Nicholas Reeves - The complete Tutankhamun.pdf

e

1

!9i

Complete

]Lxtanknaniu»i The King The Tomb The Royal Treas"' •

•

"A ends to

story that opens like Aladdin 's Cave

and

a Greek myth of Nemesis cannot fail capture the imagination of aU men and women. ..." like

Lady Burghclere

THIS

BOOK

IS

THE

TREASURED POSSESSION OF

^K

The Complete

Tutankhamun The King

•

The Tomb

•

The Royal Treasure

by Nicholas Reeves

Foreword by the Seventh Earl of Carnarvon

519 illustrations, 65

in color

IT&H

Thames and Hudson

1

KaU

I-^ar

Chiirc,

and

IlaiT/ci

Contents

bJizabcUi

\

i

r^.

[

Fun

ivnnl by

tin

,\

n

CiinKirriiii Clini)!i,lnity

iitll l-'jir!

i/iiil l-'tiiiiily /\'(l/ifiiiii.isrnr( nu,ii >^'

< >i:<

litlr:

IL'ill ,'/,'(

hiii.i;'.--

llii

luiirri/liili

.s

Ik-rausc \hv

prusciAc mi hkir- llian

lliu

ni the IvKyplian laiiKuaKC

tliu

hii'r(),L;l>])hs

ninsdnamal skck'ton

priinnnciatid)! cannot iisualK'

ptian

lvi,'\

nl'ien

names

cslabiishecl.

exhibit a variety ol

is

modern

here empkiwtl as the

\ersioiis of the kin.g's

name

ancient

this reason,

l'"or

spellings,

based upon the (ireek lorm rather than the

Tiitankhamiin' iilliei-

Ix'

and

lijiypliiin-

i)reterre(l spelling,

exist

C

r^

but

ineliidinK

'rut.ankh..\men, Tutankhamen, Tut 'ankh .Amun.

Tiitankhamon, Tutenkhamon, Tuianchamun and Tutenehamun: these \ ariants have been retained where in book titles and (|uotations.

appropriate

An\- eojjy of this book issued by the publisher as a paperback sold subject to the condition that it shall not by \\a\" ol'

i>

trade or otherwise be

lent, resold,

hired out or otherwise

circulated without the publisher's prior consent in

any

l'i)i"m

of

binding or I'over other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including these words being

imposed on a subsecjuent purchaser.

Thames and Hudson

19f)()

I

Text

k'lrst

U) 'A I'liiankliin

his

ininiediak'

faniih' havt- Ix-t-n hiifliliulurd in italics.

Late Predvnastic

Anienoijhis

Tiuhniosis

II

i\'

Aim-iioplils III

Anu'iiDphif

l\

Smcnkhkwr

Akhi'iiahii

(Xcfcrlitii'l

158

1

173

1

127

101

1101

:i9i

1

135!)

335

1335

,333

'rutdiikhainun

1333 1323

Ay

1323 1319

Horemheb

1319 1307

19th dynasty

1307 lUMi

Ramesscsl

1307 130(5

SethosI

13()(>

1290

Ramesst'sll

12^)0

1221

Merenptah

1221

1211

SethosII

1211 1204

Amenniesse ruifjn of

Sethos

1204 1198

Twosre

1198 119(i

Sethnakht

2920

2ri7.i

Old Kingdom

1070

11%

1194

1194 1163

RamessesIV

1163 115(i

Kaniesses

V

I15ti 1151

RamessesVI RamessesVII

1151

Harnesses VIII

1136 1131

Harnesses IX

1131

Harnesses

1143

1143 IKKi

\

1112

1112 1100

lUX) 1070

Harnesses XI

4th 8th d\iiastics

119(i

III

Harnesses

Early Dynastic Period

II)

Sipiah

20th dynasty

3rd dvnaslifs

170

1

13fil '

(usurper duriiiR

1st

lf)2

Third Intermediate Period First Intermediate Period 9th

llth dynasties

21st

1070 712

25th dynasiu's

2131 2010

Late Period

Middle Kinjjdom lllh

14th dynasties

25th d\'nasl\

2nd

712 332

I'ersian rericK,!

2010 Kilo

Graeco-Roman Period Second Intermediate Period 15di

17th dynasties

Maeedonian d\ nasty Runian UVIO 1532

cinpeiiirs

332

lit

At

I

395

Tutankhamun's family

tree.

Tutaniiluimuii was

prohahly the offspring of Akhemden, the 'heretic' son of Amenoplns III and Tiye. His mother is likely to

have been Kiya, a lesser wife of Akiicnaten.

Nefertit!

had home Akhenaten

whom was

later to

six daughters, one of become Tutankhamtin 's queen.

.

:l:r

Ijitrodiiction:

ihi'mIu'

wri'c- (|uu-k

nun; h:ui

Tu tan khan

Disco vering

iin

i

iiuricd

;li:ir.k-

iiii:i,u'n:.';'i"i'.

t\!rllr-l\"r Cii\vr::'f}.v Ir, I'

i

,'i;);ii"ri'ia',i- '.I'.a;,

all:

1!

aixl.

iir:liniuly (k-all;, a ~liii,u

\\\\\: ll'.c

111

lia^iiin'.nuifd >ua(;il,\

i"iinaii;> a lalr

bul panly

nm

and

il> oiiiti-nl^: Ik-

I'liLiiiikii.Aiiu

ar.d

ihf

I'.l,'),'!.

had

di'l'iniiui.'

U'.'iii.

'i

ihi-

\r,\\'v

Xiwr

ck-arancc- ni nil

(ini-

MirviNr. In.UflhiT wilh; i-'i

,!,'(',/,

\W-

Ripi'ii iifmii tin

ajiijriipi-iak-

aPi

li'.c

died, a di>illu>iiinrti ar.d

;rrasni"fs bt-lUT lh;m L'arUT

.1

ilic

a.ll

in.uiidrd mt'i'rh a> a lasu-r fur

bt'iii

dinai'\- carcci-.

ointtT.ls.

\''V

•^k-yx-yw.v >ina-.

:>•

Hi-- il'.rff-\-.iluinf

wlmii

It.

Ainiin. wliR-b. wiaild .ork.

^'^;.

;aal,

luir -1

Caniar\nn'-

l.nrd

iiw- tn rnnipk-u- hi>

r\haiistt-dnian. in '

T'j:;;r.'-N!',;;

:h./

'a. Id.

I'ni'ajjs ik.r real riu>i- n\

Caru-rdidi Iniiib

,

licIiinibiifTiiIaiikl'.aimir. .ucnrrali-i; a;

and

liiiii.

-i".

.rv. -j i;.;K-r^

:hr thnll -! :hr cha-i-.

lrc;!>urf

l)li;)lk-il\-

a- a -'

I

:•-

:i::r;

Lire:::

ir.

])rr--. T!.r

:l'.c

on the map, and

'I'liaiaoh's

tomb'

tiiiiii till

became

the \anlstick by

(liscoNcries

would

in

which

future

all

be

ariiitieolo.Ltical

me:isure(l.

No

of .\ruluniyn" ol ilk'

The

rciKii

iif

a^ a

rule

wilh

Ih'niiikI

iiioi'./c \Mirkir;,u.

ii:

a,L;rkiil;urr aiu: uartarr,

New

ihi>

ilu-

a >:iimiliis a

wmikl

;»ilu-\

the

!)>

ISili

d\i'.as!y.

-,.,

,

I IK

,

,

,

I

,

/iiisiiildlinji ni Asiiitli

nihrsui

,i,:rthvni

/cNi

<

1

,

k1

nn

l-(ir in iiiv

1

a

IjnillkT >eiul 1

me

II

Udkl

.

III

Ihiiiii

Iniiiiliil .«i IK

I'luiidnh.

Ill

iri'iii Ihi

(I

"

Kini; Tii-hraila nl Miianni to I'liaraeli

I'haranh TiKliim

isi>

I.

AhniuM^V

fiiunh

calaracL

III

W'l'.l;

;l'.f

Vynm lyuApl b( )Ui"s

the

\'er\-

was

be,L;'iniiin,t;s

of her reeorded histdrNa

dl

and Anirnnpba^. ])illa.m-

II.

an

\\a~ fdlldUfd.

I'll,

n.uitxillii 01 Allhlli'lihls r,lll/'l..

IVltll Its

l:,il>Yni,.n,i,.'liii,iiis

iralial in.

the

and die

h; du- xiudi. Nubia \\a~ under die Nuvrov dr -KinK > Sdii dl Kushk WeaUli pdured inld ihe eiilk'is tA die lyt;)])'(if

inbule.

.

lan

kin.t;

l-;.i,'\i)ds

die

and

raw

dt his iiriiU'iiKil .k'dcL

Aniondve,

in

and nianpdwer. nol d!il\vassals bul by dipldinaiie exehan.ue

llilliles

nialeiaals

(in

Anatdlial.

nunhern

Medileri'anean

in

i)resenl-da\'

and deserts

to

the rulers o\ the Cireek

llieudrth, eatarael re.yidii in the south,

iiiiissin

III

a land apain. isdialed fiMni hir nei.uh-

by the nalural boundaries

luipli-

iMiiMilidalKiii

'

furiii (if

''"

III ,lt l.ll\:>l

\nien(iphi>

tmiili

in Si'hkhiitiji iSi'.h--} at

lirsl

'lie

expldilecl direcll\

?

rnriiMii hiiiii< lull /e tlitir

buis

;hr

j)nnai-

Kiii.udiiiii.

pkuKit-r and;

iniiidsilidn

a.

\er\ yreat (|uanni\.

bn.ilier's land Kdld is aMilentiful a> iim'»(ir hut >iiiii

ll'.r ir.

.,:

llic

;)nan^.L,TI ])ulir\- Ml

a-

\-.\z\ ;)i

>!--

,m-iaTa;i(iii>

1\ i.:-( i~

anvaia'r-

,L;rca',

n',:ii;rati' iH

Im laiir

ialcr

:j\

,i

(

niakii'.u. \vra\

;)Mi;i'r\

Lii^iduai

uf ihr -cN rr.UTiah

Chai'aaa-n/.ct:

i'\.

luiniilialir.,i;" '')]n>: m1 II

:lir

^^

:;\\:;rri!r—

\:r\'.

:.

M'xcp mail \ ranic

l\ i^^(l-. kii;,i;>

ir>

:>\v

1i\

|j!i.-;i>

l';,L,r\

\~i;!lic- will

Before

,;l;k^ .!

i-i:

wurli;.

Mii;-u:i-

'Ai.l:

Milanni

Syria!. .\ss\ na. isles.

die

frdiii

wnh

(Nahaian.

in.

Halnlon and

(Far kft) Amenophis HI,

'the

Magnificent', clutching the kingly heqa-sce/)/re

and

wearing the blue crown with uraeus-serpent and streamers

and &hthy\i-coUar: a fragment of limestone relief from the Theban tomb of

Khaemhat (Left)

(No. 57).

Queen

Tiye,

shown

with coarsely braided wig,

double uraeus

and diadem

inscribed at the front with her

rmme: a small head of green found by Flinders

steatite

Petrie at Serabit el-Khadim in Sinai.

When Amenophis BC,

III

came

to the throne in 1391

Egypt was at the centre of the world stage. As the

diplomatic correspondence reveals, during the

found at ei-Amama

37 recorded years of his reign the in full

and at peace.

A god

the benefits of an empire stable

Pharaoh was

a monument of eternity and everlastingness, of fine sandstone worked with gold throughout [its] '.

king and his influential queen, Tiye, reaped incarnate,

and elsewhere. The king's mortuary temple, its position today marked by the famed 'Colossi of Memnon', was perhaps the most sumptuous of all:

sufficiently powerful to

.

.

.

pavements

.

.

.

made pure with

.

.

silver, all its

doors with

fine gold'.

short-change his neighbours in the diplomacy of gift-giving,

and received

their princesses into his

harim with no thought of exchange. Great building works were undertaken, including a new palace complex with a vast, man-made lake at Malqata on the west bank of the Nile at Thebes, and temples, shrines and other structures at Luxor,

Kamak, Sulb

Amenophis III was buried in a large, rock-cut sepulchre begun by his father, Tuthmosis IV, in the western annexe of the Valley of the Kings. This tomb. No. 22 in the Valley sequence, was

first

noted

Egypt cent',

in the reign of

was a

Amenophis

III,

'the Magnifi-

nation at the height of her power and

prestige; she was, at the

same

time,

decadent and ripe for change.

come with a vengeance with

an Egypt

effete,

The change would

the theological crisis of

the succeeding reign.

scarcely less splendid than his mortuary temple.

The

broken fragments yielded by Carnarvon and Carter's clearance of the tomb in 1915 (p. 48) would offer many tantalizing hints of its former glory.

by two members of Napoleon's Egyptian expedition L-shaped ground-plan, characteristic of 18th-dynasty royal tombs, was elaborated by the

in 1799. Its

addition of

two extra rooms

off the enlarged.

easternmost store-chambers of the decorated burial chamber. One of these 'suites' is thought to have

weir chamber

foundation deposits of Tutfitnosis IV

been intended for the king's principal wife, Tiye though, since she outlived her husband, it would seem never actually to have been employed. The great royal wife

was probably buried

at

The Tomb of Amenophis III

el-Amama

by her son, Akhenaten. though during the reign of

Tutankhamun her

mummy

was

transferred to

Thebes for reburial in Tomb 55 in the Valley of the Kings (p. 20). The remains of both king and queen have been identified among a group of royal mummies found in the tomb of Amenophis II (No. 35) in 1898, where they had been hidden at the time the necropolis was dismantled at the end of the New Kingdom. The burial of Amenophis III was perhaps the most magnificent of any Egyptian king, in a sepulchre

-

store

chamber

Akhenaten and

the

Amarna Age Akii

\VliMM-«M,'«liu-;>

l^r;ul, trulliHi;, i:i',.

1','n,

W liM Whn

Ihuill

whu

sti'M'S hiir.

Whii kukIi'S the W'hi l)I-u\lSlnIi<

ui> hini with that wh.u-h. iilra>r<

!aiijlis I\' flnlll

si'ius

lit

mil nj

ivurk

kiii,!^'<

KiiniiA.

liiiipli

rmii/ilix

and

tn reign Inr 17 years,

upon

to

The main

e\en

laiialit'.al.

e\'ei"y asix-et ol lyg\"ptian

eultiire.

e.\i'liisi\'e, III'

Ihi'snilptiirlliliiirirliiliii till

thousands of sandstone

feature of his nile

was an

changed

his

name

/(//(//(//-blocks re-eniployi-d

^'ear

I>\"

.\khenaten

is-content'l to

coincident,

lhe-.\ten'l

.\nienophis \\ had

(i.

(whiiii ma\' be translated '.\muii-

it

Cl le-who-is-benelicial-Io-

seems,

with, the start of

II

sliikiiii; riilnssiil

.^tiiliiis fpiiliii/is Ilk

was

l\'

traditional god-king

as building rubble.

asserting hinisell.

in

Whether by intention or not. the had become di\ iiie-dictator. The eaii\' \"ears of the rei.gn were taken u\) with extensu'e building works at Karnak. monumentlater dismantled by l'hai"aoh's successors and the worshipi.)ed him.

III

minor

.\ten. .\ relatueh'

personal tlevotion to the asix'i't

of the sun-god. Re-

llorakhty, the .\len had alreach' aehiexed a certain pri

iminenee under Tutlimi

l-'roin

were written

m

end

to the

names o|

111.

the .\ten

was shown as

a.god in its

hands presenting

'life'

was

to be thi'

symbol

ot a

new

imiiosed upon Ins subjects by I'haraoh.

Its

order basic

tenet is spelled out in the dreat ll\-mn to the .\ten. a

version of which the courtier

successor)

mankind.

inscribed

(destined

In this

ol

the

upon to

there

the tomb-walls of

be Tutankhamun's but one god. the

is

and gentle

sole I'reator

of

benel'actor

h\inn. a masterpiece of literature

composed

lieiiiajis

nature

is

.\\-

at el-.\niarna:

the

.\ten.

maintained

b\'

the king hinisell. the true

.Amarna

re\"olulion

necenheless

sttmds revealed:

I

)iil\

i- iio

\oiir

,iihcr

soi-i

wliu kiinws vou,

Nclerkhrpriire w.iriiie .\meiiiiphis |

l\'l

.

,

accos to the god would be through the mlermediacy of I'haraoh tilone. the .\ten and his sixikesman became in effect one and the same: riiaraoh worshipped the disc, and the poijulace

Smci'

the birthplace of

b\'

el-

its teiTitorx'

was m Tutankhamun. Here.

a strong militarv' presence, the .-Xten

.\ten's ollicial

The

name

I'MSts in

earlier first occurs

two

i)rincipal

accom])anying the

falcon-headed form of the god. and, subseciuently. a pair of cartouches (stressing the

ambiguity

l)etween god and king), as the earlier name-form of

sun

ra\-ed

tlu'

adojiled

disc. In the .Alen's later

about

in

^'et^r

;)

of the rei.gn,

Shu has been

lloi'akht\" .'ind

all

droiJix-d.

name

form,

mention of This name

chan.ge probtibly niai'ked the pinnacle of .\khenaten's

towards the old order.

hoslilil\-

It

was

accompanied by the erasure hum all accessible monuments of any reference to .\mun and the old I)olytheistic religion, including the

.Amen- element

in

own original name. This persecution was to mark the beginning of the

his t'ather's

end.

There

lonzon-ol-the-

reigned supreme.

withm

disc

I'l

a series ol 'boundar\" stelae',

b\"

all pi'ohabilitx"

The

(iiU'cn.

capital: .\khetaten

m .Middle l'-g\pt. This new cit\".

demarcated

forms.

noses of both the king and his principal

new

a

dedicated to the worship of the disc al

.\inai'na

which

Nelertiti.

The

.\ten').

(the hiei"o.glypli aiikh)

a solardise(or,globe)emittiiigra\s

ri.glit:

in

and .\meno]5his

the

o\al eartouehes, like those of the

king. In addition, the .\ten

own

isis l\'

Year^of .\inenophisl\'.

work on

With

and

his

the I'losuri' of the traditional shrines, the

economic slabilit\' ol the l-'g\i)tian state was serlousK' undermined: while, with the day-lo-da\' running of the counir\" left unsupervised in the

hands

of lesser

])oi)ulace

the

was

men,

rife.

posthumous

exiiloiiation of the disorientated

This negkvt would earn

j'liaraoh

.sobriquet 'criminal of .-Xkhetaten'.

(Left) This 'sexkss' colossus

/o^

^ n

from

Kamak was formerly

attributed to

Pharaoh

himself, giving rise to

a

plethora of doubtful hypotheses concerning his

p^°

masculinity. It

is

now

recognized as most probably

an image of the

^^

king's

principal wife, Nefertiti.

(Below

left)

and his

The sculptor Bek as depicted on a

wife,

quartdte stela carved by the

man

1|0)

MM A

The Art The

of

00

Amama

Amama period has given its name to a unique

and markedly st>'lized art, at its best highly sensual, at its worst wholly repellant, in which many of the age-old formalizations were abandoned. Gone are representations of the king-as-hero, to be replaced

by grotesque images of the long-faced, pot-bellied reality which was Pharaoh, 'living according to

maat

["right"]', in perfect

harmony with

his loving

family and taking fullest pleasure in the beauties of

And

here again, remarkably, the impetus have come from above: as the royal sculptor Bek records, he was 'one whom his majesty nature.

seems

to

himself instructed'.

mmmmimmm

himself.

IhiridI and Eiu^ma of Tomb 55

AkJiciiatoi iJic i

.

Ml.

.

iiww.iihi

.

-nnw

'.s

^•lll-|.Hl^ i(iii i>\ Ik r;ir\

(iliHrlinii

Ihr l..Kh

1(1 (.1

ilif suKK'Cr-tiiin

.\klK-nati-i).

louiid (^lUTii

Taia

thai lir

.if i,\t\

a.m-

and ub^linalr

I):iv)s fnti-n.-iiiu-d a inn>i \i(i!cnl

al la>l

Ill-

\'\"i\\-\.

"on ihis ialhicy. he Mx-nicd In acl hniist as

UmuKh

:lcminealion of

di'siiin),' to

thi'

ionale state of

\eais

later, his

di'scended

nrui;n-iiih II

'"ii

Til,

.:.,.

Ixp,

rajiln-i

;;,v;

i'iinil)iiii! Ill'//

ll'nllhlllllil- liirii

tmiih

ii!

iiiiiliiiviiiM

h',iiji,ss,s III,

Aim

iil> III

ii

ii

,

III,

.1.).

slinivii

y Iniiib

sill,

Riiiiiissul

III

ilil^irliiiii

niii nihil

III,' liii-'^i

IX.A

iiiiniiisliiil: will hi

II

Tiiliiiihiiiiiiiiiii.

lliiilliinil Tiiiiih

,11

.

hiiici'i

mill

II

III

i-hiiiiihii

tiiiiih IS llii

Willis

soiiiiil liiilliHV. ii;,ii'

iviis sl,,l>l„ ,1 iiiiTl

III!

l.iiiihiiinsliMiiliil.

Iiisl'

Ixxlv.

mind

brain

upon him.

in this

,i,'a\e

y

obscure

He was

llie

still in

a

regard whu;. a lew

way, and

ti

tra.yie olil

kU,^

body appears to have been transferred by son Tutankhamun to the Valley of the Kings. The remains of this Theban reburial seem to have been brought to light in Tomb 55 during work sponsored by Theodore M. Davis (pp. 37-9) in 1907. Tomb 55 is one of the most controversial discoveries ever made in Egypt. Excavated by the English archaeologist Edward R. Ayrton under trying circumstances and in due course poorly published by Davis himself, no consensus has yet been reached on its precise nature or on the identity of its occupant. A single-chambered corridor tomb, it contained an assortment of objects, including a coffined mummy, a gilded w(X)den shrine, four canopic jars, and a set of so-called 'magic bricks'. The material falls neatly into two groups. The principal element of the first group was the shrine, originally prepared for Akhenaten's mother and giving the title to Davis's published account of the find. The Tomb of Queen Tiyi. The second group included the coffined mummy, canopic jars and 'magic bricks', objects which the inscriptions on the bricks would seem to associate with the king's his

Akhenaten himself. In all likelih(X)d, the shrine indicates Tiye's original presence within the tomb.

Her

mummy

and

most of her funerary equipment, however, were missing, ix'rhaps removed when the tomb was stumbled upon during the course of quarrying the overlying tomb of Ramesses IX (No. 6); the dismantled shrine had been abandoned when the workers discovered that it could not be extracted without corridor.

first

The

clearing the rubble that filled the

mummy

of Tiye has been recognized

by American researchers among those bodies later in the tomb of Amenophis II (No. 35), though

cached

the identific-ation

The Tomb 55

is

not universally accepted.

coffin

prepared originally for

and canopic

had been Kiya, a secondary wife of jars

Akhenaten and perhaps Tutankhamun's mother (p. The names of the subsequent owner had been excised from the coffin, presumably at the time the mummy of Queen Tiye was removed from the chamber. Physical and blood-group similarities between the unidentified occupant of the coffin and 9).

the

mummy

of

Tutankhamun

(p.

117) are

remarkable; indeed archaeological considerations

(Above) Kiya: a caldte

Mfrom Tomb

suggest that the anonymous b(xiy ought to be that of

canopic-jar

Akhenaten himself, Tutankhamun's father. However, the estimated age at death of the Tomb 55 corpse reduced since the initial analysis from 25/26 + to 20 years remains problematic; even by the most conservative reckoning, Akhenaten must have been

55. superimposed upon a photograph of the coffin.

at least

30 when he died.

(Below)

One of the gilded Queen and a line-

side-panels from

Tiye 's shrine,

draum

detail by

Harold Jones.

1

.

Nefertiti

and

the Succession II

1

1

I

II

I

\i hi

AklK-iiak'ii's ijniK'ipal \mIi- \\a> the bfaulilul Xeli-r iili.

>u!)lfi"i 'if

W'c-l

and

ilii'

lanioiis ImifsloiH- pm-trail Inisl

I'ktIiii 121:1001.

nvw

Rcsuarrh

(kradc

iht- la>l

a half lias iiiclifau-d dial the inip(iilaiict' nl

(|iift.ii

durin.i; die

Aiiiania pern

ilk-

\va> i)i"iihahl\ lar

id

dun

ii~t

(

--1.I1

I

\t

11-

\1

fr,'iti

llii

il-Aiiiiiniii. Til,

sriillitnr

biikinri iirliii

,ii' lli(

nd

iiinij'li

by

liii,i!

It

Ihhiilyiiiu

I'/ III

j>i,

,i,li,(il,

in

n

I-

lit

\t

It

hi

)tlit_i

I

lit

I

I

1

\

1

11

11

t

RhtLii' ittin

I

I

ill

I

\t t

1

ititi

ntw tin

It

uk

(

nil

III

I

ojtiii

iiistnirtiniuil rail lyi

wfi

hv Ihf sniiliir

Akiii iiiiUii

mid

'Siiiiiiklikiiyt'.

III

I

lji)i,(l,nvi

hull, I

Til,

hill,

I'liliiiiklmiiiiiii's In

t(>j>t',>sit,

ill

(//

I

/III

w

riilankhtiiiiun

,,.,

III,

till'

thmiKh

itii

;i

\\

aeiMss die ri\er

i

(jI

seeiii>

a

kiii.u.

(

\i,

lia\'e

been

Aineiinphis

Jliieial

I

I

Nexerdie-

III.

ioiiy" eii-i"e,L;eiU'\"

was

a sdii

(if

i

1

in i

between

i

il

II

identitx

t'r,i"iiii iiliii\ sii

the latter.

i

ml

i

u

I

with eer-

in establish

1

'ruttinkh.aniun's

"f

iimtlier.

was

not his

wi\es

stands out: the ,, >hlaiiniaii

bnrne

timl eoncuhines.

one

Kua, -,.,,, adiikhepa.

prinet'ss

I

I

iii

>

II

i

l\

I

-

)

1

ii

i

1

i

\

1

I

^

some with

',

1

1

i

i

iii

Tusliratta, sent to

l\t!;\pl to

between the two eountries

cement

1

I

K

I

1

,

dtuiKliter

oi

treal\- reltitions

I

at the start of

the

rei.yn.

II

\

1

i

1

1

11

],

i

in ]i;irticular

ideiitilii-d b\'

hid\"

\t

i

Aklieiititeii nil sons:

wile. .XnioiiK the kiiiK's

oiil\-

\

i

1

11

1

II

1,1'nih ,)i Ahliiiiiiti II

,! Aiiiiiniii.

lai'kin.L;

de.nrei'iif inlornied s])eeulation IS i)(is>ible.

seeoiidars' ,

ri'Vi/l

is

Nelertili tippetirs to lia\e

but she ml.

e\idence

Itiinis'

'''^'

n;:iii

i-n\al

;ind Akhenateii. thepnibabilit\" imi-t

,

hirtli'

\

a:

lallei'

Ritiiiii In

tin

1,1

l,>sil,

tlitit

'> rei,t;ii

die abseiiee "f a

Ameniiphis be

SI,

'he

i

Tiilankhz/aten (as he

nil

stress his assoeialion

naiiH

iire>nniabK

dunne

In

nminl .\iimnuL

nilhn.h.xv:

1''

"'•'

I

,,ii-,:iiiini!iiilt,riim>h

iii,uti'\ tin

Ii'ijiii

Akhenaleii, AllhdU.eh hi>

i-ei.^n "I

Minieliinej~

ehAiiiarna

Tui:!r.';l:,'!iiuir.

juii.nf

(iit'd i)i'rli;ij)^ a-- vniiii.L;

Ill-

brmi.uhl in h.uin al ,/.

Tn

li.uiirr-

Akhelaleii Iniodei'n el-Aiiiarnal, half ,A die

.W':./-,

Kil.

hi> iiiinal.

1)1

tiii,t;iiialic 1

ui'

t-ai's

ri(i'.ni-»

M

'

\

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

t

.

.

The Names of Tutankhamun At his accession

to the throne

sequence of five to each ruler.

titled

an Egyptian king adopted a formal 'titulary', a names. The combination of names chosen was unique

1 the HoRUS* name: Kanakht tutmesut, 'Strong

bull, fitting-of-created-foTiis'

2 the Nebty* or 'Heof theTwo-L.\dies' name: Ne/erhepu segereh-taivy sehetepnetjeru nebu. 'Dynamic-of-Iaws, whocalmsthe-Two-Lands, who-propitiatesall-the-

gods' (variants:

(i)

Wer-

ah-Amuti, 'Great-of-thepalace-of-Amun'; neb-er-djer,

'.

(ii)

.

.

.

lordof-all')

Huy at Thebes - though whether Pharaoh himself ever took the field has been doubted. But the principal event of the reign was in the viceroy

the domestic sphere. Early capital of Egypt

Memphis,

on the administrative

was moved back from el- Amama to

with

Thebes

re-established

as

the

country's religious centre. At the

abandoning the

-aten

same time, by forms of their names in Year 2,

3 the Gou)E.\ F.ALCON name: Wetjes-kliau sehetepnetjeru, 'Whodisplaysthe-regalia, whopropitiates-the-gods' (variants:

(i)

Heqa-maat

sehetepnetjeru, 'The-one-

who-brings-together-the-

the royal couple signalled the formal resurgence of

cosmic-order. who-

Amun

propitiates-the-gods':

and the

traditional

pantheon following the

years of proscription under Akhenaten. Promul-

gated by decree at

Memphis and recorded

in the

regalia-of-his-father-Re";

retrospectively-dated 'Restoration Stela' (extant in

(iii)

two

em

copies, later

usurped by Horemheb), this one

(ii)

Wetjeskhauyotef-Re, 'Who-displays-the-

Wetjeskhau tjes-tauy .

.

who-keeps-

the-regalia,

course of Egyptian history.

the-Two-Lands-together

4

^

"Who-displays-

.,

event marks the reign as pivotal to the subsequent

the Preno.vien. which

commonly group

follows the

nesu-bity, 'dual

king', traditionally

rendered 'King of Upper and Lower Egypt':

Nebkheprure, The-lordly manifestationof-Re'

5

the No.MEN,

introduced by sara, 'Son of Re':

Tutankhamun

heqalunu-shema. 'Livingimage-of-Amun, ruler-of-

Upper Eg\ptian-

^^^ van

Heliopolis' (earlier

variant: Tutankhaten.

Livingimage-of-the-Aten')'

Of these names, those most frequently encountered

are the

prenomen and the

nomen, written within an oval rope border, or cartouche. * Those

names marked with an

asterisk are not attested with the

iniageofthe-.Aten') form of nomen.

Tutankhaten

("Living-

-

Archaeology

Tlie

Oj

Tiitankhamiufs Reign

.\:i- :(-; »iri~:')k'

Tl:c

f(iii a -iirpriM' In mar/v'

f\\-r\ llaiiu ir.si'n'icfi

;jfij|iif

li-ani :lia!

iti

wai; the lainuM.l' Tiraakli-

muir, iin,i;ina!fs Irnni hi> imiib. Tlif vduii.u kin.u's

laasn

-licirl

\s'a> a liiiu' rhai)s originate

of

stvoiid lintel (Cairo JIC Wl.'il

Horemheb and found Temple enclosure in tiie

usurixxl by

Tutankhamun

from one or more other structures at

Memphis.

of the kin.g(?) (Cairo IK

."),")(),'i2)

.-\n

uninscrilxti 'bust'

was found

al

Kom

ell-akhry. .\n insi-rilxti limestone lintel

(Cairo.IK 5719."))

of

Tutankhamun

was discovered built into the mudTutankhamun' situated to the

brick 'Kesthouse of

west of Chephren"s valley temple

at Giza.

other objects of the reign from Giza

found

in the vicinity of the

courtier