Niklas Luhmann o Teoría

 

H@LNB_ NWEMBHH F GN G_OÂHCBNF CG NB SGF[ÍB. WHB HFSB K@FA[ÂD@OB. "Nuembhh rgo`kg nb bhtfroeb cg mbhfs cg Ybrsfhs -su mbgstrf-, qug nb ebkíb rgo`k`cf cg Qgkgr. P s`a s`au`ÿ u`ÿ -gdgot -gdgot`vb `vbmgh mghtgtg- b Ybr Ybrsfh sfhss y b Qgk Qgkgr: gr: cg nb úh` úh`ob ob mbhgrb mbhgrb qug pugcg pugcg sga sgau`r u`r uh `htgngotubn, cgstruyàhcfnfs". H`lnbs Nuembhh hbo`ÿ gh Nuhghkuraf, uh pugknf uk`obcf gh nb Kbjb _bjfh`b cg Bngmbh`b, gn bòf cg 20;1. Yfof sg ofhfog sfkrg su `hdbho`b b hf sgr qug trbhsourr`ÿ kbjf gn ràa`mgh hbz`, gh o`rouhstbho`bs pbrt`ounbrmghtg c`dío`ngs ofmf nb augrrb. Gh nbs pfstr`mgríbs cg nb sgauhcb augrrb muhc`bn, Nuembhh dug rgonutbcf pfr gn gjàro`tf bngmâh y, bn d`hbn`zbr nb ofht`ghcb, obyÿ prgsf gh mbhfs cgn gjàro`tf hfrtgbmgr`obhf. Gh 2034 `hargsÿ b gstuc`br cgrgoef gh nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Dr`kuraf, cg nb qug gargsÿ gh 207;, arbcuâhcfsg cg bkfabcf. Nuembhh cgonbrÿ gh rg`tgrbcbs fpfrtuh`cbcgs qug gstuc`ÿ cgrgoef s`h h`hauhb `htgho`ÿh cg ebogr obrrgrb uh`vgrs`tbr`b. Gh gdgotf, gh 2074 `hargsÿ b trbkbjbr bn M`h`stgr`f cg Gcuobo`ÿh y O`gho`b cg nb [gpúkn`ob Dgcgrbn Bngmbhb.  Bnní nbkfrÿ curbhtg sg`s bòfs, cgsbrrfnnbhcf bot`v`cbcgs pfnít`of-bcm`h`strbt`vbs fr`ghtbcbs b rgpbrbr nfs cbòfs fobs`fhbcfs pfr gn ràa`mgh hbz` gh nb pfknbo`ÿh. _u trbkbjf gh nb bcm`h`strbo`ÿh púkn`ob nf nngvÿ tbmk`àh b pbrt pbrt`o`pbr `o`pbr gh nfs prgp prgpbrbt`v brbt`vfs fs cg nbs sgs`fhgs cgn ofhsgjf cg M`h`st M`h`strfs, rfs, cgn pbrnbmghtf b h`vgn cg nfs gstbcfs dgcgrbt`vfs, y cg nbs ofhdgrgho`bs prfarbmbcbs pfr gn M`h`stgr`f cg Gcuobo`ÿh y O`gho`b.   Ofmf qu`grb qug dugrb, gn trbkbjf gh nb kurforbo`b sg tfrhÿ bkurr`cf pbrb Nuembhh, ghtrg ftrbs ofsbs, pfrqug hf gx`stíbh pfs`k`n`cbcgs cg bsoghsf, b hf sgr qug q ug sg bd`n`bsg b uh pbrt`cf pfnít`of, nf qug hf gstuvf c`spugstf b ebogr. Gs bsí qug gh 2,049 abhb uhb kgob pbrb `r b gstuc`br b nfs GG.WW. Curbhtg gn bòf bobcàm`of 2,049-2,042, bs`stg b nbs onbsgs cg Sbnoftt Ybrsfhs gh nb Wh`vgrs Wh`v grs`cbc `cbc cg Ebr Ebrvbr vbrc, c, juh juhtf tf b Jþr Jþragh agh Ebk Ebkgrm grmbs bs y [`o [`oebr ebrc c Mþh Mþhoe. oe. Mâs tbr tbrcg, cg, Nue Nuemb mbhh hh ofhdgsbríb qug Ybrsfhs `hdnuyÿ cgo`s`vbmghtg gh su `htgràs pfr cgsbrrfnnbr uhb tgfríb aghgrbn cg nb sfo`gcbc. Mâs qug nb tgfríb f nfs ofhogptfs pbrsfh`bhfs, nf qug nf btrbjf dug su `htgràs pfr nfs tgmbs y nbs prgauhtbs uh`vgrsbngs. B su rgtfrhf cg nfs GG.WW., Nuembhh ofhfo`ÿ b _oegnsly, uhf cg nfs mâs cgstbobcfs sfo`ÿnfafs bngmbhgs cg bquàn ghtfhogs, qu`gh pnbhgbkb duhcbr uhb Wh`vgrs`cbc. Dug àn qu`gh nf ofhvgho`ÿ cg qug e`o`grb uhb obrrgrb uh`vgrs`tbr`b. Nuembhh cgo`c`ÿ ghtfhogs bkbhcfhbr su obrrgrb cg cgrgoef pbrb cgc`obrsg b nb sfo`fnfaíb. Gh 2044, fktuvf su ebk`n`tbo`ÿh ofmf cfotfr gh sfo`fnfaíb gh nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Mþhstgr. Sghíb ?0 bòfs. Gh 2045, bòf cg nb dbmfsb rgvugntb gstuc`bht`n, `hargsÿ ofmf cfoghtg b nb rgo`àh duhcbcb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg K`gngdgnc. Cgscg ghtfhogs su prfcuoo`ÿh ofmf sfo`ÿnfaf sg e`zf `hogsbhtg. Nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg K`gngdgnc dug ofhogk`cb ofh nb d`hbn`cbc cg cbr pr`fr`cbc b nb `hvgst`abo`ÿh bhtgs qug b nb ghsgòbhzb. Gstb pbrt`ounbr`cbc cgn bmk`ghtg bobcàm`of rgsuntÿ `cÿhgb pbrb gn cgspn`gaug cg nb fkrb `htgngotubn cg Nuembhh. Àstg sg prfpusf cgscg uh `h`o`f ofhstru`r uhb tgfríb aghgrbn cg nb sfo`gcbc, prfygotf bobcàm`of qug ounm`hbríb gh 2,001 ofh nb pukn`obo`ÿh cg „C`g Agsgnnsoebdt  cgr Agsgnnsoebdt” , fkrb qug s`htgt`zb gn ofhjuhtf cg sus `hvgst`abo`fhgs b nf nbraf cg trg`htb bòfs. Cgscg nugaf, dugrfh muoefs nfs gsofnnfs qug tuvf qug supgrbr gh tfcf gstg t`gmpf. Gn qug mâs sg rgougrcb gs su dbmfsb pfnàm`ob ofh Jþragh Ebkgrmbs, gh nb càobcb cg nfs ‐19 cg nb oghtur`b pbsbcb. Nbmghtbkngmghtg, cg gstb pfnàm`ob sÿnf sg ofhfog gh obstgnnbhf nb vgrs`ÿh cg Ebkgrmbs, qug cbtb cg 2,012, rgofa`cb „Nb nÿa`ob cg nbs O`gho`bs _fo`bngs” \;]  \;] . Nuembhh grb pbrt`cbr`f cg uhb tgfríb s`stàm`ob cg nb sfo`gcbc< gh tbhtf qug Ebkgrmbs grb cgdghsfr cg nb tgfríb orít`ob cg nb sfo`gcbc, gh nb qug ebkíb s`cf dfrmbcf kbjf nb `hdnugho`b cg Bcfrhf y Efrleg`mgr, nfs cfs mâs cgstbobcfs gxpfhghtgs cg nb Gsougnb cg Drbhldurt. Ebkgrmbs, s`h nuabr b cucbs, tghíb mâs gxpgr`gho`b qug Nuembhh gh gstg t`pf cg ofht`ghcbs `htgngotubngs. Pb uhb càobcb btrâs ebkíb tgro`bcf ofh àx`tf gh nb pfnàm`ob ghtrg Segfcfr Bcfrhf y Lbrn Yffpgr gh tfrhf bn pfs`t`v`smf, cgkbt`ghcf ofh gn c`soípunf cg àstg únt`mf Ebhs Bnkgrt \?]. Gnnf hf s`ah`d`oÿ, s`h gmkbraf, uh `mpgc`mghtf pbrb qug Nuembhh supgrbrb ofh efnaurb gstg gsofnnf.

 

Gn pr`ho`pbn fkstâounf b supgrbr pbrb Nuembhh grb nb tgfríb cg nb boo`ÿh. Gsf nf tuvf onbrf cgscg uh `h`o`f. M`ghtrbs qug Ebkgrmbs sg bdgrrbkb b nb tgfríb cg nb boo`ÿh, sfmgt`àhcfnb b uh prfogsf cg rgv`s`ÿh qug nf ofhcujf b su tgfríb cg nb boo`ÿh ofmuh`obt`vb \3], Nuembhh eboíb uh cgsn`hcg ofh nb m`smb. Ybrb Nuembhh, nb tgfríb s`stàm`ob cg nb sfo`gcbc hf pfcíb sgrv`rsg cgn ofhogptf cg boo`ÿh, oubnqu`grb qug sgb gn s`ah`d`obcf qug ng cgmfs b gstg únt`mf. Gh su fp`h`ÿh, gsg ebkíb s`cf gn arbh grrfr cg Ybrsfhs: gn prgtghcgr ofho`n`br su tgfríb cgn s`stgmb sfo`bn ofh nb tgfríb hfrmbt`vb cg nb boo`ÿh cg su fkrb tgmprbhb. Nuembhh ghoughtrb dgouhcb nb prgauhtb qug sg ebog Ybrsfhs bogrob cgn fr`agh frcgh. Àn cg tbmk`àh kusob ycbr oughtb, ghr`agh su pgrspgot`vb gvfnut`vb y s`stàm`ob, cg nbs "gstruoturb "gstruo turbsscgn ofhstbhtgs ofhst bhtgs gxpgr`gho`b gxpgr `gho`b boo`ÿh" boo`ÿh " qug nb sfo`gcbc< pgrf fptb pfr uhb gstrbtga`b tgÿr`ob c`st`htb. Gh nuabr cg nb tgfríb cg nb boo`ÿh, prfpfhg su tgfríb cg nb ofmuh`obo`ÿh: Nb sfo`gc sfo`gcbc bc hf gstâ ofmpugstb ofmpugstb pfr efmkr efmkrgs gs h` pfr boo`fhgs, s`hf pfr ofmuh`obo`fhgs. ofmuh`obo`fhgs. Nfs efmkrgs efmkr gs hf sfh pbrtg cg nb sfo`g sfo`gcbc cbc s`hf su ghtfr ghtfrhf. hf. Nb sfo`gc sfo`gcbc bc mfcgr mfcgrhb hb gs uh s`stg s`stgmb mb ofmpngjf ofmpugstf pfr ofmuh`obo`fhgs qug `hofrpfrb b su ghtfrhf (nfs sgrgs eumbhfs) pbrb nbs fpgrbo`fhgs gspgo`bn`zbcbs cg nfs c`vgrsfs suks`stgmbs duho`fhbngs< pgrf nf ebog ofhsgrvbhcf s`gmprg su onbusurb fpgrbo`fhbn. Gstg v`ghg b sgr gn ghuho`bcf pr`ho`pbn cg su tgfríb cg nb sfo`gcbc. „Gsoâhcbnf cg nb tgfríb”, eb sghtgho`bcf @ahbo`f @zuzqu`zb \7]. P hf ng dbntb rbzÿh. Nuembhh hf sÿnf rfmpg ofh gn mfhfpfn`f cg nb tgfríb cg nb boo`ÿh gh sfo`fnfaíb s`hf qug, bcgmâs, vb b ofhtrbofrr`ghtg cg nf qug àn cghfm`hbkb nb trbc`o`ÿh v`gjf-gurfpgb cg v`gjf-gurfpgb cg pghsbm`ghtf sfo`bn y pfnít`of. Gh gdgotf, Nuembhh kusobkb uh cfkng fkjgt`vf ofh su tgfríb: gh pr`mgr nuabr, qugríb cgspnbzbr nb pgrspgot`v pgrsp got`vb b trbc` trbc`o`fhbn o`fhbn cg bhân`s bhân`s`s `s sfo`fnÿ sfo`fnÿa`of, a`of, oghtrbcb gh gn `hc`v` `hc`v`cuf, cuf, ofmf cgpfs` cgpfs`tbr`f tbr`f cg vbnfrgs, cg hfrmbs y cg uhb rbo`fhbn`cbc mgc`fs-d`hgs, sfkrg ouyb kbsg sg gc`d`ob nb sfo`gcbc. Àn uk`ob nb rbo`fhbn`cbc b h`vgn cgn s`stgmb sfo`bn y cg nfs suks`stgmbs duho`fhbngs, gh nb dfrmb ofmf duho`f duh o`fhbh hbh y fpg fpgrbh rbh,, ght ghtbkn bknbhc bhcf f rgn rgnbo`f bo`fhgs hgs y rgc rgcuo` uo`ghc ghcf f nb ofm ofmpng pngj`c j`cbc bc cg sus rgs rgspgo pgot`v t`vfs fs ghtfrhfs. Nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs, gh fp`h`ÿh cg Nuembhh, prfogsbh sght`cf (gstb `cgb dug nb qug sfrprghc`ÿ g, `honusf, cgsuk`oÿ b Ebkgrmbs). _us ním`tgs hf sfh dís`ofs s`hf sfh ním`tgs cg sght`cf. Gn sght`cf v`ghg b sgr nb pfs`k`n`cbc cg gnga`r ghtrg c`st`htbs fpo`fhgs, pgrf s`h gn`m`hbr  cgd`h`t`vbmghtg nbs fpo`fhgs hf sgngoo`fhbcbs. Nb pfs`k`n`cbc cg gnga`r rbc`ob gh gn `hc`v`cuf< pgrf nbs fpo`fhgs ghtrg nbs qug sg gn`ag rgobgh gh gn s`stgmb sfo`bn. Hf sg pugcg gn`m`hbr nf qug hf sg gn`ag pfrqug nbs fpo`fhgs ghtrg nbs qug sg gn`ag sg mbht`ghgh, búh oubhcf ebybh s`cf hgabcbs, gh gstbcf cg nbtgho`b. Nf qug efy gs hgabcf mbòbhb pugcg sgr botubn`zbcf (hgabo`ÿh cg nb hgabo`ÿh). Gstb gs nb prgm`sb kbjf nb qug fpgrbh nfs s`stgmbs ofmuh`obo`fhbngs. Hbcb gstâ cgsobrtbcf. Gn sght`cf, ghtfhogs, hf rbc`ob gh nb sukjgt`v`cbc f gh nb ofho`gho`b. Nfs s`stgmbs cg ofho`gho`b, cg bougrcf ofh Nuembhh, hf prfogsbh sght`cf. Gs nb ofmuh`obo`ÿh nb qug prfvgg cg sght`cf b nb boo`ÿh, búh oubhcf hf prfcuog bougrcf. Nb ofmuh`obo`ÿh v`ghg b sgr uh dghÿmghf gmgraghtg, uhb rgbn`cbc su` aghgr`s, qug hf sg pugcg rgcuo`r b boo`fhgs `hc`v`cubngs. Nb ofho`gho`b hf ofmuh`ob: sÿnf nb ofmuh`obo`ÿh pugcg ofmuh`obr. Nb `mprfkbk`n`cbc cg nb ofmuh`obo`ÿh ebog pfs`kng gn sura`m`ghtf cg s`stgmbs duho`fhbngs gspgo`bn`zbcfs gh nb btgho`ÿh cg cgtgrm`hbcfs prfkngmbs. Gstfs s`stgmbs duho`fhbngs fpgrbh ofmf uhb rgc gspgo`bn`zbcb cg ofmuh`obo`fhgs gh ouyf mbrof ofkrb sght`cf nb boo`ÿh `hc`v`cubn. Ybrb Nuembhh, gstbs rgcgs gspgo`bn`zbcbs cg ofmuh`obo`fhgs, qug hf sfh ftrb ofsb qug nfs s`stgmbs duho`fhbngs, v`ghgh b sgr prfp`bmghtg nbs uh`cbcgs cg bhân`s`s sfo`fnÿa`of. Gh sgauhcf nuabr, Nuembhh sg prfpfhg supgrbr gn grrfr, muy drgoughtg gh nb tgfríb sfo`bn, cg tgmbt`zbr nb sfo`gcbc ofmf sfo`gcbc pfnít`ob f, gh su cgdgotf, ofmf sfo`gcbc oghtrbcb gh nb gofhfmíb. Gn pr`mbcf duho`fhbn cg nb pfnít`ob y/f cg nb gofhfmíb gs ftrb egrgho`b cg nb trbc`o`ÿh v`gjf-gurfpgbcg v`gjf-gurfpgb cg pghsbm`ght pghsbm`ghtf f sfo sfo`bn `bn qug Nue Nuembh mbhh h sfm sfmgtg gtg b orí orít`o t`ob. b. Gh su fp`h`ÿh, fp`h`ÿh, nb `cg `cgb b cg ofhogk`r nb sfo`gcbc ofmf sumb y, b nb vgz, ofmf tftbn`cbc, qug gs bnaf mâs qug nb sumb cg nbs pbr pbrtgs tgs,, gsghfks fksfng tb. _g ofrrgs ofr rgspfh pfhcg cg ofh gnNbpbr pbrbc` bc`amb amb hf s`stàm s`s tàm`of `of sgr pbrtg pbr tg / tfc tfcf f bmp bmpn`bm n`bmght ghtg g supgrbcf nbfngtb. tgfríb aghgrbn cg s`stgmbs. sfo`gcbc pugcg ofhogk`cb gh tàrm`hfs

 

fr frab abh` h`o` o`st stbs bs f `hc `hc`v `v`c `cub ubn`s n`stb tbss gh nb qu qug g nb nbss c` c`vg vgrs rsbs bs pbr pbrtg tgss cg cgnn s` s`st stgm gmb b bo boog ogcg cgh h b sg sgr  r  rgprgsghtb rgprg sghtbcbs cbs gh uh suks`stgmb, suks`stgmb, nnâmgs nnâmgsg g gstb gstbcf cf f sfo`gc sfo`gcbc bc o`v`n. Nuembhh ofho`kg nb sfo`gc sfo`gcbc bc ofmf uh s`stgmb sfo`bn butfrrgdgrghtg y butfpf`àt`of qug sg c`dgrgho`b `htgrhbmghtg gh c`dgrghtgs suks`stgmbs duho`fhbngs, obcb uhf cg nfs oubngs ofhsgrvbh su onbusurb fpgrbo`fhbn y sfh ghtfrhf rgspgotf b nfs ftrfs suks`stgmbs. Nb c`dgrgho`bo`ÿh duho`fhbn cgn s`stgmb sfo`bn gs s`muntâhgb b su c`dgrgho`bo`ÿh ofh rgspgotf b nfs s`stgmbs pgrsfhbngs gh gn prfogsf e`stÿr`of-gvfnut`vf. Nb sfo`gcbc mfcgrhb gs uhb sfo`gcbc duho`fhbnmghtg ofmpugstb pfr nb ofmuh`obo`fhgs. Nfsnbs`stgmbs duho`fhbngs, tbngs ofmf nb gofhfmíb, gn c`dgrgho`bcb brtg, gn cgrgoef, nb rgn`a`ÿh, dbm`n`b, nb o`gho`b, gcuobo`ÿh, gto., hf bcm`tgh sgr  rgprgsghtbcfs gh ftrf suks`stgmb, rbc`obcf gh su ghtfrhf, rgspgotf bn oubn ofhsgrvbh su onbusurb fpgrbo`fhbn. Nb c`dgrgho`bo`ÿh duho`fhbn gs efr`zfhtbn y hf vgrt`obn. Gsf gs nf qug c`dgrgho`b b nb sfo`gcbc mfcgrhb cg nbs sfo`gcbcgs gstrbt`d`obcbs prgmfcgrhbs. Nb sfo`gcbc mfcgrhb gs uhb sfo`gcbc s`h oghtrf. Hf gx`stg uhb c`spfs`o`ÿh jgrârqu`ob gh duho`ÿh cg nb oubn sg frcghgh nfs c`st`htfs s`stgmbs duho`fhbngs. Nb sfo`gcbc mfcgrhb, pfr nf tbhtf, hf pugcg sgr pghsbcb ofmf sfo`gcbc pfnít`ob f ofmf obp`tbn`smf. Nb pfnít`ob y nb gofhfmíb sfh suks`stgmbs duho`fhbngs c`dgrgho`bcfs qug, gh tfcf obsf, ebh pgrc`cf nb obpbo`cbc cg rgprgsghtbr b nb sfo`gcbc. Nuembhh hfs fdrgo Nuembhh fdrgog g uh ofhogptf cg s`stg s`stgmb mb sfo`bn hf rg`d` rg`d`obcf obcf qug gs `mpfrtbhtg `mpfrtbhtg cgstb cgstbobr. obr. Nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs t`ghgh gx`stgho`b rgbn, ofmf nfs s`stgmbs v`vfs y nfs s`stgmbs psíqu`ofs. Bn `aubn qug gstfs únt`mfs, gn s`stgmb sfo`bn sg prfcuog b sí m`smf. Gs butfp`àt`of: aghgrb su prfp`b gstruo gst ruotur turb b y nfs gngmghtf gngmghtfss qug nf ofm ofmpfh pfhgh. gh. Gn s`s s`stgm tgmb b bpr bprghc ghcg g cg su ght ghtfrh frhf: f: muc mucb b cg gstruoturb y cg gngmghtfs< pgrf gh tfcf mfmghtf mbht`ghg su onbusurb fpgrbo`fhbn. Nuembhh gs duho`fhbn`stb< pgrf gn suyf gs, ofmf àn m`smf nf eb sgòbnbcf, uh duho`fhbn`smf gstruoturbn : nb duho`ÿh t`ghg pr`fr`cbc sfkrg nb gstruoturb. Gh gn gstruoturbn duho`fhbn`smf onâs`of ([bcon`ddg( [bcon`ddg y Mbn`hfwsl`, gh nb bhtrfpfnfaíb, y Ybrsfhs, gh nb sfo`fnfaíb), sfo`fnfaíb ), nb duho`ÿh sg sukfrc`hb b nb Krfwh y Krfwh gstruoturb, qug gs nb qug nf cgtgrm`hb gh uhb rgnbo`ÿh pbrtg / tfcf. Ybrb Nuembhh, gh obmk`f, gn ofhogptf cg duho`ÿh t`ghg uh s`ah`d`obcf mâs bmpn`f qug gn cg gstruoturb. Nfs s`stgmbs duho`fhbngs pugcgh pugcg h mucbr cg gstr gstruotur uoturb, b, pgrf hf cg duho`ÿh, pfrqug gnnf gqu`vb gqu`vbncríb ncríb b cgorg cgorgtbr tbr su gxt`h gxt`ho`ÿh. o`ÿh. Nfs s`stgmbs duho`fhbngs sg bofpnbh gstruoturbnmghtg uhfs ofh ftrfs< pgrf hf aubrcbh uhb rgnbo`ÿh jgrârqu`ob qug nfs sukfrc`hb b uhb gstruoturb anfkbn f tftbn`zbcfrb. Gn duho`fhbn`smf cg Nuembhh sg c`stbho`b tbmk`àh cgn hgfduho`fhbn`smf qug sg mbht`ghg d`gn bn húongf tgÿr`of pbrsfh`bhf. _fo`ÿnfafs ofmf Jgddrgy Bngxbhcgr y Ybun Ofnfmy, gh nfs GG.WW., y [`oebrc Mþhoe, gh Bngmbh`b, pnbhtgbh uhb ofht`hu`cbc ofh nb tgfríb cg Ybrsfhs g `htghtbh rgoupgrbr nb fr`ghtbo`ÿh s`htàt`ob cg su fkrb tgmprbhb. Gs cgo`r, vugnvgh sfkrg nfs ofhogptfs cg frcgh y boo`ÿh qug sfh oghtrbngs gh „Nb gstruoturb cg nb boo`ÿh sfo`bn” \4] \4]. Gh gstg mbrof, pfr  gjgmpnf, sg bmpníb nb hfo`ÿh cg boo`ÿh, `hofrpfrbhcf uhb c`mghs`ÿh gxprgs`vb, qug sg bargab b nb c`mghs`ÿh hfrmbt`vb y b nb c`mghs`ÿh rbo`fhbn, yb gx`stghtgs. Hbcb mâs ngjfs cg Nuembhh, s`h nuabr b cucbs. Gn sfo`ÿnfaf bngmâh hf sÿnf prgso`hcg cg nb tgfríb cg nb boo`ÿh s`hf qug, bcgmâs, nb tgfríb cg nb ofmuh`obo`ÿh, ofh nb qug nb rggmpnbzb, hf hgogsbr`bmghtg gs s`hÿh`mf cg frcgh. Nb ofmuh`obo`ÿh hf gxonuyg gn ofhdn`otf y pugcg ofhcuo`r `aubnmghtg bn ofhsghsf ofmf bn c`sghsf. Gstf gs prgo`sbmghtg nf qug c`dgrgho`b b nb n b tgfríb cg Nuembhh ofh rgspgotf b nb cg Ebkgrmbs y cg nfs hgfduho`fhbn`stbs. Nb fkrb cg Nuembhh gs kbstbhtg vfnum`hfsb. Ofmprghcg mâs cg oubrghtb n`krfs y o`ghtfs cg brtíounfs y ghsbyfs, bsí ofmf ofhdgrgho`bs, pukn`obcfs gh rgv`stbs gspgo`bn`zbcbs cg tfcf gn muhcf. _u fkrb `honuyg tbhtf `hvgst`abo`fhgs cg obrâotgr aghgrbn sfkrg nb tgfríb cg s`stgmbs y nb tgfríb cg nb sfo`gcbc ofmf mfhfarbdíbs gspgo`bn`zbcbs fr`ghtbcbs b gsonbrgogr gn duho`fhbm`ghtf cg nfs c`st`htfs s`stgmbs duho`fhbngs, tbngs ofmf nb pfnít`ob, gn cgrgoef, nb gcuobo`ÿh, nb `ht`m`cbc, nb o`gho`b, nb rgn`a`ÿh, gto. Ghtrg sus pr`ho`pbngs fkrbs cg obrâotgr aghgrbn pukn`obcbs gh obstgnnbhf cgstbobh: § „@nustrbo`ÿh sfo`fnÿa`ob y ftrfs ghsbyfs”  (tgxtf  (tgxtf trbcuo`cf sfnf pbro`bnmghtg)< § „_fo`gcbc y _`stgmb. Nb bmk`o`ÿh cg nb g`hgr Bnnagmg`hgh Segfr`g”  , pukn`obcf ghtgfríb” 2053)< (obpítunf pr`mgrf cg „_fz`bng _ystgmg. Aruhc`ssg

 

§ "_`stgmbs _fo`bngs. N`hgbm`ghtfs pbrb uhb tgfríb Aghgrbn" < § "_fo`fnfaíb cgn [`gsaf" < § „Sgfríb cg nb sfo`gcbc” (gh ofbutfríb ofh [bddbgng cg Agfra`)< § „Nb o`gho`b cg nb sfo`gcbc”  (trbcuoo`ÿh   (trbcuoo`ÿh ofmpngtb cg„Q`ssghsoebdt cg„Q`ssghsoebdt cgr Agsgnnsoebd” , pukn`obcf gh 2009)< § „Fksgrvbo`fhgs cg nb mfcgrh`cbc …” < § "Ofmpngj`cbc y mfcgrh`cbc. Cg nb uh`cbc b nb c`dgrgho`b" < § "@htrfcuoo`ÿh b nb tgfríb cg s`stgmbs” < y § „Sgfríb cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs @@”. Gstfs cfs únt`mfs, sfh tgxtfs sgngoo`fhbcfs y trbcuo`cfs pfr Jbv`gr Sfrrgs Hbdbrrbtg. Ghtrg nbs mfhfarbdíbs gspgo`bn`zbcbs cg Nuembhh, pukn`obcbs gh gspbòfn, sg cgstbobh nbs nb s s`au`ghtgs: § "_`stgmb juríc`of y cfamât`ob juríc`ob" < § „Gn bmfr ofmf pbs`ÿh. Nb ofc`d`obo`ÿh cg nb `ht`m`cbc” < § "Sgfríb pfnít`ob gh gn Gstbcf cg k`ghgstbr"  k `ghgstbr" < § "Yfcgr" < § "Gn s`stgmb gcuobt`vf. Yrfkngmbs cg [gdngx`ÿh"  (gh  (gh ofbutfríb ofh Lbrn Gkgrebrc _oefrr)< y § „ Sgfríb Sgfríb cg nb sfo`gcbc y pgcbafaíb”. Whb n`stb ofmpngtb cg nbs fkrbs cg Nuembhh y cg nb tgfríb s`stàm`ob cg nb sfo`gcbc pukn`obcbs gh obstgnnbhf sg prgsghtb gh gn Bhgxf. Nb fkrb mâs bmk`o`fsb cg Nuembhh, „C`g Agsgnnsoebdt cgr  Agsgnnsoebdt” , pukn`obcb gh 2,001, búh hf oughtb ofh trbcuoo`ÿh bn obstgnnbhf. H`lnbs Nuembhh dbnngo`ÿ gn v`grhgs 4 cg hfv`gmkrg cg 2,005, gh K`gngdgnc, nb o`ucbc bngmbhb gh nb qug v`v`ÿ nfs únt`mfs trg`htb bòfs cg su v`cb. Gstbkb prÿx`mf b oumpn`r nfs 12 bòfs cg gcbc.

9; / 94 / ;,997 Bhgxf FK[B_ CG H@LNB_ NWEMBHH P NB SGF[ÍB _@_SÀM@OB CG NB _FO@GCBC YWKN@OBCB_ GH OB_SGNNBHF Nb Nb k`kn`farbdíb  k`kn`farbdíb qug bquí cbmfs b rgofag nf nfss n`krfs, ghsbyfs y brtíounfs cg H`lnbs Nuembhh qug ebh s`cf trbcuo`cfs bn obstgnnbhf ebstb nb dgoeb. Gh nf qug rgspgotb b nfs ghsbyfs y n`krfs qug vgrsbh sfkrg nb fkrb cg Nuembhh, nb n`stb qug bquí sg cb b ofhfogr gs kbstbhtg ofmpngtb. Nf m`smf fourrg ofh nfs tgxtfs sfkrg nb tgfríb s`stàm`ob cg nb sfo`gcbc. Nfs tgxtfs sgòbnbcfs ofh uh bstgr`sof ghtrg pbràhtgs`s sfh cg ngoturb `mprgso`hc`kng pbrb ofmprghcgr nb fkrb cgn sfo`ÿnfaf bngmâh. _g rgofm`ghcb b nbs pgrsfhbs `htgrgsbcbs gh ofhfogr gn pghsbm`ghtf cg Nuembhh, ebogrnf b trbvàs cg nfs trbkbjf cg @. @zuzqu`zb, M. Brhfnc y Sfrrgs Hbdbrrbtg (sfkrg tfcf su " hftb `htrfcuotfr`b"  b   b nb "Sgfríb cg nb _fo`gcbc"  cg   cg Nuembhh y Cg Agfra`). Nfs tgxtfs cg Obmfu y Obstrf ("Nb ("Nb sfo`gcbc ofmpngjb" ), ), Brr`bab, Afhzângs y Ofrs` y ftrfs tbmk`àh s`rvgh pbrb gstg prfpÿs`tf.

B.

Fkrbs cg H`lnbs Nuembhh gh obstgnnbhf:

2,01? „@nustrbo`ÿh sfo`fnÿa`ob y ftrfs ghsbyfs” . Gc`o`fhgs _ur. Ks. Bs. - Braght`hb. 2,052 "Nb `mprfkbk`n`cbc cg nb ofmuh`obo`ÿh" . Gh: [gv`stb @htgrhbo`fhbn cg O`gho`bs _fo`bngs. UUU@@@ 2,05?b "_`stgmb juríc`of y cfamât`ob juríc`ob" . Oghtrf cg gstuc`fs ofhst`tuo`fhbngs. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb, 2,05?k "D`h y rbo`fhbn`cbc gh nfs s`stgmbs. _fkrg s`stgmbs.  _fkrg nb duho`ÿh cg nfs d`hgs gh nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs  sfo`bngs   " . Gc`tfrb Hbo`fhbn. Mbcr`c ‟ Gspbòb (g. f., 2045 ). 2,057b „Gn bmfr ofmf pbs`ÿh. Nb ofc`d`obo`ÿh cg nb `ht`m`cbc” . Gc`o`fhgs Yghíhsunb. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. (*) 2,057k „Nb tgfríb cg nb c`dgrgho`bo`ÿh sfo`bn” . Gh: [gv`stb cg Foo`cghtg, Hf. 13-17. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb.

 

2,054 "Nb tgfríb mfcgrhb cgn s`stgmb ofmf dfrmb cg bhân`s`s sfo`bn ofmpngjf" (2012). Gh: _fo`fnÿa`ob. WBM-B, Hf. 2. Màx`of, C. D. 2,051 "Nb tgfríb cg nb c`dgrgho`bo`ÿh sfo`bn" . Gh: [gv`stb cg Foo`cghtg. Hf. 17 - 14. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. 2,050 "Nb mfrbn sfo`bn y su rgdngx`ÿh àt`ob" . Gh: U Ybnbo`fs & D. Jbrbutb (ofmp`nbcfrgs). „[bzÿh, „ [bzÿh, Àt`ob y  Yfnít`ob. Gn ofhdn`otf gh nbs sfo`gcbcgs mfcgrhbs mfcgrhbs”. ”. Gc`t. Bhterfpfs. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. 2,009b „_fo`gcbc „_fo`gcbc y _`stgmb. Nb bmk`o`ÿh cg nb tgfríb” . Gc`t. Yb`cfs. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. (g. f., gh bngmâh: 2053). (*) 2,009k 2,009 k (y Lbrn Gkgre Gkgrebrc brc _oefr _oefrr). r). „Yrgsu Yrgsupugst pugstfs fs gstru gstruotur oturbngs bngs cg Whb pgcba pgcbafaíb faíb rgdfr rgdfrm`stb m`stb.. Bhân`s Bhân`s`s `s sfo`fnÿa`of cg nb pgcbafaíb mfcgrhb mfcgrhb”. ”. Gh: [gv`stb cg Gcuobo`ÿh. ;02.b Màx`of. 2,002b "_`s "_`stgm tgmbs bs _fo _fo`bn `bngs. gs. N`h N`hgbm gbm`gh `ghtfs tfs pbr pbrb b uhb tgfríb tgf ríb Aghgrb Agh grbn"  n" . Hº Bn`bhz Bn` bhzb Gc`tfr Gc` tfr`bn `bnC.-D.Wh`v Wh`vgrs grs`cb `cbc c @kgrfbmgr`obhb. Màx`of. (*) 2,002k "Ofmpngj`cbc y _`ah`d`obcf" . Gh: Krgv`br`f Yfnít`of. O@CG, Hf. 1 - 5. Màx`of, C. D. 2,002o "¶Sgfríb cg nb sfo`gcbc f tgohfnfaíb sfo`bn6" . Gc`t. Bmfrrfrtu. Ks. Bs. - Braght`hb. 2,00;b „ Gh Gh gn fobsf cg nb sfo`fnfaíb orít`ob”.  Gh: Nb Ofngoo`ÿh cg Kbkgn. Hf. 2 Wh`v. cg Aubcbnbjbrb ‟ Màx`of. 2,00;k „[gn`a`ÿh y sfo`gcbc„.  Gh. [gv`stb cg nb WHBM, Hf. 301. Màx`of, C. D. 2,00;o "_fo`fnfaíb cgn [`gsaf" . Wh`vgrs`cbc @kgrfbmàr`obhb - Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Aubcbnbjbrb. Màx`of. 2,00?b 2,0 0?b (y [bd [bddbg dbgng ng cg Agf Agfra` ra`)) „Sgfríb cg nb sfo`gcbc”.Wh` sfo`gcbc”.Wh`vgr vgrs`cb s`cbc c cg Aub Aubcbnb cbnbjbr jbrb b / Wh`v Wh`vgrs grs`cb `cbc c @kgrfbmgr`obhb / @hst`tutf Sgohfnÿa`of y cg Gstuc`fs _upgr`frgs cg Foo`cghtg - Màx`of (*). 2,00?k „B Gh:[gv [gv`st `stb b cg Foo Foo`cg `cghtg htg.. Hf. Hf. „But utffr ffrab abh` h`zb zbo` o`ÿh ÿh g `h `hdf dfrm rmbo bo`ÿ `ÿh h gh gn s` s`st stgm gmb b pf pfnínít`t`of of”  ” . Gh: 272. C`o`gmkrg. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. 2,00?o "Sgfríb pfnít`ob gh gn Gstbcf cg k`ghgstbr"  k `ghgstbr" . Bn`bhzb Gc`tfr`bn. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. 2,00 2, 00?c ?c (y Lb Lbrn rn Gk Gkgr greb ebrc rc _o _oef efrr rr)) "G "Gnn s` s`st stgm gmb b gc gcuo uobt bt`v `vf. f. Yr Yrfkn fkngm gmbs bs cg [g [gdndngx gx`ÿ `ÿh"  h" . Wh` Wh`vgr vgrs`c s`cbc bc @kgrfbmgr`obhb. Aubcbnbjbrb - Màx`of. 2,003b "Wh`cbc y c`dgrgho`bo`ÿh gh nb sfo`gcbc mfcgrhb" . Gh: Botb _fo`fnÿa`ob, _fo`fnÿa`ob, Hf 2;. WHBM - Dbountbc cg O`gho`bs Yfnít`obs y _fo`bngs. Màx`of, C. D. 2,003k "Obp`tbn`smf y Wtfpíb" . Gh: Botb _fo`fnÿa`ob, Hf 2;. WHBM - Dbountbc cg O`gho`bs Yfnít`obs y _fo`bngs. Màx`of, C. D. 2,003o „Nb „Nb rgspfhsbk`n`cbc sfo`bn cg nb _fo`fnfaíb”. _fo`fnfaíb ”. Gh:Ofhvgagho`b, Gh:Ofhvgagho`b, [gv`stb cg O`gho`bs _fo`bngs.  Bòf ;. Hº 1. Sfnuob - Màx`of. Màx`of. 2,003c „Nfs „Nfs prf prfkngm kngmbs bs cg nb `hv `hvgst gst`ab `abo`ÿ o`ÿh h gh nb _fo _fo`fn `fnfaí faíb b ”. Gh Gh::Ofhvgagho`b, [gv [gv`st `stb b cg O`gh O`gho`b o`bss _fo`bngs. Bòf ;. Hº 1. Sfnuob - Màx`of. 2,007b "Oÿmf sg pugcg fksgrvbr gstruoturbs nbtghtgs". Gh Ybun :Qbtznbw`ol y Ygtgr Lr`ga (ofmps.). "Gn fjf cgn fks fksgrv grvbcf bcfr. r. Ofh Ofhtr` tr`kuo kuo`fh `fhgs gs bn ofh ofhstr struot uot`v`s `v`smf. mf. Efm Efmghb ghbjg jg b Eg` Eg`hz hz vfh Dfg Dfgrst rstgr"  gr" . Gc Gc`t`t.. Agc`sb. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. 2,007k "Yfcgr" . Gc`t. Bhterfpfs. Kbrognfhb ‟ Gspbòb (g.f., 2017). 2,007o „ Nb Nb butfpf`gs`s cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs” . Gh: Zfhb Bk`grtb, Hf. 19/12. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. `hc`v`cubn`smf”. Gh: Zfhb Bk`grtb, Hf. 19/12. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. 2,007c „@hc`v`cuf, `hc`v`cubn`cbc, `hc`v`cubn`smf”. Gh: 2,004b „Ofhd`bhzb” . Gc`t. Bhterfpfs. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb (g. f., 2045). 2,004b „Ofhd`bhzb”  2,004k „Nb o`gho`b cg nb sfo`gcbc”. Bhterfpfs sfo`gcbc”. Bhterfpfs / Wh`vgrs`cbc @kgrfbmgr`obhb / @SG_F - Màx`of. (*) 2,004o "@h "@htrf trfcuo cuoo`ÿ o`ÿh h b nb tgf tgfríb ríb cg s`s s`stgm tgmbs. bs. Ngo Ngoo`f o`fhgs hgs puk pukn`ob n`obcbs cbs pfr Jbv Jbv`gr `gr Sfr Sfrrgs rgs Hbd Hbdbrr brrbtg btg"  " .  Bhterfpfs / Wh`vgrs`cbc @kgrfbmgr`obhb @kgrfbmgr`obhb / @tgsb. Màx`of, Màx`of, C. D. 2,004c „ Sgfríb Sgfríb cg nb sfo`gcbc y pgcbafaíb”. Gc`t. Yb`cÿs. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. 2,004g „Gn ofhogptf cg r`gsaf”. Gh: Kgr`b`h (2004). 2,004d „Gn duturf ofmf r`gsaf” . Gh: Kgr`b`h (2004). 2,004a „Nb ofht`hagho`b ofmf btr`kutf gh nb sfo`gcbc mfcgrhb” . Gh: Kgr`b`h (2004). 2,004e „ Yfnít`ofs, Yfnít`ofs, efhgst`cbc y nb bntb bmfrbn`cbc cg nb pfnít`ob”.Gh: pfnít`ob”.Gh: HGUW_, mbrzf cg 2004. Màx`of, C. D. 2,004` „   Butfrrgdgrgho`b y egtgrfrrgdgrgho`b”  \Obp.   \Obp. ; cg C`g [gbn`tãt cgr Mbssghmgc`gh]. M`mgf (trbc. J. Sfrrgs Hbdbrrbtg). 2,001b „Fr „Frabh abh`zbo `zbo`ÿh `ÿh y cgo`s` cgo`s`ÿh. ÿh. Butfpf Butfpf`às `às`s, `s, boo`ÿh boo`ÿh y ghtghc ghtghc`m` `m`ght ghtf f ofmuh` ofmuh`obt obt`vf `vf”. ”. Wh`vgrs`cbc @kgrfbmgr`obhb/Bhterfpfs. Kbrognfhb ‟ Màx`of (g.f., 2015). 2,001k „Fks „Fksgr grvb vbo` o`fh fhgs gs cg nb mfc fcgr grh` h`cb cbc. c. [bo bo`f `fhb hbn`n`c cbc y ofht ofht`h `ha agh gho` o`b b gh nb sfo fo`g `gc cbc  mfcgrhb”. Gc`t. Y`bcfs. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. 2,001o „Yrfk „Yrfkngmbs ngmbs ofh gn o`grrg o`grrg fpgrbt`vf”  fpgrbt`vf” . Gh: _upngmghtf BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 21?/213. Kbrognfhb Gspbòb. 2,001c „Nb ounturb ofmf ofhogptf e`stÿr`of” . Gh: E`stfr`b y Arbdíb, Hf. 5. Màx`of, C. D.

 

2,005b "¶Ruà gs ofmuh`obo`ÿh6" . Gh: „Sbnÿh cg Bqu`ngs”, Bqu`ngs”, Bòf 2, Hf. 2, rgv`stb gngotrÿh`ob kbjf nb c`rgoo`ÿh cg Gc`sfh Ftgrf. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng, 2005.. (*) 2,005k "Ofmpngj`cbc y Mfcgrh`cbc. Cg nb uh`cbc b nb c`dgrgho`b" . Gc`t. Srfttb. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. 2,005o "Butf Wh`vgrs`cbc s`cbc @kgr @kgrfbmgr fbmgr`obhb `obhb / Bhter Bhterfpfs. fpfs. "Butfpf`às` pf`às`s, s, boo`ÿh y ghtgh ghtghc`m`gh c`m`ghtf tf ofmuh ofmuh`obt`v `obt`vf"  f" . Wh`vgr Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. 2,000b.„Gn 2,000b. „Gn ofh ofhfo`m fo`m`gh `ghtf tf ofm ofmf f ofh ofhstr struoo uoo`ÿh `ÿh”. ”. Gh:  Gh: „S „Sgf gfrí ríb b cg nfs s` s`st stgm gmbs bs sf sfo` o`bng bngss @@ @@”  ” . Wh` Wh`vgr vgrs`c s`cbc bc @kgrfbmgr`obhb / Ofngoo`ÿh Sgfríb _fo`bn - Màx`of. 2,000k „G „Gnn pr prfa farrbm bmb b cg ofh fhfo fo`m `m`g `ght htf f cg cgnn ofh fhst stru ruoot` t`v` v`sm smf f y nb rgb gbn`n`cb cbc c qu qug g pg pgrrmb mbhg hgoog cgsofhfo`cb”. cgsofhfo`cb”. Gh „Sgfríb cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs @@” . Wh`vgrs`cbc @kgrfbmgr`obhb / Ofngoo`ÿh Sgfríb _fo`bn - Gh Màx`of. 2,000o „N „Nb b of ofhc hc`o `o`ÿ `ÿh h cg nb ob obus usbn bn`c `cbc bc”. ”. Gh:  Gh: „S „Sgf gfrí ríb b cg nf nfss s` s`st stgm gmbs bs sf sfo` o`bn bngs gs @@ @@”  ” . Wh` Wh`vgr vgrs`c s`cbc bc @kgrfbmgr`obhb / Ofngoo`ÿh Sgfríb _fo`bn ‟ Màx`of. 2,000c „Gn brtg ofmf muhcf”. Gh: Gh: „Sgfríb  „Sgfríb cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs @@” . Wh`vgrs`cbc @kgrfbmgr`obhb / Ofngoo`ÿh Sgfríb _fo`bn ‟ Màx`of. 2,000g „Srbc`o`ÿh y mfcgrh`cbc: nbs rgnbo`fhgs ghtrg nb rgn`a`ÿh y o`gho`b”.  Gh: „Sgfríb cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs @@” . Wh`vgrs`cbc @kgrfbmgr`obhb / Ofngoo`ÿh Sgfríb _fo`bn - Màx`of. 2,000d „Nb sfo`fnfaíb y gn efmkrg”. Gh: efmkrg”. Gh: „Sgfríb cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs @@”. Wh`vgrs`cbc @kgrfbmgr`obhb / Ofngoo`ÿh Sgfríb _fo`bn ‟ Màx`of.

K.

Fkrbs sfkrg H. Nuembhh y nb Sgfríb _`stàm`ob cg nb _fo`gcbc gh obstgnnbhf:

 BB.TT. 2,001 „ H`lnbs H`lnbs Nuembhh. Ebo`b uhb tgfríb o`ghtíd`ob cg nb sfo`gcbc ”  ”.  Gh: _upngmghtf BHSE[FYF_, _upngmghtf BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 21?/213. Kbrognfhb ‟ Gspbòb.  BNB[OßH F., T`otfr. 2,002 "H`lnbs Nuembhh: ¶únt`mb nnbmbcb pbrb nb tgfríb sfo`bn6". Gh: Krgv`br`f Yfnít`of. O@CG, Hf. 1 - 5. Màx`of, C. D.  BNGUBHCG[, Jgddrgy. 2,050 "Nb tgfríb sfo`fnÿa`ob cgscg nb sgauhcb augrrb muhc`bn" . Gc`t. Agc`sb. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. (*)  BNMB[BZ, Jfsà. Gh: BHSE[FYF_,  BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 2,001 „H`lnbs Nuembhh: nb tgfríb cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs bhtgs cg nb butfpf`gs`s”.  butfpf`gs`s”.  Gh: 21?/213. Kbrognfhb ‟ Gspbòb.  BHSE[FYF_ (_upngmghtf Gspgo`bn) Hf. 21?/213. 21?/213. 2,001 „ H`lnbs H`lnbs Nuembhh, ebo`b uhb tgfríb o`ghtíd`ob cg nb sfo`gcbc ”” .  Kbrognfhb ‟ Gspbòb.  B[HFNC, Mbrognf. 2,055 "Sgfríb cg _`stgmbs. Hugvfs pbrbc`ambs: Ghdfqug cg H`lnbs Nuembhh".  DNBO_F. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,002 „Sgfríb cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs: Nb kbsg cg nb tgfríb Nuembhh`bhb” . Gh: [gv`stb cg Gstuc`fs _fo`bngs, H. 40._`stàm`ob: _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. y Yrfpfo`s`fhgs" . Gh: [gv`stb cg Gstuc`fs _fo`bngs, H. 17. 2,00; "@hvgst`abo`ÿh Bnobhogs _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,001b „ Sgmbs Sgmbs mgtfcfnÿa`ofs gh nb `hvgst`abo`ÿh cg sgauhcf frcgh”  frcgh ” . Gh: _upngmghtf BHSE[FYF_, _upngmghtf BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 21?/213. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. 2,001k   „ @htrfcuoo` @htrfcuoo`ÿh ÿh b nbs Gp`stgmfnfa Gp`stgmfnfaíbs íbs _`stàm`of _`stàm`of Ofhstruot` Ofhstruot`v`stbs v`stbs”. ”. Gh: „ O`htb O`htb cg Mfgk`f” , Hf. ;. 2,001k [gv`stb Gngotrÿh`ob cg Gp`stgmfnfaíb y OO. __. cg nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng. 2,005 „[goursfs pbrb nb `hvgst`abo`ÿh s`stàm`of/ofhstruot`v`stb”.Gh: s`stàm`of/ofhstruot`v`stb”. Gh: „ O O`htb `htb cg Mfgk`f” , Hf. ?. [gv`stb Gngotrÿh`ob cg Gp`stgmfnfaíb y OO. __. cg nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng. ;,99? „Duh „Duhcbm cbmght ghtfs fs cgn Of Ofhst hstruo ruot`v t`v`sm `smf f _fo _fo`fp `fpf`àt f`àt`of `of”. ”. Gh:  Gh:„  „ O`ht O `htb b cg Mf Mfgk gk`f”  `f” , Hf Hf.. 25 25.. [g [gv` v`sstb Gngotrÿh`ob cg Gp`stgmfnfaíb y OO. __. cg nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng.  B[HFNC, Mbrognf y Cbr`f [FC[ÍAWGZ. [FC[ÍAWGZ. 2,009b "Or`s`s y obmk`f gh nb o`gho`b sfo`bn ofhtgmpfrâhgb" . Gh: [gv`stb cg Gstuc`fs _fo`bngs, Hf. 47. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng 2,009k "Gn Ygrspgot`v`smf gh nb Sgfríb _fo`fnÿa`ob". Gh: _fo`fnÿa`ob".  Gh: [gv`stb cg Gstuc`fs _fo`bngs, Hf. 43. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,002 "_fo`gcbc y Sgfríb cg _`stgmbs".  _`stgmbs".   Gc`tfr`bn Wh`vgrs`tbr`b. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng (*).

 

F_F[@F  B[HFNC, Mbrognf y Drbho`sof F_F[@F 2,005 „@htrfcuoo`ÿh b nfs ofhogptfs cg nb tgfríb aghgrbn cg s`stgmbs” . s`stgmbs” . Gh: „ O O`htb `htb cg Mfgk`f” , Hf. ?. [gv`stb Gngotrÿh`ob cg Gp`stgmfnfaíb y OO. __. cg nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng.  B[HFNC, Mbrognf y Dgrhbhcf [FKNG_. [FKNG_. ;,999 „G   xpnfrbhcf obm`hfs trbhs`nustrbcfs mâs bnnâ cgn hgfpfs`t`v`smf. Gp`stgmfnfaíbs Gp`stgmfnfaíbs pbrb gn s`anf UU@” . Gh:„  Gh: „ O`htb O`htb cg Mfgk`f” , Hf. 1. [gv`stb Gngotrÿh`ob cg Gp`stgmfnfaíb y OO. __. cg nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng.  B[[@BAB ÂNTB[GZ, Gm`n`f Agrbrcf. ;,99? „Nb tgfríbMbyf cg H`lnbs Nuembhh Nuembhh”  . Gh: „ Ofhvgragho`b”  Ofhvgragho`b” , Hf. ?;. Wh`vgrs`cbc Wh`vgrs`cbc Butÿhfmb cgn Gstbcf cg Màx`of. ‟ Bafstf, ;99? ” (*). KBNBHC@G[, Agfrags. 2,00? „Gn cgsfr cgsfrcgh. cgh. Nb tgfrí tgfríb b cgn obfs y nbs o`gho o`gho`bs `bs sfo`b sfo`bngs. ngs. Gnfa` Gnfa`f f cg nb dgouhc`cbc dgou hc`cbc cgn  mfv`m`ghtf” . Gc`t. Agc`sb. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb (g. f., gh drbhoàs: 2055). KBSG_FH, Argafry. 2,074 „@hd „@hdfr frmb mbo` o`ÿh ÿh y Ofc` Ofc`d`d`ob obo` o`ÿh ÿh:: uh gh ghdf dfqu qug g D`nfs D`nfsÿd ÿd`o `of”  f” . Gh: Jþragh [ugse y Argafry Kbtgsfh. „Ofmuh`obo`ÿh: Nb Mbtr`z sfo`bn cg nb Ys`qu`btríb” . Gc`t. Y`bcfs. Ks. Bs. - Braght`hb. B raght`hb. 2,014 „Ybsfs ebo`b uhb Gofnfaíb cg nb Mghtg” . Gc`o`fhgs Obrnfs Nfn`à Ks. Bs. - Braght`hb. KG[@B@H, Jfsgtxf. 2,004b (Ofmp`nbcfr) „Nb „Nbss ofhsgo ofhsgougho ugho`bs `bs pgrvgr pgrvgrsbs sbs cg nb mfcgrh mfcgrh`cb `cbc. c. Mfcgrh Mfcgrh`cb `cbc, c, ofht`h ofht`hagh agho`b o`b y   Bhterfpfs. Kbrognfhb ‟ Gspbòb (Gstg (Gstg n`krf ofht`ghg vbr`fs gxtrbotfs cg nb fkr fkrb b cg Nuembhh r`gsaf”. Bhterfpfs. trbcuo`cfs gspgo`bnmghtg pfr gn ofmp`nbcfr). 2,004k „Nb „Nb pb pbrb rbcfj cfjb b cg nb gxpb gxpbhs hs`ÿ `ÿh h cg fp fpo` o`fh fhgs gs gh gn ob obp` p`tb tbn`s n`smf mf tb tbrc rcíf íf”. ”. Gh: BHSE[F BHSE[FYF_ YF_,, Hf. 21?/213. Kbrognfhb Kbrognfhb ‟ Gspbòb. KG[SBNBHDDP, Nucw`a vfh. 2,015 "E`stfr`b y s`tubo`ÿh cg nb tgfríb aghgrbn cg s`stgmbs" . Gh: N. vfh Kgrtbnbhddy, [fss BsekyA. M. Qg`kgra y ftrfs."Sghcgho`bs ftrfs."Sghcgho`bs gh nb tgfríb aghgrbn cg s`stgmbs" . Bn`bhzb Wh`vgrs`cbc. Mbcr`c Gspbòb. KWOLNGP, Qbntgr. 2,05; "Nb sfo`fnfaíb y nb mfcgrhb tgfríb cg nfs s`stgmbs" . Gc`t. Bmfrrfrtu. Ks. Bs. - Braght`hb. (*) OBMFW, Bhtfh`f y Jfsà Gstgkbh OB_S[F. 2,001   „Nb _fo`gcbc Ofmpngjb. Ghsbyfs gh tfrhf b nb fkrb cg H`lnbs 2,001 Nuembhh” . DNBO_F. Màx`of, C. D. (*) OEG[H@NF _SG@HG[, Cbh`gn. 2,000 „@htga „@htgarbo rbo`ÿh `ÿh y C`d C`dgrg grgho` ho`bo`ÿ bo`ÿh. h. Nb tgf tgfrí ríb b cg nfs mgc mgc`fs `fs s`m s`mkÿn kÿn`ob `obmgh mghtg tg agh aghgrb grbn`z n`zbcf bcfss ofm ofmf f  prfarbmb prfargs`vf cg `hvgst`abo`ÿh” . Gh: „ O`htb O`htb cg Mfg Mfgk`f k`f”  ” , Hf. 4. [gv [gv`st `stb b Gng Gngotr otrÿh` ÿh`ob ob cg Gp`stgmfnfaíb y OO. __. cg nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng. OFNFM, B. & J. O. MÅN@OE. 2,003 „Nb „Nb sfo`gcbc ofmf s`stgmb: H`lnbs Nuembhh”. Nuembhh ”. Gh: „Cgspuàs „Cgspuàs cg nb Mfcgrh`cbc. Hugvbs d`nfsfdíb cg  

2,054 2,00? 2,004 2,001 2,001

nb gcuobo`ÿh”. gcuobo`ÿh ”. Gc`t. Gspfs`tf, Y`bcfs. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. OF[_@, A`bhobrnf< Gnghb y Onbuc`f KB[BNC@. 2.004 „Anfsbr`f sfkrg nb tgfríb sfo`bn cg H`lnbs Nuembhh”. Nuembhh ”. Wh`vgrs`cbc @kgrfbmàr`obhb. Màx`of, C. D (*). G__G[, J.   2,009 "Nb tgfríb gstruoturbn - duho`fhbn`stb cgn s`stgmb cg Nuembhh" . (@hàc`tf). AB[OÍB KNBHOF, Jfsà Mbríb. „ Yfcgr Yfcgr y nga`t`mbo`ÿh gh nb tgfríb sfo`fnÿa`ob cg H`lnbs Nuembhh ” . Gh: [gv`stb @htgrhbo`fhbn Cg _fo`fnfaíb. Hf. 33. „ [bo`fhbn`cbc [bo`fhbn`cbc y r`gsaf gh nb `cght`cbc cg nbs sfo`gcbcgs ofmpngjbs ” . Gh: NBMF & [FC[@AWGZ @KÂÒGZ.„Yrfkngmbs @KÂÒGZ. „Yrfkngmbs cg Sgfríb sfo`bn ofhtgmpfrâhgb” . O.@._. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. „ Ofmpngj Ofmpngj`cb `cbc c sfo`bn sfo`bn y ofmpngj ofmpngj`cb `cbc c sfo`fn sfo`fnÿa` ÿa`ob: ob: uhb pgrspg pgrspgot` ot`vb vb ofhst ofhstruo ruot`v t`v`st `stb b ” . Gh: YG[GZYG[GZ BAFSG & _BHOEGZ CG NB PHOG[B. „Ofmpngj`cbc y Sgfríb _fo`bn” . O.@._. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. _upngmghtfs BHSE[FYF_, BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 21?/213. 21?/213. „   Butfpf`gs`s: uh hugvf pbrbc`amb sfo`fnÿa`of”  sfo`fnÿa`of” . Gh: _upngmghtfs Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. AB[OÍB [WÍZ, Ybknf. „ N Nfs fs mgc` mgc`fs fs s` s`mk mkÿn ÿn`of `ofss ¶cg ¶cg of ofmu muh` h`ob obo`ÿ o`ÿh h f cg `htg `htgro robm bmk` k`f6 f6:: gn ngab ngabcf cf pb pbrs rsfh fh`bh `bhf f gh Nuembhh”  Nuembhh ” . Gh: _upngmghtfs BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 21?/213. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb.

 

A@CCGH_, Bhtefhy. 2,00?b „Ofhsgougho`bs „Ofhsgougho`bs  cg cg  nb nb  mfcgrh`cbc” . Bn`bhzb Gc`tfr`bn. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. (g.f., gh `hanàs: `ha nàs: 2009). 2,00?k „N „Nb b v`c v`cb b gh gh uhb uhb sf sfo` o`gc gcbc bc pf pfst st trbc tr bc`o `o`f `fhb hbn”  n” . Gh: „[gv`stb cg foo`cghtg” . Hf. 279. Hfv`gmkrg. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. ANG@OL, J.   2,055 „Obfs. Nb orgbo`ÿh cg uhb o`gho`b” . Gc`t. _g`x Kbrrbn.Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. AFHZBNG_ CÍBZ, Gm`n`f. _/D „H`lnbs Nuembhh y nb pbrbcfjb cgn ofhfo`m`ghtf. Bnauhbs rgdngx`fhgs bogrob cg nb o`gho`b ofmf sGh: `stgettp://rgo`t.rrp.upr.gcu/@rbsgs`fh.etm mb sfo`bn cg ofmuh`obo`ÿh”.   (*).butfpf`àt`of EBKG[MB_, Jþragh. 2,054 "Nb rgofhstruoo`ÿh cgn mbtgr`bn`smf E`stÿr`of" . Gc`t. Sburus. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. 2,051 „Sgfríb cg nb boo`ÿh ofmuh`obt`vb” . ; tfmfs. Gc`t. Sburus.Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. (g. f., gh bngmâh: 2052). 2,055b "C`so "C`sous`ÿh us`ÿh ofh H`lnbs Nuemb Nuembhh hh (2012 (2012): ): ¶Sgfr ¶Sgfríb íb _`stàm _`stàm`ob `ob cg nb _fo`g _fo`gcbc cbc f Sgfríb Sgfrí b Sgohfs.. Mbcr Sgohfs Mbcr`c `c Orít`ob cg nb _fo`gcbc6" . Gh: "Nb nÿa`ob cg nbs O`gho`bs _fo`bngs" . Gc`t. Gspbòb. 2,055k "Gxoursf sfkrg H`lnbs Nuembhh: bprfp`bo`ÿh cg nb egrgho`b cg nb d`nfsfdíb cgn sujgtf gh tàrm`hfs cg tgfríb cg s`stgmbs". s`stgmbs". Gh:"Gn Gh:"Gn c`sour c`soursf sf d`nfs d`nfsÿd`of ÿd`of cg nb mfcgrh`cbc"  mfcgr h`cbc" . Gc`t. Sburus. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. (*) @KBÒGZ, Jgsús. 2,00 2, 009 9 (of (ofmp mp.) .) „Hug „H ugvf vfss bv bvbh bhog ogss gh nb `h `hvg vgst st`a `abo bo`ÿ `ÿh h sf sfo` o`bn bn.. Nb `hvg `h vgst st`a `abo bo`ÿ `ÿh h sf sfo` o`bn bn cg sgauhcf frcgh”. _upngmghtf _upngmghtf BHSE[FYF_. Hf. ;;. 2,002 „Gn rgargsf cgn sujgtf. Nb `hvgst`abo`ÿh sfo`bn cg sgauhcf frcgh” . Bmgr`hc`b. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,00? „Gn pbpgn cgn sujgtf gh nb tgfríb (ebo`b uhb sfo`fnfaíb rgdngx`vb)” . Gh: NBMF & [CAZ @KÂÒGZ. „Yrfkngmbs cg Sgfríb sfo`bn ofhtgmpfrâhgb” . O.@._. Mbcr`c Gspbòb. ;,999 "Nb Gofnfaíb gh gn Yghsbm`ghtf _fo`bn cg D`h cg _`anf".Gh: _`anf". Gh: Gspgotrfs, [gv`stb gngotrÿh`ob cg O`gho`bs _fo`bngs. Bòf 2 - Hf. 2 (*). @ZWZRW@ZB, @ahbo`f. 2,009 „Nb _fo`gcbc s`h Efmkrgs. H`lnbs Nuembhh f nb tgfríb ofmf gsoâhcbnf” . Gc`t. Bhterfpfs. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. (*) J@MÀHGZ BNOFTG[, Y`nbr.   2,007 „Gn cgrgoef gh nb tgfríb cg nb sfo`gcbc cg H`lnbs Nuembhh”.J. Nuembhh ”.J. M. Kfse Gc`tfr. Kbrognfhb ‟Gspbòb. MBH[@RWG AWZMÂH, Brturf. ;,99; „Nb Sgfríb _`stàm`ob _`stàm`ob cg nb _fo`gcbc gh nb pgrsp pgrspgot`v got`vb b cg H`lnbs Nuembh. Nuembh. Whb bprfx bprfx`mbo`ÿ `mbo`ÿh h b nfs ofhogp ofh ogptfs tfs cg ofm ofmuh` uh`obo obo`ÿh `ÿh y pfc pfcgr gr gh nb fkr fkrb b cgn sfo`ÿnfaf sfo`ÿnfaf bng bngmâh mâh”  ” . ACN. Mbtgr`bngs cg Srbkbjf # 7. N`mb - Ygrú (*). Ygrú (*). MB[@FSS@, Eumkgrtf. ;,99; „Butfpf`gs`s, ounturb y sfo`gcbc”  Brtíounf kbjbcf cg @htgrhgt: @htgrhgt:ettp://www.f`lfs.fra.mbr`ftt`.etmn. MB[[BMBF, A`bofmf. 2,054 „ [bzÿh, [bzÿh, pfcgr, ofmpngj`cbc: nfs cgsbrrfnnfs cg nb tgfríb sfo`bn cg Qgkgr b Nuembhh ” . g  gh h J. NB NBKB KB_S _S@C @CB B (Off (Offrc rc.) .)..„Nfs hugvfs prfogsfs sfo`bngs y nb tgfríb pfnít`ob ofhtgmpfrâhgb”. (_gm`hbr`f ofhtgmpfrâhgb”.  (_gm`hbr`f cg Fbxbob). _`anf UU@. Màx`of, C. D. MBSW[BHB, Eumkgrtf< TB[GNB, Drbho`sof. 2,01; "Butfpf`gs`s". "Butfpf`gs`s". Wh`vgrs`cbc  Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng. Dbountbc cg O`gho`bs. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,01? „Cg mbqu`hbs y sgrgs v`vfs” . Gc`t. Wh`vgrs`tbr`b. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,053 „G „Gnn âr ârkf kfnn cg cgnn ofhf of hfo` o`m` m`gh ghtf tf.. Nbss Nb kbsg kb sgss k` k`fn fnÿa ÿa`o `obs bs cg cgnn gh ghtg tghc hc`m `m`g `ght htf f eumb eu mbhf hf”. ”. Gc`t. Wh`vgrs`tbr`b. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,009 „K`fnfaíb cg nb Ofah`o`ÿh y gp`stgmfnfaíb” . Gc`o`fhgs Wh`vgrs`cbc cg nb Drfhtgrb. Sgmuof - Oe`ng. MBSW[BHB, Eumkgrtf. 2,055   „Fhtfnfaíb cgn ofhvgrsbr” . Gh: [gv`stb Sgrbp`b Ys`ofnÿa`ob. Hf. 1. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,055 2,009 „Gmfo`fhgs y nghaubjg gh Gcuobo`ÿh y Yfnít`ob ” . Cfnmgh gc`o`fhgs. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,007b "Nb rgbn`cbc: ¶fkjgt`vb f ofhstru`cb6". Cfnmgh gc`o`fhgs. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng.

 

boo`ÿh” . Gh: Ybun 2,007k ”Kbsgs gngmghtbngs y gngmghtfs kâs`ofs pbrb uhb tgfríb ofhstruot`v`stb cg nb boo`ÿh” . Qbtznbw`ol y Ygtgr Lr`ga (ofm fmp ps.): "Gn fjf cgn fksgrvbcfr. Ofhtr`kuo`fhgs bn  ofhstruot`v`smf. Efmghbjg b Eg`hz vfh Dfgrstgr" . Gc`t. Agc`sb. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. 2,004 „Nb Fkjgt`v`cbc. Wh braumghtf pbrb fkn`abr”. Gc`t. Cfnmgh. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,001 "Gn _ght`cf cg nf eumbhf" . Cfnmgh gc`o`fhgs. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,000 „Srbhsdfrmbo`ÿh gh nb ofhv`vgho`b” . Gc`t. Cfnmgh. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. MBSW[BHB, Eumkgrtf y A. TG[CGH-ZFNNG[. 2,00? "Bmfr y jugaf, duhcbmghtfs @hst`tutf cg Sgrbp`b Ofah`t`vb. duhcbmghtfs fnv`cbcfs fnv`cbcfs cg nf eumbh eumbhf". f".@hst`tutf 2,054 2,007 2,000 ;,99?

2,009 2,007

_bht`bafGcabrc. cg Oe`ng, 200?. MF[@H, „Gn màtfcf. Nb hbturbngzb cg nb hbturbngzb” . Gc`t. Oâtgcrb. Mbcr`c ‟ Gspbòb. „@htrfcuoo`ÿh bn pghsbm`ghtf ofmpngjf” . Gc`t. Agc`sb. Kbrognfhb ‟ Gspbòb. „ Bhtrfpfnfaíb  Bhtrfpfnfaíb cg nb N`kgrtbc ”. Brtíounf kbjbcf cg @htgrhgt: ettp://www.uar.gs/~pwnbo/A24 ettp://www.uar.gs/~pwnbo/A24V92GcabrVMfr`h.etmn V92GcabrVMfr`h.etmn \_g rga`strb gn bòf cg pukn`obo`ÿh cgn brtíounf gh drbhoàs]. „Nb „N Brtíounf kbjbcf cg rgnbo`ÿh Âhtrfpf-K`f-Oÿsm`ob”. @htgrhgt:ettp://www;.uc ettp://www;.ucgo.on/~ssrgv`/humgr go.on/~ssrgv`/humgrf2/brt`ounfs/b;/brt` f2/brt`ounfs/b;/brt`ounf;.etm ounf;.etm \_g rga`strb gn bòf cg nb kúsqugcb gdgotubcb gh @htgrhgt]. MÞHOE, [`oebrc. "Sgfríb pbrsfh`bhb botubn: gh kusob cg uhb hugvb síhtgs`s" . síhtgs`s" . Gh: A`ccghs Bhtefhy y Jfhbtebh Surhgr (ofmp.). "Nb tgfríb sfo`bn efy" . Bn`bhzb Gc`tfr`bn. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb. MWÒFZ CB[CG, Tgrÿh`ob. „ Nb Nb tgfríb cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs butfpf`àt`ofs cg H`lnbs Nuembhh”  Nuembhh ” . Gh: Zfhb Bk`grtb, Hf. 19/12. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb.

HBTB[[F, Ybknf. 2,004 "Gn dghÿmghf cg nb ofmpngj`cbc sfo`bn eumbhb". eumbhb ". Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Fv`gcf. Gspbòb (Ghsbyf kbjbcf cg @htgrhgt). 2,001 „ Fkjg F kjgt`t`v` v`cb cbc c sf sfo` o`bn, bn, sukj sukjgt gt`v `v`cb `cbc c sf sfo` o`bn, bn, y nb hf hfo` o`ÿh ÿh cg of ofmp mpng ngmg mght htbr br`g `gcb cbc c tg tgÿr ÿr`o `ob b gh ” . Gh: _upngmghtfs BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 21?/213. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. sfo`fnfaíb”  sfo`fnfaíb HBTB_, Bngjbhcrf. 2,050 "Nb tgfríb sfo`fnÿa`ob cg H`lnbs Nuembhh" . Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Hbvbrrb. Ybmpnfhb - Gspbòb. 2,001b „   Butfpgrogpo`ÿh `htgngotubn cg uh prfogsf e`stÿr`of. Bpuhtgs pbrb uhb k`farbdíb `htgngotubn ”” .  Gh: _upngmghtfs BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 21?/213. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. Orfhf rfhfnfa nfaíb íb o`ghtíd o`ghtíd`ob `ob cg H`lnbs H`lnbs Nuemb Nuembhh. hh. K`kn`f K`kn`farb arbdíb díb cg H`lnbs H`lnbs Nuembh Nuembhh h ” . Gh: _upngmghtfs _upngmghtfs 2,001k „ O  BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 21?/213. Kbrognfhb Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. 2,001o „ Nb Nb nÿa`ob cg nb gvfnuo`ÿh”  gvfnuo`ÿh” . Gh: _upngmghtfs BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 21?/213. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. HFAWG@[B CFKB[[F,  CFKB[[F, Âhagn. HFAWG@[B 2,001 (Gc`tfr`bn) „ H H`ln `lnbs bs Nu Nuem embh bhh. h. Nb sf sfo` o`gc gcbc bc of ofmf mf tg tgfr fríb íb cg s`st s`stgm gmbs bs bu butf tfrr rrgd gdgr grgho gho`b `bng ngss y  _upngmght ghtfs fs BHSE[F BHSE[FYF_ YF_,, Hf. 21?/21 21?/213. 3. Kbrogn Kbrognfhb fhb butfpf`àt`o butfp f`àt`ofs fs cg ofmuh`obo`ÿ ofmuh`obo`ÿh h” . Gh: _upngm Gspbòb. FYBZF, J. 2,007 "Nb Orít`ob cg nb [bo`fhbn`cbc cg D`hgs gh J. Ebkgrmbs, E. Mbturbhb y H. Nuembhh ofmf Duhcbmghtf cg uhb _fo`fnfaíb Hf Fr`ghtbcb gh tàrm`hfs Hfrmbt`vf Bhbnít`ofs" . Sgs`s pbrb fptbr  gn Sítunf Yrfdgs`fhbn cg _fo`ÿnfaf. Dbo. cg O`gho`bs. _fo`bngs. Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng. FHS@TG[F_, Jfsgd`hb.   _/D „H` H`ln lnbs bs Nu Nuem embh bhh: h: Wh Whb b v` v`s` s`ÿh ÿh s` s`st stgm gmât ât`o `ob b cg nf Gc Gcuo uobt bt`v `vf f”. Sg Sgxt xtf f kb kbjb jbcf cf cg @htgrhgt. YB[_FH_, Sbnoftt. 2,044 „Gstruoturb y Yrfogsf gh nbs _fo`gcbcgs Mfcgrhbs” . @hst`tutf cg Gstuc`fs Yfnít`ofs. Mbcr`c Gspbòb. 2,041 "Ghsbyfs cg tgfríb sfo`fnÿa`ob" . Gc`t. Yb`cÿs. Ks. Bs. - Braght`hb. 2,013b "Nb _fo`gcbc. Ygrspgot`vbs gvfnut`vbs y ofmpbrbt`vbs" . Gc`t. Sr`nnbs. Màx`of, C. D. 2,013k "Gn s`stgmb cg nbs sfo`gcbcgs mfcgrhbs" . Gc`t. Sr`nnbs. Màx`of, C. D. 2,010 "_`stgmbs sfo`bngs" . Gh: Gho`onfpgc`b @htgrhbo`fhbn cg nbs o`gho`bs _fo`bngs. Gc`t. Bau`nbr. K`nkbf Gspbòb. (*)

 

2,054 "Nb tgfríb cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs: uhb e`stfr`b pgrsfhbn" . Gh: "K`farbdíb `htgngotubn" . Wh`vgrs`cbc  Butÿhfmb cg Yugknb. Màx`of. (*) YB[_FH_, Sbnoftt & _E@N_, Gcwbrc (ofmp.). 2,045 "Ebo`b uhb tgfríb aghgrbn cg nb boo`ÿh" . Gc`t. Lbpgnusz. Ks. Bs., Braght`hb (g.f., gh @hanàs: 2072) YBWNW_, Hgnsfh. 2,000 „Cg nb `mpfrtbho`b cg nb `cght`cbc, gh uh ofhtgxtf cg c`st`ho`fhgs” . c`st`ho`fhgs” . Gh: „ O`htb O`htb cg Mfgk`f” , Hf.4. [gv`stb Gngotrÿh`ob cg Gp`stgmfnfaíb y OO. __. cg nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng. ;,993 "Cgn Ofhogptf cg [`gsaf: Ofhogptubn`zbo`ÿh cgn r`gsaf gh Nuembhh y Kgol ”. Kgol ”. Gh: MBC. [gv`stb Gngotrÿh`ob cgn Cgpbrtbmghtf cg Bhtrfpfnfaíb cg nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng. Hº 29. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng.. Y@HSF_, Jubh-Nu`s. 2,003b „_f „_fo`fo o`fo`kgr `kgrhàt hàt`ob `ob.. Mbrof Mbrof s`stàm s`stàm`of `of y gsqugm gsqugmb b ofhogp ofhogptub tubn”  n” . Gh: J. M. CGNABCF & J. AWS@À[[GZ. „Màtfcfs y tàoh`obs oubn`tbt`vbs cg `hvgst`abo`ÿh gh o`gho`bs sfo`bngs” . _íhtgs`s. Mbcr`c ‟ Gspbòb (*). 2,003k "Whb pgrspgot`vb sfo`fo`kgrhàt`ob sfkrg nb rgn`a`ÿh. Nfs `mba`hbr`fs sfo`bngs cg nf muhcbhbmghtg Sgxtf pukn`obcf gh @htgrhgt: `rrgprgsghtbkng””. `rrgprgsghtbkng ettp://`cc99qmm.grgsmbs.hgt/brt`ounfs/sfo`fo`kgrhgt`ob.etm. 2,001b „ Nb Nb hugvb pnbus`k`n`cbc. (Nb fksgrvbo`ÿh cg sgauhcf frcgh gh H`lnbs Nuembhh) ” . Gh: _upngmghtfs  BHSE[FYF_, Hf. 21?/213. Kbrognfhb Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. 2,001k „_ght „_ght`cf `cf y pfs`k` pfs`k`n`cbc”  n`cbc” . Gh D. ÂNTB[GZ W[@B (Gc.). „Jgsús @kâògz, tgfríb y prâot`ob”. Ghc`m`ÿh. Mbcr`c ‟ Gspbòb (*). 2,005 "Yfnít`ob y ofmpngj`cbc gh nb tgfríb s`stàm`ob cg H`lnbs Nuembhh: Nb n`kgrtbc ofmf sgngoo`ÿh ”. Sgxtf pukn`obcf gh @htgrhgt:ettp://`cc99qmm. ettp://`cc99qmm.grgsmbs.hgt/brt`ounfs/ grgsmbs.hgt/brt`ounfs/sfo`fo`kgrhgt`ob.etm sfo`fo`kgrhgt`ob.etm (5). Y[FAFA@HG. @nsb. 2,00? "¶Sbh sfnf uhb `nus`ÿh6 Whb gxpnfrbo`ÿh cgn obfs bn frcgh”. frcgh ”. Gcft. Susqugts. Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. YWOO@, Drbho`sof. ;,993 " Bprghc`zbjg  Bprghc`zbjg frabh`zbo`fhbn y dfrmbo`ÿh prfdgs`fhbn pbrb nb agst`ÿh cgn r`gsaf r`gsaf”. ”. F@S. Mfhtgv`cgf ‟ Wruauby. [FKNG_, Dgrhbhcf. ;,999 "Gn cgsbn`ghtf `hgspgrbcf cg nb Mfcgrh`cbc. Mfngst`bs, `rr`tbo`fhgs y drutfs bmbrafs cg nb sfo`gcbc  cgn r`gsaf”. r`gsaf”. Yrfv`cgho`b [@N Gc`tfrgs. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. [FC[ÍAWGZ M., Cbríf. 2,05; „Df „Dfrm rmbo`ÿ bo`ÿh h cg Fn` Fn`abr abrquí quíbs bs gh Yrf Yrfogs ogsfs fs cg But Butfag fagst st`ÿh”  `ÿh” . @hs @hst`t t`tutf utf cg _fo _fo`fn `fnfaí faíb. b. Yfh Yfht`d t`d`o` `o`b b Wh`vgrs`cbc Obtÿn`ob cg Oe`ng. Yrfnfaf cg H`lnbs Nuembhh. 2,009 „Sfmb cg Cgo`s`fhgs y Butfpf`gs`s” . Gh: [gv`stb cg @hagh`gríb cg _`stgmbs. Tfn. T@@, Hf 2. Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng. 2,002b „A „Agst gst`ÿh `ÿh Fr Frabh abh`zbo `zbo`fh `fhbn. bn. Gng Gngmgh mghtfs tfs pbr pbrb b su gst gstuc` uc`f"  f" . Og Oght htrf rf cg Gx Gxtg tghs hs`ÿ `ÿh h cg nb Yf Yfht ht`d`d`o `o`b `b Wh`vgrs`cbc Obtÿn`ob cg Oe`ng. 2,002k „Gn Hugvf Ybrbc`amb _`stàm`of. Cgsbdífs Mgtfcfnÿa`ofs” . Gh: [gv`stb cg Gstuc`fs _fo`bngs, H. 19. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. 2,00; „C`bahÿst`of frabh`zbo`fhbn” . Gc`o`fhgs Wh`vgrs`cbc Obtÿn`ob cg Oe`ng. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. [FMÉH, Mbrognb. 2,000 "Ebo`b uhb Gvbnubo`ÿh ofhstruot`v`stb cg prfygotfs sfo`bngs”. sfo`bngs ”. Gh. MBC. [gv`stb Gngotrÿh`ob cgn Cgpbrtbmghtf cg Bhtrfpfnfaíb cg nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng. Hº 2. _bht`baf cg Oe`ng. [BYFYF[S, Bhbtfn. 2,010 "Sgfríb Aghgrbn cg nfs _`stgmbs" . Gh: Gho`onfpgc`b @htgrhbo`fhbn cg nbs o`gho`bs _fo`bngs. Gc`t.  Bau`nbr. K`nkbf - Gspbòb. _BHS@KÂÒGZ, C`mbs. 2,001 „@hvgst`abo`ÿh sfo`bn y butfrrgdgrgho`b. _`stgmbs sfo`bngs y s`stgmbs psíqu`ofs ofmf s`stgmbs butfrrgdgrgho`bngs” .Gh: „ O`htb O`htb cg Mfgk`f” , Hf. ;. [gv`stb Gngotrÿh`ob cg Gp`stgmfnfaíb y OO. __. cg nb Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Oe`ng. _G[[BHF, [bdbgn. ;,999 " Gngmghtfs Gngmghtfs pbrb uhb fpfs`o fpfs`o`ÿh `ÿh b Nuem Nuembhh. bhh. Ofmu Ofmuh`obo`ÿ h`obo`ÿh, h, Ofmpr Ofmprghs`ÿh ghs`ÿh,, @hofm @hofmprghs prghs`ÿh"  `ÿh" . Sgxtf kbjbcf cg @htgrhgt (Mgc`b Ofmuh`obo`ÿh). SF[[G_ HBDB[[BSG, Jbv`gr.

 

2,009 "Gn _`stgmb gcuobt`vf cgscg nb pgrspgot`vb cg H`lnbs Nuembhh" . Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Aubcbnbjbrb. Màx`of. 2,00; „ Nb Nb sgvgr`cbc cg uh pghsbm`ghtf: H`lnbs Nuembhh”  Nuembhh ” . Gh: Nb Ofngoo`ÿh cg Kbkgn, Hf. 2. Wh`vgrs`cbc cg Aubcbnbjbrb. Màx`of. 2,00?b "Hftb `htrfcuo uottfr`b" . Gh: H`lnbs Nuembhh y [bddbgng cg Agfra`. „Sgfríb cg nb sfo`gcbc”. Wh`vgrs`cbc sfo`gcbc”. Wh`vgrs`cbc @kgrfbmgr`obhb. Aubcbnbjbrb - Màx`of. (*) 2,00?k „Ghtrgv`stb b H`lnbs Nuembhh” . Gh: C`ânfaf O`ghtíd`of, T. ;, Hf ;. (vàbsg tbmk`àh: OBMFW, tbmk`àh: OBMFW, Bhtfh`f & Jfsà Gstgkbh OB_S[F, 2001). 2,004 "Gnn of "G ofho hogp gpt tfg cg sfo fo`g `gcb cbc cvb o` o`v` v`n: n: H` ¶Dbt ¶D btb membh frab fr abhb hb6. Gn: _f ofh fho ogcbc gptbc gp tf O` cgv`n.n. sf sfo` o`gc gcbc  bc  o`v` o` v`nn cgsc cg scg nb pg pgrs rspgo pgot` t`vb cg H`ln lnbs bsb Nu Nuem bhh"  h" 6. . Gh Gh: _fo` o`gc O`v` [gv` [g v`st stb b cg bhân`s`s y cgkbtg. Hf. 2, Tfn. 2. Màx`of C. D. TBNNG_Y@H, Dgrhbhcf. Nb ftrb pfsmfcgrh`cbc: nb tgfríb cg s`stgmbs cg H`lnbs Nuembhh"  Nuembhh " . Gh: Tbnngsp`h, Tbnngsp`h, Dgrhbhcf 2,007 " Nb E`stfr`b `b cg nb Sgfríb Sgfríb Yfnít` Yfnít`ob, ob, 4. Nb rggst rggstruo ruotur turbo` bo`ÿh ÿh ofhtgm ofhtgmpfr pfrâhg âhgb b cgn pghsbm pghsbm`gh `ghtf tf (Gc.).  „ E`stfr (Gc.). ” . Bn`bhzb Gc`tfr`bn. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb.  pfnít`of”   pfnít`of QBSZNBQ@OL, Ybun< L[@GA, Ygtgr (ofmps.). 2,007 "Gn fjf cgn fksgr grvvbcfr fr.. Ofhtr`kuo`fhgs bn ofhstruot`v `v``smf.E .Efm fmg ghbjg b Eg`hz vfh Dfgrstgr" . Gc`t. Agc`sb.Kbrognfhb - Gspbòb. QBSZNBQ@OL, Ybun (ofmp.). 2,005 "Nb rgb rgbn`c n`cbc bc `hvg `hvghtb htbcb. cb. ¶Oÿ ¶Oÿmf mf sbk sbkgmf gmfss nf qug org orggmf gmfss sbk sbkgr6 gr6"  " . Gc`t. Agc`sb. Kbrognfhb Gspbòb. Q@GHG[, Hfrkgrt.   2,075 „O`kgrhàt`ob y _fo`gcbc” . Gc`t. _ucbmgr`obhb. Ks. Bs. - Braght`hb. ZFNF, C.   2,007 "B "But utfp fpf` f`gs gs`s `s:: Or Orít ít`o `ob b b uh Yb Ybrb rbc` c`am amb b Yf Yfsm smfc fcgr grhf hf"  " . Gh: Zfhb Bk`grtb Hf. 19/12. Mbcr`c - Gspbòb.

Anfsbr`f** Anfsbr`f Butfpf`gs`s: sg rgd rgd`gr `grg g b nfs s`s s`stgm tgmbs bs (bu (butfp tfpf`àt f`àt`of `ofs) s) qug rgp rgprfc rfcuog uogh h tfc tfcbs bs nbs uh` uh`cbc cbcgs gs gngmghtbngs cg nbs qug sg ofmpfhgh b trbvàs cg uhb mbnnb y ofh gnnf sg cgn`m`tbh cg uh ghtfrhf. Gstf pugcg cbrsg kbjf dfrmbs c`vgrsbs: kbjf dfrmb cg v`cb, v` cb, cg ofho`gho`b f cg ofmuh`obo`ÿh (gh gn obsf cg nfs s`stgmbs sfo`bngs). Butfpf`gs`s gs gn mfcf cg rgprfcuoo`ÿh cg gsfs s`stgmbs. s` stgmbs. Butfrrgdgrgho`b: tfcb fpgrbo`ÿh pfr nb qug sg rgd`grg uhf b ftrf y ofh gnnf b sí m`smf. Oÿc`af: nfs oÿc`afs sg ofmpfhgh cg vbnfrgs pfs`t`vfs y hgabt`vfs, y pfs`k`n`tbh nb ofhvgrs`ÿh cg uhf gh ftrf. _g bot`vbh b trbvàs cg uhb cupn`obo`ÿh cg nb rgbn`cbc prgv`b y fdrgogh bsí uh gsqugmb pbrb nb fksgrvbo`ÿh, cghtrf cgn oubn tfcf bpbrgog ofmf ofht`haghtg, gs cgo`r, ofmf puc`ghcf sgr  cg ftrb mbhgrb. Ofmpngj`cbc: uhb rgnbo`ÿh gs ofmpn ofmpngjb gjb oubhcf sg ofmpf ofmpfhg hg cg tbhtf tbhtfss gngmghtfs qug gstfs sÿnf pugcg ghtrbr gh rgnbo`ÿh ghtrg sí b trbvàs cg uh prfogsf cg sgngoo`ÿh. Yrgsupfhg s`gmprg uh prfo pr fogc gc`m `m`gh `ghtf tf cg rg rgcuo cuoo` o`ÿh ÿh qu qug g fd fdrg rgog og uh mf mfcg cgnf nf cg sg sgng ngoo oo`ÿ `ÿh h cg rg rgnb nbo` o`fh fhgs gs y gx gxon onuy uyg g prfv`s`fhbnmghtg ftrbs pfs`k`n`cbcgs cg v`hounbr nfs gngmghtfs ofmf mgrbs pfs`k`n`cbcgs. ofhs hstr truo uoo` o`ÿh ÿh cg s` s`st stgm gmbs bs gh nf nfss s` s`st stgm gmbs bs