Norma Iec 61850 Comunicacao de Dispositivos em Subestacao de Energia
October 1, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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@HSJNDIÌÄ@ KC J@UHI NCD 69=31 — D KNTQ@TN[NV@T CH TSECT[IÌÄ@ KC CJCULNI
-KF. EUITÈBNI -KF.
Cbie`riìä` U`krnl` Qikuij
Qr`kuìä` Cqunpc [îdjndi kc Ivibniìä`, Ucvnsä` Bnjluèstndi c Cknt`riìä`
Tuhérn` IQUCTCJ[IÌÄ@............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ; @ULIJNWIÌÄ@ K@ DIKCUJ@ KC CT[SK@T C QCTYSNTI .................................................................... 3 NJ[U@KSÌÄ@.................................................................................................................................... < SJNKIKC N NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI D@HQI[NENBNKIKC [NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI ................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ....................... ....... > DIQÈ[SB@ 9 D@JDCN[@T NJNDNINT NJNDNINT C FSJKIHCJ[INT FSJKIHCJ[INT KI J@UHI NCD 69=31 ................ ................................ ................................ .................. > SJNKIKC NN [CT[CT KC DIHQ@............... ............................... ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .............................. ............. 3= DIQÈ[SB@ 9 [CT[CT CHN C CHD ............... ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 3= UCFCUÇJDNIT .................................................................................................................................. ==
Ip I prcscjtiìä` Dir` ibuj` I pr`p`sti cknt`rnib kcstc Dikcrj` kc Cstuk`s c Qcsqunsi rc÷jc cbchcjt`s quc sc cjtcjkch jcdcssérn`s piri ` kcscjv`bvnhcjt` k` cstuk` d`h sclurijìi c quibnkikc. Diridtcrnzi-sc pcbi ituibnkikc, knjåhndi c pcrtnjçjdni kc scu d`jtc÷k`, ech d`h` pcbi njtcritnvnkikc c h`kcrjnkikc kc sui cstruturi f`rhib, ikcquikis á hct`k`b`lni ki Ckudiìä` i Knståjdni — CiK. Qrctcjkc-sc, d`h cstc hitcrnib, bcvé-b` á rcfbcxä` c á d`hprccjsä` ki pburibnkikc k`s d`jmcdnhcjt`s i scrch `fcrcdnk`s, p`ssnenbntijk`-bmc ihpbnir d`jdcnt`s cspcdèfnd`s ki érci c ituir kc f`rhi d`hpctcjtc c d`jsdncjdn`si, d`h` d`jvîh i` pr`fnssn`jib quc eusdi i f`rhiìä` d`jtnjuiki piri vcjdcr `s kcsifn`s quc i cv`buìä` dncjtèfnd`-tcdj`bôlndi dncjtèfnd`-tcdj`bôlndi nhpóc i` hujk` d`jtchp`råjc`. Cbie`r`u-sc i prcscjtc puebndiìä` d`h i njtcjìä` kc t`rjé-bi t`r jé-bi suesèkn` vibn`s`, kc h`k` i fidnbntir sui dihnjmiki ji trigctôrni i scr pcrd`rrnki tijt` ji vnki pcss`ib quijt` ji pr`ssn`jib. Stnbnzc-i d`h` njstruhcjt` piri scu sudcss` ji dirrcnri. D`jscbm` Cknt`rnib
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@rlijnziìä` k` Dikcrj` kc Cstuk`s c Qcsqunsi Qiri fidnbntir scu cstuk`, `s d`jtc÷k`s sä` `rlijnzik`s ch ujnkikcs, sueknvnknkis ch dipètub`s, kc f`rhi knkétndi, `egctnvi c d`crcjtc. Cbcs scrä` ie`rkik`s p`r hcn` kc tcxt`s eésnd`s, eésnd `s, d`h qucs qucstócs tócs piri rccx rccxä`, ä`, cjtrc `utr` `utr`ss rcdur rcdurs`s s`s cknt` cknt`rnin rninss quc vnsih t`rjir sui bcnturi hins ilrikévcb. I` jib, scrä` njkndikis, tiheîh, f`jtcs kc d`jsubti piri ipr`fujkir scus cstuk`s d`h bcnturis c pcsqunsis d`hpbchcjtircs.
I sclunr, iprcscjti ipr cscjtih`s h`s uhi ercvc ercv c kcsdrnìä` kcsdrnì ä` k`s èd`jcs utnbnzik` ut nbnzik`ss ji `rlijnziìä` `rlijnziì ä` k`s Dikcrj`s kc Cstuk`s c Qcsqunsi. Qr`v`diìä`
[cxt`s quc eusdih njstnlir ` ibuj` i rcfbctnr s`erc kctcrhnjik` issujt` ijtcs hcsh` kc njndnir sui bcnturi `u ipôs ibluh trcdm` pcrtnjcjtc piri ` iut`r d`jtcuknsti. Qiri rcfbctnr
Yucstócs njscrnkis j` kcd`rrcr k` cstuk` i h kc quc ` ibuj` fiìi uhi piusi c rcſtnti s`erc ` d`jtc÷k` cstukik` `u tchis quc ` igukch ch scu ridn`dèjn`. Î nhp`rtijtc quc cbc vcrnquc scus d`jmcdnhcjt`s, suis cxpcrnçjdnis c scus scjtnhcjt`s. Is rcſtcxócs sä` ` p`jt` kc pirtnki piri i d`jstruìä` kc suis d`jdbusócs.
Tulcstä` kc cstuk` d`hpbchcjtir
Tulcstócs kc bcnturis ikndn`jins, bhcs c sntcs piri ipr`fujkihcjt` k` cstuk`, knsdussócs ch fôrujs `u cjd`jtr`s prcscjdnins quijk` f`r ` dis`.
Itcjìä`
Dmihikis piri ibcrtir kctibmcs/tôpnd`s nhp`rtijtcs quc d`jtrneuih piri i sèjtcsc/d`jdbusä` k` issujt` ie`rkik`.
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Tinei hins
Njf`rhiìócs d`hpbchcjtircs piri cbudnkir i d`jstruìä` kis sèjtcscs/d`jdbusócs s`erc ` issujt` ie`rkik`.
Tnjtctnzijk`
[rcdm` quc eusdi rcsuhnr njf`rhiìócs rcbcvijtcs k` d`jtc÷k`, fidnbntijk` ` cjtcjknhcjt` pcb` ibuj` s`erc trcdm`s hins d`hpbcx`s.
Qiri (jä`) jibnzir
[cxt` njtclrik`r, i` jib k` hôkub`, quc h`tnvi ` ibuj` i d`jtnjuir i iprcjknzilch `u cstnhubi p`jkcriìócs d`hpbchcjtircs s`erc ` hôkub` cstukik`.
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Njtr`kuìä` Ji iut`hitnziìä` kis suecstiìócs, d`jmcdnki pcb` tcrh` njlbçs TI (Tuestitn`j Iut`hitn`j), î d`huh quc scgih utnbnzikis is iìócs kc d`jtr`bc, pr`tcìä` c h`jnt`riìä` ch diki suecstiìä`. Cjtrctijt`, i` b`jl` ki cv`buìä` tcdj`bôlndi quc ` hujk` vch pissijk`, bcvirih is ibtcriìócs rikndins ji f`rhi d`h quc diki uhi kis suecstiìócs î `pcriki. C nss` bcv`u i utnbnziìócs kc snstchis kc d`hujndiìócs pr`prnctérn`s kc chprcsis `u kc k`hèjn`s kc `utr`s snstchis kc iut`hitnziìä` tins d`h` rcspcdtnvihcjtc7 KJQ4 `u NCD 61=31 c 9>61. @s ivijì`s ki tcdj`b`lni pcrhntnrih quc ` pr`dcss` kc iut`hiìä` f`ssc hijtnk`, issnh d`h` i njtcr`pcrienbnkikc cjtrc `s knvcrs`s knsp`sntnv`s quc d`hpóc i rckc kc knstrneunìä` kc cjcrlni. I pikr`jnziìä` k` snstchi kc d`hujndiìä` NCD 69=31 î eisciki j`s pr`t`d`b`s [DQ/NQ d`h ikiptiìócs piri `s scrvnì`s kc iut`hiìä`. C scjk` pirtc njtclriki jcssi d`jtcxtuibnziìä`. Qcrn`kndihcjtc, i J`rhi î ituibnziki, his is suis diridtcrèstndis kc `pcrienbnkikc schprc sä` hijtnkis c tiheîh ` scu h`k` kc fujdn`jihcjt`. Is vijtilcjs pr`p`rdn`jikis p`r cssi pikr`jnziìä` fiz quc knvcrsis chprcsis h`kcrjnzch `s scus snstchis kc suecstiìócs kc cjcrlni, prnjdnpibhcjtc d`h rcbiìä` á pr`tcìä` c ji iut`hiìä` kc suis njstibiìócs cbîtrndis. Kcjtrc is prnjdnpins diridtcrèstndis i hins cvnkcjtc î i ujnvcrsibnziìä` k`s pr`t`d`b`s kc d`hujndiìä` cjtrc `s knvcrs`s knsp`sntnv`s ki rckc. D`jscqucjtchcjtc, î vcrndiki i rckuìä` snljnditnvi kc die`s kc d`jcxócs. D`h` is njf`rhiìócs tr`dikis cjtrc `s cqunpihcjt`s tiheîh sä` d`hpirtnbmikis, fiz d`h quc i njf`rhiìócs c is iìócs h`jnt`rikis scgih t`hikis j` snstchi ch tchp` rcib. I luri ieinx` iprcscjti i irquntcturi eésndi kc fujdn`jihcjt` ki J`rhi NCD 69=31. Fnluri 4.
F`jtc7 prôprn` iut`r, 519 _ J X D
D`h` ` vib`r ki dirli cbîtrndi Y î jclitnv`, siec-sc quc cstc è`j p`ssun hins cbîtr`js k` quc prôt`js, issnh, cssi dirli lcri uh dihp` kc ipr`xnhiìä`. 9>
SJNKIKC N ┅ NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI[NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI
[cjsä`, d`rrcjtc c rcsnstçjdni cbîtrndi Is lrijkczis fèsndis fèsndis tcjsä`, d`rrcjtc c rcsnstçjdni sä` pr`vivcbhcjtc is hins utnbnzikis ch uh kni-i-kni kc trieibm` jis ércis d`rrcbitis á cbctrndnkikc. [`k` cqunpihcjt` cbctrûjnd` `ernlit`rnihcjtc trieibmi d`h fcjûhcj`s fèsnd`s quc cstä` cjv`bt`s jcssis trçs lrijkczisf`rtchcjtc kc f`rhi knrcti `utris kc f`rhi njknrcti. Kcssc ch`k`, quc d`hprccjkcr ` qucc tijtis diki uhi kcssis lrijkczis snljndi d`h`tch`s p`kch`s hijnpubir `s fcjûhcj`s fèsnd`s quc is lcrih. Î p`ssèvcb kcjnr tijt` i tcjsä` cbîtrndi quijt` i d`rrcjtc d`rr cjtc c i rcsnstçjdni kc f`rhi hins usuib itrivîs ki bcn kc @mh, d`jtuk`, cssis kcjnìócs scrä` cstukikis ji Sjnkikc NNN, quc tritiré cspcdndihcjtc ki cbctrndnkikc ipbndiki. Is ie`rkilcjs iprcscjtikis jcssc h`hcjt` firä` d`h quc ` ibuj` tcjmi i dipidnkikc kc tcr uh d`jmcdnhcjt` njtr`kutôrn` quc scrvnré kc eisc fujkihcjtib piri i e`i d`hprccjsä` k`s cstuk`s sclunjtcs.
[cjsä` cbîtrndi I tcjsä` cbîtrndi p`kc scr d`hprccjknki d`h` uhi knfcrcjìi kc p`tcjdnib cbîtrnd` cjtrc k`ns p`jt`s (KKQ). I ujnkikc ik`tiki piri cxprcssir tcjsä` t cjsä` cbîtrndi î ` V`bt _VX. Qiri iuxnbné-b` jcssc d`jdcnt`, nhilnjc uhi dinxi k„élui s`erc uhi disi. Cssi dinxi k„élui csté i uhi ibturi rcbitnvi k` s`b` kc ; hctr`s. Cjtä`, p`kch`s knzcr quc i knfcrcjìi kc p`tcjdnib cjtrc i dinxi k„élui c ` s`b` î kc ; hctr`s. I élui csté irhizcjiki j` ibt` ki disi ji f`rhi kc cjcrlni p`tcjdnib c i quijtnkikc kc élui irhizcjiki jcssi dinxi kctcrhnjiré, p`r cxchpb`, i quijtnkikc kc pbijtis quc p`kcrch`s nrrnlir. Qiri tcjsä` cbîtrndi ` d`jdcnt` î cxitihcjtc ` hcsh`. [ch`s uh kctcrhnjik` p`tcjdnib cbîtrnd`, quc p`kc scr lcrik` p`r uhi pnbmi, uhi usnji mnkr`cbîtrndi `u uh fcjûhcj` cbctr`stétnd`. I quijtnkikc kc trieibm` quc p`kcrch`s cxcdutir utnbnzijk` cssi cjcrlni p`tcjdnib kcpcjkc ki quijtnkikc kc dirlis cbîtrndis knsp`jèvcns. I cxprcssä` hitchétndi quc triti ki tcjsä`, bcvijk` ch d`jti i dirli cbîtrndi kc uh è`j c i cjcrlni, î kiki p`r7 V 8
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C cb G Y D
NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI[NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI ┅ SJNKIKC
N
@jkc7 Ccb î ` vib`r ki cjcrlni p`tcjdnib cbîtrndi ch ijébnsc, kiki ch G`ubc _GX. Y î ` vib`r ki dirli cbîtrndi t`tib, kiki ch D`ub`he _DX. Î nhp`rtijtc rcssibtir quc, i ujnkikc G`ubc knvnknk` p`r D`ub`he _G/DX î i rcprcscjtiìä` ki ujnkikc kc V`bt, `u scgi, _G/DX 8 _VX. I cquiìä` ieinx` kch`jstri ` quc î 9_VX.
9 _ G X 9_D X
9_V X 8
I knfcrcjìi kc p`tcjdnib (tcjsä`) p`kc cxnstnr hcsh` quc jä` `d`rri trieibm` cfctnv`. Cstc î ` dis` kis t`hikis.
Cxnstc i knfcrcjìi kc p`tcjdnib, kc 95< `u 551 _VX cdizcs, his sô tch`s trieibm` quijk` uhi dirli (ipircbm` î d`jcdtiki á t`hiki. @ hcsh` sc ipbndi piri pnbmis, eitcrnis c `utris f`jtcscbîtrnd`) kc tcjsä`.
Iss`dniìócss kc f`jtcs Iss`dniìóc f`jtcs kc tcjsócs tcjsócs ch sîrnc D`jf`rhc gé cxpbndntik`, ` d`jdcnt` kc tcjsä` cbîtrndi knz rcspcnt` á knfcrcjìi kc p`tcjdnib cjtrc k`ns p`jt`s. Kcssc h`k`, p`kch`s iss`dnir f`jtcs kc tcjsä` i h kc `etcr `utr` jèvcb p`tcjdnib d`jvcjncjtc piri uhi kctcrhnjiki ipbndiìä`. Qiri fidnbntir ` cjtcjknhcjt`, i luri ieinx` nbustri cssc d`jdcnt`. Fnluri >. Ucprcscjtiìä` kc iss`dniìä` ch sîrnc kc kuis f`jtcs kc tcjsä`.
F`jtc7 prôprn` iut`r, 5195 x 91-= ή¼h. I h kc dibdubir i rcsnstçjdni cbîtrndi kc quibqucr hitcrnib, ch fujìä` kc sui érci, d`hprnhcjt` c rcsnstnvnkikc tch`s quc utnbnzir i cquiìä` ieinx`. U 8 ω
b I
b î î i rcsnstnvnkikc ή¼h,rcti î @jkc7 U î i rcsnstçjdni d`hch ujnkikc ή, ωujnkikc ` d`hprnhcjt` k` rcsnst`r ijébnscchd`h ch h c Ik` î ihitcrnib érci ki ch scdìä` trijsvcrsib k` rcsnst`r d`h ujnkikc ch h5.
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NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI[NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI ┅ SJNKIKC
N
Kc hijcnri lcrib, d`jsnkcri-sc i rcsnstnvnkikc kc uh kctcrhnjik` hitcrnib uhi d`jstijtc, his î nhp`rtijtc tcr ch hcjtc quc cssc vib`r s`frc pcqucjis virniìócs ch fujìä` tiheîh ki tchpcrituri i quib î suehctnki, piri i tiecbi 4, idnhi, f`n d`jsnkcriki uhi tchpcrituri kc 51± D. Idcssc ` bnjo 2mttp7//pt.wnonpckni.`rl/wnon/BcnPkcP@mh: c eusquc ji pélnji i qucstä` ki virniìä` ki rcsnstnvnkikc ch fujìä` ki tchpcrituri.
I cquiìä` quc f`n iprcscjtiki î d`jmcdnki d`h` i sclujki Bcn kc @mh, d`jtuk`, ji hin`rni k`s dnrdunt`s cbctrûjnd`s î hins usuib kctcrhnjir uhi kctcrhnjiki rcsnstçjdni cbîtrndi ch fujìä` ki prnhcnri Bcn kc @mh, tiheîh d`jmcdnki s`hcjtc d`h` Bcn kc @mh. Cssc d`jdcnt` scré iprcscjtik` ch uh dipètub` cspcdèd`. I cquiìä` ki sclujki bcn kc @mh f`n iprcscjtiki, p`ns cbi î i rcsp`jsévcb p`r cxpbndir sndihcjtc ` d`jdcnt` kc rcsnstçjdni cbîtrndi piri quibqucr hitcrnib. Kctcrhnjik`s pr`ebchis cspcdèd`s jä` sä` p`ssèvcns kc scrch rcs`bvnk`s s`hcjtc d`h i prnhcnri bcn kc `mh. [`k`s `s d`jdcnt`s quc tritih ki iss`dniìä` kc rcsnstçjdnis scrä` tritik`s ji ujnkikc cspcdèdi s`erc ` rcsnst`r.
F`jtcs ch DD c DI J`s dihp`s ki iut`hiìä` c cbctrûjndi njkustrnib, î kc suhérni nhp`rtåjdni i d`hprccjsä`, ch jèvcb snstçhnd`, kis diridtcrèstndis kis f`jtcs kc d`rrcjtc d`jtèjui (DD) c kc d`rrcjtc ibtcrjiki (DI). [ib irhiìä` irh iìä` sc ké, p`ns ch uhi njk÷strni cxnstch is hins knvcrsis dirlis cbîtrndis, tins d`h` h`t`rcs, båhpikis, d`hputik`rcs, pinjîns kc supcrvnsôrn`, d`jtr`bcs rch`t`s ctd. [`kis is dirlis cbîtrndis kchijkih ibnhcjtiìä`, scgi p`r d`rrcjtc d`jtèjui, `u p`r d`rrcjtc ibtcrjiki c ` cbchcjt` quc pr`vç i cjcrlni piri ` knsp`sntnv` i scr ibnhcjtik` î i f`jtc.
F`jtcs ch DD c DI I h kc d`hprccjkcr i jiturczi cbîtrndi kis f`jtcs, prcdnsih`s d`hprccjkcr ch bnjmis lcrins, `s tnp`s kc snjins cxnstcjtcs j` ujnvcrs` ki cbctrndnkikc, quc sä` utnbnzik`s piri ibnhcjtiìä` kc dirlis. @ d`jdcnt` kc snjib csté knrctihcjtc bnlik` á `escrviìä` c á hcknki kc uh kctcrhnjik` fcjûhcj` fèsnd` kc id`rk` d`h ` trijsd`rrcr k` tchp`. Kcssi f`rhi, kc h`k` hidr`, tch`s7 5<
SJNKIKC N ┅ NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI[NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI ¿ Tnjib D`jtèju` Qur`7 î ` snjib cbîtrnd` nkcib quc jä` ibtcri sui
p`birnkikc ch jcjmuh h`hcjt`, `u scgi, uh snjib quc p`ssuè i hcshi ihpbntukc, sch `jkubiìócs `u ruèk`s p`r uh tchp` njjnt`. Iblujs iut`rcs tritih uhi pnbmi `u eitcrni d`h` uhi f`jtc kc snjib pur`, p`ns i tcjsä` î lcriki itrivîs kc rciìócs quèhndis c, issnh, iprcscjtih ` hin`r jèvcb kc purczi p`ssèvcb. Hcsh` issnh, csscs snjins kcdich d`h i utnbnziìä` ki cjcrlni irhizcjiki c cstä` sugcnt`s i ruèk`s (kc vib`r hunt` einx`) njcrcjtcs ki jiturczi kc d`jstruìä` fèsnd`-quèhndi c i virniìócs kc tchpcrituri. Ji prétndi, jä` cxnstch snjins cbîtrnd`s t`tibhcjtc pur`s. I luri ieinx` nbustri uh snjib cbîtrnd` pur`7 Fnluri 95. Tnjib d`jtèju` pur` d`h ihpbntukc 9 V.
F`jtc7 prôprn` iut`r, 519 V c tcjsä` hèjnhi kc 1,3 V.
F`jtc7 prôprn` iut`r, 519>95). @s hcn`s pirihiljîtnd`s iprcscjtih pcrhcienbnkikc rcbitnvi d`jstijtc, tiheîh njkcpcjkcjtc ki ihpbntukc k` dihp` hiljîtnd`, c bnlcnrihcjtc supcrn`r á ujnkikc. D`h` cxchpb`, jcssi ditcl`rni p`kc-sc dntir ` ibuhèjn` (³ r 8 9,11111163). J`s hitcrnins fcrr`hiljîtnd`s, cjtrc `s quins sc tch ` fcrr`, ` iì`, ` jèqucb, ` d`eibt`, `jkc i pcrhcienbnkikc hiljîtndi î f`rtchcjtc kcpcjkcjtc ki ihpbntukc k` dihp` cbîtrnd`, ch lcrib ` vib`r ies`but` î hunt` hin`r quc ` k` védu`. Iblujs hitcrnins tiheîh p`kch iprcscjtir ijns`tr`pni k` p`jt` kc vnsti hiljîtnd`. Sh cxchpb` î i fcrrnti p`birnziki d`h uh dihp` hiljîtnd` cstétnd`. I pcrhcienbnkikc pissi i scr uh tcjs`r kc sclujki `rkch, p`ns diki d`hp`jcjtc ki k i njkuìä` hiljîtndi p`kc kcpcjkcr kc t`kis is d`hp`jcjtcs k` dihp` hiljîtnd`. Shi ijébnsc schcbmijtc kcvc scr fcnti piri `s cfcnt`s quc ` hcn` cxcrdc s`erc ` vib`r k` dihp` cbîtrnd`, quc kcpcjkc kc uhi pr`prnckikc kcj`hnjiki pcrhnssnvnkikc cbîtrndi (γ). [riti-sc tiheîh kc uhi lrijkczi iss`dniki i pr`prnckikcs rcbitnvis
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SJNKIKC N ┅ NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI[NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI
ás p`birnziìócs itûhndis c h`bcdubircs k` hcn` k` hitcrnib, scjk` hcknki ch Firiks/hctr`. Q`r diusi ki `rncjtiìä` ki p`birnziìä` njtcrji k` hcn` hitcrnib, ` dihp` rcsubtijtc ch scu njtcrn`r tcjkc i scr hcj`r k` ` cxnstcjtc j` védu`. @ vib`r jib di njvcrsihcjtc pr`p`rdn`jib á pcrhnssnvnkikc, p`kcjk`-sc csdrcvcr c 8 9 / γ, njkndijk` quc piri uhi hcshi f`jtc kc dihp`, ` vib`r jib scré tijt` hcj`r quijt`
hin`r f`r i pcrhnssnvnkikc. D`h` ji irluhcjtiìä` ijtcrn`r, cssi pr`p`rdn`jibnkikc p`kc scr t`hiki uhi nluibkikc d`h i njdbusä` kc uh fit`r kc pr`p`rdn`jibnkikc vct`rnib. Q`rtijt`, rcprcscjti-sc ji f`rhi7
c
k
8
γ
ch quc i j`vi lrijkczi vct`rnib î dmihiki kcsb`dihcjt` cbîtrnd` `u kcjsnkikc kc ux` cbîtrnd`, hcknki ch D`ub`hes/h5 (D/h5). J` védu`, i pcrhnssnvnkikc csté rcbidn`jiki d`h pcrhcienbnkikc hiljîtndi c d`h i vcb`dnkikc ki buz (d) p`r hcn` kc7
γ1 8
9
ρd
1 5
≃
9 Ü 91> 46ρ
ch quc ` prnhcnr` vib`r î `etnk` d`h i hcknki hins cxiti kc d 8 5,>>5;3 x 91 = h/s. J`vihcjtc, cssc rcsubtik` î vébnk` d`h cxdcbcjtc ipr`xnhiìä` piri ` ir, his mé quc sc fizcr `utri h`kndiìä` piri `utr`s hitcrnins. Jcsscs `utr`s hcn`s, d`stuhi-sc tiheîh d`hpirir i pcrhnssnvnkikc d`h i k` védu`, njtr`kuznjk` ` fit`r d`jmcdnk` d`h` pcrhnssnvnkikc rcbitnvi, pcrhnssnvnkikc cspcdèdi `u d`jstijtc kncbîtrndi (γr) ki f`rhi7
γ 8 γ1 Üγ r @ vib`r ki d`jstijtc kncbîtrndi î eistijtc kcpcjkcjtc k` hcn`. Tcré kch`jstrik` quc cssc piråhctr` p`kc s`frcr iìä` ki frcquçjdni, kc h`k` quc `s kik`s kcvch scr d`jsnkcrik`s ipcjis piri frcquçjdnis hunt` einxis `u hcsh` s`e i iìä` kc uh dihp` cbctr`stétnd`. Ch hcn`s bnjcircs, i pcrhnssnvnkikc î njkcpcjkcjtc ki ihpbntukc k` dihp` cbîtrnd`, snljndijk` quc k c c sä` vct`rcs pr`p`rdn`jins cjtrc sn. Yuijk` ` hcn` f`r ns`trôpnd`, k` p`jt` kc vnsti cbîtrnd`, i pcrhnssnvnkikc d`hp`rti-sc d`h` uhi lrijkczi csdibir, njkndijk` quc csscs vct`rcs sä` piribcb`s cjtrc sn. Nss` jä` `d`rrc ch hcn`s ijns`trôpnd`s, quijk` diki d`hp`jcjtc k` kcsb`dihcjt` cbîtrnd` p`kc kcpcjkcr kc t`kis is d`hp`jcjtcs k` dihp` cbîtrnd` ipbndik`. Jcssc dis`, i pcrhnssnvnkikc t`rji-sc uh tcjs`r kc sclujki `rkch c î ` quc `d`rrc, p`r cxchpb`, j` pbishi p`birnzik` hiljctndihcjtc, ch kctcrhnjik`s drnstins c hcsh` ch iblujs hcn`s kc pr`piliìä`, d`h` ji n`j`sfcri s`e i iìä` k` dihp` hiljîtnd` ki [crri.
31
NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI[NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI ┅ SJNKIKC
N
T`erc `utr` p`jt` kc vnsti hins prétnd` k`s dihp`s cbîtrnd`s c hiljîtnd`s, i IJCCB (Ilçjdni Jidn`jib kc Cjcrlni Cbîtrndi) kcjnu bnhntcs á cxp`snìä` muhiji i`s rcspcdtnv`s dihp`s, iss`dnik`s i`s snstchis kc cjcrlni cbîtrndi. Csscs bnhntcs f`rih cstiecbcdnk`s ch fujìä` k`s vib`rcs rcd`hcjkik`s pcbi @HT (@rlijnziìä` Hujknib ki Ti÷kc) quc p`r sui vcz tch rcspibk` ch cstuk`s dncjtèd`s s`erc p`ssèvcns cfcnt`s k` dihp` cbctr`hiljîtnd` j` scr muhij`. D`h` f`rhi i sclurijìi lcrib ki p`pubiìä` f`n cbie`rik` ` k`duhcjt` NDJNUQ (Lunkcbnjcs f`r Bnhntnjl Cxp`surc t` [nhc-Virynjl Cbcdtrnd ijk Hiljctnd Fncbks) ` quib cstiecbcdc `s bnhntcs piri cxp`snìä` i`s dihp`s cbîtrnd`s, hiljîtnd`s piri is frcquçjdnis kc itî 411 LMz. I Bcn j` 99.>4;/511> f`n rclubihcjtiki pcbi Ucs`buìä` j ` 4>=/5191 piri `s vib`rcs kc jèvcns cstiecbcdnk`s pcbi NDJNUQ d`jf`rhc nbustrik` ji tiecbi ieinx`. @s jèvcns kcsdrnt`s sä` kc rcfcrçjdni piri dihp`s cbîtrnd`s c hiljîtnd`s ch njstibiìócs `pcrijk` ch 61 Mz. Cssi Ucs`buìä` î ipbndévcb i t`kis is njstibiìócs kc lcriìócs, trijshnssä` c knstrneunìä` kc cjcrlni cbîtrndi. [iecbi ;. Dihp` Cbîtrnd` _oV/hX
Dihp` Hiljîtnd` _³[X
Q÷ebnd` ch lcrib
;,9<
511,11
Q`pubiìä` `dupidn`jib
=,44
9111,11
F`jtc7 2mttp7//www.ijccb.l`v.er/dihp`s-cbctrnd`s-c-hiljctnd`s9:.
Qiri d`jmcdcr hins ki Ucs`buìä` j` 4>=/51917 2mttp7//www.ijccb.l`v.er/ dihp`s-cbctrnd`s-c-hiljctnd`s9:.
I J`rhi IEJ[ JEU 93;93 tiheîh cstiecbcdc i hct`k`b`lni piri i rcibnziìä` kis hcknìócs k` dihp` cbîtrnd` c hiljîtnd`, issnh d`h` tiheîh jèvcns kc rcfcrçjdni piri i cxp`snìä` jis frcquçjdnis kc 31 c 61 Mz ch cstiìócs kc cjcrlni cbîtrndi idnhi kc 9 oV. Cssi J`rhi csté rcfcrcjdniki pcbi J`rhi cur`pcni NCD 69>=.
Q`birnziìócs k`s dihp`s cbctr`hiljîtnd`s D`jf`rhc vnh`s j`s ntcjs ijtcrn`rcs i `jki cbctr`hiljîtndi p`ssun knrcìä` c scjtnk` kc pr`piliìä`. Kc id`rk` d`h Hixwcbb, i` pr`kuznr uh dihp` cbîtrnd` ji `rnlch ki f`jtc, d`jf`rhc nbustrik` ji luri 5>, cssc hcsh` njkuznré uh dihp` hiljîtnd`, d`h virniìócs tchp`rins i` b`jl` ki `rnlch ki f`jtc. Kc f`rhi rcdnpr`di, i lcriìä` k` dihp` hiljîtnd` nré pr`kuznr ` dihp` hiljîtnd`. Q`rtijt`, uhi lcriìä` cbîtrndi ji
39
SJNKIKC N ┅ NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI[NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI
`rnlch, kcvnk` á `sdnbiìä` kis dirlis cbîtrndis, p`r cxchpb`, nré sc pr`pilir i p`jt`s knstijtcs hcknijtc i h÷tui f`rhiìä` kc dihp`s cbîtrnd`s c hiljîtnd`s ch t`kis is knrcìócs c scjtnk`s. Q`rîh, î d`jvcjdn`jib i rcprcscjtiìä` kcsscs dihp`s ch kuis knrcìócs knstnjtis, d`jf`rhc nbustrik` ji luri 5>, quc dmihih`s kc dihp` cbîtrnd` `u p`birnziìä` m`rnz`jtib c dihp` hiljîtnd` `u p`birnziìä` vcrtndib. Fnluri 5>.
F`jtc7 prôprn` iut`r, 519 46ρ
d 8 4 x 91 = h/s
Yuc p`r hcn` kc hcknkis ch bie`ritôrn`, ` vib`r hins cxit` ki vcb`dnkikc ki buz î kc d 8 5,>>5;3 x 91= h/s.
35
NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI[NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI ┅ SJNKIKC
N
Ucs`buìócs ki IJI[CB 414 c ;;5 Is Ucs`buìócs p`kch vnr p`r hcn` kc Kcdrct`s `u Q`rtirnis chntnkis p`r iut`rnkikcs bclnsbitnvis, quc tçh hcsh` cfcnt` kc Bcn i scrch duhprnkis. Is Ucs`buìócs sä` kc cxtrchi nhp`rtåjdni piri pikr`jnzir, `rlijnzir c d`hpitnenbnzir `s cqunpihcjt`s kis lcrik`ris c kc d`hujndiìócs kis suecstiìócs. Yuc ch j`ss`s cstuk`s, is Ucs`buìócs sä` chntnkis pcbi IJCCB `u IJI[CB. Tuis eiscs j`rhibhcjtc sä` `rnlnjikis kc J`rhis njtcrjis IEJ[ `u njtcrjidn`jins tins d`h` NCD, NT@ `u N[S. Cxnstch bie`ritôrn`s quc tiheîh p`kch njucjdnir jis kcdnsócs `u njf`rhiìócs d`jtnkis jis Ucs`buìócs d`h`, p`r cxchpb`, ` NJHC[U@.
Ucs`buìä` j` 414 ki IJI[CB I Ucs`buìä` j` 414 kc 5 kc gubm` kc 5115, rclubihcjti i bnhntiìä` ki cxp`snìä` i dihp`s cbîtrnd`s, hiljîtnd`s c cbctr`hiljîtnd`s jis finxis kc frcquçjdnis kc > oMz i 411 LMz. @u scgi, i Ucs`buìä` cstiecbcdc `s bnhntcs piri i cxp`snìä` muhiji i csscs dihp`s. C kcjc `s d`jgujt`s kc hît`k`s i scrch utnbnzik`s j`s pr`dcknhcjt`s piri quc uh cqunpihcjt` scgi bndcjdnik` piri i sui utnbnziìä`. Cxnstch cqunpihcjt`s cspcdnins quc jä` prcdnsih scr ifcrnk`s pcbi Ucs`buìä` j ` 414/5115, tins d`h` hndr`f`jcs, snstchi kc rct`rj`s kc éukn` c r`tcik`rcs wn-f wn -fn. n. Q` Q`rî rîh, h, mé uh uhii jc jcdc dcss ssnk nkik ikcc kc kcbc bcss sc scrc rch h m` m`h` h`b` b`li lik` k`ss d` d`h` h` ri rikn kniì iìä` ä` rcstrnti. [`k`s `s kchins cqunpihcjt`s quc scrä` utnbnzik`s jis suecstiìócs, scgih piri i lcriìä` kc cjcrlni `u ch suis rcspcdtnvis d`hujndiìócs, kcvch sc suehctcr á Ucs`buìä` j ` 414/5115. I Ucs`buìä` cstiecbcdc quc i rclnä` j` cspiì` `jkc `s dihp`s cbîtrnd`s c hiljîtnd`s p`ssuch is suis diridtcrèstndis kc uhi `jki pbiji î kiki pcbi Cquiìä` ieinx`. Csti rclnä` î d`jmcdnki d`h` rclnä` kc dihp` knstijtc `u rclnä` kc Friujm`fcr. k 8
5B5
ο
@jkc k î î i knståjdni ki rclnä` kc dihp` knstijtc, B î d`hprnhcjt` hin`r ki ijtcji trijshnss`ri kik` ch hctr`s. C ο î ` d`hprnhcjt` kc `jki ki ijtcji ch fujìä` frcquçjdni kik` ch hctr`s. @ d`hprnhcjt` kc `jki (ο) p`kc scr kctcrhnjik` pcbi sclunjtc cquiìä`7
ο8
d f
34
SJNKIKC N ┅ NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI[NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI
@jkc d î i vcb`dnkikc ki buz j` védu` ( d 8 5,>>5;3 x 91= h/s) c f î î frcquçjdni kc `pcriìä` k` cqunpihcjt`. Q`r cxchpb`, uhi ijtcji trijshnss`ri dug` d`hprnhcjt` hin`r î kc 4 hctr`s, `pcrijk` ji frcquçjdni kc 911 HMz, quib î i knståjdni á quib p`kc d`jsnkcrir quc ` cqunpihcjt` kc hcknki gé cstcgi scjk` utnbnzik` ji rclnä` kc dihp` knstijtc `u rclnä` kc Friujm`fcr0 T`buìä`7 Tiecjk` quc7 d
5,>>< ,>>5;3 Ü91=
f
911 Ü 916
ο8 8
≃ 4h
C issnh rcsubtijk` ch7 k8
5B5
8
5 Ü 45
8 6h
4 ο @u scgi, ` cqunpihcjt` kc hcknki kcvc sc cjd`jtrir pcb` hcj`s i 6 hctr`s kc knståjdni k` cqunpihcjt` i` quib scrä` ifcrnk`s `s scus rcspcdtnv`s dihp`s cbîtrnd`, hiljîtnd` c cbctr`hiljîtnd` piri scr d`jsnkcrik` d`h` uhi rclnä` kc dihp` knstijtc `u rclnä` kc Friujm`fcr.
I kcjsnkikc kc p`tçjdni p`r ujnkikc kc érci p`kc scr rcbidn`jiki d`h `s dihp`s cbîtrnd`s c hiljîtnd`s, pcbi sclunjtc cquiìä` ieinx`. T8
c5 951ρ
8 m 5 Ü951ρ
@jkc T î i kcjsnkikc kc p`tçjdni p`r ujnkikc kc érci (\/h 5), 951ρ î i nhpckåjdni njtrèjscdi k` hcn` j`rhibhcjtc rcprcscjtiki pcbi bctri lrcli μ, c c m sä` rcspcdtnvihcjtc `s dihp`s cbîtrnd`s c hiljîtnd`s. D`h cssis njf`rhiìócs, is tiecbis ieinx` cstiecbcdch `s bnhntcs piri cxp`snìä` `dupidn`jib c i cxp`snìä` ki p`pubiìä` ch lcrib, rcspcdtnvihcjtc. Qcrdcei quc sä` ch fujìä` kis frcquçjdnis kc `pcriìä`. Cssis tiecbis f`rih rcfcrcjdnikis pcb` NDJNUQ. [iecbi 3. Finxi kc frcquçjdni
Njtcjsnkikc kc dihp` cbîtrnd` ‒c‘ — (V/h)
Njtcjsnkikc kc dihp` hiljîtnd` ‒m‘ — (I/h)
Kcjsnkikc kc p`tçjdni ‒T‘ - (\/h5)
> oMz i 931 oMz
691
5;,;
--
1,93 HMz i 9 HMz
691
9,6 / f
--
9 HMz i 91 HMz
691 / f
9,6 / f
--
3;
NJ[U@KSÌÄ@ I D@HQI[NENBNKIKC CBC[U@HILJÎ[NDI ┅ SJNKIKC
Finxi kc frcquçjdni
Njtcjsnkikc kc dihp` cbîtrnd` ‒c‘ — (V/h)
Njtcjsnkikc kc dihp` hiljîtnd` ‒m‘ — (I/h)
Kcjsnkikc kc p`tçjdni ‒T‘ - (\/h5)
91 HMz ;11 HMz
69
1,96
91
;11 HMz i 5 LMz
4 / f9/5
1,11= / f 9/5
f / ;1
5 LMz i 411 LMz
94<
1,46
31
N
F`jtc7 2mttp7//www.ijitcb.l`v.er/bclnsbidi`/rcs`bud`cs/9 oMz i 931 oMz
=<
3
--
1,93 HMz i 9 HMz
=<
1,
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