This is a small guide for RT's working in the NICU....
Description
N.I.C.U.
Pocket Guide For Respiratory Therapists 1
Contributors Charles Williams RRT Sonia Goede RRT Carissa Yackus RRT
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Contents Assessment of the Newborn Common Newborn Cardiopulmonary Disorders Normal Vital signs 5 Normal ABGs 5 Signs of Respiratory Distress 6 APGAR Scoring 7 Primary Apnea vs. Secondary Apnea
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Airway Management and Mechanical Ventilation Positive Pressure Breaths 9 Neopuff™ Infant Resuscitator 10 Nasal CPAP 12 Intubation 14 Mechanical Ventilation 16 High Frequency Ventilation 18 Miscellaneous and Special Considerations Survanta Delivery 21 Pneumothorax 23 Free Flow Oxygen 24 Special Situations 25 Resuscitation Flowchart 27
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Common Newborn Cardiopulmonary Disorders TTNB – Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn Delayed clearance or absorption of fetal lung fluid RDS – Respiratory Distress Syndrome Immature lungs/surfactant deficiency causing alveolar instability and collapse BPD – Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Chronic lung disease due to administration of high levels of oxygen MAS – Meconium Aspiration Syndrome Aspiration of fetal bowel contents causing airway obstruction and chemical pneumonitis PPHN – Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance causes a right-to-left shunt, bypassing the lungs, resulting in arterial hypoxemia. P.I.E. – Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema; Pulmonary Air Leaks • Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema – air within the pulmonary interstitial tissue • Pneumothorax – air within the pleural space • Pneumomediastinum – air within the anterior mediastinum • Pneumopericardium – air within the pericardial sac surrounding the heart
Newborn Signs of Respiratory Distress Tachypnea - (RR > 60 breaths/min) Cyanosis - (Peripheral cyanosis is common, Central cyanosis usually indicates an arterial pO2 30 cm H20 Normal lungs (later breaths) - 15 to 20 cm H20 Diseased or immature lungs – 20 to 40 cm H20
Try to maintain a rate of 40 to 60 breaths per minute By saying aloud……….. Breath……two…...three……breath……two…...three...….breath…… (squeeze) (squeeze) (squeeze)
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Neopuff™ Infant Resuscitator
The Neopuff™ Infant Resuscitator is an easy to use, manually operated, gas-powered resuscitator that provides optimal resuscitation. • • •
Delivers controlled and precise Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP) and Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP). Avoids the risks associated with uncontrolled pressures. Can also be used to deliver free-flow oxygen. 10
Neopuff™ Infant Resuscitator (cont.)
The desired PIP is set by turning the inspiratory pressure control.
The desired PEEP is set by adjusting the Tpiece aperture
The patient T-piece allows breath by breath resuscitation by simply occluding 11 the T-piece aperture with the thumb or finger.
Nasal CPAP
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Nasal CPAP (con’t) •
Utilize the prong size guide to select the appropriate sized nasal prongs.
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3 sizes available: small, medium, large.
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Choose the appropriate sized bonnet by measuring the baby’s head circumference. - Too small of a hat may cause it to ride up the head, putting tension on the prongs and causing
nasal irritation. -Too large of a hat may allow it to slide down over the patient's eyes and release CPAP prongs from the nose. •
The front edge of the bonnet should be at the eyebrow line and the back cover the entire skull. The sides should cover the ears but be certain that the ears are not folded under the bonnet.
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Prepare baby for application of nasal CPAP by suctioning and clearing the nose of any obstructive secretions.
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Adjust flowmeter to achieve desired amount of CPAP (indicated on the Pressure bar graph display) (Approx. flow of 8.5 = 5cm H2O pressure)
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Intubation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Ventilate neonate with 100% oxygen using bag/mask Insert stylet into the ET tube just short of the tube’s tip Ensure neonate is supine and airway is hyperextended (opened) but not overextended Insert laryngoscope blade into mouth, opening the airway and visualizing the vocal cords Insert the ET tube stopping when the tip of the tube has passed the vocal cords Resume positive pressure ventilation via ET tube Confirm the tube’s position End-tidal CO2 detection Chest x-ray Auscultation Observation of condensation during exhalation Secure the ET tube
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Intubation (cont.) Intubation and Suctioning Guidelines
Birth Weight < 1000 g
Laryngoscope Blade Size 0
Endotracheal Suction Catheter Tube Size Size 2.5 mm 5 Fr.
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