Nondestructive Testing(NDT)

http://maintenanceengineering.in/NONDESTRUCTIVE %20TESTING.htm Nondestructive Testing(NDT) Nondestructive testing (NDT), also called nondestructive examination (NDE) and nondestructive inspection (NDI), is testing that does not destroy the test object.NDT is very important for industry for constructing and maintaining all types of components,equipments and structures. To detect different defects such as cracks(sub surface or surface) and corrosion, there are different methods of testing available, such as X-ray (where cracks show up on the film) and Ultrasound (where cracks show up as an echo blip on the screen).Magnetic particle test,Die penetrant test(DPT),Eddy current test etc. While destructive testing usually provides a more reliable assessment of the state of the test object, destruction of the test object usually makes this type of test more costly to the test object's owner than nondestructive testing and it is also not possible to carrout destructive test in running plant. The need for NDT It is very difficult to weld or mold a solid object that has the risk of breaking in service, so testing at manufacture and during operation/use is often essential. During the process of casting a metal object, for example, the metal may shrink as it cools, and crack or introduce voids inside the structure. Even the best welders (and welding machines) do not make 100% perfect welds. Some typical weld defects that need to be found and repaired are lack of fusion of the weld to the metal and porous bubbles inside the weld, both of which could cause a structure to break or a pipeline to rupture. During their service lives, many industrial components need regular nondestructive tests to detect damage that may be difficult or expensive to find by everyday methods. For example:      

aircraft skins need regular checking to detect cracks; underground pipelines subject to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking; pipes in industrial plants may be subject to erosion and corrosion from the products they carry; concrete structures may be weakened if the inner reinforcing steel is corroded; pressure vessels may develop cracks in welds; the wire ropes in suspension bridges are subject to weather,vibration and high loads, so testing for broken wires and other damage is important.

DPT:Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). Penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials, but for inspection of ferrous components magnetic particle inspection is preferred for its subsurface detection capability. LPI is used to detect casting and forging defects, cracks, and leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-service components DPI is based upon capillary action, where low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed, and a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw where a visible indication becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light, depending upon the type of dye used fluorescent or nonfluorescent (visible). Procedures of DPT: Pre-cleaning: The test surface is cleaned to remove any dirt, paint, oil, grease or any loose scale that could either keep penetrant out of a defect, or cause irrelevant or false indications. Cleaning methods may include solvents, alkaline cleaning steps, vapor degreasing, or media blasting. The end goal of this step is a clean surface where any defects present are open to the surface, dry, and free of contamination. Application of Penetrant: The penetrant is then applied to the surface of the item being tested. The penetrant is allowed time to soak into any flaws (generally 10 to 30 minutes). The soak time mainly depends upon the material being testing and the size of flaws sought. As expected, smaller flaws require a longer penetration time. Due to their incompatible nature one must be careful not to apply visible red dye penetrant to a sample that may later be inspected with fluorescent penetrant. Excess Penetrant Removal: The excess penetrant is then removed from the surface. Removal method is controlled by the type of penetrant used. Water-washable, solventremovable, lipophilic post-emulsifiable, or hydrophilic post-emulsifiable are the common choices. Emulsifiers represent the highest sensitivity level, and chemically interact with the oily penetrant to make it removable with a water spray. When using solvent remover and lint-free cloth it is important to not spray the solvent on the test surface directly, because

this can the remove the penetrant from the flaws. This process must be performed under controlled conditions so that all penetrant on the surface is removed (background noise), but penetrant trapped in real defects remains in place. Application of Developer: After excess penetrant has been removed a white developer is applied to the sample. Several developer types are available, including: non-aqueous wet developer, dry powder, water suspendible, and water soluble. Choice of developer is governed by penetrant compatibility (one can't use watersoluble or suspedible developer with water-washable penetrant), and by inspection conditions. When using non-aqueous wet developer (NAWD) or dry powder the sample must be dried prior to application, while soluble and suspendible developers are applied with the part still wet from the previous step. NAWD is commercially available in aerosol spray cans, and may employ acetone ,isopropl alchol or a propellant that is a combination of the two. Developer should form a thin, even coating on the surface. The developer draws penetrant from defects out onto the surface to form a visible indication, a process similar to the action of blotting paper. Any colored stains indicate the positions and types of defects on the surface under inspection. Inspection: The inspector will use visible light with adequate intensity (100 footcandles is typical) for visible dye penetrant. Ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation of adequate intensity (1,000 micro-watts per centimeter squared is common), along with low ambient light levels (less than 2 foot-candles) for fluorescent penetrant examinations. Inspection of the test surface should take place after a 10 minute development time. This time delay allows the blotting action to occur. The inspector may observe the sample for indication formation when using visible dye, but this should not be done when using fluorescent penetrant. Also of concern, if one waits too long after development the indications may "bleed out" such that interpretation is hindered. Radiographic testing Radiographic Testing (RT) is a nondestructive testing (NDT) method of inspecting materials for hidden flaws by using the ability of short wavelength electromagnetic radiation to penetrate various materials, basically it is emmision of photons. Either an X-ray machine or a radioactive source can be used as a source of photons Since the amount of radiation emerging from the opposite side of the material can be detected and measured, variations in this amount (or intensity) of radiation are used to determine thickness or composition of

material. Penetrating radiations are those restricted to that part of the electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength less than about 10 nonometers. Inspection of welds The beam of radiation must be directed to the middle of the section under examination and must be normal to the material surface at that point, except in special techniques where known defects are best revealed by a different alignment of the beam. The length of weld under examination for each exposure shall be such that the thickness of the material at the diagnostic extremities, measured in the direction of the incident beam, does not exceed the actual thickness at that point by more than 6%. The specimen to be inspected is placed between the source of radiation and the detecting device, usually the film in a light tight holder or cassette, and the radiation is allowed to penetrate the part for the required length of time to be adequately recorded. The result is a two-dimensional projection of the part onto the film, producing a latent image of varying densities according to the amount of radiation reaching each area. It is known as a radiograph, as distinct from a photograph produced by light. Because film is cumulative in its response (the exposure increasing as it absorbs more radiation), relatively weak radiation can be detected by prolonging the exposure until the film can record an image that will be visible after development. The radiograph is examined as a negative, without printing as a positive as in photography. This is because, in printing, some of the detail is always lost and no useful purpose is served. Before commencing a radiographic examination, it is always advisable to examine the component with one's own eyes, to eliminate any possible external defects. If the surface of a weld is too irregular, it may be desirable to grind it to obtain a smooth finish, but this is likely to be limited to those cases in which the surface irregularities (which will be visible on the radiograph) may make detecting internal defects difficult. After this visual examination, the operator will have a clear idea of the possibilities of access to the two faces of the weld, which is important both for the setting up of the equipment and for the choice of the most appropriate technique. Ultrasonic Test In ultrasonic testing, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionally up to 50 MHz are launched into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. The technique is also commonly used to determine the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion. Principle

In ultrasonic testing, an ultrasound transuder connected to a diagnostic machine is passed over the object being inspected. The transducer is typically separated from the test object by a couplant (such as oil) or by water, as in immersion testing. There are two methods of receiving the ultrasound waveform, reflection and attenuation. In reflection (or pulse-echo) mode, the transducer performs both the sending and the receiving of the pulsed waves as the "sound" is reflected back to the device. Reflected ultrasound comes from an interface, such as the back wall of the object or from an imperfection within the object. The diagnostic machine displays these results in the form of a signal with an amplitude representing the intensity of the reflection and the distance, representing the arrival time of the reflection. In attenuation (or through-transmission) mode, a transmitter sends ultrasound through one surface, and a separate receiver detects the amount that has reached it on another surface after traveling through the medium. Imperfections or other conditions in the space between the transmitter and receiver reduce the amount of sound transmitted, thus revealing their presence Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution.

Ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionally up to 50 MHz are launched into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. The technique is also commonly used to determine the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion. Eddy-current testing Eddy-current testing uses electromagnetic induction to detect flaws in conductive materials. There are several limitations, among them: only conductive materials can be tested, the surface of the material must be accessible, the finish of the material may cause bad readings, the depth of penetration into the material is limited, and flaws that lie parallel to the probe may be undetectable. However, eddy-current testing can detect very small cracks in or near the surface of the material, the surfaces need minimal preparation, and physically complex geometries can be investigated. It is also useful for making electrical conductivity and coating thickness measurements. This form of testing relies on the attraction of magnetic particles to the flux leakage when an eddy current is passed through the material, this is

an indication of the flaws existence, this flux leakage is caused by the flaw in the ferromagnetic material for which is being tested. The testing devices are portable, provide immediate feedback, and do not need to contact the item in question. Recently tomographic notion of ECT has been explored see for example: Magnetic-particle inspection Magnetic particle inspection processes are non destructive methods for the detection of defects in ferrous materials. They make use of an externally applied magnetic field or DC current through the material, and the principle that the magnetic susceptibility of a defect is markedly poorer (the magnetic resistence is greater) than that of the surrounding material. The presence of a surface or near surface flaw (void) in the material causes distortion in the magnetic flux through it, which in turn causes leakage of the magnetic fields at the flaw. This deformation of the magnetic field is not limited to the immediate locality of the defect but extends for a considerable distance; even through the surface and into the air if the magnetism is intense enough. Thus the size of the distortion is much larger than that of the defect and is made visible at the surface of the part by means of the tiny particles that are attracted to the leakage fields. The most common method of magnetic particle inspection uses finely divided iron or magnetic iron oxide particles, held in suspension in a suitable liquid (often kerosene). This fluid is referred to as carrier. The particles are often colored and usually coated with fluorescent dyes that are made visible with a hand-held ultraviolet (UV) light. The suspension is sprayed or painted over the magnetized specimen during magnetization with a direct current or with an electromagnet, to localize areas where the magnetic field has protruded from the surface. The magnetic particles are attracted by the surface field in the area of the defect and hold on to the edges of the defect to reveal it as a build up of particles. This inspection can be applied to raw material in a steel mill (billets or slabs), in the early stages of manufacturing (forgings, castings), or most commonly to machined parts before they are put into service. It is also very commonly used for inspecting structural parts (e.g., landing gear) that have been in-service for some time to find fatigue cracks. Usually tested pieces needs to be demagnetizated by a degaussing tool before use. It is a quite economic non destructive test because it is easy to do and much faster than ultrasonic testing and penetrant testing.

Some ASTM standards related to NDT are given below     

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A577/A577M, Standard Specification for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination of Steel Plates. A578/A578M, Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Plain and Clad Steel Plates for Special Applications. A745/A745M, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings. A898/A898M, Standard Specification for Straight Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Structural Shapes. A880, Standard Practice for Criteria for Use in Evaluation of Testing Laboratories and Organizations for Examination and Inspection of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys. B 244, Measurement of Thickness of Anodic Coatings on Aluminum and Other Nonconductive Coatings on Nonmagnetic Basis Metals with Eddy-Current Instruments. B 499, Measurement of Coating Thickness by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on Magnetic Base Metals. B 457, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Impedance of Anodic Coatings on Aluminum. B 548, Standard Test Method for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-Alloy Plate for Pressure Vessels. B 594, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-Alloy Wrought Products for Aerospace Applications. B 773, Standard Guide for Ultrasonic C-Scan Bond Evaluation of Brazed or Welded Electrical Contact Assemblies. C 1175, Standard Guide to Test Methods and Standards for Nondestructive Testing of Advanced Ceramics. C 1331, Standard Test Method for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Advanced Ceramics with Broadband Pulse-Echo Cross-Correlation Method. C 1332, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation Coefficients of Advanced Ceramics by Pulse-Echo Contact Technique. C 1383, Standard Test Method for Measuring the P-Wave Speed and the Thickness of Concrete Plates Using the Impact-Echo Method. C 805, Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete. C 597, Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete. D1186, Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to a Ferrous Base. D1400, Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a Nonferrous Metal Base. D 4015, Standard Test Methods for Modulus and Damping of Soils by the ResonantColumn Method. D 4602, Standard Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Pavements Using CyclicLoading Dynamic Deflection Equipment. D 5339, Standard Practice for Quality Assurance Plan for Structural Steel Fabrication for Highway Structures. D 5641, Standard Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation by Vacuum Chamber. D 5820, Standard Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual Seamed Geomembranes.

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D 5858, Standard Guide for Calculating In Situ Equivalent Elastic Moduli of Pavement Materials Using Layered Elastic Theory. D 6087, Standard Test Method for Evaluating Asphalt-Covered Concrete Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar. D 6365, Standard Practice for the Nondestructive Testing of Geomembrane Seams using the Spark Tests. E 94, Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination. E 114, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Examination by the Contact Method. E 125, Standard Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings. E 127, Standard Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks. E 142, Standard Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing. E 155, Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings. E 164, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Contact Examination of Weldments. E 165, Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination. E 186, Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 1/2-in. (51 to 114mm)) Steel Castings. E 192, Standard Reference Radiographs for Investment Steel Castings of Aerospace Applications. E 213, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing. E 214, Standard Practice for Immersed Ultrasonic Examination by the Reflection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves. E 215, Standard Practice for Standardizing Equipment for Electromagnetic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube. E 242, Standard Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic Images as Certain Parameters Are Changed. E 243, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Copper and Copper-Alloy Tubes. E272, Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and NickelCopper Alloy Castings. E 273, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of the Weld Zone of Welded Pipe and Tubing. E 280, Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 1/2 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings. E 309, Standard Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tubular Products Using Magnetic Saturation. E 310, Standard Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings. E 317, Standard Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse- Echo Examination Instruments and Systems Without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments. E 329, Standard Specification for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Materials Used in Construction. E 376, Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Test Methods. E 390, Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds.

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E 408, Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques. E 426, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Austenitic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys. E 427, Standard Practice for Testing for Leaks Using the Halogen Leak Detector (Alkali-Ion Diode). E 428, Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Examination. E 431, Standard Guide to Interpretation of Radiographs of Semiconductors and Related Devices. E 432, Standard Guide for Selection of a Leak Testing Method. E 433, Standard Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspection. E 446, Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (51 mm) in Thickness. E 479, Standard Guide for Preparation of a Leak Testing Specification. E 493, Standard Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector in the Inside-Out Testing Mode. E 494, Standard Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials. E 498, Standard Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector or Residual Gas Analyzer in the Tracer Probe Mode. E 499, Standard Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector in the Detector Probe Mode. E 505, Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings. E 515, Standard Test Method for Leaks Using Bubble Emission Techniques. E 543, Standard Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing. E 545, Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination. E 566, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting of Ferrous Metals. E 569, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation. E 570, Standard Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Tubular Products. E 571, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Nickel and Nickel Alloy Tubular Products. E 587, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination by the Contact Method. E 588, Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by the Ultrasonic Method. E 592, Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X-Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with Cobalt-60. E 650, Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors. E 664, Standard Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method. E 689, Standard Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron Castings. E 690, Standard Practice for In Situ Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Nonmagnetic Heat Exchanger Tubes.

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E 703, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting of Nonferrous Metals. E 709 Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination. E 746, Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Film. E 747, Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image E 748, Standard Practices for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Materials. E 749, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Continuous Welding. E 750, Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation. E 751, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Resistance SpotWelding. E 797, Standard Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method. E 801, Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination of Electronic Devices. E 802, Standard Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings Up to 4 1/2 in. (114 mm) in Thickness. E 803, Standard Test Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography Beams. E 908, Standard Practice for Calibrating Gaseous Reference Leaks. E 976, Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response. E 977, Standard Practice for Thermoelectric Sorting of Electrically Conductive Materials. E 998, Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass in Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Nondestructive Method. E 999, Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing. E 1001, Standard Practice for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by the Immersed Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Method Using Longitudinal Waves. E 1002, Standard Test Method for Leaks Using Ultrasonics. E 1003, Standard Test Method for Hydrostatic Leak Testing. E 1004, Standard Practice for Determining Electrical Conductivity Using the Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Method. E 1025, Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) used for Radiology. E 1030, Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings. E 1032, Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldments. E 1033, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Type F-Continuously Welded (CW) Ferromagnetic Pipe and Tubing Above the Curie Temperature. E 1065, Standard Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units. E 1066, Standard Test Method for Ammonia Colorimetric Leak Testing. E 1067, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels. E 1079, Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers.

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E 1106, Standard Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors. E 1114, Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources. E 1118, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP). E 1135, Standard Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants. E 1139, Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries. E 1158, Standard Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of Reference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ultrasonic Examination of Metal and Metal Alloy Production Material. E 1161, Standard Test Method for Radiologic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components. E 1165, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging. E 1208, Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Process. E 1209, Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable Process. E 1210, Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Process. E 1211, Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors. E 1212, Standard Practice for Quality Control Systems for Nondestructive Testing Agencies. E 1213, Standard Test Method for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems. E 1219, Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Solvent-Removable Process. E 1220, Standard Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the SolventRemovable Process. E 1254, Standard Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed Industrial Radiographic Films. E 1255, Standard Practice for Radioscopy E1316, Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations. E 1311, Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems. E 1312, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Ferromagnetic Cylindrical Bar Product Above the Curie Temperature. E 1315, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel with Convex Cylindrically Curved Entry Surfaces. E 1316, Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations. E 1320, Standard Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings. E 1324, Standard Guide for Measuring Some Electronic Characteristics of Ultrasonic Examination Instruments. E 1359, Standard Guide for Evaluating Capabilities of Nondestructive Testing Agencies. E 1390, Standard Guide for Illuminators Used for Viewing Industrial Radiographs.

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E 1411, Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems. E 1416, Standard Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments. E 1417, Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination. E 1418, Standard Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the WaterWashable Process. E 1419, Standard Test Method for Examination of Seamless, Gas- Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission. E 1441, Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging. E 1444, Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination. E 1452, Standard Practice for Preparation of Calibration Solutions for Spectrophotometric and for Spectroscopic Atomic Analysis. E 1453, Standard Guide for Storage of Media That Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data. E 1454, Standard Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Ultrasonic Testing Data E 1475, Standard Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Test Data. E 1476, Standard Guide for Metals Identification, Grade Verification, and Sorting. E 1495, Standard Guide for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates, and Bonded Joints. E 1496, Standard Test Method for Neutron Radiographic Dimensional Measurements. E 1543, Standard Test Method for Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference of Thermal Imaging Systems. E 1570, Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination. E 1571, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire Rope. E 1603, Standard Test Methods for Leakage Measurement Using the Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector or Residual Gas Analyzer in the Hood Mode. E 1606, Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Copper Redraw Rod for Electrical Purposes. E 1629, Standard Practice for Determining the Impedance of Absolute Eddy-Current Probes. E 1647, Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radioscopy. E 1648, Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion Welds. E 1672, Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Selection. E 1695, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance. E 1734, Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings. E 1735, Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation from 4 to 25 MV. E 1736, Standard Practice for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels. E 1742, Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination. E 1774, Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs). E 1781, Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors. E 1814, Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination of Castings. E 1815, Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography.

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E 1816, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examinations Using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques. E 1817, Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs) E 1862-97(2002)e1 Standard Test Methods for Measuring and Compensating for Reflected Temperature Using Infrared Imaging Radiometers. E 1888, Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission testing of Pressurized Containers Made of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic with Balsa Wood Cores. E 1897, Standard Test Methods for Measuring and Compensating for Transmittance of an Attenuating Medium Using Infrared Imaging. E 1901, Standard Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Methods. E 1930, Standard Test Method for Examination of Liquid Filled Atmospheric and Low Pressure Metal Storage Tanks Using Acoustic Emission. E 1931, Standard Guide for X-Ray Compton Scatter Tomography. E 1932, Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts. E 1933, Standard Test Methods for Measuring and Compensating for Emissivity Using Infrared Imaging Radiometers. E 1934, Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared Thermography. E 1935, Standard Test Method for Calibrating and Meausring CT Density. E 1936, Standard Reference Radiograph for Evaluating the Performance of Radiographic Digitization Systems. E 1955, Standard Radiographic Examination for Soundness of Welds in Steel by Comparison to Graded ASTM E 390 Reference Radiographs. E 1961, Standard Practice for Mechanized Ultrasonic Examination of Girth Welds Using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search Units. E1962, Standard Test Method for Ultrasonic Surface Examinations Using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques. E 2001, Standard Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-Metallic Parts. E 2002, Standard Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness in Radiology. E 2003, Standard Practice for Fabrication of the Neutron Radiographic Beam Purity Indicators. E 2023, Standard Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic Sensitivity Indicators. E 2024, Standard Test Methods for Atmospheric Leaks Using a Thermal Conductivity Leak Detector. E 2033, Standard Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method). E 2075, Standard Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic Rod. E 2076, Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission. E 2096, Standard Practice for In Situ Examination of Ferromagnetic Heat-Exchanger Tubes Using Remote Field Testing. E 2104, Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and Turbine Materials and Components.

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E 2191, Standard Test Method for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission. E 2192, Standard Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics. E 2223, Standard Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Steel Pressure Vessels Using Angle Beam Ultrasonic. G 62, Standard Test Methods for Holiday Detection in Pipeline Coatings. G 158, Standard Guide for Three Methods of Assessing Buried Steel Tanks.