Norma ASTM C29C29M-17a - Español

 

NKJß

MNTVMNMV BK

J[KQC

BKYMEJGIMÙJ? I6= / I6=N - 75g

Nítcbc prukfgkj kstçjbgr pgrg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk ("pksc 7 ujmtgrmc")bk y y vgiîcs  vgiîcs kh gerkegbc Kstg jcrng sk knmtk fgoc hg bksmejgimùj ﬇og I6= / I6=N< kh jÿnkrc quk smeuk mjnkbmgtgnkjtk g hg bksmejgimùj mjbmig kh kh g÷c  g÷c bk gbcpimùj crme crmemjgh mjgh c, kj kh igsc bk hg rkvmsmùj, kh g÷c bk hg ÿhtmng rkvmsmùj. [j jÿnkrc kjtrk pgríjtksms mjbmig kh g÷c bk hg ÿhtmng gpr gprcfgimùj. cfgimùj. [j supkrîjbmik ípsmhcj ( λ ) mjbmig uj ignfmc kbmtcrmgh bksbk hg ÿhtmng rkvmsmùj c jukvg gprcfgimùj. K stg stg jcrng `g smbc g prcfgbg prcfgbg pgrg su usc pcr gekjimgs bkh Bkpgrtgnkjtc bk Bkakjsg bk hcs KK. [[.

Kj kstg jcrng jcrng?? Ykiimùj 7 Ghigji Ghigjik k Ykiimùj 6 Bciunkjtcs bk rkakrkjimg Ykiimùj 9 Rkrnmjch Rkrnmjchceîg ceîg Ykiimùj 2 Ymejm﬇igbc y usc Ykiimùj ; Gpgrgtc Ykiimùj 1 Nukstrkc Ykiimùj 5 Nukstrg bk prukfg Ykiimùj 0 Bktkrnmjgimùj bkh vchunkj bk nkbmbg Ykiimùj = Trcikbmnmkjtc Ykiimùj 74 Içhiuhc Mjacrnk bk hg Ykiimùj 77 Ykiimùj 76 Trkimsmùj y sksec Ykiimùj 79 Tghgfrgs ihgvk VKY[NKJ BK IGNFMCY Jctgs gh pmk kstçjbgr.. 7 | Ghigjik * Gpgrkik ujg skiimùj Vksunkj bk ignfmcs gh ﬇jgh bk kstk kstçjbgr

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

7. 7.77 Kstk nítcbc bk prukfg iufrk hg bktkrnmjgimùj bk hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk ("pksc ujmtgrmc") bk gerkegbc kj ujg icjbmimùj icnpgitgbg c sukhtg, y hcs vgiîcs ighiuhgbcs kjtrk pgrtîiuhgs kj gerkegbcs ﬇jcs, erukscs c nmxtcs fgsgbcs kj hg nmsng bktkrnmjgimùj. Kstk nítcbc bk prukfg ks gphmigfhk g gerkegbcs quk jc kxikbgj hcs 76; nn \; puhe.^ Bk tgng÷c nçxmnc jcnmjgh. JCRG 7? Kh pksc ujmtgrmc ks hg tkrnmjchceîg trgbmimcjgh utmhmzgbg pgrg bksirmfmr hg prcpmkbgb bktkrnmjgbg pcr kstk nítcbc JCRG bk prukfg, quk ks kh pksc pcr ujmbgb bk vchunkj (nçs icrrkitgnkjtk, ngsg pcr ujmbgb bk vvchunkj chunkj c bkjsmbgb). 7.6 Hcs vghcrks kstgfhkimbcs kj ujmbgbks YM c kj ujmbgbks bk puhegbg-hmfrg bkfkj icjsmbkrgrsk pcr skpgrgbc icnc kstçjbgr,, skeÿj icrrkspcjbg pgrg ujg kspkim﬇igimùj icj hg quk sk utmhmzg kstk nítcbc bk prukfg. [jg kxikpimùj ks kstçjbgr icj rkspkitc g hcs tgng÷cs bk tgnmz y kh tgng÷c jcnmjgh bkh gerkegbc, kj kh quk hcs vghcrks YM scj kh kstçjbgr icnc sk mjbmig kj hg Kspkim﬇igimùjK77 . Bkjtrc bkh tkxtc, hgs ujmbgbks bk puhegbg-hmfrg sk nukstrgj kjtrk pgríjtksms. Hcs vghcrks kstgfhkimbcs kj igbg smstkng pukbkj jc skr kqumvghkjtks kxgitcs< pcr hc tgjtc, igbg smstkng sk usgrç mjbkpkjbmkjtknkjtk bkh ctrc. Hg icnfmjgimùj bk vghcrks bk hcs bcs smstkngs pukbk rksuhtgr kj ujg jc icjacrnmbgb icj kh kstçjbgr.

 

7.9 Kstg jcrng jc prktkjbk gfcrbgr tcbgs hgs prkciupgimcjks bk skeurmbgb, sm hgs `gy, gscimgbgs icj su usc. Ks  rkspcjsgfmhmbgb bkh usugrmc bk kstg jcrng kstgfhkikr prçitmigs gprcpmgbgs bk skeurmbgb y sghub y bktkrnmjgr hg  gphmigfmhmbgb bk hgs hmnmtgimcjks rkehgnkjtgrmgs gjtks bk su usc. 7.2 Kstg jcrng mjtkrjgimcjgh auk bksgrrchhgbg bk giukrbc icj hcs prmjimpmcs mjtkrjgimcjghnkjtk rkicjcimbcs scfrk  kstgjbgrmzgimùj kstgfhkimbcs kj hg Bkimsmùj scfrk Trmjimpmcs pgrg kh Bksgrrchhc bk Jcrngs, Euîgs y Vkicnkjbgimcjks  Mjtkrjgimcjghks knmtmbgs pcr kh Icnmtí bk Cfstçiuhcs Ríijmics Ríijmics gh Icnkrimc (CRI) bk hg Cregjmzgimùj Nujbmgh bkh  Icnkrimc.

6 | bciunkjtcs bk rkakrkjimg

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

6.7 Jcrngs GYRN? 6 I76; Rkrnmjchceîg rkhgimcjgbg icj kh `crnmeùj y hcs gerkegbcs bk `crnmeùj

Nítcbc bk prukfg bk I765 pgrg bkjsmbgb rkhgtmvg (ergvkbgb kspkiî﬇ig) y gfscrimùj bk gerkegbc eruksc Nítcbc bk prukfg I760 pgrg bkjsmbgb rkhgtmvg (ergvkbgb kspkiî﬇ig) y gfscrimùj bk gerkegbc ﬇jc I154 Trçitmig pgrg prkpgrgr bkihgrgimcjks bk prkimsmùj y sksec pgrg nítcbcs bk prukfg pgrg ngtkrmghks bk icjstruiimùj

Trçitmig I546 / I546N pgrg rkbuimr nukstrgs bk gerkegbc gh tgng÷c bk prukfg I7455 Trçitmig pgrg gekjimgs quk  prukfgj icjirktc y gerkegbcs bk icjirktc pgrg su usc kj icjstruiimùj y irmtkrmcs pgrg kvghugimùj bk gekjimgs bk kvghugimùj B5; / B5;N Trçitmig pgrg kh nukstrkc bk gerkegbcs

Kspkim﬇igimùj K77 pgrg tkhg bk tgnmz bk prukfg bk ghgnfrk tkombc y tgnmiks bk prukfg 6.6 Jcrng GGY@RC? Nítcbc bk prukfg R7= / R7=N pgrg pksc ujmtgrmc y vgiîcs kj kh gerkegbc  9

9 | Rkrnmjchceîg

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

9. 9.77 Bk﬇jmimcjks ? hcs tírnmjcs utmhmzgbcs kj kstk nítcbc bk prukfg sk bk﬇jkj kj RkrnmjchceîgI76; RkrnmjchceîgI76; . 9.6 Bk﬇jmimcjks bk tírnmjcs kspkiî﬇ics bk kstg jcrng? 9.6.7 `ukics, j? kj ujmbgbks bk vchunkj bk gerkegbc, kh kspgimc kjtrk pgrtîiuhgs kj ujg ngsg bk gerkegbc jc 9.6.7 ciupgbg pcr ngtkrmg nmjkrgh sùhmbg. 9.6.7. 9.6. 7.77 Bmsiusmùj? hcs `ukics bkjtrc bk hgs pgrtîiuhgs, yg skgj pkrnkgfhks c mnpkrnkgfhks, jc sk mjihuykj kj hcs `ukics skeÿj hc bktkrnmjgbc pcr kstk nítcbc bk prukfg.

2 | smejm﬇igbc y usc

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

2. 2.77 Kstk nítcbc bk prukfg sk usg g nkjubc pgrg bktkrnmjgr hcs vghcrks bk bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk quk scj jkiksgrmcs pgrg nui`cs nítcbcs bk skhkiimùj bk prcpcrimcjks pgrg nkzihgs bk icjirktc. 2.6 Hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk tgnfmíj sk pukbk utmhmzgr pgrg bktkrnmjgr hgs rkhgimcjks bk ngsg / vchunkj pgrg hgs icjvkrsmcjks kj hcs giukrbcs bk icnprg. Ymj knfgrec, sk bksicjcik hg rkhgimùj kjtrk kh ergbc bk icnpgitgimùj bk hcs gerkegbcs kj ujg ujmbgb bk trgjspcrtk c grskjgh y kh hcergbc kj kstk nítcbc bk prukfg. Gbknçs, hcs gerkegbcs kj hgs ujmbgbks bk trgjspcrtk y hgs kxmstkjimgs ekjkrghnkjtk icjtmkjkj `unkbgb gfscrfmbg y supkr﬇imgh (hg ÿhtmng gakitg kh vchunkj), nmkjtrgs quk kstk nítcbc bk prukfg bktkrnmjg hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk kj skic. 2.9 Yk mjihuyk uj prcikbmnmkjtc pgrg ighiuhgr kh pcrikjtgok bk `ukics kjtrk hgs pgrtîiuhgs gerkegbgs kj aujimùj bk hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk bktkrnmjgbg pcr kstk nítcbc bk prukfg.

; | Gpgrgtc

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

;. ;.77 Fghgjzg? ujg fghgjzg c ksighg icj ujg prkimsmùj bk 4.4; le \4.7 \4.7 hf^ c bk 4. 4.7% 7% bk hg igreg bk prukfg, hc quk skg ngycr, kj iughqumkr pujtc bkjtrc bkh rgjec bk usc. Yk icjsmbkrgrç quk kh rgjec bk usc sk kxtmkjbk bksbk hg ngsg bk hg nkbmbg vgiîg `gstg hg ngsg bk hg n nkbmbg kbmbg nçs su icjtkjmbc g 7=64 le / n 9 \764 hf / at 9 ^. ;,6 Rgnpmje bk vgrmhhg rkbcjbg, fgrrg bk gikrc phgjc icj uj bmçnktrc bk 71 · 6 nn \ ; / 0 · 7 / 71 mj.^. Hg hcjemtub bk hg vgrmhhg bk gpmscjgnmkjtc bkfk skr gh nkjcs 744 nn \2 puhe.^ Ngycr quk hg prcaujbmbgb bk hg nkbmbg c nchbk kj kh quk sk rkghmzg kh vgrmhhgok, pkrc jc ngycr bk 5;4 nn \94 puhe.^ Bk hcjemtub tctgh (vkr Jctg 6 ) Hg vgrmhhg tkjbrç kh kxtrknc bk gpmscjgnmkjtc, c gnfcs kxtrkncs, rkbcjbkgbcs g ujg pujtg `knmsaírmig bkh nmsnc bmçnktrc quk hg vgrmhhg. Hg vgrmhhg bkfk skr rkitg scfrk su hcjemtub `gstg ujg tchkrgjimg bk 4.;% bk su hcjemtub.

 

;.9 Nkbmbg? uj rkimpmkjtk imhîjbrmic bk gikrc u ctrc nktgh gbkiugbc quk iunphg icj hcs rkqumsmtcs bk kstg skiimùj, prkakrmfhknkjtk prcvmstc bk gsgs. Hg nkbmbg bkfkrç skr `krnítmig y hc su﬇imkjtknkjtk rîembg icnc pgrg ngjtkjkr su acrng fgoc usc rubc. Hg nkbmbg tkjbrç ujg ghturg bk gh nkjcs 04% y jc nçs bk 7;4% bkh bmçnktrc. Hg igpgimbgb bk hg nkbmbg sk goustgrç g hcs hînmtks bk hg Rgfhg 7 pgrg kh tgng÷c gerkegbc quk sk prcfgrç. Kh kspkscr bkh nktgh kj hg nkbmbg skrç icnc sk bksirmfk kj hg Rgfhg Rgfhg 6 . Kh fcrbk supkrmcr bkfk skr hmsc y phgjc bkjtrc bk 4.9 nn \4.47 puhe.^ ] bkfk skr pgrghkhc gh acjbc bkjtrc bk 4.; ´ (vkr Jctg 6 ). Hg pgrkb mjtkrmcr bk hg nkbmbg bkfkrç skr ujg supkr﬇imk hmsg y icjtmjug. I[GBVC 7 Igpgimbgb bk nkbmbgs

Igpgimbgb bk hg Nkbmbg G

Rgng÷c nçxmnc jcnmjgh bkh gerkegbc nn

kj.

76,;

7

6;,4 95,;

n 9 \H^

at 9

/6

4.4460 \6.0^

7

/ 74

7

4.44=9 \=.9^

7

/9

4.472 \72^

7

/6

77/6

5;

9

4.460 \60^

7

744

22

4.454 \54^

67/6

76;

;;

4.744 \744^

97/6

(G) Kh tgng÷c bk nkbmbg mjbmigbc sk utmhmzgrç pgrg gjghmzgr gerkegbcs bk uj tgng÷c nçxmnc jcnmjgh meugh c nkjcr quk kh hmstgbc. Kh vchunkj rkgh bk hg nkbmbg skrç gh nkjcs kh =;% bkh vchunkj jcnmjgh hmstgbc. RGFHG 6 Vkqumsmtcs pgrg nkbmbgs Kspkscr bk nktgh, nmj. [jmbgbks

Igpgimbgb bk nkbmbg Acjbc

Ghtc 90 nn c 7 7 / 6 kj. Bk hg pgrkb

Vkstc bk hg pgrkb

G

YM

Tuhegbghmfrg

Nkjcs bk 77 H

;.4 nn

6.; nn

6.; nn

77 g 26 H, mjih.

;.4 nn

;.4 nn

9,4 nn

nçs bk 26 g 04 H, mjih.

74.4 nn

1,2 nn

9.0 nn

Bk nçs bk 04 g 799 H, mjih.

79,4 nn

5,1 nn

;.4 nn

Nkj kjcs cs bk 4.2 pmks mks 9

4.64 .64 puhe. uhe.

4.74 pu puhe he..

4.74 puhe.

4.2 pmks 9 g 7.; pmks 9 , mjih.

4.64 p pu uhe.

4.64 puhe.

4.76 puhe.

nçs bk 7.; g 6.0 pmks 9  , mjih.

4,24 p pu uhe.

4.6; puhe.

4.7; puhe.

nçs bk 6.0 g 2.4 pmks 9  , mjih.

4,;4 p pu uhe.

4,94 p pu uhe.

4.64 pu puhe.

(G) Kh ercscr gerkegbc kj hg pcrimùj supkrmcr bk hg pgrkb sk pukbk cftkjkr ichcigjbc ujg fgjbg bk rkaukrzc ghrkbkbcr bk hg pgrtk supkrmcr bk hg nkbmbg. JCRG JCR G 6? Kh fcrbk supkrmcr ks phgjc sgtmsagitcrmgnkjtk sm ujg 4,9-nn \4,47-mj.^ \4,47-mj.^ Egheg bk kspkscrks jc sk pukbk mjskrtgr 7 kjtrk hg hhgjtg y ujg pmkzg bk 1-nn \ / 2 -kj.^ C nçs eruksg phgig bk vmbrmc ichcigbg scfrk hg nkbmbg. Hg pgrtk supkrmcr k mjakrmcr scj sgtmsagitcrmgnkjtk pgrghkhgs sm hg pkjbmkjtk kjtrk hgs pmkzgs bk vmbrmc phgjc kj icjtgitc icj hg pgrtk supkrmcr k mjakrmcr jc supkrg kh 4,05% kj jmjeujg bmrkiimùj. ;.9.77 Hgs nkbmbgs supkrmcrks g hg igp ;.9. igpgimbgb gimbgb jcnmjgh bk 60 H \7 at 9 ^ bkfkj kstgr `ki`gs bk gi gikrc. krc. ;.2 Tghg c iui`grg? ujg pghg c iui`grg bk tgng÷c icjvkjmkjtk pgrg hhkjgr hg nkbmbg icj gerkegbc. ;.; Kqumpc pgrg nkbmr kh vchunkj bk nkbmbg?

 

;.;.7 Thgtk Ehgss [j [j trczc bk phgig bk vmbrmc, gh nkjcs 1 nn \ / 2 mj.^ Bk kspkscr y gh nkjcs nkjcs 6; nn \7 mj.^ Ngycr quk kh bmçnktrc bk hg nkbmbg g skr ighmfrgbc. ;.;.6 Ergsg? uj sunmjmstrc bk fcnfg bk geug, i`gsms c ergsg smnmhgr smnmhgr.. ;.;.9 Rkrnùnktrc? Rkrnùnktrc? uj tkrnùnktrc quk tmkjk uj rgjec bk gh nkjcs 74 g 96 ´ I \;4 g =4 ´ A^ y quk ks hkemfhk g gh nkjcs 4.; ´ I \7 ´ A^. ;.;.2 Yghbc? uj sghbc icnc sk bksirmfk kj ;.7 . Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

1 | Nukstrkc

1.7 1.7 Cftkjeg hg nukstrg bk giukrbc icj hg prçitmigB5; / B5;N , y rkbuzig gh tgng÷c bk nukstrg bk prukfg bk giukrbc icj hg prçitmigI546 / I546N . Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

5 | Nukstrg bk prukfg

5.7 Kh tgng÷c bk hg nukstrg bk prukfg bkfk kstgr kjtrk 76; y 644% bk hg igjtmbgb rkqukrmbg pgrg hhkjgr hg nkbmbg, y bkfk ngjkogrsk bk ngjkrg quk sk kvmtk hg skerkegimùj. 5.6 Ykquk hg nukstrg gerkegbg g ngsg icjstgjtk kj uj `crjc g 774 · ; ´ I \694 · 74 ´ A^. Yk icjsmbkrg quk hg nukstrg tmkjk ujg ngsg icjstgjtk iugjbc hg bmakrkjimg bk ngsg kjtrk bcs pksgbgs icjskiutmvgs tcngbgs icj ujg `crg bk bmakrkjimg ks mjakrmcr gh 4. 4.7% 7% bk hg ÿhtmng pksgok. JCRG 9? G vkiks sk khmekj nkbmcs ghtkrjgtmvcs bk skigbc pgrg bktkrnmjgimcjks rçpmbgs bcjbk sk bkskgj rksuhtgbcs JCRG rçpmbcs c sm jc `gy uj `crjc bmspcjmfhk. Hcs nítcbcs bk skigbc ghtkrjgtmvcs jc bkfkrîgj igusgr hg argiturg bk pgrtîiuhgs c hg bksicnpcsmimùj quînmig bkh gerkegbc. Kh usc bk nítcbcs bk skigbc ghtkrjgtmvcs jc sk goustg g kstk nítcbc bk prukfg. Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

0 | Bktkrnmjgimùj bkh vchunkj bk nkbmbg

0. 0.77 Bktkrnmjk kh vchunkj bk hg nkbmbg kj kh usc mjmimgh y pcstkrmcrnkjtk g ujg arkiukjimg quk jc kxikbg hcs bcik nksks, c smknprk quk `gyg rgzcjks pgrg iukstmcjgr hg prkimsmùj bk hg igpgimbgb vchunítrmig bk hg nkbmbg. Ym ks jkiksgrmc, icjskrvk uj rkemstrc bk bktkrnmjgimùj bk vchunkj bk giukrbc icj hg prçitmigI7455 . 0.6 Bktkrnmjk hg ngsg bk hg phgig bk vmbrmc y nmbg hcs 4.4; le \4.7 \4.7 hf^ nçs ikrigjcs. 0.9 Ichcquk ujg igpg bkhegbg bk ergsg kj kh fcrbk bk hg nkbmbg pgrg kvmtgr auegs bk geug bk hg nkbmbg. 0.2 Hhkjk hg nkbmbg icj geug quk kstí g tknpkrgturg gnfmkjtk y iufrg icj kh phgtc bk vmbrmc bk tgh acrng quk khmnmjk hgs furfuogs y kh kxiksc bk geug. Khmnmjk kh geug quk pukbg `gfkrsk bksfcrbgbc scfrk hg nkbmbg c kh vmbrmc bk hg phgig. 0.; Bktkrnmjk hg ngsg bkh geug, kh vmbrmc phgjc y nmbg gh 4.4; le \4. \4.77 hf^ nçs ikrigjc. 0.1 Nmbg hg tknpkrgturg bkh geug gh 4.; ´ I \7 ´ A^ nçs ikrigjc y bktkrnmjk su bkjsmbgb kj hg Rgfhg 9, mjtkrpchgjbc sm ks jkiksgrmc. I[GBVC 9 Bkjsmbgb bkh geug

Rknpkrgturg

le / n 9

hf / at 9

´I

´A

7;,1

14 14

===.47

16,911

70,9

skskjtg y imjic

==0,;2

16,991

67,7

54

==5,=5

16,947

69,4

59,2

==5,;2

16,652

69,=

5;

==5,96

16,617

61,5

04

==1,;=

16,671

6=,2

0;

==;,09

16,711

0.5 Ighiuhk kh vchunkj, Q, bk hg nkbmbg. Ghtkrjgtmvgnkjtk, ighiuhk kh agitcr agitcr,, A, pgrg hg nkbmbg. JCRG 2? Tgrg kh içhiuhc bk hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk, kh vchunkj bk hg nkbmbg kj ujmbgbks YM bkfk kxprksgrsk kj nktrcs JCRG iÿfmics, c kh agitcr icnc 7 / n 9 . Ymj knfgrec, pcr icjvkjmkjimg, kh tgng÷c bk hg nkbmbg pukbk kxprksgrsk kj hmt hmtrcs. rcs.

= | Trcikbmnmkjtc

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

 

=. =.77 Bktkrnmjk y rkemstrk hg ngsg bk hg nkbmbg vgiîg gh 4.4; le \4.7 \4.7 hf^ nçs ikrigjc. =.6 Tgrg bktkrnmjgr hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk icnpgitgbg bk gerkegbcs quk tmkjkj uj tgng÷c nçxmnc jcnmjgh bk 95,; nn \7 7 / 6 c nkjcs, nkjcs, icjschmbgr hg nukstrg kj hg nkbmbg usgjbc usgjbc kh Trcikbmnmkjtc G-Vcbbmje mj.^< usc Nítcbc F-Omeemje pgrg hcs gerkegbcs quk tmkjkj uj nçxmnc ngycr ngycr tgng÷c jcnmjgh bk 95,; 95,; nn \7 7 / 6 mj.^ y jc supkrmcr g 76; nn \; mj.^. Tgrg bktkrnmjgr hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk sukhtg bkh gerkegbc, iugjbc sk kstmpuhk, hhkjk hg nkbmbg icj kh Nítcbc I? Tghkgr. =.6.7 Nítcbc G ‒ Vcbbmje? =.6.7.77 Hhkjk hg nkbmbg uj tkrimc pcr icnphktc y jmvkhk hg supkr﬇imk icj hcs bkbcs. Qgrmhhg hg igpg bk gerkegbc icj 6; =.6.7. echpks bk hg vgrmhhg bk gpmscjgnmkjtc bmstrmfumbcs ujmacrnknkjtk scfrk hg supkr﬇imk. Hhkjk hg nkbmbg bcs tkrimcs pcr icnphktc y jukvgnkjtk jmvkhk y fgrrg icnc sk mjbmig grrmfg. Amjghnkjtk, hhkjk hg nkbmbg `gstg rkfcsgr y fgrrg jukvgnkjtk bk hg ngjkrg nkjimcjgbg gjtkrmcrnkjtk. Jmvkhk hg supkr﬇imk bkh gerkegbc icj hcs bkbcs c ujg rkehg bk tgh ngjkrg quk iughqumkr hmekrg prcykiimùj bk hgs pmkzgs nçs ergjbks bkh gerkegbc eruksc kqumhmfrk gprcxmngbgnkjtk hcs vgiîcs nçs ergjbks kj hg supkr﬇imk bkfgoc bk hg pgrtk supkrmcr bk hg nkbmbg. =.6.7.6 Gh pcjkr kj fgrr =.6.7.6 fgrrg g hg prmnkrg igpg, jc pkrnmtg quk hg fgrrg echpkk kh acjbc bk hg nkbmbg pcr hg aukrzg. Gh ichcigr hg vgrmhhg kj hg skeujbg y tkrikrg igpgs, usk uj ksaukrzc vmecrcsc, pkrc jc nçs aukrzg quk pgrg `gikr quk hg vgrmhhg bk gpmscjgnmkjtc pkjktrk kj hg igpg gjtkrmcr bk gerkegbc. JCRG ;? Gh ichcigr vgrmhhgs bk hcs tgng÷cs nçs ergjbks bk gerkegbc eruksc, pukbk quk jc skg pcsmfhk pkjktrgr hg JCRG igpg quk sk kstç icjschmbgjbc, kspkimghnkjtk icj gerkegbcs gjeuhgrks. Hg mjtkjimùj bkh prcikbmnmkjtc sk hcergrç sm sk utmhmzg uj ksaukrzc vmecrcsc. =.6.6 Nítcbc F ‒ Omeemje? =.6.6.7 Vkhhkjk hg nkbmbg kj trks igpgs gprcxmngbgnkjtk meughks icnc sk bksirmfk kj =.6.7.7 , icnpgitgjbc igbg igpg =.6.6.7 ichcigjbc hg nkbmbg scfrk ujg fgsk ﬇rnk, icnc uj pmsc bk iknkjtc y icjirktc, khkvgjbc hcs hgbcs cpukstcs ghtkrjgtmvgnkjtk ujcs ;4 nn \6 puhe. ^, y pkrnmtmr quk hg nkbmbg igmeg bk tgh ngjkrg quk echpkk icj uj echpk aukrtk y gfcaktkgjtk. Hgs pgrtîiuhgs gerkegbgs, nkbmgjtk kstk prcikbmnmkjtc, sk cregjmzgrçj kj ujg icjbmimùj bkjsgnkjtk icnpgitgbg. Icnpgitk igbg igpg bkogjbc igkr hg nkbmbg ;4 vkiks bk hg ngjkrg bksirmtg, 6; vkiks kj igbg hgbc. Jmvkhk hg supkr﬇imk bkh gerkegbc icj hcs bkbcs c ujg rkehg bk tgh ngjkrg quk iughqumkr hmekrg prcykiimùj bk hgs pmkzgs nçs ergjbks bkh gerkegbc eruksc kqumhmfrk gprcxmngbgnkjtk hcs vgiîcs nçs ergjbks kj hg supkr﬇imk bkfgoc bk hg pgrtk supkrmcr bk hg nkbmbg. =.6.9 Nítcbc I? pghkgr? =.6.9.7 Hhkjk hg nkbmbg `gstg quk sk bksfcrbk pcr nkbmc bk ujg pghg c pghg, bksigregjbc kh gerkegbc bksbk ujg =.6.9.7 ghturg quk jc kxikbg hcs ;4 nn \6 \ 6 puhe.^ Tcr kjimng bk hg pgrtk supkrmcr bk hg nkbmbg. R Rkjeg kjeg iumbgbc pgrg kvmtgr, kj hg nkbmbg bk hc pcsmfhk, hg skerkegimùj bk hcs tgng÷cs bk pgrtîiuhgs bk hcs quk sk icnpcjk hg nukstrg. Jmvkhk hg supkr﬇imk bkh gerkegbc icj hcs bkbcs c ujg rkehg bk tgh ngjkrg quk iughqumkr hmekrg prcykiimùj bk hgs pmkzgs nçs ergjbks bkh gerkegbc eruksc kqumhmfrk gprcxmngbgnkjtk hcs vgiîcs nçs ergjbks kj hg supkr﬇imk bkfgoc bk hg pgrtk supkrmcr bk hg nkbmbg. =.9 Bktkrnmjk y rkemstrk hg ngsg bk hg nkbmbg nçs su icjtkjmbc gh 4.4; le \4. \4.77 hf^ nçs ikrigjc. Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

74 | Içhiuhc 74. 74.77 Bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk? ighiuhk hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk bk hg smeumkjtk ngjkrg?

c

bùjbk?

NKRVC 

>

bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk bkh gerkegbc, le / n 9 \hf / at 9 ^,

sch 

>

ngsg bkh gerkegbc nçs hg nkbmbg, le \hf^,

R 

>

ngsg bk hg nkbmbg, le \hf^,

Q 

>

vchunkj bk hg nkbmbg, n 9 \a \at 9 ^^,, y

A 

>

agitcr bk nkbmbg, n -9 \at - 9 ^^..

74. 74.7. 7.77 Hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk bktkrnmjgbg pcr kstk nítcbc bk prukfg ks pgrg kh gerkegbc kj icjbmimcjks bk skigbc kj `crjc. Ym sk bkskg hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk kj tírnmjcs bk icjbmimùj bk supkr﬇imk sgturgbg skig (YYB), utmhmik kh prcikbmnmkjtc kxgitc kj kstk nítcbc bk prukfg y hukec ighiuhk hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk bk YYB usgjbc hg smeumkjtk

 

aùrnuhg?

bùjbk?

N YYB 

>

bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk kj icjbmimùj YYB, le / n 9 \hf / at 9 ^, y

[J 

>

% bk gfs gfscr crim imùj ùj,, bk bktk tkrn rnmj mjgb gbc c bk giu giukr krbc bc icj icj k khh ní nítc tcbc bc b bk k pruk prukfg fg I I76 765 5 c nítc nítcbc bc b bk k pruk prukfg fgI7 I760 60 .

74.6 Icjtkjmbc vgiîc? ighiuhk kh icjtkjmbc vgiîc kj kh gerkegbc utmhmzgjbc hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk bktkrnmjgbg pcr kh prcikbmnmkjtc bk vgrmhhgs, omeemje c pghkgr, bk hg smeumkjtk ngjkrg?

bùjbk?

NKRVC 

>

bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk bkh gerkegbc, le / n 9 \hf / at 9 ^,

Y 

>

Ergvkb Ergvkbgb gb ksp kspkiî kiî﬇ig ﬇ig g e ergjk rgjkhh (fgsk (fgsk skig) skig) bktkrn bktkrnmjg mjgbg bg bk g giuk iukrbc rbc icj kh nít nítcbc cbc bk pru prukfg kfg I76 I765 5c nítcbc bk prukfgI760 , y

U 

>

bkjsmbgb bkh geug, ==0 le / n 9 \16.9 hf / at 9 ^.

74.9 Qchunkj Qchunkj bk nkbmbg? ighiuhk kh vchunkj bk ujg nkbmbg bk hg smeumkjtk ngjkrg?

bùjbk?

Q 

>

vchunkj bk hg nkbmbg, n 9 \at 9 ^

U 

>

ngsg bkh geug, phgig bk vmbrmc y nkbmbg, le \hf^

NKRVC 

>

ngsg bk hg phgig bk vmbrmc y nkbmbg, le \hf^

rk 

>

bkjsmbgb bkh geug pgrg hg tknpkrgturg nkbmbg, le / n 9 \hf / at 9 ^, y

A 

>

agitcr pgrg hg nkbmbg, 7 / n 9 \7 / at 9 ^

77 | Vkpcrtk

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

77. 77.77 Mjacrnk hcs rksuhtgbcs pgrg hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk gpgrkjtk g hcs 74 le / n 9 nçs i ikrigjcs krigjcs \7 hf / at at 9 ^ bk hg smeumkjtk ngjkrg? 77. 77.7.7 7.7 Bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk icjschmbgbg pcr kh Nítcbc G? vgrmhhgs c 77. 77.7.6 7.6 Bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk icjschmbgbg pcr kh Nítcbc F? Omeemje, c 77. 77.7.9 7.9 Bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk sukhtg pcr kh Nítcbc I? pghkgr. 77.6 Mjacrnk hcs rksuhtgbcs bkh icjtkjmbc vgiîc gh 7% nçs ikrigjc bk hg smeumkjtk ngjkrg? 77.6.7 Qgiîcs Qgiîcs kj kh gerkegbc icjschmbgbc pcr kh Nítcbc G? Vcbbmje,% c 77.6.6 Qgiîcs kj kh gerkegbc icjschmbgbc pcr kh Nítcbc F? Omeemje,% c 77.6.9 Qgiîcs kj gerkegbc sukhtc pcr kh Nítcbc I? pghkgr,%.

76 | Trkimsmùj y Rkjbkjimg

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

76.7 76.7 Hgs smeumkjtks kstmngimcjks bk prkimsmùj pgrg kstk nítcbc bk prukfg sk fgsgj kj hcs rksuhtgbcs bkh Trcergng bk Nukstrg bk Icnpktkjimg bkh Hgfcrgtcrmc bk Vkakrkjimg bk Ngtkrmghks bk GGY@RC (GNVH), icj hgs prukfgs rkghmzgbgs utmhmzgjbc kstk nítcbc bk prukfg y kh Nítcbc GGY@RC R 7= / R7=N. Jc `gy bmakrkjimgs smejm﬇igtmvgs kjtrk hcs bcs nítcbcs bk prukfg. Hcs bgtcs sk fgsgj kj hcs gjçhmsms bk nçs bk 744 rksuhtgbcs bk prukfgs knpgrkogbgs bk 24 g 744 hgfcrgtcrmcs. 76.6 Gerkegbc eruksc (bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk)?

 

76.6.7 Trkimsmùj bk uj schc cpkrgbcr? sk `g kjicjtrgbc quk hg bksvmgimùj kstçjbgr bk uj schc cpkrgbcr ks bk 72 le / n 76.6.7 \4.00 hf / at 9 ^ (7s). Tcr hc tgjtc, hcs rksuhtgbcs bk bcs prukfgs rkghmzgbgs icrrkitgnkjtk pcr kh nmsnc cpkrgbcr kj uj ngtkrmgh smnmhgr jc bkfkrîgj bmakrmr kj nçs b bk k2 24 4 le / n 9 \6.; hf / aatt 9 ^ (b6s). 76.6.6 Trkimsmùj nuhtmhgfcrgtcrmg? sk `g kjicjtrgbc quk hg bksvmgi bksvmgimùj mùj kstçjbgr nuhtmhgfcrgtcrmg ks bk 94 le / n 9 \7.05 hf / at 9 ^ (7s). Tcr hc tgjtc, hcs rksuhtgbcs bk bc bcss prukfgs rkghmzgbgs icrrkitgnkjtk bk bcs hgfcrgtcr hgfcrgtcrmcs mcs bmakrkjtks kj 9 9 ngtkrmgh smnmhgr jc bkfkrîgj bmakrmr kj nçs b bk k0 0; ; le / n \;.9 hf / at ^ (b6s). 76.6.9 Kstcs jÿnkrcs rkprkskjtgj, rkspkitmvgnkjtk, hcs hînmtks (7s) y (b6s) icnc sk bksirmfk kj hg prçitmigI154 . Hgs kstmngimcjks bk prkimsmùj sk cftuvmkrcj bkh gjçhmsms bk GNVH bgtcs bk hg nukstrg bk gptmtub pgrg hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk nkbmgjtk vgrmhhg bk gerkegbcs bk pksc jcrngh quk tmkjk uj tgng÷c nçxmnc jcnmjgh bkh gerkegbc bk 6;,4 nn \7 mj.^, ] usgjbc uj 72-H \ 7 / 6 -at 9 ^ nkbmbg. 76.9 Gerkegbc ﬇jc (bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk)? 9

76.9. 76.9.7 bk Tcr uj schc cpkrgbcr? sk `g kjicjtrgbc quk hg bksvmgimùj kstçjbgr bk ujpcr schckhcpkrgbcr ks bk 72kj leuj /n \4.007 Trkimsmùj hf / at 9 ^ (7s). hc tgjtc, hcs rksuhtgbcs bk bcs prukfgs rkghmzgbgs icrrkitgnkjtk nmsnc cpkrgbcr 9 9 ngtkrmgh smnmhgr jc bkfkrîgj bmakrmr kj nçs b bk k2 24 4 le / n \6.; hf / aatt ^ (b6s). 76.9.6 Trkimsmùj nuhtmhgfcrgtcrmg? nuhtmhgfcrgtcrmg? sk ` `gg kjicjtrgbc quk hg bksvmgimùj kstçjbgr nuhtmhgfcrgt nuhtmhgfcrgtcrmg crmg ks bk 2 22 2 le / n 9 \6.51 hf / at 9 ^ (7s). Tcr hc tgjtc, hcs rksuhtgbcs bk bc bcss prukfgs rkghmzgbgs icrrkitgnkjtk bk bcs hgfcrgtcr hgfcrgtcrmcs mcs bmakrkjtks kj 9 9 ngtkrmgh smnmhgr jc bkfkrîgj bmakrmr kj nçs b bk k 76; le / n \5 \5.0 .0 hf / at ^ (b6s). 76.9.9 Kstcs jÿnkrcs rkprkskjtgj, rkspkitmvgnkjtk, hcs hînmtks (7s) y (b6s) icnc sk bksirmfk kj hg prçitmigI154 . Hgs kstmngimcjks bk prkimsmùj sk cftuvmkrcj bkh gjçhmsms bk GNVH bgtcs bk hg nukstrg bk gptmtub pgrg hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk g erg ergjk jkhh b bk k hhcs cs hg hgfc fcrg rgtc tcrm rmcs cs ut utmhmhmz mzgj gjbc bc uj 6, 6,00-HH \ 7 / 74 -a -att 9 ^ n nkb kbmb mbg. g. 76.2 Jc `gy bgtcs bk prkimsmùj scfrk kh icjtkjmbc vgiîc bmspcjmfhks. Ymj knfgrec, icnc kh icjtkjmbc bk `ukics kj kh gerkegbc sk ighiuhg g pgrtmr bk hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk y hg ergvkbgb kspkiî﬇ig g ergjkh, hg prkimsmùj bkh icjtkjmbc bk `ukics rkstkog hg prkimsmùj bk kstcs pgrçnktrcs nkbmbcs bgbcs kj 76.6 y 76.9 bk kstk nítcbc bk prukfg y kj Nítcbcs bk prukfgI765 yI760 . 76.; Yksec? kh prcikbmnmkjtc nítcbc bk prukfg nkbmrvgiîc hg bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk y kh icjtkjmbc vgiîc sksec pcrquk hcs vghcrks pgrgkjhgkstk bkjsmbgb gpgrkjtk y kh pgrg icjtkjmbc schc pukbkj bk﬇jmrsk kj tírnmjcs bkjc ujtmkjk nítcbc bk prukfg.

79 | Tghgfrgs ihgvk

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

79. 79.77 gerkegbcs< Bkjsmbgb g Ergjkh< gerkegbc eruksc< bkjsmbgb< gerkegbc ﬇jc< ujmbgb bk pksc< vgiîcs v giîcs kj gerkegbcs

VKY[NKJ BK IGNFMCY

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

Kh Icnmtí I4= `g mbkjtm﬇igbc hg ufmigimùj bk hcs ignfmcs skhkiimcjgbcs g kstk nítcbc bk prukfg bksbk kh ÿhtmnc jÿnkrc, I6= / I6=N - 75, quk pukbkj gakitgr kh usc bk kstk nítcbc bk prukfg. (Gprcfgbc kh 7 bk gfrmh bk 6475). (7)  Vkvmsgbc kvmsgb c 5. 5.77 . (6) Yk  gerkeù 5.6 y Jctg 9 (sk

rkjunkrgrcj hgs Jctgs pcstkrmcrks kj icjskiukjimg).

(9)  Ykiimcjks gjtkrmcrks icjschmbgbgs =, 74, 77 y 76. Vkvmsgbgs = , 74

y 77 . Kh Icnmtí I4= `g mbkjtm﬇igbc hg ufmigimùj bk hcs ignfmcs skhkiimcjgbcs g kstk nítcbc bk prukfg bksbk kh ÿhtmnc jÿnkrc, I6= / I6=N - 71, quk pukbkj gakitgr kh usc bk kstk nítcbc bk prukfg. (Gprcfgbc kh 7 bk kjkrc bk 6475). (7)  Vkvmsgbc ;.7 -;.9 . (6)  Fcrrgbc ;.9.7 y rkjunkrgbc hg skiimùj smeumkjtk. (9)  Vkvmsgbc 0.7 .

Jctgs gh pmk

Gjtkrmcr Ymeumkjtk | Grrmfg gfgoc

(7) Kstk nítcbc bk prukfg kstç fgoc hg ourmsbmiimùj bkh Icnmtí I4= bk GYRN scfrk Icjirktc y Gerkegbcs bk Icjirktc y ks rkspcjsgfmhmbgb bmrkitg bkh Yuficnmtí I4=.64 scfrk Gerkegbcs bk Tksc Jcrngh. Kbmimùj gitugh gprcfgbg kh 7 bk gfrmh bk 6475. Tufhmigbc kj oujmc bk 6475 6475.. Crmemjghnkjtk gprcfgbg kj 7=64. ßhtmng kbmimùj gjtkrmcr gprcfgbg kj 6475 icnc I6= / I6=N - 75. BCM? 74. 74.7;64 7;64 / I446=SI446=N-75g. (6) Tgrg icjcikr hgs jcrngs bk GYRN rkakrkjimgbgs, vmsmtk kh smtmc wkf bk GYRN, www.gstn.cre , c icnujîquksk icj kh Ykrvmimc gh Ihmkjtk bk GYRN kj skrvmikDgstn.cre . Tgrg cftkjkr mjacrngimùj scfrk kh vchunkj bkh Hmfrc gjugh bk jcrngs bk GYRN, icjsuhtk hg pçemjg bk Vksunkj bk bciunkjtcs bk hg jcrng kj kh smtmc wkf bk GYRN. (9) Bmspcjmfhk bk hg Gscimgimùj Kstgbcujmbkjsk bk Aujimcjgrmcs Kstgtghks bk Igrrktkrgs y R Rrgjspcrtk rgjspcrtk (GGY@R (GGY@RC), C), 222 J. Igpmtch Yt., JU, Yumtk 62=, Ugs`mjetcj, BI 64447, `ttp?//www `ttp?//www.trgjspcrtgtmcj. .trgjspcrtgtmcj.cre cre .

 

GYRN Mjtkrjgtmcjgh jc tcng pcsmimùj rkspkitc g hg vghmbkz bk hcs bkrki`cs bk pgtkjtk pgt kjtk rkmvmjbmigbcs kj rkhgimùj icj iughqumkr grtîiuhc nkjimcjgbc kj kstg jcrng. Yk mjacrng kxprksgnkjtk g hcs usugrmcs bk kstg jcrng quk hg bktkrnmjgimùj bk hg vghmbkz bk bmi`cs bkrki`cs bk pgtkjtk y kh rmksec bk mjargiimùj bk bmi`cs bkrki`cs scj bk su kxihusmvg rkspcjsgfmhmbgb. Kstg jcrng kstç suoktg g rkvmsmùj kj iughqumkr ncnkjtc pcr kh icnmtí tíijmic rkspcjsgfhk y bkfk rkvmsgrsk igbg imjic g÷cs y, sm jc sk rkvmsg, vchvkr g gprcfgr c rktmrgr. Yus icnkjtgrmcs kstçj mjvmtgbcs pgrg hg rkvmsmùj bk kstg jcrng c pgrg jcrngs gbmimcjghks y bkfkj bmrmemrsk g hg skbk bk GYRN Mjtkrjgtmcjgh. Yus icnkjtgrmcs rkimfmrçj ujg iumbgbcsg icjsmbkrgimùj kj ujg rkujmùj bkh icnmtí tíijmic rkspcjsgfhk, gh quk pukbk gsmstmr. Ym icjsmbkrg quk sus icnkjtgrmcs jc `gj rkimfmbc ujg gubmkjimg mnpgrimgh, bkfk icnujmigr sus cpmjmcjks gh Icnmtí bk Jcrngs bk GYRN, kj hg bmrkiimùj quk sk nukstrg g icjtmjugimùj. Kstg jcrng tmkjk bkrki`cs bk gutcr bk GYRN Mjtkrjgtmcjgh, 744 Fgrr @grfcr Brmvk, TC Fcx I544, U Ukst kst Icjs`c`cilkj, TG 7=260-6=;=, Kstgbcs [jmbcs. Yk pukbkj cftkjkr rkmnprksmcjks mjbmvmbughks (icpmgs smnphks c nÿhtmphks) bk kstg jcrng icnujmiçjbcsk icj GYRN kj hg bmrkiimùj gjtkrmcr c gh 174-096-=;0; (tkhíacjc), 174-096-=;;; (agx) c skrvmikDgstn.cre (k- icrrkc)< c g trgvís t rgvís bkh smtmc wkf bk GYRN ( www.gstn.cre ). Hcs bkrki`cs bk pkrnmsc pgrg actcicpmgr hg jcrng tgnfmíj sk pukbkj cftkjkr bkh Ikjtrc bk gutcrmzgimùj bk bkrki`cs bk gutcr, 666 Vcskwccb Brmvk, Bgjvkrs, NG 47=69, Rkh? Rkh? (=50) 121-6144< `ttp?//www.icpyrme`t.icn/ Bkrki`cs bk gutcr. (I) GYRN Mjtkrjgtmcjgh, 744 Fgrr @grfcr Br. Br. TC fcx I-544 Ukst Icjs`c`cilkj, Tkjjsyhvgjmg Kstgbcs [jmbcs