Noord en Oost Tartarye by Nicolaas Witsen Part 1 in English

 

 North and East Tartarye  Tartarye  By Nicolaes Witsen

 

 

Part 1  Niuha

 

When describing the countries that we are now known under the common name of Tartaria, we will start with Niuha (Manchuria), the most eastern region of Tartaria. The Niuhe region lies, as some believe, 70 German miles from the Indian Sea, although according to many information sent to me, it is not so remote from it. Perhaps both are true, that is, it is indeed located 70 German miles from the Indian Sea, if you include include Yeso’s (Eso) country, but also closer to this sea, if Yeso is excluded. From ancient times Niuha was divided into two parts: its eastern part was called Soksin, and the northern part was called Kaiven. During the Han Sin (Chinese) Dynasty, this country was called Yeleu. Under Emperor Hoo-hayu/ Huei (Perhaps Emperor Hui of the Han). During the Tang dynasty, she was named Vico, and finally, during the Tai-ding (Perhaps Ming) dynasty, she received the name Niuhe. In ancient times it i t was also called Sinan, Sinan , and now it is often called Muonheu. The people of this country, Sintsy, are called Kien/Kin (Jin), which in Sinsky means gold, and other [peoples] call it niohter and bogdotsi. Western tartars call Eastern tartar common name Mugals or Mughals.  Niuhe themselves themselves call their country Hoonghu, which means means “middle garden” or “center of the world”, and also Ilunkhwe, that is, “central state”, as they firmly  believe that the land is flat, and their country is located in the center of the earth’s surface except for them there are no noteworthy states. Sintsy called their country the common name of Sin and each time added other names that were given by the first emperor of each new dynasty: now Kyumkuo, that is, “middle kingdom”, then Siumekhoa, that is, “middle “m iddle garden”.  garden”.  Tartars call foreigners whom they do not respect, “barbarians” and say that they see only with one eye, and not two, like themselves. The Dutch in the East Indies, and especially in Siam, perhaps, ffollowing ollowing the example of the Siamese (Kokhinkhins), divide tartar into int o whites and blacks, according to a diary conducted by an employee of the Netherlands East India Company. Recalling the invasion of tartare in Sina, he writes:

 

"White tartars, united with black tartars, invaded the country of Sina" *. White tartars - eastern, black - western; so, it is necessary to understand.

The country Niuhe is also called the Bogdaisk or Bogdoytsev [country]. Both regions are subordinated to one master, who is titled one by one, then by another region. Part of the country Niuhe is also called Nuki. The people of Niuhe Sinza are called Eastern Tartars and Mughali Nuki, - those, in turn, call Sintsev Nikon, which means unfit, stupid, clumsy or rude. Sintsy divide tartare into pa-tatas (these are northern tartars) and sai-tatas (these are western tartars). “Pa,” or “ne,” means north. “Sai” is west, and “tata” is tartar. This Tartaria is bordered to the north and north no rth –   –  east  east by a region called  Nulhan; in the east, with the region of Yeso or JJeso, eso, which some include in Tartaria; in the south, it allegedly extends to Korea, where, it is believed, the Linohang River flows, and borders the province of Liaotun. The Niuhe region extends, according to reports and impressions of the Sinsky tartar, to the seventh or eighth degree (15 degrees correspond to the usual German mile) to the north and north-east of the Great Sinsky Wall. To the north, the country is wild and deserted and not known to them. According to reports by some other Sinsky scholars, the country Niuhe extends only 6,000 stages north of the city of Beijing and the Great Sinsky Wall, counting from the province of Lyaotung. Beijing, the main city of Sina, otherwise also called Xuntin, is located, according to some information, at 40 ° 56 'north latitude, on the other - at 39 ° north latitude. The Niuhe people, or Eastern Tartary itself, received a nickname from the Sinca by the greatest sorrow of their country, called the Sintza Kin, which means gold. This country is also called Tai-Kin, which means the golden kingdom, and its inhabitants - the owners of the golden mountains. It is said that the name Kin was given by the Sin emperor Vuti in 117 BC, to the eastern tartes of Niuhe, because it was said that there is gold in this country. On some Sin maps, Niuh’s country is mistakenly placed only along the sea.  sea.  

 

In the country of Niuh, the Yal River and the Kventun River originate, descending from the famous Hakpnekon Mountains. The mountainous area is very large, and many rivers originate there. From there, on and on the other side, the Shilgal River, or Shingala River, flows into the Amur River. On the coast there are good harbors, and in the sea, not far from fro m the mainland, are large islands. In 1657, when the Dutch ambassadors de Keyser and de Goyer were at the court of the Sin emperor, or the Tartar Khan, 3,000 Tartar families arrived from the northern regions, from Korea and Yeso. These were the people of Tartar Khan, now Emperor Sina. They decided to move to Sina, a country with fertile soil and a mild climate, to escape the hunger and cold of the northern regions. They were then resettled in Canton and other places. These people lived far to the north, on the seashore, approximately at the Amur River, near the ancient, so-called Anian. They were dressed in the skins of seals and other fish. Every year ambassadors come to Vladyka Sina with an expression of resignation from Korea, Yeso, the country of Sudath and from the Likviaski Islands, where people dress according to the Sin custom, but not so clean. There is a festive custom among Niuh Sinta tartar, when all the servants during a meal, with a certain word fuyet, pronounced by the head of the family,  prostrate in honor of the guests. During the meal, meal, guests are offered milk mixed with pork lard and bean flour. They have the most honorable place on the left side of the host, both at the table and at other ceremonies. Around 1200 Niuha conquered Sina. South of Sina’s main city, Nanking, they  built a large tower of china clay in honor of their Khan. The western ta tartars rtars drove the Niuha out of Sina and destroyed many buildings. But when Niuha again took  possession of Sina, this tower was intac intact. t. The ruler Ni Niuhe uhe (at the same time Sina) is so powerful that he considers it beneath his dignity to receive ambassadors who are not related to those who sent them. The Dutch ambassadors, who traveled along Cine, wrote in their travel diaries that the ruler of Tartar, who now owns Sina, comes from small princes of Tartar. His grandfather (or great-grandfather) was the first king of one of the tribes in Eastern Tartary and was chosen for this post by the inhabitants of the country. This country was allegedly only a small part of Eastern Tartaria, called Munheu, or Niuheu (or Niuhe). Since ancient times, there was not a single lord.

 

Others say that Xunhi, the father of the current emperor Kamha, in which Sina was annexed to his state, was the fifth in his dynasty. His elevation seemed to other  princes of his people so wonderful that, comparing it with lig lightning, htning, they considered it a matter of God and Heaven. Tartar, who conquered Sina, Joris Andrisen, who was in their slavery, called the niuha and said that they lived in the northeast of Sina. This writer says the following: “Tartars that live near the Sinsky borders are of two kinds: some so me live in the east, others in the west. Those living in the east are called niuh, or niohter tartars. With them, the Sentsy waged long fierce wars, which had not yet ended in my time. These tartars are white-faced, wide-faced; they have small eyes and black hair that shave their heads, leaving only a long braid hanging from their crown on their  backs. Their women women grow their ha hair, ir, braiding them in two two braids, one on each each side, like Persian women. This is a very greedy people. They eat any meat from wild or domesticated, clean or unclean animals: horses, camels, foxes and others. Serve meat served semi boiled or fried; the warriors warriors and the common common people remove the m meat eat from the fire as soon as it boils. They smash it softly, bristling with a piece of wood, and eating raw, adding salt and pepper. Their clothes are usually black. Riders wear long woolen kaftans with narrow sleeves, and in winter ram skins, fur inside. Around the  body there is a leather belt, on which, like Uzbeks, Uzbeks, a handkerchief handkerchief and a bag aare re hung, where flint, pipe, tobacco, a knife and scissors lie. They wear hats decorated with sable, elk and other furs on their heads. Some warriors wear iron or brass helmets, from which hangs a small tuft of horsehair colored red. Most of the leaders wear armor. Some of them wear a thick piece of leather in the front, entirely upholstered in small square iron plates to protect them from arrows. The back is left open so as not to turn it to the enemy. The rich wear beautiful silk cotton caftans. They are wearing sabers, like the Sintz, turning them with a handle to the back, and the tip forward, across the abdomen. Boots are worn without spurs, large, clumsy. As for the beliefs of these tartares, they can tell little about God. I have never seen them worship God, but I also did not hear that they were such enemies of the

 

Christian faith as the Turks, about whose faith they speak with great mockery. However, I understood from Augustine, my translator, that some of them worship sky, fire, air, and water for God, while others consider crows and turtles. From their youth they are prepared for war, they are taught not to avoid danger, not to be afraid of blood. They become good warriors, and many are engaged in more robbery than labor. Western Tartars, compatriots of the great Tamerlane, Ta merlane, are also brave warriors. For a long time they also waged heavy wars with the Sintzians, seized this state, but were again driven out. Sintsy built a long solid wall, but Tamerlane, as they say (albeit unfairly), penetrated this wall into the country. Their appearance and clothes  —  the  the ones I saw at Arkela —  Arkela —  are  are similar to niuh, except for caps resembling a crescent and made of red-painted sheepskin and roundly carved in front. The most notable wear silk and cotton sleeveless kaftans, hemmed with black or gray sheep skins. Women differ from nihukh in that they braid their hair in braids, four on each side.” Here ends the information of Joris Andrisen. Andrisen.   To the northeast of Niuha tartaras, indicated on the map by the word Niuhe, is the country of Nyulkhan, and further north, beyond Korea, on the northern north ern side of the Amur River, by the sea, Sudata live, or Jupi *. Otherwise, Sumangals, or Water Tartars. They dress in the skins of animals and fish. Tartar, niuh, taniu, nyulkhan with many other Western peoples, Kalmaks and moogals, invaded Sinah through the north-eastern province of Lyaotung and devastated it. They invaded Sina several times and were expelled from f rom there, as the Venetian Marco Polo says, with the help of Samarkand tartar, who envied the  people of Niuha, or Kin. In ancient times, the state of Niuha, as they say, was somewhat dependent on the Sinca. During the Han dynasty, in 206, the Senets built over 100 cities and fortresses in the Niiu country. But then the niuh refused to pay tribute and separated from Sina. The Sintzas did not respect these tartars, even called Niuha barbarians and despised them for eating raw meat, living in caves, and looting. But all this was said  by sintzami rather rather out of hatred, in fact fact they were not like that.

 

They do not live in caves, as the Sintsy asserted, but mostly in good tents made of silk or other fabric, as well as leather or skins. Tents are stretched with ropes, which, like the tents themselves, are covered with carpets. Niuhe do no use chairs but sit on the ground with their legs bent under un der them. The most notable have several tents: for their wives, children, kitchen workers, etc. Everything with good taste is arranged, comfortable and clever, as in the best house.  Niuha believed that it was impossible impossible to swim in the Arctic or North North Sea. Otherwise there would be many islands discovered, they say. In the country Niuha, or Nyuki, by order of the emperor of Tartar, 120 fortresses were built. Around them there are now villages and villages with houses  built of clay, like those of Dahurian peoples. But the the majority of the people live in the steppes, is poor and does not have as many cattle as the western Mugals. They have few cities. They live in tents and tents and migrate across the steppe with their cattle from place to place in order to have fresh pastures.   Near the Amur Amur River they catc catch h sables and black-brown black-brown foxes. Just as the Sints respect their courage, when one people seriously judges another, so they respect and glorify the Sints for their external decency and ingenuity.  Niuhe consists of several several Tartar principalities principalities and tribes, one of which is called Shuri, or Shurtsi. Many of the Tartar princedoms located near the Sinsky wall, at the beginning of this century and in olden times, paid tribute to Sine, said the Jesuit Trigotius. It has three principalities north of Sina, three to the east, and to the west - even 53 small principalities. We do not know for sure whether the fortresses for tresses and towns built by the western tartars during the times of the Iven tribes are still preserved. Inside the fortresses, of course, there are small houses surrounded by earthen ramparts. They are built for the elderly, who are not able to roam with cattle, and for those who are engaged in agriculture *. See the letters on. Ferbista from the cities of this country. Since most of the tartare that invaded Sinah, they said that they were from Muonghau, apparently, Muonghau should be a big city in Niuh. But for the most part they, like Kalmaks and other western Tartars, wander in the steppes with their cattle, as has already been said.

 

King Niuhe, who has now placed his throne in the Sino capital of Beijing, all the surrounding countries pay tribute and recognize him as the head. Oriental tartars are similar to Sintsev in both posture and constitution. They are squat, for the most part broad-faced and flat-nosed, but their eyes are not as small as those of Sintsev. They are silent. Riding on a horse, they seem lost in thought. Both in appearance and customs, they are similar to Western tartare and Kalmakov. But they are more courteous to strangers, they treat them more gently and better and are more developed, perhaps because they are closer to Sinai. They are good soldiers and braver than Sintsev; they sleep on the ground, wash the carpet, love to hunt, eat half-baked camel and horse meat, know how to make beer. They are pagans, worship idols and usually offer sacrifices with special ceremonies. Their priests are called llamas. At funerals, they burn the body, throwing the horse and weapons of the deceased into the fire, and sometimes wives and servants, as is done in some places in India. But some of them make burials. They are aware of their ignorance of what will happen in the next world. They shave their heads or cut their hair very short, leaving only a strand that is braided in a braid and lowered onto the back. Shave beards, leaving a strip on the chin and long mustache. Boots sew from horsehide or silk and velvet, do not use spurs. On the head they wear a flat round cap trimmed with a strip of fur. fur . From above hangs a brush of horsehair or dyed silk threads. In the summer, they put a wicker tire of reed or straw on the head with a red brush at the top that hangs down to the ears. They wear long caftans with narrow sleeves, which end in the shape of a horseshoe end at the wrist. They are girded with a two-finger belt wide, on which is hung on both sides by a silk scarf, as well as a bag in which tobacco or other things are put and a knife; a saber is hung from the left side, handle to the back, and with the tip forward. Over a long caftan, they wear a short caftan, with sleeves to the elbow. In a description of a trip to Sinu, Van Nyuhoff writes about mother and daughter Niuh’s clothes:  clothes:  “The daughter was dressed in a purple fabric with large flowers, and the mother - in a black damask. Both had gold rings in their ears, and their hair, braided and laid around their heads, were decorated with pearls at the ends. The head is covered with a round wicker hat, apparently from split bamboo, on a cap a bun or  brush of red silk. Simple Simple women wear such bunc bunches hes of horsehair red. red. 

 

Clothes falling to the feet are girded with silk ribbon, and with small buttons on the chest. Black leather shoes. Persons are not made up, not powdered." Sinu women in Niuhe tartare are in great demand because they have more  boys than girls and fewer fewer women. When the troops are summoned, they blow the horn. The tone of the sound will know how many people should gather and who should bring them. They have a custom to send a small group to battle first, and if they are lucky, they have no doubt about the good outcome of the battle. These are good riders, and service is usually also on horseback. But the infantrymen are not as brave as the Sints, who serve more in the infantry and usually take almost nothing in their hands from childhood, except onions for hunting birds. Since Niuha are poor and live in deserted places, they can endure hunger and destitution, like all other tartaras. They are very clever in the fight and as soldiers are better than Sinezen, but not so cunning, brave and strong. They are building fortifications, but so fragile that [they] would not have survived the shelling of guns. Their weapons are bows and daggers, as well as spikes like those of Kalmaks. They shoot very well with a bow. In battle, iron helmets and bibs with iron bindings are worn, which makes a lot of noise when driving. They like firearms, they order them, especially muskets, through Bukhara merchants in other countries, and pay dearly for it. Having got used to shooting from firearms, they shoot very accurately. The current emperor of Sina shoots so well that without a miss he beats the bird in the air. When Niuhe’s tartars conquered Sina, they called on a lot of auxiliary troops, even from the Kalmak country, both from Astrakan and from Upi, who live north no rth of the Japanese islands and wear wearable fish skin shells. They were even joined by  people from the Volga Volga —   —  this  this is the river that these tartars call Alga —  Alga —  and  and from lands north of the Amur River. All these peoples willingly sent auxiliary detachments in the hope of booty, which could be obtained in Sina in abundance. So, Niuhe Tartars, Niuhe Eastern Tartars are good warriors. Going on a hike, they do not take almost any food supply with them, because they are cutting the first cattle they come across and eat meat in a half-dried form. If they find f ind nothing, they cut several of their horses and camels. In their free time they hunt: they

 

surround whole forests and kill a lot of game that serves them food. On the hunt they take with them greyhounds and falcons. They sleep in light clean tents, which are set so as not to interfere with the movement of troops. Encountering houses on their way (as places in Tartaria, although very rarely, are found at home), they dismantle their walls, leaving only the roof and pillars to make houses resemble tents. Spend the night in them with their horses. They rarely destroy, demolish or desecrate burial sites. Since ancient times, the inhabitants of Niuha did not enjoy the respect of their neighboring nations, and themselves had been deep-seated enemies and great haters of the Sinezen. In Japan, tartare is hated; they are called dassasins. They say that in antiquity not a single tartarin could appear in Japan, Koreans and Sintsy were allowed. It is said that once on the west coast of Japan, the Tartar navy ran aground. His team intended to cross into Japan for the purpose of attack. From here, this hatred allegedly arose and survived. This happened, obviously, during the time of the Tartar Khan, or emperor, Kublai, who occupied Mangi *, about 1250, a part of Sina. Mangi means “barbaric” in Tartar; Tartar; so, the tartars called Sina or that part of her which they had occupied in due time. In memory of this salvation, by the grace of God, the weather and the wind, even now, as they say, they arrange a holiday in Japan on the fifth day of the fifth f ifth month. Thus, since the Tartars intended to attack Japan on ships, hence we can conclude that Japan is one or several islands *. Japan can be considered a group of islands, which can be seen in the drawings I have made there. In the figure, next, you can see the writing Niuha. It is noteworthy n oteworthy [the fact] that the tartars, before they conquered Sina, wrote, as is customary in Europe: from left to right. But now they are following the example of Sintsev: from top to bottom. They write in letters, not in pictures or signs, like synca. Their alphabet consists of about 60 letters, but among them are composite letters, or pair sounds, because they are composed of a vocal or vowel sound, along with a consonance, or a consonant sound, make up a letter in the alphabet, like la, le, li, lo , lu, pa, ne, pi, po, poo, etc. Their letters are very different from fro m the Sin signs-letters, and the sounds almost correspond to European ones. They write  brushes made from hare hare hair, like sintzas. sintzas.

 

They usually use the name of their father with his name na me after his own name, contrary to the custom adopted in Europe. Choanthy means in the language of  Niuha the owner owner of the earth. Chova Chova they mean be beautiful. autiful. This word resembles resembles a Hebrew word. And it may be taken for the proper name of Eve, the wife of Adam, as some believe. Buskouva means emaciated, apparently similar to the Jewish Bukaw with the same meaning. Niszy Szamia means “what do you have?”, And  Nirzma mea means ns “I have nothing.” T These hese last tw two o words seem to occur occur in a similar tone in the Hebrew language. It is said that Tartars, both Niuha and Mugal, do not see anything reprehensible in the marriage of sons to the wives of their deceased fathers and in committing incest with related women, excluding native mothers and sisters. In the Niuh Mountains there are stones that can burn, to the great joy of the  population, since in many place placess there is a shortage shortage of firewood. There are few gems in Niuh, Mugalia and their environs, except those already known in Europe. But they say that there are two more stones. Of these, one emits light in the dark and is called sakro; he is known kno wn in Mongolia, and the other gives [reflects] the heat of the sun so that in winter snow melts from contact with it, and in summer it can cause a fire, as I was told by eyewitnesses *. In the book of Esther (ch. 1, song 6) porphyry, marble, and precious stones are mentioned; some took them for Krapinsky marble, but Bahartus thinks they are  pearls. Megilla. Ch. 1. About this stone, Jewish Talmudists say that this is a precious stone and that it illuminates the room around it. In Syria Dea, Lykian writes that a certain goddess wears a jewel of lihnis on her forehead and that he justly bears this name, as if at night a strong brilliance and light emanates from it. Verf. 329. Dionysius Periegat also mentions the stone of litnis, which shone like flame. Book. 37, chap. 7. Pliny also speaks of the stone of litnites, or lihnnis: this is how they called him because of the light.

 

Pisidas, as Bohartus quotes him, writes about a stone that was on its chest, stars like fire; It is found in Calcutta, in East India. It is said that in the East there are precious stones called “cat's eyes”, which glow strongly at night. night.   Philostrat writes that sometimes a stork brings a stone to the nest, burning like a torch. [Book of the Prophet] Ezekiel: 28,14. Kimkhius writes that the king of Tirus was walking at night, and in front of him were wearing precious stones, instead of a torch. Beniamin in The Journey reports on the crown of King Blakhernis and the th e  precious stone in it. it. Cardanus calls this stone Orphanus and thinks that it is purple and shines in the dark. Some writers of the XIII century, translated from Arabic into Latin by L. Varnerus, a former ambassador to Constantinople, in an unpublished work, we read that in Northern India, in the area of Munibar, a candlestick was inserted into which a stone called Yakut was inserted which can illuminate the room. This should mean that the soul of the judge or the one who defends the right must always be bright and clear. Maybe this stone is found in the region of Yakutia and from there it got its name. At Becky and other old writers of the Netherlands we read, that in about 800, there was a stone in the upper part of the golden go lden altar in Egmont, which produced a radiant glow at night. He was in Latin called Lapis Ostulanus, that is, the carbuncle. The stone was stolen, but the population of Egmont still remembers it and tells implausible stories, so we will not repeat them. In the book Regalia abbatum Egmondensium, we find that Hillegardis, the first countess of Holland, presented a table of bone to the monastery of Egmont. Many gems were inserted into it, including one stone called the ostulanus, which illuminated the entire room at night. According to Sintsev, there are rubies and very beautiful pearls in Niukh. The  population finds it both in in inland lakes and in the neighboring seas seas between between Japan and their country.

 

The richest tartars have up to 100 – 200 200 carts pulled by each pair of horses. Their wives, whom they buy as much as they want, live each in a separate cottage or tent. When they put these houses, they begin to build from the west, placing them from each other at a distance of an abandoned stone.  Not far from the mouth of of the Amur there is a fish gyrfalcon, or chant chantunsing, unsing, which means gold. In Niuh, as well as in Liaotung, the very valuable Nishi root, or jinging, grows. Of the fur-bearing fur- bearing animals there are sable, marten, beaver and others. There are abundantly growing nuts, wheat, barley, cabbage, which are not in Sina. There are also grapes, apples and other fruits. But rice is not growing there. Gunpowder is also made there, although of poor quality. There are not many horses in Niuh, and they are short. The best ones were brought there from fro m western Mughal land. Horses are not shod but walk on snow and on ice. Tartar horses from  Niouche are noble and brave. O On n the contrary, the the Sinsky are cowards, cowards, lazy in  battle, and they they hardly endure the snorting of tartar horses. In the desert steppes of Mugalia, not far from f rom Niuha, there lives a khan, or  prince of Tartar, named Dzongari. It is said about him tha thatt earlier, 40 years years ago, he was as powerful as Khan or King Niuhe before conquering Sina. The women of Niuhe (this is something special) posing as witches, spellcasters; they come to the sick to treat them. There they dance and beat in three  basins. Tartar calendars (a traveler notifies me who has seen almost all of Tartaria) report that Niuhe tartars and other mughals and tartars of antiquity in large numbers settled in Japan. The inhabitants of Niuh, near the mouth of the Amur River, say that not far from there, in the sea, there are several islets and their inhabitants seem somewhat like the Japanese. They have boilers, clothing, and other items, apparently of Sin and Japanese work, which serves as evidence of their trade with the Sintz and the Japanese. Kamhi, the modern Tartar emperor of Sina, originally from Niuhe; very fond of mathematics and especially astronomy. Therefore, he studied with the Jesuit Ferdinand Ferbista, a Dutchman who held honorary positions po sitions there and had titles. He [Kamkhi] is well aware of the works of the famous ancient mathematician

 

Euclid and delved into the science of mathematics. He personally makes many heavenly and other dimensions. The emperor himself hi mself ordered to translate Euclid into Tartar (although he also knows Chinese well) in order to introduce this science into the center of Tartary. The above-mentioned Ferbist had supreme power over all mathematicians mathematici ans and astronomers. He and his parents were raised to the nobility, but he recently died in Beijing. He personally spoke with the emperor, e mperor, who was generally unavailable, and ate at the court of golden dishes served from the imperial i mperial table. The emperor himself is able to calculate eclipses and understands direct and curvilinear measurements. There are no secrets in the witty science of mathematics, which he would not know, there are no stars, which he could not immediately show. He spent more than 19 thousand reykstaler to purchase physical instruments, especially in astronomy. On the city walls of Beijing, he ordered to build an astronomical tower. Her image with all the devices is stored stor ed with me. Several notable are on duty onreport these towers and they at the sky. people Every morning, they on whatevery they day, saw in the sky.constantly With the look help of this science, Tartars, like the Sintsi, build their predictions and manage their affairs. This sovereign willingly meets with all the proper knowledge and, although he is still a heathen, still longs to learn about the immortality of the soul, about the existence of God, about the sufferings of the Savior and about other Christian dogmas and truths. But polygamy and love for women strongly hinder him from f rom adopting the Christian faith. In addition, he listened too much to his grandmother, who was a West tartar woman and was committed to the idolatry of lamas. According to one gentleman, who lived for a long time in the city of Hoxio, Tartar Niuhe is closer to the Germans in character than to the Sints. They eat with their hands, like Europeans, and carry knives and forks with them, roast meat on a spit and are hospitable. Those who are met in Sine are white and clean, but they are more susceptible to smallpox than in their own country, and there are many oneeyed people among them. The horse tails and tails of particular white cows serve as  banners during the war. war. This cow's tail tail is kept by me. They are sincere, honest and frank. Those who have long communicated with sintzas or were born among them are changing a lot, fully accepting Sin customs. They are prone to sin of Sodom, which they probably also learned in Sin.

 

When the tartars occupied the seaside town of Hoxio (at the time when the aforementioned gentleman was there), everything was in perfect order, as is rarely seen in European troops. The troops entering the city did not beat anyone and did not bring evil. One soldier, who had taken away a thing worth almost more than a spoon handle from a city dweller, was cut down with a saber and was shown on the road for show. The army, consisting only of cavalry, numbering 40,000, was located outside the city as neat and beautiful as can be seen in some armies of Europe. The detachments differed in the color of tents covered with a thin canvas. For each tent it was possible to recognize the rank of a warrior. The troops were so neatly located in their main apartment, on separate regiments, on the streets, bazaars, etc., that there were no comments. Among the troops, this gentleman met one Muscovite, who from Russia had  penetrated so deeply deeply into Tartaria that he was able able to enter the sservice ervice of the tartars tartars of Niukh. There were several Greek Christians there. The Sin emperor Singlaminga, who opposed the Tartar emperor in Hokxiu, was surrendered to the victor’s mercy. In the end, he was taken to Beijing and transferred to the relatives of those he had previously ordered to execute. They  brutally killed him. He was tied tied to a ladder and gradually cut into small pieces, so that he suffered for several days. By that time, two kings, apart from Synglaming, had rebelled against tartar. This war lasted six to seven years. Yes, if they understood and trusted more to each other, tartars would get from them. Therefore, in Beijing, people were already gripped by fear. The above-mentioned gentleman saw that during the siege of Tartars of the fortress on the Khoksio River, the Sintzians, being inside the fortress, pretended to retreat, and destroyed all food items in the fortress. Then the Sintsy came out of the western gate, and the tartars rushed into the front gate, hoping for prey. As soon as the fortress was filled with enemies to the full, the Senets came back, stormed the fortress, and all the tartars died there from starvation or swords.  Niarthe Tartars call call their emperor the the Son of Heaven. To cast out the devil, they hang banners and flags on the walls, towers and city gates. All orders in Sine

 

are now issued in both languages: Sin and Tartar. But Tartar is a court and main language in Beijing. In the trade, the niuh is more compliant than the Sintsy, not so mercenary and deceitful. They are great music lovers. When a tartarin carries mail to Sina, he holds an arrow in his hand by which he can be identified. The clothes in Sine are now changing completely according to the Tartar model. Soldiers in the summer often wear only thigh clothes on their naked bodies. I was shown the Tartar clothes that some Sin commanders now wear. It is a  purple with a blue caftan, woven woven and trimmed with with heavy gold. It depicts large dragons radiating light, and various amusing images on the floors. Beautifully woven eyes from peacock feathers. Black wool lining. There Th ere are four black corals in the front - buttons: two on the neck, and two lower - and to them two loops to fasten the caftan. Floors go one over the other. Before the caftan at the gate is somewhat cut. The sleeves are wide, but at the wrist with pleats and lined with a strip of black silk fabric with a width of two palms. The sleeve has a cutout on the hand in the form of a half horseshoe. The caftan is rather short, just above the knees. The caftans are woven so that the figures depicted on it are woven equally from both sides. The caftans of the warriors depict dragons, other residents have woven any poultry or animals. The saber, enclosed in green shagreen sheath, has a yellow copper handle with a picture of dragons and is wrapped in black silk on top; the blade is very sharp, decorated with images of funny men and dogs holding swords. Headgear woven from durable reeds, and beautiful, a brush ofon raw silk. The hat is yellow, shaped like the tip ofthin a sugar head. Silkwith stockings are the legs: white below, purple on top, lined with white cotton wool. At his knees on stockings embroidered strip with dragons. The stockings are wide and hard, almost like boots, reaching to the knees in front, and the back and sides of the neckline are  bigger. Sometimes Sometimes they wear stoc stockings kings with boots, like Roman ones. The bow is made from the inside of a flexible light wood, the outside is made of whale bone, and is twisted on top of bark. A quiver of black patent leather. The arrows on top are yellow and below are pointed in the form of a bobbin.

 

On the side they wear bone boxes with very finely chopped yellow tobacco. When they smoke, they only drag out once. A long scarf and a box with a toothpick hang on a belt or a belt. Saber and knife are worn at the waist. Sintsy hate their conquerors –  conquerors –  The  The Tartar, although they maintain such order and discipline, which probably will not be easy to expel them. In all the fortresses, the troops are stationed in equal numbers, Sin and Tartar, with two commanders, the Sin and tartar. But the Tartarin has an advantage. Military punishments there are very strict: for a minor violation of a soldier, they beat the buttocks with a bamboo stick. During the times of Coxing, Tartars completely destroyed the southern shores of Sina several miles inland, defending themselves from sea robbers, and also to  prevent the Cantasians Cantasians from appealing appealing to foreigners or helping each each other. Seafaring was in high esteem since antiquity, they almost deified the one who invented something in this area. They say that they have the steering wheel, that is, the helm of the ship, invented a woman. Tartars, like Sintsy, honor images i mages of the dead erected in the Sinsky temples and say that they depict deities. Although horsehair is the main decoration of tartar, they still slovenly comb the manes and tails of horses. But the army is very clean, and no dirt is visible. Tartars of Sina and Niuha are not against the Christian religion, but still they are not as easy to convert to Christianity as the Sintans, and in this respect they are far  behind them. They order thick, coarse porcelain dishes to Sinca, they like it more than thin. It is said that in Tartary, to the west of the Sin wall, there is the city of Mangul, or Mongul: I do not know its exact location - and what's next, at the mouth of the Amur, is a large grove. On the north side of the Amur River, the sea freezes fr eezes hard, but not to the  bottom. Standing on a rock, at the mouth mouth of the Amur, you see see an island in the sea, whose population wears the same clothes as the Japanese. They say that the Khilians are a people living near the Amur River. Most of the rivers and streams flowing north of the Sin wall from the sandy desert of Samo and north of high mountains flow into the Amur, Naum, Shingal and

 

Dalai rivers. And the rivers, which originate south of these mountains, flow deeper into Sina. Halfway between the river Naum and Sinoy is the river Sharamarin. The rriver iver Lohanu flows into it. Merging, these rivers flow, cutting the ridge and passage in the wall, in Sina. On this river, ice-bound, the Bogdoy tartars, or Niuha tartars, and  passed to Sina. On its banks there aare re many groves that could could give the forest for the construction of ships. There is a marsh near the Liaotung hills and in Eastern Tartaria, where, it is said, many pearl mussel shells are found. The modern emperors of Sina, originally from Niuha, usually marry the daughters of the most notable Taisha, or princes, from Mugalia and Niuha: there the former Sin emperors ordered to search for the most beautiful girls of the country, regardless of whether they were of high or low gender. The sandy desert of Lop, located outside the Sin wall, in Tartary otherwise called Kalmak, Belgian, Samo and Karakatay, that is, Black Katay. Anyone who wants to drive safely through it is advised to travel in a large society or a caravan, as some Kalmak and Mugal tribes live there by robbery. In many places there is little greenery or grass; there is neither water nor firewood. They say that near this desert is the well-fortified city of Soxi, where the big boss lives. This city is divided into two parts: Saints live in one part, Turkestans, Bukharians and other foreign merchants live in the other. There are many mountains near it, and wild horses and hairy chickens in the mountains. But, not knowing the exact location of this city, I did not put it on the map. The Tartar peoples living outside the Sin Wall call tartar, who now own Sinai, nuh-moogals. These Sin tartars have the custom of sitting on the ground; gr ound; They do not know any rules of politeness, except those that they now learn from Sintsev. Eastern tartars Niuhe used to be called Sinas state Nika Corum, that is, the country of barbarians. But now they call him Tulimp Corum (middle country), although they also call him Shina Taykum (a state of great clarity). The inhabitants Niuhe from an early age learn to shoot from a bow and an d hunt, and least of all - to engage in agriculture. They are brought up cruelly and in  poverty and can tolerate strong hunger and and destitution. They aachieve chieve more milit military ary success due to their dexterity and endurance than the art of fighting.

 

Approximately in 1600 Niuhe Tartars, that is, the Eastern Tartars of the seven hordes quarreling among themselves, which were already a formidable for midable force, united under the leadership of the first prince of Eastern tartar, who was recalled Tingming, which means the will, or the decision of the sky. He was a very stern and cruel monarch, he demanded to be called the Sin emperor. His successor was his son Tinkum, after him - Kum, or Kumkhim, and then Zum-those followed. Under him, theatSinas state annexed Tartary. After event in 1662, Kamhi, the age ofwas eight, enteredtothe throne. He isthis still reigning overhis theson eastern Tartars and all of Sinai. Sintsy called the Tartar clan, which conquered Sina, Jinghao. Niuhe, or Eastern Tartaria (from the atlas of the Jesuit martini)

 

A certain Sin geographer tells about Niukh, or Eastern Tartary, little known to Europeans, the following:

“This state in the west borders with the countries of Kilangkho, in the south with Korea, and since ancient times it was called Soxiu, since it covered o only nly the area near the Kventung River to the east, and to the north - Qayuyen. This nation is called kin. The Sin imperial dynasty Khan called this region Ieleu. But the Sinas emperor called them Quay, Hooks. During the Tang dynasty, this area was called Vico, and during the Taming dynasty, after the construction of several fortresses there, it became known as Niukhe. In this dynasty, the niuha paid tribute.” tribute.”   “They live,” he says, “in underground caves dressed in animal skins, and they respect respect only strength and power.” They have fun stealing and robbery, eat raw meat and make a drink like beer from ground barley with water. They skillfully shoot a  bow and hunt; they they have many different barbarian tribes with with their own custom customs.” s.”

Here is short that this Sinsky writer writes. All this can be explained in somewhat more detail: “Although I frankly fr ankly declare,” says Martini, “that I have never observed these countries with my own eyes, I still use the Sin map and the stories of the eastern tartar with which I communicated a lot with the Sintsev I will add: that this country, in particular, Eastern Tartary, is very ancient, can be seen from the fact that it is mentioned already in the days of the Sin Imperial Han dynasty, which began in 206 before the t he  birth of the Savior. In the future, it is constantly constantly referred to, although, as is customary in Sinae, under various names. Sintsy gave them the name Kin, which means gold, and they are usually called the owners of the golden mountains, because they believe that they own an area rich in gold. This Tartaria is bordered to the north and northeast no rtheast by Nülhan, another state of tartare. To the east lies the kingdom of Jupi. This is also a Tartar country, which is washed by the sea from the south. Between Japan and Eastern Tartary to the south to the peninsula of Korea lies the Liaotung region. Niuhe is separated from this area  by the famous Great Great Wall *. Liaotung Liaotung lies outside the Sin wall. A large river

 

Lynhang flows along its western border, separating the state of tartare from Kilangkho. Of all the tartar, these were always the most irreconcilable enemies of the Sintz, and during the Sin Imperial dynasty of Sung they inflicted on Sinah their calamities with their invasions. Therefore, the Sin emperors were forced forc ed to relocate from the north to the southern Sin lands, after these tartars occupied the regions of Liaotung, Beijing, Xanxi, Xenxi and Xantung. Yes, they probably would have subdued the entire Sin Empire if the neighboring Tartars from Samakhan or Samarkand (after they had subjugated much of Asia) did not, out of envy of their successes, pass through the southern and western regions into Sina and would not venture against them fierce war. Finally, they were completely ousted from fro m Sina. They also invaded East Tartaria and occupied most of it. Marco Polo Venetian speaks about this war. Finally, the western Tartars, after many battles, as a reward for victories, received the entire Sin Empire and founded the imperial i mperial dynasty, Iven. This was in 1269. Oriental tartars called kin, however, a few years ago  again captured the Sin Empire and own it now. As for the underground caves, in which eastern Tartars supposedly live (according to the testimony of the Sintsev), these words contain the hate of the Sintsev for Tartar, Tartar, as they do not live in caves, but in tents.”  tents.”  “I have seen,” says Martini, “they have better tents than anywhere else. They are made of silk, rubbed with brilliant and bright wax, or of animal hides or animal fur. Theyabove deftlythe smash them and collect again. Since the tentto are set high ground and they seemthem to hang in the air,the thewalls tent isofcovered a height of 5-6 feet with a net woven from thick ropes. In some places between the ropes stick stuck. But that the grid was not visible, it is covered with carpets. The floor is also carpeted, and they sit on it, cross-legged, and eat. They have no chairs,  but only low simple simple tables. This w way ay of sitting is common for almost all of Asia, Asia, except Sintz, which have tall and beautiful wicker chairs and tables, not worse than European ones.  Noble tartare has has separate tents tents for wives, servants servants or slaves, kitchens, kitchens, etc.; tents there are arranged and cleaned so that they seem to be one house.

 

I do not dare to assert whether those 120 cities and fortresses built by the western Tartars during the Ewen dynasty still exist in Tartaria. From the tartar eastern stories, however, I realized that for non-farming farmers and old people there are tall houses and earthen ramparts, that Muonheu, a big city, shows that tartars call themselves the name of this city. For when they are asked where they come from, very many people answer that they are from Muonheu and claim that this is the largest city in the country. Judging by this, we can assume that Muonheu is their largest city. That is why Sintsy call these tartars usually muonheu gin, which means people from Muonheu. Then there are cities, but these are mobile villages. They roam with their cattle and their families, changing the parking place depending on the weather and pasture conditions, just like the western tartar. In appearance and body build, they differ little from the Sintz. They are folded tightly and have little conversation; the skin color is pale. Otherwise, their customs are to the tartars, but due totartars. their proximity with the Sintzami, theyvery are asimilar bit nicer andCrimean politer than the Crimean Sintsy consider these tartars to be stronger than themselves, because they have been learning military exercises since childhood. But still they cannot be compared in strength with the Europeans. The bed they serve is the felt thrown on the ground. They also decorate the saddle. They eat everything that is horrible, but more meat, and do not disdain to eat it in half-cooked form. For food cut camels and horses. They love to hunt and use hawks of our falcons hunt; theybeen alsolearning have very good hunting dogs. Tartarsinstead - experienced archery;tothey have this art since childhood. They are not averse to stealing, if a case is presented for this. Their iron helmets are like ours, but they do not cover their faces. Chest armor consists not of one sheet, but of several parts connected by iron clips. All this  produces strum and noise when the Tarta Tartarr cavalry moves. But it is surprising that, despite the fact that they almost all the time ride and all their fighting power consists of cavalry, their horses are not savvy, and even there is no person who could do it. It is not difficult to study the language of Eastern Tartar, apparently, it is somewhat similar to Persian. Some letters are similar si milar to Arabic. But they read from

 

the top down and from right to left, like Jews and Arabs, which they also have in common with the Syums. Their alphabet is completely different than that of Sintx; they have letters, although they differ in appearance, still represent sound, like ours, that is, a, b, c, although they say they have 60 or more letters, and not 24. This is  because they call vowels together together with consonant individual individual letters of the alphabet: la, le, li, lo, lu; na, ne, pi, po, pu. Eastern tartars hardly have any religion. They are afraid of Mohammedanism and are disgusted with the Turks, who are called hui, hui. Perhaps this hatred for them arose from the fact that the Sintsy (that is, the founder of the Sining Imperial Dynasty, Tyming), with the help of Turkish troops, drove the tartare from Sina. At the time, on the contrary, Christians, especially some of the Nestorians, were in favor of tartare. Yet it is known that they have religious customs, or rather  prejudices, just as as there are priests priests whom they ca call ll Lama. In addition, they burn the body of the dead (which is also common among Indian pagans), along with their wives, servants, horses, on the fire. They are very concerned about what will happen to and themweapons after death, andsame the question of the immortality of the soul. Now, many of the tartares easily adopted the Christian faith. It is possible that intercourse with sintzy opened them the way to bliss, to true faith. Otherwise it would be very difficult for them, almost impossible. Tartars shave their heads. They pull out the entire beard, but grow a long mustache, and hair only at the top of the head, braiding it in a braid. b raid. They wear a round low flat cap,either tight-fitting head. The cap trimmed with athe strip of forehead sable fur, two fingers wide, of beaver or otter fur. is The fur protects ears, and temples from the cold. The part of the cap, which protrudes from fro m the fur side, is covered with red raw silk or a bundle of black or purple horsehair. Their dresses and caftans reach to the ankles. The sleeves are narrow, not wide, like those of the Sintz, and they differ little from the caftans of the Poles or the Hungarians. Sleeves end at the hands, in the form of a horseshoe. They wear a  belt, on both sides of which hang handke handkerchiefs rchiefs for wiping hands and and face. A knife and two purses are hanging behind the belt: for tobacco and other small things. On the left side of the belt is hanging a saber or ax, with a handle back, so that you can reach it with one hand.

 

They rarely wear shoes - boots without spurs, made of horse leather or silk fabric. Boots are usually beautiful and good quality. Soles are often three fingers thick. For riding they do not use the stirrup, but only the bridle, lower and wider than ours. Otherwise, the eastern tartars by custom are similar to the tartar of Malaya Tartaria, but not such barbarians. They are sincerely supportive of strangers and despise the slavish modesty of the Sintsev. The highest mountain in this Tartaria is called Kin. This is Sinsky meaning gold, and in Tartar gold means sou. Maybe the Sints called these tartars on the mountain: Kin. Double mountain - East and North Keen. North - a long ridge; rid ge;  perhaps this is the famous Taurus mountain. There is another, very high mounta mountain, in, Champe. It extends to 1,000 stages. There is a lake with the size of 80 stages, from which two rivers flow. One flows to the south and is called Yalo, the other to the north and  called quentung. From the same mountain originates the river Sunhao.  Not far from there, it merges with the Quentung River, and already in one channel they flow eastward and flow into the Eu, or East, Sea. This is where Martini’s information ends.

 

Here is what I was informed in writing from fro m Canton in Sine about the eastern and western tartaras:

“Sina is ruled by Eastern Tartar and bows before their arms. Eastern Tartary and the country of the Manjurs, Niuhe, are governed by the viceroy, who comes every three years to the Peking court to give an account of his administration and his affairs. Western tartars, or souts, live independently and have their own king. In recognition of his achievements, the emperor of Sina is obliged to take one wife from his relatives. The faith of the pagan tartare differs little from the religion of the Sints. They do not pray, but hold for f or these priests, so that they pray for them. However, among them there are different opinions about the transmigration of souls, and they have enough Epicureans. So far, I have been questioning to find out if Yeso connects with the coast of Tartaria. But the Senets are so contradictory that it is difficult to make a certain conclusion. The Tartar regions outside the Sin Wall are governed by an independent chief. He bears the title of either king or prince. Some pretend to pay tribute to the Sinsky emperor, but this is done for their own benefit, as the emperor gives them the m an annual content higher than they can collect from fro m their lands.”  lands.” 

Here ends a letter written to me about these peoples. The letter was written in 1663 from Tonkin to Batavia by some person who was part of the Dutch embassy in Sin.

Attached here because it refers to Nioux and other tartares.

“Well-known copies of the Cynthes, obviously, refer to 3767, or to 189, after “Well-known God punished people with the World Flood. In addition, there are several incorrect multi-historical records countlesswhose kings,origin whichcould supposedly ruled in the firstkings centuries. Mentioned is aofPanquin, not be clarified. These obviously knew nature and taught people mathematics. mathematics. But almost everyone was

 

godless and disobedient to heaven, why the Senets depict them as strange animals and snakes. And truly, if we carefully examine their lineage, we will find a great resemblance to what St. Moses wrote at the behest of God *. Genesis. 4. For as soon as Cain killed the envy of his brother br other Abel, he fled east. And as soon as Cain’s son Lamech reached the age of majority, he took two wives against the law of God. His descendants also engaged in idolatry and lived in carnal pleasures *. ((Deut Deut [ronomium]. 14). These peoples seem to remember the Flood, but they assure and try to prove with the help of their false records that 10 people escaped on a very high mountain in the area of Xency. The same is written about the flood by Joseph, the Jewish writer of the first part of the fourth f ourth chapter. The writer Damashenus in the 96th  book of the History tells us that in A Armenia, rmenia, near the Minyader region, there there is a high mountain called Barias, to which many left during the flood and survived. But all this is not true, for we must adhere to the Holy Scripture *, Genesis where it is said that everything that breathed and was on land died. Scythians, or Tartars, come from Yaphet and Magog. So, the Senets begin their historical records from the first King Yasa, who in 145 after the creation of the world, that is, 189 years ago, began to reign over them as a father. It is written that it took nine years to separate the earth from the water. When the earth dried, many traces of animals were found that inhabited the earth, blessed by Heaven. The ffirst irst king taught people to plant trees and various plants and ordered to observe in four fo ur  parts of the country over the sun and the m moon, oon, and also to invent invent musical instruments. It was the first king of the Xenci region named Sang. Sintsy consider him a great saint and very solemnly worship him in all temples. Especially honored his farmers. His reign lasted 100 years; when he died at the age of 117 years, his throne was taken by one of his loved ones named Xun. He was the founder of the dynasty of Y. He was engaged in science, studied the movement of celestial bodies, discovered the planet itself. Therefore, he was also considered a saint. He reigned for 33 years and died at the age of 110. Beginning with Xun, members of the Chin dynasty reigned for 1,858 years. These were kings, number 81; we will not list their names for brevity. So, Kinksyhohan began to reign 246 years before Christ. He was a brave warrior. He built the famous wall separating Sinah from Tartaria. Sintsy writes about this as follows: “Our king Tsinksyhohan, a wise and intelligent, bravest warrior of the whole dynasty, asked one predictor in the sixth year of his reign

 

(when he almost became a winner of tartar) who after his death would destroy his state? They answered him: "Tartar". Then he ordered to hastily build a wall from the city of Kin in the Kinsey area to the large Liaotung sea. Each region had to  build along its border. The height of the wall is 28 cubits (311/2 feet). He ordered that all parts built by the provinces be connected, so that the wall would separate Sina from the wild peoples. But the devil, the father of lies, so confused the  predictions that the king did not understand them. He died 31 years after after  predictions, reigned 37 years. On tthe he throne came his his son Huye, who received the name Ulry after the coronation. He led a wild life and was killed by his grandee Hao-kao and, according to the prediction, became the cause of the death of the state. ” Everything listed here is literally translated from old Sin records. Many Europeans, perhaps, will write differently. This sixth dynasty, called Chin, consisted of four rulers, who followed one after another. After her death, power passed to Hankako. This former sailor, of a sharp mind, but of low descent, with the help of numerous supporters, declared himself king and became the founder of the seventh dynasty called Khan. When his descendant, King Ngaitra, Ngaitra, in the sixth year of his reign (in the 42nd year of the reign of Emperor Augustus), when the world was everywhere, the God-man was  born of the Virgin Mary. Mary. The copies say that the sun disappeared disappeared then, and a comet comet appeared in the sign of Aquarius. Perhaps this was the exceptionally bright star —  star —   the beautiful language of Heaven (as St. Patriarch Augustine says), who proclaimed Bethlehem as the birthplace of Christ the Savior? Since this place and Xency are located to the east and west about 4 hours or 60 ° along the meridian; but it is against this that Origen writes that the Egyptian and Chaldean astrologers went to the Jewish land to look at this amazing star (which Chrysostom considered more like an angel of light). At this time, the star could not be so high above the horizon, otherwise oth erwise the neighbors would also see it. And what we did not know yet at the hour of the Savior’s death (when the sun against nature was eclipsed), we learned that the Chinese people knew about these signs, judging by the fact that in the chronicles of the 14th King Kuanvu they write about it: “In the seventh year, the third month and the 15th day of the reign of our king, there was an unprecedented eclipse of the sun in a bull, so that during the reign of this king God and the Man, the Savior of the world, suffered and died.

 

Until the 15th King of Mintier, these peoples did not know the example that  prompted them to virtue, virtue, if it is excluded excluded that more than than 300 years ago, during the 13th King of the Fifth Dynasty of Heu, they were taught by two false teachers. One, named Metie, taught people to love each other, that it was better to die than to be enemies. From this doctrine, a dirty, disgusting Sodom sin arose when men embrace voluptuously. His opponent, named Yanhu, taught that a person should love only himself and not take care of others. Even if he could save all people with one hair from his head, he should not do this. But at that time —  time  —  whether  whether with fortune-telling, with the arrival of the apostles in the neighboring countries —  countries —  rumors  rumors reached the king that there is a great teaching in the West about love for people, for good. The King, favorably disposed, sent a wise man named Kaynagan and with him 18 others to learn about this teaching and bring it to Sina. After a long journey, they arrived at the state of Tinho in India, where, not wanting to go further, they found the false Fe sect, thinking that this was the teaching they were looking for. After accepting this teaching, inviting a teacher named Hamen and taking 42 false books and a large painted image of their idol Fe, they returned home after a three-year absence to the king. He accepted the doctrine, d octrine, began to worship the idol and ordered to declare this doctrine a law not only for all of Sina, but also for Tonkvin, Cambodia and Siam. Remnants of this teaching are observed there to this day. (This happened 60 years after the birth of Christ). Since then, this pagan doctrine has spread so much that now in the Nanjing area there are over 1,300 devilish temples or pagodas. This teaching is called by the name of its founder, Fe, it comes from another teaching - Taus. This word is composed of two words: tau means rotten, something dirty, and su means a society of learned men who study and describe these  phenomena. First, they worshiped the water god in the form of the Incoan fish, then they moved on to the separation of gods into concepts, calling the deity the name  Nuitan, or Chin. They believed in the removability of internal internal elements and the immortality of the soul outside the body. They express it like this: blue is the seed, ki is the breath, xin is the heart. If the heart is the root of the breath, and the breath is the root of the grain, then the grain will again return to the breath, and the breath to the human heart. This is expressed in the words of a vitan or a luncien. The human body consists of many

 

elements and properties. As for the resurrection of the flesh, they believe that after the separation of the soul from the body, it moves to a place called Tarsin, where it remains until it moves into another body. Therefore, they sprinkle the bodies of the dead with salt so that they are better preserved. They pray and make sacrifices for the sick and the dead. Conjure evil spirits with diabolical writings called foxin. Twice a day priests   under the leadership leadership of the main priest sing in chorus in a pagan temple in front of the altar. The priests do not eat any animal food, only vegetable. At that time, Sina held this part of Asia under its rule, although it was often subjected to robbery until the 13th King of Minkum from the 20th Song Dynasty, which existed until 1195 and is listed in the chronicles after the 15th King of Msintio, another 99 kings to the 12th king of the 20th dynasty of Su. We skip his name and pedigree and move on to Niuhe’s tartes and tartes and their victories. Under the name Kin, they occupied the northern part of Sina and founded their capital Honam. They ruled the Sintza in the area they had conquered for 30 years, when Western Tartars named Yun from fro m the Chia dynasty, which already existed in 182 and was founded in 1043, came and expelled the eastern Tartar Kin from Honam, captured their king and, having killed him, they occupied the throne. It was about 1225. At that time, the Venetian Marco Polo came to the Hopili detachment (this was the name of the king and commander of the western tartar) through the southernmost part of the Xenci region in Sina. ” We here provide some information that gave rise to misunderstandings. This Venetian undoubtedly came from India to the southern part of Xensey *, although, according to other sources, he came to Sina from the north which barely reaches 30 ° north latitude, since he never mentions the Great Wall. Otherwise, he inevitably had to pass by her or see her. Because of the cold there, he assumed that he was near the north pole, at the 50th degree. The climate of Sina at the 30th degree in the cold is comparable to the European northern countries at the 50th degree. I personally, in the city of Nanjing (at 32.5 degrees), gathered on November 24 cabbage and other winter vegetables from under the snow three ffeet eet deep. The internal waters were already frozen, and the trees were without leaves. Near the main city in the region of Kyansi (at the 29th and 28th degrees) in December, when we drove there, because of the cold frost with hail and snow, no one could continue the journey. In the area of Beijing, at about the 37th degree *

 

Others set this height, otherwise in July, when it was unbearably hot, we found springs several times, where there was ice at a depth of three feet. Based on these and similar facts, I guess the reasons for the fallacies of the Venetian Polo regarding the location of Katay and Kambala, especially since he, obviously, did geographical measurements measurements by the sun. If I were asked about the reason for this unnatural cold, I, like other Europeans in Sin, would say that there all the earth is saturated with sulfur. Polo arrived in Xency, the western part, populated mainly by Moors and half-Sins.  Noticing the great great movement of the northern peoples, he, without suspecting anything, began to ask about the main city called Kambala (as the Moors call Beijing to this day), as I personally found out from f rom the translator of the Mogoretian ambassadors in Beijing. They also reported that the word flounder means the main city of the region, the city of gentlemen. The name Hattie, or Katya, was borrowed from the eastern tartar, which at that time was subordinate to the western tartar. And this is not Cattey, but China. This is believed to be a distorted d istorted Sin word, although it is used by Eastern Tartar. Chi means west, and tay means south, and often a compass needle, that is, a country in the direction of the arrow (hand), depending on what the word tay applies to. But when two words are connected, they say China, which means the region to the south-west of our hand, since the region of Beijing lies south-west south -west of Keen, or Eastern Tartary. Therefore, the Venetian stretched stretched the northern part of Asia by more than 15 degrees. The word Mangus (as he calls the Sin Empire) he borrowed borr owed from the Eastern tartar. But this is not true, for he calls the Sintsev Manso, that is, the  barbarians. The real real province of Beijing Beijing with the city of Xentine, w which hich means resignation, should be considered a real Cattey, and it should be recognized as the famous Kambala. To the north of this city, up to 50 °, lie raw sandy deserts. The shores of the North Sea are inhabited by the Yupi people. They are so called  because they dress in fish skin. Now they they are under this ccrown. rown. When we were received in Beijing, we saw them lying flat on the throne. Let us now return to the western tartares of the Chi dynasty. After they expelled the eastern tartar from Honam province and subjugated them to themselves, at least 55 years passed before they conquered the entire Sin E Empire. mpire. Many of the Eastern peoples, having suffered defeat, joined the Sints and resisted the western tartars. Therefore, in the chronicles you can read that during this time six kings reigned there. The last was the Thix, the 18th of that dynasty.

 

As soon as the Tartars came to the province of Fokin, this youth-king (after only five years of rule) boarded a ship in the city of Hoxio to escape in the south. But in a storm the ship died, and he gave life to the sea, the scepter and the crown. Thus, ended the 20th dynasty, which reigned for 320 years in Sine. The 21st dynasty reigned in, Iven, descended from Western Tartaria. It was in 1280. The first king of this dynasty was Xio. He reinstated the law passed under Chi when the military council met in Beijing. He sent the forward detachments of large military forces to the south, to the kingdom of Lauven, to a part of Barmania, to Khiam, Kombodju, Hampa, Kinam and, finally, to the state of Tonkin, which was the closest. Tonkin was captivated by the power of the weapon. Here Ksio built a city and a powerful fortress for the quickest possible impact on the unconquered. Tartar could curb the Chinese, but since they did not do it, then 88 years later, when the tenth Vice-King of Ksankum appeared, a man called Hongui, originally from fr om Phimyan, Kyansi province, who gathered troops and occupied many cities, including the main city of Nanjing. From here, the warriors hurried for their loot to Beijing. The Viceroy of Tartar failed to gather his forces so quickly and was forced to flee with his wife and children to the province of Xanthum, where he then died. This was the end of the western tartar at Cine. This Hunwui (formerly a servant of a pagan priest), seeing that happiness was smiling at him, declared himself the king of the Sintz in 1568, founded the 22nd dynasty of Munho (Martinus calls it "Taminga") and appropriated the name of Haiko I. He destroyed all supportering tartar and, sent one of the vice kings as lieutenant general to rule the Tankin kingdom instead of the former tartar. But the  population of Tankin, although it was half half Chinese, did not want to obey hi hiss orders, especially since they enjoyed greater freedom during the rule r ule of tartar. They rebelled, threw off the yoke of tyranny and drove the governor. They settled west to the states of Laduven, Bauven, and  others; to the east and north along the borders of the Sintzian empire, retaining their lands free forever f orever and divided, as before, into different regions. So, the kingdom of Tonkin in the size of Portugal, apparently, has its own name, although in the past foreigners fo reigners and neighboring peoples gave it other names. Tartars call him the Gannam because it lies far to the south. Its inhabitants chew  penang and paint their their teeth like Indians. Indians. Sintsy, like the Japanese, call this country Kokhin, because its inhabitants walk barefoot, and the big toe of their right foot (surprisingly) is directed to the side, as you can still observe from fro m some indigenous

 

 people. This country covers 12 provinces. Seven of them are washed by the Asian Asian Sea from the east to 21 ° 6’; from the south south-west -west - the river Potin, against Kinama; the five provinces border their mountains to the west with the kingdom of Lauven; northwest with Yunam province and the kingdom of Kabang, separated from Tonkin. To the north and northeast borders go along the province pr ovince of Kangxi. The roads to the Sin Empire are very convenient, coming from the seashore through the Kunam provinces towards the main Sin city, Sining. This path is usually taken in three days, but if a foreigner would have thought of going from here through the  province of Bayv to Yunam or through Ai and Lokjow to the province of Kangxi without the permission of the authorities, he would have been detained” detained”.. Signature: H. K. B., Tonkin, 1663

 Niuhe (the current owners owners of Sina) now know their history and the history of their neighbors. They know about the distances between countries and their location. This is evident from the following story, compiled at my request by Johannes Melman, who was in Sine in 1656 in the service of the Netherlands company as an interpreter. He had been there many times as a merchant and knew their language well. In Beijing and other cities of Sina, he received messages from the mouth of the most knowledgeable tartare.

“Dear sir!  sir!  So that you are well aware of the situation of these wild countries and peoples, I use what I learned from the smartest tartare and could understand myself, having  been there. First, I have to tell a little about the their ir origins and how the they y are divided into hordes under the authority of elected leaders (they live sedentary, separately from other peoples, in self-built dwellings). At first, I want to note that these Tartars  boast of their origin from the the most ancient kind of famous Scythians Scythians and even the fact that they were never enslaved, although many times they tried to capture troops, including Alexander the Great, Darius, Cyrus and Xerxes. War forced them to rally into hordes * Horde - a group of people living in yurts or in tents under the authority of one boss. with different names: 1) yekamogal, which means big Mongols; 2) sumangals, that is, water Mongols; 3) merkat; 4) metritis. They named their possessions: Kozan, Cossacks, Bukhar,

 

Samarkand, - until they were united so as to form a single state. As their emperor, or khan, they chose an experienced and famous man named Genghis. This happened about 1187 after the Nativity of Christ. In addition, the Scythians, who at that time were beyond Mount Imaus, consisted of seven hordes, called: tartars, tangur, kunat, Tateyr, Book of Dream Interpretation, Mongli and Tebeta. Of these seven hordes, some splinter peoples settled east, in the places mentioned; since this monarch was from the Tartar hordes, all his subjects took the name of Tartars * There is also a river with the same name and, kept it to this day. This Chingis during his reign passed several laws. He abolished the worship of evil spirits. He first ordered his subjects to learn to handle weapons in order to be able to defend their state from conquerors. When they were sufficiently trained in military affairs, he went to war against some Scythians, who often robbed h him, im,  jealous of his successful successful rule. He conquered them and made tributaries. When this Khan grew old, he called his 12 sons and bequeathed them to live in harmony. For example, he took 12 arrows, tied them together and ordered them to be broken. They did not succeed in doing this, and the father told them that it would also be impossible to divide the state if they live in harmony, but if there is discord between them, they can be easily broken, as one arrow is broken. By this example, he taught them that strength is in harmony, and weakness is in strife. Hokkot, his eldest son, inherited his father in government. He sent troops to explore the countries in the East and find out whether it was  possible to move further their borders. Re Returning, turning, they told miracles: miracles: they found a new world there, where the population of Katay (this is Sina) lived. Over time, the hordes increased markedly, so the emperor sent his son Gyno Khan with a large army to Katay for them to live there. This Gino Khan died young and was succeeded by his closest relative Mongo Khan. When he and his people came to the seashore, he found many inhabitants on the island and decided to conquer them. He took the ship and sailed it almost to the island, but at night the residents under the water got to the ship, made such a hole in it that the ship sank along with Mongo and all his people. After this accident, Hokkat Khan sent his second son Kubul, offering him to the people as ruler. Of his kind, kind , those of Tartar originated, which took possession of the northeast part of the country to the great sea behind the peninsula of Korea. They multiplied so much that in 1290 they were divided into 12 hordes, or kingdoms.

 

Genesis. Chapter 17, song 20; Chapter 21, songs 13 en 18: Probably these tartars inhabiting the North-East and East are descendants of Ishmael. For Moses says: “As for Ishmael, I listened to you, see, I blessed him, and I will make him fruitful, and propagate his offspring. He will survive 12 princes, and I will set him over a great nation. " And in another place: "... but I will set the son of this handmaid ha ndmaid over the people." And in the 25th chapter: “But Abraham gave gifts to the sons of his side wives and, sent them away from the son of Isaac to the East during his lifetime.”  lifetime.”  Chapter 25, Song 6; See: songs 13 and 16: The names of 12 sons, descended from Ishmael, are mentioned in the 25th chapter of the Bible, in the Book of Moses, and also in the first book of the Chronicle. These are the sons of Ishmael, and these are their names, their villages and the palaces of the 12 kings from their people,”  people,”   says the Holy Scriptures. Many believe that these 12 kings still exist today, hiding among the Tartar hordes. These 12 hordes, or kingdoms, are known and listed to this day. The areas located on the seafront between Japan and Eastern Tartaria are the kingdom of Jupi, which is subordinate to tartar. In the south, this country borders the peninsula of Korea and is separated by the Great Wall from the Liaotung region. To the west is located as the natural boundary of the great river Linghoang. It flows between the countries of Jupi and Niupa. Since ancient times, Sintz Niuhe has been known as Kin, which means gold, and in the Sinsky annals they are called the owners of the golden mountains, because there are many mountains rich in gold. Among all the tartar who fought with Sinai, they were not the last. Sintsy suffered major defeats from Jupi and Niuha, who always fought with the Katais, so they were forced to move from the northern regions to the south. These two kingdoms would jointly devastate all of Sina if the western Tartars from the kingdom of Samarkand did not follow with envy the victories of their allies. They also wanted to participate in the extraction section and invaded Sinah with a large army. Therefore, the eastern Tartars of Jupi and Niuhe left Sina and went to their country with loot. Meanwhile, Samarkands continued to wage fierce wars in Sines with southern sintzes under the command of the famous commander Tamerlane, whose tartars called Timur and Lengus because he was lame. He is the son of the fourth emperor in Samarkand named Bato. Subsequently, he defeated the Turkish emperor Bayazet and drove him, imprisoned in a cage, with him.

 

Tartars also say that they in the eastern part of Tartary have about 125 12 5 hordes, or wandering cities, moving from place plac e to place with their families, cattle and  belongings in search search of better pastures. Since they have a harsh climate, in winter they live in dense tents to escape the brutal mountain cold, and in summer they move through high mountains in the north, where they find good meadows and a mild, moderate climate. These people told us that they could see different lands from the mountain tops in the east. This is  probably Japan, Eco Eco or the land of Am America, erica, which, they say, is not far away. Between these countries is a wide sea that separates them. Several times I tried to find out whether ships or junks were found in the seas, heading along the tartar coast to the north. To this I was answered in the affirmative, affir mative, stating that the peoples of Korea in the summer often go by sea to exchange dried fish and other edible  products for gold and furs. I asked them if if they had seen a lot lot of ice on the northern northern cape of their country, where the bay deviates to the west. Does the sea freeze there in the winter so that neither the junks nor the ships could get through? They replied that the ice is visible near the shore. His many in the rivers flowing into the sea. But the sea itself does not freeze, it remains navigable. There are few underwater cliffs and other obstacles for navigation in the sea, only near the coast there is a mass of ice. In the summer, the tartars go out to the sea for fishing. I asked them whether the open sea could be seen from the mountains to the north, or whether it was covered with ice. To this they replied that they had walked to the other side of the sea. In the summer there are long days and a lot of sun. In the area, they found people of short stature, very wild, living in cold climates. They call them  boil. Tartar brought a few people with them, them, and to this day in Sine they are m met et among the eastern tartar. I have seen them many times. They are of short stature, awkward build and rough mind. They have no idea about God, they eat wild animals, hunted, roasted on coals and eaten as such. In winter, they feed only on fish, dried in summer in the sun and not flavored. They seem cruel barbarians, but they are sincere and loyal to their masters. They consider tartare to be more savage than themselves, and prefer to live with their fellow tribesmen, rather than with tartars *. These are the peoples who live north of the Amur, their names are visible on our map. All these features make think that these are Samoyeds or their neighbors.

 

You can compare this state with a ship that leaves no traces in the sea. This is how the nomadic principalities move. Depending on the season, they turn to where it is more convenient to live. They have no signs of government, and they live depending on the circumstances and their interests. So, Niuhe kingdom was founded by Gyno khan, who was the first to subdue the population. He was the son of Emperor Hokkat (about him above) and died in his youth. Subsequently, this state was ruled by his nephew Mongo Khan. The inhabitants of the island of Korea very cleverly managed to drown his ship, and he sank. After him, a certain Kubilai, or Kubula, which was already mentioned, came to the throne. Over time, the population grew. Under these dynasties, d ynasties, these peoples decided to create three new states so that one part would go to the principality princ ipality of Jupi, the other to the north-west and to the Nyulkhan region. Finally, their state was divided into seven provinces, or hordes. But strife began between them, and they began to violently attack each other. The feuds continued until 1600, when they made peace and turned against the Chinese. They found a means to avenge the suffering caused to them by the synthes. There were too many reasons to list them here. The boundaries of Niuh are: from the east of Jupi; to the north and north-west north -west - Niartan principality of Tartar; to the south - the Great Wall, in it the most northern  passage. The proximity of this passage prompted the idea to conquer Sina, which which was done. The Principality of Niulhan lies outside the wall, north-west of Niuha; west of it is the desert of Self, Belgian and the principality of Türphan; in the south there is a wall separating it from Sina. This state includes (or has entered) a known large horde, or the wandering city of Kampition. This country used to be called Black Katay; there are sandy deserts and there th ere are many terrible wild ani animals, mals, so they  build high earthen ramparts ramparts around the cam camps. ps. They roam with their families f amilies and cattle. The clothes of the common people are made of hides, since there is neither silk nor cotton there. I had to exchange or  buy them from sintsev. They have many furs: the skins of wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, sables and other animals. They wear toe-length toe -length caftans with narrow sleeves. If you go from fro m Sina to the west, going through the northern gate of tthe he Great Wall, you will pass through Niuha, Niulkhan and the Samo desert to the Lop desert, much to the north of the state of Samarkand.

 

Kapakora is an area that previously belonged b elonged to Eastern Scythians, about which I have little information. In 1656, the Moscow Ambassador was in Beijing with us at the same time. He said that he had made his way by sleigh and deer in the frost and snow. Although the embassy passed by many hordes of tartar, they could not tell me what kind of peoples they were, since their guide horseman did not tell them anything, and they themselves did not stick their nose out in the cold and remained in a sleigh. We showed them a geographical map from the book of Burkherus and indicated the path we used to travel from Moscow to Sina. To this, the ambassador replied that this map was drawn more at random than according to research, since there are not so many hordes in the highland areas as indicated on the map. There are waterless, desert mountains, valleys and hills without vegetation. There is an abundance of wild bulls, calves, bears and other animals. He said that the main hordes of tartar are located to the south, where there is a more favorable climate and [many] pastures for livestock. n the north, the desert country is poor po or in rivers, but to the northeast Niuhe and Jupi there are several major rivers. They take their sources deep in the mountains and flow into the ocean beyond Korea and into the Gulf of Korea; rivers are high. The Yalo River in the country of Jupi, Kilango and Linkoang in Niuh is not inferior to the largest rivers of Sina. In Beijing, I received travel notes about Western Tartar states, given by the uncle of the former emperor Kunchi to father Adam Shall. In 1649, the emperor sent his uncle as ambassador to ask his nephew, emperor Sina, the daughter of the king of Western Tartaria in Tarja, or Tanna. The ambassador then quickly drove through Taitung. It is the main city of the Sarsi area *. What is this th is place, I do not know  because of the name change. This city is the key to Sina, guarding it from the invasion of the western tartar. There are many fortresses around it. There are many exceptionally beautiful women in this city, which it is famous for among all the cities of Sina. In addition to western tartare, there are also southern ones. The notes of the trip mentioned above say that there is a gate near the city of Singanf. This is a  passage through the wall to the roa road d to the Lassa region, region, formerly called called Barantola, to Tibet, Kashgar, Turkestan, and to the Uzbek tartars, who never submitted to Khan Tangut. They remain independent. There is also the t he kingdom of Maranga, which is also ruled by its rulers. They fought fou ght fierce wars against the northern tartar  but were never never subdued.

 

In the areas of Tangut, Lassa, Nekbal, Tibet and Maranga there are many Jews, as well as in the vicinity of the Caucasus Mountains. They trade with Persia, Mogol and along the Ganges. Lasse is the highest mountain called Langur. Many caravans from Mughal go through it to Kaskar. Kaskar lies in the highlands of Hindustani. Tartars, which in the North were called Manheu, and in the West Mongal, also originate from the Scythians. On their lands are located barren mountains and sandy deserts, except for those places where there is fresh water. There the land is more fertile and populated. In Northern Tartary there are few cities and villages and little forest that could be used for construction and for fuel. f uel. The population for cooking stokes stoves litter from livestock and horses. The country is located in a harsh climate. In the summer, you have to endure unbearable heat, and in winter an unbearable cold, which is further exacerbated by frosts and a thick layer of snow. In addition, very strong winds cause great damage there. In winter, there is no rain, and in summer there is frequent rain. The country is replete with wild and domestic animals, mainly mainly camels and wild bulls, but most of all - horses. There are so many of the latter that they believe that they have more horses than all over the world. Residents of medium height, wide-chest and wide shoulders; face, head and nose wide. In short, black and ugly, but strong and brave. They tolerate inconvenience, hunger and thirst, cold and heat well. Since childhood, they are accustomed to practice shooting, ride. Roaming from place to place, they take with them the whole household hou sehold  belongings. They do not have houses, but there are tents in which they llive ive five to six people. In the summer they move to the mountains, and in the winter, they return to their old sites. They have no bread. They open the veins of horses, release  blood and drink it. Millet Millet is baked with with blood. The meat meat of horses and other animals animals is eaten raw. Meat of recently dead horses they consider a delicacy, even if they were sick. Cutting out the sick meat, they put a healthy one under the horse's saddle until it is tender. They do not tolerate theft from fr om their own, but they steal from others and consider it quite legal. There are few artisans among them, they have no money. They exchange goods for goods. For the most part, they are rude people. They have big eyes with long eyebrows. They shave half of the head, and the rest of the hair grow, braiding in two braids.

 

These people are very nimble and good riders, but poor pedestrians, ped estrians, since few of them walk. Women ride castrated horses, or geldings, which are never sshod. hod. The  bridle and harness are decorated with with silver, gold and stones, and many bells are hung around their necks. When these people speak, their voice comes out of the depths, and when they sing, they howl like wolves. Men, skilled hunters, practice archery daily. They honor one God, but not in the same way. They make idols of silk and canvas, attach them to the walls of the hut and worship them so that they protect prot ect their livestock. Idols donate the first milk of their livestock and, before they begin to eat, give them some of the food. They call their king Khan, worship him, recognizing him as the greatest on earth. They consider themselves the best, despising all other nations. Many are engaged in black magic and witchcraft, seeking salvation from misfortunes, for they do not doubt that God speaks to them and gives advice. Greed has them so that they would like to have everything they see. And when they are refused, they take it by force, referring to the order of their Khan, according to which his tartarin or servant can attack foreigners on the road and rob those who do not have a cover letter from the Khan, take them prisoner and force fo rce them to serve themselves. themselves. They don’t serve the poor, but if they come to them while they are eating, they are treated to them. They eat very roughly, without setting the table; they do not have towels or napkins, they do not wash their hands and body, do not wash their clothes. They do not eat bread or greens or tubers, but eat beef, dogs, cats, horses and rats. They T hey drink cow's milk, and during the war - the blood of horses. They don’t have any  blame, but if if they bring it from other countries, countries, they get drunk. They can live very  poorly, if only in the morning morning there were two sips of milk, then they can do without without food and drink all day. Their clothes are stitched strangely: the caftan is open from the left side, fastens with four or five buttons and comes just below the knee. In the th e summer they wear fur outside, and in winter - inside. Men wear hats with a red horsehair ho rsehair brush. These hats are tied with a ribbon under the chin. During the war, they wear long axes. Almost everyone rides and is very skillful and confident in archery. Their princes never engage themselves in battle  but observe from afar and give fighters orders orders to fight bravely. They They take their

 

wives and children to the war. To scare off the enemy with a large number of horses, they are driven away all at once to meet the enemy. If you have to run, they run together, and if the enemy pursues them, they prevent it by shooting backwards. And if they see that the pursuers are smaller than their number, they turn back and kill many. When they are at war with other countries, they divide their troops into many detachments and attack the enemy enemy from all sides in order to prevent anyone from escaping. Having won, they often do not spare either men or women.”  women.”   Letter signed: Yoh. Melman. Batavia, Dec 4, 1692

Approximately 170 years before the birth of Christ, under the Sin king WooTi, the Sints went outside the wall and scored four victories over the tartars in the Lop Desert. This king [Wu-Ti] called the son of a certain Tartaric king who came to his court, the name Keene. This name has been preserved by the eastern Tartars, which now own Sina, to this day. At that time, Western Tartars presented him with a statue of pure gold. The Great Wall separating Sina from Tartaria was built in 237 before the birth of Christ against the tartar invasion, since Sina apparently suffered from them for a long time, which can be found in the Sinsky writers. In 964, after the birth of Christ, Tartar besieged the main city of the country, Beijing, but were repulsed. King Sinki Hinkum did not want to pursue the enemy  but decided to conclude conclude an agre agreement ement with him with the promise to send him a gift of money and silk every year. But the Tartaris under King Hinkum in Liaotung Province demanded from his successor, Sin King Ginkum, 10 cities in Beijing Province, which were conquered by the founder of the 18th Sin Dynasty. We agreed to annually pay one million guilders in money or silver and 300,000 pieces p ieces of silk; it was called nay - an annual tribute. Around 1084 after the birth of Christ, when Huikum reigned reign ed in Sine, Sina united with the eastern tartars of Niukh, against the barbarians of Liao, or Liaotunga. They defeated Liao several times and then exterminated their  principality, which which existed for 209 years years with nine prince princes. s. The remaining

 

inhabitants of Liao went to the West, where they created a new small s mall state, which 100 years later was destroyed by Western tartars. Around that time, the Eastern Tartars again tried to subdue Sina. Now they themselves gave their land the name Keen. They defeated Beijing, Xency, etc., and the Sinas emperor was invited to the treaty on the definition of boundaries.  Negotiations have failed. On hi hiss second visit to the tartare, he was was detained and and died in captivity in the Xamo desert. In 1144, peace was concluded with the king of Kokok Sin, and the contract was signed with the word hin, which means humble, and godfather, which means  paying tribute. In 1204, the Eastern Tartars of Keene again broke the peace with Sinai. Sintsy appealed for help to the Western Tartars, with whom they had lived in peace for 13 centuries. At the fifth king of the dynasty, Ewen, the western Tartars came to the aid of the Sincans, drove out the Eastern tartar, but themselves seized Sina. In 1444, the Sinic emperor Imkum crossed the Great Wall with troops of 500,000 people and opposed tartar but was defeated and taken prisoner. After that, with the kings of Hienkum, Vukumei Xikume, they again invaded Sinah with numerous hordes and captured rich booty boo ty there. At the last king, they were defeated and lost 60,000 people. In 1583, the Tartars over the ice again invaded Sina. In 1600, eastern Tartar (seven Tartar hordes) invaded Sina and settled at the  border. The Sin officials officials harassed them and killed their prince. prince. In retaliation, they captured all of Sina and still own it with glory. To the north of the Sinsky wall there live the peoples of the Yupi, or yupite, dressed in fish skin. They are perfect barbarians, and they have no religion. The ancestor of the modern Sin emperor of Tartar was Xiaohan, or Tienmin. Tienmin . He had a son named Taksa, or Tienkum. He in turn had a son Nolhache, or Kumta. He was a witty, brave man. It is said that in the old days in the Liaotung region, where this tribe owned Niuha, there were no more than 30 genera. He died at the height of his successes. He left 10 sons, and the fourth son became his heir. His name was Mancio, he renamed the state Moheu, or Mancieu, or Xunhi. From then until this day, the tartares that own Sina are called mohu. The aforementioned  prince, dying, left left to his young son all his possessions, called called Yamkhekhin. When

 

he took possession of Sina, these possessions became known as Kamhi, or Cunha. Sina was conquered under his guardian uncle. To the east of the state capital Niuhe, called Skina, there is a paved road inside Sina. There are few cities, mostly towns and villages. It was said that the islands that are in the sea, to the east of this country, have fertile soil. Civilized people live there. The land south of the mouth of the Amur River is called salt. Probably  because there the land is less fertile. fertile. When Niuhe’s tartars bury loved ones, they put a stone on the grave on the day of death with an inscription of the age and position of the deceased. Sometimes the body is burned first, and the ashes and bones are buried later. While the body is  burning, the relatives relatives of the decea deceased sed cry out loud. If a noblem nobleman an dies, many objec objects ts  belonging to him and loved by him are thrown into the fire. At the the grave, the mourning of the deceased sometimes continues, depending on the degree of love for the deceased. They are very beautiful cases of fish skin, securing them on the side. They carry ivory knives, toothpicks, flints, ear spoons, a nail file, a skillfully made knife in these cases. All these items are available to me. The father of Adam, a Jesuit, says the following about the origin of the SinoTartar dynasty: “The old uncle of the current emperor told me repeatedly how about 10 generations ago three nymphs, or goddesses named Auguel, Haugul and Fakul, descended from the sky to swim in the Tartar river. Stepping out of the water, Fakula found an alkalengi plant with red fruits under her dress on the ground. She ate them with great appetite and became pregnant. Her two companions returned to heaven, and she remained on the earth until she gave birth to a son and until he grew up. Then she left him on one of the islands of this river, telling him that she would go to heaven, and a shepherd would come to him to take care of him. All her words came true. The child grew up very calm and strong person. His sons and grandchildren ruled the country. During the reign of the 5th generation of this dynasty, the people rebelled and exterminated the entire dynasty, except for one  person who managed managed to escape. He was haunted and exhausted, exhausted, he sat sat down on the ground. Forty sat on his head, and this misled his enemies, who took him for the trunk of a tree. And the descendant of this man became the Sinsko-Tartar emperor. And in fact, the origin of this powerful dynasty is i s unclear. One thing is

 

clear that this descendant lived at the beginning of this century and became famous for a fierce war with the Sintzas, avenging them for their father who was killed by Sin mandarins.”  mandarins.”  Father Adam goes on to say that he owned the valley, * Both may be true, that is, Monheu is both a valley and a city, as well as the second name of a people. peo ple. For, when in Sine Sine they ask the eastern Tartarine Niuha where he is from, he says: “From Mansiou, Monheu, or Mouheu, and call himself “Mansiouc”. “Mansiouc”. It  It is sometimes inferred from this that this is another name “Niuhe”  “Niuhe”   Monkhey, Mansueu, or Mouhe. Martini's father thought it was a big city. The emperor Wanley entrusted this man with the management of the valley and the surrounding lands, on condition that he would protect it from fro m the invasion of the eastern tartar, then divided into seven small principalities; his name was Tienmim and he died in 1628; his son Tienkum, or Taksa, wiser and more cautious than his father, continued the war until his death. In 1634, Kumta, son of Tienkum, won a  partial victory over over Sina. But he did not li live ve to see complete complete victory. In 1644, his son Ksunhi at the age of six was recognized as emperor in Beijing, and he died in 1662, leaving his son Kamha, who still reigns, to succeed him. From the history of Tartaria and Sina, compiled by Francois Rougemon, a Dutch Jesuit, on the eastern tartars of Niuh: “Tartare, which is called the eastern, has a young state, consisting of many  parts: Niukhe and and other lands. Sina entered entered it. His history history has only four reigned emperors. Of these, the first was treacherously murdered by the Sintz. Three others fought wars with them. The second and third have only reached the borders of Sina, and it is not known for certain whether they fought at the t he gates of the Sin wall. Although the third once, secretly agreeing with a noble person - a Sinsky traitor, he escaped to the environs of Beijing and returned with rich booty. But the fourth - his name was Kumta, which means a benefactor - was, by the example of his ancestors, a brave man, but he was distinguished by his mercy, which astonished compatriots and Syntus. Sintsy called him hi m with tartars to help against internal robbers, and he died when he entered the lands of Beijing. In addition to his sons, he left nine brothers, and they were all the bravest warriors. Tartars smashed and dispersed the robbers. Reinforcements were sent from Tartary until the troops reached a force of 80,000. Then they went to Beijing

 

and sought power over the entire state as a reward for their t heir services, and achieved,  but with the help help of weapons. On the throne of both states by the will of the father entered the second son of the deceased emperor. According to custom, the dying emperor himself appointed his successor. It is not known why he chose the younger, and not the older. Is it  because the youngest was born from a S Sin's in's wife, and the youngest was born from a tarta, or because the youngest was predicted a happy future. Taking power over  both states, the imperial dynasty wa wass called Tai Kim, that is, great purity. At the coronation, the emperor allowed to perform the worship according to the customs of the Sins. The fact that Eastern Tartary lies on the coast north of Korea and is accessible to ships is clearly visible from the notes of Father Rugemon. He says that Kesing, or Coxing, made a secret treaty with the King of Korea and armed the fleet in order to free his father Chinhilunha, whom the Sints held captive in Eastern Tartaria, or in  Niuh. But the attempts attempts did not lead to anything, since the Korean king betrayed betrayed the Sinta conspiracy, and Chinhilunh was again captured and taken to Sina.” Sina.”    Next, Father Rougemon says that for tartar living in Sine, espe especially cially for the elderly, people with smallpox are very dangerous, and many die from it. Meanwhile, at home they are not subject to this dangerous disease, even in childhood. In this regard, they have a special goddess who is worshiped to avoid this disease. Deportation from Sina to Tartaria is a common punishment for Sintsev. If I f the father of the family commits a crime, then his whole family should follow him. Western tartaras (speaks further Ruzhemon) - pagans. They have their own clerics teaching people to a godless superstition called la-ma-seme. Lamas live in monasteries. One of them is the main priest. He is revered by all classes as a deity. Even feces and urine are considered sacred and used as medicine. When the new king of Western Tartaria comes to the throne, the main priest is present at the coronation, blessing him, and the king on his knees thanks him. This saint, personifying the friendship of western and eastern tartar (now the hosts of Sina), ventured to come to Beijing to bless the new Tartaro-Sin emperor. He approached the border of Sina accompanied by 30,000 people, but only 1,000 people were let in to Beijing.

 

They say the emperor would have thrown himself at the feet of the saint, if  priest Adam Schall Schall had not indicated indicated to him that the former Sin emperors emperors had always worshiped only the one God of Heaven. Then the priest was rendered less honors. However, he was able to influence the wives of the emperor so that they ordered to build a tower in the women's palace, where they placed the devil's statue. At home, there was a custom of Sinsky tartar at the funeral of noblemen to kill several people so that they served the deceased in the next world. But now in Sine this custom is not widespread and is used only occasionally. Once, during the stay of Rugemon, the Tartar-Sin emperor ordered to kill 30 people from her family while burning the body of his deceased concubine. The following are some comments on the nature of the relations and actions of  Niuh’s tartar, which which conquered Sea Sean, n, extracted from the Spanish book of short stories by M. de Palafox, Bishop of Osma, which analyzed in detail the transition of this state to tartar. So, Palafox says: “Upon learning of the death of the Shin emperor Zunhi, the tartars were saddened, but they considered that the termination of the dynasty removed from them the oath of non-aggression on Sina, given earlier  by the Tartar princes, princes, and gives the right to revive their power power in Sina. Given that Korea is separated from Sina only by the Yalo River, which can be forded in some places and that before Korea, when Tartars owned Sina, was entirely obliged to pay tribute to Sine, the Tartars considered that their rights were restored. Therefore, they sent troops to Korea to destroy all obstacles to the conquest of the Koreans by Sinai. Koreans are considered better warriors than the Sints, but still they had to submit. The King of Korea laid the crown at the feet of the Tartar King, from whom he received the state in flax, subject to the annual tribute and gifts. When the Tartars were going to go to war with Sina, they were still at war with some princes from Western Tartaria, but the quarrel between them was settled. For less than four years, the Tartars have devastated and subjugated such a  powerful state as as Sina. After the Tartar capture of their country, the Sin refugees fired a fleet of o f 2,000 ships against them in order to liberate their homeland from the yoke of Tartar. The ships numbered more than 200,000 people. It was truly one of the most powerful fleets known for history.

 

Those who saw the Tartar emperor, who defeated Sina, say that he is a very  polite, lively, gentle man in in circulation. He is trying to increase tthe he territory of his country. He was proclaimed emperor in Peking around 1643. This writer says that the tents of these people are made of leather and so skillfully placed in the camp that he gives the impression of a well-built city. By their nature, these tartars more likeand Europeans than Sintets. They are not eager to shed human blood for look f un, but fun, swift hot if they meet resistance to their passions and entertainment. To those who do not resist them, they are kindhearted. However, they are bloodthirsty in battles, and then you cannot rely on their word. They are more outspoken than the Sintses, and not so vengeful and suspicious. They have many good human traits; they are not deceiving; they are very conscientious and honest in their business. warriors have great honor in them, and everyone tries to prove himself in the artThe of war. As for the beliefs of Eastern Tartar, we can say that they live without a  particular religion, ritual or prayer. In the affairs affairs of religion, they are tolerant and do not see anything wrong with the fact that among idols can stand images of Catholic saints. Any beliefs are acceptable to them; they don't care who to worship. It can only be noted that they worship the sky and constellations or surprised by it. They have bonzes, or priests, who perform perfor m sacrifices, although they are little respected. The monastic way of life of the Bonz they despise as being inactive. Women, it seems, have no more respect and affection for priests than men. They do not despise any religion and are not committed to anyone to the end. It should be noted that in their victories over Sina they did not destroy either  pagodas or temples temples there. They deeply respect the Christian church. church. These tartars do not hold as many wives as Sentsy. Eunuchs do not protect the emperor’s wives so strictly as they had previously been guarded in Sine, since the emperor despises eunuchs and does not want to see them near himself. Women walk freely both in the streets of the city and in the steppe. They ride, are not afraid of battle, sometimes they fight next to men - more and bolder than they write about. The trial is held orally, they write little. They do not chain the accused to shackles or chains, considering this to be a slow death.

 

The criminal is immediately interrogated. If the crime is clear, the criminal is immediately punished; if not, then they are released. They have the punishment to  pierce both ears ears with the point of the arrow. arrow. If the crime de deserves serves the death death penalty, the perpetrator is beheaded without causing other suffering to him. Convict stripped naked. Theft is sometimes punished with death. The Tartarian judge handles the case without delay or fuss. If a judge takes a bribe to break the law, and this case is revealed, he is punished very severely. They are very fond of astronomy, but besides this art they have little interest in science. Although they do not know the music, but still love it. They have few laws, but legal proceedings are conducted well. There is something important and courageous in their speech. Before coming to Sina Tartar, the Sintsy almost did not know how to handle h andle a weapon. They grew long nails. All fights were resolved by fist fights. But now, even eight-year-olds, they hang the drafts on their sides. Tartars are armed with spears and swords. Checkers fasten to the left, pointed forward, and the handle back to the back. Fighting sword, they hold it with both hands. Shooting from a bow, they can simultaneously release two or three arrows. Their bows are not large, but strong; Arrows are not all the same length. Before the invasion of Sina, they were not familiar with firearms. The horses with which they conquered Sinah are well built, courageous, courageous , and fast. They are circled so that it seems the riders were born on a horse. Many of them tied the bridle to their belts, and the horse is driven by the legs. Troops gather under the banner, or standard. They are not n ot accustomed to marching or on foot, they go in droves, not paying attention to any order or equal. Cavalry ahead. They also attack in disarray at the sound of the pipes. They have no trumpeters and drummers, and they carry a banner ahead. To him hi m feel a sense of deep reverence. It resembles the Catholic flag of Catholics. Behind him go into battle, but they do not know the retreat, fight to the end. If the standard bearer falls, which is often the case, since he is in the center of the battle, now another  picks up the banner, banner, considering it a high honor. The cavalry begins an attack on the city, without first firing heavy guns. All shelling they do only after the first assault. An assault ladder made of wood with notches, they drag horses behind. A standard-bearer on it climbs onto the wall with

 

a cry. They kind of live for the sake of war, loving the battle, prefer to live in camps rather than lodging in cities. They regard the scars of wounds received in battle as a great honor. At night, the camp is very quiet, they rest in tents made of untreated leather. They do not put the guard; sentinels silently bypass the camp. These tartars are well built: broad shoulders, strong; they are illegible in food, they are fully dressed, they are always active and know their bu business. siness. Some of them are darker than bones, and their beard is thicker. Hair is black, although there are red. They are heavy folded, their hands are calluses. In  peacetime, they are gentle, polite, the wa warr is strict and harsh. They do not know how to pretend. Greeting, stretching the right hand, leaning forward a little and slowly  bringing the hand to the the mouth. When they they give thanks, they put their right hand on on the sword and bow their heads. Sometimes, they kiss their hands to others and embrace with friends. The head is not taken from them. They eat and drink a lot. Lamb is their usual u sual food, and the meat of deer and wild pigs, as well as fish. Food is almost not fried f ried and not cooked. It doesn't matter if the food is tasty. They also eat boiled rice, and in some places bread. Water is drunk cold, not hot, like sintzi. They also drink for the health and memory of friends, as they do in Europe, but they are not made to force it. Prepare and serve food in copper, tin and silver vessels, but use a little porcelain dishes. They eat with spoons, poorly knowing how to handle with chopsticks and forks according to the Sinsky custom. At first they were very afraid of the sea, but gradually got used to it. Women wear boots to the knees. As for the funeral rite from Sintsev and other tartars, I asked for information from Batavia, from one gentleman who lived in Beijing and other places of Sina for a long time and sent me the following letter: their funerals and funeral ceremonies than the centsy; all their books on morality teach and call upon sons to serve their elders and respect their ancestors, and their neighboring tartars imitate them in the  burial of the dead. They are required to mourn for two years. When a noble person, father or guardian dies, the son or his closest relative reports the death to friends and relatives.

 

On the fourth day they make a coffin and put pu t a body in it. The tent, where the deceased lies, is covered with white mats, mats, in the middle of it they put a table with a coffin and an image of the deceased. Here friends and acquaintances gather and  bring in honor of the dead dead incense and candles candles and light them them.. Then they honor the deceased, bowing four times and kneeling four times. But first they put some lit incense in the censer. Sons and next of kin stand in white mourning clothes next to the coffin, groan and cry. Everything happens decently. Women cry endlessly, but behind a partition or  behind a curtain. In Eastern Tartary, pries priests ts burn cut paper or white cloth from canvas or silk. Every day, food and drinks are brought to the dead, and homemade food is eaten. On the day of removal of the body gather close in mourning. The funeral procession resembles the procession of the Catholics. Forward carry various images from paper: men, women, elephants, tigers or other wild animals. All this is brightly colored. Near the grave images set on fire. Priests, lamas, if any, whisper pagan prayers, walking in rows, strike small drums,  bells and other instruments. instruments. Ahead are large censer. Then follow the stretcher stretcher with the body under a wooden, artfully decorated canopy. The canopy is gilded, covered with silk or other fabrics. The stretcher carries, depending on the position of the deceased, a greater or lesser number of men. Behind the coffin are the sons, leaning on sticks, showing by this how bent they are with grief. Behind them are wives; they are carried on stretchers covered with carpets or mats so that women cannot be seen. The burial place is far from fro m the dwellings, at the foot of the mountain. Sons who have gone far away must return home to the funeral, pay their last debt to their father, attending the funeral. If someone dies in a war, outside the homeland, his body is burned, and the th e ashes with bones in a box are taken home. There, the remains are solemnly buried next to the remains of his relatives. Every year, relatives and friends gather g ather at the graves of their ancestors, where they burn incense, bring gifts and commemorate. For them there is no higher happiness than to know that they will be buried with honor, which children are taught above all. The coffin is usually prepared in advance and show it to the dying  person, for the joy and and comfort to him. Th Thee bodies of the poor without without the coffins are burned, and the ashes are buried. They have no real cemeteries.

 

The remains of those killed in the war are obliged to bring brin g home, and if it is not far, then even the body to bury him hi m next to the ancestors. Mourning gowns are sewn from linen fabric, and the rougher the better. Coffins are made of durable cedar. They are ordered for 100 miles (where cedar grows), because it is a great happiness to be buried in a non-perishable coffin. The upper boards of the coffin meet obliquely, in the form of a roof. On the grave put a stone with carved age of the deceased. Western tartars make the burial otherwise. On the day of death, the body is  placed in a coffin. After the mourning mourning at home the coffin is carried out. Close accompany the body. They line up on both sides of the fire in rows and cry loudly. Then, those who had gone away leave, and the relatives burn the coffin on the stake. The bones left after burning on the third day are collected and put in a  porcelain vessel before the funeral. Out of a strange prejudice prejudice,, the bodies of the dead from smallpox are kept for 100 days before being burned. Tartar Princes after death have a great honor. When the prince dies, his servants, after mourning him in the house, line up on both sides of the yard, holding in his hands the signs of his rank, helmets, hats, belts, axes, bows, and quivers. Some keep the dogs with whom the deceased was hunting. All cry  plaintively. Grooms hold horses for the occ occasion, asion, others hold expensive expensive saddles hung with velvet to burn them on a fire. In the same place there t here are magnificently cleaned camels, loaded with everything that is required for burial. At the gate are drummers and trumpeters. On the appointed day, the body is carried out. There are trumpeters ahead, followed by 20 – 30 30 camels with silk reins and saddles, laden with tents and other objects; then carry umbrellas and gilded fans, banners, standards and other military signs; carry gold and silver vessels; then there are superbly harnessed horses and servants, laden with the deceased's household utensils and, finally, carts and palanquins that the departed used. The burial place, as a wall, is surrounded by mats. Behind the wall are tents intended for burning. On the construction, surrounded by mats, put a coffin. The mourners become closer to the body, depending on the rank. Next of all - women. All cry out loudly. After the mourning - the sacrifice. They make laudatory speeches, recall the merits and deeds of the deceased. All this is heard on your

 

knees. Paper with written speech is burned. Clothes, hats, boots, saddles, gold and silver vessels, palanquin and bed go into the fire. Burn all brought. Having finished with this, they seek out molten gold and silver in the ashes; they keep it in paper so that they can be thrown into the fire again on the third day. They remove jewels from horses and drive them out with lashes into the steppe, after which they can be bought at half price. Friends thank relatives and leave. But this is not limited. Tartars repeat the rite after seven days, and then another seven days later. If the deceased had a loyal lover or a close man, then sometimes they committed suicide, accompanying the deceased to the next world, as these wild people believe. But the emperor recently abolished the cruel suicide custom by law. He also banned the waste of property and the burning of so many things (clothes, gold, silver). Instead, there is now a plait of gilded, silvered, paper ob objects jects depicting real ones. After the second and third ceremonies, finally, prepare the grave, surrounded by a wall of several rooms. On the hill they build a room of stone, where their weapons are hung: arrows,  bows, sabers; his his palanquin, belt and and hat. Here for the whole yea yearr they bring food for the deceased. Servants guard this place. But less well-known tartares do not  build a room for the grave, but put sim simple ple food, a honey drink at at the grave hill and and leave. Then several spellcasters gather. They clean the grass by spraying it with water from evil spirits, driving them away from the deceased. The mourning clothes consist of a long white belted caftan of printed cloth; women change their clothes to white. A white headdress, folded in the form of a gondola, with two pendants that fall below the shoulders, is worn on the head, which was so far covered only with its own braids. Mourning men are holding a bamboo cane wrapped in white paper. Mourning clothes are different for the deceased father, mother, sisters and brothers. Tartare and Sintsev have written laws on mourning clothes, and they must be strictly followed. A book with these rules can be found everywhere in both countries. However, the funerals of the Sinsky and Tartar emperor Zumte in Beijing in 1660 166 0 after Christ’s birth were arranged with great pomp, because this hero, as the first winner of the Sinthes, owned this kingdom and all of Tartaria.

 

Message about the eastern tartars of Niuhe of the Dutch Jesuit Philippe Kuple Sin books portray tartar as if there were no more rude and clumsy people than they are. But now, thanks to communication with sintzami, they became more educated. Tartars of the West are called Mungku; these are, in fact, those Tartars that conquered Sean over 400 years ago and owned it for 80 years. In appearance and clothing, they are similar to other tartar, but their skin is darker. They have little contact with Eastern Tartars, if they are not forced to do so, as during the last wars, when several thousand of their troops helped Niuha to subdue Sina. Western princes are governed by various princes and leaders. The emperor of Tartar Sin annually orders to buy thousands of horses from them and exchange them for Sin goods. Tartar in Sine in all adapt to the lifestyle of the Sintsev, even to study astronomy, which the Senets of all time used for the well-being of their rulers. Religious rites of the Tartar lamas are different from rites of the Sintz They imitate more Western tartars. Eastern tartars worshiped the sky, the planets, but now they more imitate the idolatry of the sacs. Tartars behind the Sin Wall are called differently than the Sintsev. Their name depends on the newly formed imperial dynasty. In Sine, the names are monosyllabic, and the names of the eastern tartar consist of two, three and four syllables, like ours. Sintsy call all foreign peoples abusive names. The women of Tartar, though brought up in Sine, do not bandage their legs so tightly as Sina women. There are among them those who wear boots like men. Every year, Sina is evicted Sintsev to Tartaria, where they must carry their knowledge and crafts. Sintsy, conquered by the eastern Tartar, did not change the way of life, they are more educated than the proud tartar. Tartars take food while sitting on the ground, but at the emperor's court in Beijing, they adapt to the Sin customs. There are no special temples for them, and they visit the Sins to perform their religious duties. The tartar burial in Sine (as was mentioned above) takes place with great gr eat  pomp and splendor. The bodies of the dead are are burned, and the ashes ashes are buried

 

along with horses, pieces of silk and other valuables, depending on the nobility of the deceased, in the hope that they will serve him in the next world.  North of the Sinsky wall wall in Tartary there are wolves, bears, bears, deer and large dogs. The latter are sometimes harnessed to wagons of six or eight. Tartars have forbidden the Sintsas to build sea ships, with the exception of a few ships against sea robbers (on Formosa and other islands), built on the orders of the emperor. Troops in Sine, as in Europe, are paid money. Tartars and those Sinta who  better adapted pay more. The usual tartar drinks at Sine are tea, milk, and seed drink, which the Portuguese call yergeliu. They are first fried in a frying pan, and then pounded into flour. The story of the Sin, or Nyukh, tartars by a written message sent to me by a certain gentleman who lived in Sin for a long time “I then,” writes this gentleman, “understood that some of the tartar behind the Sin wall are called Sautass, or sudats (it ( it means water tartar, because su means water in their language, tata means tartar), and others call tartar. Some of them have cities,  but for the most part they live in hordes. hordes. But now we see that they are starting starting to  build cities. Beijing Beijing (as this gentleman gentleman believes) lie liess at 39 ° 56 '. Tartars calmly own all of Sina. Sintz are all shaved in the manner of tartare. A few f ew years ago, the Tartars ended some so me members of the Sinas iimperial mperial family. Recently, the Tartars had over 400 junks at sea to attack Formosa, the refuge of the exiled Sintsev. In 1682, the Tartars sent a prominent ambassador from Beijing to Batavia with a retinue of 96 people with a request to give the ships for help against the Saints on Formosa. The ambassador was well received. Six Dutchmen set off on their way back with him with a letter to the emperor of Tartar. But they were allowed no further than before Hoxio; Sints sent a letter to the emperor themselves. The ambassador comes from a Tartar father and a Cine mother, he is the head of a city in Sin. Eastern tartar in religious ceremonies has some so me similarities with the synes. Priests pray and make sacrifices for the dead. The same is done when they go

 

to war or on a difficult journey. However, tartars pay little attention to worship. Sintsy are more religious. Belief tartar Niuhe is still somewhat different from the belief of the Sintz. They worship idols, which is contrary to the Sinti. But it can be said that they do not pray, it happens so rarely. Some sects of the Sintz also worship idols. These tartars are not so wild because they write books, they know how to write and read well. In the North-East of Tartaria, behind the Great Wall, neither Christians nor Jews are found. But on this side of the wall among the tartare are found Mohammedans, and some are familiar with Christianity and the Jewish religion. There are many Epicureans among them, others believe in the resurrection from the dead. Those of tartar and sintse, who believe in eternal life, believe that bliss can be achieved with the help of any religion. Therefore, they are not inclined to change religion. This belief is apparently derived from Chinggis, the first emperor of Tartar. He expressed this belief with the goal of making himself desirable for all. And indeed, by this he achieved a great deal, for he honored all kinds of religious worship. All pagans in Siam, Pegu, etc., hold the same opinion. However, they believe that the roads to heaven are not all equally short. Tartar in Sine worship the sun and the moon and superstitiously fear a lunar and solar eclipse. Sintsy and tartars in Sine portray a dragon with four f our legs, but the dragon depicted on the emblem of the emperor has five legs. According to them, during an eclipse a dragon appears to swallow the sun and the moon, and therefore becomes dark. During the eclipse in Sine and Tartaria, they make a lot of noise all over the country, blow pipes into pipes, etc. They say that this is done to drive the dragon away, while others believe that it is necessary to make noise in order to move the dragon, otherwise would cause disease. The entire country is notified in advance of the time of the expected eclipse, so that everyone can be ready.

 

In the Tartar and Sin almanacs, or ephemeris, weather predictions are written, and in addition many prejudices are written: what to beware of and what to do; when the sun is in the constellation Psa. Then, at the behest of the Great Tartarin, all dogs across the country are washed in one day. Recently in Sine there was a death of donkeys for one or two years. When asked the clergy for advice, it attributed the death of [the influence of] constellations. The custom of having long nails is now canceled by tarps. The paper used by Niuhe tartars and Saints is made from bamboo, straw and tree bark. Out of the love of the Tartar emperor for f or mathematics, and especiall especially y for astronomy, the Christians in Sine have a greater advantage than others, since the Jesuit fathers teach the Sincers this art. Interestingly, the works of Euclid, translated into Tartar and Sin, are clearer and clearer (according to linguists) than translated into Latin, thanks to the power of words of these languages. There are 12 hours in a day near the Sintsev and Eastern Tartar. “Yu” in Sinsky means fish, and “pi” means leather, so the name of the Tartar  people “Jupi “Jupi” actually means fish skin, or people in fish-skin clothes. The Sin wall, which separates Tartaria from Sina, is depicted in various drawings that the said gentleman referred to me. The drawings show, as if the guard  booths are between between two walls, walls, or double walls. But, probably, these are internal fortifications for the placement of troops.  Nizi root (he says) says) is more common in K Korea orea and Liaotun. And in the center of Sina, it is very expensive. It really strengthens strength, but if a person p erson uses it too much, then he may die, especially one who has a hot temper. Sometimes it is valued at three times the price of silver by weight. He is real and fake. Although the tartars in Sinu forced the Shin men to cut off their hair as a sign of obedience, to this day, despite all the efforts, they could not prevent women from dressing and banding their legs, making them ugly small. Tarta women keep their legs as nature has given. They are brave, strong and courageous. In Sin women, wo men, even their own husbands never see bare legs.

 

Tartars worship the stars almost like deities and make predictions according to the constellations. They can also predict by the flames and smoke of the fire lit under the tortoise shell. Eastern tartars, owning Sina, are usually less tall than Western tartars. They are numerous. It should be noted that 200 million people live in Sine itself, who were conquered by less than 100 thousand Tartar troops. Xunhi, or Zumte, father of the current emperor Kamhi, drew well. Tartars adapt as far as possible to the Shinsky customs, although they burn (as indicated above) their dead, while the Synci usually bury bu ry them. More recently, they killed people when buried noblemen to serve them in the next world. When the emperor of Tartar dies in Sine, they often sell all his concubines,  putting them in bags, tied over their heads, heads, except for the the four true queens, who continue to be honored. Tartars are usually rude and not very inclined towards Christianity, because Christians are usually poor people. Noble and powerful people strive for court, want to enter into mercy and take up posts at court, and only insignificant and poor  people are associated associated with Christianity. Christianity. With the advent of the new year, all the courtiers welcome the emperor of Tartar at Sin. In this case, tartars have the privilege, and then the Sents. In all institutions, councils and general assembly’s tartars have an advantage.  advantage.   Hair growth in sintsev is considered to be a sign of protest or disobedience in Sine. So, two years ago, three small vice-kings of Sinsky origin grew their hair and resisted tartars but were defeated and killed. Sintsy like heat, eat and drink only warm, and Niuh tartars rub themselves with ice when they have a fever. As tartars are neither voluptuous, they love neither naked people nor naked parts of the body, even in images. This was discovered even when the Portuguese once sent them a mirror in a frame with images of nude figures. The Sin emperor in Sine often appoints mandarins (that is, chiefs, or magistrates), especially especially in the south, from the people of Liaotun of Tartar origin. By order of the emperor, a large hole was made in the wall of the province of Liaotung for free passage in Niuh to ease the road to the old o ld capital of Tartar.

 

In the west, the Sinsky Wall is guarded from western tartar: through it, no one is allowed to enter Sina without giving his name. But to the north and east of the wall is now little guard, because it goes to Niuha, to the old capital of Tartar. The emperor sends many treasures to his old land every year, and many thousands of Sintsevs now build cities there, transferring science and crafts there. But the tartars move to Sina now not as hard as before, for the emperor ordered his former countrymen to remain in the old place. Apparently, he seeks to make Niuha strong and rich. A certain Polish cleric named Nikolaus Smogolinsky, who used the emperor's grace, asked him for permission to go outside the wall, to Tartaria, to teach and  baptize people. He said to his brothers as if he wanted wanted to look for a big river there and meet other countries. But the emperor denied him this because of the too great difficulties of movement in the wilderness and the danger of encounters with wild animals. The tartars of Tibet and Tangut, who keep the bowel movements of their earthly idol in a golden pot as a shrine, are honored ho nored by the statue of a woman. The current Tartar emperor in Beijing tolerates this statue because his grandmother, a western tartar from a place near Tibet, is very much committed to pagan idolatry. Llamas and bosses are the priests of this idol. Tartars are generally more generous than Sentsy, so simple Sentsy usually like tartar. Nihue tartars, usually in the Liaotung region, introduced a trade in various furs: sable, fox, marten, etc. - as well as horsehair, which is used as decoration in Sin. This trade began after they, having entered first into Sina, were again driven out of there. Eastern Tartars were divided into seven hordes, or principalities, until about 1600, when they united the lands of Niuha under the authority of one king into a single kingdom. These seven Eastartar principalities, which became a single state, seemed so strong to the Sin chiefs from the Liaotung region that they began to think about how to limit their growing power. They began by disturbing the Tartar merchants who came there with goods, robbed their goods, and increased the duty excessively.

 

They even obstructed the marriage, which King Niuha wanted to arrange,  betraying his daughter daughter as Prince of Tartar, Tartar, and, finally, as they say, they deceitfully killed King Niuha himself. His son avenged them by the fact that in 1616 he went  beyond the walls walls and occupied Cay Cayenne, enne, a city in the Liaotun province. From this city he sent through a priest who is called a lama, or lamas, a letter to the Sinsky emperor in Tartar, although barbaric and in their impolite style, and in it warned the emperor in mild and submissive expressions that he started a war because of the injustice caused by the Sin governors, but he is ready to return the city of Cayenne and that’s all what he took, and took, and completely lay down their arms, if they listened to him and he will receive compensation for damages inflicted on him by injustice. But the Sinsky emperor handed the case over to the governors, who did not even deign to reply with the new Tartar king, who was put on the throne after his father’s death and death and completely lay down their arms if they listen to him and he will receive compensation for damages caused to him by injustice. inj ustice. He very much grieved about the death of his father, who was killed by the th e Sinsky governor, and swore that he would avenge 200 thousand Sintsev for his death with blood, since tartare had the custom to burn women and slaves while  burning the body of the great lord. This custom now they have little spread, perhaps because of the influence of the Sintsev. But this Tartar war, which caused the Sintsi so much trouble, began to weaken and almost ceased, so the Sintsy were freed from the fear of suffering even greater losses, and the western part of Liaotunga was firmly strengthened along the borders  by strong troops who prevented prevented further tartar invasion invasion that occupied th thee eastern part of this area. But the greatest danger arose after, from the side of the Sinsky rebels and brigands inside Sina herself. They finally destroyed it and handed it over ov er to the eastern tartars *. On these wars, see Martinus Martini and others. The emperors of Tartar and Nyukh origin are not buried bu ried in Sine but are bur burned ned according to the custom of Eastern Tartary. The fire is burned partly from fro m wood,  but mostly from paper, using an incredibly large large amount of it, be because cause in addition to the body, all the furniture belonging to the emperor is burned, as well as treasures and everything he used during his life, except for animals.

 

They say that when the body of the last emperor was burned, 12 elephants were driven, decorated with precious stones, 300 horses and 100 mules loaded with imperial property. All this wealth was unloaded on a paper fire, and there was no such brave man who dared to carry anything away from there. All burned to the ground. If silver and gold remain, it is collected and exchanged for paper in order to honor the soul of the deceased. The cost of this bonfire reached 7,000 Reichstealers, and the amount of  property burned was much much higher. Home em emperor peror voluntarily went to death through decapitation, to serve him in the next world. There was a custom: if there are no volunteers, take slaves for this.”  this.”  Here ends the above written statement. In Niuhe’s tartare, the priest Gruber also says, it is also a lso customary to burn the  bodies of noble people at the stake, and not to bury them after death. The fire devours all the furniture of the deceased, clothing and jewelry. They have the belief that all this will benefit the soul of the deceased. He also says that several other  people were burned with the body of th thee kings. Many of the priests in Tartary wear a miter on their head, but often they walk  bareheaded and even barefoot, and call them bonzes. bonzes. There are also female female monasteries built on almost inaccessible mountains. These women only occasionally go out with the purpose of collecting alms, but only with the  permission of the chapter. chapter. To do this, choose the eldest. They ta take ke a vow of chastity, poverty and obedience, walk with a bare head, hair around the shades to the ears. Their clothes are very similar to the clothes of the bosses, but they are red and the clothes of the bosses are gray. The priests Niuh in worship and sacrifices wear red or yellow robe with long, wide sleeves. Tartars make cheese in the form of a donut, as we do, strung it and sell it. Cheese is strong like a stone, and before it is eaten, it is hung over the fire, after which it softens like wax. Interestingly, the Sints almost do not want to learn anything from the tartare. Tartars, though not very inquisitive, however, those living in Sinu are adapting to the Sinsky customs.

Music tartar consists of applause and strikes on metal objects.

 

Tartars in Sine move in small, two-wheeled carts pulled by a pair of mules. Noble ladies sit in them, and women, armed with a bow and arrows, are riding behind them. Tartar are passionate hunters, but Sinca is not.  Niuhe women chew tobacco, as do men. The first ones carry a bag with with a pipe on their shoulder, while the latter are attached to a belt. One gentleman, who used to be the head of the affairs of the Dutch society in Siney and was located in the city of Hoxio, told me, by the way, that when the Tartars took possession of this city, he noticed that there were many one-eyed among them; all faces are round, and they look more like Europeans than Sinca. Koreans must travel through Hoxio when they come to Sina, as the Tartars do not allow them through Liaotong. The lower Senets call everyone Tartar Ljotunians, they respect them very much and are afraid, at least in former times, children were frightened by their name. Tartars often wear their caftans with fur outside. They have beautiful, painted outside tents of four or five rooms. He saw one lamamessenger drive through Hoxio. Tartar women adorn the head with peacock and other beautiful feathers, f eathers, flowers, make curls. Tartars, like Christians, have already cut the meat with knives, forks, and also with their hands, and the Sinci, with chopsticks, But they liked it when they saw how it is common for Germans to serve large chunks of meat on dishes. Many tartars were dressed up in expensive furs. The Koreans, knowing that Tartars liked beautiful, tall men, sent with an embassy, which they had to send to the court of Peking, well-built people of high stature each year as a sign of their submission. Tartar eat a lot of fat and pork daily. Many of them suffered smallpox. They adorn themselves with the hair of some animals, like a cow; they are brought from fro m Tartary. Tartar women ride like men in boots. Some comments from the diary of a trip to Beijing in 1686 by the Netherlands ambassador regarding certain cases, as well as reports from Sinsky tartarus Sine, theyand asked in great detail how our ambassadors were the court In in Moscow, about the position of Muscovy, and what tiesreceived our stateat had with this empire. They called His Royal Majesty the Khan, as well as their emperor.

 

Sintsy and tartars love people who are well-built and beautiful; they value them more than others and believe that they possess the best qualities of the soul. Tartars are more outspoken and far from all sorts of Sins. On September 15, 1686, a letter was sent to the Netherlands envoy on behalf of the King of Tartar at Sin to be sent to the Tsar's Majesties in Moscow. It said that in order to avoid a quarrel with the Russians, the emperor intended to notify Their Royal Majesties about the military actions of their subjects, asking them to withdraw them home and order them to lay down their arms. Otherwise, he decides what to do with them. He treated the Russian prisoners well. The Jesuit fathers in Beijing believed that Their Royal Majesties would not receive a letter and would not send any reply, due to the fact that the letter lacks l acks many honorary titles. However, they did not dare to warn the emperor about this, fearing great troubles and troubles and the emergence of many embarrassing questions. In Beijing, there was one tartarin, which shot from a bow, stretched with a 1 1 / 2- pound pou nd weight, an arrow of incredible gravity and, to everyone's surprise, always hit the target. He had little equal in this art, as well as in the destruction of tigers and other wild animals, which he inevitably attacked with a spear. This spectacle took place in the eyes of our envoy by special order of the emperor.  Niuhe Tartars consider consider all foreigners much much lower than themselves. themselves. The imperial court in Beijing is so vast that its area is approximately equal to the entire city of Amsterdam. The Jesuit fathers, in particular the father of Grimaldi, informs me from Beijing the following about the disagreements between Sina and Russia: “In 1686 the Netherlands were denied free trade free of duty and stay throughout Sine. This ban, unprofitable for all Europeans, and the Dutch in particular, was caused by troubles with Muscovites who settled on the land of the Tartar-Sin emperor on the other side of the Sin wall a few years ago. They are now more afraid of all other nations, and Tartars are afraid even of their t heir name. About exactly how things were with thewith, unrestthey in the and20 how these Muscovites settled in Sin and what they lived saycountry, this: about years ago, several Muscovite exiles from the deserted places of Siberia, where Their Royal Majesties expelled

many criminals, searched improve your life.

 

Dry and along the rivers, after long wanderings and sufferings, they did not know how, they found themselves in the middle of Tartaria, near the Great Wall. With the permission of the emperor, they settled down to live there, started hunting for sables and earning pearls *, What is said about earning pearls is doubtful for me. with great success. News of this lured there from Russia a lot of shopping  people. A city city was built. The Emperor considered its size and the number of residents threatening tranquility of his country, and in the past * 1685 city of, he informed them, so that  by a certain date they will go to their borders. T This his order they, being unarmed, unarmed, then executed. Now they have again occupied their city, providing it with a large number of military weapons and food supplies. They fortified themselves in inaccessible swampy places of about 1,500  people against any any attack. N Nature ature supplies them there with everything everything they need in abundance, and they, with their outstanding courage, will stand against the whole Tartar army, consisting mainly of cavalry and maintained by the emperor. This army controls only their fishing but is unable to do anything substantial against them. This worries the emperor a lot and makes him fear the betrayal of the Tartar warlords. In order for them to continue to fulfill f ulfill their duty and keep the Muscovites in obedience, the emperor, besides annual gifts, sends them a substantial amount of silver. Several Muscovites, initially taken prisoner and cut off from their own ones, were appointed by the emperor to be tangerines with rich content. Some of them I saw in our homes. They were supposed to persuade the rest [Muscovites] to lay down arms and make peace on favorable terms with gifts and other blessings.”  blessings.”  Jesuit Grimaldi told about the adventures in Beijing of two envoys, more than eight and 16 years ago, sent by Their Majesty the Tsar. With the last of them, a man of outstanding scientist and expert on Latin * Spafarius, native Greek he during his stay had a particularly close communication. The first ambassador refused to hand over his letters received from the master to anyone except the emperor himself and did not want to show them to anyone at the border. Tartar detained him, and he returned with nothing. The second was also refused at first, but then, at his request, he was admitted to Beijing. There they explained to him that the envoys never passed on their letters to the emperor himself, and he considered how much he could obey the customs of these countries,

 

taking into account the nobility of his master. This ambassador ensured that his letters were received not at the Council of State, but in the imperial palace at the throne of His Majesty, where they usually honor the emperor. The letters were opened and read in his presence. The content of the letters, in the translation of which the Jesuit father was present, consisted only in the offer of trade and in the request to provide a few tartars for the construction of bridges. Apparently, this was only an excuse, and meant other work. The father himself [[the the Jesuit] understood this. The ambassador went without a letter and no response, as he was offended by the appeal in the response of the emperor, with whom, at his repeated request, they finally agreed to acquaint him. He was offended of fended by the beginning of his letter, namely the following words: "The word of the emperor is sent by Their Royal Ro yal Majesties." The ambassador said that he could not accept such a letter. Their Majesties will be pleased to know that the emperor of Sina is indeed a great sovereign, but that Their Royal Majesties are also not small. The letter, as they say, was not amended, and all his efforts remained fruitless.  Niuhe in Sine is is called the Manchurian Manchurian country. This area is ruled by the viceroy, who every three years reports to the Peking court. This ends the message sent to me from Beijing. According to the report sent to me from Batavia and the famous Sinsky chronicles, Prince Haviong was originally from the Kubil dynasty in Nyulhane at the head of the 11th Niuhe Tartar princedom (there were 12 of them). He was the founder of Niuha and the peoples of Jupi. When he returned from Sina, he brought several beautiful women and girls, of whom, according to the law of tartar, he chose one to be his wife. At the same time he kept as many concubines as he wanted. From this legitimate wife, Kubila had seven sons and three daughters. The eldest son inherited the principality of Nulhan from his father f ather Kubila. Karion, the second son, then became Prince Niuhe, and the third son named Yarkhan became Prince Yupin. From this it appears that these three principalities originate from Kubila, the founder of these possessions. After the death of Kubila, fierce wars occurred between his sons, which lasted until un til the princes Niuha had the opportunity to avenge the insult inflicted on them by the Synthesians in Liauton.

 

Then the brothers made peace with each other and agreed to turn their weapons against the Sintz, as they were subjected to daily harassment by Tartar. They tried to take into account the previous mistakes of some compatriots made during the war with the Sintzas, and correct them, taking revenge on them in every possible way. So, the 12th principality is Yupin, and the prince was called Yarkhan. This  principality borders the peninsula of Korea Korea;; in the south-west, it borders on Liuton and on the wall that separates Sina from Tartaria. To the east is bordered by the  North Sea and and the East Sea, called the South, or Japan; and to the northe northeast, ast, with the Arctic Sea. About the antiquity of these peoples it became known only from the last chronicles of the Sintz. They differ from their neighbors by the name na me Kin, which means gold, because there are many gold mines. None of the tartares who fought with Sinai before and after Tamerlane, in wars that lasted, as they say, ffor or more than 300 years, did not cause them such suffering and damage as this horde of tartar (kin) in the past century. Sintsy suffered several defeats from them. Here there are many hordes wandering with their cattle. They live in a harsh climate and therefore are protected from the north wind in enclosed tents. In the summer, they reach high peaks, from which they can gaze around the surrounding surround ing land, seeing from both sides a barrier that makes the Sints unknowing: they  believed that they alone owned the whole worl world; d; now they realize that besides their country there are others. This ends this message.  Niuhe region is known known as the country blessed blessed by God. The origin of this n name ame is unknown. Maybe [the country is so named] because of its fertility. Recently a Sudatsev ambassador arrived in Sina (for they have their own khan). He was wearing a jacket, which came down below the belly, sewn of coarse coars e sheep skins, with fur outside.

The arms are bare to the shoulders, since the jacket was sleeveless; the headfitting hat is trimmed with precious sable fur, and at its top is a bundle of horsehair, which they can dye in a special red color and use instead of feathers. On the lower  part of the body - loose-fitting pants. pants. The boots aare re very clumsy, with thick soles, so

 

they even interfere with walking, moreover, so wide that they fell from their feet. A heavy saber hung on its right side, and a quiver of o f arrows on its back.