NFPA 13 Handbook (2016) 1201 1235
November 21, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1180
RN1 Use K-factor from 1st path (4-RN1) 10 RN3 1 1¹⁄₄ ″
′
7 –0 3” ′
47 –0
″
″
3 ″
1¹⁄₄ 7 –0 ′
″
RN1
2 1¹⁄₄
″
′
14 –0
1 1
″
″
′
14 –0
CM1 CM 1
3 ″
1¹⁄₄ 7 –0 ′
″
″
2 1¹⁄₄
″
′
14 –0
1 1
″
CM1
″
′
″
14 – 0
″
′
″
7 –0
9
3
CM2
″
′
CM3
CM2 ″
47 –0 CM3 Use K-factor from 3rd path
3
″
″
3 BOR
BOR
Exhibit S2.28 Third Attachment Path.
Exhibit S2.30 Plugging in an Equivalent K-factor for Third Attachment Path.
calclat th ini flow (Q ( Q) and prssr (P ( P ) that wold b rqird at Sprinklr 9 and throgh th pip fding it. Thn, w will s that inforation to dtrin an qivalnt K-factor (K ( K eq). p (K eq = Q ÷ .) W will s that qivalnt K-factor to rprsnt th
attachnt paths. And with exhibit S2.31, S2.31, w can s th priary path that is sd to prfor th final calclations. W ar finally rady to walk throgh th actal calclation ca lclation procdrs for th syst on or projct.
otlt at RN3 and s this otlt in calclating th third attachnt path. (S exhibit S2.29.) S2.29.)
Use K-factor from 1st path RN1 3 2 1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₄ 1 7 –0 14 – 0 14 –0 CM1 CM 1 ″
′
RN1 3 1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₄ 7 –0 14 –0
Use K-factor from 1st path (4-RN1) RN3
″
2
1
″
″
′
1
″
″
′
″
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 1¹⁄₄ 3
′
47 –0
″
″
″
′
″
1
″
CM1 CM 1
′
14 –0
″
3
″
′
47 –0
″
7 –0
″
′
′
″
9
CM2
″
Use K-factor from CM1
CM3 Use K-factor from 3rd path
CM2
CM3 3
″
BOR
3
″
BOR
Exhibit S2.31 Primary Path with Outlets for the Attachment Paths.
Exhibit S2.29 Outrigger at Third Attachment Path.
With a sprinklr at Nod 10 and an qivalnt K-factor at Nod RN3, w ar all st to dscrib or third attachnt path as 10-RN3-Cm3. Now w will b prpard to calclat th ini flow (Q (Q) and prssr (P ( P ) that wold b rqird in th third attachnt path. W will s that inforation to dtrin an qivalnt K-factor (K (K eq). (K ( K eq = Q ÷ p .) W will s that qivalnt K-factor to rprsnt th otlt (Cm3) in or priary path. (S exhibit S2.30. S2.30. ) Now with all thr attachnt paths dfind, w can visaliz only th priary path and th points whr w will accont for or
STEP SEVEN: Calculate how much energy and flow will be needed for the entire remote area because of that first sprinkler. W hav discssd how ch watr st flow fro individal sprinklrs and fro cratd virtal paths for watrflow in or projct syst. It is now ti to considr what aont of nrgy it will tak to do th work of flowing watr to th sprinklrs. W will also considr th trblnc and rslting friction losss cratd by fittings, valvs, and othr dvics. W ar rady to walk throgh th calclation procdrs to coplt th calclation for this projct. W will start with th attachnt 2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
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Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1181
paths and finish with th priary path. Th following stps ar gnrally sd to calclat th piping in a path:
Step 7.1: Complete the hydraulic analysis form using the data known for your path.
1. Coplt a hydralic analysis for sing th data known for
Th first thing w will do is start ntring data onto th NFPA hydralic calclation fors. W will s th pip analysis for for prforing calclations anally. This dtaild worksht is Figr 23.3.5.1.2(d) 23.3.5.1.2(d) in NFPA 13. exhibit S2.32 shows S2.32 shows th standards w will s for ronding th nbrs in or calclation. B sr to s
yor path. 2. Dtrin th ini rqird starting prssr for yor nd otlt. 3. Dtrin th flow fro th otlt (q (q) (if th pip sgnt has a K-factor shown).
ths standards if yo wold lik to gt th sa rslts that ar shown in this spplnt. W will calclat th watrflow throgh th attachnt paths to dtrin thir qivalnt K-factors. Thn w will calclat th priary path. entr th data w know for th first attachnt path. W dscribd this in Stp Six as 4-RN1. W hav ntrd th known data for this path in exhibit S2.33. S2.33. W know th following data abot this path and shold ntr it in th appropriat plac on th for:
4. Vrify that Q, K , and P ar ar valid ach ti a nw pip sgnt
is startd. 5. Dtrin th total flow (Q (Q) in th pip sgnt. 6. Dtrin if any fitting odifirs wold apply to th pip
sgnt. 7. Dtrin th friction loss pr foot. 8. Dtrin th friction loss for th ntir pip sgnt. 9. Dtrin any lvation loss or gain. 10. Total th rqird prssrs to crat a nw total prssr (P (P t ) 11. 12. 13.
14.
1. Nod tags (4 and RN1)
for th nxt pip sgnt. us th total prssr to bgin again at Stp 3 of this list on th nxt pip sgnt. Whn yo rach th nd of an attachnt path, crat an qivalnt K-factor to plac in th priary path. Whn yo rach th nd of th priary path, copar th ndd flow and prssr to that availabl fro th watr spply. B sr to considr any rqirnt for hos allowanc. Lt’s walk throgh this procss, on it at a ti.
2. elvation of ach nod (19 ft and 16 ft) f t) 3. K-factor for th sprinklr (5.6) 4. mini rqird flow [Q [Qs = As × dnsity (D (D) = 126 × 0.15 =
18.9 gp] 5. Pip siz and actal intrnal diatr (1 in. and 1.049) 6. Lngth of pip (L (L) is 7 ft 7. T fitting. Thr is a t attachd to this pip, and th nrgy w
wold los to friction by going throgh that fitting is th sa as if w wnt throgh 5 ft of pip. (S Tabl 22.4.3.1.1, T or Cross.)
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1 Node Elev 2 2
0.1 0.1
total flow (Q)
0.10
q
(see Q notes)
0.1 0.1
L Nominal ID fittingsqty and F equiv Actual ID length T
Nom 1/4 or ID 1/2 Act
(see notes)
ft ft
Pt
total
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
L
0.1 C=
Pt
0.1
F
0.1
Pe
0.1
Pf Pt
0.1 0.1
Pt
total
0.333
0.333
ID
C
ft
notes
Equivalent K-factors Fitting Modifiers
0.1 T
Exhibit S2.32 Rounding Standards for NFPA Calculations.
K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1 Node Elev 2 2
4
19.0
RN1
19.0
total flow (Q)
5.60
q
18.9
Nominal ID fittings- L qty and F equiv Actual ID length T
Nom ID
1
L
Act ID
1.049
Exhibit S2.33 Known Data in First Attachment Path (4-RN1).
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016
ft ft
C
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
7.0 C = 120 Pt 5.0
Pe
T 12.0
Pf
1T = 5’ F Q
ft
notes
0.22 0.333
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Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1182
8. Total qivalnt lngth of pip (12 ft). 9. C-factor (120).
It 7 in th list abov has s adding a crtain aont of ft of pip to rprsnt th nrgy lost whn w trn a cornr or go throgh a pic of qipnt that crats odrat trblnc. W trn th cornr throgh ts and lbows. Wldd otlts ar considrd ts in NFPA 13 calclations. eqipnt, lik gat valvs and chck valvs, also cass nogh trblnc for s to considr in or calclations. Whn yo plac th nods on th for, plac th on closst to th watr spply on th scond lin. W shold dtrin what valvs and dvics ar btwn th two nods and if thr is a fitting at th nod closst to th watr spply. Whn dtrining which fitting shold b at th “pstra” “pstra” nod, nod, yo shold again “b th watr.” If yo wr flowing throgh th pip dscribd by ths nd nods, trn arond to s what fittings yo ca throgh to gt into this pip. exhibit S2.34 shows S2.34 shows th concpt of how to choos fittings for th pip.
risr will b accontd for twic. Th watr will trn going into th 1 in. otriggr. Th watr will also trn into th 11 ⁄ 4 in. pip. W will accont for a t in ach of thos pip sgnts in or path. W will also incld a t in th pip sgnt that dscribs th risr nippl. exhibit S2.36 shows S2.36 shows whr th fittings shold b incldd.
This tee is accounted for on both pipes. 1
″
3
″
1¹⁄₄
″
1¹⁄₄
″
1
″
A tee turn will need to be accounted for at the bottom of the riser nipple and should be included on the pipe that is the riser nipple.
Exhibit S2.36 Fittings for the Branch Line. 1. Consider the direction water will flow. 1
″
1¹⁄₄
″
1¹⁄₄ 3
″
″
1
Step 7.2: Determine the minimum required starting pressure for your end outlet. ″
2. Turn around and see the fittings the water had to come through to get into and through this pipe.
Th forla for dtrining th rqird starting prssr is P = (Q ÷ K )2. As w discssd in Stp For, th ini flow (Q ( Q) w nd fro th sprinklr is 18.9 gp. using th K-factor fro Lin 1 of th Hydralic Analysis For, w can now dtrin th ini rqird prssr for this otlt. using th forla P = = (Q (Q ÷ K )2, w can s that th ini rqird prssr will b 11.4 psi as shown blow.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} Accounting for the Fittings. Exhibit S2.34
Whn adding fittings to th hydralic calclations, yo shold b awar that crtain fittings do not add nogh trblnc to b incldd in th procss. In 23.4.4.7.1 23.4.4.7.1 of NFPA 13, thr ar 10 its that incld dirction on which fittings to incld. It also givs gidanc on which fittings do not nd to b incldd. exhibit S2.35 S2.35 shows two of th sitations whr fittings ar not incldd. For th branch lin shown, w do nd to incld th ts at th top of th risr nippl and at th botto. Th t at th top of th
P = = (Q (Q ÷ K )2 P = = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 P = = 11.4 psi
W shold ntr this prssr total on th Hydralic Analysis For in th fild labld P t . W shold also ak nots that incld how w dtrind th ini rqird flow and prssr at this point. (S exhibit S2.37.) S2.37.) Whn yo start with th first otlt, yo ay skip th nxt it in th list (Stp 7.3) and ov on to Stp 7.4.
Step 7.3: If the pipe segment has a K-factor shown, determine the flow from the outlet (q). The fitting attached directly to the sprinkler does not need to be considered. 1
3
″
″
1¹⁄₄
″
1¹⁄₄
″
No fitting required for water running straight through a tee.
Exhibit S2.35 Fittings Not Required to Be Included.
1
″
Anyti that yo ar calclating a pip sgnt that is not th first pip sgnt in yor path, yo will add th data in th prssr coln togthr, and ntr that total into th P t fild on th nxt pip sgnt. Onc yo ntr that data, yo shold look to th lft sid of th for for this pip sgnt and s if thr is a K-factor that applis. If so, yo will nd to dtrin what th flow will b. evry ti w hav a K-factor and a prssr in th data for th pip sgnt, yo will nd to dtrin th flow fro that otlt. (S th stp-by-stp calclation for th third attachnt path in Stp 7.14.) Th forla to dtrin th flow fro an otlt is Q = K ÷ = p . Yo Yo will ntr this data into th fild labld “flow addd this stp (q ( q).” 2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
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Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1183
K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1 Node Elev 2 2
4
19.0
total flow (Q)
5.60
q
18.9
L Nominal ID fittingsqty and F equiv Actual ID length T Nom ID
L
1
RN1
19.0
Q
1.049
ft ft
C
Pt
total
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
7.0 C = 120 Pt
11.4
notes
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm
5.0
Pe
P = (Q ÷ K) 2 =
T 12.0
Pf
(18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
1T = 5’ F Act ID
ft
Exhibit S2.37 Determine and Enter the Starting Pressure.
Step 7.4: Verify that Q, K , and P are are valid each time a new pipe segment is started.
Step 7.6: Determine if any fitting modifiers would apply to the pipe segment.
Th variabls of Q, K , and P shold shold always b vrifid by th forla Q = K × × p . Vrifying ths nbrs will nsr accracy in th calclation procdr.This is oftn a stp in vrifying rports that wr printd fro calclation softwar. exhibit S2.38 S2.38 shows th filds w ar discssing.
Tabl 23.4.3.1.1 of 23.4.3.1.1 of NFPA 13 is what w s to dtrin th qivalnt lngth of pip and fittings for th prposs of hydralic calclations. Yo Yo can instad choos to s th vals for qivalnt lngths givn by th anfactrr of a projct. Howvr, Howvr, whn w s NFPA 13 qivalnt lngths, thr ar two qstions w st ask orslvs:
Step 7.5: Determine the total flow (Q) in the pipe segment.
1. Ar w sing Schdl 40 stl pip? 2. Dos th pip sgnt hav a C-factor of 120?
Th “total flow (Q (Q)” fild shold now b dtrind. Add th Q (total flow) fro th prvios stp to th q (flow addd in this stp). In th first pip sgnt of a path, Q is always always th th sa as th q bcas thr is no prvios flow to add. W will s this stp rqird whn w calclat th third attachnt path. (S exhibit S2.39.) S2.39.)
If yo answr “ys” to both of ths qstions, thn yo can s th qivalnt lngths shown in th tabl. Howvr, if yo answrd “no” to ithr of ths qstions, thn yo st adjst ths lngths to nsr that w ar sing th corrct aont of nrgy loss in th fitting.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1 Node Elev 2 2
4
19.0
total flow (Q)
5.60
q
18.9
L Nominal ID fittingsqty and F equiv Actual ID length T
Nom ID
1
L
19.0
Q
Act ID
1.049
ft ft
C
Pt
total
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
7.0 C = 120 Pt
11.4
notes
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm
5.0
Pe
P = (Q ÷ K) 2 =
T 12.0
Pf
(18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
1T = 5’ F RN1
ft
Exhibit S2.38 Verifying Q, K, and P t .
K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1 Node Elev 2 2
4
19.0
RN1
19.0
total flow (Q)
5.60
Nominal ID fittings- L qty and F equiv Actual ID length T
q
18.9
Nom ID
Q
18.9
Act ID
1
L
Exhibit S2.39 Entering Total Flow (Q).
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016
ft ft
C
Pt
total
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
7.0 C = 120 Pt
11.4
notes
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm
5.0
Pe
P = (Q ÷ K) 2 =
T 12.0
Pf
(18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
1T = 5’ F 1.049
ft
. ..
Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1184
If yo ar not sing Schdl 40 stl pip, thn yo st odify th qivalnt lngths sing a forla basd on a coparison of th actal intrnal diatr of th pip and th intrnal diatr of Schdl 40 pip. Th following forla is fond in 23.4.3.1.3.1 23.4.3.1.3.1..
Whr: p = p = frictional rsistanc (psi pr ft of pip) Q = flow (gp) C = = friction loss cofficint d = = actal intrnal diatr of pip (inchs)
(Actal insid diatr ÷ Schdl 40 insid diatr)4.87 = Factor
W hav rwrittn th forla so that yo ay or asily ntr it into yor calclator as:
If th pip sgnt dos not hav a C-factor of 120, thn yo st odify th qivalnt lngths sing th factors in Tabl 23.4.3.2.1 of 23.4.3.2.1 of NFPA 13 (and shown blow as Tabl as S2.1 ingivn S2.1 in a slightly diffrnt forat), by ltiplying th val of th fitting lngths by th following vals, basd on th C-factor of th pip sgnt. If th pip sgnt is nithr Schdl 40, nor C-factor = 120, thn yo st apply both fitting lngth odifirs as follows:
p = p = 4.52 × Q1.85 ÷ C 1.85 ÷ d 4.87 Gnrally, whn prforing hydralic calclations for watrbasd fir protction systs, w s th Hazn– Willias forla to dtrin this ost iportant pic of inforation. using a Q of 18.9 gp, C of of 120, and d of of 1.049, wold rslt in a p p of of 0.117 psi/ft. Yo shold ntr this rslt in th “Pf pr foot” fild on th hydralic calclation for as shown in exhibit S2.40. S2.40.
Total Fitting eqivalnt Lngths (F ( F ) × Nw Adjstd = Non-S40 modifir × C-factor modifir Lngth (F (F adj )
Step 7.8: Determine the friction loss for the entire pipe segment.
Value Multiplier. tAbLE S2.1 C Value C Value
Onc yo hav dtrind th friction loss pr foot (Pf pr foot), yo ltiply that val by th total lngth of pip and fittings (T ( T ).). This will dtrin th total friction loss for th pip sgnt (P ( P f ). In or pip sgnt this wold b xprssd as follows:
Mulpler
100
0.713
130 140 150
1.16 1.33 1.51
12 ft × 0.117/ft = 1.4 psi
Source: Table 23.4.3.2.1, NFPA 13, 2016 edition.
entr this into th P f (frict) fild in th hydralic calclation for as shown in exhibit S2.41. S2.41.
Step 7.9: Determine any elevation loss or gain. {2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} Step 7.7: Determine the friction loss per foot.
Onc w know how ch watr will b flowing (Q ( Q), th pip siz throgh which it will flow (D ( D), and th C-factor for th pip sgnt, w can calclat th aont of friction loss that will occr in ach foot (and qivalnt foot) of pip. Gnrally, whn prforing hydralic calclations for watr-basd fir protction systs, w s th Hazn–Willias forla to dtrin this ost iportant pic of inforation. Th Hazn–Willias Forla Forla as it appars in NFP NFPA A 13
W st tak any lvation chang into accont that occrs in or pip sgnt. Whn th watr flows phill, thr will b or nrgy ndd. This is rprsntd rprsntd by ntring a positiv val in th P e(lv) fild. Whn th watr flows downhill, thr will b nrgy gained . This is rprsntd by ntring a ngativ val in th P e(lv) fild (bcas this is nrgy w ar gtting back).
is as follows:
Th pip sgnt w ar calclating has no lvation chang. Both nods ar at an lvation of 19 ft, as shown in th elv 1 and elv 2 filds. Thrfor, w shold ntr 0.0 psi for th P e(lv) fild in th hydralic calclation for as shown in exhibit S2.42. S2.42.
1.85
P
4 .52Q =
C
1.85 85
4.87 87
d
K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1 Node Elev 2 2
4
19.0
RN1
19.0
total flow (Q)
5.60
L Nominal ID fittingsqty and F equiv Actual ID length T
q
18.9
Nom ID
1
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
L 1T = 5’ F
ft ft ft
C
Pt
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
7.0 C = 120 Pt 5.0
T 12.0
total
0.117
11.4
notes
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm
Pe
P = (Q ÷ K) 2 =
Pf
(18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
Exhibit S2.40 Determining Friction Loss per Foot (P f ).
2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
. .
Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1185
K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1 Node Elev 2 2
4
19.0
total flow (Q)
5.60
q
L Nominal ID fittingsqty and F equiv Actual ID length T
18.9
Nom ID
18.9
Act ID
L
1
1T = 5’ F RN1
19.0
Q
ft ft ft
C
total
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
7.0 C = 120 Pt 5.0 0.117
1.049
Pt
T 12.0
11.4
Pe
notes
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K) 2 =
Pf
1 .4
Pt
total
(18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
Exhibit S2.41 Determining Total Friction Loss (P f – frict).
K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1 Node Elev 2 2
4
19.0
RN1
19.0
total flow (Q)
5.60
L Nominal ID fittingsqty and F equiv Actual ID length T
q
18.9
Nom ID
Q
18.9
Act ID
L
1
1T = 5’ F
ft ft ft
C
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
7.0 C = 120 Pt 5.0 0.117
1.049
T 12.0
11.4
notes
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm
Pe
0.0
P = (Q ÷ K) 2 =
Pf
1 .4
(18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
Exhibit S2.42 Determining Total Friction Loss (P f – frict).
this bcos th bginning prssr and shold b sd to dtrin th aont of flow (q ( q) fro any otlt shown in th K-factor fild for that sgnt. S th stp-by-stp calclation for th third attachnt path in Stp 7.14.
Step 7.10: Total the required pressures to create a new Total Pressure (P t ) for the next pipe segment. Th only thing lft in calclating this path is to add th ndd prssrs togthr and dtrin th total prssr (P ( P t ) w will nd. Whn thr ar or pip sgnts in th path, this total will b th bginning prssr for th nxt pip sgnt. Add th prssr coln and ntr th rslt in th P t (total) fild on th nxt lin of th hydralic calclation for. S exhibit S2.43. S2.43.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} Step 7.12: When you reach the end of an attachment path, create an equivalent K-factor to place in the primary path. W hav copltd th calclation of th ini rqird prssr (P (P t ) and flow (Q (Q) for th first attachnt path. This is th inforation w nd in ordr to crat th qivalnt K-factor that dscribs
Step 7.11: Use the total pressure to begin again at Step 3 on the next pipe segment.
all of th calclations w hav jst prford. Whn w know th P and th Q, w can dtrin an qivalnt K-factor in th following annr.
As statd arlir, this total will b th bginning prssr for th nxt pip sgnt. Whn thr ar additional pip sgnts in th path,
K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1 Node Elev 2 2
4
19.0
RN1
19.0
total flow (Q)
5.60
L Nominal ID fittingsqty and F equiv Actual ID length T
q
18.9
Nom ID
1
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
L 1T = 5’ F
ft ft ft
Pt
5.0 0.117
T 12.0
total
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
7.0 C = 120 Pt
Exhibit S2.43 Determining Total Pressure (P t ) required for our pipe segment.
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016
C
11.4
notes
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm
Pe
0.0
P = (Q ÷ K) 2 =
Pf
1 .4
(18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
Pt
12.8
. ..
Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1186
watr flow ot of sprinklr 10 bcas it is on sallr pip and will nd or nrgy to flow nogh watr than will Sprinklr 9. S exhibit S2.46. S2.46.
K = Q ÷ ÷ p K eq = 18.9 gp ÷ 12.8 psi K eq = 5.28 This shold b shown in th nots sction of th hydralic calclation for as shown in exhibit S2.44. S2.44.
RN1 3 2 1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₄ 7 –0 14 – 0 ″
Step 7.13: When you reach the end of the primary path, compare the needed flow and pressure to that available from the water supply.
′
RN3
10 1
″
′
1¹⁄₄ ″
7 –0 3 ″
S th calclation of th priary path that follows for th final prssr and flow that will b rqird for or syst.
′
47 –0
″
′
″
″
′
″
1 ″
1 ′
14 –0
CM1 CM 1
″
″
7 –0
″
9
CM2
9
CM3 10-RN3-CM3
Step 7.14: Be sure to consider any requirement for hose allowance.
3
Th insranc copany for or sapl projct has told s to add any ndd hos allowanc at th bas of th risr. W will s th hos allowanc rqird by NFPA 13 in Tabl 11.2.3.1.2. 11.2.3.1.2. For an ordinary hazard occpancy, w will b rqird rqird to incld an additional flow of 250 gp for th fir dpartnt to s for hoss dring oprations whn thy arriv at th fir scn. Whn w coplt th cal-
Water flows away from the third attachment path here and goes to Sprinkler 9.
″
BOR
Exhibit S2.45 Third Attachment Piping Layout.
clations for th syst, w will add 250 gp to th dand bfor coparing th ndd flow to that flow availabl fro th watr spply.
RN1 3 1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₄ 7 –0 14 –0 CM1 ″
′
Calculating the Third Attachment Path
RN3
10
″
2
″
′
1 1
″
′
″
14 –0
″
″
1
Th third attachnt path rqirs s to crat an qivalnt K-factor for th pip that fds Sprinklrs 9 and 10 (10-RN3-Cm3). Watr flows away fro this attachnt at Nod RN3 and gos ot to Sprinklr 9. W will nd to dscrib th piping that gos fro f ro 9-RN3 as an otlt in th third attachnt path. S exhibit S2.45. S2.45. W will first calclat th ini flow (Q ( Q) and prssr (P ( P ) that wold b rqird at Sprinklr 9 and throgh th pip fding it. Thn, w will s that inforation to dtrin an qivalnt K-factor (K (K eq) (K ( K eq = Q ÷ p ). W will s that qivalnt K-factor
′
7 –0 3
″
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} ″
′
47 –0
3
Node Elev 2 2
4
19.0
RN1
19.0
total flow (Q)
5.60
18.9
Nom ID
1
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
CM3
Create K-factor for 9-RN3
″
Exhibit S2.46 Determining the Equivalent K-factor (K eq ) for the
Third Attachment Path.
Nominal ID fittings- L qty and F equiv Actual ID length T
q
″
BOR
to rprsnt th otlt at RN3 and s this otlt in calclating th third attachnt path. W chos Sprinklr 10 as th nd sprinklr on th third attachnt path. It will b or danding to ak
K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1
CM2
L 1T = 5’ F
ft ft ft
C
Pt
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
7.0 C = 120 Pt 5.0 0.117
T 12.0
total
11.4
notes
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm
Pe
0.0
P = (Q ÷ K) 2 =
Pf
1 .4
(18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
Pt
12.8
Keq@RN1 = Q ÷ √Pt = 5.28
Exhibit S2.44 Determining the Equivalent K-factor (K eq ) for the First Attachment Path.
2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
. ..
Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1187
Whn w walk throgh th sa procss w sd for th first attachnt path, th rslts for th 9-RN3 pip sgnt shold b as shown in exhibit S2.47. S2.47. W stablish an qivalnt K-factor for this pip sgnt, and w will insrt it into or third attachnt path. With th raining sprinklr at Nod 10 and an qivalnt K at nod RN3, w ar all st to dscrib or third attachnt path as 10-RN3-Cm3. Now w ar prpard to calclat th ini flow (Q ( Q) and prssr (P (P ) that wold b rqird in th third attachnt path. W will s that inforation to dtrin an qivalnt K-factor (K (K eq) (K (K eq = =Q Q ÷ ÷ p). W will s that qivalnt K-factor to rprsnt th otlt for this attachnt path at Cm3 in or priary path. S S exhibit S2.30. S2.30. As always, w ntr th known inforation abot or attachnt path. S exhibit S2.48. S2.48. W can coplt th calclation for friction loss pr foot and for th total qivalnt pip lngth for this sgnt. entr th data as shown in in exhibit S2.49. S2.49.
K flow addedNode Elev 1 factor this step (q) 1 Node Elev 2 2
9
19.0
RN3
19.0
total flow (Q)
5.60
Aftr w hav ntrd th friction losss for th first pip, w can total th prssr coln and ntr th total prssr (P ( P t ) for th nxt pip sgnt (RN3-Cm3). Howvr, this is th first ti w hav ncontrd a scond pip sgnt in a path. And as w said prviosly, whn w ntr th P t data on a nw pip sgnt, w st look to th lft sid of th hydralic analysis for to s if this sgnt has a K-factor. W can s that this scond pip sgnt (RN3-Cm3) has th qivalnt K-factor w cratd for th pip sgnt labld 9-RN3. Thrfor, w st s it to dtrin how ch watr wold actally flow ot to Sprinklr 9 whn w flow th ini rqird flow fro Sprinklr 10. So w will s Q = K × × p to dtrin that this otlt will flow 19.7 gp as shown in exhibit S2.50. S2.50. Now w can cobin th “flow addd this stp (q (q)” fro th otlt with th “total flow (Q (Q).” This wold b 19.7 + 18.9 = 38.6 gp,
L Nominal ID fittingsqty and F equiv Actual ID length T
q
18.9
Nom ID
1 1/4
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.380
ft ft ft
C
Pt
total
Pf per Pe elev foot Pf frict
7.0 C = 120 Pt 6.0 Pe 0.031 T 13.0 Pf
11.4 0.0
Pt
11.8
L 1T = 6 6′′ F
0 .4
notes
q = A × density = 126 ×s .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K) 2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi Keq@RN3 = Q ÷ √Pt = 5.50
Exhibit S2.47 Calculation for Third Attachment Equivalent K-factor.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 10
19.0
RN3
19.0
RN3
19.0
5.60
5.50
q
18.9
Nom ID
1
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
Nom ID
1 1/2
q
1T = 5′
1T = 8′ CM3
16.0
Q
Act ID
1.610
L
7.0 C = 120 Pt
F
5.0
Pe
T 12.0
Pf
L
3.0 C = 120 Pt
F
8.0
Pe
T 11.0
Pf
11.4
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K) 2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
1.3
Pe = .433 × 3′ = 1.3 psi
Exhibit S2.48 Calculating Third Attachment Flow and Pressure.
10
19.0
RN3
19.0
RN3
19.0
CM3
16.0
5.60
5.50
q
18.9
Nom ID
1
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
Nom ID
1 1/2
q Q
Act ID
1T = 5′ 5′
L
7.0 C = 120 Pt
F
6.0 0.117
T 13.0
1T = 8′ 8′
11.4
Pe
0.0
Pf
1.4
P = (Q ÷ K) 2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
1.3
Q = K × √P = 5.5 × √12.8 √12.8 = 19.4 gpm
L
3.0 C = 120 Pt
F
8.0
Pe
T 11.0
Pf
Exhibit S2.49 Calculating Third Attachment Friction Loss and Total Equivalent Pipe Length.
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm
. ..
Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1188
10
19.0
RN3
19.0
RN3
1 9 .0
CM3
5.60
5.50
16.0
18.9
Nom ID
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
q
19.7
Nom ID
1 1/2
q
1 1T = 5′ 5′
7.0 C = 120 Pt
11.4
F
5.0
Pe
0.0
Pf
1.4
L
3.0 C = 120 Pt
12.8
F
8.0
Pe
1.3
T 11.0
Pf
0.117
T 12.0
1T = 8′ 8′
Act ID
Q
L
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K) 2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi Q = K × √P = 5.5 × √12.8 √12.8 = 19.7 gpm
Exhibit S2.50 Calculating Flow for Sprinkler 9.
and w ntr th data into th “total flow (Q ( Q)” fild for this pip sgnt as shown in in exhibit S2.51. S2.51. With this flow dtrind, w can now calclat th friction losss (P (P f pr foot, P f for total lngth) for this pip sgnt. W ntr this data as shown in exhibit S2.52. S2.52. Onc w hav copltd th filds that apply to this pip sgnt, total th prssr coln and plac th rslt in th P t fild on
10
19.0
RN3
19.0
RN3
19.0
CM3
5.60
5.50
1 6 .0
q
18.9
Nom ID
1
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
q
19.7
Nom ID
1 1/2
Q
38.6
th nxt lin. So w add P t + P e + P f for this pip sgnt to dtrin th P t for th nxt lin: 12.8 + 1.3 + 0.6 = 14.7 psi entr this data and dtrin th rslt as shown in in exhibit S2.53. S2.53. W hav copltd th calclation of th ini rqird prssr (P (P t ) and flow (Q ( Q) for th third attachnt path. This is th
11.4
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm
Pf
0.0 1.4
P = (Q ÷ K) 2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
L
3.0 C = 120 Pt
12.8
F
8.0
Pe
1.3
T 11.0
Pf
L
7.0 C = 120 Pt
′ 1T = 5
1T = 8′ 8′
Act ID
P F 5.0 T 12.0
0.117
e
Q = K × √P = 5.5 × √12.8 √12.8 = 19.7 gpm
Calculating Third Attachment Flow. {2FC84572 B19Total4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} Exhibit S2.51
10
19.0
RN3
19.0
RN3
1 9 .0
CM3
1 6 .0
5.60
5.50
q
18.9
Nom ID
1
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
q
19.7
Q
38.6
Nom
1T = 5′ 5′
7.0 C = 120 Pt
F
5.0 0.117
T 12.0
1 1/2 1T = 8′ 8′
ID Act ID
L
11.4
Pe
0.0
Pf
1.4
L
3.0 C = 120 Pt
12.8
F
8.0
Pe
1.3
Pf
0.6
0.055 T 11.0
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K) 2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
Q = K × √P = 5.5 × √12.8 = 19.7 gpm
Exhibit S2.52 Calculating Friction Losses.
10
19.0
RN3
19.0
RN3
1 9 .0
CM3
1 6 .0
5.60
5.50
18.9
Nom ID
1
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
q
19.7
Nom ID
1 1/2
38.6
Act ID
q
Q
1T = 5′ 5′
L
7.0 C = 120 Pt
11.4
F
5.0
Pe
0.0
Pf
1.4
L
3.0 C = 120 Pt
12.8
F
8.0
Pe
1.3
Pf
0.6
P
14.7
0.117
T 12.0
1T = 8′ 8′
0.055 T 11.0
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K) 2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi Q = K × √P = 5.5 × √12.8 √12.8 = 19.7 gpm
f
Exhibit S2.53 Calculating P t (Total Pressure).
2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
. ..
Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1189
inforation w nd in ordr to crat th qivalnt K-factor that dscribs th piping arrangnt w jst calclatd as an otlt in or priary path. Whn w k now th P and and th Q, w can dtrin an qivalnt K-factor in th following annr.
w did not prfor th calclations for Branch lin 2. If yo will rbr, w said that sinc Branch lin 2 is th xact sa piping arrangnt as Branch lin 1, w will dtrin an qivalnt K-factor at Cm1 for s at Cm2 as w calclat th priary path. This ans that it is ti for s to finish this calclation by prforing th calclations for th priary path.
K = Q ÷ P K eq = 38.6 gp ÷ √14.7 psi K eq = 10.07
Primary Path Calculations
This shold b shown in th nots sction of th hydralic calclation for as shown in exhibit S2.54. S2.54. Now that w hav calclatd th first and third attachnt atta chnt paths, w can calclat th raining priary path. Yo ight b wondring why
10
19.0
RN3
19.0
RN3
19.0
CM3
5.60
5.50
16.0
q
18.9
Nom ID
1
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
q
19.7
Nom ID
1 1/2
38.6
Act ID
Q
1T = 5′ 5′
W will contin following th procss dscribd arlir by first ntring all of th data w know for th priary path onto th hydralic analysis for. This inclds th qivalnt K-factors for th first and third attachnt paths. S exhibit S2.55. S2.55.
L
7.0 C = 120 Pt
11.4
F
5.0
Pe
0.0
Pf
1.4
L
3.0 C = 120 Pt
12.8
F
8.0
0.117
T 12.0
1T = 8′ 8′
Pe
1.3
Pf
0.6
Pf
14.7
L 14.0 C = 120 Pt
11.4
Pe
0.0
0.055 T 11.0
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K)2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
Q = K × √P = 5.5 × √12.8 √12.8 = 19.7 gpm
Keq@CM3 = Q ÷ √Pt = 10.07
Exhibit S2.54 Calculation for Third Attachment Equivalent K-factor.
1
19.0
5.60
q
18.9
Nom ID
1
F
0.0
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K)2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 2
19.0
2
19.0
3
19.0
3
19.0
RN1
19.0
RN1
19.0
Act ID
1.049
q
Nom ID
1 1/4
Q
Act ID
1.380
q
Nom ID
1 1/4
Q
Act ID
1.380
q
Nom ID
1 1/2
Q
5.60
5.60
18.9
T 14.0
L 14.0 C = 120 Pt
F
16.0
Q
Act ID
1.610
CM1
16.0
q
Nom ID
3
CM2
16.0
Q
Act ID
3.068
CM2
16.0
q
Nom ID
3
CM3
16.0
Q
Act ID
3.068
CM3
16.0
10.13 q
Nom ID
3
BOR
1.0
Act ID
3.068
??
Q
F
6.0
Pe
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016
0.0
Pf
L
3.0 C = 120 Pt
F
8.0
Pe
1.3
Pf
L
9.0 C = 120 Pt
F
0.0
Pe
T
9.0
Pf
L
9.0 C = 120 Pt
F
0.0
Pe
T
9.0
Pf
0.0
0.0
L 47.0 C = 120 Pt E+G+C F 24.0
Pe
7+1+16 T 71.0
Pf Pt
Exhibit S2.55 First and Third Attachment Hydraulic Data.
0.0
Pf
7.0 C = 120 Pt
T 11.0
1T = 5′
Pe
L
T 13.0
1T = 8′
CM1
0.0
T 14.0
1T = 6’
5.28
Pf
6.5
. .
Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1190
B sr to ntr th corrct qivalnt K-factor vals for th attachnt paths. Not th qstion arks that ar ntrd at Cm2 to rind s to dtrin an qivalnt K-factor fro f ro Cm1 to dscrib th scond attachnt path, which is th sa piping arrangnt that w will calclat for th first branch lin. At this point yo shold b abl to walk throgh th procdr for calclating th first pip sgnt and dtrin th P t for
1
19.0
2
16.0
2
19.0
3
19.0
5.60
18.9
Nom ID
1
18.9
Act ID
1.049
q
Nom ID
1 1/4
Q
Act ID
1.380
q Q
5.60
th scond pip sgnt. W show th rslts yo shold obtain in exhibit S2.56. S2.56. using th nw P t for th scond pip sgnt (Nods 2 and 3), w can dtrin th flow that will co fro th scond sprinklr on or ost rot branch lin. using th forla, Q = K × × p , will rslt in a flow (q (q) of 20.2 gp fro Sprinklr 2. This is shown in exhibit S2.57. S2.57.
L 14.0 C = 120 Pt F
0.0 0.117
T 14.0
Pe
0.0
Pf
1.6
L 14.0 C = 120 Pt 0.0
Pe
T 14.0
Pf
F
11.4
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K) 2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
13.0
Exhibit S2.56 Calculating P t for Second Pipe Segment.
1
19.0
5.60
18.9
Nom ID
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
q
20.2
Nom ID
1 1/4
q
1
L 14.0 C = 120 Pt F
2
16.0
2
1 9 .0
5.60
0.117 T 14.0
1 9 .0
Q
39.1
Act ID
1.380
0.0 e
Pf
L 14.0 C = 120 Pt F
3
P
0.0
0.0 0.118
T 14.0
11.4
1.6
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K) 2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi
13.0
Pe
0.0
Pf
1.7
Pt
14.7
Q = K × √P = 5.6 × √13.0 √13.0 = 20.2 gpm
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} Calculating Flow for Sprinkler 2. Exhibit S2.57
exhibit S2.57 also S2.57 also shows th total flow in this stp ( Q), th friction loss pr foot (0.118), th total friction loss (P (P f ), and th nw total prssr (P (P t ) of 14.7 that will b sd to dtrin th flow fro th otlt in th nxt pip sgnt. As yo can s, this starts to bco vry rptitiv rptitiv.. W st coplt th calclations for Branch lin 1 so that w can dtrin th qivalnt K-factor that will apply to Branch lin 2. exhibit S2.58 S2.58 shows th data ntrd in th first portion of th priary path, stopping at th nd of Branch lin 1 (Nod Cm1). exhibit S2.58 S2.58 shows th ini rqird prssr (P ( P t ) and flow (Q (Q) for Branch lin 1. This is th inforation w nd in ordr to crat th qivalnt K-factor that dscribs th piping arrangnt w jst calclatd. W will s this to crat th qivalnt K-factor to s at nod Cm2 (Branch lin 2) in or priary path. Whn w know th P and and th Q, w can dtrin an qivalnt K in th following annr.
This shold b shown in th nots sction of th hydralic calclation for as shown in exhibit S2.58. S2.58. On of th bnfits of sing th priary path thod to calclat systs is that onc all of th qivalnt K-factors hav bn dtrind, yo can contin th calclations throgh th priary path ntil yo rach th watr spply. exhibit S2.59 shows S2.59 shows th raindr of th calclations for th priary path. Th sprinklr syst for or projct rqirs a ini flow and prssr of 214.1 gp @ 33.7 psi. W will nd to add a hos allowanc of 250 gp at th bas of th risr (Nod BOR). W will add th hos allowanc to th rqird flow withot changing th rqird ini prssr. Sprinklr Syst Rqirnt: Hos Allowanc:
214.1 gp
at 33.7 psi
+250.0 gp
Total Required Flow and Pressure:
464.1 gpm
at 33.7 psi
K = Q ÷ P
Congratlations for aking it this far. Yo Yo hav larnd or than th t h typical nginr and dsignr in th fir protction indstry. It is ti to s if
eq √22.0 psi K K eq = = 83.1 17.72gp ÷ √22.0
all or work has paid off. mov on to Stp eight to s if yor calclation canofb considrd sccssfl.
2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
. ..
Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1191
1
19.0
2
16.0
2
19.0
5.60
5.60
18.9
Nom ID
Q
18.9
Act ID
1.049
q
20.2
Nom ID
1 1/4
q
L 14.0 C = 120 Pt
1
Pe
0.0
Pf
1.6
L 14.0 C = 120 Pt
13.0
F
19.0
3
19.0
21.5
Nom ID
1 1/4
L
7.0 C = 120 Pt
14.7
F
6.0
Pe
0.0
Pf
3.5
L
3.0 C = 120 Pt
18.2
F
8.0
Pe
1.3
Pf
2.5
L
9.0 C = 120 Pt
22.0
F
0.0
Pe
0.0
T
9.0
Pf
L
9.0 C = 120 Pt
F
0.0
T
9.0
L
0.118
1T = 6′ 6′
Nom ID
1 1/2
16.0
Q
83.1
Act ID
1.610
16.0
q
Nom ID
3
16.0
Q
Act ID
3.068
0.0
Nom ID
3 3.068
CM1
1.7
q
22.5
CM1
Pf
T 14.0
q
5.28
0.0
1.380
1.380
19.0
Pe
Act ID
Act ID
RN1
0.0
39.1
60.6
19.0
0.117
Q
Q
RN1
CM2
5.60
0.0
T 14.0
F 3
11.4
0.266
T 13.0
1T = 8′ 8′
0.225 T 11.0
q = As × density = 126 × .15 = 18.9 gpm P = (Q ÷ K) 2 = (18.9 ÷ 5.6)2 = 11.4 psi Q = K × √P = 5.6 × √13.0 √13.0 = 20.2 gpm
Q = K × √P = 5.6 × √14.7 √14.7 = 21.5 gpm
Flow to first attachment path Q = K × √P = 5.8 × √18.2 √18.2 = 22.5 gpm Pe = 3′ 3′ × 0.433 psi = 1.3 psi
Keq@CM1 = Q + √Pt = 17.72
Exhibit S2.58 Primary Path Hydraulic Data.
CM1
16.0
q
CM2
16.0
Q
83.1
Act ID
CM2
16.0
17.72 q
83.3
Nom ID
3
22.0
Pe
0.0
Pf
0.1
9.0 C = 120 Pt
22.1
0.0
Pe
0.0
Pf
0.3
L 62.0 C = 120 Pt
22.4
Pe
6.5
Pf
4.8
Pt
33.7
0.010
Keq@CM1 = Q + √Pt = 17.72
Flow to second attachment path Q = K × √P = 17.72 × √22.1 √22.1 = 83.3 gpm
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} F
CM3
16.0
Q
166.4
Act ID
3.068
CM3
16.0
10.07 q
47.7
Nom ID
3
BOR
1.0
Q
214.1
Act ID
0.035
T
9.0
E+G+C F 24.0 3.068
7+1+16 T 86.0
0.056
Flow to third attachment path Q = K × √P = 10.07 × √22.4 √22.4 = 47.7 gpm Pe = 15′ 15′ × 0.433 psi = 6.5 psi
Exhibit S2.59 Primary Path Hydraulic Data Calculated to Base of Riser.
STEP EIGHT: Compare the waterflow and pressure you think is needed to the flow and pressure that is available at the water supply. If the demand is less than that available, the calculation can be considered successful. Now copar th rslts of or calclation to th availabl watr spply for this projct. Th availabl watr spply is shown in exhibit S2.60. S2.60. Nxt, idntify th point on th graph that rprsnts or sprinklr syst dand of 214.3 gp at 32.9 psi. W will also draw a lin that starts with no watr and no nrgy bing sd (0.0 gp and 0.0 psi), and gos to th syst dand. This lin is drawn
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016
to indicat an incrasing dand as sprinklrs opn dring a fir vnt. It is not an an accrat rprsntation of watr flowing dring a fir. S exhibit S2.61. S2.61. W shold nxt draw a lin showing that w addd th hos allowanc that is rqird fro NFPA 13, Chaptr 11. 11. NFPA 13 rqirs an allowanc of 250 gp for systs dsignd to protct ordinary hazard occpancis. S exhibit S2.62. S2.62. W add th hos allowanc to th sprinklr dand withot rvising th rqird prssr. This can b statd as follows: Sprinklr Syst Rqirnt: Hos Allowanc: Total Required Flow and Pressure:
214.1 gp
at 33.7 psi
+250.0 gp 464.1 gpm
at 33.7 psi
. ..
Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1192
80
Static: 72 psi 0 gpm
70 Residual: 58 psi 1200 gpm 60 50
Water supply available
40
at the base of the system riser
30 20 10 0 A
0 50
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
B
0 100 150 200
75
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
325 650
C
0 200 300 400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
Exhibit S2.60 Available Water Supply. Supply.
80
Static: 72 psi 0 gpm
70 Residual: 58 psi 1200 gpm
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 60 50 40 Sprinkler system requirement 33.7 psi 214.1 gpm
30 20 10 0 A
0 50
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
B
0 100 150 200
75
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
325 650
C
0 200 300 400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
Exhibit S2.61 Sprinkler System Demand.
This total nds to b indicatd on th watr spply graph as shown in exhibit S2.62. S2.62. It bcos apparnt that th ini rqird flow and prssr for or projct syst dos not xcd th availabl watr spply. In fact, w nd to indicat th availabl flow and prssr as shown in exhibit S2.63. S2.63.
In exhibit S2.63, S2.63, w can s that hav approxiatly 69 psi availabl fro th watr spply whn 464.1 gp ar flowing. Th diffrnc btwn th availabl prssr and th rqird prssr is oftn calld th safty factor or bffr. Thr is no ini safty factor rqird by NFPA 13. Th NFPA 13 calclation procss has 2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
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Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1193
80
Static: 72 psi 0 gpm
70 Residual: 58 psi 1200 gpm 60 Sprinkler system requirement 33.7 psi 214.1 gpm
50 40 30 20
Hose allowance 250 gpm
Total project water requirement 33.7 psi 464.1 gpm
10 0 A
0 50
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
B
0 100 150 200
75
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
325 650
C
0 200 300 400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
Exhibit S2.62 Adding Hose Allowance.
80
Static: 72 psi 0 gpm
70 Residual: 58 psi 1200 gpm
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 60
Sprinkler system requirement 33.7 psi 214.1 gpm
50 40 30
Hose allowance 250 gpm
20
Available flow and pressure +/– 69 psi 464.1 gpm
Total project water requirement 33.7 psi 464.1 gpm
10 0 A
0 50
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
B
0 100 150 200
75
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
325 650
C
0 200 300 400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
Exhibit S2.63 Comparing Available Supply to the Demand.
bilt in safty factors that allow dsignrs to siply hav a dand that is lss than th availabl spply. W cold say that this syst calclation was sccssfl sinc th availabl watr prssr of 69 psi and a syst dand of 33.7 psi wold lav a safty factor of 35.3 psi. Howvr, it wold s prdnt to rsiz this syst’s Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016
piping so that th dand ca closr to th availabl watr spply. By so doing, th dsignr will sav th ownr ony withot lowring th ini rqird lvl of safty for thir projct. And ltiatly, w shold b trying to dsign and install th lowst cost syst that ts or xcds th ini rqirnts.
. ..
Spplnt 2 Stp-by-Stp Hydralic Hydralic Calclations for a Fir Sprinklr Syst •
1194
SUMMARY W hav covrd a lot of trritory in this spplnt that siply cannot b flly addrssd in sch a annr. W hav hopflly givn yo th tools ndd to rviw or bgin th calclations of fir sprinklr
systs. Whil this ight hav bn an ntir spplnt of “alphabt sop,” yo hav larnd abot A abot A,, As, Qs, D, gp, psi, K , C , d , L, F , T , P t , P e, P f , q, Q, K eq, BL BL,, RN, and Cm. (Whw!) And if yo anagd to stay with th flow of this txt (pardon th pn), yo hav larnd how to prfor a hydralic calclation, stp-by-stp.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD}
2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
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SUPPLEMENT
The European Experience with Fire Sprinklers
3
Alan Brinson
HISTORY The British claim that the sprinkler concept was invented in the United Kingdom by William Congreve, with the first system installed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in 1812. Although this system had a network of pipes, it did not include sprinklers. Instead, it used a series of holes in theHarrison pipes toofdistribute water. Later that century, 1864, Major Stewart the First Engineer London Volunteein Volunteers rs designed the first automatic sprinkler but did not patent his idea or commercializee it. commercializ Thus, it was only after sprinklers were commercialized in the United States that they began to be used in Europe, starting in the United Kingdom. The first risks to be protected were textile mills in the Manchester area. William Mather, of the engineering firm Mather & Platt, met Frederic Grinnell in 1882 and purchased the rights to the Grinnell sprinkler for all areas outside North America. Mather & Platt became the leading sprinkler manufacturer and installer in the United Kingdom and in several other European countries. Today, Manchester remains the center of the British sprinkler industry.
APSAD R13 design and installation rule for sprinkler systems recognized by French insurers. In 2004, the European standards body, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), produced the first European sprinkler system installation standard, EN 12845, again drawing heavily on the FOC concepts. Two Two amendments have been made and at the time of writing, the text of a first revision of EN 12845 has been approved for publication in 2015. While there are differences between CEA 4001, APSAD R1, and EN 12845,4 they are growing together and contradictions have already been eliminated. Many of the technical innovations in NFPA 13 are not yet reflected in these documents so for certain occupancies, in particular for storage, designers often successfully argue that NFP NFPA A 13 (or the relevant FM data sheet) is an acceptable alternative. In France, CNPP is licensed by NFPA to distribute French editions of NFPA 13 and a number of other NFPA standards.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} COMPONENT STANDARDS EN 12845 was written to support a series of component standards under EN 12259:
INSTALLATION STANDARDS
• Part 1 — sprinklers5 • Part 2 — wet alarm valve valve assemblies assemblies6
In 1885, John Wormald wrote the first installation rules for automatic sprinkler systems. A second edition was published in 1886 by his employer, the Mutual Fire Insurance Corporation Limited of Manchester, United Kingdom. The London Fire Offices’ Committee (FOC) adopted an 1888 edition of these rules and regularly published updates, with the twenty-ninth and final edition being published in 1968. The FOC rules greatly influenced the development of sprinkler installation rules in other European countries, and in turn led to the Comité Européen Européen des Assurances (CEA – European Insurers) rule, CEA 1 4001. In Germany, VdS,2 a laboratory and certification body owned by the German Insurance Association, administers the German version of CEA 4001. Most sprinkler systems installed in Germany are designed using VdS CEA 4001. Similarly in France, CNPP, a labora-
Parts 9 through 14 have not yet been finalized, but the existence of these standards allows regulators to reference them. Their technical requirements are similar to those in UL and FM test protocols. Prior to the existence of these standards, test bodies in different
tory and certification body with strong insurance links publishes the
countries applied different test protocols, so different sprinklers had
• Part 3 — dry alarm valve assemblies7 • Part 4 — water motor alarms8 • Part 5 — flow switches9 • Part 9 — deluge valves • Part 12 — pumps • Part 13 — pump assemblies • Part 14 — residential sprinklers
1195
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Supplement 3 The European Experience with Fire Fire Sprinklers •
1196 to be manufactured for different national markets. Today, the same sprinkler can be installed across Europe and in the United States. That is the reason these standards were produced: under the Construction Products Directive, which has been replaced by the Construction Products Regulation (CPR),10 barriers to cross-border trade in construction products within the European Union must be removed removed.. To facilitate that, the European Commission has mandated that CEN produce standards for all types of construction products, including sprinklers.11 Where there is a harmonized European standard for a sprinkler component, that component must bear the CE mark, which requires testing by a laboratory accredited by one of the European Union member states to the relevant standard. It is illegal to offer such a sprinkler component for sale in Europe without the CE mark. This regulation does not apply to products for which a harmonized European standard does not exist. For example, EN 12259-1 does not include large orifice sprinklers, so they cannot be CE marked but they can be sold in the European Union. System standards cannot be harmonized because the CPR only applies to products. This means that with the approval of the authority having jurisdiction, standards other than EN 12845, such as NFPA 13, can be used to design sprinkler systems.
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLER ST STANDARDS ANDARDS Residential sprinklers are still a new concept in much of Europe, with many countries yet to see the first system installed. One hindrance is the lack of a national installation standard to which regulators can refer (NFPA 13R12 and NFPA 13D13 are foreign standards that are written in English and not accepted by most regulators). CEN is therefore drafting a residential system design and installation standard, drawing on the concepts in NFPA 13R and NFPA 13D. The standard will be complemented by Part 14 of EN 12259, which is based on UL 1626 and specifies the test protocol for the residential sprinklers to be used in these systems.
FIRES AND FIRE SAFETY CODES Few European countries produce detailed fire statistics. Most do not even record the total number of fire deaths each year, let alone the sex and age of those who died, or in what type t ype of building and where in it the fire started. In those countries that do collect data, it is not necessarily collected on a consistent basis. This lack of interest in fire protection is reflected in far less use of sprinklers in Europe than in North America. Nevertheless, for more than 20 years, the Geneva Association has published an overview of world fire statistics, using data from fire brigades and the World Health Organization. 16 There are some large differences between the two figures in some countries but it is clear that there are well over 3000 and probably over 4000 fire deaths each year in the European Union, and that the fire death rate is higher in Northern and Eastern Europe than in Southern Europe. This difference is to be expected when one considers that in Northern Europe people spend more time indoors, their homes have more carpeting and curtains, furniture is more deeply upholstered, and they make greater use of candles. In Eastern Europe, more use is made of wood-burning stoves for heating and cooking. See S ee Table S3.1. S3.1. Property loss statistics from fire in Europe are stable and at a similar level to the United States. A number of countries have estimated that the annual economic cost of fire is approximately 1 percent of GDP.17,18 In the United States, the federal government does not have jurisdiction over fire safety codes. In Europe, each country (member state) of the European Union has jurisdiction over its fire safety code. In some countries, similar to the United States, this responsibility is delegated to states, provinces, or regions within the country. Some countries cover all the regulatory requirements in one document,
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD}
COMPETENCY STAND STANDARDS ARDS Central and Northern European countries have national accreditation schemes for sprinkler installers. These schemes are usually drafted on behalf of insurers, who only recognize sprinkler systems installed by companies accredited under them. Among other requirements, each national scheme requires an installing company to show it has a quality control system, and to nominate people to sit for a sprinkler examination. It could be argued that these private schemes constitute a barrier to cross-border trade. For that reason, CEN and its sister organization for electrical standards, CENELEC, have formed a joint committee, CEN/TC 4,14 to draft standards for individuals and companies who supply security services. The mandate for this committee stems from the European Services Directive,15 legislation which is opening up Europe to cross-border trade in services. The scope of work for CEN/TC 4 includes active fire protection systems, with sprin-
TABLE S3.1 Extract from GAIN Statistics for Fire Deaths (2010) Country
Fire Brigade
Austria Czech Republic Denmark
131
Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom
90
119 65
247
WHO
39 62 66 79 475 (2009) 373 89 140 43 191 39 38 568 61 397 9 188 80 21 292
klers specifically named.
2016
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
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Supplement 3 The European Experience with Fire Fire Sprinklers •
while others have separate regulatory documents for different building types. In practice, the codes are usually drafted by government officials, sometimes with the assistance of nationally recognized fire safety experts, and they are written in the national language. After they are developed, codes are reviewed far less frequently than NFPA or ICC codes and often remain unchanged for decades. As a result of the separate and different arrangements for drafting fire codes, the regulatory fire safety requirements differ widely across Europe. Sprinklers are not required in most new buildings. Instead, the emphasis is on compartmentation, and even fire detection is not yet a universal requirement.
SPRINKLER MARKETS As explained above, fire safety codes in European countries countr ies do not generally call for sprinklers. However, most European countries do require sprinklers for some types of buildings, and the list is growing.
Industrial In Europe, sprinklers have traditionally been used at the insistence of insurers to mitigate industrial property fire losses. With the
1197
break-up of industry-wide insurance tariff and discount agreements for sprinklers under anti-trust legislation, the influence of insurers on the sprinkler market has weakened. Furthermore, insurers today employ far fewer loss prevention engineers than in the past. Fortunately, regulators have mandated the fitting of sprinklers in many of the risks where they were already commonly fitted at the insistence of insurers, such as in new, large factories and warehouses. Such regulatory requirements have also been justified as a means to prevent environmental damage, to protect fire fighters, and to preserve employment. Often they were introduced as buildings, and thus industrial building fires, became larger. Table S3.2 provides S3.2 provides an overview of regulatory requirements for sprinklers in industrial buildings across Europe. Several countries have introduced these requirements since 2000, setting a threshold for the sprinkler requirement in the form of an area limit, height limit, or maximum specific fire load. Looking ahead, while there are some national gaps in this overview, it is unlikely that the European sprinkler market as a whole will see major market growth in industrial risks. New, large warehouses in most countries are routinely fitted with sprinklers. There is scope for greater regulatory pressure to fit sprinklers in new factories. But in practice many new, large factories are already being voluntarily fitted with sprinklers, either
TABLE S3.2 Sprinkler Requirements in Factories Factories and Warehouses Warehouses Country
Austria19 Belgium20
Industry
Czech Republic21
Larger compartments >25,000 m2 and 10,000 m2 and >350 MJ/m 2 >5000 m2 and >900 MJ/m 2 >20 m3 o off flammable liquids
Denmark 22
>2000 m2 and >200 MJ/m2 >5000 m2 o otther fire load
Warehouses
Generally >1800 m2 >5000 m2
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} France23 Germany24
Greece25
fire load >15 kWh/m 2 and >400 m2 fire load >45 kWh/m2 and 2000 m2
Hungary26 Ireland27 Lithuania28 Netherlands29 Norway30 Spain31
Sweden32 Turkey33
>2000 m2 w wiith combustible goods >1000 m2 >800 m2 >3500 m2 and >350 MJ/m2 Maximum compartment sizes reduced further if the fire load is higher or the building adjoins others >800 MJ/m2 and >5000 m2 >15,000 m2, or with easily ignitable and flammable materials >6000 m2
United Kingdom34
Sprinkler Systems Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016
Postal stores >800 m2 >50 m3 of flammable liquids >2000 m2 and >200 MJ/m 2 >5000 m2 other fire load >3000 m2 >1200 m2 or Storage >7.5 m high
>2,000 MJ/m2 or >1000 MJ/m2 and >2000 m2 >3000 m2 or >6 m high and >1500 MJ/m 2 Single story >14,000 m2 normal and >1000 m2 high hazard >2000 m2 Fireworks storage >2500 m2 fire compartment >800 m2 >2000 m2 and >850 MJ/m 2 Maximum compartment sizes reduced further if the fire load is higher or building adjoins others >800 MJ/m2 and >2500 m2 >5000 m2, or with easily ignitible and flammable materials >1000 m2 >20,000 m2 or >18 m height
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Supplement 3 The European Experience with Fire Fire Sprinklers •
1198 to secure better insurance cover or to mitigate concerns raised by corporate risk assessments.
TABLE S3.3 Sprinkler Requirements in Shopping Centers and HighRise Buildings Country
Shopping Centers and High-Rise Buildings More recently, national regulators in Europe have begun to recognize that sprinklers also help to protect people from fire. Initially their concern was to prevent large loss of life in a fire, so sprinklers have been mandated in large buildings occupied by many people, such as shopping centers and high-rise buildings. Most European countries now require sprinklers in these new buildings and almost all the mandates were introduced this century. Reflecting the risk, regulators have set thresholds at which the sprinkler requirement is invoked, usually depending on the area, height, or maximum occupancy level, as indicated in in Table S3.3. S3.3. There are some notable gaps in this table. For example, France only requires sprinklers in commercial buildings higher than 600 ft (200 m), which impacts very few buildings, while Belgium and Italy do not require sprinklers in any high-rise buildings.
Austria >2000 m2 >100 >1 0000 m2
Denma36,37 rk France Germany38,39
>2000 m22 >3000 m >3000 m2
Greece
Total area > 2500 m2 >8000 m2 or >13.65 m >4000 m2
Hungary Ireland Lithuania Luxemburg40,41 Netherlands42 Norway Poland43
Portugal44
Spain45 Sweden Switzerland46 Turkey
High Rise Buildings
>32 m or >22 m and less fire resistance
Belgium35 Czec Cz ech h Repu Republ blic ic
Residential Buildings More recently, regulators in some European countries have begun to make use of sprinklers to reduce the risk where most fire deaths occur: at home. Within that category, homes for the elderly elderly,, sick, and vulnerable (grouped as care homes) pose the greatest risk. It is clear that those who are unable to respond rapidly or adequately to a fire alarm are at the greatest risk from fire. In fact, f act, figures from the United Kingdom show that the fire death rate in care homes for the elderly and for children is about 30 times greater than for the general population in houses.47 Several countries, therefore, now mandate the use of sprinklers in all new care homes. Finland has gone even further and now requires all existing care homes to conduct a governmentguided risk analysis, which often identifies a need for sprinklers. The Finnish government is conducting a survey of care homes, which is expected to show that at least half now have sprinklers installed. The last survey, in 2010, found sprinklers installed in more than 30 3 0 percent of care homes.48 Even where the sprinkler requirement is only for new care homes, in a relatively small number of years it can have a large impact. Scotland has only mandated sprinklers in new care homes since 2005, yet by 2013 a third of all existing care homes in Scotland had sprinklers.49 While not yet mandated, in The Netherlands and England, an increasing number of new care homes owners are voluntarily installing sprinklers to meet their responsibility for those in their care. In many countries, the requirement to install sprinklers in high-rise buildings extends to apartment buildings. However, Norway specifically requires sprinklers in all new apartment buildings, and Scotland requires them in new apartment buildings higher than 60 ft (18 m) or about six stories. Finland requires sprinklers in
Shopping Centers
>200 m >60 m or >22 m without external fire separation >20 m and >400 people >30 m >30 m and phased evacuation
>1500 m2 >3000 m2 >1000 m2 >1200 m2 multi-floor >10,000 m2 one floor or >2,500 m2 multifloor >28 m high or >1000 people and >2 stories >1500 m2
>15 stories >60 m high >70 m high >55 m high
>28 m, hotels >9 m
>80m, hotels >28 m >16 stories >30.50 m (new) >51.50 m (existing)
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD}
wooden apartment buildings higher than four stories and up to
United Kingdom
>2400 m2 Multi-story and >2000 m2 (new) or >3,000 m2 (existing) England and Wales >30 m and phased >2000 m2; Scotland evacuation — all shopping centers
eight stories, while the United Kingdom has a code, BS 9991, which offers incentives such as open-plan apartment layouts in combination with sprinklers and an enhanced detection system (otherwise there must be a corridor from the apartment entrance to each room in the apartment). 50 In the United Kingdom, there are also a number of incentives, such as reduced escape requirements and fire brigade access measures, which encourage the installation of sprinklers in single-family houses. Beyond that, beginning in 2016 Wales will require sprinklers in all new houses. 51 Over the next 10 years, more European countries are likely to introduce requirements to install sprinklers in care homes and other residential buildings. See Table S3.4 for S3.4 for more information about different residential sprinkler requirements.
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Supplement 3 The European Experience with Fire Fire Sprinklers •
TABLE S3.4 Sprinkler Requirements in Residential Buildings Care Homes
Austria
Residential
>32 m or >22 m and less fire resistance >8 stories; >4 stories and >50 apartments or >5 stories and >30
Czech Republic
apartments with semicombustible structure; >3 stories and >20 apartments with combustible structure Denmark
Finland
Germany Greece Hungary
>1000 m2 sleeping area in multistory care home Usually required Timber-framed apartment following risk buildings 3–8 stories assessment >60 m >100 beds or >12 m >28 m >3 stories >13.65 m
Luxembourg Netherlands Norway
Open pl plan ca care ho homes
Poland Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom
>800 m2
All new ca care homes
All new care homes >30.5 m or >1500 m2 All new care homes in Scotland and Wales; in England instead of bedroom door closers
>60 m >70 m Apartment buildings >2 stories >55 m >80 m (Barcelona >50 m) >16 stories >51.5 m Scotland >18 m; England >30 m; United Kingdom: 3-story house with open-plan ground floor; 4-story house instead of second staircase; openplan apartments. Wales: all housing from
1199
SPRINKLER SHIPMENTS Due to this favorable regulatory trend, more new buildings than in the past are being sprinklered. If construction levels were at the same level as in 2007, the sprinkler market in Europe in 2015 would be booming. Unfortunately, in many countries the construction market remains depressed. According According to Eurostat, for the European Union in November 2014, it was down 23 percent from its peak in 2007. However, the sprinkler market has declined about half as much and is set to benefit when construction picks up, as it already has in Belgium, Germany,, Scandinavia, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Germany Only Norway and Sweden publish accurate data about the numbers of sprinklers installed each year. In both countries the sprinkler manufacturers and distributors submit the total numbers of sprinklers they sell to a neutral party that publishes the totals. Norway is Europe’s leading installer of sprinklers, when compared to its population. In fact, Norway installs as many or perhaps more sprinklers per thousand inhabitants than the United States. (See (See Exhibit S3.1 and S3.1 and Exhibit S3.2.) S3.2.) Combining data from a number of sources, the European Fire Sprinkler Network (EFSN) estimates the following national sprinkler markets in Europe, as shown in Table S3.5. S3.5.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE There are more studies and analyses of the performance and reliability of sprinkler systems than for any other fire safety technology. Despite that, more are needed to establish the reliability and performance of sprinkler systems in different jurisdictions. This information is needed by fire engineers when they make use of sprinklers in their designs. It is also needed to support campaigns for the greater use of sprinklers, not just as a tool to protect property but also as a measure to protect people.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD}
2016
700,000 600,000 500,000
Further Regulatory Requirements
400,000
Various countries have additional regulatory requirements and incentives for installimg sprinklers in certain types of buildings. Most German states require sprinklers in assembly buildings (which includes airports and museums), several countries require sprinklers in underground car parks (and more are likely to join them in the near future), and in the United Kingdom, sprinklers are installed in a large number of new schools (they are mandatory in Scotland). In The Netherlands, many existing buildings are being converted for new uses; often they do not comply with the minimum passive fire safety measures for their new use. Therefore, sprinklers are installed
300,000
to compensate.
ExHIBIT S3.1 Norwegian Sprinkler Shipments.
Sprinkler Systems Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016
200,000 100,000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Residential
Commercial
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Supplement 3 The European Experience with Fire Fire Sprinklers •
1200
600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 2008
2009
2010
2011
Residential
2012
2013
Commercial
ExHIBIT S3.2 Swedish Sprinkler Shipments.
TABLE S3.5 Estimated Sprinkler Shipments Shipments — Number Number of Sprinklers Sprinklers in millions Country
Germany Russia and Eastern Europe United Kingdom and Ireland France Nordic Benelux Spain and Portugal Italy Austria and Switzerland
IFSA 2007 52
EFSN 2014
2.8 2.5 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.7
3.3 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.4 1 0.8 0.6 0.9
14.6
13.7
By contrast, the 2013 NFP NFPA A report of data collected from U.S. fire departments found a success rate of just 87 percent. (The report also found that 91 percent of systems operated when they should have, and of those, 96 percent controlled or extinguished the fire.) The NFPA NFPA summary excludes fires extinguished by sprinklers and not reported to the fire department. However, it is also possible that Australia and New Zealand had tougher inspection and maintenance requirements so that systems there were more reliable. FM Global analyzed the performance of sprinkler systems in the risks it insures in the United States and concluded that in 98 percent of cases, the sprinklers control or extinguish the fire.53 Given that risks insured by FM Global are more carefully managed and protected than average, it is likely that the sprinkler systems in those risks will also be more reliable. While a success rate of 87 percent might not seem much less than 98 percent, it also equates to a failure rate 6.5 times higher. The higher the failure rate, the more likely it is that additional measures will be needed to deal with fires not controlled or extinguished by the sprinkler system, so undermining the economic attraction of sprinklers. To To ensure a high level of system reliability, many European countries operate detailed competency plans for installer companies. Usually run by insurance-related bodies, these plans also monitor the readiness and suitability of installed systems. There is an associated cost, but the national references strongly suggest they are delivering a higher level of system reliability. One technical difference between Europe and the United States is in valve monitoring. NFPA NFPA is the only organization to publish statistics on the causes of sprinkler system failure. Most of the failures are caused by closure of the system shut-off valve before (64 percent) or during (17 percent) the fire. For decades in many European countries, the position of this valve has been monitored and alarmed, so fewer failures of this type would be expected. However, However, without data this is unproven.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} TOTAL
Europe In Denmark, the Danish Institute of Fire Technology Technology (DIFT) performed two studies: one in 2003 and the other in 2008.54, 55 In each study,
As already stated, most European countries do not collect detailed fire statistics. It is therefore not possible to say, for most countries, how many fires have occurred in sprinklered buildings, nor how many deaths and injuries or how much property damage came from those fires. Even where there are such statistics, such as in the United States, the raw data is collected by the fire brigade or fire departments and does not include some fires that were so rapidly extinguished by the sprinkler system that they were not called. Anecdotal evidence from conversations between insurers and those whom they insure suggests there are many such fires.
the researchers inspected sprinkler systems installed in more than 500 buildings. They checked whether the sprinkler system was correctly designed for the risk and whether it was ready to perform. They found that, respectively, 98 percent and 97 percent of systems would perform correctly. Given that systems that meet the standard always work (otherwise the standard would be changed), these are the figures used by Danish fire engineers. Additionally,, in other European countries various data has been Additionally found to support the use of sprinklers: • France: A study by CNPP for the French Insurers’ Association,
In Australia and New Zealand, about 100 years of data have been collected because every fire is required to be reported to the
FFSA, found that sprinklers controlled or extinguished 97 percent of reported fires. • Germany: A report by the German Insurers’ Association, GDV, found that 20 years of data for fires in electrical risks show that
authorities. There, they have found a success rate for sprinklers of 99.46 percent.
sprinkler systems controlled or extinguished the fire in 97.9 percent of cases.
Australia and the United States
2016
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
. ..
Supplement 3 The European Experience with Fire Fire Sprinklers •
• Netherlands: In The Netherlands data collected by the system
certification body CIBV show a success rate of 99 percent. • United Kingdom: Anecdotal evidence collected by the National Fire Sprinkler Network in 2013 and 2014 found 94 successes and no failures.
United Kingdom United States United States United States
EFFECT OF SPRINKLERS When sprinkler systems operate successfully, which as explained above is the usual experience, they reduce temperatures, stop the fire from spreading, and limit the production of carbon monoxide and other toxic gases. Again, NFPA is the only organization to publish statistics. It found that when wet-pipe sprinklers were present in the fire area in homes that were not under construction, the fire death rate per 1,000 reported structure fires was lower by 82 percent, and the rate of property damage per reported home structure fire was lower by 68 percent.56 There are very few fire deaths in sprinklered buildings and in almost all cases the victim accidentally set fire to his or her clothes or bedding. Insurers claim that when sprinklers are installed, property losses are reduced by a factor of about a bout six.
ECONOMICS OF SPRINKLERS
All the evidence available shows that sprinklers are extremely effective and drastically reduce the impact of fires. Most fire safety regulators in Europe accept this but question whether sprinklers are a good investment.. They do not believe the cost of installing sprinklers in an investment additional category of building occupancy could be justified by the lives saved, injuries prevented, and property damage avoided. Fire safety legislation is often disaster-led, with new regulations introduced after a high profile fire. To introduce a more rational approach and to consider situations where only one or two people die (i.e., fires that are not reported in the national news), some governments now expect an economic analysis. In 2006, an analysis in the United Kingdom showed that through reductions in insurance costs alone, sprinkler systems would pay for themselves in schools in 13 years. 57
1201
£1.35 million (2006) $6.6 million: Department of Transportation Transportatio n (an old value) $7.9 million: Consumer Product Safety Commission (2007) $9.1 million: Environmen Environmental tal Protection Agency (2011)
Using damages awarded by courts and evidence of risk aversion in the general population, it is possible to determine an appropriate figure for this controversial concept. It was pioneered by Professor W. Kip Viscusi of Harvard University University,, whose work was referenced to produce the 2011 EPA value. It is easier to assign costs for fire injuries (the cost of treatment), and costs related to property losses, system installation, and maintenance are available from insurers and installers. Analysis by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) in the United Kingdom found an economic case for installing sprinklers in new apartments and care homes, but not in houses. An analysis by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States did find an economic case for installing sprinklers in houses. NIST reached the opposite conclusion from BRE because it did the following: • Used the CPSC CPSC value for a statistical life, which is several times
higher than the British figure. • Analysed a sprinkler system integrate integrated d with the domestic plumbing, for which no maintenance is required. BRE assumed an annual maintenance cost, which over a 50-year lifetime weighs more than the initial investment
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD}
This time would be considerably shortened if sprinklers are used to justify savings along with other other fire safety measures, measures, such as fire doors and staircases. When it comes to housing, fire f ire insurance premiums in Europe are already low so there is little incentive for insurance reductions to pay for sprinklers. Here the main economic benefit is the reduction in fire deaths and injuries. A cost and benefit analysis in these cases is only possible if one assigns a value to a life, more politely expressed as what society is prepared to pay to save a life. Many governments have a figure, even if it is not made public, and use it to decide when and where to invest in road safety measures. It can also be used for fire protection. The higher this figure, the greater the investment in safety that can be justified. Here Here are some values values that have been made public in various various countries: Norway Switzerland
NOK 40 million (2010) CHF 5 million (2011)
Sprinkler Systems Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016
BRE has also analysed the installation of sprinklers in warehouses, finding an economic case for warehouses larger than 2000 m2.
TRENDS Although sprinklers have been around in Europe for more than 100 years, they are still far from reaching their potential. Sprinklers will be used in more new buildings than in the past, as new technologies improve their performance, economics, and aesthetics.
Residential Sprinklers About 250,000 residential sprinklers were installed in Europe in 2013. This market has tripled in size in the past decade, yet it is almost all in just three countries: countries: Norway, Sweden, and the United United Kingdom. Over the next 10 years, it should triple in size again to more than 750,000 sprinklers as the United Kingdom K ingdom increases usage of residential sprinklers and other European countries begin to do so, as indicated by the following information: • Starting in 2016, Wales will require sprinklers in all new housing. housing.
Scottish government government awarded a tender • In September 2014, the Scottish to some economists to study the case for installing sprinklers in houses and apartments.
. ..
Supplement 3 The European Experience with Fire Fire Sprinklers •
1202 • Several countries countries require require sprinklers in high-rise residential build-
ings. With space at a premium in cities, there are likely to be more high-rise apartment buildings with sprinklers. installing sprinklers in so• Many local authorities in England are installing cial housing. • Several governments governments are considering mandating sprinklers in care homes. • For economic economic and environment environmental al reasons governments governments wish wish to convert unused buildings to uses for which they were not designed and which would not be approved for this new use without sprinklers.
Car Parks An increasing number of countries require sprinklers in enclosed car parks. This trend is likely to continue as senior fire officers in several more European countries have called for sprinklers in enclosed car parks.
Fire Engineering In Europe, fire codes require sprinklers in far fewer types of new buildings than in the United States. Instead, they rely more on compartmentation. European fire engineers are, therefore, making increasing use of sprinklers to come up with fire safety designs that open up buildings with larger, sprinkler-protected compartments. Sprinklers are also often used to compensate for limited fire brigade access, such as where a building is behind others or the access road to it is narrow. In a number of countries fire engineers apply sprinklers to permit longer escape corridors in buildings, which can save the cost and space for a staircase. Here again, many projects involve a new use for a building. Draft European guidance from CEN on the incorporation of sprinklers in fire-engineered building designs will support their increasing use. In parallel, fire engineering is becoming increasingly accepted in Northern Europe and is likely to be accepted in the future in Southern Europe, where regulators are under pressure to find f ind ways
Specifically, looking at the design practices and inspection, testing, and maintenance procedures that have been successful around the world will assist countries that are developing regulations and legislation for the inclusion of sprinklers in new construction projects. The collection of data on these topics is vital to ensure code-making bodies and code enforcement entities make the proper course corrections as new technology and new fire threats emerge.
REFERENCES 1. CEA 4001 – Sprinkler Systems – Planning and Installation (edi2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
tion 2013-08), www.insuranceeurope.eu www.insuranceeurope.eu.. VdS Vertrauen durch Sicherheit, www.vds.de www.vds.de.. APSAD R1, Extinction automatique à eau de type sprinkleur, mars 2015, www.cnpp.com www.cnpp.com.. EN 12845:2015 Fixed firefighting systems. Automatic sprinkler systems. Design, installation and maintenance. EN 12259-1:1999 Fixed firefighting systems. Components for sprinkler and water spray systems. Sprinklers. EN 12259-2:1999 Fixed firefighting systems. Components for sprinkler and water spray systems. Wet Wet alarm valve assemblies. EN 12259-3:2000 Fixed firefighting systems. Components for sprinkler and water spray systems. Dry alarm valve assemblies. a ssemblies. EN 12259-4:2000 Fixed firefighting systems. Components for sprinkler and water spray systems. Water Water motor alarms. EN 12259-5:2002 Fixed firefighting systems. Components for sprinkler and water spray systems. Water Water flow detectors. Regulation (EU) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC. Mandate M/109 for CEN Technical Committee 191 Fixed Firefighting Systems. NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2016 edition. NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installatio Installation n of Sprinkler Systems in One-
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 11. 12.
13.
to build more cheaply and fire engineering is a way to achieve it.
New Technologies Sprinkler manufacturers are continually inventing more efficient sprinklers, more economic valves and pumps, and new piping systems. All these innovations make sprinkler systems financially more attractive. This will encourage their use in their traditional markets, such as factories and warehouses.
and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, National 14. 15. 16. 17.
SUMMARY
18.
While there are many differences in how various countries around the world approach the design and installation of automatic sprinkler systems, one of the common threads is the success of these systems
19.
and the need for further development of standards and enforcement.
20.
Fire Protection Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2016 edition. CEN-CLC-TC4 Project Committee – Services for fire safety and security systems, www.nadl.din.de www.nadl.din.de.. Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market. The Geneva Association, www.genevaassociation.org www.genevaassociation.org.. The socio-economic costs of fire in Denmark, Danish Emergency Management Agency, Birkerød, Denmark, February 2001. The economic cost of fire: estimates for 2008, Department for Communities and Local Government, London, UK, February 2011. OIB-Richtlinie 2 Brandschutz, Österreichisches Institut für Bautechnik, March 2015. KB-AR 07/07/1994 Bijlage 6 Industriegebouwen, Ministry of Internal Affairs, December 2006.
2016
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
Supplement 3 The European Experience with Fire Fire Sprinklers •
21. Communicatio Communication n from Czech Fire & Rescue Service, 2005.
40. ITM-SST 1508.3 Prescriptions de prévention incendie – Disposi-
22. Bygningsreglement 2010, Erhvervs- og Byggestyrelsen, 2010. 23. Arrêté du 5 août 2002 relative à la prévention des sinistres dans les
24.
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
entrepôts couverts soumis à autorisation sous la rubrique 1510, Ministère de l’Écologie et du Développement Durable, 2002. Muster-Richtlinie über den baulichen Brandschutz im Industriebau, Fachkommission Bauaufsicht der Bauministerkonferenz, July 2014. Communication Communicatio n from Greek Chamber of Commerce, 2010. Decree on National Fire Safety Regulations, Ministry of the Interior, 2011. Building Regulations 2006 – Technical Guidance Document B – Fire Safety, Department of the Environment, 2006. Stationariosios Gaisrų Gesinimo Sistemos. Projektavimo ir Įrengimo Taisyklės, Taisyklės, Interior Ministry, 2007. 200 7. Bouwbesluit 2012, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties,, June 2015. Koninkrijksrelaties 201 5. Technical Regulations to the Planning and Building Act, Kommunal- og Regionaldepartmentet, 2010. Real Decreto 786/2001, de 6 de julio, por el se que aprueba el Reglamento de Seguridad contra incendios en los establecimentos industriales, Ministerio de Cienca y Tecnología, July 2001.
32. Boverkets byggregler – föreskrifter och allmänna råd, BBR, 33. 34. 35.
Boverket 2011. Regulation about Fire Protection in Buildings 2009, translated by TUYAK. The Building Regulations 2010 Fire Safety Approved Document B, HM Government, 2013. ARAB-RGBT art.52, Ministry of Employment, 1978. Règlement du 25 juin 1980, Ministère de l’Intérieur, June 1980. Arrêté du 30 décembre 2011 portant règlement de sécurité pour la construction des immeubles de grande hauteur et leur protection contre les risques d’incendie et de panique, Ministère de l’Intérieur,, 2013. l’Intérieur Muster-Verordnung über den Bau und Betrieb von Verkaufstätten, Fachkommission Bauaufsicht der Bauministerkonferenz, 2014. Muster-Ricthlinie über den Bau und Betrieb von Hochhäusern, Fachkommission Fachkomm ission Bauaufsicht der Bauministerkonferenz, 2008.
1203
41.
42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.
48.
49. 50.
tions Spécifiques – Etablissements de vente – Centres Commerciaux, Inspection du Travail et des Mines. ITM-SST 1503.2 Prescriptions de prévention incendie – Dispositions Spécifiques – Bâtiments élevés – Centres Commerciaux, Inspection du Travail et des Mines. Brandveiligheid in hoge gebouwen – Praktijkrichtlijn, SBR, 2005. 2005 . Rozporzadzenie Ministra spraw Wewnetrznych I Administracji, 2006. Decreto-Lei no. 220/2008, Ministerío da Administraçao Interna, 2008. Real Decreto 2267/2004, Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio, 2004. Brandschutznorm, Vereinigung Vereinigung Kantonaler Versicherung, 2015. Cost Benefit Analysis of residential sprinklers – Final Report Prepared for: The Chief Fire Officers’ Association (CFOA), BRE Global, Report Number 264227, March 2012. Sprinklers in Care Homes in Finland, Kirsi Rajaniemi, Finnish Ministry of the Interior Interior,, European Fire Sprinkler Network International Sprinkler Conference, Brussels, April 2010. Survey by Scottish Fire & Rescue Service, 2014. BS 9991:2015 Fire safety in the design, management and use of residential buildings, BSI.
51. 2013 No. 2727 (W. 262) (C. 109) Building and Buildings, Wales,
52. 53.
The Domestic Fire Safety (Wales) Measure 2011 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2013, October 2013. International Fire Sprinkler Association Association:: www.sprinklerworld.org www.sprinklerworld.org.. Sprinkler and Sprinkler System Reliability, Research Technical Memorandum, R.G. Bill, Jr., W. Doerr, L. Krasner, J. Kahan, December 2007. Reliability of sprinkler systems, Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology, Technology, 2003. Reliability of Automatic Water Sprinkler systems, Report 2008:02, DBI, 2008. “U.S. Experience with Sprinklers,” National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2014. A cost analysis of sprinklers in schools for the Department for Education and Skills, 2007.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 36. 37.
38. 39.
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54. 55. 56. 57.
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{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD}
Supplement
Technical/Substantive Changes from the 2013 Edition to the 2016 Edition of NFPA 13
4
Editor’s Note:
Supplement 4 contains 4 contains a table highlighting the signifcant technical changes to NFPA 13 or the 2016 edition, along with a brie comment explaining the reason or the change. For a complete record o all changes, along with the ull committee statements statements or both editorial and technical changes, consult the NFPA 13 document page at www.npa.org www.npa.org..
2016 Section
Reason for Change
1.2.2
edioria.
1.6.3
Rvisd covrsio aroach ro xac covrsio o aroxia covrsio hodoogy.
3.3.5.1
nw diio addd or cod ciig.
3.3.21
Rqir rvisd o d h coc o a cod ciig ad sizs o sa oigs hrogh ovra disios o h ciig ara.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 3.5.6
nw diio addd or xsio ig.
3.3.23
Rvisd diio o corra wih nFpA 25.
3.6.4.1
nw diio addd or CmDA srikrs i sorag aicaios.
3.8.1.3
Rvisd diio o corra wih nFpA 24.
3.8.1.4
Rvisd diio o corra wih nFpA 24.
3.8.1.12
Rvisd diio o corra wih nFpA 24.
3.8.1.14.2
Rvisd diio o corra wih nFpA 24.
3.8.1.15.2
Rvisd diio o corra wih nFpA 24.
3.8.2.1.1
Rvisd diio o corra wih nFpA 24.
3.8.2.1.6
Rvisd diio o corra wih nFpA 24.
3.9.1.17
nw diio addd or ow-id sorag (S Char 13).
5.6.1.1.1.1
Rvisd r rqir o o ad addrss h h di dir r rodc/ackagig/shiig co coos h ha coris h coodiy.
5.6. 5. 6.3. 3.3. 3.2 2 hr hro ogh gh 5. 5.6. 6.3. 3.4. 4.1 1
Rvi R vis sd d rq rqi ir r o add addrrs sss ix ixd d a as siic co coo odi dii is. s.
6.1.1.6
Rqir rvisd o addrss coaibiiy rqirs.
6.2.1.1.1
Rqir rvisd o aow dry srikrs o b risad o corra wih nFpA 13R ad nFpA 13D.
1205
. .
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1206
2016 Section
Reason for Change
6.2.9.3
Addd caricaio ha sar srikr cabi roo o ogr ds o b k a 100°F (38°C).
6.3. 6. 3.8 8 hr hro ogh gh 6. 6.3. 3.11 11.3 .3
Rq R qir ir rv rviis sd d o o ov ov rq rqi ir r ss rg rgar ardi di g a ai icc i i o o o o h h o o a a ic ic i i scio.
tab 6.3.1.1
tab rvisd o addrss saiss s i.
6.4. 6. 4.8 8 hr hro ogh gh 6. 6.4. 4.8. 8.5. 5.1 1
nw rq nw rq ir ir s s ad add dd d o o add addr rss ss h h i is sa aa aio io a ao owa wac cs s a ad d hy hydr dra aic ca cac ca ai io o rqirs or xsio igs.
6.6.4.1
nw rqir addd o icd a idicaio sig or h wy rqird air v.
7.1.5 hrogh 7. 7.1 1.5.1
nw rq qiir add dd d a ada daig air v vig or a a sys isaaios.
7.2.6.6.3.1
nw rqir addd ha ach dry sys ds is ow ddicad air aiac dvic.
Fig Fi gr r 7.6 7.6.3 .3.1 .1 ad ad Fig Figr r 7.6. 7.6.3. 3.4 4
Rvis Rv isd d i ii ig g arra arrag g s s or or a ai ir rz z sys sys s. s.
8.2.4.1
Rvisd rqir aowig oor coro vav assbs o b ocad o a v ro ro h v big srvd.
8.2.4.4
nw xcio addd saig ha h oor coro vav assby rqirs do o ay o dry syss i arkig garags.
8.3.3.1
nw rqir addd riig CmSA ad eSFR srikrs i igh hazard aras.
8.4.1
nw gidac addd or eC srikrs dr ovrhad doors.
8.4.7.2 (dd)
th rqir o s gavaizd i or dr y ad racio syss has b dd.
8.5. 8. 5.5. 5.3. 3.1 1 hr hro ogh gh 8. 8.5. 5.5. 5.3. 3.1. 1.4 4
nw r rq qir ir add addd d o o cari cariy y h h ro ror r oca ocai io o o orr sri srik krs rs bo bow w obs obsr rci cio oss sc sch h as wid dcs ad o gra oorig.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 8.5.5.3.3.1
Rqir rvisd o ri sadard rsos srikrs bah ovrhad doors.
8.5.7.1.1
Rvisd agag o cariy srikr rqirs or skyighs.
8.6.4.1.2
Rqir rvisd or dsigs sig cocr cosrcio.
8.6. 8. 6.4. 4.1. 1.4 4 hr hro ogh gh 8. 8.6. 6.4. 4.1. 1.4. 4.4 4
edi ed iori oria a r rq qir ir addr addrs ss sd d o o d d x x ha ha is is r r i iiv iv wih wih h h sc scio io i i ..
8.6.4.1.4.5
Rqir rvisd o rovid xibiiy as o whr o osiio h rs srikr a a av or hi roos.
Figr 8.6.5.1.2(b)
Figr rvisd o corra wih cod x.
Figr 8.6.5.1.2(c)
Figr rvisd o corra wih cod x.
8.6.5.3.6
nw rqir addd o cariy srikr ocaio bow arg obsrcios.
8.6.5.3.7
nw rqir addd o addrss srikr ocaio or rod dcs.
8.7. 8. 7.4. 4.1. 1.4 4 hr hro ogh gh 8. 8.7. 7.4. 4.1. 1.4.3 4.3
nw r rq qir ir add addd d rov rovid idi ig g gi gida dac c o orr sa sadar dard d sr sray ay si sid dwa wa ss wh whr r sof sof/ /cab cabi i isaaios hav b isad.
8.7.5.2.1.3 and Figure 8.7.5.2.1.3(a)
Figr rvisd o corra wih cod x.
and (b)
8.8.4.2.1
nw rqir addd cariyig how o osiio h dcor whr srikrs ar isad dr sighy sod roos.
Figr 8.8.5.1.2(b)
Figr rvisd o corra wih cod x.
Figr 8.8.5.1.2(c)
Figr rvisd o corra wih cod x.
2016
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S 4 t tchica/Sbsaiv chica/Sbsaiv Chags ro h 2013 ediio o h 2016 ediio o nFpA 13 •
2016 Section
1207
Reason for Change
Figr 8.8.5.2.1.3(a)
Figr rvisd o corra wih cod x.
Figr 8.8.5.2.1.3(b)
Figr rvisd o corra wih cod x.
8.8.5.3.5
nw rqir addd o cariy srikr ocaio bow arg obsrcios.
8.8.5.3.6
nw rqir addd o addrss srikr ocaio or rod dcs.
8.9.4.1.3.1
Rqir r rvisd o o iia h h d o o a srikr dr c crai so sof i isaaios.
Figr 8.9.5.1.3
Figr rvisd o corra wih cod ad ab x.
Figr 8.9.5.2.1.3(a)
Figr rvisd o corra wih cod x.
Fig igr r 8.9 8.9.5 .5.2 .2.1 .1.3 .3(b (b))
Fig ig r r rvi vis sd d o o cor corr ra a wi wih h cod cod x x. . tx x has has b b ad add dd d o o r rig igh h ad ad d d rs siid d ia ia srikrs ad h dcor oriaio dr h ciig or roo.
8.10.4.7
nw gidac addd o righ ad d rsidia srikrs ad h dcor oriaio dr h ciig or roo.
8.12.5.3.3
Gidac addd o dri wh wh i s sa obsrcios s b r rad ik a sig a arg obsrcio.
8.15.1.6.1
Gidac addd o cariy ha asr ca b ak dck o dck or dck o ciig.
8.15.8.1.1
Caricaio addd ha srikrs ca b oid ro sa bahroos i a dwig is, o js ho ad o dwig is.
8.15.8.2
Rova o as disio rqir rvisd o corra wih nFpA 13R ad nFpA 13D.
8.15 8. 15.1 .15. 5.1, 1, 8.1 8.15. 5.15 15.2 .2,, 8.15 8.15.1 .15. 5.5 5
Rqir Rqi r rvi rvisd sd o a aow ow or or h h s s o o a b bra ra rod rodc c ha ha is is is isd d o o b is isa a d d bah srikrs.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 8.15 8. 15.2 .24. 4.1 1 hro hrog gh h 8.15 8.15.2 .24. 4.2.5 2.5
Rqir Rqi r rvis rvisd d o rd rd h h coc coc o o a cod cod ci cii ig g ad ad whr whr sri srik krs rs ca ca b b oi oid d abov cod ciig as.
8.15.25
Caricaio addd ha srikrs ar o rqird i rvovig door cosrs.
8.15.26
Rvisd rqir o addrss h s o srikr rocd gazig assbis sd i aris, o xrior was, ad ohr aicaios.
8.16.2.4.6 hrogh 8.16.2.4.6.3
Rqirs acd hr or ai drai ss o avoid cosio or h sr o nFpA 13, nFpA 14, ad nFpA 15.
8.16.6
nw vig caricaio addd o idica ha a sig air v, v o ocad a h highs oi o a sys, cao b xcd o x a o h air ro h sys.
8.17.2.3
Rqir rvisd o ri h FDC i siz o b argr ha h siz o h risr or sig syss.
8.17.2.6.1
Rqir rvisd o corrsod o h agag i nFpA 24.
8.17.4.5.1
nw rqir addd or s o or backow rvr (s nFpA 25).
8.18.1
Caricaio addd ha srikr syss s o b sd or grodig o crica syss.
8.18.2
Caricaio addd o wh srikr sys ca b sd or bodig.
9.1.1.5.2
Rqir rvisd o idica ha h scio is idd o ay o boh hagr ad hagr rods ha ar ord ro id s rod.
9.1.1.7.7
Rqir rvisd o icd rods.
9.1.1.7.8
Rqir rvisd o corra wih chags ad o 9.1.1.7.7.
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9.1. 9. 1.3. 3.10 10,, 9.1 9.1.4 .4.5 .5,, ad ad 9. 9.1. 1.5. 5.3 3
Rq R qir ir rv rvis isd d o a a yy o o a a h hr rad ad ro rod d ad ad o orr co cosi sis s cy cy..
9.2.6.3.2, 9.2.6.3.3, 9.2.6.4.1, 9.2.6.4.2,
Rqir rvisd o aow or i sads.
9.2.6.4.3, 9.2.6.4.4, 9.2.6.4.4.1, 9.2.6.4.5, 9.2.6.4.5.1, 9.2.6.5.1, 9.2.6.5.2, 9.2.6.5.3, 9.2.6.7, 9.2.6.7.1, 9.2.6.7.2 9.3.4.5
Rqir rvisd o icras h coig disac o wihi 24 i. bow h oor, aor, or odaio.
9.3.5.12
nw rqirs addd or sig asrs, scicay cocr achors.
9.3.5.2
Rqir rvisd o cariy ha sig a brac a i ags is dd o cor h isd oad raig a 90 dgrs is cosrvaiv.
9.3.5.5.2.4
nw rqir addd o addrss ais o varyig sizs.
9.3.5. 9.3 .5.5.1 5.10 0 hro hrogh gh 9.3 9.3.5. .5.5.1 5.10.3 0.3
Rvisio Rvi sios s ad o a ara ra sway sway bra braci cig g rq rqir ir s s or bra brach ch i is s ad cro cross ss ai ais. s.
9.3.5.9.6.1
Rqir rvisd o ook a h Cp vas as w as a as or driig wh h cacaio is dd or og risr is.
9.3.6.1
Rqir rvisd o idica ha CpVC hagrs xis ha ar isd o rovid rsrai.
9.3.6.4
Rqir rvisd o add rd brass iig o h rvisd ab or brach i rsrais.
9.3.8 hrogh 9.3.8.2
udad rqirs or i sad sizig.
10.10.2.1.3
Rqir rvisd o coy wih chags o 10.10.2.1.2 o nFpA 24.
10.10.2.1.3.1
Rqir rvisd o coy wih chags o 10.10.2.1.3 o nFpA 24.
11.1.2
Rqir rvisd o addrss h ocaio ad disioig or h ais drah h chag
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} i hazard.
11.1.6.3.1
nw rqir addd o cariy how h ow or a sadi sys is o b cacad.
11.2.3 11. 2.3.1. .1.5 5 hro hrogh gh 11. 11.2.3 2.3.1. .1.5.1 5.1
edior edi oria ia ca cari rica caio ioss ad ad o dsi dsig g rq rqir ir s s whr whr s sri rikr krd d coc coca ad d sac sacs s xi xis. s.
11.3.1.3
Rqir rvisd o addrss rvisios o sa roo r rqirs
11.3.1.4.1
nw rqir addd rgardig h s o rsidia srikrs ha d o b racd b ar o ogr avaiab.
11.3.5
nw rqir addd o corra wih w srikr-rocd gazig rqirs.
12.1.3 12. 1.3.1. .1.2 2 hro hrogh gh 12. 12.1.3 1.3.1. .1.3.2 3.2
nw rq rqir ir s s add addd d or or as asri rig g bi bidi dig g ad so sorag rag hig highs hs bas basd d o co cosr src cio io hods.
12.1 12 .1.3 .3.1 .1.4 .4 ad ad 12. 12.1. 1.3. 3.1. 1.4. 4.1 1
nw rq nw rqir ir add addd d car cari iyi yig g h h ro ro rr dsi dsig g rq rqi ir r ss or or cha chag gss i ci cii ig g hi high gh ovr sorag aras.
12.6.7.1
Rqir rvisd o idica ha d o iid aos o sorag wihi Char 13, ay eSFR dsig shod rovid adqa rocio or sorag arrags oid i ha char.
12.6.7.2
Rqir rvisd o idica ha d o iid aos o sorag wihi Char 13, ay CmSA dsig shod rovid adqa rocio or sorag arrags oid i ha char.
12.9
Rvisios ad o irror chags ad o Char 11.
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Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
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S 4 t tchica/Sbsaiv chica/Sbsaiv Chags ro h 2013 ediio o h 2016 ediio o nFpA 13 •
2016 Section
1209
Reason for Change
Char 13
nw i addd o addrss ow-id sorag.
13.1
edioria caricaios ad o addrss wha is covrd by Char 13.
13.1.3
Caricaios addrss i-rack srikr rqirs whr soid shvig is sd or ow-id sorag.
14.1.3
Caricaios ad ha rocio criria or Gro A asics ar rid or h rocio o h sa sorag high ad cograio o Cass I, II, III, ad IV coodiis.
tab 14.4.1
tab rvisd o addrss aroria srikr oriaios or ach sorag arrag.
15.2.1 ad 15.2.2
Rqir rvisd or cosisc y.
15.2.7
Caricaios ad o addrss ha h ciig-oy rocio criria scid i Char 17 or gro A asic coodiis ar rid o b sd or soid-id ad aizd sorag o h sa coodiy a h sa high ad carac o ciig.
16.1.2.2
Caricaios ad o addrss ha rocio criria or Gro A asics ar rid or h rocio o h sa sorag high ad cograio o Cass I, II, III, ad IV coodiis.
16.1.2.4
nw araiv rocio sch addd or ixd coodiy arrags.
16.1.4.1
Rqir rvisd o rovid a cosis asrig oi o cariy whhr cos i
16.1.6.7 ad 16.1.6.8
sac, a h d o racks, or i aiss ar cosidrd “wihi h rack srcr.” nw rqir o rac h r solid shel rack wih wih solid shelving.
16.1.8.4
Rqir rocad ro 16.2.1.4.2.3 ad rvisd o oy ay whr i-rack srikrs ar isad wihi a ogidia ogidia . So icrass wih rqirs sorag highs/ arrags occrrd.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} 16.2.2.1.1
nw aowac addd o s CmSA a h ciig or soid sh arrags whr i-racks ar isad bow ach v o shvig.
16.2.3.2
Rvisd aowac o s eSFR a h ciig or soid sh arrags whr i-racks ar isad bow ach v o shvig.
16.3.1.3.2.5
Caricaio addd or isaaio criria o i-rack srikrs.
16.3.1.3.2.6
Caricaio addd or i isaaio criria o i-rack s srikrs.
16.3.1.3.2.7
Caricaio addd or i isaaio criria o i-rack s srikrs.
16.3.2.1.1
nw aowac addd o s CmSA a h ciig or soid sh arrags whr i-racks ar isad bow ach v o shvig.
16.3.3.2.1
Rvisd aowac o s eSFR a h ciig or soid sh arrags whr i-racks ar isad bow ach v o shvig.
Figr 17.1.2.1
Figr rvisd o corra wih cod x.
17.1.2.9
nw araiv rocio sch addd or ixd coodiy arrags.
17.1.7.4
Caricaio addd o i-rack sacig rqirs.
17.2.2.1.1
nw aowac addd o s CmSA a h ciig or soid sh arrags whr i-racks ar isad bow ach v o shvig.
17.2.3.1.2
Rvisd aowac o s eSFR a h ciig or soid sh arrags whr i-racks ar isad bow ach v o shvig.
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1210
2016 Section
Reason for Change
17.2 17 .2.3 .3.5 .5 hr hro ogh gh 17. 17.2. 2.3. 3.5. 5.8. 8.4 4
nw r rq qir ir s s add addd d or or xo xos sd, d, x xa ad dd d Gro Gro A as asi icc dsi dsig g ro rooc oco o or or so sora rag g d dr r 25 (9.1 ).
17.3.2.1.1
nw aowac addd o s CmSA a h ciig or soid sh arrags whr i-racks ar isad bow ach v o shvig.
17.3.3.1.1
Rvisd aowac o s eSFR a h ciig or soid sh arrags whr i-racks ar isad bow ach v o shvig.
17.3.3.5
nw rqirs addd or xosd, xadd Gro A asic dsig rooco or sorag ovr 25 (9.1 ).
18.3
Rqir rvisd o cosoida war sy ioraio o Char 19.
19.1.1.1
Rqir rvisd o cosoida war sy ioraio o Char 19.
21.1.2
Rqir rvisd o addrss h ohr dsig rqirs ad hir aicabiiy o h dsig rooco i Char 21.
21.1.2.1
nw rqir addd o addrss h ohr dsig rqirs ad hir aicabiiy o h dsig rooco i Char 21.
21.2.1.1
nw rqir addd o addrss h ohr dsig rqirs ad hir aicabiiy o h dsig rooco i Char 21.
21.1.2.2
nw rqir addd o addrss h ohr dsig rqirs ad hir aicabiiy o h dsig rooco i Char 21.
21.1.2.2.1
nw rqir addd o addrss h ohr dsig rqirs ad hir aicabiiy o h dsig rooco i Char 21.
21.3.2
nw rqir addd or w srikr dsig criria o b icdd i h araiv sorag
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1FD} dsig char.
Figr 23.3.5.1.2(a)
udad sary sh.
23.3.5.2
Rqir rvisd o icd addiioa is dd o h sary sh.
23.4.1.4
Caricaio addd ha nFpA 13 dos o sabish a axi vociy or war i srikr syss.
24.1.3.3
Rqir rvisd o siiy h disicio bw r sys war dad ad a ohr war dads srvd by a sig ai.
25.2.2.1.1
nw rqir addd or dry ad racio syss o b air sd.
25.6.2
Rqir rvisd o rqir origia ri s daa rcordd or r ss.
2016
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
Sprinkler Identification Card ❘ NFPA 13 Handbook ❘ 2016 Edition Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinkler (3.6.4.3)
Xchange
™
nfpa.org/X nfpa.org/ Xchange
Quick Response (QR) Standard Spray Sprinkler (3.6.4.8) ( 3.6.4.8)
Typicall Typically y used in high challenge challenge fire occupancies such as warehouses.
Used to protect various light, ordinary, and extra hazard occupancies.
Often allows protection without additional in‐rack sprinklers.
Response is determined by the fusible glass element thickness – 3mm or less for a QR sprinkler.
Viking® K-16.8 (left) and K-22.4 (right) from Reliable Automatic Sprinkler Co., Inc.
Victaulic Quick-Response Standard Spray Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Victaulic®)
Pendentt Sprinkler (3.6.2.3) Penden
Concealed Sprinkler (3.6.2.1)
Used to protect various light, ordinary, and extra hazard occupancies.
Typically used for protection Typically protection in office occupancies. Sprinkler is hidden for aesthetics.
Standard Model G Concealed Ceiling Sprinkler.. (Courtesy of Reliable Sprinkler Automatic Sprinkler Sprinkler Company, Company, Inc.)
Cover plates cannot be painted except by the manufacturer as part of assembly listing.
Standard Spray Pendent Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Reliable Automatic Sprinkler Company, Inc.)
Recessed Sprinkler (3.6.2.4)
Response is determined by the fusible glass element thickness – 5mm or less for a standard response sprinkler.
Sidewall Sprinkler (3.6.2.5) Typically used to protect Typically protect areas where ceiling sprinklers are not practical.
Used to protect various light, ordinary, and extra hazard occupancies.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1F 15DE6BAFE1FD} D} Sprinkler is partially hidden for architectural aesthetics.
Horizontal Sidewall Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Reliable Automatic Sprinkler Company, Inc.)
Recessed Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Reliable Automaticc Sprink Automati Sprinkler ler Comp Company any,, Inc.) Inc.)
Dry Sprinkler (3.6.3.2)
Upright Sprinkler (3.6.2.6)
Typicall Typic ally y used used to pro prote tect ct spec specific ific rooms or small areas where freeze protection is required but, due to a limited number of sprinklers required for coverage, a dry pipe system is not warranted.
Typically used to protect Typically protect areas where ceiling sprinklers are not
Upright Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Reliable Automatic Automa tic Sprinkl Sprinkler er Company Company,, Inc.) Inc.)
practical. Care should be taken not to mistake residential sidewall sprinklers with commercial ones as they can look almost identical but can have very different K‐ factors.
Viking Model E Dry Pendent Sprinkler. Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Viking®)
Institutional Sprinkler (3.6.3.3)
Institutional Sprinkler.
Should not mistake residential sidewall sprinklers with commercial ones as they can look almost identical but can have very different K‐factors.
The wat water er fill filled ed pip pipe e is is run run outside of the chilled area and these are used to then drop into the protected area.
Extended Coverage (EC) Sprinkler (3.6.4.4)
Typically a flush type of sprinklers Typically sprinklers specifically designed to be tamper resistant.
Used to protect various light, ordinary, and extra hazard occupancies.
For use in occupancies, such as institutional mental health occupancies, correctional facilities, or anywhere a likelihood of tampering with fire sprinklers by the occupants exists.
These have specific specific ceiling and obstruction requirements but can allow designer to increase coverage from each sprinkler reducing required piping. EC Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Viking®)
. .
Sidewall-Type EC Sprinkler (3.6.4.4)
Quick-Response EC Sidewall Sprinkler (3.6.4.8.2) Used to protect various light and ordinary hazard occupancies.
Used to protect various light and ordinary hazard occupancies.
Sidewall-Type EC Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Viking®)
Can allow the designer to increase coverage from each sprinkler reducing required piping.
Can allow the designer to increase coverage from each sprinkler reducing required piping.
Quick-Response EC Sidewall Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Reliable Automatic Auto matic Sprin Sprinkler kler Compa Company ny,, Inc.) Inc.)
The 3 mm mm eleme element nt indic indicate atess a quick response sensitivity.
Corrosion‐Resistant Corrosion‐Res istant Sprinkler (6.2.6.1)
Residential Sprinkler (3.6.4.9) Used to protect various residential and some light hazard occupancies.
Used for special applications where corrosion of the sprinkler is a concern.
Residential sprinklers are tested to different listing criteria than commercial sprinklers and should not be interchanged in designs. Viking Listed Residential Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Viking®)
All corrosion coatings must be factor applied and tested as part of the listing.
Residential sprinklers are tested primarily as life safety devices with different criteria (and fire control capabilities) than commercial sprinklers.
Corrosion-Resistant Sprinkler Corrosion-Resistant Sprinkler.. (Courtesy of American Fire Sprinkler Association)
Intermediate Level Sprinkler (8.5.5.3.4)
Intermediate Level Level Sprinkler with a Shield (6.2.8) Used in specific cases per NFPA 13 to protect the sprinkler from premature “cooling” from the discharge of sprinklers above such as those at ceiling level.
Used in specific cases per NFPA 13 to protect the sprinkler from premature “cooling” from the discharge of sprinklers above such as those at the ceiling level.
Some sprinklers are listed as intermediate sprinklers without the requirement of a large water shield above the deflector.
{2FC84572 B19 4D3C B16A 15DE6BAFE1F 15DE6BAFE1FD} D}
Intermediate Level Sprinkler. (Courtesy of Tyco Fire Protection Products LP)
Some sprinklers are listed as intermediate sprinklers without the requirement of a large water shield above the deflector.
Intermediate Level Sprinkler with a Shield. (Courtesy of Viking®)
Sprinkler Identification Factors Sprinkler Identification Number (SIN) (6.2.2) All sprinklers are permanently marked with the SIN. Identifies sprinkler operating characteristics in lieu of traditional laboratory approval marking. Helps identify sprinklers installed in the field and minimize confusion resulting from the growing number and varieties of available sprinklers. Viking Sprinkler Showing SIN on Deflector (Courtesy of Viking®)
Variations in K-Factors: Thread Size (6.2.3.1)
Sprinklers with K-factors of 2.8, 5.6, and 25.2. (Courtesy of Tyco Fire Products LP)
Variations in K-Factors: Orifice Size (6.2.3.1)
K‐factors compared for three sprinklers.
K‐factors compared for three sprinklers.
Two appea appearr to both both have have ½ in. in. threads thus the only way to determine the K‐factor is by internal inspection or careful review of the product information sheet.
Comparison of orifices of sprinklers with K‐ factors of 2.8, 5.6, and 25.2.
Orifices of sprinklers with K-factors K-factors of 2.8, 5.6, and 25.2. (Courtesy of Tyco Fire Products LP)
© 2016 National Fire Protection Association
2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook
. .
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