The Rise of Social Media: For every7 new social media accounts - 5 fake are found!...
Table of Contents Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………………….3 Research Methodology……………………………………………………………………………….4 Key Findings……………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..…………………………...5 Types of Social Spam…………………………………………………………………………………..6 Link Spam……………………………………………………………………………….……………….6 Text Spam……………………………………………………………………………….……………....8 Case Study: Spam in Action……………………………………………………….………………12 Leading Entertainment Brand………………………………………………….……..……...12 Major Sports League………………………………………………………………………………13 Social Spam Communication Mechanisms…………….…………………………………14 Spammy Apps.…………………………………………….…………………………………………15 Like-‐Jacking…………………………………………………..……………………………………...16 Social Bots……………………………………………………….……………………………………16 Fake Accounts……………………………………………..…………………………...…………..17 Social Spam Trends..………………………………………………………………………………..19 Chart: Grown Percentage of Spam vs. Comments Across All Social……….......20 Conclusion………………………………………………...…………………………………………….20 About the Author…………………………………………………………………………………….21 References………………………………………………….………………………….…………...…..21
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
Executive Summary Spam has been around since the beginning of electronic communication. Spammers have adapted the technology of the time -‐ whether the telephone, email, or social media -‐ to reach as many users as possible and to line their pockets. Today, social media spam (or “social spam”) is on the rise. During the first half of 2013, there has been a 355% growth of social spam on a typical social media account. Spammers are turning to the fastest growing communications medium to circumvent traditional security infrastructures that were used to detect email spam. The impact of social media spam is already significant -‐ it can damage brand appearance and turn fans and followers into foes. To make matters worse, a spammy social message isn’t just seen by one recipient, but by potentially all of the brand’s followers and all of the recipients’ friends. Social spam transforms one of the greatest assets of social media marketing – it’s multi-‐dimensional nature – against the brand. As social media spam has increased, so too have the different types and mechanisms of its distribution across Facebook, YouTube, Google+, Twitter and other social networks. Link and text-‐based spam have evolved to adapt to the social medium. Link spam takes the form of just the URL with no surrounding text, prompting a curious and unsuspecting user to click on the link to the spammer’s website. Text spam includes phishing attacks that often ask for personal information or money, and “chain letters,” which may make a threat or sympathetic plea prompting the user to circulate the spam. Social media has also led to new methods of delivering spam, such as spammy apps, so-‐ called “Like-‐Jacking,” social bots, and fake accounts. Spammy apps offer to perform special tasks outside of social media networks’ original features. With Like-‐Jacking, instead of clicking on malicious links, victims may be tricked into clicking on images that appear as “likes” or other seemingly harmless buttons. Social bots and fake accounts are used to infiltrate the victim’s social media world. Together, these new attack methods can significantly detract from a brand’s social media presence and their social marketing ROI. Nexgate’s research team has investigated these and other trends in social media security, and has revealed some interesting statistics on the fast-‐growing social media spam phenomenon. Our findings show, for example, that only 15% of all social spam contain a URL that security systems detected as spammy, and at least 5% of all social media apps are spammy. We explore these results and more in the enclosed first annual 2013 State of Social Spam report written by our data scientist research team.
Social media spam has
risen 355%
in the first half of 2013.
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
Research Methodology This study is based on social data collected from social media networks observed by Nexgate, referred throughout this paper as the “Nexgate corpus,” which was collected between 2011 and 2013. The social media networks under study include Facebook, Twitter, Google+, YouTube and LinkedIn. The Nexgate corpus contains over 60 million pieces of unique content written by over 25 million social accounts, including the top five most prolific and trafficked social media accounts for each social media network as determined by Socialbakers [8]. Importantly, the observed social data is the fraction of content that was publicly available on the aforementioned social accounts. This means that despite the significant increase in spam found, the data in this report is only a fraction of the total risky content and spam on any account that has been manually hidden or removed by the owners of the accounts researched. The social data includes all text communication from each of the social media networks, such as wall posts and comments from Facebook, or tweets and retweets from Twitter. We restrict our study to public information available from the social media networks’ API.
Key Findings
Ø During the first half of 2013 there has been a 355% growth of social spam. Ø 5% of all social media apps are spammy. Ø 20% of all spammy apps are found on a brand-‐owned social media account.
Ø Fake social media profiles post greater volumes of content and more quickly than real profiles. Ø Spammers often spam to at least 23 different social media accounts.
Ø For every 7 new social media accounts, 5 new spammers are detected.
Ø Facebook and YouTube provide the most spam content compared to other social media networks. The ratio of spam on Facebook or YouTube to the other social networks is 100 to 1. Ø More spammers are found on Facebook and YouTube than any other social networks. Ø 15% of all social spam contains a URL, often to spammy content, pornography or malware.
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
Ø Facebook contains the highest number of phishing attacks and personally identifiable information – more than 4 times the other social media networks. Ø YouTube contains the highest number of risky content, or content containing profanity, threats, hates speech, and insults. For every 1 piece of risky content found on other social media networks, there are 5 pieces of risky content on YouTube
Ø The rate of spam is growing faster than the rate of comments on branded social media accounts. Ø 1 in 200 social media messages contain spam, including lures to adult content and malware
Introduction Even the telegraph in the late 19th century did not escape spammers (2). Spam was popularized in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s through email messages, such as the infamous “Viagra spam emails.” These days, just about every email client comes equipped with a decent filter that can stop most spam before the end user ever sees it. Corporate spam gateways aggregate traffic at the network perimeter and root out most email spam before it even gets to the client. Thus, there are now well-‐developed infrastructures to detect email spam, and very little of it gets through. To find better payoffs, spammers have turned to other electronic mediums. One such vulnerable medium is a “social network,” such as Facebook, where social network spam, or “social spam,” is more difficult to detect. Social spam is more potent than email spam because spammers can hit targeted audiences more easily using social-‐network-‐search tools. and For instance, the new “Facebook Graph Search” allows a user to PII as the other social networks precisely query a specific target audience. A spammer can include parameters such as age, location, likes, interests, what brands a user follows, connections, and more, to narrow down his/her target victims. Additionally, instead of being seen only by the recipient during an email spam, a social spam may be seen by the recipient and all of the recipient’s social-‐network followers. Furthermore, if the recipient’s content is public, social spam can reach an even wider audience; In fact, up to 40% of social media accounts have been used to magnify and broaden spam distribution (5). Perhaps the greatest motivation for spamming is to seek financial gain. An easy method to this end is accomplished by attracting traffic to sites that contain advertisements, or ads. A
Facebook hosts 4 times more phishing attacks
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
spammer could be paid each time an advertisement is clicked, so finding an efficient method to send large volumes of traffic to a spammer’s ad site can generate a lot of money. This method of revenue generation is “easy” for spammers because users expend little energy when clicking an advertisement. What’s more, most spam victims don’t realize exactly what they’re clicking on, since the lure can be anything “social” – a picture of a child or something fluffy and cute, like a cat. This highlights another reason why brand’s need be relentless in removing spam from their accounts as it represents a triple threat to marketing ROI if a pages’ audience clicks on the spammer’s ad instead of the brand’s ad. Basically, it means the brand loses their focused advertising opportunity, the spammer gets a chance to improve their website rank at the expense of the brand, and the brand hurts trust with their audience by letting them be victimized. Other traditional spamming methods involve “phishing attacks,” which include obtaining the victim’s passwords or credit card details or injecting “malware,” which is software installed on a user’s computer to gather sensitive information. These latter methods are less popular (but still frequently seen) since, to proceed, they require more effort from the spammer and the user. However, if successful, they open opportunities to extract greater financial rewards from the victim. Social spam makes use of all of these traditional spamming methods seen in email spam, but given the possibilities of the social network medium, the set of mechanisms to spread spam are immensely expanded. Social spam, for example, gets distributed to hundreds, thousands, and even millions of people with one post. Email spam, by comparison, is one-‐ to-‐one, requiring significantly more effort and with much higher barriers. While new, social spam marks the next phase of attack engineering by the ‘bad’ guys. In this paper, we will explore social spam in detail.
Types of Social Spam
There are numerous types of social spam strung across Facebook, YouTube, Google+, Twitter, and the other social networks. The two most frequent include link and text spam, and are described in detail below.
Link Spam
This type of spam may be observed to be just a single link with no surrounding text. The curious and unsuspecting user may click the link, which would send the user to a spammer’s website. The website may contain ads, which could generate revenue for the spammer, or install malware, but the typical benefits of link spam helps spamdexing. Spamdexing is a deceptive technique that increases the spammer’s website rank in search results. To entice the user, there may be a short phrase accompanying the link that promises easy money, pills, porn, etc. Otherwise, to remain mysterious, the link can be very vague. Here are some examples, from the Nexgate corpus of text accompanying link spam: Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
Another method of remaining mysterious or vague is to shorten the link altogether without revealing where the link is pointing. As more people share legitimate content through Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
shortening-‐URL services, such as bitly (bitly.com) and TinyURL (tinyurl.com), determining spammy links becomes even more challenging. These links can also automatically send similarly spammy links to all of a user’s Twitter contacts. As described above, email infrastructure is typically advanced enough to filter many of these messages, including methods to black list URLs or filter text. For social media, however, few technologies exist to identify, classify, and remove spammy content and URLs, especially accurately, and many organizations today unnecessarily rely on manual, human review of every post and comment (which is extremely costly, time consuming, and error-‐prone), or simply have no defense and leave their followers to be victimized. Text Spam When given the chance to manifest their spam through engaging text, spammers’ content can become outright captivating. One such example is a “chain letter.” This type of spam threatens the recipient to distribute the message to as many people as possible or something horrible will happen. In some cases, the message may even be positive (e.g., “$1 is given to cancer research for every share or like”). These chain letters can contain a request to send money to the original sender. An example of a chain-‐letter spam, found in the Nexgate corpus, is given here:
Other types of text spam request the recipient to respond to the spammer via a private message in order to obtain “more information.” These are typically “work-‐from-‐home” Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
schemes that promise easy money. The spammer typically extorts money from the victim by charging a fee to join the program, or by selling overvalued products. The text may have an accompanying picture designed to further attract the attention of the victim. Such examples of these messages, observed in the Nexgate corpus, are included here:
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
The author of the following “work-‐from-‐home” spam knows that his message is too good to be true, and he understands that you might be doubtful about his claims. By deceptively admitting that most “work-‐from-‐home” schemes are a scam, the spammer aims to earn your trust by giving you advice on how to avoid other “work-‐from-‐home” schemes. However, the message itself is nothing but another “work-‐from-‐home” scheme.
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
Text spam may be used as phishing attacks, where the recipient is asked to verify their account using their credentials. These phishing attacks allow the perpetrator to gather identification information from the victim, which may then be used to gain access to other accounts, such as bank accounts. A few examples of these seemingly legitimate but exploitative attacks are shown here [9]:
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
Because this type of spam lives entirely within social networks, traditional spam technologies have no interception point or way to detect or deal with it. Regardless of the spam type, much of it is distributed on popular social media pages, and embedded deep within the comments of a particular post. Spammers hide their content here so it’s not easily noticed by the brand and community managers that patrol their pages, but leverage the broad reach / following of big brands so they can target the greatest number of people possible. What’s more, by tailoring their message, spammers can engage the interests of the brand’s followers – in a particular show, product or celebrity, for example, thus increasing the spammer’s click rate.
Spam In Action
To provide an example of spam in action, we’ve detailed the spam facing two well-‐known brands, described below. We have kept the brands anonymous.
Entertainment Pioneer Leading the Way In Spam Too
The first example is a company that is a leading media and entertainment firm. This company has built one of the largest online social communities across Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. The brand contains hundreds of social media accounts, with roughly 50 million “Likes” on their busiest Facebook Page, and 240 thousand weekly unique posts. Given the popularity of this brand, this Facebook Page contains a large volume of spam content – 1 in 7 comments contain spam content. About 3% of the spam found on this Page contains a spam link, and about 1.5% contains malware. The most frequent type of spam includes “work-‐from-‐home” schemes, which are distributed through many types of spammy applications. These applications range from simple publishing applications used on the desktop to applications found on smartphones. Other apps used to spam are created specifically for that purpose – these types of apps and their examples are discussed and shown in the next section (Spam Communication Methods). As discussed, few spam-‐fighting technologies are developed and available today. Since there is no defined workflow or policy enforcement for detecting spam that’s native to the social media networks, most accounts are at risk of spammer’s attacks. As more spam content is seen, the potential for the brand and its message to be diluted is increased, and trust is eroded with followers and fans. Because the brand is not protecting against spammers or fake accounts, it is also wasting financial resources in advertising campaigns
1 in 7
social posts contain spam
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
and promotional material, since spammers and fake accounts provide meaningless Likes and comments.
Growth Rate of Spam vs. Comments Entertainment Pioneer
Comments
Spam
As seen from the graph above, which is plotted over a two-‐month period, the growth rate of social spam for this social account is increasing faster than the growth rate of comments. More specifically, while the rate of comments is growing linearly, the rate of social spam is growing exponentially. During the month of April 2013, the number of posts and comments on the brand’s social account grew about 20%, with an increase in spam of 5%. During May 2013, content grew by approximately 68%, but spam grew to around 60%. Therefore, even though the social media brand was taking appropriate action to increase social media activity and brand awareness, they were not able to control the social media spam seen on their account. Thus, not only did the rate of the social spam increase, the rate of social spam grew faster than the rate of posts and comments, which added to the dilution of brand reputation.
Sports League Loses Out on Spam In another example of a social media account with a large volume of social spam, we turn to the social media account of a leading sports league. This brand has built a social community with roughly 18 million subscribers, and contains about 500,000 weekly unique posts or social media activity. About 1 in 4 posts is spam, and 1 in 11 comments contain hate speech. Because this brand has more spam, we can see its impact clearly as it erodes trust among its users. In fact, this same brand, which boasts so much hate speech on its pages – nearly double that of the above pioneer in media entertainment spends significant resource condemning this same language via its public relations team. Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
Over a two-‐month period for the social media account of this sports league, spam grew roughly 35% percent while the number of quality content grew 35%. As the numbers show, the more the brand owning this social media account grows in activity, the more abuse they unleash on their audience, and the more they increase their opportunity cost and decrease marketing ROI.
Social Spam Communication Mechanisms
Spammy Apps
A new breed of spam mechanisms exists on social media networks, which takes the form of downloading an application or app. These apps offer to perform special tasks that a typical social media platform is unable to do, such as determining the number of profile views by other users or changing the color theme of a user’s social media account. As with other spam types, the app may promise the collection of easy money. Once these apps are installed, malicious software or phishing attacks can proceed to exploit the victim. The names of a few nuisance apps are given below: • Timeline Stalkers • Profile Peekers • Change Your Color • FREE Gift Cards Typical content that accompany these apps includes:
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
Using technology, you can detect social spam apps. Nexgate has found, for example, that at least 5% of all apps are spammy, and that 20% of all spammy apps are found on a brand-‐ owned social media account.
Like-‐Jacking
With Like-‐Jacking, instead of clicking on links, victims may be tricked into clicking on images that appear as “Likes” or other buttons that are typically harmless. The victim can either be taken to a website hosted by a spammer described in the previous section, or the “liked” content can appear at the top of their “news feed,” unbeknownst to the victim since this activity is not generally advertised back to the user.
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
A similar method is to use pictures that entice the victim to click through, leading to similar effects discussed above.
Additionally, another method that separates social spam from other forms of spam is that profile pictures can entice users to click on them, with links to sites that can either install malicious content or generate more “click” jacking. Here is an example of comments from YouTube that attempt to attract users to click through:
Clicking on any of these profiles leads to a page similar to:
The user is then tempted to click the link on the profile picture, which leads the victim into the spammer’s trap.
Social Bots
Social bots are prevalent among the social media networks. Using computer scripts, programmers can quickly create profiles that have more “influence” than Oprah Winfrey (6). Social bots can automatically respond to certain posts. To demonstrate the existence of Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
social bots, we look at a recent case that shows the automation of replying via a social media account. The following exchange was observed on Bank of America’s Twitter account in early July 2013. As a user “tweeted” that he was being chased by police near Bank of America HQ, the twitter account on Bank of America detected this and “retweeted,”
Although this particular message is benign and intends to be helpful, one could imagine the efficiency of distributing spam messages through a social bot. When a social bot is turned on, it can automatically reply with any of the above spam content discussed in the previous sections. Furthermore, these social bots can be designed to automatically request to become “friends” or “followers” when it discovers a new social media user, or they can be used to connect to brand accounts.
Fake Accounts
Fake accounts are social media accounts that are created to resemble a “real” account. On the surface, the account may post benign content and photos, and may have friends or followers that post similarly benign content and photos to their account. However, this makes spam originating from these fake accounts harder for the recipient to discern. If a message such as the following were to originate from a fake account designed to be seem like a real person, a social media user might be more inclined to believe it: Many fake accounts are sold on the underground social media market. Such services can be bought for a small fee, and are easily discovered through search engines. Some of these accounts may be real accounts that are compromised, but are ultimately used for the same purposes. Using Nexgate’s analytics tools, we were able to determine some common traits that fake accounts share. We collected a random sampling of 200 fake accounts (profiles) and 200 real accounts. Looking through the 3 months before mid-‐August 2013, we were able to determine that activity from fake accounts is Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
quite different from the activity seen in real accounts. While fake profiles collected posted high volumes of content over a period of several days, real profiles tended to post content evenly per day over the entire 3-‐month range. Fake Profile Content Real Profile Content We also observed posting behavior that tended to vary greatly between fake accounts and real accounts. In one example (see below), we see that the fake account posted the same content at the same time on their own account and others’ account.
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
Social Spam Trends There are claims by other studies that social spammers may never get caught (3, 4). This may seem entirely plausible. Even the largest social networks have few security resources. Twitter, for example, has hired only 2 “spam science programmers” (7) out of their staff of 750 to fight spam. We believe, however, that social spam and spammers can be caught, especially since we have been able to accurately identify them with Nexgate’s technology. Facebook’s “EdgeRank algorithm” (1) assigns to each post a score based on the number of Facebook “Likes,” comments,” or “shares” by others. In other words, the more people care about a user’s posts, the higher that user’s total EdgeRank score. Although on the surface this might have (hypothetically) the tenets of spam detector, since posts by spammers may not often be “shared” or “Liked” -‐ educated people may realize the spammer’s intent after following links in the spam or notice something awry in the post, just because a post isn’t “Liked” or “shared” doesn’t mean its spam. Another possible shortcoming of this algorithm is that spammers may join their own networks of spammers, as discussed above, that continuously “Like” and “share” each other’s comments and thus outsmart the EdgeRank algorithm. Because of Nexgate’s proprietary and patent-‐pending ability to detect spam across not only social accounts within the same social media platform, but also across different social media platforms, many interesting observations about social spam can be made. For instance, we observed spammers who targeted 23 different social media accounts simultaneously. Additionally, for every 7 new social media accounts observed, 5 new spammers are detected. Some other observations include: • Facebook and YouTube provide the most spam content compared to other social media networks. For every 1 comment of spam found on other social media networks, there are 100 spam comments on Facebook or YouTube. • As expected from the previous result, more spammers are found on Facebook and YouTube than any other social networks. • Facebook contains the highest number of phishing attacks and personally identifiable information, by a factor of 4 compared to other social media networks. • YouTube contains the highest number of risky content, or content containing profanity, threats, hates speech, and insults. For every 1 piece of risky content found on other social media networks, there are 5 pieces of risky content on YouTube Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
Instead of looking at the rate of growth of spam vs. comments for a particular social media account, we now turn our attention to rate of growth of spam vs. comments for all social media accounts in the Nexgate corpus.
Grown Percentage of Spam vs. Comments Across All Social Accounts
Comments
Spam
As we saw in our case study, the rate of spam is growing faster than the rate of comments. A slight kink towards the bottom left of the red curve suggests that, perhaps for a brief time, social spam was growing slower than comments in general. However, either through a new strategy or becoming smarter than social networks’ standard detection networks, social spam has grown significantly faster than comments.
Conclusion Spam has been with us for a long time – through the evolution of email, the telephone, and now our social media. It’s no surprise that the ‘bad guys’ are targeting today’s most population dense communication medium; however, until now, few have truly investigated the methods of these new age spammers, or developed technology to adequately address the problem on behalf of the social networks and the brands and fans that enjoy them. The same expertise and research used for this study also powers the detection and enforcement engines of the Nexgate product suite. Nexgate is the leading provider of social media security and compliance with automated detection, classification, and removal of spam, malicious, and inappropriate content across all major social media platforms. Our patent-‐pending technology seamlessly connects to social networks to remove unauthorized content and protect your brand and followers. To learn more about how Nexgate can help your brand automate social media security and tackle the problem of social media spam, visit nexgate.com. Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
About Nexgate Nexgate provides cloud-‐based brand protection and compliance for enterprise social media accounts. Its patent-‐pending technology seamlessly integrates with the leading social media platforms and applications to find and audit brand affiliated accounts, control connected applications, detect and remediate compliance risks, archive communications, and detect fraud and account hacking. Nexgate is based in San Francisco, California, and is used by some of the world’s largest financial services, pharmaceutical, Internet security, manufacturing, media, and retail organizations to discover, audit and protect their social infrastructure.
About the Author Harold Nguyen is a data scientist at Nexgate, and has years of experience fighting spam. His areas of expertise include Machine Learning, Statistical Analysis, and Algorithms Research. Harold holds a Ph.D. in physics from U.C. Riverside, and a B.A. from Berkeley, and conducted research with the Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider located in Geneva, Switzerland. He is passionate about social media, security and Big Data.
References (1) "EdgeRank: The Secret Sauce That Makes Facebook's News Feed Tick". TechCrunch. 2010-04-22. Retrieved 2012-12-08. (2) Getting the message, at last". The Economist. 2007-12-14. (3) http://blog_impermium_com.s3.amazonaws.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/10/Impermium_Halloween_Small2.jpg (4) http://www.itworld.com/it-‐managementstrategy/264648/social-‐spam-‐taking-‐over-‐internet (5) http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-05-24/likejacking-spammers-hit-social-media (6) http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/11/sunday-‐review/i-‐flirt-‐and-‐tweet-‐follow-‐me-‐at-‐ socialbot.html?emc=eta1&_r=1& (7) http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203686204577112942734977800.html?cb=logged 0.9653948666527867&cb=logged0.13351966859772801 (8) http://www.socialbakers.com (9) http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2011/02/01/facebook-‐will-‐close-‐all-‐accounts-‐today-‐rogue-‐app-‐ spreads-‐virally/
Nexgate | nexgate.com |
[email protected] | +1 (650) 762-‐9890 @NXGate facebook.com/NXGate linkedin.com/company/NXGate
