Nia 550 Monografia

 

Mktrl`uaamñk Hdahkag `g gsth KMH Gsth Klreh Mktgrkhamlkhd `g Hu`mtlråh (KMH) trhth `g dhs rgsplkshnmdm`h`gs qug tmgkg gd hu`mtlr gk dl qug rgspgath h dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs gk ukh hu`mtlråh `g gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls. Gk alkargtl, `gshrrlddh dh hpdmahamñk `g dh KMH 187 8 , dh KMH 116> y dh KMH >061 gk rgdhamñk alk dls rmgsils `g mkalrrgaamñk ehtgrmhd hslamh hsl amh`ls `ls h dhs rgdham rgdhamlkg lkgss y trhksh trhkshaam aamlkgs lkgs alk phrtgs phrtgs vmkaud vmkaudh`hs h`hs.. Khturh Khturhdgz dgzhh `g dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs >. Euabhs `g dhs trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs sg prl`uagk gk gd aursl klrehd `g dls kgilamls. Gk thdgs amrauksthkamhs, pug`g qug kl mepdmqugk uk ehylr rmgsil `g mkalrrgaamñk ehtgrmhd gk dls gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls qug trhkshaamlkgs smemdhrgs alk phrtgs kl vmkaudh`hs. Qmk genhril, dh khturhdgzh `g dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs pug`g, gk hdiukhs amrauksthkamhs, `hr duihr h ehylrgs rmgsils `g mkalrrgaamñk ehtgrmhd gk dls gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls qug dhs trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs kl vmkaudh`hs. Vlr gogepdl? Dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs pug`g qug lpgrgk h trhvís `g uk gxtgksl y alepdgol gktrheh`l `g rgdhamlkgs y gstruaturhs, alk gd alksmiumgktg huegktl `g dh alepdgom`h` `g dhs trhkshaamlkgs rghdmzh`hs alk gddhs. Dls smstgehs `g mkjlrehamñk pug`gk rgsudthr mkgjmahags phrh m`gktmjmahr l rgsuemr  dhs trhkshaamlkgs y shd`ls pgk`mgktgs gxmstgktgs gktrg ukh gktm`h` y dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs h gddh. Dhs trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs pug`g qug kl sg rghdmagk gk alk`mamlkgs klrehdgs klrehd gs `g egrah` egrah`l3 l3 plr gogepd gogepdl, l, gs plsmnd plsmndgg qug hdiukh hdiukhss tr trhks hkshaam haamlkg lkgss alk phrtgs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs sg gjgatÿgk smk alktrhprgsthamñk. ^gsplkshnmdm`h`gs `gd hu`mtlr 1. @h`l qug dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs kl slk mk`gpgk`mgktgs gktrg så, euabls ehrals `g mkjlrehamñk jmkhkamgrh gsthndgagk rgqugrmemgktls gspgaåjmals rgdh rgdhtm tmvl vlss h dh al alkt kthn hnmd mdmz mzham hamñk ñk y h dh mkjl mkjlre reha hamñ mñk k h rg rgvg vgdh dhrr gk gd ahs ahsl l `g rg rgdh dham amlk lkgs gs,, trhkshaamlkgs y shd`ls alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs, qug pgremthk h dls usuhrmls `g dls gsth`ls jmkhkam jmk hkamgrl grlss aleprg aleprgk`gr k`gr su khturh khturhdgz dgzhh y sus gjgatl gjgatls, s, rghdgs rghdgs l plsmnd plsmndgs, gs, gk dls gsth`ls gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls. Gk gd ahsl `g qug gd ehral `g mkjlrehamñk jmkhkamgrh hpdmahndg gsthndgzah `mabls rgqugrmemgkt rgqugrmemgktls, ls, gd hu`mtlr tmgkg dh rgsplkshnmd rgsplkshnmdm`h` m`h` `g hpdmahr hpdmahr prlag`memgk prlag`memgktls tls `g

 

hu`mtlråh phrh m`gktmjmahr, vhdlrhr y rgsplk`gr h dls rmgsils `g mkalrrgaamñk ehtgrmhd `gnm`ls h ukh alkthnmdmzhamñk l rgvgdhamñk mkh`gauh`hs plr phrtg `g dh gktm`h`, `g alkjlrem`h` alk dls rgqugr rgqugrmem memgkt gktls ls `gd ehral, ehral, `g dhs rgdham rgdhamlkgs lkgs,, trhksh trhkshaam aamlkg lkgss l shd`ls shd`ls alk dhs phrtgs phrtgs vmka vmkaud udh` h`hs hs.. 0. Huk Huk gk gd ah ahsl sl `g qug gd ehra ehral l `g mk mkjl jlre reha hamñ mñk k jm jmkh khkam kamgr grhh hp hpdm dmah ahnd ndgg gsthndgzah gsthnd gzah rgqugrmemg rgqugrmemgktls ktls eåkmels, l kl gsthndgzah gsthndgzah kmkiÿk rgqugrmemg rgqugrmemgktl, ktl, alk rgspgatl rgspgatl h dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs, gd hu`mtlr kgagsmth lntgkgr alklamemgktl sujmamgktg `g dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs `g dh gktm`h` alk dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs phrh pl`gr alkadumr sm dls gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls, gk dh eg`m`h gk qug sg vghk hjgath`ls plr `mabhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs? (^gj? Hphrth`l H8) Euabhs `g dhs trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs sg prl`uagk gk gd aursl klrehd `g dls kgilamls. Gk thdgs amrauksthkamhs, pug`g qug kl mepdmqugk uk ehylr rmgsil `g mkalrrgaamñk ehtgrmhd gk dls gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls qug trhkshaamlkgs smemdhrgs alk phrtgs kl vmkaudh`hs. Qmk genhril, dh khturhdgzh `g dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs pug`g, gk hdiukhs amrauksthkamhs, `hr duihr h ehylrgs rmgsils `g mkalrrgaamñk ehtgrmhd gk dls gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls qug dhs trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs kl vmkaudh`hs. Dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs pug`g qug lpgrgk h trhvís `g uk gxtgksl y alepdgol gktrheh`l `g rgdh rg dham amlk lkgs gs y gs gstr trua uatu turh rhs, s, al alk k gd al alks ksmi mium umgk gktg tg hu hueg egkt ktl l `g dh al alep epdg dgom om`h `h` ` `g dh dhss trhkshaamlkgs rghdmzh`hs alk gddhs. Dls sms smstge tgehs hs `g mkj mkjlre lreham hamñk ñk pug` pug`gk gk rgs rgsudt udthr hr mkg mkgjma jmahags hags phr phrhh m`g m`gktm ktmjma jmahr hr l rg rgsue suemr mr dhs trhkshaamlkgs y shd`ls pgk`mgktgs gxmstgktgs gktrg ukh gktm`h` y dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs h gddh. Dhs trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs pug`g qug kl sg rghdmagk gk alk`mamlkgs klrehdgs `g egrah`l3 plr gogepdl, gs plsmndg qug hdiukhs trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs sg gjgatÿgk smk alktrhprgsthamñk. Gsth Klreh Mktgrkhamlkhd `g Hu`mtlråh (KMH) trhth `g dhs rgsplkshnmdm`h`gs qug tmgkg gd hu`mtlr gk dl qug rgspgath h dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs gk ukh hu`mtlråh `g gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls. Gk alkargtl, `gshrrlddh dh hpdmahamñk `g dh KMH 187, dh  KMH 116 y dh KMH >06 gk rgdhamñk alk dls rmgsils `g mkalrrgaamñk ehtgrmhd hslamh`ls h dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs.

 

Alksm`grhk`l qug dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs kl slk mk`gpgk`mgktgs gktrg så, dls ehrals `g mkjlrehamñk jmkhkamgrh gsthndgagk rgqugrmemgktls gspgaåjmals rgdhtmvls h dh alkthnmdmzhamñk y h dh mkjlrehamñk h rgvgdhr gk gd ahsl `g rgdhamlkgs, trhkshaamlkgs y shd`ls alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs, qug pgremthk h dls usuhrmls `g dls gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls aleprgk`gr su khturhdgzh y sus gjgatls, rghdgs l plsmndgs, gk dls gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls. Gk gd ahsl `g qug gd ehral `g mkjlre mkj lreham hamñk ñk jmk jmkhka hkamgr mgrhh hpd hpdmah mahndg ndg gst gsthnd hndgzah gzah `ma `mabls bls rgq rgqugr ugrme memgk mgktls tls,, gd hu` hu`mtl mtlrr tmg tmgkg kg dh rgsplkshnmdm`h` `g hpdmahr prlag`memgktls `g hu`mtlråh phrh m`gktmjmahr, vhdlrhr y rgsplk`gr  h dl dlss rm rmgs gsils ils `g mk mkalr alrrg rgaa aamñ mñk k eh ehtg tgrm rmhd hd `g `gnm nm`l `lss h ukh al alkt kthn hnmd mdmz mzham hamñk ñk l rg rgvgd vgdha hamñ mñk k mkh`gauh`hs plr phrtg `g dh gktm`h`, `g alkjlrem`h` alk dls rgqugrmemgktls `gd ehral, `g dhs rgdhamlkgs, trhkshaamlkgs l shd`ls alk dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs.  Kl lnsthktg dl hktgrmlr, gk gd ahsl `g qug gd ehral `g mkjlrehamñk jmkhkamgrh hpdmahndg gsthndgzah gsthnd gzah rgqugr rgqugrmemg memgktls ktls eåkmels, l kl gsthn gsthndgzah dgzah kmkiÿk rgqugr rgqugrmemg memgktl, ktl, alk rgspg rgspgatl atl h dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs, gd hu`mtlr kgagsmth lntgkgr alklamemgktl sujmamgktg `g dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs `g dh gktm`h` alk dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs phrh pl`gr alkadumr sm dls gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls, gk dh eg`m`h gk qug sg vghk hjgath`ls plr `mabhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs dlirhk l eugstrhk ukh rgprgsgkthamñk jmgd y rghd, y qug kl alk`uagk hd grrlr. Vlr tl`l dl egkamlkh`l hktgrmlregktg, gs rgdgvhktg phrh dh gvhduhamñk `gd hu`mtlr, dh  plsmndg gxmstgkamh `g jhatlrgs `g rmgsil `g jrhu`g. Gs ukh rghdm`h` qug euabhs `g dhs trhksh trh kshaam aamlkg lkgss gkt gktrg rg phr phrtgs tgs vmk vmkaud audh`h h`hss sg utm utmdmz dmzhk hk phr phrhh ehk ehkmpu mpudhr dhr rgs rgsudt udth`l h`lss nmg nmgk k sgh jmkhkamgrls l trmnuthrmls, rhzñk plr dh qug gd hu`mtlr `g gsth`ls jmkhkamgrls `gng alksm`grhr  gsth klreh `g hu`mtlrmh, phrh gkjlahr su hkèdmsms y lntgkgr gvm`gkamh sujmamgktg y hprlpmh`h. hp rlpmh`h. @gjmkmamñk `g tíremkls ush`ls gk dh KMH 706 `g Gstmehamlkgs alkthndgs.

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Prhkshaamñk rghdmzh`h gk alk`mamlkgs `g mk`gpgk`gkamh eutuh?  Wkh trhkshaamñk

rghd rg hdmz mzh` h`hh gk gktr trgg ph phrt rtgs gs mk mktg tgrg rgsh sh`h `hs, s, kl vm vmka kaud udh` h`hs hs,, y qu qugg ha hatÿ tÿhk hk `g jl jlre rehh mk`gpgk`mgktg gktrg så y pgrsmiumgk`l ah`h ukh sus prlpmls mktgrgsgs. 

Vhrtg vmkaudh`h? ukh pgrslkh u ltrh gktm`h` qug gograg uk alktrld l mkjdugkamh

smikmj smi kmjmah mahtmv tmvhh sln slnrg rg dh gkt gktm`h m`h` ` qug prg prgphr phrhh dh mkj mkjlre lreham hamñk ñk jmk jmkhka hkamgr mgrh, h, `mr `mrgat gathh l mk`mrgathegktg h trhvís `g ukl l eès mktgreg`mhrmls.

 

Ltrh gktm`h` qug, ouktl alk dh gktm`h` qug prgphrh dh mkjlrehamñk jmkhkamgrh, gstè nhol alktrld aleÿk `g ltrh eg`mhktg? h. `grgab `grgabls ls `g prlpmg prlpmg`h` `h` gk henhs henhs gktm`h gktm`h`gs `gs qug pgrem pgremtgk tgk su alktr alktrld3 ld3  n. prlpmgthrmls qug sghk jhemdmhrgs prñxmels3 l a. pgr pgrslk slkhd hd adhvg adhvg `g dh `mrga `mrgaamñ amñk k alephr alephrtm` tm`l. l. Vrlag`memgktls `g vhdlrhamñk `gd rmgsil y hatmvm`h`gs rgdhamlkh`hs.

Gd hu hu`m `mtl tlrr `g `gng ng al alks ksm` m`gr grhr hr `g eh ehkg kgrh rh gs gspga pgaåj åjma mah, h, dh pl plsm smnm nmdm dm`h `h` ` `g qu qugg dl dlss gs gsth th`l `lss jmkhkamgrls alktgkihk ukh `gsvmhamñk ehtgrmhd `gnm`h h jrhu`g l grrlr qug pu`mgrh `grmvhrsg `g dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs `g dh gktm`h` alk dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs. Gd hu`mtlr `gng rghdmzhr gktrgvmsth alk dh `mrgaamñk `g dh Alephøåh (gd admgktg) slnrg dhs smiumgktgs augstmlkgs? 

Dh m`gktm`h`/m`gktmjmahamñk `g dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs h dh Alephøåh, hså alel dls ahenmls alk rgspgatl hd pgrml`l hktgrmlr.

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Dh kh khtu turh rhdg dgzh zh `g dh dhss rg rgdh dham amlk lkgs gs gx gxms mstg tgkt ktgs gs gk gktr trgg dh gk gktm tm`h `h` ` y `m `mab abhs hs ph phrt rtgs gs vmkaudh`hs.

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Qm dh gktm`h` bh rghdmzh`l trhkshaamlkgs alk `mabhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs `urhktg gd  pgrml`l y, `g sgr hså, gd tmpl y gd lnogtl `g `mabhs trhkshaamlkgs.

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Hpdmahr ltrls prlag`memgktls `g vhdlrhamñk `gd rmgsil qug alksm`grg h`gauh`ls, alk gd jmk `g lntgkgr alklamemgktl `g dls alktrldgs qug dh `mrgaamñk bhyh gsthndgam`l  phrh m`gktmjmahr, hprlnhr, rgimstrhr y dh `gjmkmamñk `gd —prgaml― `g gsths trhkshaamlkgs.

Hd rgvmshr dls rgimstrls y `lauegktls, gd hu`mtlr `gngrè jlahdmzhr su htgkamñk slnrg dh mkjlrehamñk slnrg phrtgs vmkaudh`hs.

Gk gd prlagsl `g hu`mtlråh, hd mkspgaamlkhr dls rgimstrls y `lauegktls, gd hu`mtlr ehktgk`rè ukh gspgamhd htgkamñk slnrg hqugddls haugr`ls u ltrh mkjlrehamñk qug pug`h mk`mahr dh gxmst gxm stgk gkam amhh `g rg rgdh dham amlk lkgs gs l tr trhk hksh shaa aaml mlkgs kgs alk ph phrt rtgs gs vm vmka kaud udh` h`hs hs qu qugg dh `m `mrg rgaa aamñ mñk, k,  prgvmhegktg, kl bunmgsg m`gktmjmah`l l rgvgdh`l hd hu`mtlr.

 

Dls jlals l trhzhs `g hu`mtlråh slnrg dls qug gd hu`mtlr `gng `mrgaamlkhr su lnsgrvhamñk slk? 

Alkjmreham Alkjm rehamlkgs lkgs `g nhkals y `g dls hsgslr hsgslrgs gs ourå`mals ourå`mals lntgkm lntgkm`hs `hs alk eltm eltmvl vl `g dls  prlag`memgktls hpdmah`ls plr gd hu`mtlr3

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Haths `g oukths `g haamlkmsths y `g rgukmlkgs `g dls rgsplkshndgs `gd ilnmgrkl `g dh gktm`h`3 y

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Ltrl Lt rlss rg rgim imst strl rlss l `l `laue auegkt gktls ls qug gd hu` hu`mt mtlr lr al alks ksm` m`gr grgg kga kgags gshr hrml mlss sg sgiÿk iÿk dh dhss amrauksthkamhs alkargths `g dh gktm`h`, thdgs alel jhaturhs, alktrhtls, mkadusl dh emseh kñemkh `g gepdgh`ls, l dhs hatmvm`h`gs qug gd pgrslkhd `g amgrths èrghs rghdmzh, pugs gvgktuhdegktg gk dhs mk`hihamlkgs alk pgrslkhd `g dh Gktm`h`, sg lntmgkg mkjlrehamñk vhdmlsh gk gd sgktm`l qug gsths pgrslkhs rghdmzhk hatmvm`h`gs qug kl slk prlpmhegktg `g dh Gktm`h` hu`mth`hs, gs `gamr, `gshrrlddhk hatmvm`h`gs  phrh alephøåhs vmkaudh`hs.

M`gktmjmahamñk y vhdlrhamñk `g dls rmgsils `g mkalrrgaamñk ehtgrmhd hslamh`ls h dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs.

Alel dl `gsarmngk tl`hs dhs KMH°s, gd hu`mtlr smgeprg `gngrè m`gktmjmahr y vhdlrhr dls rmgsils `g grrlrgs ehtgrmhdgs, `g `gsvmhamñk `g dls shd`ls, y `g dh gxmstgkamh `g mk`mamls `g jrhu`g, plr dl qug phrh dhs trhkshaamlkgs alk vmkaudh`ls miuhdegktg sg `gng rghdmzhr y hpdmahr dh egtl`ldliåh, mkalrplrhk`l tl`ls dls gdgegktls yh alktgepdh`ls gk dhs `geès klrehs, gspgamhdegktg gk tl`l dl rgdhamlkh`l alk gd gktgk`memgktl `gd kgilaml `gd admgktg,  KMH 187. ^gsp ^g spug ugst sths hs h dl dlss rm rmgs gsils ils `g mk mkal alrrg rrgaa aamñ mñk k eh ehtg tgrm rmhd hd hs hsla lamh mh`ls `ls h dh dhss rg rgdh dham amlk lkgs gs y trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs.

Gd hu`mtlr `gng rgsplk`gr h dls rmgsils vhdlrh`ls, plr dl qug tmgkg qug `msgøhr y hpdmahr   prlag`memgktls `g hu`mtlråh plstgrmlrgs, alk gd jmk `g lntgkgr gvm`gkamh `g hu`mtlråh sujmamgktg sujm amgktg y h`gauh h`gauh`h `h slnrg dls rmgsils vhdlrh`ls `g mkalr mkalrrgaam rgaamñk ñk ehtgr ehtgrmhd mhd hslamh`ls h dhs rgdhamlkgs y trhkshaamlkgs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs.

 

Qm m`gktmjmah phrtgs vmkaudh`hs l trhkshaamlkgs smikmjmahtmvhs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs qug dh `mrgaamñk kl bhyh m`gktmjmah`l l kl dg bhyh rgvgdh`l prgvmhegktg, gd hu`mtlr? 

Aleukmahrè `g mkeg`mhtl dh mkjlrehamñk rgdgvhktg h dls rgsthktgs emgenrls `gd gqumpl `gd gkahril.

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Gk ah ahsl sl `g qu qugg gd eh ehra ral l `g mk mkjl jlre reha hamñ mñk k jm jmkh khka kamg mgrh rh hp hpdm dmah ahnd ndgg gs gsth thnd ndgz gzah ah rgqugrmemgktls slnrg dhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs, pg`mrè h dh `mrgaamñk qug m`gktmjmqug tl`hs dhs trhkshaamlkgs rghdmzh`hs alk dhs kugvhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs m`gktmjmah`hs  phrh su plstgrmlr gvhduhamñk plr gd hu`mtlr3 g mk`hihrè slnrg gd eltmvl plr gd qug dls alktrldgs `g dh gktm`h` slnrg dhs rgdhamlkgs.

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Hpdmah Hpd mahrr prl prlag` ag`mem memgkt gktls ls `g hu` hu`mtl mtlråh råh sus susthk thktmv tmvls, ls, h`ga h`gauh` uh`ls ls alk rgd rgdham hamñk ñk h dhs kugvhs phrtgs vmkaudh`hs l kugvhs trhkshaamlkgs smikmjmahtmvhs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs m`gktmjmah`hs.

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^ghdmz ^ghd mzhr hr uk ukhh ku kugvh gvh gv gvhd hduha uhamñ mñk k `gd rm rmgs gsil il `g qu qugg pug pug`h `hk k gx gxms mstm tmrr lt ltrh rhss ph phrt rtgs gs vmkaudh`hs l trhkshaamlkgs smikmjmahtmvhs alk phrtgs vmkaudh`hs qug dh `mrgaamñk,  prgvmhegktg, kl bhyh m`gktmjmah`l l rgvgdh`l hd hu`mtlr, y hpdmahrè dls  prlag`memgktls `g hu`mtlråh h`mamlkhdgs qug sghk kgagshrmls

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Qm dh @mrgaamñk kl mkaduyl tl`hs dhs rgvgdhamlkgs `g mkjlrehamñk qug phrgamgrh ehd mktgkamlkh` mktgk amlkh`hh (y, plr alksmi alksmiumgkt umgktg, g, mk`ma mk`mahtmvh htmvh `g uk rmgsi rmgsil l `g mkalr mkalrrgaam rgaamñk ñk ehtgr ehtgrmhd mhd `gnm`h h jrhu`g), gvhduhrè dhs mepdmahamlkgs phrh dh hu`mtlråh.

Gk tl`l ahsl, plr trhthrsg `g uk hsuktl trhsagk`gkthd gk dh hu`mtlrmh, gs rgalegk`hndg mkadumr gstls hspgatls gk dh ahrth `g rgprgsgkthamñk qug dh @mrgaamlk `gng prlvggr hd hu`mtlr, mkadusl sm kl gxmstmgrhk l kl sg bunmgsgk m`gktmjmah`l, ahsl gk gd auhd dh hjmrehamñk gs kgihtmvh, plr gogepdl — Dgs alkjmrehels qug kl gxmstgk, km bhk gxmstm`l trhkshaamlkgs alk vmkaudh`ls...―.