zbretas bi cf Guimeýi Kudemefc= y ia mala ca sböfcf bc Frt. 4:7 dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka. Frt. =87.- Dbiuimef dbc fmmedbitb a db cf bigbrlbdfd.- Bc blpcbfdar, cf vìmtelf a sus rbprbsbitfitbs a cas dbrbmhahf`ebitbs dbc gfccbmeda, db`bræi dbiuimefr bc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd fitb bc eispbmtar dbc trf`fka. Cf dbiuimef padræ sbr vbr`fc a bsmretf. ]e bs vbr`fc, demhf futaredfd cf paidræ par bsmreta bi ui ui ce`ra qub ccbvfræ ffcc bgbmta. Bc frtìmuca =87 lfiegebstf qub ia bs ibmbsfrea sbr bc fgbmtfda pfrf dbiuimefr bc fmmedbitb db trf`fka, pubdb hfmbrca su pftraia, cas rbprbsbitfitbs cbnfcbs bi mfsa db sbr lbiar db bdfd, sus dbrbmhahf`ebitbs bi mfsa db bstfr mfsfda a maivever bi uieýi ce`rb fsì mala sus hekas.
=.>. EIDBLIE[FMEÝI ZAP FMMEDBITB DB TPF@FKA U BIGBPLBDFD ZPAGB]EAIFC Bc Mýdena db trf`fka bi ca rbgbrbitb f cfs eidbliezfmeaibs par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka bstf`cbmb qub; Frt. =55.- Zrahe`emeýi db bifkbifr.- Cas dbrbmhas qub cfs despasemeaibs db bstb tìtuca maimbdbi f cas trf`fkfdarbs a f sus dbrbmhahf`ebitbs ia pubdbi mbdbrsb, malpbisfrsb, rbtbibrsb, ie bl`frnfrsb. Tflpama padræ bstepucfrsb atrf garlf db pfna qub cf dbtbrleifdf bi bstb Mýdena.
=
Frt. >.- Dbsenifmeaibs.- Bi cf dbsenifmeýi db pbretas pfrf cfs degbrbitbs decenbimefs kudemefcbs, sb db`bræi rbspbtfr cas preimepeas db pragbseaifcedfd, bspbmefcedfd, elpfrmefcedfd y fctbrif`ecedfd, pfrf muya bgbmta cas kubmbs cas dbsenifræi f trfvås dbc lýduca db pbretas dbc sestblf ]FTKB? bi cas mfsas bi cas qub ia sbmbrmfia. mubitb mai bc pbretacas rbqubreda bidbc ui cestfda dbtbrleifda mfitýi, sartba sb rbfcezfræ dbc cestfda mfitýi læs Cf Gesmfcìf bsmanbræ maistfitb bi cfb pæneif wb` dbc Maisbka db cf dbc Kudemfturf maigarlb f cas prambdelebitas eitbrias qub rekfi bi demhf bitedfd. 55
Bc frtìmuca =55 marrbspaidebitb f cf prahe`emeýi db bifkbifr db cfs maleseaibs mbitrfcbs db cf Madegemfmeýi Madegemfmeýi Mýdena dbc Trf`f Trf`fka ka bstf`cbmb qub cas dbrbm dbrbmhas has atarnfdas atarnfdas par bc Mýdena dbc Trf`fka ia pubdbi ssbr br mbdedas, malprfd malprfdas as , rbtbiedas a bl`frn bl`frnfdas fdas ie sbr trfisgarlfdf bi garlf fcnuif su garlf db pfna . Frt. =2:.- Dbrbmha f eidbliezfmeýi.- Bc dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi malprbidb f tadf mcfsb db trf`fkfdarbs, sfcva ca despubsta bi bc frtìmuca =2= db bstb Mýdena. Bc frtìmuca fitbrear bstf`cbmb qub tadas cas trf`fkfdarbs tebibi dbrbmha f uif eidbliezfmeýi par fmmedbitb db trf`fka par pfrtb dbc EB]], y bi mfsa db ia bstfr fgecefdas bc blpcbfdar fsuleræ cf tatfcedfd db cf eidbliezfmeýi fsì mala nfstas lådemas, ca mufc sb bimubitrf bstf`cbmeda bi bc frtìmuca frtì muca =2= dbc prbsbitb mýdena. Frt. =2=.- Eidbliezfmeaibs f mfrna dbc blpcbfdar.- Bc blpcbfdar bstæ a`cenfda f mu`rer cfs eidbliezfmeaibs y prbstfmeaibs bstf`cbmedfs bi bstb Tìtuca, bi tada mfsa db fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, seblprb qub bc trf`fkfdar ia sb hfccfrb malprbideda dbitra dbc rånelbi dbc ]bnura ]amefc y pratbneda par åstb, sfcva cas mfsas maitblpcfdas bi bc frtìmuca senuebitb. Bc frtìmuca =2= rbfgerlf cf a`cenftarebdfd dbc blpcbfdar db mu`rer tatfclbitb cfs eidbliezfmeaibs pradumta b fmmedbitbs db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc db ia bstfr bc blpcbfda a trf`fkfdar fgecefda fc EB]] y fdblæs mu mulpcf lpcf cf iarlf iarlftevf tevf cbnfc. Frt. =26 .- Eidbliezfmeýi f sbrvedarbs pû`cemas.- Bc Bstfda, cas maisbkas praveimefcbs, cfs luiemepfcedfdbs y dblæs eistetumeaibs db dbrbmha pû`cema bstæi a`cenfdas f eidbliezfr f sus sbrvedarbs pû`cemas par cas rebsnas dbc trf`fka eihbrbitbs f cfs guimeaibs prapefs dbc mfrna qub dbsblpböfi. Tebibi bc lesla db`br mufida bc fmmedbitb gubrb maisbmubimef derbmtf dbc mulpcelebita db maleseaibs db sbrvemea, cbnfclbitb vbregemfdfs y malpra`fdf malpra`fdfs. s. ]b bxmbptûfi db bstf despasemeýi cas eideveduas dbc Bkårmeta y, bi nbibrfc, cas qub bkbrzfi guimeaibs lecetfrbs. Cas blpcbfdas y trf`fkfdarbs dbc sbrvemea db sfiedfd y db sfcud pû`cemf, nazfræi tfl`eåi dbc dbrbmha maimbdeda bi bc frtìmuca fitbrear.
6::
Bstb frtìmuca bstf`cbmb qub cas sbrvedarbs pû pû`cemas `cemas tebibi bc dbrbmha f ssbr br eidbliezfdas par cas rebsnas dbc trf`fka eihbrbitbs f cfs guimeaibs prapefs dbc mfrna qub dbsblpböfi, dbsblpböfi, bxmbptuæidasb fqubccas qub mulpcbi sus guimeaibs bi arnfiezfmeaibs pbrtbibmebitbs f cfs Gubrzfs Frlfdfs. Frt. =20 .- Dbrbmhas db cas dbudas.- Pbmaiýmbcb bc dbrbmha qub tebibi cas dbudas db cas lådemas, bspbmefcestfs, bstudefitbs db lbdemeif, bigbrlbrfs y blpcbfdas bi sfiedfd, sfcud pû`cemf y bi nbibrfc, db cas dblæs dbpfrtflbitas fsestbimefcbs dbc Bstfda, qub gfccbmebrbi bi bc bkbrmemea db sus mfrnas, par rfzaibs db maitfnea db bigbrlbdfdbs eigbmtamaitfneasfs, pfrf rbmcflfr fc Bstfda cfs eidbliezfmeaibs qub marrbspaidbi par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka. Enufc rbmaiamelebita sb hfmb rbspbmta db cbseaibs qub sugrebrbi bi cfs maidemeaibs qub bstf`cbmb bc eimesa fitbrear. Bc frtìmuca =20 rbmaiamb bc dbrbmha f eidbliezfmeaibs db cas pragbseaifcbs db cf sfcud qub sugrebsbi fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs, bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs a lubrtb mala maisbmubimef maisbmub imef dbc bkbrmemea db cf pragbseýi. Frt. =>> .- Dbrbmha f eidbliezfmeýi par fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc.- Bi mfsa db gfccbmelebita dbc trf`fkfdar f maisbmubimef dbc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, tbidræi dbrbmha f cfs eidbliezfmeaibs cas hbrbdbras dbc gfccbmeda bi bc ardbi, praparmeýi y cìletbs gekfdas bi cfs iarlfs mevecbs qub rbncfi cf sumbseýi sumbseýi eitbstfdf, sfcva ca prbsmreta bi bc frtìmuca senuebitb. Bc frtìmuca ==> rbmaiamb bc dbrbmha db cas hbrbdbras db cas trf`fkfdarbs ggfccbmedas fccbmedas mala maisbmubimef db fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs a bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs f pbrme`er cf a cfs eidbliezfmeaibs marrbspaidebitbs fc mfsa, bi bc ardbi, praparmeýi y cìletbs dbtbrleifdas bi cfs iarlfs mevecbs, Frt. 6:0= dbc Mýdena Mevec 4, mai cf bxmcuseýi qub bstb lesla mýdena dbtbrleif. Frt. =>8 .- Gfctf db dbrbmha f eidbliezfmeýi.- Ia tbidræi dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi; 6.
Bc vfrýi lfyar db debmeamha föas, f ia sbr qub par eimfpfmedfd tatfc y
pbrlfibitb pfrf bc trf`fka y qub par mfrbmbr db `ebibs sb hfccb bi maidemeaibs db ia 4
Frt. 6:0=.- ]ai ccflfdas f cf sumbseýi eitbstfdf cas hekas dbc deguita, sus fsmbidebitbs, sus pfdrbs, sus hbrlfias, bc mýiyunb sa`rbvevebitb y bc Bstfda. 6:6
padbr su`sester par sì lesla. Cf eimfpfmedfd y cf mfrbimef db `ebibs pastbrearbs f cf lubrtb dbc trf`fkfdar, ia dfi dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi. Tadf pbrsaif qub pfsf db sbsbitf föas sb bitbidbræ eimfpfmetfdf pfrf bc trf`fka bi cas tårleias dbc iulbrfc fitbrear? 0.
Cfs dbsmbidebitbs mfsfdfs f cf gbmhf dbc gfccbmelebita db cf vìmtelf?
=.
Cf veudf qub par su mucpf hu`ebrb bstfda sbpfrfdf db su lfreda durfitb cas trbs
ûctelas föas, par ca lbias, f cf gbmhf db cf lubrtb? 4.
Cf lfdrb qub hu`ebrb f`fidaifda f su heka bi cf eigfimef?
2.
Cfs hbrlfifs mfsfdfs, fsì mala cfs sactbrfs, qub ia hu`ebrbi veveda f mfrna dbc
trf`fkfdar mufida lbias bc föa fitbrear f cf gbmhf db su gfccbmelebita? y, 7.
Cas iebtas qub su`sestebrbi f bxpbisfs db su pfdrb.
Bc frtìmuca =>8 `reidf cfs pfutfs qub bstf`cbmbi cf gfctf db dbrbmha f eidbliezfmeýi par pfrtb db cas gflecefrbs dbc lesla, sböfcæidasb qub cas vfraibs lfyarbs db 68 föas ia sbræi `bibgemefdas, fc enufc qub cfs dbsmbidebitbs qub sb bimubitrbi mfsfdfs, cf veudf qub par su vacuitfd sb lfituva sbpfrfdf dbc maiyunub bi cas ûctelas = föas, cf lfdrb qub f`fidaiý fc heka bi cf eigfimef, cfs hbrlfifs mfsfdfs mala sactbrfs qub ia bstuvebrai f mfrna dbc gfccbmeda fc lbias ui föa fitbs db su lubrtb, y cas iebtas qub su`sestfi f bxpbisf db su pranbietar, bstfs bxmcuseaibs qub dbtbrleif bc mýdena db trf`fka, ca qub trftf db pratbnbr qub cas rbmursas qub pravbinfi db eidbliezfmeýi par rebsnas db trf`fka sbfi bi `bibgemea db gflecefrbs mbrmfias vucibrf`cbs fitb bc gfccbmelebita db pfdrb a lfdrb db gflecef quebi pravbìf db rbmursa fc sbia gflecefr. Frt. =>5 .- Gfctf db hbrbdbras.- F gfctf db hbrbdbras a se ieinuia tuvebrb dbrbmha, cf eidbliezfmeýi marrbspaidbræ f cfs pbrsaifs qub malprub`bi hf`br dbpbideda bmaiýlemflbitb dbc trf`fkfdar gfccbmeda y bi cf praparmeýi bi qub dbpbidìfi dbc lesla, sbnûi mretbrea db cf futaredfd malpbtbitb, quebi fprbmefræ cfs mermuistfimefs dbc mfsa. Bc frtìmuca =>5 bspbmegemf qub db ia bxester hbrbdbras cf eidbliezfmeýi marrbspaidebitb sbræ pbrme`edf par cf pbrsaif qub dblubstrf qub dbpbidìf dbc trf`fkfdar gfccbmeda, bstf 6:0
iarlf bxmcuyb f pbrsaifs qub pbsb sbr hbrbdbras ia cbs marrbspaidb, bi vestf qub bxenb mebrtas hbmhas pfrf sbr `bibgemefrea. Frt. =86 .- Mfpfmedfd db pfdrbs lbiarbs db bdfd.- Zfrf cas bgbmtas db bstb tìtuca sb maisedbrfræi pcbiflbitb mfpfmbs fc pfdrb a lfdrb lbiarbs db bdfd, pudebida bitf`cfr par sì leslas cfs fmmeaibs fmmeaibs qub marrbspaidf marrbspaidfii f sus dbrbm dbrbmhas has a fc db sus hekas. Cf lfdrb, a cf lukbr mfcegemfdf mala tfc, sbnûi cf ftre`umeýi sböfcfdf bi bc frtìmuca qub prbmbdb, fuiqub gubrb lbiar db bdfd, tbidræ cf rbprbsbitfmeý rbprbsbitfmeýii db sus hekas pfrf cas bgbmtas sböfcfdas fitbrearlbitb, sei qub sbf lbibstbr qub sb cb hfyf ial`rfda nufrdfdarf db cas leslas y fui mufida hu`ebrb atra nufrdfdar. Bc pfdrb, mufcquebrf qub gubrb su bdfd y seblprb qub kustegemfrb cf tbibimef dbc lbiar, a cf pbrsaif qub db hbmha ca tuvebrb `fka su muedfda y pratbmmeýi, padræ bkbrmetfr cas dbrbmhas qub marrbspaidfi fc lbiar, y fmtufr bi rbprbsbitfmeýi y bi dbgbisf db cas eitbrbsbs db åstb. Bc kubz, mai mretbrea samefc, fprbmefræ cfs mermuistfimefs y dbmederæ prbvea demtflbi db cas arnfieslas dbtbrleifdas bi bc Mýdena db cf Ieöbz y Fdacbsmbimef. Bc frtìmuca =86 bstf`cbmb qub cas pfdrbs pfdrbs lbiarbs db bdfd bdfd sai cbnfclbitb mfpfmb mfpfmbss pfrf eiemefr fmmeaibs par sus dbrbmhas y db sus hekas. Frt. =84.- Gfctf db dbrbmha db cas dbudas.- ]e bc trf`fkfdar f quebi sb eidbliezý par eimfpfmedfd f`sacutf gfccbmb f maisbmubimef dbc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc qub cb eimfpfmetý pfrf bc trf`fka, sus dbudas ia tbidræi dbrbmha f rbmcflfr eidbliezfmeýi par su gfccbmelebita. gfccbmelebita. Bc frtìmuca =84 bspbmegemf qub uif vbz qub bc trf`fkfdar gub eidbliezfda par eimfpfmedfd f`sacutf y cubna lubrb mala maisbmubimef db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc a fmmedbitb cf`arfc, cas dbudas dbc lesla ia padræi rbmcflfr ieinuif atrf eidbliezfmeýi. Frt. 645 .- Fmmedbitbs a bigbrlbdfdbs db lbiarbs ftre`uedas f mucpf dbc blpcbfdar.Bi mfsa db fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd db uif lukbr a db ui vfrýi lbiar db bdfd, se sb malpra`frb qub hfi seda amfseaifdas par ui trf`fka db cas prahe`edas pfrf bccas a qub bc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd sb hfi pradumeda bi maidemeaibs qub seniegequbi eigrfmmeýi 6:=
db cfs despasemeaibs db bstb mfpìtuca a dbc rbncflbita fpra`fda, sb prbsuleræ db dbrbmha qub bc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd sb db`b f mucpf dbc blpcbfdar. Bi bstas mfsas, cf eidbliezfmeýi par rebsnas dbc trf`fka, mai rbcfmeýi f tfcbs pbrsaifs, ia padræ sbr lbiar dbc da`cb db cf qub marrbspaidb f cf ardeifref. Bc frtìmuca 645 dbtbrleif qub db amurrer ui fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc db ui lbiar db bdfd bi trf`fkas prahe`edas2 , sb prbsulb cf rbspaisf`ecedfd dbc blpcbfdar y db`bræ eidbliezfr mai bc da`cb db cf qub marrbspaidb db garlf ardeifref Zar su pfrtb bc Mýdena db cf Ieöbz y Fdacbsmbimef bstf`cbmb qub; Frt. 8>. Trf`fkas prahe`eda prahe`edas. s. ]b prahì`b bc bc trf`fka db fda fdacbsmbitbs; cbsmbitbs; 6.
Bi leifs, `fsurfcbs, mflfcbs, mfitbrfs b eidustrefs bxtrfmtevfs db mufcquebr mcfsb
0.
Bi fmtevedfdbs qub elpcemfi cf lfiepucfmeýi db su`stfimefs bxpcasevfs,
psematrýpemfs, týxemfs, pbcenrasfs a iamevfs pfrf su vedf, su dbsfrracca gìse gìsema ma a lbitfc y su sfcud? =.
Bi prastì`ucas a zaifs db tacbrfimef, cunfrbs db kubnas db fzfr, bxpbidea db
`b`edfs fcmahýcemfs y atras qub pubdfi sbr eimaivbiebitbs pfrf bc dbsfrracca larfc a samefc dbc fdacbsmbitb? 4.
Bi fmtevedfdbs qub rbquebrfi bc blpcba db lfqueifref pbcenrasf a qub ca
bxpaibi f ruedas qub bxmbdbi cas cìletbs cbnfcbs db tacbrfimef? 2. Bi uif fmtevedfd qub pubdf fnrfvfr cf desmfpfmedfd, trftæidasb db fdacbsmbitbs qub cf tbinfi? 7.
Bi cfs dblæs fmtevedfdbs prahe`edfs bi atras mubrpas cbnfcbs, eimcuedas cas
eistrulbitas eitbrifmeaifcbs rftegemfdas par bc Bmufdar? y, >.
Bi hanfrbs muyas, lebl`ras tbinfi fitbmbdbitbs mala futarbs db f`usa a
lfctrfta. 2
Frt. 6=8.- Trf`fkas Tr f`fkas prahe`edas f lbiarbs.- ]b prahì`b amupfr f lukbrbs y vfraibs lbiarbs db debmeamha föas bi eidustrefs a tfrbfs qub sbfi maisedbrfdfs mala pbcenrasfs b eisfcu`rbs, cfs qub sbræi puitufcezfdfs bi ui rbncflbita bspbmefc qub sbræ bcf`arfda par bc Maisbka Ifmeaifc db cf Ieöbz y Fdacbsmbimef, bi maardeifmeýi bc Maletå Brrfdemfmeýi Zranrbsevf Trf`fka Eigfitec-MAIBZTE, db fmubrda fmai ca prbvesta bi Ifmeaifc bc Mýdena pfrf db cfcfIeöbz y Fdacbsmbimef y casdbcmaivbieas eitbrifmeaifcbs rftegemfdas par bc pfìs. 6:4
Bc Maisbka Ifmeaifc db cf Ieöbz y Fdacbsmbimef dbtbrleifræ cfs garlfs bspbmìgemfs db trf`fka pbcenrasa, iameva a rebsnasa qub bstæi prahe`edas pfrf cas fdacbsmbitbs, talfida bi mubitf su ifturfcbzf, maidemeaibs y rebsna pfrf su vedf b eitbnredfd pbrsaifc, sfcud, sfcud, bdumfmeýi, ssbnuredfd bnuredfd y db dbsfrracca sfrracca eitbnrfc. Bc frtìmuca 8> dbc mýdena db cf ieöbz y fdacbsmbimef rbgbrbitb rbgbrbitb f cas trf`fkas prahe`edas f fdacbsmbitbs dbtfccf qub ia bstæ pbrleteda blpbcfr f cas fdacbsmbitbs bi ieinuif fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf qub elpcequb pase`cbs fctbrfmeaibs a rebsnas f cf sfcud gìsemf a lbitfc dbc fdacbsmbitb. Db enufc lfibrf bc Mýdena db trf`fka bstepucf qub; Frt. =>:.- Eidbliezfmeýi par eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb.- ]e bc fmmedbitb hu`ebrb amfseaifda eimfpfmedfd f`sacutf y pbrlfibitb pfrf tada trf`fka, cf eidbliezfmeýi maisesteræ bi uif mfitedfd enufc fc subcda a sfcfrea tatfc db muftra föas, a bi uif rbitf vetfcemef bquevfcbitb f ui sbsbitf y sbes par mebita db cf ûctelf rbitf a rbluibrfmeýi lbisufc pbrme`edf par cf vìmtelf. Bc frtìmuca =>: qub f`ardf bc fspbmta db cf eidbliezfmeýi par eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb malprbideda bi cf madegemfmeýi Mýdena dbc Trf`fka pcfitbf qub bi mfsa db dfrsb bstf setufmeýi cf eidbliezfmeýi marrbspaidebitb f cf pfrtb fgbmtfdf maisesteræ a bi uif mfitedfd bquevfcbitb fc su subcda bcda pb pbrme`eda rme`eda bbii cas ûctelas 4 föas a uif rbitf rbitf vetfcemef bquevfcbitb f ui sbsbitf y sbes par mebita db cf ûctelf rbitf a rbluibrfmeýi lbisufc pbrme`edf par cf vìmtelf. vìmtelf. Frt. =>6.- Eidbliezfmeýi par desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb.- ]e bc fmmedbitb amfseaifrb desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb db cf mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka, bc blpcbfdar bstfræ a`cenfda f eidbliezfr f cf vìmtelf db fmubrda mai cf praparmeýi bstf`cbmedf bi bc mufdra vfcarfteva db desleiumeýi db mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka. Cas parmbitfkbs gekfdas bi bc fitbdemha mufdra sb malputfræi sa`rb bc elpartb dbc subcda a sfcfrea db muftra föas. ]b talfræ bc tfita par mebita qub marrbspaidf bitrb bc læxela y bc lìiela gekfdas bi bc mufdra, tbiebida bi mubitf cf bdfd dbc trf`fkfdar, cf elpartfimef db cf eimfpfmedfd y se åstf bs f`sacutf pfrf bc bkbrmemea db cf pragbseýi hf`etufc, fuiqub qubdb hf`ecetfda pfrf dbdemfrsb f atra trf`fka, a se selpcblbitb hfi desleiueda sus fptetudbs pfrf bc dbsblpböa db fqubccf. 6:2
]b tbidræ enufclbitb bi mubitf se bc blpcbfdar sb hf prbamupfda par cf rbbdumfmeýi pragbseaifc dbc trf`fkfdar trf`fkfdar y se cb hf praparmeaifda lebl` lebl`ras ras frtegemefcbs artapådem artapådemas. as. ]e bc trf`fkfdar fmmedbitfda tuvebrb f su mfrna y muedfda trbs a læs hekas lbiarbs a trbs a læs hekfs sactbrfs, sb pfnfræ bc læxela parmbitfkb prbvesta bi bc mufdra vfcarfteva. Bc frtìmuca =>6 pcfitbf qub db bxester uif desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb bi cfs mfpfmedfdbs y bc dbsblpböa dbc trf`fkfdar pradumta db ui fmmedbitb cf`arfc a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc bc blpcbfdar bstfræ a`cenfda f eidbliezfr f cf vìmtelf db fmubrda mai cf praparmeýi bstf`cbmedf bi bc mufdra vfcarfteva db desleiumeýi db mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka maigarlb ca sböfcf bc Frt. 4=8 dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka, rbfcezæidasb bc mæcmuca maigarlb bc Frt. =7> dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka. Frt. =76.- Desleiumeýi pbrlfibi pbrlfibitb.tb.- Zradumbi desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb db cf mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka cfs cbseaibs dbtfccfdfs bi bc mufdra vfcarfteva db desleiumeýi db mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka. Bc frtìmuca =76 f`ardf cf desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb db cf mfpfmedfd dbc trf`fkfdar cf mufc sb bspbmegemf mai praguidedfd praguidedfd bi bc mufdra vfcarfteva db desleiumeý desleiumeýii db mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka. Frt. =>0 .- Ladegemfmeýi db cas parmbitfkbs.- Cas parmbitfkbs gekfdas bi bc mufdra vfcarfteva db desleiumeýi db mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka sugreræi cfs ladegemfmeaibs bstf`cbmedfs bi cas frtìmucas =>4, =82 y =58 db bstb Mýdena. Bc frtìmuca =>0 bspbmegemf qub pubdbi bxester ladegemfmeaibs bi cas vfcarbs f pfnfr sbnûi bc mufdra vfcarfteva db desleiumeýi db mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka, pudeåidasb rb`fkfr hfstf ui 2:% dbc vfcar f mfimbcfr par bc blpcbfdar db malpra`frsb qub bc blpcbfda fgbmtfda `reida ui sbrvemea lbiar f cas 7 dìfs mala qubdf rbmaneda bi bc frtìmuca =>4, a uif rb`fkf dbsdb ui =:% db dblastrfrsb qub cf pfrtb blpcbfdarf ia mubitf mai cas rbmursas bmaiýlemas pfrf sftesgfmbr cf eidbliezfmeýi cbnfc f cf qub bstuvebsb a`cenfda a`cenfda sbn sbnûi ûi ca bxpub bxpubsta sta bi bbcc frtìmuca =82 =82,, y geifclbitb sb padræ eimrblbitfr hfstf bi ui 2:% cf eidbliezfmeýi marrbspaidebitb fc mfsa db dblastrfrsb qub cf pfrtb blpcbfdarf ia tala cfs prbmfumeaibs qub, sbnûi cas mfsas, prbsmre`f bc Mfpìtuca db "Zrbvbimeýi db cas Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka“ sbnûi bc frtìmuca =5 8 dbc mýdena db
trf`fka. 6:7
Frt. =>= .- Eidbliezfm Eidbliezfmeýi eýi par eimfpfmedfd tblparfc.- Cf eidbliezfmeýi par eimfpfmedfd tblparfc sbræ dbc sbtbitf y meima par mebita db cf rbluibrfmeýi qub tuva bc trf`fkfdar fc lalbita dbc fmmedbitb y ia bxmbdbræ dbc pcfza db ui föa, db`ebida sbr bitrbnfdf par sblfifs a lbisufcedfdbs vbimedfs, vbimedfs, sbnûi sb trftb db a`rbra a db blpcbfda. ]e f cas sbes lbsbs db eiemefdf uif eimfpfmedfd ia bstuvebrb bc trf`fkfdar bi fptetud db vacvbr f sus cf`arbs, åc a su blpcbfdar padræi pbder qub, bi vestf db cas mbrtegemfdas lådemas, db cas bxælbibs qub sb prfmtequbi y db tadfs cfs prub`fs maidumbitbs, sb rbsubcvf se db`b sbnuer salbteda fc lesla trftflebita lådema, nazfida db enufc eidbliezfmeýi, a se prambdb dbmcfrfr su eimfpfmedfd pbrlfib pbrlfibitb itb mai cf eidbliezfmeýi f qub tbinf dbrbmha. Bstas bxælbibs pubdbi rbpbtersb mfdf trbs lbsbs. Bc frtìmuca =>= qub f`ardf cf eidbliezfmeýi par eimfpfmedfd tblparfc pcfitbf qub bc trf`fkfdar qub mala maisbmubimef db ui fmmedbitb cf`arfc a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc sugrf bstf setufmeýi rbme`eræ durfitb ui pbreada db hfstf ui föa bc bquevfcbitb fc >2 % dbc sfcfrea dbvbinfda fc lalbita db cf bigbrlbdfd a fmmedbitb, y se f cas sbes lbsbs db maivfcbmbimef ia bxestb fpfrbitb lbkarìf bc trf`fkfdar db`bræ sbr salbtedas f cas bxælbibs y vfcarfmeaibs marrbspaidebitbs mai vestfs db dbmcfrfr eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb y rbme`er rbme`er cf eidbliezfmeý eidbliezfmeýii marrbspaidebi marrbspaidebitb tb . Frt. =>4.- Fmmedbitb bi trf`fka amfseaifc.- ]e bc fmmedbitb sb pradukbrb bi cf pbrsaif db ui trf`fkfdar ccflfda f bkbmutfr ui trf`fka amfseaifc qub par su ìidacb db`b rbfcezfrsb bi lbias db sbes dìfs, bc blpcbfdar padræ a`tbibr dbc kubz uif rb`fkf db cf eidbliezfmeýi qub bi bstb mfsa ia padræ bxmbdbr dbc meimubitf par mebita. Bc frtìmuca =>4 bstf`cbmb qub db sbr cf pfrtb fgbmtfdf ui trf`fkfdar qub prbstý sus sbrvemeas par ui pbreada lbiar f cas sbes dìfs padræ sbr bstf`cbmedf uif rb`fkf bi cf eidbliezfmeýi f pfnfr db hfstf ui 2:%. Frt. =>2 .- Pbveseýi db cf desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb pfrmefc.- Dbmcfrfdf uif desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb pfrmefc pfrf bc trf`fka, se åstf fulbitfrb, pubdb sbr rbvesfdf dbitra dbc pcfza db ui föa f pbdeda dbc trf`fkfdar. Bc pcfza sb maitfræ f pfrter db demhf dbmcfrfmeýi.
6:>
Bc frtìmuca =>2 f`ardf cf pase`ecedfd db rbfcezfr uif rbveseýi db cf desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb pfrmefc f pbtemeýi db cf pfrtb fgbmtfdf bi bc pbreada db ui föa f pfrter db cf dbmcfrfmeýi db cf desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb pfrmefc. Frt. =25.- Eidbliezfmeaibs par fmmedbitb db trf`fka.- Zfrf bc bgbmta dbc pfna db eidbliezfmeaibs sb desteinubi cfs senuebitbs maisbmubimefs dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka; 6.
Lubrtb?
0.
Eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb y f`sacutf pfrf tada trf`fka?
=.
Desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb db cf mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka? y,
4.
Eimfpfmedfd tblparfc.
Bc frtìmuca =25 biulbrf cfs maisbmubimefs db cas fmmedbitbs db trf`fka bi, lubrtb, eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb y f`sacutf pfrf tada trf`fka, desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb db cf mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka, b eimfpfmedfd tblparfc. Bc Mýdena db trf`fka bstepucf qub; Frt. =7:.- Eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb y f`sacutf.- Zradumbi eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb y f`sacutf pfrf tada trf`fka cfs cbseaibs senuebitbs; 6.
Cf pårdedf tatfc, a bi sus pfrtbs bsbimefcbs bsbimefcbs,, db cfs bxtrbledfdbs supbrearbs a eigbrearbs? db uif bxtrbledfd supbrear y atrf eigbrear eigbr ear a db cf bxtrbledfd supbrear dbrbmhf bi su tatfcedfd.
]ai pfrtbs bsbimefcbs cf lfia y bc peb? 0.
Cf pårdedf db lavelebita, bquevfcbitb f cf lutecfmeýi db cf bxtrbledfd a bxtrbledfdbs bi cfs leslfs maidemeaibs eidemfdfs bi bc iulbrfc fitbrear?
=.
Cf pårdedf db cf veseýi db fl`as akas, bitbidedf mala fiucfmeýi dbc ýrnfia a pårdedf tatfc db cf gubrzf gubrzf vesufc?
4.
Cf pårdedf db ui aka, seblprb qub bc atra ia tbinf fmuedfd vesufc lfyar dbc meimubitf par mebita dbspuås db marrbmmeýi par cbitbs?
6:8
2.
Cf desleiumeýi db cf veseýi bi ui sbtbitf y meima par mebita db ca iarlfc bi fl`as akas, dbspuås db marrbmmeýi par cbitbs?
7.
Cf bifkbifmeýi lbitfc eimurf`cb?
>.
Cfs cbseaibs arnæiemfs a guimeaifcbs db cas sestblfs mfrdeavfsmu mfrdeavfsmucfr, cfr, denbsteva, rbsperftarea, btm., amfseaifdfs par cf fmmeýi lbmæiemf db fmmedbitb a par fctbrfmeaibs `eaquìlemfs geseacýnemfs latevfdfs par bc trf`fka, qub gubrbi dbmcfrfdfs eimurf`cbs y qub, par su nrfvbdfd, nrfvbdfd, elpedfi fc trf`fkfdar dbdemfrsb bi f`sacuta f mufcquebr trf`fka? y,
8.
Cf bpecbpsef trfulætemf, mufida cf grbmubimef db cf mreses y atras gbiýlbias ia pbrletfi
fc
pfmebitb
dbsblpböfr
ieinûi
trf`fka,
eimfpfmetæidacb
pbrlfibitblbitb. pbrlfibitblbi tb. Bc frtìmuca =7: dbc mýdena db trf`fka bstf`cbmb mai bxfmtetud cfs cbseaibs mfus mfusfitbs fitbs db cf eimfpfmedfd pbrlfibitb y f`sacutf, bitrb cfs qub sb bimubitrfi pårdedf db bxtrbledfdbs, lavelebita, veseýi, bifkbifmeýi lbitfc, cbseaibs db cas sestblfs mfrdeavfsmucfr, mfrdeavfsmucf r, denbstevf, rbsperftaref, y bpecbpsef trfulætemf. Bc Mýdena db trf`fka bi sus frtìmucas bstf`cbmb qub; Frt. =76.- Desleiumeýi pbrlfibi pbrlfibitb.tb.- Zradumbi desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb db cf mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka cfs cbseaibs dbtfccfdfs bi bc mufdra vfcarfteva db desleiumeýi db mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka. Bc frtìmuca =76 db cf madegemfmeýi Mýdena dbc Trf`fka dbgeib ccff desleiumeýi pbrlfibitb mala cf eimfpfmedfd db rbfcezfr uif fmtevedfd pradumtevf pradumta db cbseaibs gìsemfs a psemacýnemfs.. psemacýnemfs Frt. =70.- Eimfpfmedfd tblparfc.- Amfseaif eimfpfmedfd tblparfc tadf cbseýi murfdf dbitra dbc pcfza db ui föa db pradumedf y qub dbkf fc trf`fkfdar mfpfmetfda pfrf su trf`fka hf`etufc. Bc frtìmuca =70 dbgeib cf eimfpfmedfd tblparfc mala cbseaibs muyf rbsacumeýi sb lftbrefcezf bi ui pbrìada db teblpa qub ia bxmbdb bc föa.
6:5
Frt. =8=.- Zfna ìitbnra db cfs eidbliezfmeaibs.- Cfs eidbliezfmeaibs par mfusf dbc gfccbmelebita y cfs qub marrbspaidfi fc trf`fkfdar bi cas mfsas db eimfpfmedfd f`sacutf a db desleiumeýi db cf mfpfmedfd pfrf bc trf`fka sbræi mu`ebrtfs ìitbnrflbitb, sei dbdummeýi db cfs rbluibrfmeaibs a nfstas db murfmeýi qub hfyf pfnfda bc blpcbfdar durfitb bc pbrìada trfismurreda bitrb bc fmmedbitb a prbsbitfmeýi db cf bigbrlbdfd y cf lubrtb a cf dbmcfrfmeýi db eimfpfmedfd. Bc frtìmuca =8= prbmesf qub cfs eidbliezfmeaibs sbræi pfnfdfs db garlf ìitbnrf f cf pfrtb fgbmtfdf talæidasb bi mubitf bc pbrìada trfismurreda bitrb bc fmmedbitb a prbsbitfmeýi db db cf bigbrlbdfd y cf lubrtb a cf dbmcfrfmeýi dbmcfrfmeýi db eimfpfmedfd. eimfpfmedfd.
=.8. MÆCMRCA DB CF EIDBLIE[FMEÝI
Bc Mýdena db Trf`fka bstf`cbmb bi ca rbgbrbitb f subcdas y sfcfreas; Frt. 52.- ]ubcda a sfcfrea y rbtre`umeýi fmmbsaref.- Zfrf bc pfna db eidbliezfmeaibs f qub tebib dbrbmha bc trf`fkfdar, sb bitebidb mala rbluibrfmeýi tada ca qub bc trf`fkfdar rbme`f bi deibra, bi sbrvemeas a bi bspbmebs, eimcusevb ca qub pbrme`ebrb par trf`fkas bxtrfardeifreas y supcblbitfreas, f dbstfka, maleseaibs, pfrtemepfmeýi bi `bibgemeas, bc fpartb eidevedufc fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc mufida ca fsulb bc blpcbfdar, a mufcquebr atrf rbtre`umeýi qub tbinf mfræmtbr iarlfc bi cf eidustref a sbrvemea. ]b bxmbptûfi bc parmbitfkb cbnfc db utecedfdbs, cas veætemas a su`sedeas amfseaifcbs, cf dbmelatbrmbrf, dbmelamufrtf rbluibrfmeaibs, dbmelaqueita y dbmelasbxta subcdas, malpaibitbs sfcfrefcbs bi prambsa db eimarparfmeýi f cfs rbluibrfmeaibs, y bc `bibgemea qub rbprbsbitfi cas sbrvemeas db ardbi samefc. Frt. =5:.- Pbluibrfmeýi fiufc.- Zfrf cas bgbmtas db cfs despasemeaibs fitbrearbs biteåidfsb par rbluibrfmeýi fiufc cf rbme`edf par bc trf`fkfdar durfitb bc föa fitbrear fc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd, db fmubrda mai bc frtìmuca 52 db bstb Mýdena.
66:
Zfrf bc trf`fkfdar qub ia hf cf`arfda ui föa malpcbta sb a`tbidræ bc pralbdea marrbspaidebitb bi `fsb f cf rbluibrfmeýi defref a lbisufc pbrme`edf durfitb bc teblpa db cf`ar. Frt. =56.- Pbluibrfmeýi fiufc bi bc trf`fka f dbstfka.- ]e bc trf`fka gubsb f dbstfka cf rbluibrfmeýi fiufc sb dbtbrleifræ par cfs rbncfs maitbiedfs bi bc frtìmuca fitbrear, sbnûi qub bc trf`fkfdar hfyf cf`arfda fc sbrvemea dbc blpcbfdar ui föa a lbias db ui föa, rbspbmtevflbi rbspbmtevflbitb. tb. Frt. =50.- ]brvemea f das a læs blpcbfdarbs.- Mufida sb trftb db ui trf`fkfdar qub servf a hfyf sbrveda f das a læs blpcbfdarbs, bi desteitfs harfs dbc dìf, sb malputfræ cf rbluibrfmeýi mala se tadfs cfs nfifimefs hu`ebsbi seda a`tbiedfs bi sbrvemea dbc blpcbfdar pfrf quebi trf`fkf`f bi bc lalbita dbc fmmedbitb. Frt. =5=.- Pbluibrfmeýi qub ia pbrme`eræ bi deibra.- Cf dbtbrleifmeýi db cf rbluibrfmeýi qub bi su tatfcedfd a bi pfrtb ia pbrme`f bi deibra sb hfræ par fmubrda db cas eitbrbsfdas. ]e bsta ia gubrb pase`cb, cf hfræ bc kubz db cf mfusf, talfida bi mubitf bc vfcar qub bi cf camfcedfd tbinfi cfs bspbmebs y dblæs prbstfmeaibs suleiestrfdfs par bc blpcbfdar, cf tfsf db cfs rbluibrfmeaibs pfrf cas trf`fkfdarbs db cf leslf pragbseýi u agemea, seblprb qub ia sbfi eigbrearbs fc lìiela cbnfc, y cfs dblæs mermuistfimefs ibmbsfrefs pfrf cf gekfmeýi bquetftevf db cf rbluibrfmeýi. Frt. =54.- Pbluibrfmeýi ia pfmtfdf.- ]e bc trf`fkfdar ia hu`ebrb pfmtfda bc laita db su subcda a karifc, åstb sb maisedbrfræ bquevfcbitb f cf rbluibrfmeýi pfnfdf par bc lesla blpcbfdar par sbrvemeas enufcbs, sei qub bi ieinûi mfsa sbf eigbrear fc lìiela cbnfc. ]e ia bxestebrbi trf`fkfdarbs bi mfsa selecfr, sb gekfræ bc subcda a sfcfrea db cf vìmtelf talfida bi mubitf cfs mermuistfimefs eidemfdfs bi bc frtìmuca fitbrear. Frt. 258.- Dftas qub kustegequbi bc karifc a subcda db cf vìmtelf.- ]e sb trftfrb db dblfidfs pravbiebitbs pravbiebitbs db rebsnas dbc trf`fka, bc kubz, db agemea a f sacemetud db pfrtb, bi cf pravedbimef qub ardbib metfr fc dblfidfda, lfidfræ tfl`eåi qub sb fnrbnubi tadas cas dftas qub kustegequbi bc karifc a subcda lbisufc db cf vìmtelf dbc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, y cas eigarlbs f qub sb rbgebrbi cas frtìmucas 4:2, 4:7, 4:> y 4:5 db bstb Mýdena. Tadas bstas damulbitas sb tbidræi bi mubitf pfrf cf maimecefmeýi
666
bi cf fudebimef, y bi mfsa db ia a`tbiårsbcf, sb fprbmefræ bc låreta db bccas sei ibmbsedfd db qub sbfi rbpradumedas bi bc tårleia db prub`f. Frt. =82.- Pbdummeýi dbc laita db cf eidbliezfmeýi.- Bc laita db cf eidbliezfmeýi padræ sbr rbdumeda prudbimefclbitb par bc kubz mufida sb ccbnfrb f malpra`fr pcbiflbitb qub cfs maidemeaibs bmaiýlemf bmaiýlemfss dbc blpcbfdar ia cb pbrletbi mu`rer cf eidbliezfmeýi cbnfc f qub bstuvebrb a`cenfda. Cf desleiumeýi ia padræ sbr bi mfsa fcnuia lfyar dbc trbeitf par mebita, sei pbrkuemea db ca despubsta bi bc frtìmuca =>4 db bstb Mýdena. ]ebida maimurrbitbs cfs fcudedfs mermuistfimefs, cf rb`fkf ia bxmbdbræ dbc meimubitf par mebita dbc laita db cf eidbliezfmeýi mfpetfc. Frt. =75.- Lubrtb par fmmedbitb db trf`fka.- ]e bc fmmedbitb mfusf cf lubrtb dbc trf`fkfdar y åstf sb pradumb dbitra db cas mebita amhbitf dìfs senuebitbs fc fmmedbitb, bc blpcbfdar bstæ a`cenfda f eidbliezfr f cas dbrbmhahf`ebitbs dbc gfccbmeda mai uif sulf enufc fc subcda a sfcfrea db muftra föas. ]e cf lubrtb db`edf fc fmmedbitb sa`rbvebib dbspuås db cas mebita amhbitf dìfs maitfdas dbsdb cf gbmhf dbc fmmedbitb, bc blpcbfdar f`aifræ f cas c as dbrbmhahf`ebitbs dbc trf`fkfdar cfs das tbrmbrfs pfrtbs db cf sulf eidemfdf bi bc eimesa fitbrear ]e par maisbmubimef dbc fmmedbitb bc trf`fkfdar gfccbmebrb dbspuås db cas trbsmebitas sbsbitf y meima dìfs, pbra fitbs db das föas db fmfbmeda bc fmmedbitb, bc blpcbfdar db`bræ pfnfr cf letfd db cf sulf eidemfdf bi bc eimesa prelbra. Bi cas mfsas maitblpcfdas bi cas das eimesas fitbrearbs bc blpcbfdar padræ bxelersb dbc pfna db cf eidbliezfmeýi, pra`fida qub bc fmmedbitb ia gub cf mfusf db cf dbguimeýi, seia atrf u atrfs supbrveiebitbs bxtrföfs fc fmmedbitb. ]e cf vìmtelf gfccbmebrb dbspuås db das föas dbc fmmedbitb ia hf`ræ dbrbmha f rbmcflfr cf eidbliezfmeýi par lubrtb, seia cf qub pravbinf par eimfpfmedfd, bi bc mfsa db hf`br rbmcflfmeýi pbidebitb. Frt. =80.- Zbiseaibs vetfcemefs.- Bc blpcbfdar padræ atarnfr pbiseaibs vetfcemefs bi vbz db cfs eidbliezfmeaibs bstf`cbmedfs bi bc eimesa prelbra dbc frtìmuca =75 db bstb Mýdena, seblprb qub hemebrb rbsbrvf db tfc dbrbmha fc maitbstfr cf rbmcflfmeýi y cfs
660
nfrfitemb sugemebitblbitb. Tfcbs pbiseaibs sbræi bquevfcbitbs fc mufrbitf par mebita db cf ûctelf rbluibrfmeýi pbrme`edf par bc trf`fkfdar, bi cas mfsas f qub sb rbgebrb bc frtìmuca =>> db bstb Mýdena y, f gfctf db cas `bibgemefreas sböfcfdas bi demhas mfsas, sb maimbdbræ f cfs pbrsaifs f cfs qub fcudb bc frtìmuca =>5 db bstb Mýdena. Bstfs pbiseaibs mbsfræi rbspbmta db cfs `bibgemefrefs qub maitrfkbrbi lftrelaiea y db cas `bibgemefreas qub ccbnfrbi f cas debmeamha föas y ia gubrbi eimfpfmbs pfrf bc trf`fka. Bc ccflflebita f cas dbrbmhahf`ebitbs fc namb db cf pbiseýi y db cf destre`umeýi db cf leslf sb hfræ db fmubrda mai cfs rbncfs dbc Mýdena Mevec. Bitrb cas hbrbdbras hf`ræ, fdblæs, bc dbrbmha db fmrbmbr. Frt. =52.- Mufitìf db cf eidbliezfmeýi.- Zfrf cas bgbmtas db cf eidbliezfmeýi f cas trf`fkfdarbs ia fgecefdas fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc sb talfræi bi maisedbrfmeýi cfs leslfs mfitedfdbs qub pfnf demha Eistetuta f sus fgecefdas.
Frt. =57.- Bstepucfmeýi db eidbliezfmeaibs.- Cas trf`fkfdarbs padræi bstepucfr mai sus blpcbfdarbs, eidbliezfmeaibs lfyarbs qub cfs bstf`cbmedfs par bstb Mýdena pfrf bc mfsa db fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd. Frt. =58.- Fulbita db cfs eidbliezfmeaibs.- Cfs eidbliezfmeaibs dbtbrleifdfs par bstb tìtuca sb fulbitfræi bi bc meimubitf par mebita mufida bc rebsna sb praduzmf par ia hf`br a`sbrvfda bc blpcbfdar cfs prbmfumeaibs qub, sbnûi cas mfsas, prbsmre`f bc Mfpìtuca db –Zrbvbimeýi db cas Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka“, a sb bs pbmegemfrbi
bi cas
rbncflbitas. Frt. 4::.- Dbsmubita par fitemepa db sfcfrea.- ]ei pbrkuemea db ca despubsta bi bc frtìmuca fitbrear, db cf mfitedfd qub bc blpcbfdar db`ebrb par maimbpta db eidbliezfmeýi, sb dbsmaitfræ ca qub bc trf`fkfdar fdbudfrb fc blpcbfdar par fitemepas db sfcfrea, seblprb qub tfc dbsmubita ia bxmbdf dbc debz par mebita dbc laita tatfc db cf eidbliezfmeýi. Frt. =77.- Fpfrftas db prýtbses y artapbdef.- Bc blpcbfdar bstfræ a`cenfda f cf praveseýi y rbiavfmeýi iarlfc db cas fpfrftas db prýtbses y artapbdef, muya usa sb bstelb ibmbsfrea bi rfzýi db cf cbseýi sugredf par cf vìmtelf.
66=
Frt. =7>.- Mæcmuca db eidbliezfmeaibs pfrf bc trf`fkfdar ia fgecefda fc EB]].- Tadfs cfs iarlfs qub pfrf bc mæcmuca db eidbliezfmeaibs maitebibi cas frtìmucas =75, =>:, =>6, =>0 y =>= db bstb Mýdena, sustetûyfisb, bi ca qub gubrbi fpcemf`cbs mai cfs cbybs, rbncflbitas y læs despasemeaibs cbnfcbs, qub pfrf bc bgbmta bstuvebrbi venbitbs bi bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, fc lalbita db pradumersb bc fmmedbitb, seblprb y mufida bc trf`fkfdar fmmedbitfda ia bstuvebrb fgecefda y par ca tfita ia nazfrb db cfs prbstfmeaibs db demha Eistetuta.
=.5. MA@PA DB CF EIDBLIE[FMEÝI
Zfrf bc ma`ra db cfs eidbliezfmeaibs cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar bstf`cbmb qub; Frt. =2.- Bc trf`fka bs ui dbrbmha y ui db`br samefc. Nazfræ db cf pratbmmeýi dbc Bstfda, bc qub fsbnurfræ fc trf`fkfdar bc rbspbta f su deniedfd, uif bxestbimef dbmarasf y uif rbluibrfmeýi kustf qub mu`rf sus ibmbsedfdbs y cfs db su gflecef. ]b rbneræ par cfs senuebitbs iarlfs guidflbitfcbs; 6.
Cf rbluibrfmeýi dbc trf`fka sbræ eibl`frnf`cb, sfcva pfrf bc pfna db pbiseaibs fcelbitemefs. Tada ca qub db`f bc blpcbfdar par rfzýi dbc trf`fka, maistetueræ mrådeta prevecbnefda db prelbrf mcfsb, mai prbgbrbimef fui rbspbmta db cas hepatbmfreas…
Cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf bstf`cbmb qub tada ca fdbudfda par bc blpcbfdar sb maisedbrfræ mala uif dbudf prelfref qub db`bræ sbr mfimbcfdf f cf `rbvbdfd pase`cb mai sus rbspbmtevfs rbtre`umeaibs. Zar su pfrtb bc Mýdena db trf`fka bstf`cbmb qub; Frt. 4:6.- Mrådeta prevecbnefda.- Ca qub sb db`f par maimbpta db eidbliezfmeaibs sbnûi bstb tìtuca sb tbidræ mala mrådeta prevecbnefda, mai prbgbrbimef, fui f cas hepatbmfreas. he patbmfreas.
664
Bc frtìmuca fitbrearlbitb sböfcfda vf bi maimardfimef derbmtf mai bc Frt. =08 db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar cf mufc bstf`cbmb qub cf dbudf dbc blpcbfdar fc blpcbfda sb prearezfræ par sa`rb tadfs cfs masfs. Frt. 88.- Mrådeta prevecbnefda db prelbrf mcfsb.- Ca qub bc blpcbfdar fdbudb fc trf`fkfdar par sfcfreas, subcdas, eidbliezfmeaibs y pbiseaibs ku`ecfrbs, maistetuyb mrådeta prevecbnefda db prelbrf mcfsb, mai prbgbrbimef fui f cas hepatbmfreas. Bc frtìmuca 88 bstf`cbmb uif dbgeiemeýi mcfrf db ca qub bs ui mrådeta prevecbnefda db prelbrf mcfsb fc bstf`cbmbr qub bs tadf dbudf d budf qub pasbf bc blpcbfdar par maimbpta db sfcfreas, subcdas, eidbliezfmeaibs y pbiseaibs ku`ecfrbs Bc Mýdena Tre`utfrea par su pfrtb lfiegebstf qub; Frt. 2>.- Zrevecbnea y prbcfmeýi.- Cas mrådetas tre`utfreas y sus eitbrbsbs, nazfi db prevecbnea nbibrfc sa`rb tadas cas `ebibs dbc dbudar y tbidræi prbcfmeýi sa`rb mufcbsquebrf atras, f bxmbpmeýi db cas senuebitbs; 0. Bi cas mfsas db prbcfmeýi db mrådetas, cas dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea par fpartbs, prelfs, gaidas db rbsbrvf, maivbieas db purnf db larf pftraifc, luctfs, dbsmubitas u atras qub nbibrbi rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc y par mrådetas maimbdedas f cas fsbnurfdas a `bibgemefreas, sbræi prevecbnefdas y sb pfnfræi bi bc ardbi sböfcfda bi bc frtìmuca 0=>4 dbc Mýdena Mevec?… Zar su pfrtb bc Mýdena tre`utfrea rbspbtf ca bstf`cbmeda bi bc Frt. =2 db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar fc bstf`cbmbr bi su cetbrfc sbnuida qub sbræ maisedbrfda dbudf prelfref cfs qub bc blpcbfdar pasbf mai ui trf`fkfdar. Frt. 0=50. Mýdena Mevec- Zrbsmrepmeýi bs ui lada db fdquerer cfs masfs fkbifs, a db bxteinuer cfs fmmeaibs y dbrbmhas fkbias, par hf`brsb pasbìda cfs masfs, a ia hf`brsb bkbrmeda demhfs fmmeaibs y dbrbmhas, durfitb mebrta teblpa, y maimurrebida cas dblæs rbquesetas cbnfcbs. Rif fmmeýi a dbrbmha sb demb qub prbsmre`b mufida sb bxteinub par cf prbsmrepmeýi.
662
Bc frtemuca fitbrearlbitb bxpubsta lfiegebstf qub bxestb ui pcfza dbtbrleifda pfrf bc ma`ra db cfs eidbliezfmeaibs, db tbrleifr bstb pcfza y ia hf`br rbmcflfda su ma`ra, cf dbudf sbræ bxteinuedf. Bc mýdena db trf`fka bi su Frt. 4:=7 sböfcf qub cfs fmmeaibs qub pravbinfi sa`rb rebsnas db trf`fka prbsmre`bi bi trbs föas, mai cf bxmbpmeýi db qub se cfs maisbmubimefs dföasfs sb defniastemfrfi defniastemfrfi mai pastbrearedfd, bc pcfza pfrf cf prbsmrepmeýi sbræ dbsdb cf gbmhf db eigarlb lådema bi maimardfimef mai ca qub despaib cf prelbrf despasemeýi nbibrfc dbc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka>.
7
Frt. 4:=.- Zrbsmrepmeýi db cfs fmmeaibs.- Cfs fmmeaibs pravbiebitbs db bstb Tìtuca prbsmre`eræi bi trbs föas, maitfdas dbsdb qub sa`rbveia bc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd. Lfs, se cfs maisbmubimefs dföasfs dbc fmmedbitb sb lfiegbstfrbi mai pastbrearedfd f åstb, bc pcfza pfrf cf prbsmrepmeýi malbizfræ f marrbr dbsdb cf gbmhf dbc eigarlb lådema maigbreda par ui gfmuctfteva futarezfda dbc EB]]. Zfrf cf malpra`fmeýi dbc pfrtemucfr sbræ eidespbisf`cb bc eigarlb db cf Maleseýi Mfcegemfdarf bi bc qub sb bstf`cbzmf qub cf cbseýi a bigbrlbdfd hf seda maisbmubimef dbc fmmedbitb. Zbra bi ieinûi mfsa padræ prbsbitfrsb cf rbmcflfmeýi dbspuås db muftra föas db pradumeda bc lesla. > ZPELBPF.- Cfs fmmeaibs pravbiebitbs db cas rebsnas dbc trf`fka prbsmre`eræi bi trbs (=) föas, maitfdas dbsdb qub sa`rbveia sa`rbveia bc fmmedbitb db trf`fka a dbc defniýstema prbsuiteva prbsuiteva eiemefc db cf bigbrlbdfd bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc. Læs, se cfs maisbmubimefs dföasfs dbc fmmedbitb sb lfiegbstfrbi mai pastbrearedfd f bstb, bc pcfza pfrf cf prbsmrepmeýi malbizfræ f marrbr dbsdb cf gbmhf dbc eigarlb lådema maigbreda par ui gfmuctfteva futarezfda dbc EB]]. Zfrf cf bstf`cbzmf malpra`fmeýi pfrtemucfr sbræ eidespbisf`cb dbc eigarlb tåmiema db Pebsnas bc qub sb qub dbc cf cbseýi a bigbrlbdfd hf seda maisbmubimef dbc fmmedbitb. Zbradbc biTrf`fka ieinûi bi mfsa padræ prbsbitfrsb cf rbmcflfmeýi rbmcflfmeýi dbspuås db muftra (4) föas db pradumeda bc lesla.
667
=.6:. TPFLETB ZAP FMMEDBITB DB TPF@FKA U
BIGBPLBDFD
ZPAGB]EAIFC DBC ZBP]AIFC IA FGECEFDA FC EI]TETRTA BMRFTAPEFIA DB ]BNRPEDFD ]AMEFC Bc Mýdena db Trf`fka bstepucf pfrf cf dbiuimef db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka cas senuebitbs frtìmucas; Frt. 40.- A`cenfmeaibs dbc blpcbfdar.- ]ai a`cenfmeaibs dbc blpcbfdar; =6. Eismre`er f cas trf`fkfdarbs bi bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, dbsdb bc prelbr dìf db cf`arbs, dfida fvesa db bitrfdf dbitra db cas prelbras queimb dìfs, y dfr fvesas db sfcedf, db cfs ladegemfmeaibs db subcdas y sfcfreas, db cas fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y db cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs, y mulpcer mai cfs dblæs a`cenfmeaibs prbvestfs bi cfs cbybs sa`rb sbnuredfd samefc? Bc eimesa =6 dbc frtìmuca 40 bs mcfra bi sböfcfr qub bc pftraia bs bc ûiema rbspaisf`cb db fgecefr fc blpcbfda dbsdb bc prelbr dìf db prbstfmeýi db sus sbrvemeas atarnæidacb ui pcfza læxela db 62 dìfs fsì ma mala la iategemfr fc EB]] db cas mfl`eas rbf rbfcezfdas. cezfdas. Frt. =87.- Dbiuimef dbc fmmedbitb a db cf bigbrlbdfd.- Bc blpcbfdar, cf vìmtelf a sus rbprbsbitfitbs a cas dbrbmhahf`ebitbs dbc gfccbmeda, db`bræi dbiuimefr bc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd fitb bc eispbmtar dbc trf`fka. Cf dbiuimef padræ sbr vbr`fc a bsmretf. ]e bs vbr`fc, demhf futaredfd cf paidræ par bsmreta bsmreta bi ui ce`ra qub ccb ccbvfræ vfræ fc bgbmta. Bc frtìmuca =87 lfiegebstf qub ia bs ibmbsfrea sbr bc fgbmtfda pfrf dbiuimefr bc fmmedbitb db trf`fka, pubdb hfmbrca su pftraia, cas rbprbsbitfitbs cbnfcbs bi mfsa db sbr lbiar db bdfd, sus dbrbmhahf`ebitbs bi mfsa db bstfr mfsfda a maivever bi uieýi ce`rb fsì mala sus hekas. Maitbieda db cf dbiuimef Bc Mýdena db Trf`fka demtf bi su frtìmuca =8> cf eigarlfmeýi qub db`b sbr maitbiedf bi cf dbiuimef par fmmedbitbs db trf`fka. Frt. =8>.- Maitbieda db cf dbiuimef.- Bi cf dbiuimef sb hfræ maistfr;
66>
6. Cfs mfusfs, ifturfcbzf y mermuistfimefs dbc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd? 0. Cfs pbrsaifs qub hfyfi rbsuctfda vìmtelfs y bc cunfr bi qub sb bimubitrbi? =. Cf ifturfcbzf db cfs cbseaibs? c bseaibs? 4. Cfs pbrsaifs qub tbinfi dbrbmha f cf eidbliezfmeýi? 2. Cf rbluibrfmeýi qub pbrme`ìf cf vìmtelf? y, 7. Bc ial`rb y dalemecea dbc blpcbfdar. Bc Frtìmuca =8> cas rbquesetas qub db`b rbuier cf dbiuimef qub tbibr cfs mfusfs y cfs mermuistfimefs bi cfs qub sb praduka bc fmmedbitb, fsì mala tfl`eåi db`b qubdfr bxpubsta bc tepa db cbseaibs sugredfs, bc sfcfrea qub pbrme`ìf, bc ial`rb y derbmmeýi dbc blpcbfdar pfrf qub bc lesla pubdf sbr iategemfda. iatege mfda.
=.6:.6. TPÆLETB Bc Mýdena db trf`fka bstf`cb cas senuebitbs frtìmucas; Frt. =88.- Malpra`fmeýi db cf vbrfmedfd db cf dbiuimef.- Bc eispbmtar qub rbme`f cf dbiuimef prambdbræ f cbvfitfr uif eigarlfmeýi bi bc cunfr dbc fmmedbitb a daidb sb bimaitrfrb cf vìmtelf y malpra`fræ cf vbrfmedfd db cas dftas. Demhf futaredfd sbitfræ fmtf db tada ca amurreda y a`sbrvfda y cf rbleteræ f quebi marrbspaidf. Cf dbiuimef db`bræ sbr vbrìdemf, pfrf ca mufc bc frtìmuca =88 bs mcfra bi prbmesfr qub ui eispbmtar db trf`fka db`bræ fmbrmfrsb fc cunfr db cas hbmhas y rbmapecfr cf lfyar mfitedfd db eigarlfmeýi qub pbrletf dbtbrleifr se cf dbiuimef bs vbrìdemf. Frt. =85.- Mufdras bstfdìstemas db fmmedbitbs db trf`fka. - Bc eispbmtar dbc trf`fka elpaidræ uif luctf db maigarledfd mai ca prbvesta bi bstb Mýdena fc blpcbfdar qub ia hu`ebrb dbiuimefda bc fmmedbitb dbitra db cas trbeitf dìfs db amurreda, luctf qub sbræ bitrbnfdf bi `bibgemea dbc trf`fkfdar a db sus dbudas.
668
Bi mfsa db kuemea, bc kubz, db agemea, elpaidræ fc dblfidfda d blfidfda bc læxela db cf sfimeýi fitbs prbvestf, db ia fpfrbmbr db futas cf mapef mbrtegemfdf db cf dbiuimef hbmhf fitb bc eispbmtar dbc trf`fka. Bc Dbpfrtflbita db Pebsnas dbc ]bnura ]amefc, bi cas mfsas qub cb sai pbrteibitbs, `fka cf rbspaisf`ecedfd pbrsaifc dbc kbgb rbspbmteva, muedfræ dbc mulpcelebita db tfc rbqueseta, db`ebida fdblæs bivefr f cf Derbmmeýi Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka cas eigarlbs lådemas rbcftevas f cf mfcegemfmeýi db rebsnas. Bi mfsa db eimulpcelebita, bc Derbmtar Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka sfimeaifræ fdleiestrftevflbitb fc guimeaifrea rbspaisf`cb. r bspaisf`cb. Zfrf qub bxestf uif marrbmtf eidbliezfmeýi db cas fmmedbitbs db trf`fka bs ibmbsfrea qub bc blpcbfdar dbiuimeb cf bxestbimef dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka dbitra db cas trbeitf dìfs bstepucfdas par cf cby, bi mfsa maitrfrea sb bstepucfræ uif luctf qub `bibgemefræ derbmtflbitb fc blpcbfda a trf`fkfdar, pbra cflbitf`cblbitb bstb hbmha nbibrfclbitb ia sb pradumb bi vestf qub bstflas grbitb fc eimulpcelebita db uif a`cenfmeýi pftraifc mala bs cf fgecefmeýi fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc EB]], par ca qub bs ibmbsfrea sböfcfr qub cf dbiuimef pubdb prbsbitfr cf vìmtelf, sus rbprbsbitfitbs, dbrbmhahf`ebitbs dbrbmhahf` ebitbs dbc gfccbmeda (Frt. =87 Mýdena db Trf`fka)8 Db enufc lfibrf cf iarlf sböfcf qub tfl`eåi pubdb eiemefrsb ui rbmcfla dbitra dbc æl`eta kudemefc par fmm fmmedbitb edbitb db trf`f trf`fka ka a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc fitb bc bc Kubz db Trf`fka ( Frt. 278 dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka 5 y 0=8 dbc Mýdena Arnæiema db cf Guimeýi Kudemefc)6:. Frt. 4:0.- Zfna db eidbliezfmeaibs.- Iategemfda bc blpcbfdar par bc eispbmtar dbc trf`fka mai cf pbtemeýi db pfrtb eitbrbsfdf bi bc pfna db cfs 8
Frt. =87 Mýdena db Trf`fka .- Dbiuimef dbc fmmedbitb a db cf bigbrlbdfd.- Bc blpcbfdar, cf vìmtelf a susrbprbsbitfitbs a cas dbrbmhahf`ebitbs dbc gfccbmeda, db`bræi dbiuimefr bc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd fitb bc eispbmtar dbc trf`fka. Cf dbiuimef padræ sbr vbr`fc a bsmretf. ]e bs vbr`fc, demhf futaredfd cf paidræ par bsmreta bi ui ce`ra qub ccbvfræ fc bgbmta. 5 Frt. 278 dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka.- Kuresdemmeýi y malpbtbimef malpbtbimef db cas kubmbs dbc trf`fka.- Cas kubmbs dbc trf`fka bkbrmbi kuresdemmeýi praveimefc y tebibi malpbtbimef prevftevf pfrf maiambr y rbsacvbr cas maigcemtas eidevedufcbs pravbiebitbs db rbcfmeaibs db trf`fka, y qub ia sb bimubitrbi salbtedas f cf dbmeseýi db atrf futaredfd.
6:
Frt. 0=8 Mýdena db cfmaiambr Guimeýi Kudemefc.FTPE@RMEAIB] U DB@BPB].Marrbspaidb f cfs kubzfs y cas kubmbsArnæiema dbc trf`fka y rbsacvbr, bi prelbrf eistfimef, cas maigcemtas eidevedufcbs pravbiebitbs db rbcfmeaibs db trf`fka qub ia sb bimubitrbi bimubitrbi salbtedas f cf dbmeseýi db atrf fu futaredfd. taredfd.
665
eidbliezfmeaibs y mai bc demtflbi db cf Kuitf Mfcegemfdarf db Pebsnas, a mai cf pfrtedf db dbguimeýi dbc trf`fkfdar qub gfccbmebrb f maisbmubimef db ui eidbliezfmeaibs dbitra dbc pcfza qub sb cb maimbdf, bc qub ia padræ bxmbdbr db sbsbitf dìfs, ie sbr lbiar db trbeitf. Bc pfna sb hfræ derbmtflbitb f cas eitbrbsfdas, mai cf eitbrvbimeýi dbc eispbmtar dbc trf`fka. Dbc pfrtemucfr sb dbkfræ maistfimef bi fmtf bitrbnæidasb, sei masta fcnuia, sbidfs mapefs db bccf f cas eitbrbsfdas y rbleteåidasb atrf, bc lesla dìf, f cf Derbmmeýi Pbneaifc dbc Trf`fka y fc Maisbka Ifmeaifc db cf Ieöbz y Fdacbsmbimef, bi mfsa db hf`br lbiarbs eitbrbsfdas. ]e bc pfna db cfs eidbliezfmeaibs ia sb bgbmtufrb dbitra dbc pcfza sböfcfda, cas eitbrbsfdas padræi dbdumer su fmmeýi? y se cf sbitbimef gubrb maidbiftaref fc blpcbfdar, fsì ia ca hfyfi sacemetfda cfs pfrtbs, ie despubsta bc gfcca, fc cequedfrsb cf a`cenfmeýi, db agemea, sb rbmfrnfræi cfs eidbliezfmeaibs bi ui meimubitf par mebita, sei pbrkuemea db qub sb f`aibi da`cfdfs cfs rbitfs a pbiseaibs vbimedfs dbsdb cf gbmhf bi qub gbibmeý bc pcfza dfda par bc eispbmtar hfstf bc lalbita db cf cequedfmeýi. Bc frtìmuca 4:0 bxprbsf qub bc blpcbfdar tbidræ ui pcfza læxela db sbsbitf dìfs pfrf bc pfna db cf mfitedfd bstf`cbmedf, bi mfsa db ia rbfcezfr bc pfna dbitra dbc pcfza sböfcfda sb rbmfrnfræ fc blpcbfdar cf luctf maigarlb ca sböfcf bstf despasemeýi, bs ibmbsfrea fmcfrfr qub bi mfsa qub bc blpcbfdar ia hf mfimbcfda cfs eidbliezfmeaibs dbtbrleifdfs par bc Eispbmtar db Trf`fka db`bræ dblfidfr fitb bc Kubz db Trf`fka su mulpcelebita, enufc dbrbmha tebib cb blpcbfdar db elpunifr cf rbsacumeýi dbc Eispbmtar db Trf`fka fitb bc Kubz db cf lftbref flpfrfda bi ca qub sböfcf bc Frt. >7 iulbrfc > cetbrfc l y 6>= db cf Maistetumeýi Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpu`cemf dbc dbc Bmufdar y =6 dbc Mýdena Arnæiema db cf Guimeýi Kudemefc66.
66
Frt. >7 db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar .- Bi tada prambsa bi bc qub sb dbtbrleibi dbrbmhas y a`cenfmeaibs db mufcquebr ardbi, sb fsbnurfræ bc dbrbmha fc db`eda prambsa qub eimcueræ cfs senuebitbs nfrfitìfs >. Bc dbrbmha db cfs `æsemfs; pbrsaifs f cf dbgbisf eimcueræ cfs senuebitbs nfrfitìfs; l) Pbmurrer bc gfcca a rbsacumeýi bi tadas cas prambdelebitas bi cas qub sb dbmedf sa`rb sus dbrbmhas.
60:
Bc prambdelebita qub db`b dfr bc Kubz db trf`fka sb ca rbfcezfrf maigarlb ca sböfcf bc Frt. 2>2 dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka 60, dbitra db demha prambsa cbnfc cfs pfrtbs db`bræi pra`fr mfdf uif db cfs fgerlfmeaibs qub sböfcbi tfita bc trf`fkfdar mala bc blpcbfdar bi vestf qub db`bræi bitrfr bi uif gfsb db prub`f y dblastrfr sus fgerlfmeaibs mala ca sböfcb bc Frt. 662 dbc Mýdena db Zrambdelebita Mevec6=, f gei qub bc Kubz db cf lftbref demtb sbitbimef despaiebida bc pfna dbc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc a ibnæidaca. Rif vbz demtfdf cf sbitbimef par bc Kubz db trf`fka cf pfrtb qub bstb eimaigarlb mai cf leslf padræ fpbcfr fpbcfr fitb cf Martb Zraveimefc db mfdf kuresdemmeýi mala mala ca sböfcf bc Frt. 7:5 dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka 64 bi maimardfimef mai ca qub despaib bc Frt. 0:8 iulbrfc 6 dbc Mýdena Arnæiema db cf Guimeýi Kudemefc
62
y Frt. >7 iulbrfc > cetbrfc l db cf
Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar 67, eistfimef qub db`bræ rbsacvbr bi lbreta db ca fmtufda, mai bxmbpmeýi qub se cf sfcf maisedbrf db agemea prfmtemfr decenbimefs ibmbsfrefs pfrf bc bsmcfrbmelebitas db cas hbmhas flprfda bi ca qub despaib bc Frt. 760 dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka6>.
Frt. 6>= db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar.- Cas fmtas fdleiestrftevas db mufcquebr futaredfd dbc Bstfda padræi sbr elpunifdas, tfita bi cf vìf fdleiestrftevf mala fitb cas marrbspaidebitbs ýrnfias db cf Guimeýi Kudemefc. Frt. =6 dbc Mýdena Arnæiema db cf Guimeýi Kudemefc .- ZPEIMEZEA DB ELZRNIF@ECEDFD BI ]BDB KRDEMEFC DB CA] FMTA]FDLEIE]TPFTEWA].- Cfs rbsacumeaibs demtfdfs dbitra db ui prambdelebita par atrfs futaredfdbs b eistetumeaibs dbc Bstfda, desteitfs db cfs bxpbdedfs par quebibs bkbrmbi kuresdemmeýi, bi qub sb rbmaiazmfi, dbmcfrbi, bstf`cbzmfi, rbstreikfi a suprelfi dbrbmhas, ia sai dbmeseaibs kuresdemmeaifcbs? maistetuybi fmtas db cf Fdleiestrfmeýi Zû`cemf a Tre`utfref, elpunif`cbs bi sbdb kuresdemmeaifc. 60 Frt. 2>2 dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka.- ]ustfimefmeýi db cf maitravbrsef.- Cfs maitravbrsefs eidevedufcbs db trf`fka sb sustfimefræi lbdefitb prambdelebita arfc. 6= Frt. 66= dbc Mýdena db Zrambdelebita Mevec .- Bs a`cenfmeýi dbc fmtar pra`fr cas hbmhas qub hf prapubsta fgerlftevflbitb bi bc kuemea, y qub hf ibnfda bc rba... 64 Frt. 7:5 Mýdena db Trf`fka.- Pbmursa db fpbcfmeýi.- Cfs sbitbimefs qub bxpedfi cas kubmbs db trf`fka sbræi susmbpte`cbs dbc rbmursa db fpbcfmeýi fitb cf Martb ]upbrear dbc destreta, mufida cf mufitìf dbc kuemea dbtbrleifdf par bc fmtar sbf supbrear f ui lec dýcfrbs. 62 Frt. 0:8.- MALZBTBIMEF DB CF] ]FCF] DB CF] MAPTB] ZPAWEIMEFCB].- F cfs sfcfs db cfs martbs praveimefcbs cbs marrbspaidb; 6 Maiambr, bi sbnuidf eistfimef, cas rbmursas db fpbcfmeýi y iucedfd y cas dblæs qub bstf`cbzmf cf cby? 67 Frt. >7 db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar .- Bi tada prambsa bi bc qub sb dbtbrleibi dbrbmhas y a`cenfmeaibs db mufcquebr ardbi, sb fsbnurfræ bc dbrbmha fc db`eda prambsa qub eimcueræ cfs senuebitbs nfrfitìfs `æsemfs; >. Bc dbrbmha db cfs pbrsaifs f cf dbgbisf eimcueræ cfs senuebitbs nfrfitìfs; l) Pbmurrer bc gfcca a rbsacumeýi bi tadas cas prambdelebitas bi cas qub sb dbmedf sa`rb sus dbrbmhas. 6>
Frt. 760 Mýdena db Trf`fka.db decenbimefs cf Martb.- Cfqub Martb gfccfræ par cas pfrf låretas db ca fmtufda pbra, db agemea, padræ ardbifr cf præmtemfGfcca db cfs bstelb ibmbsfrefs bc bsmcfrbmelebita db cas hbmhas.
606
F cf sbitbimef demtfdf par cf ]fcf db Martb Zraveimefc cfs pfrtbs padræi eitbrpaibr Pbmursa db mfsfmeýi fitb cf Martb Ifmeaifc db Kustemef, maigarlb ca sböfcf bc Frt. 76= dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka y Frt. 0 db cf Cby db Mfsfmeýi. 68y65 Db cf sbitbimef qub sb demtb bi cf Martb Ifmeaifc db Kustemef, iubstrf cbnescfmeýi atarnf f cfs pfrtbs prambsfcbs bi mfsa qub mrbybrbi qub sb hfi veacbitfdas dbrbmhas maistetumeaifcbs pubdfi pubdfi prapaibr uif Fmmeýi Bxtrfa Bxtrfardeifref rdeifref db Zratbmmeýi, fitb cf ]fcf a Kubz qub hfyf demtfda sbitbimefs, futas dbgeietevas, rbsacumeaibs mai gubrzf db sbitbimef, bs dbmer qub sb hfyfi fnatfda cas rbmursas ardeifreas y bxtrfardeifreas maigarlb ca sböfcf bc Frt. 54 db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar 0: y Frt. 28 db cf Cby Arnæiemf db Nfrfitìfs N frfitìfs Kuresdemmeaifcb Kuresdemmeaifcbss y Maitrac Maistetumeaifc06.
68
Frt. 76= Mýdena db Trf`fka.- Dbc rbmursa db mfsfmeýi.- Db cfs sbitbimefs qub demtbi cfs Martbs ]upbrearbs sb padræ prbsbitfr rbmursa db mfsfmeýi pfrf fitb cf ]fcf db ca Cf`arfc y ]amefc db cf Martb ]uprblf db Kustemef. 65 Frt. 0 Cby db mfsfmeýi.- ZPAMBDBIMEF.- Bc rbmursa db mfsfmeýi prambdb maitrf cfs sbitbimefs y futas qub painfi gei f cas prambsas db maiamelebita, demtfdas par cfs martbs supbrearbs, par cas tre`uifcbs destretfcbs db ca gesmfc y db ca maitbimeasa fdleiestrfteva…“. 0: Frt. 54 Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar.- Cf fmmeýi bxtrfardeifref db pratbmmeýi prambdbræ maitrf sbitbimefs a futas dbgeietevas bi cas qub sb hfyf veacfda par fmmeýi u aleseýi dbrbmhas rbmaiamedas bi cf Maistetumeýi, y sb eitbrpaidræ fitb cf Martb Maistetumeaifc. Bc rbmursa prambdbræ mufida sb hfyfi fnatfda cas rbmursas ardeifreas y bxtrfardeifreas dbitra dbc tårleia cbnfc, f lbias qub cf gfctf db eitbrpasemeýi db bstas rbmursas ia gubrf ftre`ue`cb f cf ibncenbimef db cf pbrsaif tetucfr dbc dbrbmha maistetumeaifc vucibrfda. 06
Frt. 28.- A`kbta.Cf fmmeýi bxtrfardeifref db pratbmmeýi tebib parrbsacumeaibs a`kbta cf pratbmmeýi db db cassbitbimef, dbrbmhas maistetumeaifcbs y db`eda prambsa bi sbitbimefs, futas dbgeietevas, mai gubrzf bi cas qub sb hfyfi veacfda par fmmeýi u aleseýi dbrbmhas rbmaiamedas bi cf Maistetumeýi.
600
=.66. B]VRBLF DBC TPFLETB DBIRIMEF U/A DBLFIDF DB TPF@FKFDAPB] IA FGECEFDA] FC EB]]
Dbiuimef Eispbmtar db trf`fka Frt. =87, =8>, =8> M.T.
Dblfidf Kubz db Trf`fka Frt. 278, M.T. y 0=8 0=8 M.A.G.K. Elpunifmeýi Pbsacumeýi Frt. >7 iul. > Cet. L , =6 M.AG.K,
Eivbstenfmeýi Eispbmtar db Trf`fka Frt. =88 M.T. Trfletb Arfc Frt. 2>2 M.T., Zrub`f 66= M.Z.M. ]bitbimef
Pbsacumeýi Eispbmtar db Trf`fka Frt. 4:0 M.T. Eidbliezfmeýi E idbliezfmeýi
Fpbcfmeýi Martb Zraveimefc Frt. 7:5 M.T., Frt. 0:8 M.A.G.K . ]bitbimef Frt. 760 M.T.
Gfctf db pfna par blpcbfdar bi 7: dìfs Frt. 4:0 M.T. , Mfsfmeýi Frt. 76= M.T. y Frt. 0 ]bitbimef
Fmmeýi Bxtrfardeifref db Zratbmmeýi Frt. 54 M.P.Z. y Frt. 28 C.A.N.K.M.M. , sbitbimef
C.M.
60=
=.60. TPFLETB
ZAP
BIGBPLBDFD FGECEFDA
FC
FMMEDBITB
ZPAGB]EAIFC EI]TETRTA
DB
TPF@FKA
DBC
ZBP]AIFC
BMRFTAPEFIA
DB
]BNRPEDFD ]AMEFC Cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar Frt. =4.- Bc dbrbmha f cf sbnuredfd samefc bs ui dbrbmha errbiuimef`cb db tadfs cfs pbrsaifs, y sbræ db`br y rbspaisf`ecedfd prelardefc dbc Bstfda. Cf sbnuredfd samefc sb rbneræ par cas preimepeas db sacedfredfd, a`cenftarebdfd, uievbrsfcedfd, bquedfd, bgemebimef, su`sedefredfd, sugemebimef, trfispfrbimef y pfrtemepfmeýi, pfrf cf ftbimeýi db cfs ibmbsedfdbs eidevedufcbs y macbmtevfs.
Bc Mýdena db Trf`fka sböfcf qub; Frt. 40.- A`cenfmeaibs dbc blpcbfdar.- ]ai a`cenfmeaibs dbc blpcbfdar; =6. Eismre`er f cas trf`fkfdarbs bi bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, dbsdb bc prelbr dìf db cf`arbs, dfida fvesa db bitrfdf dbitra db cas prelbras queimb dìfs, y dfr fvesas db sfcedf, db cfs ladegemfmeaibs db subcdas y sfcfreas, db cas fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y db cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaif pragbseaifcbs, cbs, y mulpcer mai cfs dblæs a`cenfmeaibs prbvestfs bi cfs cbybs sa`rb sbnuredfd samefc?
Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc Frt. 0.- ]RKBTA] DB ZPATBMMEAI.- ]ai sukbtas "a`cenfdas f sacemetfr cf pratbmmeýi" dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea, bi mfcedfd db fgecefdas, tadfs cfs pbrsaifs qub pbrme`bi einrbsas par cf bkbmumeýi db uif a`rf a cf prbstfmeýi db ui sbrvemea gìsema a eitbcbmtufc, mai rbcfmeýi cf`arfc a sei bccf? bi pfrtemucfr; f. Bc trf`fkfdar bi rbcfmeýi r bcfmeýi db dbpbidbimef? `. Bc trf`fkfdar futýiala? futýiala?
604
m. Bc pragbseaifc bi ce`rb bkbrmemea? d. Bc fdleiestrfdar a pftraia db ui ibnamea? b. Bc duböa db uif blprbsf uiepbrsaif uiepbrsaifc? c? g. Bc lbiar trf`fkfdar eidbpbidebitb? y, n. Cas dblæs fsbnurfdas a`cenfdas fc rånelbi dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea bi vertud db cbybs y dbmrbtas bspbmefcbs. ]ai sukbtas a`cenfdas f sacemetfr cf pratbmmeýi dbc rånelbi bspbmefc dbc ]bnura ]amefc Mflpbseia, cas trf`fkfdarbs qub sb dbdemfi f cf pbsmf frtbsfifc y bc hf`etfitb rurfc qub cf`arf "hf`etufclbitb" bi bc mflpa, par mubitf prapef a db cf maluiedfd f cf qub pbrtbibmb, qub ia rbme`b rbluibrfmeaibs db ui blpcbfdar pû`cema a prevfda y tflpama maitrftf f pbrsaifs bxtrföfs f cf maluiedfd a f tbrmbras pfrf qub rbfcembi fmtevedfdbs bmaiýlemfs `fka su dbpbidbimef dbpbidbimef..
Frt. >=.- EI]MPEZMEAI DBC FGECEFDA U ZFNA DB FZAPTB].- Bc blpcbfdar bstæ a`cenfda, `fka su rbspaisf`ecedfd y sei ibmbsedfd db rbmaivbimeýi, f eismre`er fc trf`fkfdar a sbrvedar mala fgecefda dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea dbsdb bc prelbr dìf db cf`ar, y f rbleter fc EB]] bc fvesa db bitrfdf dbitra db cas prelbras queimb (62) dìfs, mai bxmbpmeýi db cas blpcbfdarbs dbc sbmtar fnrìmacf qub bstæi bxbitas db rbleter cas fvesas db bitrfdf y db sfcedf, fmrbdetæidasb bc teblpa db sbrvemea db cas trf`fkfdarbs ûiemflbitb mai cf pcfieccf db rbleseýi db fpartbs, sei pbrkuemea db cf a`cenfmeýi qub tebibi db mbrtegemfr bi bc mfriå db fgecefmeýi fc EB]], mai su gerlf y sbcca, cf gbmhf db einrbsa y sfcedf dbc trf`fkfdar dbsdb bc prelbr dìf db eiemea db cf rbcfmeýi cf`arfc. Bc eimulpcelebita db bstf a`cenfmeýi sbræ sfimeaifda db maigarledfd mai bc Pbncflbita Nbibrfc db Pbspaisf`ecedfd Zftraifc. Bc blpcbfdar dfræ fvesa fc EB]] db cf ladegemfmeýi dbc subcda a sfcfrea, cf bigbrlbdfd, cf sbpfrfmeýi dbc trf`fkfdar, u atrf iavbdfd rbcbvfitb pfrf cf hestaref cf`arfc dbc fsbnurfda, dbitra dbc tårleia db trbs (=) dìfs pastbrearbs f cf amurrbimef dbc hbmha.
PB]ZAI]F@ECEDFD PB]ZAI]F@ECEDF D ZAP GFCTF DB FGECEFMEAI
602
Fdblæs db cf a`cenfmeýi db fgecefr fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc EB]] f cas Trf`fkfdarbs Trf`fkfdarbs a Blpcbfdas, y cf gfctf db mulpcelebita db bstf a`cenfmeý a`cenfmeýii pftraifc, hf seda ibmbsfrea cbnescfr qub cf gfctf db fgecefmeýi fc EB]] sbf pbifcezfda, cubna db hf`br seda pubsta f maisedbrfmeýi db tadf cf pa`cfmeýi lbdefitb maisuctf papucfr bi föa 0:66, sb maiverteý bi uif a`cenfmeýi db cf Fsfl`cbf Ifmeaifc fdbmufr cf cbnescfmeýi pbifc b eitradumer bstb lfidfta, bs fsì qub lbdefitb cf fpra`fmeýi dbc Mýdena Arnæiema Arnæiema Eitbnrfc Zbifc, MAEZ, bi sbmm sbmmeýi eýi sbxtf sb fpra`ý cas dbcetas maitrf maitrf bc dbrbmha fc trf`fka y cf ]bnuredfd ]amefc, bi cf mufc sb sböfcf qub cf rbtbimeýi cas fpartbs pftraifcbs a pbrsaifcbs y ia sb hfi dbpasetfdas f cf eistetumeýi marrbspaidebitb sbræi sfimeaifdas mai pbif prevftevf db ce`brtfd maigarlb ca sböfcf bc Frt. 040 dbc MAEZ 00, lebitrfs qub cf gfctf db fgecefmeýi sb hf dbtbrleifda uif sfimeýi pbmuiefref y qub padrìf ccbnfr f sbr sfimeaifda mala uif maitrfvbimeýi mai pbif prevftevf db ce`brtfd maigarlb ca sböfcf bc Frt. 04= y 044 dbc MAEZ 0=.
=.60.6. EIEMEA DB EIWB]TENFMEAI Frt. =.- PEB]NA] MR@EBPTA].- Bc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea pratbnbræ f sus fgecefdas a`cenfdas maitrf cfs maiteinbimefs qub fgbmtbi su mfpfmedfd db trf`fka y cf a`tbimeýi db ui einrbsa fmardb mai su fmtevedfd hf`etufc, bi mfsas db; f. Bigbrlbdfd?
00
Frt. 040.- Pbtbimeýi ecbnfc db fpartfmeýi f cf sbnuredfd samefc.- Cf pbrsaif qub rbtbinf cas fpartbs pftraifcbs a pbrsaifcbs a bgbmtûb cas dbsmubitas par rbhf`ecetfmeýi db teblpas db sbrvemea a db devedbidas db pråstflas hepatbmfreas y queranrfgfreas db sus trf`fkfdarbs y ia cas dbpasetb bi bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc dbitra dbc pcfza læxel læxelaa db iavbitf dìfs, maitfdas f pfrter db cf gbmhf db cf rbspbmtevf rbtbimeýi, sbræ sfimeaifdf mai pbif prevftevf db ce`brtfd db uia f trbs föas. Zfrf bc bgbmta, cf a bc fgbmtfda, bc Derbmtar Nbibrfc a bc Derbmtar Zraveimefc dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, bi su mfsa, sb dereneræ f cf Gesmfcìf pfrf qub eiemeb cf eivbstenfmeýi rbspbmtevf. ]e sb dbtbrleif rbspaisf`ecedfd pbifc db cf pbrsaif kurìdemf, sbræ sfimeaifdf mai cf mcfusurf db sus camfcbs a bstf`cbmelebitas, hfstf qub mfimbcb cas vfcarbs fdbudfdas 0= Frt. 04=.- Gfctf db fgecefmeýi fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc par pfrtb db uif pbrsaif kurìdemf.- Bi bc mfsa db pbrsaifs kurìdemfs qub ia mulpcfi mai cf a`cenfmeýi db fgecefr f uia a læs db sus trf`fkfdarbs fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, sb elpaidræ cf eitbrvbimeýi db cf bitedfd db maitrac malpbtbitb par bc teblpa ibmbsfrea pfrf prbmfutbcfr cas dbrbmhas db cfs y cas trf`fkfdarbs y sbræi sfimeaifdfs mai luctf db trbs f meima sfcfreas `æsemas uiegemfdas dbc trf`fkfdar bi nbibrfc, par mfdf blpcbfda ia fgecefda, seblprb qub bstfs ia f`aibi bc vfcar rbspbmteva dbitra dbc tårleia db mufrbitf y amha harfs dbspuås db hf`br seda iategemfda. Frt. 044.- Gfctf db fgecefmeýi fc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc.- Cf a bc blpcbfdar qub ia fgeceb f sus trf`fkfdarbs fc sbnura samefc samefc a`cenftarea dbitra db trbeitf dìfs, maitfdas f pfrter dbc prelbr dìf .
db sbræ sfimeaifda mai pbif prevftevf db pbrsaif ce`brtfd ia db f`aib trbs f sebtb dìfs.rbspbmteva, dbitra dbc tårleia Cfscf`arbs, pbifs prbvestfs sb elpaidræi seblprb qub cf bc vfcar db mufrbitf y amha harfs dbspuås db hf`br seda iategemfdf.
607
`. Lftbriedfd? m. Pebsnas dbc trf`fka? d. Wbkbz, lubrtb, b eivfcedbz, qub eimcuyb desmfpfmedfd? y, b. Mbsfitìf. Bc ]bnura ]amefc Mflpbseia agrbmbræ prbstfmeaibs db sfcud y, qub eimcuyb lftbriedfd, f sus fgecefdas, y pratbnbræ fc Kbgb db gflecef maitrf cfs maiteinbimefs db vbkbz, lubrtb, b eivfcedbz, qub eimcuyb desmfpfmedfd. Zfrf cas bgbmtas dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc A`cenftarea, cf pratbmmeýi maitrf cf maiteinbimef db desmfpfmedfd sb mulpceræ f trfvås dbc sbnura db eivfcedbz.
Db maigarledfd mai cfs iarlfs fitbs sböfcfdfs tadfs cfs pbrsaifs qub sb bimubitrbi `fka bc Pånelbi db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, sb bimubitrfi pratbnedas db mufcquebr maiteinbimef qub fgbmtb fc fgecefda y qub sb bimubitrfi dbitra db cas rebsnas mu`ebrtas par bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, dbitra db bccas sb bimubitrf cas Pebsnas db Trf`fka, cas leslas qub sb devedbi bi Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka y Bigbrlbdfd Zragbseaifc, cas leslas qub db`bræi sbr rbpartfdas fc EB]] maigarlb ca sböfcf bc Frt. 4004 y 4=02 dbc Pbncflbita Dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka. Bi mfsa qub bc blpcbfdar ia debrf fvesa db cf amurrbimef dbc fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc dbitra dbc pcfza sböfcfda, ca padræ rbfcezfr bc trf`fkfdar, gflecefrbs a tbrmbrfs pbrsaifs f trfvås db wb` a derbmtflbitb f cfs uiedfdbs db rebsnas db trf`fka. tr f`fka. Rif vbz rbme`edf bc bc fvesa dbc Fmmedbitb db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, cf uiedfd praveimefc db`bræ eiemefr uif eivbstenfmeýi f gei qub dbtbrleib se bc seiebstra amurreý a ia a mala maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka, uif vbz vbregemfda bc EB]] bitrbnfræ cfs 04
–Frt. 40.- Zcfza db Zrbsbitfmeýi dbc Fvesa dbc Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka.- Bc blpcbfdar bstæ a`cenfda f eigarlfr, bi bc tårleia db debz (6:) dìfs maitfdas dbsdb cf gbmhf dbc seiebstra, f cfs uiedfdbs dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, sa`rb cf amurrbimef dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka qub amfseaifrb cbseýi marparfc, pbrtur`fmeýi guimeaifc a lubrtb dbc trf`fkfdar fsbnurfda…“ 02 –Frt. 4=.- Zcfza db Zrbsbitfmeýi dbc Fvesa db Bigbrlbdfd Zragbseaifc u Amupfmeaifc.- Bi cas mfsas bi qub sb fdvebrtf eidemeas db uif bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc, bc blpcbfdar maluiemfræ f cfs uiedfdbs dbc bi ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbcmaitfdas Trf`fka,dbsdb lbdefitb bc fvesa db bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc amupfmeaifc, bc tårleia db debz (6:) dìfs, cf gbmhf db rbfcezfda bc Defniýstema Lådemau Zrbsuiteva Eiemefc par pfrtb dbc lådema db cf blprbsf…“
60>
prbstfmeaibs lådemfs y bmaiýlemf bmaiýlemfss qub tbinf dbrbmha bc fgecefda, bi vestf qub bc seiebstra padrìf pradumer bgbmtas mala; f) Eimfpfmedfd Tblparfc
`) Eimfpfmedfd Zbrlfibitb Zfrmefc
m) Eimfpfmedfd Zbrlfibitb Tatfc d) Eimfpfmedfd Zbrlfibitb F`sacutf
b) Lubrtb
Zrbstfmeaibs qub qub sb atarnfræ fc fgecefda maigarlb ca sböfcf bc bc Frt 0: dbc Pbncflbita Dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka 07 Zfrf rbme`er cf prbstfmeýi par pfrtb dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc bi mfsa db fmmedbitb db trf`fka sb nbibrfrf dbsdb bc prelbr dìf db cf`ar dbc trf`fkfdar, pfrf ca mufc bc trf`fkfdar db`bræ bstfr rbnestrfda bi bc EB]], bi mfsa qub ia sb mulpcf bstb rbqueseta, sb dbtbrleifræ rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc Frt. 6> dbc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka.0>
07
Frt. 0:.- Mfcegemfmeýi dbc ]eiebstra y Bitrbnf db Zrbstfmeaibs Fsestbimefcbs y Bmaiýlemfs dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebnas dbc Trf`fka.- Zfrf cf bitrbnf db prbstfmeaibs f cas fgecefdas sukbtas fc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, sb dfræ bc senuebitb prambdelebita;
6. Mfcegemfmeýi dbc ]eiebstra Cf`arfc.- Rif vbz rbmbptfda bc Fvesa db Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka a db Bigbrlbdfd Zragbseaifc y cas damulbitas hf`ecetfitbs, dbgeiedas bi cas prambsas dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, cf uiedfd praveimefc dbtbrleifræ se bc seiebstra amurreý a ia f mfusf a mala maisbmubimef dbc trf`fka, bitrbvestfida pfrf tfc bgbmta fc trf`fkfdar fgbmtfda y prambdbræ f nbibrfr cas eigarlbs, qub bstf`cbzmfi bc dbrbmha pfrf bc atarnflebita a ibnfmeýi db cfs prbstfmeaibs. 0. Bitrbnf db Zrbstfmeaibs Fsestbimefcbs y Bmaiýlemfs.- Rif vbz mfcegemfda bc seiebstra cf`arfc y vbregemfda bc dbrbmha sb maimbdbræi cfs senuebitbs prbstfmeaibs; f) Zrbstfmeaibs lådema fsestbimefcbs; Cas sbrvemeas lådema fsestbimefcbs sbræi atarnfdas db fmubrda f cf cby y cf rbncflbitfmeýi eitbrif, f trfvås db cfs uiedfdbs lådemfs db cf Pbd db prbstfdarbs db sbrvemeas db sfcud dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db ]fcud Eidevedufc y Gflecefr, eigarlfmeýi qub rbleteræ trelbstrfclbitb demha ]bnura fc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka. `) Zrbstfmeaibs bmaiýlemfs; Bc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka maimbdbræ f ievbc ifmeaifc cfs prbstfmeaibs bmaiýlemfs bi guimeýi db cf eimfpfmedfd, eimfpfmedfd, bi fpcemfmeýi f ca sböfcfda bi cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, bc prbsbitb rbncflbita y dblæs iarlftevf eitbrif. 0> Frt. 6>.- Zrbstfmeaibs par Fmmedbitbs db Trf`fka.- Bc dbrbmha f cfs prbstfmeaibs areneifdfs par fmmedbitb db trf`fka sb nbibrf dbsdb bc prelbr dìf db cf`ar dbc trf`fkfdar, `fka rbcfmeýi db dbpbidbimef a sei bccf, pfrf ca mufc bc fgecefda db`bræ bstfr rbnestrfda bi bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc lbdefitb bc rbspbmteva fvesa db bitrfdf bi bc ]estblf Hestaref Cf`arfc, db maigarledfd mai bc frtìmuca >= db cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc. Bi bc mfsa db qub bc trf`fkfdar mai a sei rbcfmeýi db dbpbidbimef ia sb bimaitrfsb rbnestrfda bi bc EB]], sb nbibrfræ rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc db maigarledfd mai cf cby c by y cf rbncflbitfmeýi eitbrif.
608
Zfrf rbme`er cf prbstfmeýi par bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, bc fgecefda db`bræ mulpcer par ca lbias hf`br mu`ebrta sbes fpartfmeaibs lbisufcbs prbvea bc defniastema eiemefc db cf bigbrlbdfd, maigarlb ca sböfcf bc Frt. 68 dbc Pbncflbita dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas db Trf`fka.08 Bc eimulpcelebita par bc blpcbfdar f cfs iarlfs bstf`cbmedfs pfrf qub bc trf`fkfdar sb `bibgemeb f cfs prbstfmeaibs db rebsnas db trf`fka, nbibrf rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc maigarlb ca sböfcf bc Pbncflbita Nbibrfc db Pbspaisf`ecedfd Zftraifc, mfpìtuca W Frt. 6705, pfrf bc atarnflebita db su`sedeas a db eidbliezfmeaibs par fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc? pragbseaifc? y, bi cas mfsa mfsass qub nbibrb dbrbmha dbrbmha db pbiseaibs pbiseaibs a rbitfs par fmmedbitb a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc sb fpcemfræ bc Frt. 6> db cf lesla mubrpa cbnfc. =: 08
Frt. 68.- Zrbstfmeaibs par Bigbrlbdfd Zragbseaifc u Amupfmeaifc.- Bc dbrbmha f cfs prbstfmeaibs par bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc sb nbibrf db fmubrda mai ca qub maitblpcf cf Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, pfrf cas trf`fkfdarbs `fka rbcfmeýi db dbpbidbimef a sei bccf, qub hu`ebrbi mu`ebrta par ca lbias sbes (7) fpartfmeaibs lbisufcbs, prbvea fc defniýstema eiemefc db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc. Cas trf`fkfdarbs f teblpa pfrmefc tbidræi dbrbmha f cfs prbstfmeaibs db bstb ]bnura, seblprb qub tuvebrbi rbnestrfdas bi bc EB]] fc lbias mebita amhbitf (68:) dìfs db fpartfmeýi, eilbdeftflbitb fitbrearbs fc defniýstema eiemefc db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc u amupfmeaifc.
Zfrf bgbmtas db maimbseýi db cfs prbstfmeaibs dbc ]bnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs u amupfmeaifcbs fnudfs sb maisedbrfræi mala fmmedbitbs db trf`fka, par ca tfita su pratbmmeýi db`b dfrsb maigarlb ca dbtbrleif bstb rbncflbita. 05 Frt. 67.- Bi cas mfsas db atarnflebita db su`sedeas a db eidbliezfmeýi par fmmedbitb db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, hf`ræ rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc, mufida; f) Cas trbs (=) lbsbs db fpartfmeýi eilbdeftflbitb fitbrearbs f cf gbmhf dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka a dbc defniýstema db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, hu`ebrbi seda mfimbcfdas bxtblparæibflbitb bxtblparæibflbitb bi ui saca pfna? `) Bc blpcbfdar ia hu`ebrb eismreta fc trf`fkfdar? y, bc blpcbfdar a bc maitrftfitb dbc sbnura sb bimaitrfrb bi larf dbc pfna db fpartbs fc lalbita dbc fmmedbitb dbc trf`fka a fc lalbita db cf mfcegemfmeýi db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc a dbc mbsb pravamfda par bstf? m) Bc db cas fpartbs lbs dbciaseiebstra rbfcezf bxtblparæibflbitb? d) Bcpfna blpcbfdar par sì amarrbspaidebitbs par eitbrpubstf fc pbrsaif, hu`ebrbsbmaluiemfda f cf Riedfd db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka a f cf dbpbidbimef dbc EB]] læs mbrmfif, cf amurrbimef dbc seiebstra, dbitra db cas debz (6:) dìfs cf`arf`cbs maitfdas f pfrter db cf gbmhf dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka a dbc defniýstema db prbsuimeýi eiemefc db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc? y, b) ]e f maisbmubimef db cfs eivbstenfmeaibs rbfcezfdfs par cfs uiedfdbs db rebsnas dbc trf`fka, sb dbtbrleifrb qub bc fmmedbitb a cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc hf seda mfusfdf par eimulpcelebita y/a eia`sbrvfimef db cfs iarlfs sa`rb prbvbimeýi db rebsnas dbc trf`fka, fui mufida bstuvebrb fc dìf bi bc pfna db fpartbs. =: Frt. 6>.- Bi cas mfsas db nbibrfrsb dbrbmha fc atarnflebita db pbiseaibs a rbitfs par fmmedbitb db trf`fka a bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc, hf`ræ rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc, mufida; f) Bc blpcbfdar ia hu`ebrb eismreta fc trf`fkfdar? y, bc blpcbfdar a bc maitrftfitb dbc sbnura sb bimaitrfrb bi larf dbc pfna db fpartbs fc lalbita dbc fmmedbitb dbc trf`fka a fc lalbita db cf mfcegemfmeýi db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc a dbc mbsb pravamfda par bstf? `) Bc pfna db cas fpartbs marrbspaidebitbs marrbspaidebitbs fc lbs dbc seiebs seiebstra tra sb rbfcezf bxtblparæibflbitb? m) Bc blpcbfdar a bc maitrftfitb dbc sbnura par sì a par eitbrpubstf pbrsaif, ia hu`ebrb maluiemfda f cf Riedfd db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka a f cf dbpbidbimef dbc EB]] læs mbrmfif, cf amurrbimef dbc seiebstra, dbitra db cas debz (6:) dìfs cf`arf`cbs maitfdas f pfrter db cf gbmhf dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka a dbc
defniýstema db prbsuimeýi eiemefc db cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc?
605
Rif vbz qub sb hfyf dbtbrleifda cf rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc, cf Derbmmeýi db Pebsnas db Trf`fka, demtf cf rbsacumeýi rbfcezf rbfcezfida ida cf cequedfmeýi db cf rbspaisf`ecedfd rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc; rbsacumeýi qub pubdb sbr elpunifdf bi cf vìf fdleiestrftevf fitb cf maleseýi Zraveimefc db Zrbstfmeaibs y Maitravbrsefs, Frt. 25 dbc Pbncflbita db Fgecefmeýi =6
Pbmfudfmeýi y Maitrac dbc EB]] , cf leslf qub db`bræ rbsacv rbsacvbr br dbitra dbc pcfza db db =: dìfs ? y, f demhf rbsacumeýi bc blpcbfdar blpcbfdar padræ eitbrpaibr rbmursa db ffpbcfmeýi pbcfmeýi dbitra dbc tårleia db 8 dìfs fitb cf Maleseýi I Ifmeaifc fmeaifc db Fpbcfmeaibs, Fpbcfmeaibs, Frt. 70 Pbncflbita db Fgecefmeýi Pbmfudfmeýi y Maitrac dbc EB]] =0. Db bstf bstf lfib lfibrf rf sb dfrìf gei f cf elpunifmeýi fdleiestrftevf.
=.60.0. ELZRNIFMEAI ]BDB KRDEMEFC Tada fmta fdleiestrfteva db mufcquebr futaredfd dbc bstfda padræ sbr elpunifda fitb cf guimeýi kudemefc, mala ca sböfcf bc Frt. 6>= db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpu`cemf dbc ==
Bmufdar , bi maimardfi maimardfimef mef mai ca qub ddespaib espaib bc Frt. =6 db dbcc Mýdena Arnæiema db cf =4 Guimeýi Kudemefc y Frt. 70 eimesa sbnuida dbc Pbncflbita db Fgecefmeýi Pbmfudfmeýi y maitrac dbc EB]]=2, pfrf bkbrmbr bc dbrbm dbrbmha ha db cf elpun elpunifmeýi ifmeýi fitb cf sbdb kudemefc ia ia bs ibmbsfrea fnatfr cf eistfimef fdleiestrftevf, tadf vbz qub pubdb bkbrmbrcf bi garlf d) ]e f maisbmubimef db cfs eivbstenfmeaibs rbfcezfdfs par cfs uiedfdbs db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, sb dbtbrleifrb qub bc fmmedbitb a cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc hf seda mfusfdf par eimulpcelebita y/a eia`sbrvfimef db cfs iarlfs sa`rb prbvbimeýi db rebsnas dbc trf`fka, fûi mufida bstuvebrb fc dìf bi bc pfna db fpartbs? y, b) Cas fpartbs marrbspaidebitbs f fcnuia db cas damb (60) lbsbs db fpartfmeýi, fitbrearbs f cf gbmhf dbc seiebstra, hu`ebrbi seda pfnfdas mai uif bxtblparfibedfd lfyar db trbs (=) lbsbs. =6 Frt. 25.- Elpunifmeýi db cf ncasf.- Dbitra dbc lesla tårleia maimbdeda bi bc frtìmuca fitbrear, bc blpcbfdar padræ elpunifr cfs ncasfs pfrf fitb cf Maleseýi Zraveimefc db Zrbstfmeaibs y Maitravbrsefs, prbsbitfida cf pbtemeýi par bsmreta mai cas frnulbitas y damulbitfmeýi pbrteibitbs, qub suspbidbræ cf maiteiufmeýi dbc træletb db bleseýi db tìtucas, hfstf qub bxestf rbsacumeýi bkbmutarefdf. ]b eimcueræ uif mbrtegemfmeýi bi daidb maistbi cfs gbmhfs db fvesa db sfcedf dbc trf`fkfdar, a db sbr bc mfsa, cf eidemfmeýi db qub ia bxestb fvesa db sfcedf. =0 Frt. 70.- Dbc rbmursa db fpbcfmeýi.- Db bxester eimaigarledfd mai bc fmubrda bleteda par cf Maleseýi Zraveimefc db Zrbstfmeaibs y Maitravbrsefs, dbitra dbc tårleia db amha (8) dìfs f pfrter db cf iategemfmeýi, cfs pfrtbs padræi fpbcfr demhf rbsacumeýi pfrf fitb cf Maleseýi Ifmeaifc db Fpbcfmeaibs, guidflbitfida bc rbmcfla y fdkuitfida cas damulbitas y prub`fs qub sb mrbybrbi ibmbsfreas, bxpbdebitb qub sb rbleteræ f demhf maleseýi bi bc tårleia db mufrbitf y amha (48) harfs, `fka cf rbspaisf`ecedfd dbc guimeaifrea bimfrnfda dbc træletb. == Frt. 6>=.- Cas fmtas fdleiestrftevas db mufcquebr futaredfd dbc Bstfda padræi sbr elpunifdas, tfita bi cf vìf fdleiestrftevf mala fitb cas marrbspaidebitbs ýrnfias db cf Guimeýi Kudemefc. =4 Frt. =6.- ZPEIMEZEA DB ELZRNIF@ECEDFD BI ]BDB KRDEMEFC DB CA] FMTA] FDLEIE]TPFTEWA] .- Cfs rbsacumeaibs demtfdfs dbitra db ui prambdelebita par atrfs futaredfdbs b eistetumeaibs dbc Bstfda, desteitfs db cfs bxpbdedfs par quebibs bkbrmbi kuresdemmeýi, bi qub sb rbmaiazmfi, dbmcfrbi, bstf`cbzmfi, rbstreikfi a suprelfi dbrbmhas, ia sai dbmeseaibs kuresdemmeaifcbs? maistetuybi fmtas =2
db cf Fdleiestrfmeýi Zû`cemf a Tre`utfref, elpunif`cbs bi sbdb kuresdemmeaifc. Frt. 70.-– …Dåkfsb f sfcva bc dbrbmha db elpunifmeýi bi cf vìf kudemefc marrbspaidebitb, bi muya mfsa
bc EB]] uif vbz iategemfda cbnfclbitb, suspbidbræ bc træletb fdleiestrfteva .
6=:
derbmtf Frt. 75 dbc Bstftuta dbc Pånelbi Kurìdema Fdleiestrfteva db cf Guimeýi Kudemefc=7 . Zfrf bc eiemea db cf elpunifmeýi fitb cf sbdb kudemefc sb db`bræ prbsbitfr dblfidf Frt. 0= db cf Cby db Kuresdemmeýi Maitbimeasa Fdleies Fdleiestrftevf trftevf=> y db`b mulpcer cas c as rbquesetas bstf`cbmedas bi bc Frt. =: db cf leslf Cby=8, fdblæs quebi prapusa cf dblfidf db`bræ fpartfr prub`f pfrf kustegemfr cas guidflbitas db cf dblfidf Frt. =8 db cf Cby db Kuresdemmeýi Maitbimeasa Fdleiestrftevf =5, cas kubmbs ca fifcezfrfi fc lalbita db demtfr sbitbimef Frt. 46 db cf leslf iarlf4:. =7
Frt. 75.- ELZRNIFMEAI.- Tadas cas fmtas fdleiestrftevas bxpbdedas par cas ýrnfias y bitedfdbs salbtedas f bstb bstftuta sbræi elpunif`cbs bi sbdb fdleiestrftevf a kudemefc. Cf elpunifmeýi bi sbdb fdleiestrftevf sb hfræ db maigarledfd db bstb bstftuta. Cf elpunifmeýi bi sbdb kudemefc k udemefc sb salbtbræ f cfs despasemeaibs cbnfcbs fpcemf`cbs. Bi tada mfsa, quebi sb maisedbrb fgbmtfda par ui fmta fdleiestrfteva ca padræ elpunifr kudemefclbitb fitb bc rbspbmteva Tre`uifc Destretfc db ca Maitbimeasa Fdleiestrfteva db lfibrf derbmtf. Ia sbræ ibmbsfrea pfrf bc bkbrmemea db bstb dbrbmha bc qub hfyf prbmbdeda rbmcflfmeýi, fdleiestrftevf prbvef cf leslf qub sbræ aptftevf. => Frt. 0=.- Zfrf dblfidfr cf dbmcfrfmeýi db ia sbr maigarlb f dbrbmha y, bi su mfsa, cf fiucfmeýi db cas fmtas y despasemeaibs db cf fdleiestrfmeýi, pubdbi malpfrbmbr; ma lpfrbmbr; f) Cf pbrsaif ifturfc a kurìdemf qub tuvebrb eitbrås derbmta bi bccas. `) Cfs bitedfdbs, marparfmeaibs b eistetumeaibs db dbrbmha pû`cema, sblepû`cema, qub tbinfi cf rbprbsbitfmeýi a dbgbisf db eitbrbsbs db mfræmtbr nbibrfc a marparfteva, marparft eva, seblprb qub bc rbmursa tuvebrf par a`kbta cf elpunifmeýi derbmtf db cfs despasemeaibs fdleiestrftevfs, par fgbmtfr f sus eitbrbsbs. m) Bc tetucfr db ui dbrbmha dbrevfda dbc ardbiflebita kurìdema qub sb maisedbrfrb cbseaifda par bc fmta a despasemeýi elpunifdas y prbtbidebrb bc rbmaiamelebita db uif setufmeýi kurìdemf eidevedufcezfdf a bc rbstf`cbmelebita db cf leslf. d) Bc ýrnfia db cf Fdleiestrfmeýi futar db fcnûi fmta qub, bi vertud db ca prasmreta bi cf cby, ia pudebrb fiucfrca a rbvamfrca par se lesla. =8 Frt. =:.Cf dblfidf db`b sbr mcfrf y maitbibr; f) Bc ial`rb dbc fmtar b eidemfmeýi db su dalemecea y cunfr daidb db`bi bgbmtufrsb cfs iategemfmeaibs bi cf meudfd db Vueta, sbdb dbc Tre`uifc, y dbitra dbc pbrìlbtra cbnfc. `) Cf dbsenifmeýi dbc dblfidfda y bc cunfr daidb db`b sbr metfda. m) Cf dbsenifmeýi db cf futaredfd, guimeaifrea a blpcbfda db quebi blfib cf rbsacumeýi a fmta elpunifda. d) Cas guidflbitas db hbmha y db dbrbmha bxpubstas mai mcfredfd y prbmeseýi. b) Cf eidemfmeýi db hf`br prbmbdeda cf rbmcflfmeýi fdleiestrftevf dbc dbrbmha, bi cas mfsas bxprbsflbitb sböfcfdas par cf cby, fitb cas guimeaifreas malpbtbitbs, y su dbibnfmeýi par pfrtb db åstas. g) Cf prbtbiseýi dbc dblfidfitb. n) Cf biuimefmeýi db cfs prub`fs qub bc fmtar sb prapaib rbider. Bi bstf mcfsb db kuemeas ia sb padræ mfl`efr a rbgarlfr cf dblfidf bi ca preimepfc. =5 Frt. =8.- Mai cf maitbstfmeýi db cf dblfidf sb lfidfræ iategemfr fc fmtar, y bi cf leslf pravedbimef, mfsa db hf`br hbmhas qub db`fi kustegemfrsb, sb f`reræ cf mfusf f prub`f par bc tårleia db debz dìfs, bi bc mufc sb prfmtemfræi cfs decenbimefs pra`ftarefs qub sb sacemetfrbi. Mufida cf maitravbrsef vbrsfrb bxmcusevflbitb sa`rb mubsteaibs db dbrbmha, maitbstfdf cf dblfidf sb iategemfræ f cfs pfrtbs, y sei atrf sustfimefmeýi bc Tre`uifc praiuimefræ sbitbimef bi bc tårleia db damb dìfs. 4: Frt. 46.- Maimcueda bc tårleia db prub`f, bc Tre`uifc demtfræ sbitbimef, dbitra db damb dìfs. Bi bc teblpa qub dbmurrb dbsdb cf maimcuseýi dbc tårleia db prub`f hfstf cf bxpbdemeýi db cf sbitbimef, padræi cfs pfrtbs prbsbitfr eigarlbs eigarlbs bi dbrbmha a sacemetfr fudebimef db bs bstrfdas, trfdas, pfrf fcbnfr vbr`fclbitb. Bi cas eigarlbs bi dbrbmha a bi cf fudebimef bi bstrfdas ia padræi pcfitbfrsb mubsteaibs bxtrföfs f cas
fsuitas lftbref db cf cetes. 6=6
Cfs sbitbimefs demtfdfs par bc Tre`uifc db ca Maitbimeasas Fdleiestrfteva, sbræ susmbpte`cb db eitbrpaibr eitbrpaibr bc Pbmursa bxtrfardeifrea db mf mfsfmeýi sfmeýi maigarlb ca dbtbrleif bc Frt. 0 db cf Cby db Mfsfmeýi 46 y Frt. 682 dbc Mýdena Mýdena Arnæiema db cf Guimeýi Kudemefc.40 Db cf sbitbimef qub sb demtb bi cf Martb Ifmeaifc db Kustemef, iubstrf cbnescfmeýi atarnf f cfs pfrtbs prambsfcbs bi mfsa qub mrbybrbi qub sb hfi veacbitfdas dbrbmhas maistetumeaifcbs pubdfi pubdfi prapaibr uif Fmmeýi Bxtrfa Bxtrfardeifref rdeifref db Zratbmmeýi, fitb cf ]fcf a Kubz qub hfyf demtfda sbitbimefs, futas dbgeietevas, rbsacumeaibs mai gubrzf db sbitbimef, bs dbmer qub sb hfyfi fnatfda cas rbmursas ardeifreas y bxtrfardeifreas maigarlb ca sböfcf bc Frt. 54 db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar 4= y Frt. 28 db cf Cby Arnæiemf db Nfrfitìfs N frfitìfs Kuresdemmeaifcb Kuresdemmeaifcbss y Maitrac Maistetumeaifc44.
46
Frt. 0.- ZPAMBDBIMEF.- Bc rbmursa db mfsfmeýi prambdb maitrf cfs sbitbimefs y futas qub painfi gei f cas prambsas db maiamelebita, demtfdas par cfs martbs supbrearbs, par cas tre`uifcbs destretfcbs db ca gesmfc y db ca maitbimeasa fdleiestrfteva. 40 Frt. 682.- MALZBTBIMEF DB CF] ]FCF] DB CA MAITBIMEA]A MAITBIMEA]A FDLEIE]TPFTEWA U DB CA MAITBIMEA]A
[email protected] Cf ]fcf Bspbmefcezfdf Bspbmefcezfdf db ca Maitbimeasa Maitbimeasa Fdleiestrfteva maiambræ; 6. Cas rbmursas db mfsfmeýi bi cfs mfusfs bi lftbref fdleiestrftevf…“ 4= Frt. 54 Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar.- Cf fmmeýi bxtrfardeifref db pratbmmeýi prambdbræ maitrf sbitbimefs a futas dbgeietevas bi cas qub sb hfyf veacfda par fmmeýi u aleseýi dbrbmhas rbmaiamedas bi cf Maistetumeýi, y sb eitbrpaidræ fitb cf Martb Maistetumeaifc. Bc rbmursa prambdbræ mufida sb hfyfi fnatfda cas rbmursas ardeifreas y bxtrfardeifreas dbitra dbc tårleia cbnfc, f lbias qub cf gfctf db eitbrpasemeýi db bstas rbmursas ia gubrf ftre`ue`cb f cf ibncenbimef db cf pbrsaif tetucfr dbc dbrbmha maistetumeaifc vucibrfda. 44Frt.
28.- A`kbta.- Cf fmmeýi bxtrfardeifref db pratbmmeýi tebib par a`kbta cf pratbmmeýi db cas dbrbmhas maistetumeaifcbs y db`eda prambsa bi sbitbimefs, futas dbgeietevas, rbsacumeaibs mai gubrzf db sbitbimef,
bi cas qub sb hfyfi veacfda par fmmeýi u aleseýi dbrbmhas rbmaiamedas bi cf Maistetumeýi. 6=0
=.6=. B]VRBLF
DBC
TPFLETB
DB
DBIRIMEF
U/A
DBLFIDF DB TPF@FKFDAPB] FGECEFDA] FC EB]] .
ELZRNIFMEAI FDLEIE]TPFTEWF
ELZRNIFMEAI KRDEMEFC
Fvesa f Pebsnas db Trf`fka par
Dblfidf Maitbimeasa Fdleiestrftevf Frt.
Fmmedbitb a Bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc
0= db cf CKMF. Cf leslf db`b mulpcer cas
Frt. 40 y 4= dbc P]NPT , par cf
rbquesetas dbc Frt. =: CKMF
blprbsf a tbrmbrfs pbrsaifs
Mfcegemfmeýi dbc ]eiebstra y Bitrbnf db
Zrub`f pfrf kustegemfr cas guidflbitas db cf
Zrbstfmeaibs Fsestbimefs y Bmaiýlemfs
dblfidf Frt. =8 db CKMF
Frt. 0: P]NPT
Bc Tre`uifc demtf sbitbimef Frt. 46 db cf CKMF Zfrf qub EB]] fsulf cfs rbspaisf`ecedfd bc blpcbfdar db`bræ hf`br mulpcedas cfs a`cenfmeaibs dbtbrleifdfs bi cf Cby Frt. 67 PNPZ
Pbmursa db mfsfmeýi Frt. 682 MAGK y 0 db Cby db Mfsfmeýi Bc EB]] dbtbrleif rbspaisf`ecedfd Zftraifc, bstf rbsacumeýi padræ sbr elpunifdf f cf Maleseýi Zraveimefc db Zrbstfmeaibs y Maitravbrsefs Frt. 25 dbc PFPM
Fmmeýi Bxtrfardeifref db pratbmmeýi Frt. 54 db cf MPB? y Frt. 28 db cf CANKMM
F cf rbsacumeýi db cf Maleseýi Zraveimefc db Zrbstfmeaibs y Maitravbrsefs bs susmbpte`cb db fpbcfmeýi fitb Maleseýi ifmeaifc db Fpbcfmeaibs Frt. 70 PFPM dbc EB]], tbrleif cf elpunifmeýi fdleiestrftevf
6==
=.64. FWE]A
DB
FMMEDBITB
DB
TPF@FKA
MAI
GFCCBMELEBITA;
Fvesa dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka prbsbitfda bi muftra areneifcbs. Mfdf uia
elprbsa bi cfs das (0) mfrfs db cf hakf. Areneifc y mapefs db cf Måducf db Meudfdfiìf y mbrtegemfda (pfpbcbtf) db vatfmeýi dbc fmmedbitfda.
Mapef db cf Måducf db Meudfdfiìf y mbrtegemfda (pfpbcbtf) db vatfmeýi db cas tbstenas prbsbimefcbs a rbgbrbimefcbs.
Mapef db cf Måducf db Meudfdfiìf y mbrtegemfda (pfpbcbtf) db vatfmeýi dbc mýiyunb. Bi mfsa db ia tbibr mýiyunb prbsbitfr cas damulbitas dbc pfdrb a lfdrb a hbrlfias.
Eigarlb flpceftarea dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka bleteda par bc rbspaisf`cb db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka a bc rbprbsbitfitb futarezfda par cf blprbsf. Bc eigarlb db`b maitbibr harfrea db trf`fka dbc blpcbfda, fmtevedfdbs qub dbsblpböf bc blpcbfda y ui `rbvb rbcfta dbc fmmedbitb.
Mbrtegemfda db maleseýi db sbrvemeas (db sbr bc mfsa).
Zfrtb pacemefc mbrtegemfdf.
Zfrtedf db dbguimeýi areneifc.
Dbiuimefs a damulbitas cbnfcbs db cf gesmfcìf, mbrtegemfdas mbrte gemfdas par cf eistetumeýi e istetumeýi qub cas atarnf.
Fmtf db rbmaiamelebita cbnfc dbc mfdævbr. (Areneifc a mapef mbrtegemfdf) Futapsef a mbrtegemfda lådema mai mfusf db lubrtb (bpemreses). (Areneifc a mapef mbrtegemfdf)
Pbmartbs db prbisf a mufcquebr atra damulbita qub bvfcûb bc seiebstra.
Pbsuctfdas db bxflbi db fcmahacblef (db sbr bc mfsa). (Areneifc a mapef mbrtegemfdf)
Pbquesetas qub db`b elpreler bc sbrvedar db rebsnas dbc trf`fka;
Hestaref Cf`arfc dbc fmmedbitfda
Zcfieccfs db cas ûctelas pfnas db fpartbs fc EB]]. (Dbsdb bc lbs fitbrear fc fmmedbitb.)
6=4
Fvesa db Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka mai Eimfpfmedfd;
Fvesa dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka prbsbitfda bi muftra areneifcbs. Mfdf uia elprbsa bi cfs das (0) mfrfs db cf hakf.
Areneifc y mapefs db cf Måducf db Meudfdfiìf y mbrtegemfda (pfpbcbtf) db vatfmeýi dbc fmmedbitfda.
Eigarlb flpceftarea dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka bleteda par bc rbspaisf`cb db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc Trf`fka a bc rbprbsbitfitb futarezfda par cf blprbsf. Bc eigarlb db`b maitbibr harfrea db trf`fka dbc blpcbfda, fmtevedfdbs qub dbsblpböf bc blpcbfda y ui `rbvb rbcfta dbc fmmedbitb.
Mbrtegemfda db maleseýi db sbrvemeas (db sbr bc mfsa).
Zfrtb pacemefc mbrtegemfdf. (db sbr bc mfsa) Pbquesetas qub db`b elpreler bc sbrvedar db rebsnas dbc trf`fka;
Hestaref Cf`arfc dbc fmmedbitfda
Zcfieccfs db cas ûctelas pfnas db fpartbs fc EB]]. (Dbsdb bc lbs fitbrear fc fmmedbitb).
Træletb pfrf bc rbpartb db fmmedbitbs;
Bc blpcbfdar db`b eigarlfr fc EB]] cf amurrbimef dbc seiebstra lbdefitb cf prbsbitfmeýi dbc Fvesa db Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka, dbitra db cas debz (6:) dìfs cf`arfcbs maitfdas dbsdb cf gbmhf db amurrbimef dbc fmmedbitb.
Mufida bc blpcbfdar ia prbsbitfrb bc fvesa dbc fmmedbitb db trf`fka dbitra dbc tårleia, padræ hfmbrca bc trf`fkfdar, cas gflecefrbs a tbrmbrfs pbrsaifs, dbiuim dbiuimef ef qub tbidræ sugemebitb vfcedbz pfrf bgbmtas dbc træletb.
Bc blpcbfdar db`bræ bitrbnfr cas damulbitas hf`ecetfitbs pfrf cf mfcegemfmeýi, qub cb marrbspaidfi bcf`arfr, dbitra db cas trbeitf (=:) dìfs cf`arfcbs maitfdas dbsdb cf gbmhf db amurrbimef dbc seiebstra.
Bc blpcbfdar db`b bimaitrfrsb fc dìf bi bc pfna db cas fpartbs lbisufcbs, pfnfdas dbitra db cas queimb (62) prelbras dìfs dbc lbs su`senuebitb fc qub marrbspaidbii cas fpartbs. marrbspaidb
Cas damulbitas y dbmcfrfmeaibs tbstelaiefcbs sb rbmbptfræi bi cfs agemeifs dbc ]bnura db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka db cf rbspbmtevf Derbmmeýi Zraveimefc, ]u`derbmmeaibss Zraveimefcbs, Dbpfrtflbitas praveimefcbs y Nrupas db Trf`fka. ]u`derbmmeaib
6=2
Fc lalbita db cf dbmcfrfmeýi sb db`b prbsbitfr bc areneifc db cf Måducf db Edbitedfd.
=.62. EI]TPRMTEWA
ZFPF
GAPLRCFPEA
DB
BIGBPLBDFD
ZPAGB]EAIFC DFTA] NBIBPFCB];
Edbitegemfmeýi Nbibrfc db cf Blprbsf;
]b db`b einrbsfr cf senuebitb eigarlfmeýi db cf c f blprbsf.
Pfzýi ]amefc; Einrbsfr cf Pfzýi ]amefc db cf blprbsf bi cf qub trf`fkf bc fgecefda. Cf Pfzýi ]amefc bs bc ial`rb qub maistf bi bc PRM
PRM; Einrbsfr bc iûlbra db edbitegemfmeýi dbc maitre`uybitb db cf blprbsf bi cf qub trf`fkf bc fgecefda. Bstb iûlbra bs atarnfda par bc ]brvemea db Pbitfs
Eitbrifs y maistf db trbmb (6=) dìnetas. Fmtevedfd Bmaiýlemf Zreimepfc; Einrbsfr cf fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf preimepfc db cf blprbsf, bs dbmer cf fmtevedfd f cf qub sb dbdemfi cf lfyar pfrtb db cas trf`fkfdarbs. Cf fmtevedfd bmaiýlemf db`b dbsmre`ersb tfc mala eidemf bc PRM bi bc mflpa marrbspaidebitb.
Ia. Zftraifc; Einrbsfr bc iûlbra pftraifc bi bc mfsa qub pasbf. Bstb mflpa ia bs a`cenftarea.
Derbmmeýi; Einrbsfr cf derbmmeýi dbc dalemecea db cf blprbsf blpbzfida par cf mfccb preimepfc bi cf qub sb bimubitrf, bc iûlbra dbc prbdea y cf mfccb sbmuidfref.
Zraveimef; Einrbsfr cf praveimef bi daidb rbsedb cf blprbsf.
Meudfd; Einrbsfr cf meudfd bi daidb sb bimubitrf cf blprbsf.
]bmtar; Einrbsfr bc sbmtar bi daidb sb bimubitrf cf blprbsf.
Tbcågaia 6; Einrbsfr bc iûlbra tbcbgýiema db cf blprbsf.
Tbcågaia 0; Einrbsfr ui iûlbra tbcbgýiema fctbrifteva db cf blprbsf, se ca tebib. Bstb mflpa ia bs a`cenftarea .
Gfx; Einrbsfr bc iûlbra db gfx db cf blprbsf se ca tebib. Bstb mflpa ia bs a`cenftarea.
6=7
Blfec; Einrbsfr cf derbmmeýi db marrba bcbmtrýiema db cf blprbsf se ca tebib. Bstb mflpa ia bs a`cenftarea.
Ial`rb dbc rbprbsbitfitb Cbnfc; Einrbsfr cas ial`rbs malpcbtas dbc rbprbsbitfitb cbnfc db cf blprbsf.
Ia. Trf`fkfdarbs; Einrbsfr bc iûlbra db trf`fkfdarbs qub tebib cf blprbsf devedeåidacas bitrb fdleiestrftevas y apbrftevas. Bi mfsa db qub bc fvesa ca prbsbitb bc fgecefda fgecefda bstb mflpa ia bs a`cenftarea.
Derbmmeýi dbc Mbitra db Trf`fka hf`etufc dbc fgecefda; Einrbsfr cf praveimef, meudfd, sbmtar y mfccbs dbc mbitra bi daidb cf`arf hf`etufclbitb bc fgecefd, bi mfsa db qub sbf degbrbitb f cf derbmmeýi hf`etufc db cf blprbsf.
Edbitegemfmeýi dbc fgecefda;
]b db`b einrbsfr cf senuebitb eigarlfmeýi dbc fgecefda.
Fpbccedas; Einrbsfr cas fpbccedas malpcbtas dbc fgecefda fge cefda
Ial`rbs; Einrbsfr cas ial`rbs malpcbtas dbc fgecefda.
Måducf/Dam. Edbitegemfmeýi; Einrbsfr bc iûlbra db måducf db edbitedfd a damulbita db edbitegemfmeýi qub rbnestrý bi bc EB]]. EB ]]. Bstb iûlbra maistf db debz (6:) dìnetas.
Gbmhf db ifmelebita; einrbsfr cf gbmhf db ifmelebita dbc fgecefda bi garlfta dd/ll/ffff. Bkblpca 6>/66/0:6:
Bdfd; Einrbsfr cf bdfd bi föas qub tebib bc fgecefda
Nåibra; sbcbmmeaifr bc nåibra dbc fgecefda. ]e bs lfsmuceia sbcbmmeaifr L. ]e bs
gblbieia sbcbmmeaifr G. Bstfda mevec; ]bcbmmeaif ]bcbmmeaifrr bc bstfda mevec qub tebib bc fgecefda.
Derbmmeýi; Einrbsfr cf derbmmeýi db dalemecea dbc fgecefda blpbzfida par cf mfccb preimepfc bi cf qub sb bimubitrf, bc iûlbra dbc prbdea y cf mfccb sbmuidfref
Zraveimef; Einrbsfr cf praveimef bi daidb rbsedb bc fgecefda.
Meudfd; Einrbsfr cf meudfd bi daidb rbsedb bc fgecefda.
]bmtar; Einrbsfr bc sbmtar bi daidb rbsedb bc fgecefda.
Tbcågaia 6; Einrbsfr bc iûlbra tbcbgýiema dbc fgecefda. Zubdb sbr maivbimeaifc a mbcucfr. Bi mfsa db ia pasbbr tbcågaia db`b rbnestrfr ui iûlbra tbcbgýiema bi daidb pubdf rbme`er lbisfkbs.
6=>
Tbcågaia 0; Einrbsfr ui iûlbra tbcbgýiema fctbrifteva, se ca tebib. Bstb mflpa ia bs a`cenftarea.
Bsmacfredfd; ]bcbmmeaifr bc ievbc db bsmacfredfd qub tebib te bib bc fgecefda.
Bdfd bi cf qub blpbzý f trf`fkfr ; Pbnestrfr, bi föas, cf bdfd bi cf qub
malbizý su prelbr trf`fka. Zragbseýi/Agemea; Einrbsfr cf pragbseýi u Agemea qub tebib bc fgecefda
Amupfmeýi; Einrbsfr cf amupfmeýi qub tebib bc fgecefda
Harfrea Pbnucfr; Einrbsfr bc harfrea rbnucfr a grbmubitb db trf`fka dbc fgecefda, a eidemfr se cf`arf bi turia ratfteva.
Teblpa bi bc pubsta db trf`fka; ]bcbmmeaifr bc rfina qub marrbspaidb fc teblpa qub ccbvf bc fgecefda dbsblpböfida bc trf`fka hfstf bc lalbita bi qub sb prbsbitf bc fvesa. fvesa.
HE]TAPEF AMRZFMEAIFC;
Amupfmeaibs fitbrearbs;
Einrbsfr eigarlfmeýi db trbs trf`fkas fitbrearbs bxmcueda bc fmtufc, prearezfida fqubccas qub tbinfi rbcfmeýi mai cf prbsuitf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc rbpartf, rbpartf, eimcueræ;
Pfzýi ]amefc.
Fmtevedfd Bmaiýlemf.
Fmtevedfd qub rbfcezf`f; Einrbsfr cf tfrbf preimepfc qub rbfcezf`f y qub tbinf rbcfmeýi mai cf prbsuitf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc rbpartfdf.
Teblpa qub cf`arý fquì; Einrbsfr bc teblpa bi qub trf`fký pfrf mfdf blprbsf.
6=8
DFTA] DB CF BIGBPLBDFD BIGBPLBDFD;;
Bigbrlbdfd Zragbseaifc qub rbpartf; Einrbsfr bc ial`rb db cf(s) bigbrlbdfd(bs)) pragbseaifc(bs) qub areneif cf prbsbitfmeýi db bstb fvesa. bigbrlbdfd(bs
Dbsmrepmeýi db cf`arbs/fnbitbs qub sb maisedbrfi mfusfitbs db cf prbsbitb bigbrlbdfd; Dbtfccfr cfs cf`arbs y cas fnbitbs prbsbitbs bi mfdf uif db bccfs, rbcfmeaifdas mai cf bigbrlbdfd pragbseaifc qub sb rbpartf.
Teblpa db bxpasemeýi; rbnestrfr bc teblpa bi lbsbs qub bstuva bxpubsta f cfs cf`arbs a fnbitbs qub dbtfccý bi bc puita fitbrear.
MBPTEGEMFMEAIB];
Gerlf y sbcca dbc pftraia; Db`b maitbibr uif gerlf futarezfdf y bc sbcca areneifcbs dbc cunfr db trf`fka.
Gerlf dbc dbiuimefitb; Bi mfsa db qub cf blprbsf ia sbf cf qub prbsbitf bc fvesa rbnestrfr bc ial`rb, iûlbra db måducf y gerlf areneifc db cf pbrsaif qub
prbsbitf bc fvesa fvesa db Bigbrlbdf Bigbrlbdfdd Zragbseaifc. EIGAPLB LÅDEMA EIEMEFC;
Dftas qub db`b ccbifr bc lådema qub ftbideý fc fgecefda;
Cunfr db ftbimeýi; Pbnestrfr bc ial`rb dbc cunfr bi bc qub gub ftbideda bc fgecefda.
Gbmhf db ftbimeýi; Einrbsfr cf gbmhf bi cf qub gub ftbideda bc fgecefda bi garlfta dd/ll/ffff. Bkblpca. 6>/66/0:6:
Dbsmrepmeýi db cf bigbrlbdfd fmtufc; Einrbsfr cas preimepfcbs senias, sìitalfs, bvacumeýi y defniýstema db cf bigbrlbdfd qub sb rbpartf bi bstb fvesa
Fitbmbdbitbs pftacýnemas nbibrfcbs nbibrfcbs;; Einrbsfr db garlf nbibrfc cas preimepfcbs fitbmbdbitbss pftacýnemas dbc fgecefda fitbmbdbitb
Fitbmbdbitbs pftacýnemas marrbcfmeaifdas mai cf bigbrlbdfd fmtufc; einrbsfr cas fitbmbdbitbs pftacýnemas dbc fgecefda qub pubdbi tbibr rbcfmeýi mai cf bigbrlbdfd qub sb rbpartf bi bstb fvesa.
Riedfd Lådemf qub eigarlf; rbnestrfr bc ial`rb db cf uiedfd lådemf bi cf qub sb rbfcezf bstb eigarlb
Gbmhf qub bletb bc eigarlb; Pbnestrfr cf gbmhf bi cf qub sb rbfcezf bstb eigarlb bi garlfta dd/ll/ffff. Bkblpca 6>/66/0:6:
6=5
Ial`rb dbc gfmuctfteva; rbnestrfr bc ial`rb dbc lådema qub rbfcezý bstb eigarlb.
Ia. Måducf. Pbnestrfr bc iûlbra db måducf dbc gfmuctfteva.
Ia mýdena lådema; Pbnestrfr bc mýdena lådema dbc gfmuctfteva qub rbfcezý bstb
eigarlb. Gerlf y ]bcca; Pbnestrf cf gerlf y sbcca areneifcbs dbc lådema qub rbfcezý bstb eigarlb.
]bnûi cfs iarlftevfs dbc dbpfrtflbita db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc (EB]]). ±Vueåibs
db`bi
rbpartfr
cas
fmmedbitbs
db
trf`fka1
Db`bi sbr iategemfdas par bc blpcbfdar fc dbpfrtflbita db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka. Cf blprbsf bs a`cenfdf f ccbvfr ui rbnestra db cas fmmedbitbs y db cas eimedbitbs db trf`fka. Bstfs ûctelfs sai setufmeaibs bi daidb cf pbrsaif fgbmtfdf ia sugrb cbseaibs marparfcbs y se cfs sugrb, bstfs saca rbquebrbi db prelbras fuxeceas. ±Muæida
sb
tebib
qub
rbpartfr
cas
fmmedbitbs1
Bc blpcbfdar tebib ui læxela db 6: dìfs cf`arf`cbs pfrf rbpartfr ui fmmedbitb db trf`fka. Bi bc mfsa mfsa db ia hfmbrca bc blp blpcbfda cbfda fgbmtfda fmbrmfrsb fmbrmfrsb fc dbpfrtflbita db Pebsna dbc Trf`fka y iategemfr bc hbmha. Bi bstb mfsa, ui rbprbsbitfitb dbc EB]] rbfcezf uif eispbmmeýi f cf blprbsf, pfrf maiambr par quå ia sb rbpartý cf setufmeýi. Cf blprbsf bstæ sukbtf f luctfs y sfimeaibs dbtbrleifdfs par cf bitedfd rbnucfdarf. Bi bc mfsa db cas eimedbitbs, ia bs ibmbsfrea rbpartfrcas, pbra sì ccbvfr bstfdìstemf pfrf prbvbimeýi. prbvbimeýi. ±Muæcbs
sai
cfs
setufmeaibs
maluibs
db
rebsna1
Cfs supbrgemebs errbnucfrbs errbnucfrbs bi cas pesas, nrfdfs nrfdfs sei pfsflfias, sseteas eteas rbs`fcasas mai fnuf pubdbi mfusfr eimedbitbs a fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs. Cas eimedbitbs amurredas par bstfs mfusfs db`bi sbr rbpartfdas bi bc eitbrear db cf blprbsf, pfrf talfr lbdedfs marrbmtevfs. Bc kbgb db ]bnuredfd a db Pbmursas Hulfias db`b ccbvfr cas rbnestras. ±Cfs fudetarìfs pfrf
lbder
cas
rebsnas
db
trf`fka
sai
pbrlfibitbs1
Bc Dbpfrtflbita db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka dbc EB]] rbfcezf bvfcufmeaibs pbreýdemfs
qub sb eimrblbitfrai db`eda f cf rbsacumeýi ===, dbc 0> db amtu`rb dbc 0:6:. Bstf 64:
rbsacumeýi gub pu`cemfdf bc pfsfda pfsfda 00 db lfrza dbc 0:66 y fccì sb mrbf bc rbncflbita dbc ]estblf db Fudetarìf db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka (]FPT). Fsì, bc EB]] pubdb rbfcezfr fudetarìfs f tadfs cfs blprbsfs qub apbrfi bi bc pfìs, dbsdb bc 6 db sbptebl`rb dbc 0:66. Mufcquebr blprbsf pubdb sbr bcbnedf pfrf cfs fudetarìfs, db`eda f qub bstf sbcbmmeýi sb hfmb mai ui sartba bi bc EB]].
646
Fmmedbitbs db trf`fka y Pbspaisf`ece dfd Zftraifc
B G B M T A ]
Fmubrdas bitrb pftraias y trf`fkfdarbs, leslas qub sai tatfclbitb dbsvbitfkasas pfrf bc a`rbra
Bvfseýi db rbspaisf`ecedfdbs cf`arfcbs b eimulpcelebita db cf cby
DB]EIGAPLFMEÝI DB CA] TPF@FKFDAPB] ]A@PB MRÆCB] ]AI ]R] DBPBMHA] BI BC MF]A DB AMRPPEP RI FMMEDBITB CF@APFC
M F R ] F ]
Ibncenbimef b eimulpcelebit a db iarlfs db sbnuredfd `æsemfs
Dbsmaiamelebita db cfs iarlfs cf`arfcbs qub flpfrfi fc trf`fkfdar bi mfsa db
Maitrftfmeýi db lfia db a`rf
ia
mfcegemfdf,
su`pfnfdf y bi lumhfs amfseaibs sei maitrfta db trf`fka, pfrf ca mufc
fmmedbitbs db tr trff`f a
nbibrfclbitb
640
sb
maitrftfi bxtrfikbras a
MFZETRCA EW 4.6. MAIMCR]EAIB] U PBMALBIDFMEAIB] 4.6.6. Maimcuseaibs
Cfs fmtevedfdbs bmaiýlemfs bi pfìsbs bi vìfs db dbsfrracca mala Bmufdar prbsbitfi ui lfyar ìidemb db rebsnas db trf`fka qub bi cas pfìsbs dbsfrraccfdas dfda bi nrfi lbdedf f cf utecezfmeýi db tbmiacanìf a`sacbtf ca mufc veacf ca bstepucfda bi bc frtìmuca 402 db cf Madegemfmeýi dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka y cf prbvfcbimef db maidemeaibs sfietfrefs eifdbmufdfs pfrf ui marrbmta dbsblpböa cf`arfc setufmeýi bi tatfc maitrfpasemeýi mai cfs despasemeaibs pcfslfdas bi bc frtìmuca 4=7 db cf Madegemfmeýi dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka. Dfdfs cfs maidemeaibs nbanrægemfs y mcelftacýnemfs db cfs degbrbitbs rbneaibs qub maigarlfi cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar cf eimedbimef db bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs ia sb lfiegebstfi db garlf halanåibf, halanåibf, par ca qub cfs mcfsegemfmeaibs maitbiedfs bi cf Madegemfmeýi dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka Frtìmuca =7= ia pubdbi sbr fpcemf`cbs db garlf bstfidfrezfdf y dbkf cf pase`ecedfd qub prbvea cf rbveseýi db cf Maleseýi Mbitrfc padrìf fnrbnfrsb bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs fdemeaifcbs. fdemeaifcbs. Bi cf lfyarìf db cfs blprbsfs, tfccbrbs y ibnameas ifmeaifcbs sb eimulpcb cas fspbmtas bstf`cbmedas par bc frtìmuca 4=: db cf Madegemfmeýi dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka rbgbreda f cf fsestbimef lådemf y gfrlfmåutemf db cas blpcbfdas, db`eda f cf dbsprbamupfmeýi y aleseýi db cas blpcbfdarbs, fsì mala f cf rbcfkfmeýi db cfs lbdedfs db maitrac db bstb fspbmta par pfrtb db cas eispbmtarbs. Cf lfyar pfrtb db cas fmmedbitbs cf`arfcbs bi bc cas pfìsbs cfteiaflbremfias sb db`b f mfusfs `æsemfs a db arenbi hulfia, ia bsmfpfida Bmufdar f bstf rbfcedfd qub fgbmtf f cf rbneýi, mala maisbmubimef db cf pamf a dbgemebitb prbpfrfmeýi tbýremf y db bspbmefcezfmeýi qub pasbbi cas trf`fkfdarbs sa`rb cfs fmtevedfdbs cf`arfcbs qub rbfcezfi bi cfs degbrbitbs eidustrefs dbc pfìs.
64=
Bi Bmufdar bc EB]] frrakf dftas qub rbvbcfi qub cf lfyarìf db cfs bigbrlbdfdbs fdqueredfs par fnbitbs gìsemas sb rbpartfi bi blpcbfdas qub cf`arfi bi cfs fmtevedfdbs fnrìmacfs bi cas mflpas bmuftarefias, sebida bc sbmtar qub læs eimulpcb mai cf a`cenfmeýi dbtbrleifda bi bc Frt. 40 iulbrfc =6 dbc mýdena db Trf`fka. Cf cbnescfmeýi dbc Eistetuta Bmu Bmuftarefia ftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]bnuredfd ]amefc EB]], f le mretbrea tebib ui brrar, bi vestf qub cbnfclbitb bc EB]] atarnf ma`brturf par seiebstras amurredas f sus fgecefdas, bs dbmer `reidf ui sbrvemea pû`cema? pû`cema? y fdblæs sb cb atarnfdf cf gfmuctfd db demtfr rbncflbitas y iarlfs pfrf su guimeaiflebita, lbdefitb cas mufcbs f`frmf cf mfpfmedfd db rbsacvbr elpunifmeaibs fdleiestrftevfs db blpcbfdarbs y trf`fkfdarbs qub ia bstæi db fmubrda mai cfs rbsacumeaibs demtfdfs par cf bitedfd, sbf bstas par rbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc a laita db eidbliezfmeaibs dbc fgecefda. Zar tfita bs maitrfdemtarea gfmuctfr f uif leslf eistetumeýi, qub `reidb uuii sbrvemea pû`cema mmala ala bs cf sbn sbnuredfd uredfd samefc f maluiedfd y fdblæs cf gfmuctfr db rbnucfmeýi y maitrac, ca qub maitrfvebib bc Frt. 0=0 db cf Maistetumeýi db cf Pbpû`cemf dbc Bmufdar.
644
4.6.0. PBMALBIDFMEAIB] Eimrblbitfr cfs fmmeaibs db maitrac par pfrtb db cas eispbmtarbs EB]] bi cfs blprbsfs ifmeaifcbs mai bc a`kbteva db canrfr cf rbiavfmeýi y utecezfmeýi db lfqueifref y tbmiacanìfs ladbrifs qub prapemebi lbkarfs bi cf mfcedfd hulfif dbc trf`fka f dbsblpböfr par cas trf`fkfdarbs mala bstæ bstf`cbmeda bi bc frtìmuca 402 db cf Madegemfmeýi dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka, fsì mala bxener lbkarfs bi cfs maidemeaibs heneåiemfs db cas bspfmeas cf`arfcbs db garlf tfc qub sb då mulpcelebita fc frtìmuca 4=7 db cf c f Madegemfmeýi dbc Mýdena db Trf`fka. Pbfcezfr ui bstudea dbtfccfda db cf eimedbimef db cfs bigbrlbdfdbs pragbseaifcbs par rbneaibs dbc pfìs mai bc a`kbteva db canrfr cf mcfsegemfmeýi qub marrbspaidf db garlf vbrìdemf f cf eimedbimef db cfs leslfs bi cfs degbrbitbs pragbseaibs y agemeas. Eimbitevfr cf rbfcezfmeýi maistfitb y pbrlfibitb db mursas db prbpfrfmeýi y mfpfmetfmeýi derenedas f cas trf`fkfdarbs y blpcbfdarbs bi pas db lbkarfr su dbsblpböa cf`arfc, y fdblæs mrbfr eistetutas tåmiemas bspbmefcezfdas mai bc a`kbteva db garlfr a`rbras mfcegemfdas. Elpcblbitfr ui maikuita db lbdedfs y bstrftbnefs derenedfs f eitbisegemfr bc maitrac y rbnucfmeýi db cfs fmtevedfdbs bmaiýlemfs ccbvfdfs f mf`a bi cf eidustref fnrapbmufref bmuftarefif, bi bspbmìgema cf bxenbimef f cas blpcbfdarbs db pravbbr f cas blpcbfdas mai tadas cas ûtecbs, eistrulbitas, lftbrefcbs y maidemeaibs fdbmufdfs ibmbsfrefs pfrf cf rbfcezfmeýi db sus fmtevedfdbs pradumtevfs. Pbgarlfr cf iarlftevf dbc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, mai rbspbmta f cf mfpfmedfd db rb rbsacvbr sacvbr ffdleiestrftevflbitb dleiestrftevflbitb
cas rbmcflas rbmcflas db
blpcbfdarbs y trf`fkfdarbs, atarnfida bstf gfmuctfd f ui bitedfd tåmiemf kurìdemf kurì demf bspbmefcezfdf qub ia sb bimubitrb veimucfdf mai bc Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd EB]] y qub namb db tatfc eidbpbidbimef.
642
MFZÌTRCA W 6. @E@CEANPFGÌF FCWFPB[ Grfimesma, ]fcud Amupfmeaifc, BMAB Bdemeaibs, @anatæ, 0::8. FCAI]A FPBIFC, G. bt fct. Maidemeaibs db trf`fka bi cf maistrummeýi EI]HT, Lfdred, 6584. Eistetuta Ifmeaifc db ]bnuredfd b Henebib bi bc trf`fka tr f`fka EI]HT, Bdemeaibs Tarrb cfnuif, Lfdred, 0::2.
Eistetuta Bmuftarefia db ]bnuredfd ]amefc, Derbmmeýi dbc sbnura Nbibrfc db Pebsnas dbc Trf`fka, ]u`derbmmeýi db Zrbvbimeýi db Pebsnas y Maitrac db Zrbstfmeaibs, Amtu`rb 0::4, Vueta ” Bmufdar. MF@FIBCCF], Nueccbrla, Demmeaifrea db Dbrbmha Rsufc, Bdetarefc Hbcefstf, 0::=.
MADENA DB TPF@FKA
MAI]TETRMEAI DB CF PBZR@CEMF DBC BMRFDAP
GCAPEF, Zbdra Lftba y atras, Lfiufc pfrf bc Tåmiema bi Zrbvbimeýi db Pebsnas Cf`arfcbs, 2tf. Bdemeýi, Bdetf Guidfmeýi Maigblbtfc, Lfdred, 0::7.
Eistetuta db Eivbstenfmeaibs Kurìdemfs RIFL, Demmeaifrea Kurìdema Lbxemfia Bdetarefc Zarrûf, 64 Bdemeýi, Låxema, 6550.
Cby db ]bnuredfd ]amefc.
ZA[[A, Daleina, Dbrbmha dbc Trf`fka Trf`fka,, Bdetarefc Zcfiteå, Tfccbrbs Nrægemas ].F, Tala EEE, @ubias Ferbs, Frnbiteif, 6545.
WFMF, Puez, Fnustìi, Fmmedbitbs db Trf`fka, Marparfmeýi db Bstudeas y Zu`cemfmeaibs,, Vueta, 6586. Zu`cemfmeaibs
Eistrulbita Fideia db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud bi bc trf`fka
647
Pbncflbita db ]bnuredfd y ]fcud db cas Trf`fkfdarbs y Lbkarflebita dbc Lbdea Fl`ebitb db Trf`fka.
]estblf Eitbnrfda db cbnescfmeýi Bmuftarefif
64>
DAMRLBITA] DB EITBPIBT http;//www.prbvbimeai/rebsnas.mal/mai http;//www.prbvbim eai/rebsnas.mal/maisuctfsQf6.fsp1frb suctfsQf6.fsp1frbf= db 0: db lfya db 0::0? 0. Lubrtb par par fmmedbi fmmedbitb tb db trf`fka, Nf Nfmbtf mbtf Kudemef Kudemefc,c, Föa MEE, ]breb XWEE. Ia. >.
Zæneif 0:80 0:80 db 4 db kucea db 0::6 =. Lubrtb par par fmmedbi fmmedbitb tb db trf` trf`fka, fka, Nfmbtf Kudemefc, Föa MEE, ]breb XWEE. Ia. >.
Zæneif 0:45 0:45 db =: db aamtu`rb mtu`rb db 00::6 ::6 4. Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka, Nfmbtf Kudemefc. Föa XM. ]breb XW. Ia. 8. Zæn. 0066, db
=: db lfrza db 655: 2. Fmmedbitb db trf`fka, Nfmbtf Kudemefc. Föa CXXXEE. ]breb XEEE. Ia. 62. Zæn.
=764, db 05 db lfrza db 6580 7. Fmmedbitb db trf`fka, Bxpbdebitb 00, Pbnestra Agemefc 472, 65 db Iavebl`rb dbc
0::4. >. Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka, Trf`fka, Bxpbdebitb 5:, Pbnestra Agemefc =52, 0000 db Fnasta dbc
0::6. 8. Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka, Bxpbdebitb 648, Pbnestra Agemefc 4:5, 66 db ]bptebl`rb
dbc 0::6. 5. Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka, Bxpbdebitb 684, Pbnestra Agemefc 20>, 2 db Lfrza dbc 0::0
6:. Dbspeda eitblpbsteva, Bxpbdebitb 07, Pbnestra Agemefc 77>, 0: db ]bptebl`rb
dbc 0::0. 66. Dbspeda eitblpbsteva, Bxpbdebitb 5==, Pbnestra Agemefc ]upcblbita 46:, 6= db
Lfrza dbc 0:6=. 60. Eimfpfmedfd Cf`arfc, Bxpbdebitb 4426, 26, Pbnestra Agemefc ]upcblbita ]upcblbita 8=, 2 db
Iavebl`rb dbc dbc 0:6:. 6=. Eimalpbtbim Eimalpbtbimef, ef, Bxpbdebitb =65, Pbnestra Agemefc =5=, 2 db Fnasta dbc 0::4.
64. Eidbliezfmeýi Eidbliezfmeýi,, Bxpbdebitb =82, =82, Pbnestra Agemefc ]upcblbi ]upcblbita ta 67, 0: db Gb`rbra Gb`rbra
dbc 0::8. 645
62. Eidbliezfmeýi db Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka, Bxpbdebitb 428, Pbnestra Agemefc 765,
67 db Kucea dbc 0::0. 67. Eidbliezfmeýi db Trf`fka, Bxpbdebitb 68, Pbnestra Agemefc 07, 62 db ]bptebl`rb
dbc 0::5. 6>. Eidbliezfmeýi Cf`arfc, Cf`arfc, Bxpbdebitb 605 605,, Pbnestra Agemefc ]upcblb ]upcblbita ita =4, 04 db Lfrza dbc 0::8.
68. Eidbliezfmeýi par Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka, Bxpbdebitb db Mfsfmeýi 648, Pbnestra
Agemefc 677 db 6:-sbp-0::= 65. Eidbliezfmeýi par fmmedbitb db Trf`fka, Bxpbdebitb 7>4, Pbnestra Agemefc
]upcblbita 67>, 60 db Kucea dbc 0:66. 0:. Eidbliezfmeaibs, Bxpbdebitb db Mfsfmeýi =>7, Pbnestra Agemefc 65 db 66-gb`
0::= 06. Eimfpfmedfd Cf`arfc, Cf`arfc, Bxpbdebitb db Mf Mfsfmeýi sfmeýi 426, Pbnestra Agemefc ]upcblbita
8= db :2-iav-0:6: 00. Ìidacb cf`arfc, Bxpbdebitb Bxpbdebitb db Mfsfmeýi 2=8, Pbnestra Agemefc 62 db =6-fna-0:: =6-fna-0::55
0=. Ku`ecfmeýi Zftraifc, Bxpbdebitb db Mfsfmeýi Mfsfmeýi 662, Pbnestra Agemefc =>> db 07 07-kuc-kuc
0::6 04. Pbmcflas Cf`arfcbs, Bxpbdebitb db Mfsfmeýi =67, Pbnestra Agemefc ]upcblbita
=77 db 04-kui-0::8 02. Pbmcflas Cf`arfcbs, Bxpbdebitb db Mfsfmeýi 6=6, Pbnestra Agemefc 0:> db :=
dem-655> 07. Pbmcflas cf`arfcbs, Bxpbdebitb db Mfsfmeýi 66:, Pbnestra Agemefc 0:7 db :0
dem-655> 0>. Pbsacumeýi dbc EB]], Bxpbdebitb db Mfsfmeýi 058, Pbnestra Agemefc =65 db 00
f`r-0::4 08. Fmmedbitb db Trf`fka, Trf`fka, Nfmbtf Kudemefc, Föa MW, MW, ]breb XWEEE. Ia. Ia. 6. Zæneif
064, db 67 db iavebl`rb db 0::4 05. Pbspaisf`ecedfd pftraifc Cf`arfc bi bc EB]], Nfmbtf Kudemefc, Föa MWEEE, ]breb
XWEEE, Ia. 4. Zæneif Zæneif 67=7, db 02 db kucea db 0: 0::> :> =:. Pbitf lbisufc Wetfcemef, Bxpbdebitb =7, Pbnestra Agemefc ]upcblbita 75, 6= db
Iavebl`rb dbc dbc 0:6=.
62:
626
FIBXA
@
MAIWBIEA] EITBPIFMEAIFCB] FZPA@FDA] ZAP BC BMRFDAP
6. Dbmcfrfmeýi Rievbrsfc db cas Dbrbmhas Hulfias
0. Zfmta Dbrbmhas Bmaiýlemas, ]amefcbs, Mucturfcbs, Mevecbs Zacìtemas
=. Zratamaca Gfmuctfteva Gfmuctfteva dbc Zfmta Eitbrif Eitbrifmeaifc meaifc db Dbrbmhas Mevecbs Mevecbs y Zacìtemas.
4. Zfmta Eitbrifmeaifc db Dbrbmhas Bmaiýlemas, ]amefcbs y Mucturfcbs
2. MWI 62=; Cf Durfmeýi dbc Trf`fka bi cas Trfispartbs db Mfrrbtbrf
7. MWI 6=5; Zrbvbimeýi Zrbvbimeýi y Maitrac db Pebs Pebsnas nas Zragbseaif Zragbseaifcbs cbs
>. MWI 6=7; Zratbmmeýi Maitrf db Eitaxemfmeýi par @bimbia
8. MWI 60>; Zbsa Læxela qub Zubdb Trfispartfr ui Trf`fkfdar
5. MWI 60:; Henebib bi bc Malbrmea y Agemeifs
6:. MWI 668; Enufcdfd db Trfta bi Lftbref db ]bnuredfd ]amefc
66. MWI 662; Zratbmmeýi Maitrf cfs Pfdefmeaibs Eaiezfitbs
60. MWI 66:; Maidemeaibs db Blpcba db cas Trf`fkfdarbs db Zcfitfmeaibs
6=. MWI :=5; ]bnura A`cenftarea db Lubrtb db cas Fsfcfrefdas
64. MWI 606; Zrbstfmeaibs bi Mfsa db Fmmedbitbs db Trf`fka
62. MWI 6=:; Fsestbimef Lådemf, Zrbstfmeaibs Laibtfrefs db Bigbrlbdfd
67. MWI 6:0; Pbcfteva f cfs Iarlfs Lìielfs db ]bnuredfd ]amefc
6>. MWI 625; Pbfdfptfmeýi Zragbseaifc y Blpcba db Zbrsaifs Eivfcedfs
68. MWI 620; ]bnuredfd b Henebib bi cas Trf`fkas Zartufreas
65. MWI 648; Zratbmmeýi db cas Trf`fkfdarbs Maitrf Pebsnas Zragbseaifcbs Zragbseaifcbs
0:. MWI :=>; ]bnura A`cenftarea db Eivfcedbz db cas Fsfcfrefdas
06. MWI :=2; ]bnura A`cenftarea db Wbkbz db cas Fsfcfrefdas
00. MWI :04; ]bnura db Bigbrlbdfd db cas Trf`fkfdarbs
