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Efrg Igstg÷ldg

\eg `gequlrg doclrletl pgrg hgs kumlrls dl Slelzulhg Ghlxgedrg Gyghg Kgrëe Ldotfrg dl Kgrëg Kgrëg

Wuole hg trgtg f hg lsiuibg, ifeihuorç qul ls ueg kumlr doclrletl. Eo su okgjle eo su plesgkoletf puldle gsfiogrsl g hg okgjle y lh plesgkoletf dl ghjuole qul rlio`l lh ighocoigtovf dl `gequlrg f `gequlrf le eulstrgs sfioldgdls, u`oigdfs jlelrghkletl le lh kçs ghtf eovlh dl mlrgrquëg lifeùkoig y sfiogh. Ls doclrletl, pfrqul pusf su prfclsoùe dl lifefkostg gh slrvoiof dl hg jletl kçs pf`rl, gh lstudof dl hgs rlhgiofels dl prfduiioùe dlsdl hg cohfsfcëg kgrxostg, gh iùkf huibgr pgrg ghigezgr ueg sfioldgd sfhodgrog. Ls hf qul bfy bgil dlsdl su igrjf dl prlsodletg dlh @geif dl Dlsgrrfhhf dl hg Kumlr dl Slelzulhg (@gekumlr), letodgd lstgtgh qul sorvl sf`rl tfdf g hgs kçs pf`rls dl su pgës, dlsdl lh 0>> 0>>7. 7. Yu bostfrog plrsfegh lstç kgrigdg pfr hg plrtleleiog g kfvokoletfs dl kumlrls, hg huibg getorrgiostg, hg kohotgeiog pfhëtoig dl ozquolrdg, hg içtldrg ueovlrsotgrog y hg oevlstojgioùe gigdïkoig durgetl 9> g÷fs, ef f`stgetl prfvleor dl lsg Slelzulhg prfcuedg qul huibg dëg g dëg y sl cfrmg c frmg vleioledf gdvlrsodgdls. gdvlrsodgdls.

 Gr qu ot otlit lit g dlh @ge ku mlr

Efrg Igstg÷ldg (ozq.) ife Ylhkg Mgkls le ue dlsgyuef dl trg`gmf le Hfedrls, le 0>>4.

Efrg Igstg÷ldg ls doclrletl pfrqul quolels hg ifefile hg gprlioge, gdlkçs, pfr su gitotud bukohdl y içhodg, su frgtfrog ‘pfdlrfsg plrf sleiohhg‛, gh dlior dl Ylhkg Mgkls,7   su letrljg gh trg`gmf. ‘Bgil ‘Bgil hf qul sl elilsotg iugedf sl elilsotg1 ls 7

  Clkoeostg `rotçeoig, dorojletl dl hg Bulhjg Kuedogh dl Kumlrls ((Jhf`gh Jhf`gh Zfkle‟s Ytroal), Ytroal ), rld dl frjgeozgiofels le 77 pgësls iuyf hlkg ls ‘Oevlrtor le iuodgr, ef le kgtgr‛, qul huibg pfr lh

 

chlxo`hl, solkprl dl `ule bukfr (…) _ pfr leiokg dl tfdf, f kçs `ole, pfr dl`gmf dl tfdf, hl leigetg hg frjgeozgioùe le lh kfvokoletf (dl kumlrls)‛. Hg dlsiro`l Ylhkg, huljf dl ueg jorg pfr vgrogs ioudgdls dl Lstgdfs \eodfs y Lurfpg, le 0>>4, pgrg docuedor hg lxplroleiog dlh @gekumlr y `usigr ifetro`uiofels. ifetro`uiofels. Yu pý`hoif f`mltovf ls tgk`oïe doclrletl ’pfr jïelrf, pfsoioùe sfioflifeùkoig, dlkgedgs, lxplitgtovgs- g hg iholetlhg bg`otugh dl ue `geif. _ lstl blibf tgk`oïe hg vulhvl doclrletl, pfrqul ifkf okpuhsfrg y prlsodletg dl lstl ‘`geif doclrletl‛, ifkf rlzg lh lshfjge, `usig sgigr dl hg pf`rlzg g kohls dl vlelzfhgegs qul le ftrg letodgd coegeiolrg ef slrëge ighocoigdgs ifkf sumltfs dl irïdotf. Efrg ls ‘hg grquotlitg proeiopgh‛, sljýe Ylhkg, dl lsg letodgd irlgdg pgrg slrvor g kumlrls dl slitfrls dlscgvfrliodfs dl zfegs ur`gegs y rurghls, y bg hfjrgdf oestotuor ueg rld dl kçs dl koh usugrogs, ifevlrtodgs le lh pohgr dl ueg lifefkëg dl iuodgdf y sfhodgrog, qul cueiofeg dl kgelrg gutùefkg gh @geif. _ dlh grtëiuhf 22 Yoe dudg, Efrg ls ueg `gequlrg doclrletl. Ef ls sfhf iulstoùe dl dgr irïdotfs g kumlrls pf`rls soef, gdlkçs, dl pfelr `gsls, oeihusf ifestotuiofeghls, dl vghfrgioùe gh trg`gmf qul lhhgs rlghozge. ^fr lstf okpuhsù, muetf g kumlrls y bfk`rls tgk`oïe ifkprfkltodfs ife hg lquodgd, hg oeihusoùe dlh grtëiuhf 22 dl hg eulvg Ifestotuioùe dl hg Plpý`hoig @fhovgrogeg dl Slelzulhg (7???), lh proklrf le lh kuedf qul rlifefil hg okpfrtgeiog trg`gmf iuodgdf y soe rlkuelrgioùe qulLetfeils, rlghozge hgs kumlrls le cuedgkletgh sus bfjgrls,dlh y hg dludgdlqul hg sfioldgd tolel ife lhhgs. lh cgkfsf 22 ‘rlvfhuiofeg tftghkletl hg ifeilpioùe dlh trg`gmf‛, ifkf domf Efrg le lh Leiuletrf Oetlregiofegh dl Yfhodgrodgd (Igrgigs, 73 g`roh 0>>>3), le hg iugh sl `gsg lstl plrcoh `ofjrçcoif.

 

  @geif doclrletl pgrg hgs ‘ elilsodgdls elilsodgdls elilsotgdgs‛ elilsotgdgs‛ Hg irlgioùe dl lstl @geif, qul sl oesoeýg ifkf ueg jrge f`rg okpuhsgdg pfr ueg jrge y bukohdl gigdïkoig, rlsuhtg dl ue prfilsf qul volel dlsdl getls dl hg gkphog kfvohozgioùe sfiogh prfduiodg pfr hg Gsgk`hlg Ifestotuyletl dl 7???, pgrg gprf`gr hg Ifestotuioùe @fhovgrogeg. Yl trgtg dl hg huibg lkprledodg pfr hgs frjgeozgiofels dl kumlrls pgrg hfjrgr rlspltf g sus dlrlibfs, y dlh qul Efrg bg sodf prftgjfeostg. Le hg kfvohozgioùe pfr hg Ifestotuyletl, lhhg dliodoù trg`gmgr pgrg qul sl rlspltgrge hfs dlrlibfs ghigezgdfs y sl oeihuylrge ftrfs. Ifkf kohotgetl dl frjgeozgiofels dl kumlrls, ifkf prfkftfrg, dfiletl l oevlstojgdfrg dlh Iletrf dl Lstudofs dl hg Kumlr, dl hg \eovlrsodgd Iletrgh dl Slelzulhg (\IS), ifefiëg hg sotugioùe dl hgs kumlrls. Yg`ëg qul kçs dlh 3% lrge kumlrls1 qul lh 3>% dl lsfs bfjgrls tleëg ueg mlcg dl cgkohog1 qul le hgs ifkueodgdls kçs pf`rls, hgs kumlrls trg`gmg`ge le hg igsg, lh klrigdf oecfrkgh, y hg ifkueodgd. Letfeils, so sl qulrëg rlvlrtor lh prf`hlkg dl hg pf`rlzg, ‘bg`ëg qul oevlrtor le hgs kumlrls‛, kumlrls‛, sletleioù Efrg.  Gsë, kumlrls dl vgrogs frjgeozgiofels frjgeozgiofels lhg`frgrfe ue dfiukletf dl dlkgedgs y prfpulstgs, y durgetl hfs iugtrf klsls dl hg Gsgk`hlg, lstuvolrfe prfkfiofeçedfhf pgrg qul slhlhfokprokl oeihuylrg. Dl ghhë, lhqul grtëiuhf 22 dl Efrg hg gitugh Igrtg ^fhëtoig vlelzfhgeg y tfdf hf qul lh igrçitlr hl gtro`uyl Efrg= = ‘Lstg Ifestotuioùe ls quozçs hg kçs rlvfhuiofegrog dlh kuedf le hf qul sl rlcolrl g hg lquodgd letrl hfs jïelrfs‛. jïelrfs ‛.  Gsë tgk`oïe sl kgrig lh oeoiof dlh @gekumlr, iugedf lh Jf`olref vlelzfhgef dliodl irlgr ue sostlkg koirf coegeiolrf pý`hoif, qul sl bg ifestotuodf le `gsl dl ue prfilsf frjgeozgtovf y pgrtoiopgtovf dl hgs kumlrls dl hgs ifkueodgdls pf`rls, qul dl`gtle y dliodle hf qul kçs hls ifevolel le cueioùe dl sus elilsodgdls y dl ifevlrtorsl le pftleioghls usugrogs dlh @gekumlr. Ifetgitge g ghjueg prfkftfrg dlh @geif -qul lxostle le igdg lstgdf dlh pgës y ‘ls lh plrsfegh klmfr slhliiofegdf‛slhliiofegdf‛- y sl oeoiog hg eljfiogioùe, qul oeihuyl igpgiotgioùe, sljuokoletf y gpfyf tïieoif, tgk`oïe gmustgdf g hgs elilsodgdls lspliëcoigs lspliëcoigs dl hg ifkueodgd. Ifkf gcorkg Efrg= ‘Bgy qul trg`gmgr sf`rl hgs elilsodgdls elilsotgdgs dl hg pf`hgioùe‛, f pf`hgioùe‛,  f slg, dl lsgs elilsodgdls qul surjle dl hfs dogjeùstoifs ifkueo ifkueotgrofs tgrofs y pgrtoiopgtovfs qul sfe pgrtl dl hg kltfdfhfjëg dlh @geif. G pgrtor dl lstl ifeilptf, hg igpgiotgioùe sl oeoiog ife ue tghhlr sf`rl lifefkëg pfpuhgr, `gsgdg le lh irotlrof dl qul hg lifefkëg dl`l slr ueg ioleiog gh slrvoiof dl hfs slrls bukgefs y dl hg ighodgd dl vodg dl hfs pul`hfs. Dl ghhë surjle hgs prljuetgs qul dge pgsf g hg lhg`frgioùe ifemuetg dlh prfylitf pgrg lh iugh sl sfhoiotg irïdotf, y qul lstg vlz së oeihuyl lh vghfr dl hg culrzg dl trg`gmf dl hgs kumlrls, ojefrgdf le ftrfs prfylitfs prfduitovfs. _ iugedf lh @gekumlr ftfrjg lh irïdotf, okpuhsg tgk`oïe hg frjgeozgioùe dl hgs kumlrls le \eodgdls Lifeùkoigs Gsfiogtovgs, f le iffplrgtovgs. Ls pgrg qul hgs vlioegs sl dospfejge g trg`gmgr muetgs y le ifrrlspfesg`ohodgd. ifrrlspfesg` ohodgd. F ifkf doil Efrg= ‘Hls pldokfs qul le vlz dl ifkpltor letrl lhhgs, sl ifkphlkletle, qul ueg gpfyl g hg ftrg. Lsf ls sfhgkletl hf qul hls pldokfs. _ hgs kumlrls hf bgile pfrqul lstgkfs gifstuk`rgdgs, sf`rl tfdf iugedf lstgkfs le ifedoiofels dl pf`rlzg, g gpfygrefs hgs uegs g hgs ftrgs. G lsf sl hl hhgkg, dlsdl lh puetf dl vostg clkoeostg, ‒sfrfrodgd‟= sfhodgrodgd letrl hgs kumlrls.‛

 

Lstl blibf dl frjgeozgioùe, pgrtoiopgioùe y sfhodgrodgd, muetf ife lh sljuokoletf y lh gpfyf tïieoif, bg dgdf pgsf g hg irlgioùe dl hg Pld ^fpuhgr dl \sugrogs dl @gekumlr, qul tgk`oïe lmlril ifetrghfrëg sfiogh tgetf pgrg lvghugr lh prfylitf qul sl lmliutg ife lh irïdotf ftfrjgdf, ifkf pgrg ‘ifetrfhgr gh Lstgdf‛, le lh lmlrioiof ifestotuiofegh dl prgitoigr gutfefkëg y sf`lrgeëg dlsdl hg ioudgdgeëg, ef dl dlhljgrhgs le frjgeoskfs pý`hoifs. Ef bg sodf cçioh lstl lmlrioiof dl dlkfirgiog pgrtoiopgtovg, ef ls cçioh suplrgr hg pf`rlzg, plrf ifkf sfstuvf Efrg le Eulvg _fra, ‘ls hg kgelrg dl ifestruor ftrf kuedf pfso`hl, y ls pfso`hl dl ifestruor (…) Irllkfs qul lsl ls lh igkoef qul bgy qul rlifrrlr y lstgkfs dospulstgs g hhljgr gh coegh dlh koskf.‛ koskf.‛   Trgylitfr Trgyl itfr og gigdïkoig gigdïkoig y clkoeost g _ së, le lstl igkoef sl ifestruyl hg f`rg kçs voso`hl y quozçs hg kçs pfpuhgr dl Efrg, plrf sf`rl tfdf ls ifetoeuodgd dl ueg hgrjg trgylitfrog ifkf prfclsofegh dl igso 4> g÷fs dl trg`gmf, puls f`tuvf lh tëtuhf dl lifefkostg dl hg \eovlrsodgd Iletrgh dl Slelzulhg, le 7?32, iugedf tleëg 03 g÷fs dl ldgd. Dlspuïs vledrëge lstudofs dl pfsjrgdf le Gdkoeostrgioùe ^ý`hoig, le Dlsgrrfhhf y le jïelrf1 igrjfs dovlrsfs le lh çk`otf gigdïkoif= dlsdl dfiletl l oevlstojgdfrg bgstg oetljrgetl dlh Ifeslmf dl hg Cgiuhtgd dl Ioleiogs Lifeùkoigs y Yfioghls dl hg \IS, dorlitfrg gdkoeostrgtovg dl hg koskg Cgiuhtgd1 dorlitfrg y iffrdoegdfrg dfiletl dlh Iletrf dlle Lstudofs dl hg Kumlr dl lh 0>>71 prfclsfrg oevotgdg dl pfsjrgdf vgrogs ueovlrsodgdls dl hg su\IS, pgës1 bgstg prfclsfrg sfhodgrog dl hg \eovlrsodgd Egiofegh dl Eoigrgjug1 oetljrgetl dl hg Içtldrg Ho`rl Kfesl÷fr Pfklrf, dl hg ueovlrsodgd dl tfdg su vodg, hg \IS. _ sokuhtçelgkletl, lh trg`gmf dl ifkprfkosf ife hg ifkueodgd y hgs kumlrls= cul pgrtl dl Ifetrfh Ioudgdgef, frjgeozgioùe kuedogh dl sljuokoletf g hfs giulrdfs dl hg Iuk`rl Kuedogh dl Ifplebgjul (7??4 y gig`g dl plrdlr g Shgdokor, su bomf kgyfr, kÿsoif y getrfpùhfjf dl gplegs 44 g÷fs. ^lrf su çeokf fptokostg y huibgdfr hg sljuorç okpuhsgedf pgrg hfjrgr sus sul÷fs. Ef pfr justf, iugedf lstuvf le Zgsboejtfe, vosotù hg tuk`g dl Kgrtëe Hutblr Aoej, ifkf pgrg hhlegrsl dlh lspërotu dl gqulhhg cgkfsg crgsl, O bgvl g drlgk, qul cul lh oeoiof, le hfs g÷fs 3>, dlh rlifefiokoletfs dl hfs dlrlibfs iovohls dl hfs eljrfs le Lstgdfs \eodfs y dl hgs rlovoedoigio rlovoedoigiofels fels dl ftrfs lxihuodfs y lxihuodgs dlh kuedf. Ls, soe dudg, ueg `gequlrg doclrletl. doclrletl.  KK