Network Management Principles and Practice Mani Subramanian 2nd Edition Appendix B

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Section B.1. Project Structure and Evaluation

B.1. Project Structure and Evaluation We are presenting a suggestion list for projects to accompany the course. Most of these projects have been undertaken by students in the past 3 years, who have found them interesting. Each project is expected to take 20 to 30 hours of student time. The projects can be done as individual or group projects. If the project is done as a group, there should be a clear distinction of each student’s contribution for grading purposes. The group comprises typically 2–4 students. I strongly recommend a presentation of the project to the class by each individual or group at the end of the course. The presentation presentation is limited to 10–15 minutes. Laboratory or software projects are presented to the instructor outside of the presentation. A possible way of structuring the project is to allow students to pick a project from the list or come up with their own suggestion. The students are expected to select a project and their partners in the first few weeks of the course. An outline of the projects with deliverables is expected during the middle of the quarter/semester. The final report is due a week before the end of the quarter/semester. The grading criteria for the project are creativity, creativity, content, report ( organization and completeness), and presentation.

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Section B.2. Projects

1. SNMP is a poll-based network management system:

There are open-source SNMP stacks available on the Internet. Choose one of them and develop a polling engine for an NMS. The student should do a performance evaluation of the engine. 2. Laboratory setup of a managed LAN with low-end NMS (e.g.,

OpenNMS): Students load PCs with the operating system with TCP/IP stack. They set up multiple LANs using a hub. An NMS is loaded on a PC, which then manages the LANs. Several management applications are practiced. 3. Laboratory setup of a managed virtual LAN with low-end NMS:

Multiple LANs are set up as VLANs and a network management system is set up to manage them. This project can also be done as a special report expanding the role of VLANs. 4. Set up an enterprise NMS by downloading several of the

open-source NMSs available on the Internet. Perform fault and performance management. This usually requires the student to have had some prior experience with a UNIX system. This can be combined with another group setting up the LANs. 5. Configuring system management—Big Brother/Spong:

Big Brother or Spong can be downloaded and configured to manage systems in local networks. Interesting modifications can be done to the original systems in this project. Web-based management: 6. Web-based This popular project is done by several groups, each one implementing a different version of Web-based management. This project can be a software development project or a theoretical one in depth. A Web interface can be added to an existing SNMP management system. A Web-interface module to an HP OpenView Network

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Section B.2. Projects

1. SNMP is a poll-based network management system:

There are open-source SNMP stacks available on the Internet. Choose one of them and develop a polling engine for an NMS. The student should do a performance evaluation of the engine. 2. Laboratory setup of a managed LAN with low-end NMS (e.g.,

OpenNMS): Students load PCs with the operating system with TCP/IP stack. They set up multiple LANs using a hub. An NMS is loaded on a PC, which then manages the LANs. Several management applications are practiced. 3. Laboratory setup of a managed virtual LAN with low-end NMS:

Multiple LANs are set up as VLANs and a network management system is set up to manage them. This project can also be done as a special report expanding the role of VLANs. 4. Set up an enterprise NMS by downloading several of the

open-source NMSs available on the Internet. Perform fault and performance management. This usually requires the student to have had some prior experience with a UNIX system. This can be combined with another group setting up the LANs. 5. Configuring system management—Big Brother/Spong:

Big Brother or Spong can be downloaded and configured to manage systems in local networks. Interesting modifications can be done to the original systems in this project. Web-based management: 6. Web-based This popular project is done by several groups, each one implementing a different version of Web-based management. This project can be a software development project or a theoretical one in depth. A Web interface can be added to an existing SNMP management system. A Web-interface module to an HP OpenView Network

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Node Manager is available and has been tried in this project. Other variations are possibilities in this approach. The whole project can be done from scratch starting with an SNMP tool. For advanced computer science classes, try experimenting with XML schema and CORBA-based NM. 7. Traffic measurement using MRTG:

MRTG freeware can be downloaded and set up on a host to measure the traffic at an interface of a network component. 8. HFC management:

This area of network management affords numerous opportunities for hands-on-project if facilities exist. Fault localization is a challenge in this project. A study—both analytical and laboratory, laboratory, including QoS management for broadband—is an opportunity here. 9. ADSL management:

A wealth of ADSL projects can be undertaken both as a laboratory project, as well as theoretical study project. In addition, it can be extended to other DSL technologies. 10. Set up a management system for a WiFi network. 11. Use of Tcl/Tk for network management:

The scripting tool in general is an area of study for a project in network management. Specifically, Tcl/Tk [Zeltserman and Puoplo, 1998] is very useful as a management tool. 12. Event correlation:

We have dealt with several technologies for event correlation. The implementation of any one would be an interesting project. 13. RMON:

A simple RMON tool, for example t cp d u m p , can be implemented to do statistical measurement and analysis of the type of traffic. 14. Software simulation:

Many of the above projects could be simulated using common tools and could be an exciting way to accomplish a laboratory

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project when the facilities are lacking. Research network simulation tools that are available as freeware to use in this project. 15. Develop an SNMP trap simulator for SNMP versions and acquire

them using one of the NMS projects or a commercially available NMS.

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Section C.1. Network Ba sic Tools Lab

Read about functions and the use of the following basic network tool commands. You can invoke man commandname to obtain the manual page of a command in a UNIX system. 1. ping 2. traceroute 3. nslookup 4. host 5. dig Use these commands in the Lab to do the following practice exercises. You may create your own additional exercises and be prepared to discuss them in class. 1. Choose any IP address in your subnet or outside and find the name of the host. 2. Ping at least two public institutions’ addresses inside and outside India. Analyse your results and note the significant

points. Execute traceroute to the following IP addresses and analyze: www.gatech.edu ns1.bangla.net

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Section C.3. SNMP Applications

Apply the SNMP tools you have learned to the following applications. Application 1: Choose any three hosts and determine which of the hosts has been running the longest. Application 2: Use SNMP system MIB and find all the information about the hosts that you used in Application 1. Application 3: Acquire the routing table of a router using IP MIB and find out the approximate size of the table. Application 4: Your instructor has set the snmpd.conftable in a host with different community users accessing different profiles of  information from the database.

Inspect the configuration file (/etc/snmpd.conf) for the SNMP daemon running on the host. Attempt an snmpwalk using each of the community names it defines. Compare the amount of information available with each. Application 5: Your instructor will give you MIB views for different groups of users. Modify the snmpd.conftable to implement those views.

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Section C.2. SNMP Tools Lab

This lab is designed to learn the SNMP-testing tools. Many tools are available on public domain. The SNMP test tool is an interactive tool to obtain values of several managed objects, one at a time. Get, Get-next, and Set are the SNMP commands that we learned under SNMP architecture/messages. Execution of these will return an SNMP Response message. Pay particular attention to index and instance in this exercise. SNMPWalk uses snmpgetnext to trace the entire MIB. A network status command is used to test the status of network connections of a host. Exercise the following test tools: snmptest snmpget snmpgetnext snmpset snmptrap snmpwalk snmpnetstat

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Section D.1. Fourier Transformation

Any periodic signal  x (t ), which repeats itself with a period T , can be decomposed into an infinite number of frequency components with fundamental frequency f 0 = 1/T 0

and

 = 2πf 0 = 2π /T 0

ω0

and its harmonics f n = n /T 0 =

where n = 1, –2, ...

nf 0

and

 = nω0 = n2πf 0

ωn

The decomposed representation in the frequency spectrum is defined as the Fourier series. The Fourier series can be written as:  X (t ) = a0 /2 + a1 cos

t  + a2 cos 2ω1t  + ... + b1 sin

ω1

t  + b2 sin 2ω1t 

ω1

+ ... where an and bn are coefficients of harmonic terms. Figure D.4 (a) shows a pulse train  x n(t ) of amplitude  A, pulse width T , and periodicity of T 0. This can be shown using Fourier analysis [Forouzan, 2006]:

where  /T 0) C n = ( AT/T 0) sin ( πnT/T 0)/(πnT/T 0) = ( AT/T 0) sinc ( nT 

Figure D.4. OFDM

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We define a sinc function, where Sinc (nT   /T 0) = sin π (n T/T 0)/π(nT/T 0) The value of the sinc function sin ( π x )/(π x ) equals 1 at  x  = 0 and equals 0 at  x  = 1, 2, 3,.., which are integral multiples of T . The sinc function is shown in Figure D.4 (b). The Fourier spectrum of  x n(t ) is often used as a measure of the signal bandwidth1/ T  in Hertz for a pulse train with pulse width T . We can observe from Figure D.4(b) that if the subcarrier frequencies are separated by the periodicity f c  = 1/T , they will all be orthogonal to each other. This is the basic concept of OFDM. The multicarrier transmission, classified as OFDM, mitigates ISI.

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Appendix D. Spread Spectrum Technology: OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation scheme that comprises multicarrier, multisymbol, and multirate techniques using spread spectrum technology. It is converged technologies of spread spectrum, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennae. Broadband services require transmission of modulation of broadband signal at a high digital data rate. Due to frequency selective fading, the digital pulses in the time domain are spread out, interfering with neighboring digits and thus causing inter-symbol interference (ISI). This is shown in Figure D.1.

Figure D.1. Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)

The basic principle of operation of OFDM is to divide the broadbandmodulated carrier into narrowband segments. All the narrowband segments are transmitted in parallel over subcarrier channels. Since the fading is flat over a narrow band, there is less distortion of the signal and hence, less ISI. Instead of modulating a single carrier at the rate of  R symbols per second (sps), each of the N subcarriers separated by about R/N Hz are modulated and each symbol is transmitted at R/N sps. This is shown in Figure D.2. Figure D.2(a) shows the single carrier modulation, and Figure D.2(b) shows the multicarrier for the same digital signal. Figure D.3 shows the system representation of  multicarrier multisymbol OFDM at the transmitting end. The multicarrier system could be further improved by making each subcarrier orthogonal to others.

Figure D.2. Multicarrier Multisymbol Transmission

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[View full size image]

Figure D.3. Multicarrier Multisymbol System

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Acronyms

3GPP

Third Generation Partnership Project

3GPP2

Third Generation Partnership Project in US

AAA

Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting

ACSE

Application Control Service Element

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

ASK

Amplitude Shift Keying

ASN.1

Abstract Syntax Notation One

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATU

ADSL Transmission Unit

ATU-C

ATU at the Central Office/Network End

ATU-R

ATU at the Remote/Customer Premises End

BWA

Broadband Wireless Access

BER

Basic Encoding Rules

BER

Bit Error Rate

BERT

Bit Error Rate Tester

BISDN

Broadband ISDN

CAP

Carrierless Amplitude Phase modulation

CAPWAP

Configuration and Provisioning of Wireless Access Point

CBC

Cipher Block Chaining

CBR

Case-Based Reasoning

CCITT

International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee

CEBus

Consumer Electronic Bus

CIM

Common Information Model

CIMOM

CIM Object Manager

CLI

Command Line Interface

CLTS

Connectionless Transport Service

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CMIP

Common Management Information Protocol

CMIS

Common Management Information Service

CMISE

Common Management Information Service Element

CMTS

Cable Modem Terminating System

COM

Component Object Model

COPS

Common Open Policy Service

CORBA

Common Object Request Broker Architecture

COTS

Connection-Oriented Transport Service

CPE

Customer Premises Equipment

CSMA/CA

Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

CSMA/CD

Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Detection

DBMS

Database Management System

DCE

Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment

DCE

Distributed Computing Environment

DCF

Distributed Communication Function in TMN

DCF

Distributed Coordination Function in 802.11

DCN

Data Communications Network

DCOM

Distributed Component Object Model

DDD

Direct Distance Dialing

DES

Data Encryption Standard

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DLL

Data Link Layer

DMI

Desktop Management Interface

DMTF

Desktop Management Task Force

DOCS

Data-Over-Cable System

DOCSIS

Data-Over-Cable System Interface Specifications

DOM

Document Object Model

DTE

Data Terminating Equipment

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

DSLAM

Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

DWDM

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer

EAP

Extensible Authentication Protocol

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EGP

External Gateway Protocol

EIA

Electrical Industries Association

ELAN

Emulated Local Area Network

EMS

Element Management System, Enterprise Management System

EPON

Ethernet PON

eTOM

Enhanced Telecom Operations Map

FCAPS

Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, and Security

FDDI

Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FEC

Forward Error Correction

FSK

Frequency Shift Keying

FTAM

File Transfer and Access Management

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

FTTN

Fiber to the Neighborhood

GDMO

Guidelines for Definition of Managed Objects

GMPLS

Generalized MPLS

GUI

Graphical User Interface

HAVi

Home Audio–Video Interoperability

HCF

Hybrid Control Function

HDSL

High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line

HFC

Hybrid Fiber Coaxial cable

HMAC

Hashed Message Access Code

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

IAB

Internet Advisory Board

IANA

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol

IDEA

International Data Encryption Algorithm

IDL

Interface Definition Language

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force

IGP

Internal Gateway Protocol

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IIOP

Internet Inter-Orb Protocol

ILMI

Integrated Local Management Interface

IP

Internet Protocol

IPC

Inter-Processor Communication

IrDA

Infrared Data Association

IRTF

Internet Research Task Force

ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

ITU

International Telecommunications Union

ITU-T

ITU—Telecommunications Sector

JDBC

Java Database Connectivity

JDMK

Java Dynamic Management Kit

JIDM

Joint Inter-Domain Management

JMAPI

Java Management Application Interface

JVM

Java Virtual Machine

JMX

Java Management Extensions

LAN

Local Area Network

LANE

Local Area Network Emulation

LLC

Logical Link Control

LMDS

Local Multipoint Distribution Service

MAC

Medium Access Control

MAN

Metropolitan Area Network

MBR

Model-Based Reasoning

MCNS

Multimedia Cable Network System

MD

Message Digest

MF

Mediation Function in TMN

MIB

Management Information Base

MIME

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

MIT

Management Information Tree

MMDS

Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service

MOM

Manager of Managers

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MOTIS

Message Oriented Text Interchange Standard

MPLS

Multiprotocol Label Switching

MRTG

Multi Router Traffic Grapher

MSO

Multiple Systems Operator

MSSP

Multiservice Switching Platform

MTNM

Multitechnology Network Management

MTOSI

Multitechnology Operations System Interface

MUWS

Management Using Web Service

NAT

Network Address Translator

NGN

Next Generation Network

NGOSS

New Generation OSS

NID

Network Interface Device

NIU

Network Interface Unit

NMF

Network Management Forum

NMS

Network Management System

NOC

Network Operations Center

OAM

Operation, Administration, and Maintenance

OAMP

Operation, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning

OASIS

Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Services

OC

Optical Carrier

ODBC

Open Database Connectivity

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OLT

Optical Line Termination

ONU

Optical Network Unit

OS

Operations System

OS

Operating System

OSF

Operation System Function in TMN

OSF

Open Systems Foundation

OSGi

Open Service Gateway Initiative

OSI

Open System Interface

OSPF

Open Shortest Path First

OSS

Operations Support System

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PAN

Personal Area Network

PBX

Private Branch eXchange

PCI

Protocol Control Information

PCF

Point Coordination Function

PDU

Packet Data Unit

PEM

Privacy Enhanced Mail

PGP

Pretty Good Privacy

PING

Packet Internet Groper

PON

Passive Optical Network

PPP

Point-to-Point Protocol

QAF

Q-Adapter Function in TMN

QoS

Quality of Service

RADIUS

Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

RBR

Rule-Based Reasoning

RF

Radio Frequency

RFC

Request for Comments

RIP

Routing Information Protocol

RMI

Remote Method Invocation

RMON

Remote Monitoring

ROSE

Remote Operation Service Element

RPC

Remote Procedure Call

RSA

Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman (Cryptographic Algorithm)

SDH

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SDU

Service Data Unit

SGMP

Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol

SHS

Secure Hash Standard

SLA

Service Level Agreement

SMAE

System Management Application Entity

SAX

Simple API for XML

SMAP

System Management Application Process

SMASE

System Management Application Service Entity

SMF

System Management Function

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SMI

Structure of Management Information

SMTP

Simple Mail Transport Protocol

SNCIP

Subnetwork-Independent Convergence Protocol

SNDAP

Subnetwork-Dependent Access Protocol

SNDCP

Subnetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol

SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol

SOA

Service Oriented Architecture

SOAP

Simple Object Access Protocol

SONET

Synchronous Optical NETwork

SPF

Shortest Path First

STS

Synchronous Transport Signal

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol

TDM

Time Division Multiplexing

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

TE

Traffic Engineering

TMF

TeleManagement Forum

TMN

Telecommunications Management Network

TR

Token Ring

UDDI

Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration of Web Services

UDP

User Datagram Protocol

UI

User Interface

UNI

User Network Interface

UPnP

Universal Plug and Play

USB

Universal Serial Bus

URL

Universal Resource Locator

USM

User-Based Security Model

UWB

Ultra-Wide Band

VACM

View-Based Access Control Model

VDSL

Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line

VLAN

Virtual Local Area Network

VT

Virtual Terminal

W3C

World Wide Web Consortium

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WAN

Wide Area Network

WBEM

Web-Based Enterprise Management

WBM

Web-Based Management

WCS

Wireless Communication Service

WEP

Wired Equivalency Protocol

WPA

WiFi Protected Access

WiFi

Trade name for Wireless LAN

WIMA

Web-Based Integrated Management Architecture

WiMax

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WLAN

Wireless LAN

WSDL

Web Services Definition Language

WSF

Workstation Function in TMN

WMI

Windows Management Interface

XML

Extensible Markup Language

XPath

XML Filter

XSL

XML Style Sheet

XSLT

XML Transformer to Other Documents

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Glossary

Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1) A formalized syntax language used to define managed objects.

Access Mode The MIB access privilege defined in an SNMP agent based on

community name to a network element—read only or read-write.

Access Policy A pairing of an SNMP community name with an SNMP

community profile is defined as SNMP access policy.

Accounting Management Administration of cost allocation of the usage of network

resources.

Agent Module A management software module resident in a network

component that can be queried for information by another software module resident in network manager. The agent module can also generate and transmit information in an unsolicited manner. These are called notifications (traps in SNMPv1).

Aggregate Managed Object A group of related managed objects. It is represented by a

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conceptual table of rows, each row comprising a list of scalar managed objects. The columns of the table are columnar objects, with each row being an instance of the entry. This group is distinct from MIB groups.

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) A digital-to-analog modulation scheme in which the carrier is

amplitude modulated.

Application Control Service Element (ACSE) Sets up and coordinates the activities of setting up and

releasing an association with an application. This is used in conjunction with ROSE in OSI management.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Digital subscriber line that carries multimedia information from

the central office to the customer premises. The downstream and upstream frequencies are different, hence the term asymmetric.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) A cell-based technology that is used to transport digital data. A

switch that switches ATM protocol is called ATM switch.

ATM Forum An industry-sponsored international organization accelerating

cooperation on ATM technology.

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ADSL Transmission Unit (ATU) ATU is an ADSL modem. ATU-C is located at the central office

and ATU-R is at the remote (customer premises) site.

Authentication Key A secret key derived from a chosen password of the user

(SNMPv3) that is used in authenticating the legitimacy of the user accessing a secure system.

Autodiscovery In a network management system, the process of discovering

the components of a network-automatically, usually using the ping commands. This is done when the system is turned on and during maintenance on a scheduled basis.

Basic Encoding Rules (BER) The encoding rules used to code ASN.1 syntax defined objects.

SNMP message is encoded in BER using type, length, and value (TLV).

Beacon A management enabling stations to establish and maintain

communications in an ad-hoc wireless network in an orderly fashion.

Bridge A device that connects two LANs at the data link layer.

Broadband Networks Broadband networks are multimedia networks that provide integrated services of voice, video, and data over the same

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medium. It is the short form for broadband ISDN (BISDN). The network comprises WAN using ATM technology and the local loop based on cable, digital subscriber line, and wireless technologies. The services offered are referred to as broadband services.

Cable Modem A device used in broadband services that modulates and

demodulates from the customer equipment to the radio frequency signal that is carried on the cable.

Case-based Reasoning A paradigm used in network management that is based on

comparing a problem to previously encountered cases to derive the cause of the problem.

Cipher Block Chaining Method of Data Encryption Standard (CBC-DES) A symmetric encryption protocol recommended in SNMPv3 for

secure communication.

Codebook In network management, codebook is a matrix of problems and

symptoms that is generated modeling the network. Multiple symptoms are correlated to isolate the root cause of the problem.

Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) OSI standard management protocol, which is object-oriented.

Common Management Information Service (CMIS)

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A management service function provided in OSI management that uses CMIP protocol. CMISE is a CMIS Element.

Community Pairing of two SNMP entities that can communicate with each

other is called an SNMP community and is given a name community name. All SNMP entities with the same community name can communicate with each other. A pairing of MIB view with SNMP access mode is called community profile.

Compliance Defined in SNMPv2 as the minimum set of modules and

mandatory groups that should be implemented in an SNMP entity for it to be declared compatible with SNMP.

Configuration Management Setting and changing of configuration of networks and network

components.

Conformance SNMPv2 defines conformance in units of OBJECT-GROUPS. The

SNMP conformance of a product is specified including compliance modules and additional OBJECT-GROUPS.

Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) CORBA standard provides a communication bus for distributed

applications to interact over the network.

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CORBA Management Technology Object-oriented CORBA-based technology for implementation of 

distributed management application architecture.

CORBA Agent A server with IDL interfaces for each GDMO.

CORBA-based Manager A network manager with distributed management applications.

Counter An SNMP application-wide data type, whose value is a

non-negative integer. Its value is monotonically increasing and wraps around when it reaches a maximum value.

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) Any equipment in the customer or subscriber premises, which is

connected to the service provider network. The CPE network interfaces to the service provider network at the “demarcation point.” 

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer (DWDM) Wavelength Division Multiplexer is add–drop Optical signal

multiplexer. DWDM was developed for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), which is an economical system.

DESCRIPTOR  Defines a unique mnemonic name for an object type and begins with lower case letter.

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Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) A device at the central office that multiplexes several ATU-C

modems.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Transmission link (loop) between the central office and the

customer premises that carries information in a digital format. There are several implementations of DSL: Asymmetric DSL, in which the upstream and downstream bands are different; HDSL is high data rate DSL, which offers symmetric service at a higher data rate; VDSL, very high data rate DSL is asymmetric at a very high data rate (up to 52 Mbps).

Digital Over Cable System Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) Specifications for cable modem access technology approved by

the MCNS industry consortium.

Discovery A process in network management system that discovers

network elements and builds an inventory of network elements and links. See autodiscovery.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Converts and dynamically allocates global IP address to local IP

address in local networks.

Element Management System (EMS) Lowest level in management hierarchy that manages the network elements directly.

Emulated LAN (ELAN)

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Emulated LAN is an ATM network configured as a LAN and coexists with Ethernet LAN.

Ethernet A LAN based on bus architecture that uses CSMA/CD medium

access protocol and operates at 10 Mbps speed. Fast Ethernet functions at 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet at 1 Gbps.

eXtensible Markup Language (XML) A markup language for document exchange in the Web.

Fast Channel In ADSL, the channel that handles audio and real-time video

with fast buffers.

Fault Management Detection and isolation of the problem causing the failure in the

network.

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) A LAN based on token-ring technology that uses fiber medium

and operates at 100 Mbps. It can be implemented as either a single or a dual ring configuration.

Forward Equivalent Class (FEC) FEC is used to map forwarding of a packet to a next hop port in

a router.

Gateway

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A router that connects two networks and can perform protocol conversion.

Gauge An SNMP application-wide data type, whose value is a

non-negative integer. Its value can move either up or down and pegs at a maximum value.

Get-Bulk-Request An SNMP message issued by the manager to an agent to

retrieve a group of managed objects and their values in bulk.

Get-Next-Request An SNMP message issued by the manager to an agent to

retrieve the object ID and the value of the next managed object in the MIB.

Get-Request An SNMP message issued by the manager to an agent to

retrieve the value of a managed object.

Get-Response An SNMP message issued by an agent to a manager in response

to either a get or set request message. It is simply called response in SNMPv2.

Guidelines for Definition of Managed Objects (GDMO) The technique that is adopted to specify managed objects in

OSI management using templates.

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Half Bridge/Half Router Provides a method to connect a LAN via a bridge to a router.

This configuration is deployed for access to service provider by small office–home office customer on an as-required basis using a dial-up link.

High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) Digital subscriber line that operates in duplex mode at T1 or E1

rate.

HMAC Protocols The authentication protocols used for authentication scheme in

security management. It is based on hashing algorithm (H) to derive message access code (MAC). Two common algorithms used in SNMP security management are HMAC-MD5-96 and HMAC-SHA-96.

HomePlug HomePlug, also known as PLC (Power Line Communication),

distributes data over power line in the house.

HomePNA HomePNA (Home Phoneline Network Alliance) is a technology

that can distribute broadband over the phone line in the house.

Hub

A LAN in a box. It is a hybrid of star topology with either Ethernet or token-ring configuration inside the hub.

Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Cable (HFC) Technology The HFC technology is based on multimedia services provided

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over the television cable system. It is also called cable modem technology.

Inform-Request An SNMPv2 message from a manager to another manager.

Inheritance In OSI network management, managed object classes are inherited from other managed objects. There are several

categories of inheritance, such as single inheritance and multiple inheritance.

Instructional Scientific and Medical Service (ISM) A wireless transmission system that operates over two

frequency bands (902–928 MHz) and (2400–2483.5 MHz) with a range of 0.5 and 15 miles, respectively.

Integrated Local Management Interface (ILMI) A management interface between two ATM interface

management entities (IMFs) that provides view of configuration and fault parameters across user network interface (UNI).

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Integrated voice and digital services over a single medium.

Narrow-band ISDN, referred to as basic rate, carries two channels. Broadband ISDN, or simply broadband services, is a cell-based technology at high data rate.

Interleaved Channel In ADSL, the channel that handles data signal, which can

tolerate latency and hence interleaved between the fast channel

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signal.

Internet A worldwide network that is based on TCP/IP suite of protocols.

IpAddress An SNMP application-wide data type that defines four groups of 

dotted decimal notation of IPv4.

Java Management Extensions (JMX) A Java-based management architecture proposed by Sun

Microsystems.

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) LDP is the protocol used by egress LSR to notify LSP to all the

affected routers.

Label Switching Path (LSP) End-to-end path of an MPLS circuit.

Label Switching Router (LSR) A router capable of supporting MPLS protocol.

Local Area Network (LAN) A LAN is a shared medium serving many DTEs located in close

proximity, as in a building or a campus environment.

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Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) A wireless transmission system that operates over two

frequency bands (27,500–28,350 MHz) and (31,000–31,000 MHz) with a range of about 3 miles.

M-ACTION An OSI management service element that performs operation in

managed objects and sends confirmations on an optional basis.

Managed Object Commonly, a network element that can be managed remotely

by network management system. In TCP/IP-based network management, it consists of object type and object instance. A rigor-ous definition of a managed object is that it is a node in the MIB that could be either a physical or a logical entity.

Managed Object Class An object-oriented definition of managed objects in OSI network

management.

Management Information Base (MIB) A management information tree containing Internet

management objects. A management object holds a unique position and ID in the MIB. The portion of the MIB that a network element permits an SNMP agent to access is called MIB view.

Management Information Tree A hierarchical tree structure used to organize managed objects

and object classes. It is called MIB.in SNMP and naming tree or containment tree in OSI.

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Management Using Web Services (MUWS) Use of Web services for a system management framework.

Management of Web Services (MOWS) Management model to manage Web services.

M-CANCEL-GET An OSI management service element that cancels a request

message.

M-CREATE An OSI management service element that creates a

management object class.

M-DELETE An OSI management service element that deletes a

management object class.

Media Access Control Protocol Lower sublayer protocol in OSI layer 2 that interfaces with the

physical layer protocol.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) It can be defined as that segment of the network that connects the wide area network to the broadband access network. There

are wired and wireless MANs. While the latter is actually access network for the metropolitan area, the former is concerned with extending the WAN closer to the head end of the access network.

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M-EVENT-REPORT An OSI management service element that generates unsolicited notifications to another open system.

M-GET An OSI management service element that retrieves attributes

and values from managed objects.

MIB Browser An SNMP tool to browse through the MIB. It is also called MIB

walk.

M-interface Five interfaces M1–M5 are defined between network

management system and either private or public networks for management of telecommunication networks including ATM networks.

MODULE-IDENTITY An ASN.1 macro that describes the semantics of an information module in ASN.1 syntax.

M-SET An OSI management service element that sets or modifies attributes of managed objects.

Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) A wireless transmission system that operates over the

frequency band of 2500–2686 MHz with a range of up to 35

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miles.

Multiple Systems Operator (MSO) MSO is a service provider, which owns and operates several cable television systems and used to provide primarily cable TV

service. MSOs are now providing broadband services over cable.

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Network MPLS is a WAN technology that replaces IP and ATM networks.

It combines the richness of IP and the performance of ATM networks

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label A label is a short, fixed length, locally significant identifier,

which is used to identify a FEC.

Multitechnology Network Management (MTNM) A management system that manages network of 

multitechnology multivendor network elements.

Multitechnology OSI (MTOSI) A TM Forum standard for framework for OS-OS integration.

Network Address Translator Converts global IP to local IP address.

Network Interface Device/Unit (NID/NIU) A device at the customer premises, which is the demarcation

point between the customer network and service provider

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network.

Network Management System (NMS) A platform that houses the network manager module. It monitors and controls the network components from a

centralized operation.

NMS Server A platform in which NMS software runs in a server–client

architecture.

NMS Client A client platform, which accesses NMS server remotely and

performs operations on it. An HTML browser can be used as an NMS client.

Network Operations Center (NOC) A centralized operation to monitor and manage the network

using network management tools and systems.

NOTIFICATION-TYPE An ASN.1 macro of notification, which is an event or alarm

generated by a network management agent and sent to a network management system in SNMPv2 and SNMPv3. It is termed as TRAP-TYPE in SNMPv1.

OAMP (Traditionally OAM&P) Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning

functions in the telecommunications industry.

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Object An object type, and associated instance.

Object Identifier Identifies an object type and is a node in the MIB. It is described in terms of a sequence of numbers or DESCRIPTORs

that describes its position in the MIB, or abbreviated by the name of a reference object type followed by a sequence of  numbers from that node.

Object Type The component of the managed object that is defined by SMI

and in the MIB. In TCP/IP management, it consists of an object identifier defined by ASN.1 syntax OBJECT-TYPE, and encoded using BER. It does not include object instance.

Open Service Gateway Initiative (OSGi) A residential software platform that acts as a gateway to

residential network. It supports integration of different home networking technologies and delivery of different services and components, called bundles, from service providers.

Operations System (OS) Operations system, in the telecommunications industry, is used

to control the network and network elements. The term is used in ADSL technology and TMN. The operations system does not directly play a role in the information transfer, but helps in the OAMP of network and information systems.

Optical Carrier (OC) The data rate unit of SONET (OC-n) digital hierarchy in the USA.

The data rate is 51.84 Mbps.

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Optical Line Termination (OLT) Termination point at the central office of PON link.

Optical Network Unit (ONU) Demarcation point between access network and home network

in PON. The ONU may contain a passive or active element that divides access network into individual subscriber cables.

Passive Optical Network (PON) Fiber access network in broadband system.

Performance Management Monitoring and management of performance parameters of 

network and network components.

Personal Area Network (PAN) There are several wireless personal area networks, each for a

specific application and primarily used at residences for short range. Bluetooth is the most popular one, which is specified in IEEE 802.15.1 and is in the unlicensed spectrum of 2.4 GHz. PAN with network control applications for home devices that require low data rate, are specified in IEEE 802.15.4

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) A digital-to-analog modulation scheme in which the phase of the

carrier signal is modulated.

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Ping

A network tool to test the connectivity to a remote device.

Protocol Converter A node in a network, which does protocol conversion at layers above the network layer. It is similar to the gateway, which does

protocol conversion at the network layer.

Proxy Server An SNMP device that converts any protocol to an

SNMP-compatible MIB and protocol. It is also used to convert SNMPv1 to SNMPv2 protocol.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) A digital-to-analog modulation scheme in which the carrier is

modulated with a combination of amplitude and phase modulation. It is used in HFC and ADSL access technologies.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) A digital-to-analog modulation scheme in which the phase of the

carrier signal is modulated based on four levels of the signal represented by four phase states. It is used in HFC technology.

Rediscovery Periodic check by NMS for the configuration change in the

network.

Remote Monitoring (RMON) Remotely monitoring the network with a probe is termed RMON.

The monitored information, gathered and analyzed by RMON, is transmitted to a remote network management system. RMON1

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deals with the data link control layer and RMON2 covers all the higher layers.

Remote Operation Service Element (ROSE) Issues request to remote system and receives responses in an

asynchronous mode. This module is used in conjunction with ACSE in OSI management.

Residential Gateway The gateway component that is between the access network

and home network. It handles primarily the communication interface and can also have application modules in it.

Response An SNMP message in SNMPv2. See Get-response.

Root Cause Analysis (RCA) RCA correlates multiple alarms from a single fault, localizes the

problem, shows the primary alarm, and suppresses secondary alarms.

Router A device that does the routing function of packets in a network.

Rule-based Reasoning An if-then paradigm used in network management that is based

on comparing a problem to previously encountered situations to arrive at the source of the problem.

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Security Management Securing legal access to network resources and protecting the

information during transfer of data from modification of  information, masquerade, message stream modification, and disclosure.

Service Level Agreement (SLA) SLA is a part of a service contract where the level of service,

such as service availability and performance, is formally defined and agreed upon between the service provider and subscriber or customer.

Set-Request An SNMP message from a manager to an agent to set the

parameters of a network element.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Internet/TCP-IP-based network management protocol.

Single Line Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) A high data rate digital subscriber line in which two-way duplex

communication occurs over a single twisted pair.

SNMP Framework Defines a version of SNMP and comprises subsystems and

models. SNMP Frameworks are specified for SNMPv1, SNMPv2, and SNMPv3.

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Source Routing Bridged Network A network based on token-ring bridges, in which the source

node determines the path of the packet.

Spectrum Management System In HFC link management, a system that deals with the

management of RF spectrum allocated to different digital services, both in the upstream and downstream.

Structure of Management Information (SMI) Definitions for the structure of management information. It

defines managed objects and their characteristics, as well as the relationship between the objects.

Switch A device that switches analog and digital data.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) The name used in Europe for the digital hierarchy that is used in

ATM network. The data rate is an integral multiple of 51.84 Mbps. Equivalent name in United States is SONET.

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) The name used in United States for the digital hierarchy (OC-n)

that is used in ATM network. The basic SONET rate (OC-3) is 155.52 Mbps and is three times that of the basic optical carrier (OC-1) of 51.84 Mbps. Equivalent term in Europe is SDH.

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Synchronous Transport Signal (STS) The data rate unit of SDH (STS-n) digital hierarchy in Europe.

The data rate is 51.84 Mbps.

System Network Architecture IBM proprietary network architecture.

Tcpdump A network tool to monitor the IP packets in a network. A similar

tool is called a sniffer.

Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) The management of telecommunications network was

developed by International Standards Organization as part of  ISO management. Hence, it is strongly based on ISO network management.

Topology A map of the interconnections between routers and switches.

Topology representation is done at the network layer (layer 3) or the data link layer (layer 2).

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Mode of transmission in which signals are assigned time-divided

slots in multiplexing in TDM systems.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) TDMA is normally used for carrying information from multiple stations to the head end. The individual station information is

multiplexed with others under the control of the head end.

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TimeTicks An SNMP application-wide data type, which measures time in units of hundredths of a second.

TMF 814 A standard protocol between EMS and NMS that is specified by the TM Forum.

Traceroute A UNIX network tool to test the route to a remote device. A

similar tool in Microsoft Windows in tracert .

Traffic Engineering (TE) Configuration of traffic flow that is concerned with performance

optimization of operational networks.

Transparent Bridged Network A network of Ethernet-based bridges with a tree topology.

Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) A suite of transport-layer/network-layer protocols that forms the

basis for Internet network.

Trap An alarm or an event generated by a management agent and

sent unsolicited to a network management system.

Ultra Wide Band (UWB)

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A personal area network carrying information in a very high bandwidth spectrum at 3–10 GHz band that is least impacted by noise.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) A high data rate serial interface out of PC. USB hub multiple interfaces from a single interface.

User-based Security Model (USM) The security subsystem specified in SNMPv3 that is based on

the traditional user name concept.

Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) VDSL is similar to ADSL and operates at a very high data rate

over shorter lines.

Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) VSAT is direct transmission to home using geosynchronous

satellite. It is more used to access difficult-to-access remote sites and back-up link by service providers.

View-based Access Control Model (VACM) The access control scheme defined in SNMPv3 that is more

secure and flexible than the simple access policy defined in SNMPv1.

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Virtual LAN (VLAN) Virtual LAN is a LAN that is based on switched hub technology

and enables stations to be assigned to different LANs administratively. They are not restrained by the physical configuration of LAN networks.

Web-based Enterprise Management (WBEM) A project undertaken by Desk Top Management Task Force to

bring different management systems under one umbrella using Microsoft object-oriented framework, Common Information Module.

Wavelength Division Multiplexer (WDM) is multiplexing at optical wavelength and is identical to

frequency division multiplexing at (relatively) lower frequencies. Information can be transmitted over multiple wavelengths using multiple transmission protocols.

WiFi

Commercial name for WLAN using IEEE 802.11a/b/g protocols.

WiFi Protected Access (WPA) Enhanced security protocol for WiFi network.

Wired Equivalency protocol (WEP) Early version of security protocol for WiFi network.

Wireless LAN Wireless LAN with IEEE 802.11a/b/g interface.