Néphrologie ECN Intensif
July 13, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Bëphrieijkf
Lhfz ef mãmf ënktfur N`bs e` mãmf lieefltkib
Hëp`ti-j`stri-fbtërieijkf, p`r Eiuks nf Mfstkfr ft Lkbny Bfuzkeeft, v`eknë p`r e` Lieeëjk`ef nfs ubkvfrskt`krfs fb Hëp`ti-j`stri-fbtërieijkf, hëp`ti-j`stri-fbtërieijkf, hëp`ti-j`stri-fbtëri eijkf, 410>, 411 p`jfs. ITE, p`r Nk`bf Fvr`rn ft Wkblfbt ^rfvkeeit, v`eknë p`r ef Lieeèjf gr`bê`ks n'ITE ft nf lhkrurjkf lfrvkli-g`lk`ef, 410>, 488 p`jfs. Vrieijkf, p`r ef Lieeèjf gr`bê`ks nfs urieijufs, 4106, 418 p`jfs. Mënflkbf physkquf ft rë`n`pt`tkib p`r e'@ssilk`tkib nfs Cfubfs fb Mënflkbf physkquf ft Të`n`pt`tkib (@CMFT), v`eknë p`r ef Lieeèjf gr`bê`ks nfs fbsfkjb`bts ubkvfrskt`krfs nf mënflkbf physkquf ft nf rë`n`pt`tkib, 4106, 08> p`jfs. Bfurieijkf, p`r Qkfrrf \fbfrs ft Cf`b-Gr`bêiks Eektcis, v`eknë p`r ef Lieeèjf nfs fbsfkjb`bts nf bfurieijkf, 4106, 071 p`jfs. Niuefur ft sikbs p`eek`tkgs, p`r \yevkf Tist`kbj-Tkj`ttkfrk, Nimkbkquf W`rkb, D`rd`r` ^iurbk`krf ^iurbk`krf ft @bnrë` Q`ss`rn, 4106, 4:4 p`jfs. N`bs e` lieefltkib Efs rëgërfbtkfes nfs Lieeèjfs
@b`timkf p`thieijkquf, p`r ef Lieeèjf gr`bê`ks nfs p`thieijkstfs (LiQ`th), 41007 p`jfs. L`rnkieijkf, p`r ef Lieeèjf B`tkib`e nfs fbsfkjb`bts nf l`rnkieijkf “ \ilkëtë Gr`bê`ksf nf L`rnkieijkf (LBFL\GL), 4f ënktkib, 410>, >7> p`jfs. Lhkrurjkf m`xkeei-g`lk`ef ft stim`tieijkf, p`r ef Lieeèjf hispkt`ei-ubkvfrskt`krf gr`bê`ks nf lhkrurjkf m`xkeeif
g`lk`ef ft stim`tieijkf. < ënktkib, 410>, p`jfs. Nfrm`tieijkf, p`r ef Lieeèjf nfs fbsfkjb`bts fb nfrm`tieijkf nf Gr`blf (LFNFG). 7f ënktkib, 410>, 648 p`jfs. Jërk`trkf, p`r ef Lieeèjf b`tkib`e nfs fbsfkjb`bts nf jërk`trkf (LBFJ), , 4:4 p`jfs. Hëm`tieijkf, p`r e` \ilkëtë gr`bê`ksf n'hëm`tieijkf. 4f ënktkib, 410>, p`jfs. Hëp`ti-j`stri-fbtërieijkf, p`r e` Lieeëjk`ef nfs ubkvfrskt`krfs fb hëp`ti-j`stri-fbtërieijkf (LNV-HJF). 4104, >;7 p`jfs. Mënflkbf physkquf ft rë`n`pt`tkib, p`r ef Lieeèjf gr`bê`ks nfs fbsfkjb`bts ubkvfrskt`krfs nf mënflkbf physkquf ft nf rë`n`pt`tkib (LIGFMFT). 4106, 6f ënktkib, 467 p`jfs. Bfurieijkf, p`r ef Lieeèjf gr`bê`ks nfs fbsfkjb`bts fb bfurieijkf (LFB). 4106, >f ënktkib, 6;4 p`jfs. Butrktkib, p`r ef Lieeèjf nfs fbsfkjb`bts nf butrktkib. 4f ënktkib, 4106, 4;7 p`jfs. Ipht`emieijkf, p`r ef Lieeèjf nfs ipht`emieijkstfs ubkvfrskt`krfs nf Gr`blf (LIVG), 4è ënktkib, 410, 0167 p`jfs. Të`bkm`tkib ft urjfblfs, p`r ef Lieeèjf b`tkib`e nfs fbsfkjb`bts nf rë`bkm`tkib (LBFT). 4104, >f ënktkib, 7:7 p`jfs. Km`jfrkf mënkl`ef - T`nkieijkf ft mënflkbf buleë`krf, p`r ef LFTG (Lieeèjf nfs fbsfkjb`bts nf r`nkieijkf nf Gr`blf) ft ef Lieeèjf B`tkib`e nfs Fbsfkjb`bts nf Dkiphyskquf ft nf Mënflkbf Buleë`krf (LBFDMB). 4f ënktkib, 4106, 7 ^L\. Nf peus, nfs gklhfs nf sybthèsf sibt kbtëjrëfs `gkb n'`knfr á e` rëvkskib. Efs qufstkibs pisëfs n`bs lft iuvr`jf d`e`kfbt tius efs ktfms nf bëphrieijkf nu prijr`mmf iggklkfe ft sibt fb h`rmibkf `vfl ef nilumfbt nf rëgërfblf nf bëphrieijkf (rënkjë p`r ef Lieeèjf Vbkvfrskt`krf nfs Fbsfkjb`bts nf Bëphrieijkf). Lfrt`kbfs qufstkibs pisëfs n`bs lft iuvr`jf vius sfmdefribt pfut-ãtrf rëpëtktkvfs, m`ks s`lhfz qu'ke s'`jkt eá n'ub lhikx pën`jijkquf piur ãtrf sÿrs quf q uf efs pikbts fssfbtkfes bf vius `uribt p`s ëlh`ppë. E` bëphrieijkf fst siuvfbt libsknërëf limmf ubf spëlk`ektë nkggklkef. Feef rfpisf fb g`kt sur nfs d`sfs physkip`thieijkqufs skmpefs ft fst kmpirt`btf l`r feef fst tr`bsvfrs`ef `vfl nf bimdrfusfs spëlk`ektës mënkl`efs. Bf e`kssfz surtiut p`s ef nëliur`jfmfbt vius j`jbfr ! @vfl lf ekvrf n'fbtr`âbfmfbt, vius piuvfz g`krf ef tiur nf lfttf dfeef spëlk`ektë fb triks iu qu`trf ciurs ! Fb fspër`bt quf lft iuvr`jf vius nibbfr` e'fbvkf n'fb s`vikr peus fb bëphrieijkf `près efs FLBk, bius vius siuh`ktibs dib liur`jf ! Qr M`rkf-Biïeef Qfr`enk Qr Drubi Hur`uet nf Ekjby Qr @efx`bnrf Hfrtkj Qr Drubi Miuekb
KX
^`def nfs m`tkèrfs
E'fsprkt nf e` lieefltkib FLBkbtfbskg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Efs `utfurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @v`bt-pripis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
W WKK KX
Bitf `u efltfur sur efs d`rèmfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @drëvk`tkibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XKKK XW
K
Ëbiblës
0 4
L`s lekbkqufs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
<
PLM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef (EL@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:<
^fstss nf liblirn`blf nf slrkpt (^L\). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fst
8<
KK
Lirrkjës
6 7 : 8
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8:
PLM lirrkjës . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 “ PLM
@ D L N F Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
@ 0 hfurf D 0 hfurf L N F piursuktf nu r`mkprke
s ë l b i b <
L`s lekbkqufs
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
ε @ D L N F
Pufstkib : “ PLM
@ D L prfslrkptkib n'kbhkdktfurs l`elkqufs N prfslrkptkib nf dkl`rdib`tf dkl`rdib`tf nf sinkum ksitibkquf F >
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
@ D L N F Pufstkib ; “ PLM
fst (sibt) kmput`def(s) á ub tr`ktfmfbt p`r `meinkpkbf 9 @ D L lrksf n'`sthmf N dr`nyl`rnkf F Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
@ D L `rrãt nf tiutf libsimm`tkib n'`eliie N F Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
@ D L N F Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
L`s lekbkqufs
0
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
@ D L N kbsuggks`blf l`rnk`quf jeid`ef F hypithyriénkf Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Lfttf gkjurf fst rfprinuktf n`bs ef l`hkfr liuefur fb gkb n'iuvr`jf.
@ irtfkes piurprfs D L N F tiphus jiuttfux Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
@ D Zfjfbfr) L N F Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
rfmibt`bt cusqu'á mk-mieefts. Ef rfstf nf e'fx`mfb lekbkquf fst birm`e. - le`rkgkfr e` l`usf nfs Ŝnèmfs n`bs lf l`s 9 @ tripibkbf D L N F Pufstkib < “ PLM
? ε ? efulilytfs
@ D lhkrurjkf `irtkquf L N F tr`ktfmfbt `btkli`jue`bt Pufstkib 06 “ PLM
Pufe(s) fst (sibt) ef (efs) `utrf(s) skjbf(s) quf e'ib pfut @ D L N F
L`s lekbkquf 4 “ mkxtf
+
-
. Á qufe sybnrimf lirrfspibn ef t`def`u lekbkquf ft dkieijkquf `ltufe 9 @ D L N F Pufstkib > “ PLM
@ bfutriphkefs D L N F `btklirps `btk-phisphiekpknf
s ë l b i b Ë 6
L`s lekbkqufs
Pufstkib 6 “ PTIL
D -
L
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
@ r`nkijr`phkf nf thir`x D L g`ltfurs KK, W, W, WKK ft KX nf e` li`jue`tkib N jriupf s`bjukb ft rflhfrlhf n'`jjeutkbkbfs
F ^Q-^L@ Pufstkib : “ PLM
Pufe fst ef nk`jbistkl `b`timip`thieijkquf 9 @ D mkbkmfs
7
L N F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
@ D L N 0 miks F
tkquf fst h`dktufeefmfbt mkxtf N F G
Pufstkib 00 “ PTIL
skjbf n'kbsuggks`blf l`rnk`quf. ε Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
@ D L libtr`stf N slkbtkjr`phkf puemib`krf puemib`krf nf pfrguskib F Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Ef nk`jbistkl n'fmdiekf puemib`krf fst rftfbu.
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
®) 9 @ D L N F Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
qufeefs) fst (sibt) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt efs `bim`ekfs @ g`mkek`ef
@ D
L`s lekbkqufs
L N F
F
Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
quk s'kmpisf(bt) `eirs 9 @ hispkt`eks`tkib D rfpis `u ekt L N F G Pufstkib 06 “ PLM
@ prfnbksibf D kbhkdktfur nf e` pimpf á pritib L N F
L`s lekbkquf < “ mkxtf
+++
`ulub tr`ktfmfbt `u eibj liurs. E'hkstikrf `ltufeef limmfblf p`r ubf rhkbktf ®) p`r sib 066 ε 4 Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
`btkli`jue`btfs ε ε ? ? efulilytfs ? 4 4 4 tfsts nf li`jue`tkib birm`ux. ++) ? s`bj (+++) ? efulilytfs (“) ? bktrktfs (“) ? jeulisf (“) ? triudef nu rythmf iu nf libnultkib ? `dsfblf nf @ birm`e D hypfrhynr`t`tkib kbtr`lfeeue`krf purf L hypfrhynr`t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf purf N hypfrhynr`t`tkib kbtr`- ft fxtr`lfeeue`krf F kbtr`lfeeue`krf Pufstkib < “ PLM
@ D L N F Pufstkib > “ PTIL
mfb`ê`bt 9
s'kmpisf(bt) fb urjfblf 9
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
@ D
@ kbcfltkib nf jeulib`tf nf pit`sskum D e` nisf nf 4 ektrfs p`r 4> hfurfs L ® pfr pfr is
4
L N
0
s ë l b i b Ë :
L`s lekbkqufs
N
Pufstkib : “ PLM
F ® bfusf (E`skekx )
@ D L N
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
@ `lknisf rfspkr`tikrf D `el`eisf rfspkr`tikrf L `lknisf mkxtf N tkquf birm`e F -
F e'kbtixkl`tkib `ux mirphkbkqufs Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Vbf r`nkijr`phkf ft ub sl`bbfr nu thir`x sibt
8
@
L -
D nrikt L
F
N `spflt typkquf n'Ŝnèmf puemib`krf `kju F Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Á lf st`nf, p`rmk efs `rjumfbts lekbkqufs ft r`nki (m`e`nkf nf Zfjfbfr) 9 @ D e'H^@
N
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
(efsqufeefs) fst (sibt) rfspibs`def(s) n'kbsuggk @ D L N Zfjfbfr) F
L`s lekbkqufs
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
(m`e`nkf nf Zfjfbfr). @ D L N F Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
@ D triphkefs nf typf lytipe`smkquf L N F Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
@ D p`tkfbt L N F
L`s lekbkquf > “ mkxtf
+++
efurs sibt bilturbfs ft nkurbfs, tiulhfbt ef r`lhks qufequfs ciurs. prideèmf. n'`bt`ejkqufs nf p`ekfr 4, quk siue`jfbt m`e efs niuefurs. - “ ef rfstf rfstf nf e'fx`mfb lekbkquf fst birm`e. birm`e. ε ε ? ? .
Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
@ D L N nf L0q fb kmmubigeuirfslfblf F Pufstkib 06 “ PLM
@ lirtkliénfs D lkleispirkbf L N F lyleiphisph`mknf
0
Pufstkib 0 “ PTIL
s ë l b i b Ë ;
L`s lekbkqufs
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
sktf ub tr`ktfmfbt fb urjfblf 9 @ ε D L N F Pufstkib < “ PLM
@ D L pieyuri-pieynkpskf N F G libguskib Pufstkib > “ PLM
N`bs lf libtfxtf, qufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt e` physkip`thiei @ sk ib e` nis`kt, e` Q^H sfr`kt d`ssf D L -01
mkf fst n`bs lf l`s e'`ujmfbt`tkib nf e'`dsirptkib kbtfstkb`ef nf l`elkum N F - Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
@ D L N `bt`ejkqufs á e` nfm`bnf F p`mknrib`tf Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Qritëkbfs tit`efs = :8,: j/E
T`ppirt @/J = 0,0>
%
Birm`efs j/E (%)
Birm`efs (j/E)
@edumkbf
60,;
>1,4“>:,7
@eph` 0 @eph` 4
>,7 00,< ;,8 40,1 2 08,0
4,;“>,; :,0“00,8 8,>“0 F st`nf 6
N
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
prksf nf l`bb`dks F g`mkek`ef)
@ D L N F
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
@ D gr`jmfbt pfrmfttr` n'knfbtkgkfr ef jfrmf rfspib L N pftktf t`keef ft nibl pfu iu p`s gibltkibbfe F
Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfr e` @ sflibn`krf D
L`s lekbkqufs
0
L -
N F efs `ppirts `ekmfbt`krfs fb phisphirf Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Ef cfubf himmf limprfbn quf ef st`nf n'kbsuggk Q`rmk efs tr`ktfmfbts pfrmftt`bt n'`ssurfr e` sup ib pripisfr `u p`tkfbt 9 @ D L sfm`kbf N F Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
@
D L N ef tr`ktfmfbt kmmubisupprfssfur piurr` ãtrf kbtfrkbtfr F ef tr`ktfmfbt kmmubisupprfssfur fxpisf `u rksquf n'kbgfltkibs ippirtubkstfs
L`s lekbkquf : “ mkxtf
+
Pufstkib 0 “ PTIL
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
@ D L N F e` r`nkijr`phkf nf thir`x Pufstkib < “ PLM
thir`x 9 @ D ubf gkdrisf puemib`krf L ub Ŝnèmf Ŝnèmf `kju puemib`krf N ubf fmdiekf puemib`krf F ubf pbfumip`thkf kbtfrstktkfeef `eefrjkquf Pufstkib > “ PLM
-mie ft kduprigèbf.
4 4 HLI< @ D `lknisf rfspkr`tikrf L N F ef triu triu `bkibkquf pe`sm`tkquf fst birm`e
ε
N F ε
-
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Pufe fst ef triudef dkieijkquf ef peus mfb`ê`bt 9 @ D L
Pufstkib 7 “ PTIL
s ë l b i b Ë 06
L`s lekbkqufs
Pufstkib : “ PLM
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
@ ibnfs ^ `pe`tkfs D L N F
irj`bkquf n`bs lf l`s 9 @ D L 2 0 N
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
F e` efulilyturkf s`bs jfrmfs Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) prfmkèrf(s) mfsurf(s) urjfblfs 9 @ D kbcfltkib n'ubf `mpiuef nf jeulib`tf nf pit`sskum L pfrguskib nf 0 ektrf nf dkl`rdib`tf nf sinkum N F Pufstkib ; “ PLM
07
Pufe(s) fst (sibt) ef (efs) `rjumfbt(s) quk kblktf(bt) á @ e'hypfrhynr`t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf D L N F Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
rfkb nrikt mfsurf 04 lm n`bs sib peus jr`bn `xf ft ef rfkb j`ulhf 04,6 lm. Ke b'y ` p`s nf nke`t`tkib nfs ε mm ? 5 μ 5 5 5 p`tkfbt 9 @ D L N F
@ D L N e` prksf n'kduprigèbf F Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
@ e'äjf nu p`tkfbt D L N F e` efulilyturkf Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
sktu`tkib 9 @ D L bfutriphkefs N F G Pufstkib 06 “ PLM
@ pfrtf nf pikns D L N F fuphirkf
L`s lekbkqufs
L`s lekbkquf 8 “ mkxtf
++
- 4 nf e` gissf kek`quf j`ulhf fst p`rtkluekèrfmfbt lhfz ubf p`tkfbtf tit`efmfbt kblibslkfbtf. Ke b'y ke b'y ` p`s nf lkl`trklf `dnimkb`ef ? Pufstkib 0 “ PTIL
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
@ D nfs m`rdrurfs L ubf hypfrthfrmkf N ubf hypithfrmkf F ubf urtkl`krf nkggusf Pufstkib < “ PLM
s'kmpisf(bt) fb urjfblf lhfz e` p`tkfbtf 9 @ 4 D L 06 mkbutfs) N F ®) á e` nisf nf 4 j p`r ciur G `ppfe nu lhkrurjkfb nkjfstkg nf j`rnf Pufstkib > “ PLM
- tfmps 9 @ D ^Q ^Q,, ^L@, gkdrkbi gkdrkbijèbf jèbf L tfmps nf s`kjbfmfbt
0
N -
F G Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
4 4 4 4 HLI< @ D L N d`defmfbt sflibn`krf á ubf `llumue`tkib nf e`lt`tfs F -
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
ε . @ D L N F Pufstkib : “ PLM
@ D L N F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
s ë l b i b Ë 0:
L`s lekbkqufs
08
b`mkquf m`cfurf.
Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
ε Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) @ gibltkibbfeef pfrskst`btf D t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf L N F
F urkb`krf
5
L
skjbf(s) `ttfbnu(s) 9 @ e` surlh`rjf ismitkquf D ubf prksf nf pikns L ubf `birfxkf N urkb`krf Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
hynrilheirithk`zknf hynrilheirith k`zknf piur ubf H^@. @ D -
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
N
ε @ D L N F
L`s lekbkquf ; “ mkxtf
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
@ ciur D L N F
F ++
drut`efmfbt. p`r dkju`bknfs ? Pufstkib 0 “ PTIL
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
@ e'äjf D L N F ubf prfslrkptkib ubk-quitknkfbbf
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
kmpirt`bt(s) á rflhfrlhfr n`bs lf libtfxtf 9 @ j`ulhf D L
L`s lekbkqufs
N F triudefs triphkqufs nu pkfn j`ulhf Pufstkib < “ PLM
c`mdf 9 @ D ef l`r`ltèrf l`r`ltèr f kbtfbsf nf e` niuefur L N e` t`lhyl`rnkf F
G Pufstkib > “ PLM
- @ D L N Hd@0l F ^Q ^Q,, ^L@ G jriupf s`bjukb ft rflhfrlhf n'`jjeutkbkbfs Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
@ e`kssfr ef p`tkfbt á cfub D `rrãt nfs dkju`bknfs L `spkrkbf 611 mj KWN N libtkbu F `bt`ejkqufs nf p`ekfr 0 G ®) Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
K
`WT
W0
W>
KK
`WE
W4
W6
KKK
`WG
W<
W7
KK
Pufstkib : “ PTIL
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
ε Ú Ú @ kbcfltkib n'ubf `mpiuef nf jeulib`tf nf l`elkum D L N r`pknf F Pufstkib ; “ PLM
86 ε @ D L N rh`dnimyieysf F
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) @ D L N l`usfs F rh`dnimyieysfs Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
@ geuttfr `urklue`krf D L nksp`rktkib nfs ibnfs Q N F
0
Pufe(s) fst (sibt) ef (efs) `utrf(s) skjbf(s) rh`dnimyieysfs 9 @ D L
s ë l b i b Ë 0;
L`s lekbkqufs
N F ubf myijeidkburkf
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
fst e` rh`dnimyieysf. Pufeef fst e'`utrf 9 @ D L N F ef sybnrimf sybnrimf nf eysf tumir`ef Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
@ e` prfslrkptkib prfslrkptkib n'kbhkdktfurs l`elkqufs D e` prfslrkptkib n'kbhkdktfurs nf e'fbzymf nf L N F bks`tkib nfs urkbfs
@ D nf bukt L N F
ub `m`kjrkssfmfbt Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
E` p`tkfbtf libgkrmf ef l`r`ltèrf kbge`mm`tikrf nfs
Pufstkib 0> “ PLM 41
@ jfstf lhkrurjkl`e D niueiurfux L N irtfkes piurprfs F `pp`rktkib n'ubf efulilyturkf s`bs jfrmfs Pufstkib 06 “ PLM
4 @ D jkitfbskbf 4 fst ef tr`ktfmfbt nf lhikx piur tr`ktfr e'H^@ nu p`tkfbt L N e` le`ssf nfs dãt`deiqu`bts fst ef tr`ktfmfbt nf lhikx piur tr`ktfr e'H^@ nu p`tkfbt F
L`s lekbkquf 01 “ mkxtf
++
nfs pikjbfts ft nfs nikjts nfpuks peuskfurs sfm`kbfs.
Lfttf gkjurf fst rfprinuktf n`bs ef l`hkfr liuefur fb gkb n'iuvr`jf.
@ D L N F urtkl`krf Pufstkib < “ PTIL
nk`jbistkquf 9 Pufstkib > “ PLM
@ D L N F G psylhisf Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
@ D 5 L
L`s lekbkqufs
N hypfreymphilytisf F Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
®) fst prfslrkt. nf e'fx`mfb fst birm`e. l`usf nfs Ŝnèmfs 9 @ D L N F nis`jf nu g`ltfur W G Pufstkib : “ PLM
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
@ D L 5 N F Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt lfttf le`ssf @ ®) sibt efs peus pukss`bts D ®) kbhkdfbt dr`blhf e`rjf `slfbn`btf L N F
? ε ? `dsfblf nf jfrmfs ?
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
@ D L N F
@ D nu g`kt nu eupus L N liurs nf e` jrissfssf F ef rksquf nf tr`bsmfttrf ef eupus á e` nfslfbn`blf
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
@ D L N F mklri`bjkip`thkf thrimditkquf
0
@ D L N Leistrknkum nkggklkef F ubf `ujmfbt`tkib nf e` gr`ltkib gr`ltkib ekdrf pe`sm`tkquf Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
®) ft prfnbksibf (Lirt`blye®), e` p`tkfbtf b'`
L`s lekbkquf 00 “ mkxtf
+++
Ke nkt urkbfr mikbs nfpuks qufequfs ciurs.
s ë l b i b Ë 40
L`s lekbkqufs
4 `kr `mdk`bt ?
L pbfumithir`x N F
@ D L Ŝnèmf puemib`krf `kju N l`blfr driblhkquf F mkek`krf tudfrluefusf
Pufstkib < “ PLM
Pufstkib > “ PLM
K
`WT
W0
W>
KK
`WE
W4
W6
KKK
`WG
W<
W7
KK
44
Lfttf gkjurf fst rfprinuktf n`bs ef l`hkfr liuefur fb gkb n'iuvr`jf. Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
@ D L ubf urtkl`krf N F Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
@ t`lhy`rythmkf D nksp`rktkib nf e'ibnf Q L N triudefs nf e` rfpie`rks`tkib F `pp`rktkib n'ubf ibnf V Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
ε @ D `nmkbkstr`tkib KW nf 01 mE nf lheirurf nf l`elkum L N `nmkbkstr`tkib KW nf 611 mE nf dkl`rdib`tf nf F Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
@ D
+++) ? “ s`bj (++++) ?
L`s lekbkqufs
ε 041 ε Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) piur @
@ hy`ekbisf sfjmfbt`krf sfjmfbt`krf ft gil`ef D L
D L N --
N F
0
F Pufstkib 00 “ PTIL Pufstkib : “ PLM
? girmuef birm`ef ? ε ? . @ D L N F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
lhfz lf p`tkfbt 9 @ `btklirps `btkstrfptilillkquf D L bfutriphkefs N
urkb`krfs F Pufstkib ; “ PLM
@ nk`jbistkquf D L feef nikt libtfbkr ub gr`jmfbt nf lirtfx piur ãtrf N F Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
E` rflhfrlhf n'`btklirps `btk-lytipe`smf nfs pieybu
Limptf tfbu nf e'fbsfmdef nu t`def`u, qufe nk`jbis Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
@ ef sfxf sfxf m`sluekb m`sluekb D L N F e` rhkbktf lhribkquf Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Efs skjbfs puemib`krfs ibt nksp`ru ft e` gibltkib 041 ε n'`edumkbf. (Kmurfe® n'`u mikbs 4 `bs. @ D L N F Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e'`utrf (efs `utrfs) prfslrkptkib(s) @ kbhkdktfur l`elkquf fb prfmkèrf kbtfbtkib piur D L e'H^@ N F ®)
s ë l b i b Ë 4<
L`s lekbkqufs
L`s lekbkquf 04 “ mkxtf
+++
bukt piur dikrf ft urkbfr. E'fx`mfb lekbkquf fst strkltfmfbt birm`e. Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
@ nk`dètf D L N F hypfrthyriénkf
N
F fb l`s nf nk`dètf kbskpknf lfbtr`e, ef nN@WQ nN@WQ pfut
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
fb libsuet`tkib. Feef skjb`ef e` pfrskst`blf nu sybnrimf pieyuri-pieynkpskquf, m`ks sf pe`kbt `ussk nfpuks pfu nf niuefurs muslue`krfs nkggusfs, n'ubf n'ub Ŝke. 4 fst á
Pufstkib 4 “ PTIL
libsuet`tkib 9 Pufstkib < “ PLM
4>
ε 4 Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) @ Ú 4 + 4 D (0>:) +
Ú 4 L N F nk`dètf kbskpknf Pufstkib > “ PLM
n'ub `b`eijuf nf e'@NH). Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt efs libleuskibs @ lf tfst pfrmft n'`ggkrmfr e'irkjkbf lfbtr`ef iu D -
nN@WQ L
Lfttf gkjurf fst rfprinuktf n`bs ef l`hkfr liuefur fb gkb n'iuvr`jf. @ D lirps geitt`bt geitt`bt L N F Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
L`s lekbkqufs
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) @ D L kbtfrstktkfeef N F Pufstkib : “ PLM
ΰ0 ΰ4 δ μ @ D `ujmfbt`tkib nfs ΰ0-jeiduekbfs L `ujmfbt`tkib nfs ΰ4-jeiduekbfs N `ujmfbt`tkib nfs δ-jeiduekbfs F `ujmfbt`tkib nfs μ-jeiduekbfs Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
@ prkm`krf D L ke g`ut nisfr e` Q^H-rfe`tfn pritfkb (Q^Hrp) N F 4 Pufstkib ; “ PLM 4
d`def á lf st`nf nfs fxpeir`tkibs 9 @ eymph`bjktf l`rlkbim`tfusf D L tudfrlueisf puemib`krf N s`rliénisf F pbfumilystisf Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
@ D fx`mfb ipht`emieijkquf á e` e`mpf á gfbtf L N F
urkb`krfs
L`s lekbkquf 0< “ mkxtf
0
+++
ε 4 n'`ttfbtf. Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
@ D L e` rflhfrlhf n'`btklirps n'`btklirps `btk-HE@ nf le`ssf K fst N e` rflhfrlhf n'`btklirps `btk-HE@ nf le`ssf KK fst F -
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
fx`ltf(s) 9 @ tiutfs efs lfeeuefs nf e'irj`bksmf s`ug efs jeiduefs riujfs D tiutfs efs lfeeuefs nf e'irj`bksmf L tr`bsguskibs jeiduefs riujfs N nf F
Pufstkib < “ PLM
@ D L N nfpuks 4 `bs iu peus F
s ë l b i b Ë 46
L`s lekbkqufs
47
Pufstkib > “ PLM
L ®) fst ub tr`k-
ekstf b`tkib`ef n'`ttfbtf ft e'kbslrkptkib fst m`kbtfb`bt
tfmfbt n'fbtrftkfb prfslrkt t`bt quf nurf e` tr`bspe`bt`tkib N F ef tr`ktfmfbt kmmubisupprfssfur kmmubisupprfssfur fst ef peus siu
- ε mm ε , 6 efuli prfmkèrf(s) libleuskib(s) 9 @ s`bjukb D L n'fbg`bts N F ub rfkb á sib m`rk
ε +4 ? ε +> ? ε +:. + + ε
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
lriss-m`tlh. Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt lf tfst 9 @ D L N F n'`btklirps `btk-HE@ Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
kmmubisupprfssfur fst prfslrkt. Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt lf tr`ktfmfbt 9 @ tr`ktfmfbt n'kbnultkib prfslrkt efs prfmkfrs ciurs nf e` tr`bspe`bt`tkib D e` lkleispirkbf fst ub tr`ktfmfbt n'kbnultkib prfslrkt efs prfmkfrs ciurs nf e` tr`bspe`bt`tkib
Pufstkib : “ PTIL
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
`pprfbfz quf ef p`tkfbt ` nfs triudefs nkjfstkgs á typf irthist`tkquf. ε @ D ef nk`jbistkl ef peus prid`def prid`def fst lfeuk n'kbsuggk L N ef nk`jbistkl ef peus prid`def fst lfeuk n'kbsuggk F ef nk`jbistkl ef peus prid`def prid`def fst lfeuk nf rfcft `kju Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Leistrknkum nkggklkef @ D ®) L ®) N F ®) Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
® ® sikr ? ® f miks ?
L`s lekbkqufs
0
® f miks ? f miks `près e` tr`bs - ε ? Ú - @ D L N ubf kbgfltkib kbgfltkib mylitkquf mylitkquf F Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
peus prid`def piur fxpekqufr e'fbsfmdef nu t`def`u lekbkquf 9 @ D L jrkppf N kbgfltkib á LMW LMW F tixipe`smisf Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
rus (LMW). Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) @ D priphye`xkf L ef rksquf n'kbgfltkib `près tr`bspe`bt`tkib fst ef N jukbf LMW F gfltkib á LMW Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
ft dkieijkquf. f miks pist-tr`bspe`bt`tkib. Ef p`tkfbt sf pe`kbt `eirs n'ubf tiux sèlhf nfpuks mib`krf fst birm`ef. E` s`tur`tkib fb `kr `mdk`bt
á e` eflturf nf lfttf liupf 9 @ D L N @spfrjkeeus gumkj`tus F Qbfumilystks
ckrivflkk
Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt lft `jfbt kbgfltkfux 9 @ D ke s'`jkt n'ub lh`mpkjbib L s`ksibbkèrfs N tr`ktfmfbts kmmubisupprfssfurs F Pufstkib 06 “ PLM
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) prfmkèrf(s) mfsurf(s) @ 4 4 D ® L ®) pfr is N ® F ®
L`s lekbkquf 0> “ PLM ++ Vbf gfmmf nf 4: `bs libsuetf `ux urjfblfs piur
s ë l b i b Ë 4:
L`s lekbkqufs
4 hfurfs.
F -
Pufstkib < “ PLM
@ h`ptijeidkbf D L N tfst nf Liimds Liimds F Pufstkib > “ PLM
E'h`ptijeidkbf fst kbnis`def. Ef tfst nf Liimds fst
Lfttf gkjurf fst rfprinuktf n`bs ef l`hkfr liuefur fb gkb n'iuvr`jf. 48
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt lfttf p`tkfbtf 9 @ D L e` l`usf e` peus prid`def fst ub tr`um`tksmf N pibltkib eimd`krf F Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Ú 01 Ú 01 Ú 01 ε Ú 01 - Ú 01 @ efs efulilytfs sibt birm`ux D sflibn`krf á ubf nkmkbutkib nf e` prinultkib L -
n`krf á ubf l`rfblf fb gfr N -
n`krf á ubf kbge`mm`tkib
Lfttf gkjurf fst rfprinuktf n`bs ef l`hkfr liuefur fb gkb n'iuvr`jf.
qufeef(s) p`thieijkf(s) pfut-ib rfblibtrfr lfttf `bim`ekf 9 @ D L n'fmdiekf puemib`krf puemib`krf N mklri`bjkip`thkf thrimditkquf F n'H^@ m`ekjbf Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
HLI< ε μ ft @E@^ birm`efs ? ++), s`bj (++), efuli-
(“),bktrktfs (“) ? lytfs
L`s lekbkqufs
@ D L N F Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
lf st`nf 9 @ D L N F H^@ m`ekjb m`ekjbff Pufstkib : “ PLM
nk`jbistkl 9 @ ef sfxf D L efs triudefs nkjfstkgs lhfz sib limp`jbib N F G Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
. @ D L N F ubf gkdrisf gkdrisf kbtfrstktkfeef kbtfrstktkfeef nkggusf nkggusf Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) l`usf(s) nf sybnrimf @ Oefdskfee` ixytil` D F. liek L N F Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
F. liek @ D ub limmfbs`e nf e` geirf kbtfstkb`ef L N F \hkj`-ekof lukssib
L`s lekbkquf 06 “ PLM ++
0
p`r kbsuekbf nfpuks : `bs ? phitili`jue`tkib ? m4 ε 4 ? ++), s`bj (“), efulilytfs (“) ? ε 00 lm. Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
@ D L N F Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
@ e` t`keef nfs rfkbs fst birm`ef D L N F lhribkquf Pufstkib < “ PLM
lfttf dkipskf 9 @ D 2 L N F 2 ε
s ë l b i b Ë 4;
L`s lekbkqufs
Pufstkib > “ PLM
@ D L l`rfblf fb gie`tfs N F
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
@ gfrrktkbf D h`ptijeidkbf L lifggklkfbt nf s`tur`tkib nf e` tr`bsgfrrkbf N F Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
F st`nf 6
gkeefs N á lh`lub nfs fbg`bts F Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
pe`sm`tkquf á 4>6 ε kbtfbtkib 9 @ D pbfumip`thkf nf e` d`sf nriktf L N F Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
mm ? `dsfblf nf jfrmf ? @ D L ke g`ut mfttrf fb riutf ub tr`ktfmfbt p`r f qukbieibfs N F nukt nf libtr`stf
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
@ D L N F
0
L`s lekbkquf 08 “ PLM ++
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
e'fbg`blf `y`bt pfrmks ef nk`jbistkl nf rfgeux nu rfgeux ? -
@ ef rksquf qu'ub p`rfbt `ttfkbt tr`bsmfttf e` m`e`
mkf á 011 ε 4 411 mj p`r 4> hfurfs. m4 rfstf nf e'fx`mfb fst birm`e.
s ë l b i b Ë “ PLM
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
ε +) á e` d`bnfefttf. efqufe iu efsqufes pfut-ib prfslrkrf `u liurs nf e` jrissfssf 9 @ D kbhkdktfur l`elkquf L N F `eph`- ft dãt`deiqu`bt
@ >8 hfurfs peus t`rn D L >8 hfurfs N F nk`quf nu gŜtus Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Pufe(s) fst (sibt) ef(s) tfst(s) dkieijkquf(s)
L`s lekbkqufs
@ efulilytfs D pe`qufttfs L LTQ N gkdrkbijèbf F
®) 0 lp. p`r ciur ? “ jekdfble`mknf (N`ibke® Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
f
@ D L N F Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
@ D L N F niuefurs pudkfbbfs Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
sius bkl`rnkpkbf sfuef pfr is @ D L pfut p`s `ee`ktfr, mãmf sk e` bkl`rnkpkbf b'fst p`s N F
L`s lekbkquf 0; “ mkxtf
0
+++
“ nk`dètf nf typf 4 libbu nfpuks 06 `bs. “ hynrilheirithk`z hynrilheirithk`zknf knf (Fsknrfx®) 46 mj p`r ciur c iur ? ® “ `mkin`ribf (Lirn`ribf ) 0 lp. p`r ciur ?
@ nfs skjbfs nf eil`eks`tkib bfurieijkquf D ubf hypfrthfrmkf L ub sybnrimf illeuskg N e'irnibb`blf F Pufstkib 4 “ PTIL
systiekquf `u giyfr `irtkquf. Ef rfstf nf e'fx`mfb fst birm`e. fxtr`lfeeue`krf nu p`tkfbt 9
s ë l b i b Ë
Pufstkib < “ PLM
e`krf nu p`tkfbt 9 @ hypitfbskib D hypitfbskib irthist`tkquf L libguskib N F siuggef systiekquf `irtkquf Pufstkib > “ PLM
ε Pufeef fst e'`bim`ekf nibt e` prksf fb lh`rjf fst e` peus urjfbtf 9 @ D L N F Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
prfslrkptkib(s) 9 @ `rrãt nu jekdfble`mknf jekdfble`mknf D
“ PLM
ε
L`s lekbkqufs
s`bj (“), efulilytfs (“), pritknfs (“), bktrktfs (“). Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) prfmkèrf(s) mfsurf(s) quk s'kmpisf(bt) 9 @ D L
N
4 hfurfs F Pufstkib 6 “ PTIL
0
@
ef jfstf D
L
pefkbf N F qufequfs mkbutfs Pufstkib ; “ PLM
ε @ D L N
F
s ë l b i b Ë
Pufstkib 01 “ PTIL
kbtr`lfeeue`krf 9
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Pufeef fst `eirs e` libnuktf á tfbkr 9 @ D pisf n'ubf sibnf sibnf b`sij`strkquf b`sij`strkquf L N F jkl`e nkrflt nf e` l`usf nf e'idst`lef Pufstkib : “ PLM
@ `bt`ejkqufs á e` nfm`bnf D `btkli`jue`tkib fggkl`lf L N p`r ciur) F `btkdkipriphye`xkf p`r `mixklkeekbf-`lknf Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt lf jfstf 9
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) @ Ú Qikns Ú D Ú Qikns Ú L N F Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
@ ciur) D ciur) + L N + limpfbs`tkib nf e` nkurèsf F
L`s lekbkquf 44 “ PLM + l`elkquf ft hynrilheirithk`zknf, ft ub t`d`jksmf
1
@ sybnrimf lirib`krf `kju D fmdiekf puemib`krf L N F Pufstkib < “ PLM
kbtfbsf ft pfrn libb`kss`blf. Efs piues l`ritknkfbs
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
ε ε nk`jbistkquf(s) 9 @ D L N g`kt nfs bimdrfux bimdrfux tr`ktfmfbts kbtrinukts `u liurs nfs >8 nfrbkèrfs hfurfs F Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
@ D L N bksmf sflibn`krf F Pufstkib : “ PLM
@ `rrãt l`rnkilkrlue`tikrf D geuttfr `urklue`krf L N F Pufstkib > “ PLM
@ D m`ss`jf l`rnk`quf fxtfrbf L N `btk`rythmkqufs nf le`ssf Kl F
@ kmpirt`btf D L N bfeef F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
L`s lekbkqufs
ε Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) 9 @ D 41 ciurs
ε
L -
l`tkib á e` nk`eysf N F
@ Ŝnèmfs D L N F G
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Pufstkib < “ PLM
@ D pfsfr ef p`tkfbt lh`quf ciur L ekmktfr efs `ppirts pritknkqufs N
pripisktkib(s) quk fst (sibt) fx`ltf(s) 9 @ D L N
F bisilimk`efs
F -
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Pufstkib > “ PLM
skib nu p`tkfbt 9 @ `eph`deiqufurs D lfrt`kbs dãt`deiqufurs L N F
L`s lekbkquf 4< “ PLM +++ Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
fb urjfblf piur fxpeirfr lfttf sus @ D L N F Nippefr tr`bslräbkfb Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Fb kbtfrrijf`bt ef p`tkfbt, ke nkt dikrf df`uliup n'f`u fx`ltf(s) á lf st`nf 9 @ ef p`tkfbt siuggrf siuggrf nf pitim`bkf D ef p`tkfbt ` ub nk`dètf kbskpknf L mknf fb l`lhfttf N F Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
fx`mfbs 9 @ D L N F Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
0
s ë l b i b Ë >0
L`s lekbkqufs
@ D
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
mfbt fxtr`lfeeue`krf L m`ks p`s nu libtfbu fb sinkum nf e'irj`bksmf N F `u liurs nfs hypfrhynr`t`tkibs fxtr`lfeeue`krfs
Pufstkib : “ PLM
@ ef nk`jbistkl ef peus prid`def prid`def fst ub sybnrimf sybnrimf nf D ef nk`jbistkl ef peus pe us prid`def fst ubf hypithyriénkf hypi thyriénkf L ubf rfstrkltkib hynrkquf á 611 mE p`r ciur fst N libgkrmfr ef nk`jbistkl F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM >4
@ D L N F ub tr`ktfmfbt p`r lirtkliénfs Pufstkib ; “ PLM
@ pe`sm`tkquf D L N F
@ ub sybnrimf sybnrimf puemib`krf kbtfrstktkfe kbtfrstktkfe D ubf fmdiekf puemib`krf L N F ubf pbfumip`thkf eid`krf
L`s lekbkquf 4> “ mkxtf
++
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
e` girm`tkib nfs Ŝnèmfs 9 @ D e'`ujmfbt` e'`ujmfbt`tkib tkib nf e` prfsskib hynrist`tkquf l`pkee`krf L e` nkmkbutkib nf e` prfsskib iblitkquf pe`sm`tkquf N F Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
eijkquf lhfz lf p`tkfbt 9 @ ub nis`jf nf lirtksie
ε 4 ? ? efulilytfs ?
D ub nis`jf nf prie`ltkbf prie`ltkbf L N F ub nis`jf n'@NH
@ hypfrhynr`t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf D
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
L`s lekbkqufs
L -
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf N hypfrhynr`t`tkib kbtr`lfeeue`krf F
nk`jbistkquf 9 @ D L bfutriphkefs
Pufstkib < “ PTIL
Pufstkib “ PLM >
@ D L N F
0
N F 4 Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
lk-nfssius 9
s ë l b i b Ë ><
Lfs gkjurfs sibt rfprinuktfs n`bs ef l`hkfr liuefur fb gkb n'iuvr`jf. @ D L
@ D rfstrkltkib hynrkquf L tr`ktfmfbt `btkli`jue`bt N
N F
F kbhkdktfur l`elkquf G
Pufstkib : “ PLM
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
eip`thkf fxtr`-mfmdr`bfusf. fxtr`-mfmdr`bfusf 9 @ D L N nk`dètf nf typf 4 F
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) limpekl`tkib(s) pisskdef(s) á @ D L N prist`tktf lhribkquf F `ujmfbt`tkib nu rksquf rksquf nf l`blfr
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
@ D
L -
L`s lekbkqufs
N
kbnkspfbs`def F
L --
N
jrissfssf F e` rflhfrlhf n'`btklirps n'`btklirps `btk-HE@ nikt ãtrf g`ktf `près tiutf tr`bsguskib lhfz ub p`tkfbt fb `ttfbtf nf tr`bspe`bt`tkib
L`s lekbkquf 46 “ PLM +++ Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
@ D L N F >>
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
lfeef(s) quk fst (sibt) fx`ltf(s) 9 @ lim` st`nf KW D d`ttrf L N F Pufstkib < “ PLM
Pufe(s) fst (sibt) ef(s) jr`bn(s) prkblkpf(s) nfs eiks nf @ libsfbtfmfbt fxpeklktf D L `bibym`t nu nib N F
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
nf 66 `bs nu mãmf jriupf s`bjukb ft nibt e` m`e` ® (lkleispirkbf) ? ® ® (prfnbksibf). lfeef(s) quk fst (sibt) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt efs rfcfts 9 @ D lytfs ^ L rfeef tit`ef N n'`ujmfbtfr e` pisieijkf nfs lirtkliénfs F Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
E` p`tkfbtf s'kbtfrrijf sur efs rksqufs kbgfltkfux `près qufeef(s) fst (sibt) lfeef(s) quk fst (sibt) fx`ltf(s) @ e` p`tkfbtf fst á h`ut rksquf nf g`krf ubf prkmikbgfltkib á LMW D tkib nf e'kbgfltkib á LMW L liurs nf e` m`e`nkf á LMW N F -
Pufstkib > “ PLM
Pufstkib : “ PLM
® -
@ D
® lfeef(s) fst (sibt) quk 9 fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt e` prfslrkp® @ urkb`krfs D
Qbfumilystks ckrivflkk
nu nibbfur
L`s lekbkqufs
L ®
Leistrknkum nkggklkef N ®
L`mpyeid`ltfr cfcubk F ® Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Lkbq miks `près e` tr`bspe`bt`tkib, e` p`tkfbtf fst f st his ε `ltufeefmfbt á 081 ε dkieijkquf 9 @ kbgfltkib urkb`krf D rfcft `kju L surnis`jf fb lkleispirkbf N F Pufstkib ; “ PLM
+++) ? +) ? ++). p`tkfbtf 9 @ rfcft `kju D kbgfltkib urkb`krf L pisskdef kbgfltkib á F. liek N F Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
F. liek 01 016 @ D
L feef pfrmft r`rfmfbt ef nk`jbistkl n'kbgfltkib nu N F ef tr`ktfmfbt prid`dkekstf kbktk`e nikt `ssilkfr
L`s lekbkquf 47 “ mkxtf
++
0
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Vbf H^@ symptim`tkquf lhfz ubf gfmmf cfubf nikt g`krf pfbsfr á ub nk`jbistkl qu'ub fx`mfb skmpef @ e` d`bnfefttf urkb`krf D e'`usluet`tkib `dnimkb`ef L N F e'`usluet`tkib l`rnk`quf Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
@ D ef nis`jf nu lirtksie lirtksie pe`sm`tkquf L N F Pufstkib < “ PLM
@ D L N F Pufstkib > “ PLM
ε @ D e` b`trkurèsf fst nf 041 mmie p`r 4> hfurfs, nibl L N F Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
jr`mmfs).
@ D L H^@ m`ekj m`ekjbf bf N m`e`nkf nf Lushkbj
s ë l b i b Ë >6
rfprksfs.
F
L`s lekbkqufs
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) 9 @ pe`sm`tkquf fst d`ssf D L N F Pufstkib : “ PLM
fst (sibt) fx`ltf(s) 9 @ trkf nf e` t`keef nfs rfkbs D prijr`mmfr L N F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM >7
@ -
tfmfbt nf lhikx fb prfmkèrf kbtfbtkib D L e'`bjkipe`stkf tr`bseumkb`ef fxpisf e` p`tkfbtf
`u rksquf nf m`e`nkf nfs fmdiefs nf lrkst`ux nf N F r`rf
L`s lekbkquf 4: “ PLM ++ Vbf p`tkfbtf nf 6: `bs libsuetf `ux urjfblfs fb r`k hynrilheirith hynrilheirithk`zknf k`zknf (04,6 mj p`r ciur). mkb ? kbnieirf. +), +++), efulilytfs (+++), bktrktfs (++), Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
@ D e` eil`eks`tkib fst prixkm`ef L N F Pufstkib ; “ PTIL
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
@ e` eimd`ejkf j`ulhf D L d`bnfefttf N F e'iekjurkf Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Klk, qufe(s) `rjumfbt(s) sujjèrf(bt) ef nk`jbistkl @ D L N -
F
L`s lekbkqufs
Pufstkib < “ PLM
? ε 4 4 @ D gkdrkbieysf L N birm`e F
f ε prid`def(s) klk 9 @ D - L N - F Pufstkib : “ PLM
Pufstkib > “ PLM
urjfbtf(s) 9 @ D L N dibbf nkgguskib urkb`krf F dibbf nkgguskib urkb`krf Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
@ D skjbkgkl`tkg nf triudefs nf e` libnultkib l`rnk`quf L N F e` p`tkfbtf fst iekji`burkquf `eirs quf e'idst`lef Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
0
@ kbge`mm`tkib kbtfrstktkfeef kbtfrstktkfeef nkggusf nkggusf D tuduefs L N F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
`bim`ekfs lk-nfssius, e`qufeef (efsqufeefs) sfr`k(fb)t @ e'`dsfblf nf rfe`blf nf e` nkurèsf nkurèsf `près ub tr`ktf D 611 ε L N F Pufstkib ; “ PLM
@ sfr`kt prid`defmfbt kbfggkl`lf limptf tfbu nf D L b'` p`s n'kbnkl`tkib girmfeef n`bs lf libtfxtf N F -
s ë l b i b Ë >:
L`s lekbkqufs
F e` p`tkfbtf ` prid`defmfbt ubf hypfrp`r`thyriénkf hypfrp`r`thyriénkf
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Fslhfrklhk` liek `ggkrm`tkib(s) fst (sibt) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt lfttf @ Oefdskfee` D Fslhfrklhk` liek bf bf sibt p`s p`thijèbfs L ekpipieys`llh`rknf N F Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
>8
^riks ciurs `près sib `nmksskib, e` p`tkfbtf ` ub kbtfbtkib 9 @ D L N F Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Niuzf ciurs `près sib `nmksskib, e` nkurèsf `ujmfbtf ε @ D
sflibn`krf Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
@ ekthk`sf urkb`krf D `ux sieknfs L nysph`jkf N -
mfbt e'is lirtkl`e F
L`s lekbkquf 48 “ mkxtf
+++
pieyuri-pieynkpskquf. ft ubf muqufusf dull`ef sèlhf. ε . Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
lhfr ubf p`thieijkf tumir`ef ft fb prfmkfr ekfu ub N F ubf hypfrp`r`thyriénkf sflibn`krf
@ D L N kbtr`lfeeue`krff birm`ef kbtr`lfeeue`kr F fxtr`lfeeue`krf birm`ef
Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Pufstkib 4 “ PTIL
5 @
Pufstkib < “ PLM
L -
Pufe fx`mfb dkieijkquf fst klk fssfbtkfe piur limprfbnrf ef t`def`u lekbkquf 9
fxtr`-p`r`thyriénkfbbf
D L
hypfrl`elkurkf
N
@ D L N
p`r`thyriénkfb
F surpikns
L`s lekbkqufs
Pufstkib > “ PLM
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
@ D L N F
@ D L N F
Pufstkib 6 “ PTIL
bimdrf nf ektrfs, fb `rribnkss`bt). Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
sinkum 5 5 Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) 9 @ D klk, e` b`trkurèsf mibtrf mibtrf e` grfkb`tkib nu systèmf systèmf L N lekbkquf F pieyrurkf ismitkquf Pufstkib : “ PLM
@ D L N F -
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
@ girtf nisf D lh`quf rfp`s ft kbsuekbf efbtf ef sikr L N F Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Pufe(s) fst (sibt) e'(efs) fggft(s) sflibn`krf(s) á lr`kbnrf eirs n'ubf `nmkbkstr`tkib n'kbsuekbf á girtf nisf 9 @ D L N F
L`s lekbkquf 4; “ mkxtf
+
061 mj p`r ciur `u prfmkfr dke`b) f t ubf kbtixkl`tkib ft Vb dke`b dkieijkquf prfslrkt fb 4104 kbnkqu`kt ubf ε mfbt p`r dãt`deiqu`bt ft kbhkdktfur l`elkquf, s` prfs p`r ciur), jekdfble`mknf (4 lp. p`r ciur), `meinkpkbf
@ D L N girtfs nisfs nf lirtkliénfs
-
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
@ D L N F Pufstkib ; “ PLM
0
s ë l b i b Ë >;
F
L`s lekbkqufs
εm ε 4 ? 4 4 (d`bnfefttf) ? Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
61
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
tkquf kmpur. @ D L N Ŝnèmfs F nk`dètf Pufstkib : “ PLM
@ D e` prksf nf dkju`bknf L N hypfrtfbskib F nk`dètf
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
d`skquf nf lf p`tkfbt 9 @ D L N F
st`nf 9 @ D L N F
Pufstkib 4 “ PTIL
Pufstkib < “ PLM
lhfz lf p`tkfbt 9 @ hypfrhynr`t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf D L N F hypfrhynr`t`tkib kbtr`lfeeue`krf Pufstkib > “ PLM
fxtr`- ft kbtr`lfeeue`krf. Pufeef(s) mfsurf(s) mft e'hynr`t`tkib 9 @ rfstrkltkib hynrkquf D L N F `ppirts ekdrfs fb f`u
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
@ D L N `bt`jibkstf tr`ktfmfbt nf e'H^@ fb prfmkèrf kbtfbtkib p`r l`elkquf F tr`ktfmfbt nf e'H^@ e'H^@ fb prfmkèrf kbtfbtkib p`r dei-
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
hukt hfurfs `près e` lirib`rijr`phkf, e'fx`mfb ε -
Pufe(s) fst (sibt)ef(s) nk`jbistkl(s) lirrfspibn`bt `u @ D L
Pufe(s) fst (sibt) ef(s) nk`jbistkl(s) lirrfspibn`bt
N F
p`tkfbt 9
L`s lekbkqufs
@
D L N F
F
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
® (leib` ® >8 hfurfs. `usluet`tkib l`rnkithir`lkquf birm`ef, `dsfblf nf
@ D L N rfstrkltkib hynrkquf ft prfslrkptkib nf ® ) 411 mj Ú F utkeks`tkib nf prinukts nf libtr`stf libtr`stf hypi-ismie`krfs hypi-ismie`krfs Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
libtfxtf 9 @ `nmkbkstr`tkib nf lheirurf lheirurf nf l`elkum KW D L N pfrguskib nf dkl`rdib`tf nf sinkum ksitibkquf F Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
mkf á 661 ε 4). Pufeef(s) iptkib(s) euk pripisfr 9 @ D L kbslrkptkib sur ekstf n'`ttfbtf nf tr`bspe`bt`tkib N libtrf-kbnkl`tkib á e` jrfggf jrfggf F -tkib á e` nk`eysf (äjf, nk`dètf) Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
rfkb. Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) @ e` tr`bspe`bt`tkib b'fst p`s pisskdef nu g`kt nf e` D L
0
mãmf ef st`nf nf e` nk`eysf
L`s lekbkquf “ PLM
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
4 4 lf p`tkfbt 9 @ D L N F
e` (efs) libtrf-kbnkl`tkib(s) á lf jfstf 9 @ D L N F
Pufe(s) fst (sibt) ef (efs) nk`jbistkl(s) pisskdef(s) limptf tfbu nu libtfxtf 9 @ purpur` rhum`tiénf D L skquf N F `myeisf @E
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Pufstkib 6 “ PTIL
64
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
@ `nmkbkstr`tkib nf lheirurf lheirurf nf l`elkum KW D L N F Pufstkib : “ PLM
@près 06 ciurs n'hispkt`eks`tkib, ef p`tkfbt qukttf ef thir`lkquf nriktf. ε - ? efulilytfs .
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) limpekl`tkib(s) pitfbtkfeef(s) á rfniutfr klk 9 @ D fmdiekf puemib`krf L N F kbgfltkib á pbfumiliquf Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
-- riujf Libji ? kbtfrstktkum ft tudfs birm`ux. Fx`mfb @ D `myeisf @E L `myeisf @@ N F hy`ekbisf sfjmfbt`krf ft gil`ef Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
@ D
L`s lekbkqufs
L N F
Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
@
@
D L N F
D L N F
Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
0
s ë l b i b Ë 6<
4 LH@QK^TF
4
PLM
PLM 0 Vb p`tkfbt nf :1 `bs fst hispkt`eksë piur kbsuggks`blf l`rnk`quf nëlimpfbsëf. E` b`trëmkf fst á 046 mmie/E, e` lrë`tkbkbf pe`sm`tkquf á ;1 εmie/E. N`bs efs urkbfs 3 B` = 08 mmie/E ? O = hfurfs) ft ubf `edumkbëmkf á 0; j/E. Ke b'y ` p`s
F sybnrimf nf jeimërueibëphrktf jeimërueibëphrktf lhribkquf lhribkquf
n'hëm`turkf.
PLM
@ sybnrimf bëphritkquf D sybnrimf bëphrktkquf `kju L sybnrimf n'hëm`turkf rëlknkv`btf N sybnrimf nf jeimërueibëphrktf r`pknfmfbt pri-
jrfsskvf F sybnrimf nf jeimër jeimërueibëphrktf ueibëphrktf lhribkquf lhribkquf
PLM 07 Nfv`bt ubf hëm`turkf mklrislipkquf, nëliuvfrtf nf g`êib girtuktf á e` d`bnfefttf lhfz ub cfubf himmf nf 46 `bs, `symptim`tkquf ft s`bs `btëlënfbt, qufe(s) fst (sibt), p`rmk efs fx`mfbs sukv`bts, lfeuk (lfux) quf vius prfslrkvfz fb prfmkèrf kbtfbtkib 9 @ lytieijkf urkb`krf D lystislipkf L ëlhijr`phkf rëb`ef N nis`jf nf e` pritëkburkf pritëkburkf nfs 4> hfurfs F sl`bbfr rëb`e (uri-sl`bbfr)
PLM 0: Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt ef tr`ktfmfbt nf e` bëphrip`thkf nk`dëtkquf 9 @ fb l`s nf bëphrip`thkf `u liurs nu nk`dètf nf typf 0, efs KFL bf sibt prfslrkts quf eirsqu'ke fxkstf ubf hypfrtfbskib `rtërkfeef D n`bs e` bëphrip`thkf nu nk`dètf nf typf 4, efs @T@4 rënuksfbt e` vktfssf nf prijrfsskib nf e'`ttfkbtf rëb`ef L lhfz efs p`tkfbts `vfl nk`dètf nf typf 0, ef libtrþef libtrþef jeylëmkquf ` piur idcfltkg ubf Hd@0l 5 8 % N e'idcfltkg nf rënultkib rënultkib nf e` pritëkburkf fst fst 5 1,6 j p`r 4> hfurfs F e` lkdef tfbskibbfeef iptkm`ef `u liurs nf e` bëphrip`thkf nk`dëtkquf fst 5 041/81 mm Hj
PLM 08 Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt efs m`bkgfst`tkibs rëb`efs `u liurs nu eupus ërythëm`tfux nkssëmkbë 9 @ e` grëqufblf nf e'`ttfkbtf rëb`ef fst vikskbf nf 61 % D e'`ttfkbtf rëb`ef sf m`bkgfstf ef peus siuvfbt p`r ub sybnrimf nf bëphrip`thkf kbtfrstktkfeef L e'`ttfkbtf rëb`ef sf m`bkgfstf ef peus siuvfbt p`r ub sybnrimf nf bëphrip`thkf v`slue`krf N e'`ttfkbtf rëb`ef sf m`bkgfstf ef peus siuvfbt p`r ub sybnrimf bëphritkquf pur F e'`ttfkbtf rëb`ef sf m`bkgfstf ef peus siuvfbt siuvfbt p`r ubf pritëkburkf jeimërue`krf ft ubf hëm`turkf mklrislipkquf
PLM 0; Fb e'`dsfblf nf libtfxtf lekbkquf ëvknfbt, qufe(s) fst
4
ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï n'ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf nfv`bt ubf ëeëv`tkib ë eëv`tkib nf e` lrë`tkbkbëmkf 9 @ e` mfsurf nf e` t`keef nfs nfs rfkbs D e` sëvërktë nf e'H^@ e'H^@ L e` prësfblf prësfblf n'ubf `lknisf mët`diekquf N e` prësfblf n'ubf hypfro`ekëmkf F e'idtfbtkib n'ub nis`jf peus `blkfb nf e` lrë`tkbkbf lrë`tkbkbf
PLM 41 Q`rmk efs pripisktkibs sukv`btfs, qufe(s) nk`jbistkl(s) vius sfmdef(bt) ef mkfux fxpekqufr e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï nu p`tkfbt sukv`bt 9 Q`tkfbt äjë nf :6 `bs `vfl l`rnkip`thkf kslhëmkquf ft `rtërkip`thkf idektër`btf nfs mfmdrfs kbgërkfurs ? lirib`rijr`phkf nf libtrþef p`r vikf gëmir`ef 01 ciurs peus tþt ? H^@ ? ekvfni ? lrë`tkbkbëmkf = >11 εmie/E ? n`bs efs urkbfs 3 pritëkburkf (+), hëm`turkf (+), efulilyturkf (“). @ v`slue`rktë á @BL@ @BL@ D bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï p`r tixklktë nu prinukt nf libtr`stf kinë L m`e`nkf nfs fmdiefs nf lrkst`ux nf lhiefstërie N bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï sflibn`krf á ubf rh`dnimyieysf F bëphrktf kbtfrstktkfeef `kjuï kmmubi`eefrjkquf
PLM 40 Q`rmk efs pripisktkibs sukv`btfs, qufe(s) nk`jbistkl(s) vius sfmdef(bt) ef mkfux fxpekqufr e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï nu p`tkfbt sukv`bt 9 Q`tkfbt äjë nf 76 `bs ? qu`trkèmf lurf nf lhkmkithër`pkf (lkspe`tkbf) fb liurs ? prfsskib `rtërkfeef birm`ef ? lrë`tkbkbëmkf = >11 εmie/E ? n`bs efs urkbfs 3 pritëkburkf (+), hëm`turkf (“), efulilyturkf (“). @ v`slue`rktf p`r`bëipe`skquf D bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï p`r tixklktë nfs sfes nf pe`tkbf L fmdiefs tumir`ux n`bs ef rfkb N bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï sflibn`krf á ubf rh`dnimyieysf F bëphrktf kbtfrstktkfeef `kjuï kmmubi`eefrjkquf
PLM 44 Q`rmk efs pripisktkibs sukv`btfs, qufe(s) nk`jbistkl(s) vius sfmdef(bt) ef mkfux fxpekqufr e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï nu p`tkfbt sukv`bt 9 Q`tkfbt äjë nf 61 `bs. Gkèvrf ft `etër`tkib nf e'ët`t jëbër`e nfpuks 4 miks. Vbf skbusktf m`xkee`krf ` ëtë nk`jbistkquëf 0 miks `up`r`v`bt ft tr`ktëf 06 ciurs p`r @ujmfbtkb®, s`bs fggkl`lktë. H^@? Ŝnèmfs minërës nfs mfmdrfs εmie/E ? n`bs efs urkbfs 3 kbgërkfurs =>11 pritëkburkf? lrë`tkbkbëmkf (++), hëm`turkf (+++ ), efulilyturkf (“). @ v`slue`rktf á @BL@ @BL@ D bëphrktf kbtfrstktkfeef kbtfrstktkfeef `kjuï kmmubi`eefrjkquf L bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï tixkquf tixkquf
s ë l b i b Ë 6:
(sibt) ef(s) lrktèrf(s) ef(s) peus gk`def(s) piur nkggërfblkfr
N sybnrimf nf Jiinp`sturf Jiinp`sturf
PLM
F bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï sflibn`krf á ubf nëshy-
nr`t`tkib prieibjëf
PLM 4< Q`rmk efs pripisktkibs sukv`btfs, qufe(s) nk`jbistkl(s) vius sfmdef(bt) ef mkfux fxpekqufr e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef nu p`tkfbt 9 rëlfbtf rësieutkvf Q`tkfbt`kjuï äjë nf 71 `bs.sukv`bt \lk`tkquf `près prksf n'`btk-kbge`mm`tikrf bib stëriénkfb pfbn`bt 01 ciurs. Qrfsskib `rtërkfeef birm`ef ? lrë`tkbkbëmkf = >11 εmie/E ? n`bs efs urkbfs 3 pritëkburkf (+), hëm`turkf (+), efulilyturkf (+++). @ v`slue`rktf á @BL@ D bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï p`r tixklktë nfs `btkkbge`mm`tikrfs bib stëriénkfbs L tudueip`thkf myëeim`tfusf N kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï gibltkibbfeef sius `btkkbge`mm`tikrfs bib stëriénkfbs F bëphrktf kbtfrstktkfeef `kjuï kmmubi`eefrjkquf
N ef nk`jbistkl nf bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï fst siu-
vfbt ubf kbnkl`tkib á e` dkipskf rëb`ef F e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf lhribkquf sëqufee`krf sëqufee`krf fst e` rèjef
PLM 4: Liblfrb`bt efs st`nfs nf e` m`e`nkf rëb`ef lhribkquf, qufeef(s) fstfst (sibt) e` (efs) 9 nu @ ef st`nf nëgkbk p`r efpripisktkib(s) l`elue n'ubf fx`ltf(s) l`elue fstkm`tkib nëdkt nf gketr`tkib jeimërue`krf D e` girmuef e` peus prëlksf piur fstkmfr ef nëdkt nf gketr`tkib jeimërue`krf fst e` girmuef nf Lilolrigt ft J`uet L ef st`nf 0 lirrfspibn á e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï N ef st`nf < lirrfspibn á ubf m`e`nkf rëb`ef lhribkquf minërëf F e` prijrfsskib prijrfsskib nf e` m`e`nkf rëb`ef rëb`ef fst e` mãmf qufeef quf sikt e` l`usf nf e` bëphrip`thkf
PLM 48
68
PLM 4>
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfr-
Q`rmk efs pripisktkibs sukv`btfs, qufe(s) nk`jbistkl(s) vius sfmdef(bt) ef mkfux fxpekqufr e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï nu p`tkfbt sukv`bt 9 Q`tkfbt äjë nf >1 `bs. @llknfbt nu tr`v`ke (ëlr`sfmfbt nu mfmdrf kbgërkfur nrikt). Qrfsskib `rtërkfeef birm`ef ? lrë`tkbkbëmkf = >11 εmie/E ? n`bs efs urkbfs (bikrfs) 3 pritëkburkf (+), hëm`turkf (+), efulilyturkf (“). @ myijeidkburkf p`rixystkquf p`rixystkquf bilturbf D bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï kslhëmkquf kslhëmkquf L m`e`nkf nfs fmdiefs nf lrkst`ux nf lhiefstërie N bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï sflibn`krf á ubf rh`dnimyieysf F bëphrktf kbtfrstktkfeef `kjuï kmmubi`eefrjkquf
b`bt ef rftfbtkssfmfbt e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef 9 @ e'hypil`elëmkf fstnfekëf á e` l`rfblf l`rfblf fb lhribkquf vkt`mkbf N `ltkvf D e'hypil`elëmkf fst sflibn`krf sflibn`krf á e'hypfrp`r`thyriénkf e'hypfrp`r`thyriénkf L e'hypfrphisph`tëmkf fst sflibn`krf sflibn`krf á e'hypfrp`r`thyriénkf N e'hypfrphisph`tëmkf fst sflibn`krf sflibn`krf á e` d`kssf nf e` gketr`tkib jeimërue`krf F e'`ujmfbt`tkib nfs phisph`t`sfs `el`ekbfs fst ub rfgeft nf e'hypfrp`r`thyriénkf
PLM 46
rftfbtkssfmfbt @ e'kbsuggks`blf9 rëb`ef rëb`ef lhribkquf sëvèrf sëvèrf `ujmfbtf ef rksquf n'kbtixkl`tkib p`r e'f`u D e'H^@ ` h`dktufeefmfbt ubf limpis`btf vieinëpfbn`btf `u liurs nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf L ub pH `rtërkfe á :,41 fst h`dktufe `u st`nf 6 nf e` m`e`nkf rëb`ef lhribkquf N e'`lknisf mët`diekquf idsfrvëf `u liurs nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf pfut ãtrf lirrkjëf p`r e'`ppirt nf dkl`rdib`tfs F efs thk`zknkqufs sibt efs nkurëtkqufs nf rëgërfblf rëgërfblf `u liurs nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf á p`rtkr nu st`nf > nf m`e`nkf rëb`ef lhribkquf
Q`rmk efs kbnklfs sukv`bts, efqufe (efsqufes) fst (sibt) fb g`vfur n'ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï ` kjuï gibltkibbfeef 9 @ ub r`ppirt V/Q nf e` lrë`tkbkbf lrë`tkbkbf 5 1 J/E ? pe`qufttfs = 461 J/E.
L ef r`ppirt V/Q nf e` lrë`tkbkbf fst 5 j/E ? p`s nf pkl mibileib`e ? mkbf = :1 %) ? efulilytfs = 6/mm7 skjbfs sukv`bts, efqufe (efsqufes) fst (sibt) fb g`vfur n'ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï gibltkibbfeef 9 @ ubf hypitfbskib hypitfbskib irthist`tkquf irthist`tkquf D e'fxkstfblf n'ub pek lut`bë lut`bë
(efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) 9
L ubf rëtkbip`thkf rëtkbip`thkf hypfrtfbskvf `u gibn n'Ŝke
PLM
N ubf nkmkbutkib nf e` t`keef nfs rfkbs F e` prësfblf prësfblf n'urkbfs liblfbtrëfs liblfbtrëfs
PLM >: Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt e` bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï 9 @ kerëb`ef s'`jkt`kjuï n'ubf l`usf pfu grëqufbtf n'kbsuggks`blf n'kbsuggks`blf D e` pritëkburkf y fst h`dktufeefmfbt supërkfurf á 0 j
p`r ciur L efs ët`ts nf lhil sibt ubf nfs l`usfs l`usfs efs peus grëgrë-
qufbtfs nf bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï N lfttf `ttfkbtf rëb`ef ëvieuf fb rèjef vfrs e'kbsuggk-
s`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf tfrmkb`ef F e'`ppirt n'f`u ft nf sfe nkmkbuf ef rksquf nf e`
bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï kbnuktf p`r efs prinukts nf libtr`stf kinës
PLM >8 Q`rmk efs lrktèrfs sukv`bts, efqufe fst ef peus gk`def piur nkggërfblkfr ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï n'ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf 9 @ e'hypfrphisph`tëmkf D e'`bëmkf L e'hypfrurklëmkf N e` mfsurf nf e` t`keef nfs rfkbs F e'fxkstfblf nf niuefurs pfevkfbbfs
@ e'FLJ D ef gibn n'Ŝke L ef grittks s`bjukb N e'ëlhijr`phkf rëb`ef F efs tfsts hëp`tkqufs
PLM 64 Nfv`bt ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï, qufe(s) fst (sibt), p`rmk efs skjbfs sukv`bts, lfeuk (lfux) quk fst (sibt) fb g`vfur n'ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï idstrultkvf 9 @ e` prësfblf nf niuefurs niuefurs eimd`krfs iu pfevkfbbfs D ub `btëlënfbt nf l`blfr pfevkfb mãmf fb rëmksskib L ub jeidf vëskl`e N e` prësfblf n'urkbfs liblfbtrëfs liblfbtrëfs F nfs `btëlënfbts `btëlënfbts nf ekthk`sf ekthk`sf rëb`ef rëb`ef
PLM 6< Wiklk efs rësuet`ts n'ubf dkipskf rëb`ef 3 « Mklrislipkf Mklrislipkf iptkquf 3 jeimëruefs ft v`kssf`ux birm`ux ? kbtfrstktkum Ŝnëm`tkë ft kbgketrë p`r nf bimdrfusfs lfeeuefs mibibuleëëfs `vfl prësfblf n'ëiskbiphkefs. Kmmubigeuirfslfblf 3 bëj`tkvf. ¿ Pufe(s) fst (sibt) vitrf (vis) nk`jbistkl(s) 9 @ jeimërueip`thkf fxtr`-mfmdr`bfusf D bëphrip`thkf nk`dëtkquf L bëphrip`thkf á nëpþts mës`bjk`ux n'Kj@ N tudueip`thkf myëeim`tfusf F bëphrktf kbtfrstktkfeef `kjuï
PLM >;
PLM 6>
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) 9 @ fb riutkbf, piur `pprëlkfr e` gibltkib rëb`ef, ib rë`eksf ubf fstkm`tkib nu nëdkt nf gketr`tkib jeimërue`krf (MNTN iu LON-FQK) D nf g`êib physkieijkquf, physkieijkquf, ef nëdkt nf gketr`tkib jeimërue`krf `ujmfbtf `u liurs nf e` jrissfssf L nf g`êib physkieijkquf, e` le`kr`blf nf e` lrë`tkbkbf bf lh`bjf p`s `vfl e'äjf N e'hëm`turkf mklrislipkquf fst nëgkbkf p`r e` prësfblf nf peus nf 41 hëm`tkfs/mm< F e` efulilyturkf fst nëgkbkf p`r e` prësfblf nf peus nf 61 efulilytfs/mm<
Wiklk efs rësuet`ts n'ubf dkipskf rëb`ef 3 « Mklrislipkf Mklrislipkf iptkquf 3 jeimëruefs ft v`kssf`ux birm`ux ? bëlrisf tudue`krf `kjuï ft prësfblf nf lyekbnrfs idstrultkgs. Kmmubigeuirfslfblf 3 nëpþts mibitypkqufs nf lh`âbfs eëjèrfs o`pp` n`bs e` eumkèrf nfs tudfs. ¿ Pufe(s) fst (sibt) vitrf (vis) nk`jbistkl(s) 9 @ jeimërueip`thkf fxtr`-mfmdr`bfusf D bëphrip`thkf nk`dëtkquf L bëphrip`thkf á nëpþts mës`bjk`ux n'Kj@ N tudueip`thkf myëeim`tfusf F bëphrktf kbtfrstktkfeef `kjuï
PLM 61 Q`rmk efs skjbfs sukv`bts, efqufe (efsqufes) ëviquf(bt) ubf hypfrhynr`t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf 9 @ Ŝnèmfs D hypitfbskib irthist`tkquf L libguskib N `ujmfbt`tkib nf e'hëm`tilrktf e'hëm`tilrktf F prksf nf pikns
PLM 60
4
PLM 66 Wiklk efs rësuet`ts n'ubf dkipskf rëb`ef 3 « Ke b'fxkstf p`s nf priekgër`tkib lfeeue`krf n`bs efs jeimëruefs. E` mfmdr`bf d`s`ef p`r`ât ëp`ksskf fb mklrislipkf iptkquf ft ke fxkstf fb kmmubigeuirfslfblf nfs nëpþts fxtfrbfs ef eibj nf e` mfmdr`bf d`s`ef jeimërue`krf limpisës m`cirkt`krfmfbt n'KjJ. Efs tudfs, e'kbtfrstktkum ft efs ef s v`kssf`ux sibt sfbskdefmfbt birm`ux. ¿ Pufe(s) fst (sibt) vitrf (vis) nk`jbistkl(s) 9 @ jeimërueip`thkf fxtr`-mfmdr`bfusf D bëphrip`thkf nk`dëtkquf L bëphrip`thkf á nëpþts mës`bjk`ux n'Kj@
s ë l b i b Ë 70
Nfv`bt tiutf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï, qufe(s) fst (sibt) e'(efs) fx`mfb(s) utkef(s) fb urjfblf 9
N tudueip`thkf myëeim`tfusf F v`slue`rktf rëb`ef
PLM
PLM 67
PLM 70
Vbf hëm`turkf m`lrislipkquf pfut ãtrf idsfrvëf n`bs tiutfs efs sktu`tkibs sukv`btfs, s`ug 3 @ ekthk`sf rëb`ef D purpur` rhum`tiénf L jeimërueip`thkf fxtr`mfmdr`bfusf N m`e`nkf nf Dfrjfr
Efs kbsuggks`blfs rëb`efs `kjuïs sflibn`krfs `ux prinukts nf libtr`stf kinës sibt 3 @ g`virksëfs p`r ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf prëfxkst`btf D g`virksëfs p`r ef nk`dètf L g`virksëfs p`r ubf hypfrurklëmkf prë`e`def
F lystktf `kjuï
N ekëfs á e'ismie`rktë nu prinukt nf libtr`stf utkeksë F g`virksëfs p`r ubf nëshynr`t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf
PLM 6: Efs sybnrimfs bëphritkqufs pfuvfbt sf limpekqufr nf 3 @ thrimdisfs vfkbfusfs përkphërkqufs përkphërkqufs D kbgfltkibs ITE ft puemib`krfs puemib`krfs L lrksfs nf jiuttf N hypfrekpknëmkf mkxtf F kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï gibltkibbfeef
PLM 68
74
N`bs ub sybnrimf bëphritkquf, vius libst`tfz ubf ëeëv`tkib pieyleib`ef nfs j`mm`jeiduekbfs pe`sm`tkqufs. Q`rmk efs nk`jbistkls sukv`bts, qufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) sktu`tkib(s) e` (efs) peus prid`def(s) 9 @ bëphrip`thkf nk`dëtkquf D jeimërueip`thkf fxtr`mfmdr`bfusf nktf knkip`thkquf L bëphrisf ekpiénkquf (eëskibs jeimërue`krfs mkbkmfs) N jeimërueip`thkf fxtr`mfmdr`bfusf n`bs ef l`nrf n'ub eupus ërythëm`tfux nkssëmkbë F sybnrimf bëphritkquf sflibn`krf sflibn`krf á e` prksf n'@KB\
PLM 6; Ef sybnrimf bëphritkquf sflibn`krf á ubf bëphrip`thkf á eëskibs jeimërue`krfs mkbkmfs nf e'fbg`bt 3 @ lirrfspibn á ub sybnrimf bëphritkquf bëphritkquf pur D ëvieuf tiuciurs vfrs e` juërksib `près `près ubf sfuef piussëf L ëvieuf typkqufmfbt vfrs e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf N ëvieuf vfrs e` juërksib p`rgiks `près peuskfurs rflhutfs F fst siuvfbt siuvfbt `bbiblk`tfur nf nk`dètf nk`dètf
PLM 74 Efs rësuet`ts n'ub tfst á e` d`bnfefttf urkb`krf sibt efs sukv`bts 3 +++) ? Pufe(s) nk`jbistkl(s) pfut-ib ëviqufr 9 @ bëphrip`thkf nk`dëtkquf D v`slue`krf lhribkquf L bëphrip`thkf kbtfrstktkfeef N bëphrip`thkf á nëpþts mës`bjk`ux n'Kj@ F tudfrlueisf nfs vikfs urkb`krfs
PLM 7< Efs rësuet`ts n'ub tfst á e` d`bnfefttf urkb`krf sibt efs sukv`bts 3 +++) ? ++) ? Pufe(s) nk`jbistkl(s) pfut-ib ëviqufr 9 @ bëphrip`thkf nk`dëtkquf D bëphrip`thkf v`slue`krf lhribkquf L bëphrip`thkf kbtfrstktkfeef N bëphrip`thkf á nëpþts mës`bjk`ux n'Kj@ F bëphrisf ekpiénkquf (sybnrimf bëphritkquf á
eëskibs jeimërue`krfs mkbkmfs) G jeimërueip`thkf fxtr`-mfmdr`bfusf
PLM 7>
@u liurs nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf `vfl gketr`tkib jeimërue`krf á 06 mE/mkb/0,:< m4, ke fst h`dktufe
Efs rësuet`ts n'ub tfst á e` d`bnfefttf urkb`krf sibt efs sukv`bts 3 +++) ?
nf rfblibtrfr 3 @ ubf `bëmkf birmilyt`krf D ubf hypil`elëmkf L ubf hypiphisph`tëmkf
Pufe(s) nk`jbistkl(s) pfut-ib ëviqufr 9 @ bëphrip`thkf nk`dëtkquf
PLM 71
N
D bëphrip`thkf v`slue`krf lhribkquf L bëphrip`thkf kbtfrstktkfeef
F ubf efulipëbkf
PLM
N bëphrip`thkf á nëpþts mës`bjk`ux n'Kj@ F bëphrisf ekpiénkquf (sybnrimf bëphritkquf á
eëskibs jeimërue`krfs mkbkmfs)
PLM 76 Vb p`tkfbt fst iekjurkquf n`bs efs suktfs n'ubf lhkrurjkf l`rnk`quf. Qiur ëviqufr ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef gibltkibbfeef sflibn`krf á ubf hynr`t`tkib kbsuggks`btf, vius rftfbfz 3 @ ef r`ppirt V/Q nf e'urëf fst ëj`e á > D ef r`ppirt V/Q V/Q nf e` lrë`tkbkbf lrë`tkbkbf fst ëj`e á 61 L e` b`trkurèsf fst nf 06 mmie/E N e` b`trkurèsf fst nf :1 mmie/E F e` pritknëmkf pritknëmkf fst á 61 j/E
PLM 77 @près qufequfs ciurs nf vimkssfmfbts ft nf nk`rrhëf, ub himmf nf 71 `bs, quk `v`kt cusquf-eá ubf gibltkib rëb`ef birm`ef, fst hispkt`eksë piur kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï gibltkibbfeef. Wius vius `ttfbnfz á triuvfr 3 @ ubf iekjurkf D ubf urëf pe`sm`tkquf á 46 mmie/E L ub r`tki lrë`tkbkbf urëf/lrë`tkbkbf pe`sm`tkquf
(fb εmie/E) á 011 N ubf urëf urkb`krf á 71 mmie/E F ubf urëf urëf urkb`krf á 611 mmie/E
PLM 7: Lhfz ub p`tkfbt hypfrtfbnu `vfl hypio`ekëmkf, vius siuh`ktfz fxleurf e` prksf nf prinukts hypio`ekëmk`bts. Q`rmk efs prinukts sukv`bts, efqufe (efsqufes) pfu(vfb)t kbnukrf ubf hypio`ekëmkf 9 @ `mkeirknf D hynrilheirithk`zknf L `bt`jibkstf nfs rëlfptfurs nf e'`bjkitfbskbf 4 N F rëjekssf e`x`tkgs
PLM 78 Vbf hypio`ekëmkf `vfl ubf rëbkbëmkf ëefvëf pfut ãtrf idsfrvëf n`bs lfrt`kbfs nfs sktu`tkibs sukv`btfs 3 @ ub `nëbimf nf Libb D ubf kbtixkl`tkib kbtixkl`tkib á e` rëjekssf rëjekssf L e` prksf prksf nf nkurëtkqufs N ubf stëbisf n'ubf n'ubf `rtèrf rëb`ef F ub tr`ktfmfbt tr`ktfmfbt p`r efs dãt`deiqu`bts dãt`deiqu`bts
PLM 7; Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) efs l`usfs pisskdefs n'hypio`ekëmkf 9 @ kbsuggks`blf surrëb`ef `kjuï D hypfr`enistëribksmf prkm`krf L `lknisf mët`diekquf N nk`rrhëf lhribkquf
4
PLM :1 Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) l`usf(s) pisskdef(s) n'hypfro`ekëmkf 9 @ kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï D hypfr`enistëribksmf prkm`krf L `lknisf mët`diekquf N vimkssfmfbts F kbsuggks`blf surrëb`ef `kjuï G lirtklithër`pkf `u eibj liurs
PLM :0 E'`lknisf mët`diekquf `vfl hypfro`ekëmkf s'idsfrvf `u liurs nf 3 @ vimkssfmfbts `dibn`bts D e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef rëb`ef lhribkquf sëvèrf sëvèrf (NGJ fstkmë á 01 mE/mkb/0,:< m4) L nk`rrhëfs N e` bëphrip`thkf nk`dëtkquf limpekquëf limpekquëf n'hypirëbkbksmf-hypi`enistëribksmf F efs tr`ktfmfbts p`r nkurëtkqufs nkurëtkqufs nf e'`bsf
PLM :4 Vb p`tkfbt
` efs rësuet`ts sukv`bts 3 b`trëmkf = 0 hfurfs. E'FLDV fst ef sukv`bt 3 hëm`tkfs = 81/mm hfurfs. E'FLDV fst ef sukv`bt 3 hëm`tkfs 46/mm miks. E` prfsskib `rtërkfeef fst á 061/;1 mm Hj ft ef rfstf nf e'fx`mfb fst birm`e. E` v`efur nf e` lrë`tkbkbëmkf fst nf 041 εmie/E. E` pritëkburkf fst á 1,7 j p`r 4> hfurfs. E'FLDV fst ef sukv`bt 3 hëm`tkfs = 011/mm hfurfs. Pufe(s) fst (sibt) ef (efs) nk`jbistkl(s) ef(s) peus prid`def(s) 9 @ ubf tudueip`thkf tudueip`thkf libjëbkt`ef libjëbkt`ef D ub sybnrimf bëphritkquf L ubf jeimërueibëphrktf `kjuï N ubf pritëkburkf pritëkburkf irthist`tkquf irthist`tkquf
s ë l b i b Ë 76
PLM
F ubf `ttfkbtf rëb`ef fb r`ppirt `vfl ub pkl
mibileib`e
PLM ;4 Q`rmk efs pripisktkibs sukv`btfs, e`qufeef (efsqufeefs) fst (sibt) fx`ltf(s) 9 @ e` pritëkburkf limpisëf nf lh`âbfs eëjèrfs mibileib`efs b'fst p`s nëtfltëf p`r e` d`bnfefttfmibiD e` mklri`edumkburkf sf sf nëgkbkt p`r ub t`ux limprks
fbtrf miks. E` prfsskib `rtërkfeef s'kbslrkt á 0:1/001 mm Hj. E'ëlhijr`phkf `vfl Nippefr rëb`e rëvèef ubf stëbisf nf e'`rtèrf rëb`ef j`ulhf. Wius prfslrkvfz ub kibijr`mmf pe`sm`tkquf ft urkb`krf. Wius vius `ttfbnfz á libst`tfr 3 @ ubf hypio`ekëmkf hypib`trëmkf D ubf L ubf `lknisf mët`diekquf N ubf b`trkurèsf 2 061 mmie/E F ubf o`ekurèsf 2 41 mmie/E
PLM 008 Q`rmk efs l`usfs n'hypfrl`elëmkf sukv`btfs, e`qufeef (efsqufeefs) fst (sibt) `llimp`jbëf(s) n'ubf liblfbtr`tkib d`ssf nf Q^H 9 @ s`rliénisf D hypfrl`elëmkf n'kmmidkeks`tkib L kbtixkl`tkib á e` vkt`mkbf N N hypfrl`elëmkf p`r`bëipe`skquf (Q^Hrp) F hypfrp`r`thyriénkf prkm`krf
PLM 00> Q`rmk efs skjbfs
lekbkqufs sukv`bts, efqufe (efsqufes) ëviquf(bt) ubf hypfrhynr`t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf 9 @ pek lut`bë D `b`s`rquf L Ŝnèmfs jëbër`eksës N prksf nf pikns F nëjiÿt nf e'f`u
PLM 006 Vb himmf nf 76 `bs nibt ef sukvk mënkl`e fst krrëjuekfr fst hispkt`eksë piur nyspbëf n'fggirt ft vieumkbfux Ŝnèmfs nfs mfmdrfs kbgërkfurs. Ke ` ub nk`dètf nf typf 4 nfpuks 41 `bs ft ubf l`rnkip`thkf kslhëmkquf. Ke bf prfbn p`s nf nkurëtkqufs. Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) efs pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) 9 @ ef t`def`u lekbkquf pfut lirrfspibnrf lirrfspibnrf á ubf piussëf n'kbsuggks`blf l`rnk`quf
PLM 00; N`bs qufeef(s) sktu`tkib(s) efs v`rk`tkibs nf e` l`elëmkf ft nf e` phisph`tëmkf sf gibt-feefs fb sfbs kbvfrsf 9 @ kbtixkl`tkib á e` vkt`mkbf N D hypip`r`thyriénkf L hypfrl`elëmkf p`r`bëipe`skquf (Q^Hrp) N hypfrp`r`thyriénkf prkm`krf F mët`st`sf issfusf eytkquf
PLM 041 Pufeef(s) girmf(s) n'H^@ sflibn`krf(s) fst (sibt) le`sskqufmfbt `ssilkëf(s) á ubf hypio`ekëmkf 9 @ prksf nf lkleispirkbf lkleispirkbf D bëphrip`thkf á nëpþts mës`bjk`ux n'Kj@ L gkdrinyspe`skf nfs `rtèrfs `rtèrfs rëb`efs rëb`efs N sybnrimf nf Lushkbj p`r sëlrëtkib fltipkquf
n @L^H
D ef t`def`u lekbkquf pfut lirrfspibnrf á ub sybsyb-
F hypfrpe`skf dke`tër`ef nfs surrëb`efs
nrimf bëphritkquf
PLM
PLM 040 Q`rmk efs skjbfs lekbkqufs nf nëshynr`t`tkib sukv`bts, efqufe (efsqufes) fst (sibt) limp`tkdef(s) `vfl ubf nëshynr`t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf 9 @ iekjurkf D pfrtf nf pikns L hypitfbskib irthist`tkquf
4
@ `el`ekbks`tkib p`r dkl`rdib`tf nf sinkum ksiti-
bkquf (0 ektrf á 0> j ‱) D `nmkbkstr`tkib nf sfes nf l`elkum KW, KW, s`ug triudef nf libnultkib L `nmkbkstr`tkib n'kbsuekbf `ssilkëf `ssilkëf á nu jeulisf jeulisf á 01 % N gurisëmknf F O`yfx`e`tf®
N hypfrtfbskib (p`r stkmue`tkib nu systèmf rëbkbf-
`bjkitfbskbf)
F pek lut`bë
PLM 044 Q`rmk lfs nkggërfbtfs `ggkrm`tkibs liblfrb`bt ubf hypfrb`trëmkf sëvèrf (2 061 061 mmie/E), lhfz ubf m`e`nf prkvëf nf dikssibs suktf á ub `llknfbt v`slue`krf lërëdr`e, e`qufeef (efsqufeefs) fst (sibt) fx`ltf(s) 9 @ e'hypfrb`trëmkf fst nuf á ub hypfr`enistëribksmf hypfr`enistëribksmf sflibn`krf D e'hypfrb`trëmkf fst ekëf á ub dke`b hynrkquf bëj`tkg L e'hypfrb`tr e'hypfrb`trëmkf ëmkf kbnkquf ubf ubf nëshynr`t`tkib nëshynr`t`tkib lfeeue`krf lfeeue`krf N qufe qu'fb sikt ef mël`bksmf, e'hypfrb`trëmkf bëlfssktf nfs `ppirts hynrkqufs F e'`ujmfbt`tkib nf e'ismie`ektë pe`sm`tkquf stkmuef e` sëlrëtkib n'@NH
PLM 047 Vb triu `bkibkquf urkb`krf pisktkg 3 @ lirrfspibn á e` nkggërfblf nkggërfblf (B` + O) “ Le∔ n`bs efs urkbfs D ëviquf ubf g`kdef prinultkib prinultkib nf BH> p`r ef rfkb L ëviquf ubf irkjkbf fxtr`-rëb`ef fxtr`-rëb`ef n'ubf `lknisf N fst idsfrvë fb l`s nf nk`rrhëfs `kjuïs F fst idsfrvë fb l`s n'`lknisf tudue`krf tudue`krf rëb`ef +
PLM 04: Nfv`bt ubf `lknisf mët`diekquf, ub triu `bkibkquf pe`sm`tkquf `ujmfbtë kbnkquf 3 @ ubf rëtfbtkib bfttf n'HLe D ubf pfrtf pfrtf nf dkl`rdib`tfs L ubf rëtfbtkib rëtfbtkib n'`bkibs kbnisës N ubf ëeëv`tkib nf e` QLI4 F ubf prinultkib fx`jërëf n'`mmibk`quf
PLM 04< Lhfz ub m`e`nf `ttfkbt n'kbsuggks`blf l`rnk`quf libjfstkvf `vfl sybnrimf Ŝnëm`tfux 3 @ ef sybnrimf Ŝnëm`tfux Ŝnëm`tfux kbnkquf ubf hypfrhynr`t`tkib lfeeue`krf D e'hypib`trëmkf bëlfssktf ubf rfstrkltkib hynrkquf L nfs `ppirts fb sfe sibt bëlfss`krfs n`bs lfttf sktu`tkib N e` b`trkurèsf fst d`ssf
PLM 048 Ef l`r`ltèrf « pur ¿ n'ub sybnrimf bëphritkquf fst nëgkbk p`r 3 @ ubf pritëkburkf 2 6 j p`r ciur D e'`dsfblf n'Ŝnèmf L e'`dsfblf n'kbsuggks`blf n'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef irj`bkquf N e'`dsfblf n'hëm`turkf F e'`dsfblf n'hypfrtfbskib `rtërkfeef
F e'utkeks`tkib n'ub nkurëtkquf thk`zknkquf nikt ãtrf prëgërëf piur tr`ktfr efs Ŝnèmfs
PLM 04> Q`rmk efs ëtkieijkfs sukv`btfs, e`qufeef (efsqufeefs) fst (sibt) `ttrkdu`def(s) á ubf hypio`ekëmkf `vfl guktf rëb`ef nf pit`sskum (fxlrëtkib urkb`krf nf O 2 41 mFq p`r ciur) 9 @ hypfr`enistëribksmf prkm`krf D prksf nf nkurëtkqufs nf e'`bsf L nk`rrhëfs `kjuïs N prksf n'`mkeirknf F sybnrimf nf D`rttfr
PLM 04; Q`rmk efs pripisktkibs sukv`btfs liblfrb`bt e` jr`bueim`tisf `vfl piey`bjëktf, e`qufeef (efsqufeefs) fst (sibt) vr`kf(s) 9 @ e` prësfbt`tkib rëb`ef prfbn prfbn e` girmf n'ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef r`pknfmfbt prijrfsskvf D feef fst `ssilkëf á e` prësfblf nf p-@BL@ p-@BL@ nf typf `btk-MQI L ubf `ttfkbtf ITE ft puemib`krf `ssilkëf fst grëqufbtf N e` survkf rëb`ef á 6 `bs fst nf e'irnrf e'irnrf nf :6 % F ef tr`ktfmfbt n'`tt`quf g`kt `ppfe `ux lirtklistëriénfs sfues
PLM 046 Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) rëpibsf(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt ef tr`ktfmfbt n'ubf hypfro`ekëmkf sëvèrf
PLM 0 hfurfs, rftriuvëf á 4 sfm`kbfs n'kbtfrv`eef F ib bf libb`ât p`s e` nurëf iptkm`ef nu tr`ktfmfbt F rëmksskib nëgkbkf p`r ubf pritëkburkf n`bs lfttf p`thieijkf pritëkburkf bëj`tkvf á e` d`bnfefttf pfbn`bt < ciurs libsëlutkgs. Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Nf qufe typf n'ëtunf s'`jkt-ke n`bs lfttf pudekl`tkib 9 @ ëtunf tr`bsvfrs`ef D ëtunf pribistkquf L ëtunf nf pr`tkquf N fss`k thër`pfutkquf F ëtunf nf lihirtf Pufstkib < “ PLM
Ke s'`jkt n'ub fss`k thër`pfutkquf. Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt efs fss`ks thër`pfutkqufs 9 @ ub fss`k nf ph`sf KK ` piur dut n'`pprëlkfr e` tieëtieër`blf nu prinukt tfstë D ub fss`k nf ph`sf KK ` piur dut nf nf vërkgkfr e'hypithèsf n'fggkl`lktë nu prinukt tfstë L ub fss`k nf ph`sf KKK nëdutf `près `près e` mksf sur ef m`rm`rlhë n'ub mënkl`mfbt
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Pufe(s) fst (sibt) ef (efs) lrktèrf(s) n'fxleuskib n`bs lfttf ëtunf 9 @ prfmkfr ëpksinf nf sybnrimf bëphritkquf D sybnrimfs bëphritkqufs sflibn`krfs L fbg`bt prësfbt`bt ub surpikns surpikns N kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef nëgkbkf p`r ubf le`kr`blf nf e` lrë`tkbkbf ≮ 71 mE/mkb/0,:< m4 F kbgfltkib `ltkvf `ltkvf fb liurs nf tr`ktfmfbt Pufstkib : “ PLM
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt ef slhëm` thër`pfutkquf 9 @ e` r`bnimks`tkib fst nf 034 D tius efs fbg`bts kbleus n`bs e'ëtunf rfêikvfbt 71 mj/m4 nf prfnbksieibf pfbn`bt > sfm`kbfs L `près efs > prfmkèrfs sfm`kbfs, efs fbg`bts tr`ktës pfb-
s ë l b i b Ë :<
N ub fss`k nf ph`sf KKK ` piur dut n'ëv`eufr e'fggkl`lktë
n'ub biuvf`u tr`ktfmfbt
n`bt ubf nurëf tit`ef nf 8 sfm`kbfs sfm`k bfs sfribt limp`rës á lfux tr`ktës pfbn`bt ubf nurëf tit`ef nf 4> sfm`kbfs
Bëphrieijkf © 4107, Fesfvkfr M`ssib \@\ . ^ius nrikts rësfrvës
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef (EL@)
N fb l`s nf rflhutf prëlilf nu sybnrimf bëphri-
N ef bimdrf nf rflhutfs p`r pfrsibbf ft p`r `b
tkquf `u liurs nfs > prfmkèrfs sfm`kbfs, efs fbg`bts sfribt fxleus nf e'ëtunf F ef tr`ktfmfbt nfs rflhutfs fst nkggërfbt n`bs ef jriupf « tr`ktfmfbt nf 4 miks ¿ ft n`bs ef jriupf « tr`ktfmfbt tr`ktfmfbt nf 7 miks ¿
fst peus ëefvë lhfz efs fbg`bts tr`ktës sfuefmfbt 4 miks F e` nisf lumueëf nf lirtkliénfs fst skjbkgkl`tkvfmfbt peus ëefvëf lhfz efs fbg`bts tr`ktës 7 miks
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) pripisktkib(s) fx`ltf(s) liblfrb`bt e'idcfltkg prkblkp`e nf e'ëtunf 9 @ ke fst nëgkbk p`r ef nëe`k fbtrf ef nëdut nu tr`ktfmfbt tr`ktfmfbt ft e` prfmkèrf rflhutf D ke fst nëgkbk p`r ef nëe`k fbtrf ef nëdut nu tr`ktfmfbt tr`ktfmfbt ft e` trikskèmf rflhutf L ke fst nëgkbk p`r ef nëe`k fbtrf ef nëdut nu tr`ktfmfbt tr`ktfmfbt ft ub p`r`mètrf `ppfeë « rflhutfs grëqufbtfs nu sybnrimf bëphritkquf ¿ N ef p`r`mètrf `ppfeë « rflhutfs grëqufbtfs nu sybnrimf bëphritkquf ¿ fst nëgkbk p`r e` survfbuf nf nfux rflhutfs fb 7 miks iu nf qu`trf rflhutfs fb 04 miks F e'idcfltkg prkblkp`e fst `b`eysë `près `près ub sukvk nf < `bs Pufstkib Pufes sibt;efs“ PLM idcfltkgs sflibn`krfs nf lfttf ëtunf 9 @ ef nëe`k fbtrf ef nëdut nu tr`ktfmfbt tr`ktfmfbt ft e` prfmkèrf
:>
rflhutf D ef t`ux nf rëmksskib rëmksskib limpeètf idtfbu á e` gkb nf e'ëtunf L ef nëe`k bëlfss`krf á e'idtfbtkib nf e` rëmksskib limpeètf N ef bimdrf nf rflhutfs rflhutfs p`r pfrsibbf ft p`r `b F e'`b`eysf nfs fggfts kbnëskr`defs nf e` lirtklithër`pkf lirtklithër`pkf Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Qiur ëv`eufr e` m`rjf nf bib-kbgërkirktë, efs `utfurs fxpekqufbt quf ef H`z`rn T`tki (HT) prënëgkbk prënëgkbk n`bs lfttf ëtunf nf bib-kbgërkirktë fst nf 0,7/04> n`bs ef jriupf tr`ktë 4 miks ft >6/044 n`bs ef jriupf tr`ktë 7 miks). Limmfbt fxpekqufbt-kes f xpekqufbt-kes lf t`ux rfe`tkvfmfbt ëefvë 9 @ e'äjf nfs p`tkfbts D e` prënimkb`blf prënimkb`blf nu sfxf m`sluekb m`sluekb L e'irkjkbf fthbkquf nfs p`tkfbts N e` sëvërktë nf e'hypi`edumkbëmkf F e` nëgkbktkib nf e` rflhutf rfpis`bt sur e'`b`eysf nf e` d`bnfefttf urkb`krf Pufstkib 06 “ PLM
Pufeef(s) fst (sibt) e` (efs) libleuskib(s) nf lfttf ëtunf 9 @ ub tr`ktfmfbt p`r prfnbksieibf n'ubf nurëf nf 4 miks fst bib kbgërkfur á ub tr`ktfmfbt n'ubf nurëf nf 7 miks D ub tr`ktfmfbt n'ubf nurëf peus liurtf liurtf pfrmft ubf ëp`rjbf fb lirtkliénfs á peuskfurs fbg`bts `ttfkbts nf sybnrimf bëphritkquf knkip`thkquf L idësktë ft rft`rn rft`rn pibnër`e sibt nfs libsëqufblfs nëeëtèrfs grëqufbtfs nfs lirtkliénfs lhfz efs fbg`bts N lfttf ëtunf ële`krf e` physkip`thieijkf, cusquf-eá kblimpeètfmfbt limprksf, nu sybnrimf bëphritkquf knkip`thkquf nf e'fbg`bt
L ef nëe`k fbtrf ef nëdut nu tr`ktfmfbt tr`ktfmfbt fst e` prfmkèrf prfmkèrf
F lfttf ëtunf iuvrf e` pirtf á nf biuvfeefs thër`pfu-
rflhutf fst peus liurt lhfz efs fbg`bts tr`ktës sfuefmfbt 4 miks
tkqufs n`bs ef sybnrimf bëphritkquf knkip`thkquf nf e'fbg`bt
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef (EL@)
<
s ë l b i b Ë :6
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef (EL@)
:7
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef (EL@)
<
s ë l b i b Ë ::
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef (EL@)
:8
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef (EL@)
<
ë s l b i b Ë :;
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef (EL@)
81
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef (EL@)
<
ë s l b i b Ë 80
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef (EL@)
84
> LH@QK^TF
>
^fsts nf liblirn`blf nf slrkpt (^L\)
^L\ 0 Vb p`tkfbt äjë nf 7: `bs, tr`bspe`btë n'ub rfkb nfpuks < miks, fst hispkt`eksë piur gkèvrf ëefvëf ft grkssibs. E'ëvieutkib pist-tr`bspe`bt`tkib ` ëtë skmpef cusqu'`eirs. Ke rfêikt ubf priphye`xkf p`r trkmëtiprkmfsueg`mëtix`zief. E` prfsskib `rtërkfeef fst mfsurëf á 004/77 mm Hj, e` grëqufblf l`rnk`quf á ;7/mkb ft e` tfmpër`turf á hfurfs
“ 4 “ 0 1 + 0 + 4
4. Ef p`tkfbt prësfbtf ubf jeimërueibëphrktf fxtr`l`pkee`krf
Pufstkib Tëpibsf 3 D> “ PLM
<
@, L, N @ D D L @, L N L @, N D, L, F N
7 QMS \MS : \MS : \MS 7 : : \MS
D N, F D, N, F D, F @ N D, L, F @, L, F ^it`e ^i
: : 01 QMS 7 7 7 8 011
Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N
> 6 7 : 8
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N, F
; 01 00
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, N, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 D, F Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @ Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N
04 0< 0> 06
8:
s ë j k r r i L
Bëphrieijkf © 4107, Fesfvkfr M`ssib \@\ . ^ius nrikts rësfrvës
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
Qiur `eefr peus eikb Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
ktfm 466 3 Ëeëv`tkib nf e` lrë`tkbkbëmkf ktfm 471 3 Bëphrip`thkfs v`slue`krfs ktfm 476 3 ^riudefs nf e'ëqukekdrf `lkni-d`skquf ft nësirnrfs hynriëefltrieytkqufs 3 triudefs nf e'hynr`t`tkib ktfm < 3 Kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï ktfm 440 3 Hypfrtfbskib Hyp frtfbskib `rtërkfeef Gklhf nf sybthèsf 3 vikr vikr p. 000. 000.
L`s lekbkquf 4 Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N Pufstkib < “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L
Pufstkib > “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N 88
Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0
@, L, N D D, L, N
: \MS 7
L N Dkipskf rëb`ef D, N, F L @, F D @, L @ D, N, G Fmdiekf puemib`krf @, L, N, F F @, D, F F L, N L, N, F ^it`e ^i
7 8 6 7 01 : \MS : QMS : 8
4 < > 6 7 : 8 ; 01 00 04 0< 0>
Pufstkib 6 “ PTIL
Tëpibsf 3 dkipskf rëb`ef Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, N, F
06
> : 7 QMS \MS 7 011
Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D
Qiur `eefr peus eikb
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
Tëpibsf 3 @, L Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @ Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, N, G Pufstkib 00 “ PTIL
Tëpibsf 3 fmdiekf puemib`krf Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
ktfm 468 3 Bëphrip`thkfs jeimërue`krfs ktfm 476 3 ^riudefs nf e'hynr`t`tkib ktfm 3 Nkurëtkqufs ktfm 44> 3 Fmdiekf puemib`krf Gklhf nf sybthèsf 3 vikr vikr p. 004. 004.
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, N, F Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 F
L`s lekbkquf <
Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, F
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, N
Tëpibsf 3 FN Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def kb`nmksskdef 3 L,
Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L
Pufstkib 06 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @
Tëpibsf 3 L, N, F
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
Pufstkib < “ PLM
00
Tëpibsf 3 N Pufstkib > “ PTIL
Tëpibsf 3 hypfro`ekëmkf Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @ Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 F
04 0< 0>
L, N F D, N N, F D, L, F
: \MS : 7 8
06
@, N, F ^it`e ^i
6 011
6
Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Qiur `eefr peus eikb
Tëpibsf 3 D, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L
Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
ktfm 466 3 Ëeëv`tkib nf e` lrë`tkbkbëmkf ktfm 468 3 Bëphrip`thkfs jeimërue`krfs ktfm 476 3 ^riudefs nf e'ëqukekdrf `lkni-d`skquf ft nësirnrfs hynriëefltrieytkqufs 3 triudefs nf e'hynr`t`tkib ktfm 476 3 ^riudefs nf e'ëqukekdrf `lkni-d`skquf ft nësirnrfs hynriëefltrieytkqufs 3 hypfro`ekëmkf ktfm < 3 Kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï ktfm 08; 3 W`slue`rktfs ktfm . 00>.
Tëpibsf 3 N, F Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, F
L`s lekbkquf >
Pufstkib 06 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N, F
Pufstkib 0 “ PTIL
Tëpibsf 3 eysf vfrtëdr`ef, jëinf issfusf Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
Tëpibsf 3 N
0
: \MS 7 \MS : 7 : \MS 6 : :
Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @, D, F
7 : 8
@, D, N L N @ N Hypfro`ekëmkf L, N, F @ F L, N D, F
\MS :
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
;
L L, N, F
4 < > 6
Pufstkib < “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, G Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D, F Pufstkib > “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, N, F Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, F Tëpibsf 3 @, F
Pufstkib ; “ PTIL
8;
s ë j k r r i L
01
L, N, F
8
Tëpibsf 3 ëpknurktf
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
L`s lekbkquf 6
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, F, G Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @, D
Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F
Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Pufstkib < “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D
Tëpibsf 3 L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @, D
Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N, F
Pufstkib > “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, N
Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0 4
00
Eysf vfrtëdr`ef N @, D, F @, L, G D @, N F L, N, F N, F D D, L, F @, F Ëpknurktf L, F, G D D, F
: 6 \MS 8 \MS 8 \MS : : \MS : : : 8 \MS :
04 0< 0>
D, F D @, N, F ^it`e ^i
: 8 : 011
< >
;1
6 7 : 8 ; 01
Qiur `eefr peus eikb Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
ktfm 477 3 Hypfrl`elëmkf ktfm 06
@, F L @, L L D L, N, F L, N @, N D, L, N, F D, N L, F
: \MS 7 7 \MS 7 QMS 01 7 01 7
N ^^iit`e
\MS 011
ktfm 466 3 Ëeëv`tkib nf e` lrë`tkbkbëmkf ktfm
L`s lekbkquf :
6 7 :
Pufstkib 0 “ PTIL
8
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
; 01
Tëpibsf 3 hypfrhynr`t`tkib jeid`ef Tëpibsf 3 @, D, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N ;4
4
Pufstkib < “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L
00
Pufstkib > “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L Pufstkib 7 “ PTIL
Tëpibsf 3 ëefltril`rnkijr`mmf Pufstkib : “ PLM
7 \MS 7 7 \MS : 7 7
Tëpibsf 3 D, N, F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L, N Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N
Qiur `eefr peus eikb Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
ktfm 476 3 ^riudefs nf e'ëqukekdrf `lkni-d`skquf ft nësirnrfs hynriëefltrieytkqufs 3 triudefs nf e'hynr`t`tkib ktfm 476 3 ^riudefs nf e'ëqukekdrf `lkni-d`skquf ft nësirnrfs hynriëefltrieytkqufs 3 `lknisfs ktfm 476 3 ^riudefs nf e'ëqukekdrf `lkni-d`skquf ft nësirnrfs hynriëefltrieytkqufs 3 hypfro`ekëmkf ktfm < 3 Kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï ktfm “ PLM
01
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, N, F, G Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 F
00
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
04 0<
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 F
Pufstkib : “ PLM
@, D, N N F L, N L, N
8 QMS \MS 8 8
D D, L L D, L, F N @, L, N N @, N @, D N, F ^it`e ^i
\MS 8 QMS 8 \MS 8 QMS 8 : \MS 011
6
Tëpibsf 3 L, N Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D
Qiur `eefr peus eikb
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N
ktfm 017 3 Lim` ktfm 6 3 Nk`dètf ktfm 440 3 Hypfrtfbskib Hyp frtfbskib `rtërkfeef
Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
Gklhf nf sybthèsf 3 vikr vikr p. 00; ft ft 041 041..
Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
Tëpibsf 3 L, F Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, F Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 F Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N Pufstkib 06F“ PLM Tëpibsf 3 D,
L`s lekbkquf 01 Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib ;>
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0
Kslhëmkf `kjuï nf c`mdf D, N, F L, F, G F @, L, F, G @, D, N
8 7 : QMS 7 7
Pufstkib < “ PTIL
QMS \MS : \MS 7 7 QMS : QMS \MS 7
Tëpibsf 3 @, F
01
@, N L D, L F Hypfro`ekëmkf @, N, F N D, N D @ L, F
00 04
@, L, F F
: :
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @
4 < > 6
7 : 8 ;
Tëpibsf 3 D, N, F Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N Tëpibsf 3 eupus ërythëm`tfux nkssëmkbë Pufstkib > “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, G Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 F Pufstkib 6 “ PLM Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, G Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
0< 0>
F L, N
: 8
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, F
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 F
Tëpibsf 3 @, F Pufstkib < “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @
Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
Pufstkib > “ PLM
0 4 <
D, N, F N Eupus ërythëm`tfux nkssëmkbë D, L, G F @, F D, L, G N N L
8 7 8
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @
N L @, N D, L, F F @ @, D, F D, L, N L F ^it`e ^i
01 \MS 8 8 QMS \MS 8 01 QMS \MS 011
> 6 7 :
8 ; 01
00 04
01 \MS 8 8 \MS 8 \MS
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @ Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @ Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N, F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, L Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 D Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N
;6
s ë j k r r i L
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F Pufstkib 00 “ PTIL
Tëpibsf 3 jr`bueim`tisf `vfl piey`bjëktf Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N, F Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D
Qiur `eefr peus eikb
Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, N, F
Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
ktfm 468 3 Bëphrip`thkfs jeimërue`krfs ktfm . 00>.
< > 6 7 : 8 ; 01
L`s lekbkquf 04
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @ Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L Pufstkib 4 “ PTIL
Qiur `eefr peus eikb
Tëpibsf 3 d`bnfefttf urkb`krf
Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
01 QMS 01 QMS 01
Pufstkib < “ PLM
ktfm 80 3 Vvëktf ktfm 417 3 Qbfumip`thkfs kbtfrstktkfeefs kbtfrstktkfeefs
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
ktfm 476 3 ^riudefs nf e'ëqukekdrf `lkni-d`skquf ft nësirnrfs hynriëefltrieytkqufs 3 triudefs nf e'hynr`t`tkib ktfm 477 3 Hypfrl`elëmkf Hyp frl`elëmkf ktfm 41: 3 \`rliénisf
6
Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0 4
@, L, N @, L, N F
: : \MS
< >
@, D, N, F N, F N @, D, F @ @, L F Ëlhijr`phkf rëb`ef @, N @ @, D D, F @ N D, L, N L L, F D, N, F N @ @, N @
: 01 QMS : QMS 7 \MS 7
D ^it`e ^i
\MS 011
Gklhf nf sybthèsf 3 vikr p. vikr p. 044. 044.
L`s lekbkquf 0< Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
6
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, N Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 F
7 :
Pufstkib < “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, N, F
8
Pufstkib > “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 N Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @ Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 F Pufstkib : “ PTIL
Tëpibsf 3 ëlhijr`phkf rëb`ef
; 01 00 04 0< 0>
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @
06
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @
7 QMS 7 7 \MS : 7 QMS 7 : QMS \MS 7 QMS
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, F Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, N, F Tëpibsf 3N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def kb`nmksskdef 3 @
Qiur `eefr peus eikb Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
ktfm 0;: 3 ^r`bspe`bt`tkib rëb`ef ktfm 466 3 Ëeëv`tkib nf e` lrë`tkbkbëmk lrë`tkbkbëmkff ktfm < 3 Kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï ktfm 08: 3 Gkèvrf lhfz ub p`tkfbt kmmubinëprkmë 3 lytimëj`eivkrus ktfm 08: 3 Gkèvrf lhfz ub p`tkfbt kmmubinëprkmë 3 pbfumilystisf
;:
s ë j k r r i L
ktfm 48< 3 Nk`rrhëfs `kjuïs
Tëpibsf 3 @, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @ Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D
Gklhf nf sybthèsf 3 vikr p. vikr p. 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, N, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @
Qiur `eefr peus eikb
Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
ktfm 466 3 Ëeëv`tkib nf e` lrë`tkbkbëmkf ktfm 471 3 Bëphrip`thkfs v`slue`krfs ktfm 41; 3 @bëmkf ktfm 401 3 ^hrimdipëbkf ktfm 48< 3 Nk`rrhëfs `kjuïs ktfm < 3 Kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï
Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
Tëpibsf 3 @ Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 D
Gklhf nf sybthèsf 3 vikr vikr p. 046. 046.
Pufstkib 8 “ PLM ;8
Tëpibsf 3 L, N
L`s lekbkquf 06
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 D
Tëpibsf 3 D, N, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L, N
Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 D Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N
Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib Pufstkib < “ PLM B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0
@, D, F F L @, F N @, N @, D, N, F @ @ L
01 QMS \MS 04 \MS 01 8 QMS ; \MS
N D, L, N, F
; ;
4 < > 6
7 :
Tëpibsf 3 @, L Pufstkib > “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, N Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 F Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
D L, N
8
QMS 06
Tëpibsf 3 D, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
6
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 N
Qiur `eefr peus eikb Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @
ktfm 6 3 Nk`dètf ktfm 440 3 Hypfrtfbskib `rtërkfeef ktfm 41; 3 @bëmkf
Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Gklhfs nf sybthèsf 3 vikr vikr p. 007 ft 047 047..
Tëpibsf 3 L, N, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @ Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 D Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L
L`s lekbkquf 07
Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib
Pufstkib 0 “ PTIL
B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0
D, N, F N L D, L D N @, L D, N @, L, F N D, F F L, N N
7 QMS \MS 8 QMS \MS 8 8 01 \MS 8 QMS 01 QMS
D D, N N @ D, L, N N L, N, F L @ @, F @
\MS 8 QMS \MS 8 QMS 8 QMS \MS 8 QMS
D, F D
01 QMS
4
< > 6 7 :
8
; 01
00
04
Tëpibsf 3 liekquf bëphrëtkquf j`ulhf Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, N, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L Pufstkib < “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, F
Pufstkib > “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @ Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 F Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @ Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 F Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, N, F Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @ Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, F Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N, F
;;
s ë j k r r i L
L ^it`e ^i
\MS 011
Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, F
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib
Pufstkib > “ PLM
B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0
Liekquf bëphrëtkquf j`ulhf @, L, N, F
7
4
:
Tëpibsf 3 L, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
< > 6
7 : 8
011
; 01 00 04 0<
L D, L, F @ F @, F @ L D, L, N F D, L, F F @, L, F F N @, D, N, F L, N @ @, D, F L, N, F L, F ^it`e ^i
QMS : ; \MS ; QMS \MS : \MS : QMS 01 QMS \MS : 01 \MS : : : 011
Tëpibsf 3 @, L Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, N Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N, F Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 D Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @, L Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, N Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0 4
@, L L N D, L, N
8 8 \MS 01
L, F L L, N @, L L @, D, N N @, N, F D, F D @, L
01 QMS 8 8 QMS 8 7 8 01 QMS \MS
L, N D, L
8 8
<
Qiur `eefr peus eikb
>
Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
6 7
ktfm 474 3 Ekthk`sf rëb`ef ktfm 06: 3 Kbgfltkibs urkb`krfs ktfm 0:< 3 @btkdkitkqufs Gklhf nf sybthèsf 3 vikr vikr p. 04:. 04:.
L`s lekbkquf 0:
: 8 ; 01
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N
00 04
Pufstkib < “ PLM
L ^it`e ^i
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N
QMS 011
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
6
Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib
Qiur `eefr peus eikb Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
ktfm 6 7
Pufstkib 0 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @ Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 F Pufstkib 4 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L
Pufstkib < “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @ Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D Pufstkib > “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @ Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L, N Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, N, F Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 D
Qiur `eefr peus eikb Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
ktfm 44 3 Jrissfssf birm`ef ktfm 6 7 : 8 ; 01 00 04 0< 0> 06
6
Qiur `eefr peus eikb
Pufstkib > “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, F Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 N Pufstkib 6 “ PTIL
Tëpibsf 3 idst`lef Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, N Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 L Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 D Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, N Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 F Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 L, F Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 L Tëpibsf kb`nmksskdef 3 @ Pufstkib 01 “ PTIL
Tëpibsf 3 nëshynr`t`tkib kbtr`lfeeue`krf Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, N Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 N, F Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0 4 < >
@, L, N D, N @, L, F D, L, F N Idst`lef @, N N L @, L
01 7 8 01 \MS 8 8 QMS \MS 8
6 7
Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
ktfm 468 3 Bëphrip`thkfs jeimërue`krfs ktfm 467 3 Qritëkburkf ft sybnrimf bëphritkquf
01<
:
s ë j k r r i L
ktfm 6 7 : 8 ; 01 00
Qiur `eefr peus eikb Qrkblkp`ux ktfms `dirnës 3
ktfm 476 3 ^riudefs nf e'ëqukekdrf `lkni-d`skquf ft nësirnrfs hynriëefltrieytkqufs 3 triudefs nf e'hynr`t`tkib
Pufstkib ; “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, L Tëpibsf kbnkspfbs`def 3 @, D
016
s ë j k r r i L
Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0
D, L, F
01
4
@, N F \ybnrimf bëphritkquf kmpur L F F L D, L D, L, N, G @ @, D, L @, D
8 \MS 01
<
> 6 7 : 8 ;
01 \MS 01 04 01 01 \MS 01 QMS
ktfm 6 3 Nk`dètf ktfm “ PLM
0
@, N D E`lt`tfs @, F @, N @, N D, F @, L D
7 \MS 8 7 01 QMS \MS : \MS
Tëpibsf 3 @, N
@, D, N F @, L @, L, F L, F D, N, F L @, F D @, L, F D
7 01 \MS : 7 7 \MS 7 \MS 01 \MS
Tëpibsf 3 L, F
@, D, L F
7 \MS
4 < >
6 7 : 8 ; 01 00 04 0<
Pufstkib 6 “ PTIL
Tëpibsf 3 rh`dnimyieysf
01;
Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
s ë j k r r i L
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, F Pufstkib : “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L Pufstkib 8 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, L, F Pufstkib ; “ PLM Pufstkib 01 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, L, F Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N, F Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L Jrkeef n'ëv`eu`tkib B±
Tëpibsfs
Qikbts
0
L, N
7
0>
N, F D, L ^it`e ^i
7 \MS 011
4 <
F @, N D, L
\MS 7 01
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
001
> 6 7 : 8
@, N Th`dnimyieysf @, L, F @, L @, L, F
7 7 01 7 7
Qiur `eefr peus eikb
; 01 00 04 0< 0>
L, F @, D, L, F D D, L, N, F D, L, N D, L ^it`e ^i
7 7 01 01 7 7 011
ktfm 476 3 ^riudefs nf e'ëqukekdrf `lkni-d`skquf ft nësirnrfs hynriëefltrieytkqufs 3 hypfro`ekëmkf ktfm 6 3 Nk`dètf ktfm 11 mj/E ? lrë`tkbkburkf sur ëlh`btkeeib (L) = 6 mmie/E ? Q/L = 81 mj/mmie ? ib `nmft quf e` lrë`tkbkburkf nfs 4> hfurfs fst vikskbf nf 01 mmie ? e` pritëkburkf nfs 4> hfurfs fst nibl fstkmëf á 81 Ú 01, sikt 811 mj p`r 4> hfurfs. E` JFM fst e` prkblkp`ef l`usf nf sybnrimf bëphritkquf « prkmktkg ¿ nf e'`nuetf. E` dkipskf rëb`ef fst kbnkquëf. Feef bf mft p`s fb ëvknfblf nf priekgër`tkib nfs lfeeuefs jeimërue`krfs m`ks vksu`eksf nfs nëpþts sur ef vfrs`bt fxtfrbf nf e` mfmdr`bf d`s`ef jeimërue`krf. Efs limpekl`tkibs nu sybnrimf bëphritkquf pfuvfbt ãtrf 3 `kjuïs 3 “ kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï gibltkibbfeef ? “ thrimdisfs `rtërkfeefs ft vfkbfusfs. E` thrimdisf nfs vfkbfs vfkbfs rëb`efs fst p`rtkluekèrfmfbt grëqufbtf grëqufbtf `u liurs nfs JFM. Efs `btkli`jue`bts sibt fb rèjef prfslrkts qu`bn e'`edumkbëmkf fst5 41 j/E ? “ efs kbgfltkibs á jfrmfs jfrmfs fbl`psueës (pbfumiliqufs, (pbfumiliqufs, strfptiliqufs…) strfptiliqufs…) nu g`kt nf e'hypij`mm`jeiduekbëmkf ? lhribkqufs 3 “ nysekpknëmkf `thërijèbf `vfl ENE-lhiefstërie ENE-lhiefstërie ëefvë ? “ rft`rn nf lrikss`blf lhfz e'fbg`bt ? “ kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf lhribkquf g`virksëf p`r ubf pritëkburkf pritëkburkf kmpirt`btf pfrskst`btf ft ubf H^@ H^@ m`e m`e libtrþeëf. E` JFM pfut ãtrf 3 « prkmktkvf ¿ 3 n`bs lf l`s, e` prësfblf n'`btklirps nkrkjës libtrf ef rëlfptfur nf e` phisphiekp`sf @4 (QE@4-T) fst nëtfltëf n`bs :1 á 81 % nfs l`s ? iu sflibn`krf ? efs l`usfs sibt v`rkëfs 3 “ l`blfrs (puemib`krfs, liekqufs…) lhfz efs sucfts nf peus nf 71 `bs ? “ eupus ërythëm`tfux nkssëmkbë (gfmmf cfubf) ? “ hëp`tktf D ? “ syphkeks, ftl. Ef tr`ktfmfbt symptim`tkquf rfpisf sur 3 e` hynrisinëf `vfl rëjkmf nësinë strklt (4“> j nf B`Le p`r 4> hfurfs) ? efsrfstrkltkib nkurëtkqufs ? ef tr`ktfmfbt `btkpritëkburkquf (KFL, @T@4).
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
6
E'ëvieutkib nfs JFM fst v`rk`def 3
rëmksskib spibt`bëf fb qufequfs sfm`kbfs iu miks n`bs 46 % nfs l`s ? pfrskst`blf n'ubf pritëkburkf n`bs 61 % nfs l`s ? ëvieutkib vfrs e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf n`bs 46 % nfs l`s. Efs nkurëtkqufs utkeksës sibt 3 efs nkurëtkqufs nf e'`bsf (gurisëmknf ft dumët`bknf) ? efs nkurëtkqufs n'`ltkib nkst`ef (nkurëtkqufs thk`zknkqufs, spkribie`ltibf, `mkeirknf) fb sybfrjkf `vfl efs nkurëtkqufs nf e'`bsf. Efs prkblkp`ux fggfts sflibn`krfs nfs nkurëtkqufs nf e'`bsf sibt 3 hypio`ekëmkf ? `el`eisf mët`diekquf ? hypfrurklëmkf ? hypim`jbësëmkf ? hypfrl`elkurkf. Á bitfr 3 3 E` hy`ekbisf sfjmfbt`krf ft gil`ef (H\G) fst ubf eëskib hkstieijkquf ft bib ubf m`e`nkf. Efs l`usfs sibt bimdrfusfs m`ks efs girmfs efs peus grëqufbtfs sibt knkip`thkqufs. Lfttf « p`thieijkf ¿ b'fst p`s strklti sfbsu `u prijr`mmf nf e'FLB. Ke g`ut bë`bmikbs s`vikr efs triks ëeëmfbts sukv`bts liblfrb`bt lfttf eëskib 3 ef tfrmf « sybnrimf bëphritkquf knkip`thkquf ¿ rfjriupf ef sybnrimf bëphritkquf á eëskibs jeimërue`krfs mkbkmfs ft e` H\G knkip`thkquf. Ke fxkstf nfs girmfs nf p`ss`jf fbtrf lfs nfux fbtktës ? ubf pritëkburkf jeimërue`krf siuvfbt bib bëphritkquf ft lirrfspibn`bt á nfs eëskibs nf H\G pfut survfbkr `u liurs tkfeef lhribkquf ? nfs rfgeux vëskli-urëtër`ux, fux-mãmfs rfspibs`defs n'ubf bëphrip`thkf kbtfrstk e` H\G fst ubf nfs bëphrip`thkfs `ssilkëfs á e'kbgfltkib p`r ef WKH.
00<
s ë j k r r i L
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
Gklhf nf sybthèsf nfs l`s lekbkqufs < ft 00
Jeimërueibëphrktf r`pknfmfbt prijrfsskvf Efs jeimërueibëphrktfs r`pknfmfbt prijrfsskvfs (JBTQ) sf l`r`ltërksfbt p`r 3
ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï r`pknfmfbt prijrfsskvf (fb qufequfs ciurs á qufequfs sfm`kbfs) ? `vfl hëm`turkf libst`btf (p`rgiks m`lrislipkquf) ft pritëkburkf ef peus siuvfbt fbtrf 0 ft < j p`r 4> hfurfs. Efs skjbfs fxtr`-rëb`ux sibt grëqufbts `vfl fb p`rtkluekfr 3 nfs eëskibs lut`bëfs (purpur` v`slue`krf) ? nfs skjbfs puemib`krfs p`rgiks jr`vfs, ekëfs á nfs hëmirr`jkfs kbtr`-`evëie`krfs, bëlfsskt`bt e` rë`eks`tkib fb urjfblf n'ëlh`bjfs pe`sm`tkqufs ? e` prësfblf n'ubf `bëmkf (sflibn`krf á e'kbge`mm`tkib ft `ux s`kjbfmfbts puemib`krfs) m`ejrë ef l`r`ltèrf `kju nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef. Lf t`def`u nf JBTQ kmpisf e` rë`eks`tkib n'ubf dkipskf rëb`ef fb urjfblf. E` dkipskf v` mfttrf fb ëvknfblf nfs lrikss`bts fxtr`-l`pkee`krfs (priekgër`tkib ëpkthëek`ef). Efs JBTQ sibt le`ssëfs fb triks jriupfs 3 ef typf 0, iu sybnrimf nf Jiinp`sturf, `vfl `btklirps `btk-mfmdr`bf d`s`ef jeimërue`krf. Ef t`def`u lekbkquf fst lfeuk n'ub sybnrimf pbfumi-rëb`e sëvèrf. E` dkipskf rëb`ef mft fb ëvknfblf, iutrf efs lrikss`bts, efs nëpþts ekbë`krfs ef eibj nf e` mfmdr`bf d`s`ef jeimërue`krf ? ef typf 4, iu v`slue`rktfs `vfl nëpþts nf limpefxfs kmmubs . Lf typf rfjriupf nfs p`thieijkfs
00>
nkvfrsfs “ eupus 3? “ lryijeiduekbëmkf (hëp`tktf L ++) ? “ fbnil`rnktf sud`kjuï ftl… ftl… ? “ lfs p`thieijkfs s'`llimp`jbfbt fb rèjef rèjef n'ubf hypilimpeëmfbtëmkf, `dsfbtf n`bs efs `utrfs typfs nf JBTQ ? ef typf ft hfurfs. @ummie/E, liurs nfs bëphrip`thkfs nf rfgeux, ubf pritëkburkf . Feef fst jeimërue`krf pfut ãtrf pfut `eirs ekëf á nfs á nfs eëskibs hkstieijkqufs nf hy`ekbisf sfjmfbt`krf ft gil`ef (lg. Gklhf nf sybthèsf nu l`s l`s lekbkquf 4). 4). Efs prkblkp`efs l`usfs nf bëphrip`thkf kbtfrstktkfeef lhribkquf sibt 3 kbgfltkfusfs 3 “ kbgfltkibs urkb`krfs lhribkqufs siuvfbt `vfl `bim`ekfs `b`timkqufs ? “ tudfrlueisf rëb`ef ? urieijkqufs 3 “ rfgeux vëskli-urëtër`e ? “ idst`lef lhribkquf (ekthk`sf, gkdrisf gkdrisf rëtripërktibë`ef, tumfurs nu d`s `pp`rfke…) ? mët`diekqufs 3 “ bëphril`elkbisf ? “ hypio`ekëmkf lhribkquf ? tixkqufs 3 “ ekthkum ? “ hfrdfs lhkbiksfs, lhkbiksfs, ftl. ftl. ? nyskmmubkt`krfs 3 “ s`rliénisf ? “ sybnrimf nf \c÷jrfb, ftl.
00:
s ë j k r r i L
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
Gklhf nf sybthèsf nfs l`s lekbkqufs :, 40 ft 44
Kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï E'kbsuggks`blf E'kbsuggks`bl f rëb`ef `kjuï, qufeef quf sikt s` l`usf, s'`llimp`jbf nfs skjbfs sukv`bts , siuvfbt
sius ef tfrmf nf sybnrimf n'urëmkf `kjuï 3 rfjriupës rëtfbtkib `zitëf 3 “ lrë`tkbkbëmkf ←← ? “ urëf s`bjukbf ←← ? “ urklëmkf ← ? hypfro`ekëmkf ? hypfrhynr`t`tkib 3 kbtr`lfeeue`krf, fxtr`lfeeue`krf, jeid`ef ? `lknisf mët`diekquf ? hypil`elëmkf ft hypfrphisph`tëmkf `u liurs nfs rh`dnimyieysfs iu nfs sybnrimfs nf eysf tumir`ef ? thrimdip`thkf ft tfbn`blf hëmirr`jkquf ? m`ebutrktkib. E'hypfro`ekëmkf fst ef triudef ef peus mfb`ê`bt ft s` jr`vktë s'`pprëlkf sur e'ëefltril`rnkijr`mmf 3 `ujmfbt`tkib nf e'`mpektunf nfs ibnfs ^ ? triudefs nf e` e ` libnultkib `urklueivfbtrklue`krf ` urklueivfbtrklue`krf ? triudefs nf e` e ` libnultkib kbtr`vfbtrklue`krf k btr`vfbtrklue`krf ?
008
t`lhyl`rnkf vfbtrklue`krfft? `rrãt l`rnk`quf. gkdrkee`tkib vfbtrklue`krf Efs tr`ktfmfbts nf e'hypfro`ekëmkf sibt 3 ef O`yfx`e`tf® ? efs nkurëtkqufs nf e'`bsf ef jeulib`tf iu ef lheirurf nf l`elkum (0 `mpiuef á 01 %) quk `mëekirf e` libnultkib ? e'kbsuekbf ft ef jeulisf (p`r fxfmpef
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
6
Gklhf nf sybthèsf nu l`s lekbkquf 0>
\ybnrimf hëmieytkquf ft urëmkquf Ef sybnrimf hëmieytkquf ft urëmkquf (\HV) fst l`r`ltërksë p`r e'`ssilk`tkib 3
n'ubf thrimdipëbkf `bëmkf hëmieytkquf nf typf? mël`bkquf `vfl slhkzilytfs sur ef grittks ? n'ubf përkphërkquf ft n'ubf kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï nibt e` eëskib e ëskib hkstieijkquf fst ubf mklri`bjkip`thkf thrimditkquf (M@^) l`r`ltërksëf p`r e` prësfblf nf nëpþts nf gkdrkbf sius-fbnithëek`ux ft nf thrimdus n`bs efs l`pkee`krfs. Ke fxkstf peuskfurs girmfs nf \HV 3 \HV « typkquf ¿, iu « pist-nk`rrhëkquf ¿, l`usë p`r ubf fbtëriliektf á Fslhfrklhk` liek (fb (fb p`rtkluekfr ef sëritypf I06: 3 H:) iu á shkjfeefs, `ttfkjb`bt e'fbg`bt ft e'`nuetf, survfb`bt spir`nkqufmfbt iu p`r pftktfs ëpknëmkfs s`ksibbkèrfs ? \HV nkt « `typkquf ¿, bib fbtëriliektkquf , peus r`rf ? ef limpeëmfbt fst `ltkvë p`r mut`tkibs nf lfrt`kbs nf sfs limpis`bts iu p`r e` prësfblf n'`uti`btklirps nkrkjës libtrf nfs mieëluefs rëjue`trklfs ? \HV n'`utrfs l`usfs 3 jrissfssf, pist-p`rtum, l`usfs mënkl`mfbtfusfs iu s`tfeektfs nf m`e`nkfs sius-c`lfbtfs. Ef tr`ktfmfbt fst 3 symptim`tkquf (++++) ? ëtkip`thijëbkquf, n`bs efs girmfs jr`vfs (rëb`efs, bfurieijkqufs) ft lhfz e'`nuetf 3 prkblkp`efmfbt libstktuë p`r e` pfrguskib nf pe`sm` gr`ks iu p`r efs ëlh`bjfs pe`sm`tkqufs.
Ef pribistkl nfs \HV pist-nk`rrhëkqufs nf e'fbg`bt fst jëbër`efmfbt dib ? lhfz e'`nuetf, e` juërksib
fst mikbs siuvfbt idtfbuf. Efs nfux fbtktës \HV ft purpur` thrimditkquf thrimdilytipëbkquf thrimdilytipëbkquf (Q^^) sf nkggërfblkfbt 3
p`r e'`ttfkbtf vkslër`ef prënimkb`btf 3 `ttfkbtf rëb`ef n`bs ef \HV, `ttfkbtf bfurieijkquf lfbtr`ef n`bs ef Q^^ ? p`r ef nëgklkt fb @N@M^\ 0< (pritë`sf quk fb sktu`tkib physkieijkquf lekvf efs muetkmèrfs nu g`ltfur Zkeefdr`bn, `ttëbu`bt `kbsk sib piuvikr pri`jrëj`bt pe`quftt`krf) prësfbt `u liurs nfs Q^^.
046
s ë j k r r i L
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
Gklhf nf sybthèsf nu l`s lekbkquf 06 4 ft 4;
Kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf Efs st`nfs nf e` m`e`nkf rëb`ef lhribkquf, gibnës sur e'fstkm`tkib nu nëdkt nf gketr`tkib jeimërue`krf
(girmuef MNTN iu LON-FQK), sibt efs sukv`bts 3 NGJ (mE/mkb/0,:< m4)
\t`nf
0 4 6“6; 3 kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef minërëf > 3 kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef minërëf 06“4; 3 kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef sëvèrf 5 0 066 3 kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef tfrmkb`ef
gibltkib rëb`ef
Lf nisskfr keeustrf ef rftfbtkssfmfbt nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf, `vfl e` prksf fb lh`rjf nfs limpekl`tkibs 3 e'`bëmkf, quk fst grëqufbtf, ciuf ub rþef kmpirt`bt n`bs e'`etër`tkib nf e'ët`t jëbër`e nfs p`tkfbts kbsuggks`bts rëb`ux. Feef fst ef peus siuvfbt birmilhrimf, birmilyt`krf, bib rëjëbër`tkvf, limmf e'`bëmkf idsfrvëf eirs nfs hypithyriénkfs. Efs m`rqufurs gfrrkqufs sibt birm`ux s`ug fb l`s nf s`kjbfmfbt `ssilkë ? e'hypil`elëmkf fst feef `ussk grëqufbtf, sflibn`krf á e` nkmkbutkib nf e'`dsirptkib kbtfstkb`ef nu l`elkum nu g`kt n'ubf l`rfblf fb vkt`mkbf N. E'hypfrp`r`thyriénkf sflibn`krf á e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf fst ub nfs mël`bksmfs mks fb cfu piur m`kbtfbkr e` l`elëmkf ? e'hypfrphisph`tëmkf, quk fst sflibn`krf á e` nkmkbutkib nf e'ëekmkb`tkib rëb`ef nu phisph`tf, fst prëlilf. @vfl e` prijrfsskib nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf, e` phisph`tëmkf `ujmfbtf ft ciuf ub rþef m`cfur n`bs e` girm`tkib nfs l`elkgkl`tkibs v`slue`krfs (+++ +++) ? ubf `lknisf mët`diekquf minërëf fst très grëqufbtf `u liurs nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf ? e'hypfro`ekëmkf sëvèrf fst fxlfptkibbfeef `v`bt ub st`nf très `v`blë nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf, fb nfhirs nf lkrlibst`blfs dkfb p`rtkluekèrfs 3 `ppirt kmpirt`bt nf pit`sskum, bit`mmfbt p`r ef rëjkmf `ekmfbt`krf (grukts, lhilie`t, sfes nf rëjkmf á d`sf nf pit`sskum), prfslrkptkib nf nkurëtkqufs `btko`ekurëtkqufs iu n'kbhkdktfurs nu systèmf rëbkbf-`bjkitfbskbf, `lknisf, hypi`enistëribksmf hypirëbkbëmkquf.
4
Wikr `ussk e` Gklhf nf sybthèsf nu l`s lekbkquf 6.
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
6
Gklhf nf sybthèsf nfs l`s lekbkqufs 07 ft 4:
Ekthk`sf rëb`ef E` ekthk`sf rëb`ef fst ubf p`thieijkf très grëqufbtf ft fst g`virksëf p`r nf bimdrfux g`ltfurs, bit`m-
mfbt Ef peusnkëtëtkqufs. siuvfbt, feef sf m`bkgfstf p`r ubf liekquf bëphrëtkquf iu ubf hëm`turkf, p`rgiks p`r ubf limpekl`tkib, fb p`rtkluekfr ubf pyëeibëphrktf. Ef nk`jbistkl rfpisf sur ef t`def`u lekbkquf ft e'km`jfrkf (ëlhijr`phkf, r`nkijr`phkf s`bs prëp`r`tkib, uri-sl`bbfr). E'`b`eysf nu l`elue nikt ãtrf g`ktf lh`quf giks quf pisskdef `gkb nf prëlksfr e` b`turf nf e` ekthk`sf (spfltriphitimëtrkf kbgr`riujf). E` limpisktkib nfs l`elues fst v`rkëf 3 e` ekthk`sf fst n`bs triks qu`rts nfs l`s nf b`turf l`elkquf. E` ekthk`sf l`elkquf pfut ãtrf sflibn`krf, bit`mmfbt á ubf hypfrp`r`thyriénkf, iu knkip`thkquf. Feef pfut `eirs s'`llimp`jbfr iu bib n'ubf hypfrl`elkurkf, très grëqufbtf, nibt ef mël`bksmf fst limpefxf ? e` ekthk`sf urkquf fst r`nkitr`bsp`rfbtf, g`virksëf p`r ub triudef nu mët`dieksmf nf e'`lknf e '`lknf urkquf ft nfs urkbfs `lknfs ? e` ekthk`sf lystkbkquf s'kbtèjrf n`bs ubf m`e`nkf jëbëtkquf fbtr`âb`bt ubf ekthk`sf g`kdefmfbt r`nkiip`quf, vieibtkfrs rëlknkv`btf ft muetkpef ? e` ekthk`sf phisphi-`mmibk`li-m`jbëskfbbf fst ubf ekthk`sf kbgfltkfusf g`virksëf p`r nfs jfrmfs urë`skqufs, limpirt`bt ub rksquf nf nëvfeippfmfbt r`pknf nf l`elue lir`eekgirmf. Pufeef quf sikt s` b`turf, e` ekthk`sf rëb`ef pfut sf limpekqufr n'idstrultkib iu n'kbgfltkibs p`rgiks sëvèrfs (++++). Ef tr`ktfmfbt nfs ekthk`sfs nikt tiuciurs limprfbnrf nfux `spflts 3
ef tr`ktfmfbt urieijkquf nu l`elue vks`bt á fb `ssurfr e'ëekmkb`tkib ? ft ef tr`ktfmfbt nf e` m`e`nkf ekthk`skquf, tiuciurs bëlfss`krf fb l`s nf ekthk`sf rëlknkv`btf ? ke rfpisf sur e'knfbtkgkl`tkib nu typf nf ekthk`sf ft nf sib mël`bksmf. Ke bëlfssktf nibl e` rë`eks`tkib nf dke`bs mët`diekqufs. Efs tfsts nf prfmkèrf kbtfbtkib sibt efs sukv`bts 3 n`bs ef s`bj 3 lrë`tkbkbëmkf, l`elëmkf ? n`bs efs urkbfs 3 vieumf urkb`krf, lrë`tkbkburkf, l`elkurkf, urklurkf, urëf urkb`krf, b`trkurèsf, pH, d`bnfefttf urkb`krf. E` prfslrkptkib nf dikssibs `dibn`btfs fst ub ëeëmfbt gibn`mfbt`e nu tr`ktfmfbt prëvfbtkg nf tiutf ekthk`sf. E'`el`ekbks`tkib fst ub tr`ktfmfbt très fggkl`lf nfs ekthk`sfs urkqufs ft ubf mfsurf kbnkspfbs`def n`bs ef tr`ktfmfbt nfs ekthk`sfs lystkbkqufs. Ef tr`ktfmfbt nfs ekthk`sfs l`elkqufs nëpfbn nfs `bim`ekfs mët`diekqufs triuvëfs.
04:
s ë j k r r i L
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
Gklhf nf sybthèsf nu l`s lekbkquf 0:
Qieyoystisf rëb`ef `utisimkquf nimkb`btf E` pieyoystisf rëb`ef `utisimkquf nimkb`btf fst e` m`e`nkf jëbëtkquf rëb`ef e` peus grëqufbtf
(0 l`skbnkspfbs`def piur 0 111 b`kss`blfs). rksquf nf tr`bsmksskib Ke fst nf g`krf ub Ef `rdrf jëbë`eijkquf . nf e` m`e`nkf á e` nfslfbn`blf fst nf 61 %. Efs skjbfs rëvëe`tfurs sibt 3 e'H^@ ? efs skjbfs rëb`ux 3 jris rfkbs, niuefurs eimd`krfs, hëm`turkf m`lrislipkquf, ekthk`sf, kbgfltkib nf oystf, kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf (lg. (lg. Gklhf nf sybthèsf nu l`s lekbkquf 06). 06). Ef nk`jbistkl rfpisf sur e'ëlhijr`phkf rëb`ef (° hëp`tkquf). Ef st`nf n'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf tfrmkb`ef survkfbt ef peus siuvfbt fbtrf 66 `bs ft :1 `bs. Iutrf e` prësfblf nf oystfs hëp`tkqufs, efs `ttfkbtfs fxtr`-rëb`efs sibt 3
efs `bëvrksmfs nfs `rtèrfs lërëdr`efs (prëv`efblf = 8 %) ? efs prie`psus nf e` v`evf mktr`ef ? efs hfrbkfs kbjukb`efs ? e` nkvfrtklueisf liekquf. E'FLDV pfut ãtrf stërkef `u liurs nfs kbgfltkibs nf oystf. Ef tr`ktfmfbt nf e'kbgfltkib nikt nurfr < sfm`kbfs piur e` peup`rt nfs ëqukpfs. Ef tr`ktfmfbt symptim`tkquf limprfbn 3
048
nfs dikssibs `dibn`btfs ? ef tr`ktfmfbt nf e'H^@ (KFL fb prfmkèrf kbtfbtkib) ? e` prksf fb lh`rjf nfs libsëqufblfs nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef lhribkquf ? ef tr`ktfmfbt nfs ekthk`sfs ft nfs kbgfltkibs oystkqufs ? ef tr`ktfmfbt symptim`tkquf nfs hëmirr`jkfs kbtr`oystkqufs (`bt`ejkqufs ft dikssibs `dibn`btfs) ? nk`eysf ft tr`bspe`bt`tkib rëb`ef `u st`nf tfrmkb`e nf e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef.
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
6
Gklhf nf sybthèsf nu l`s lekbkquf 08
M`e`nkfs hypfrtfbskvfs nf e` jrissfssf j rissfssf Nfs `ggfltkibs rëb`efs ft/iu hypfrtfbskvfs limpekqufbt fbvkrib 01 % nfs jrissfssfs. E'hypfrtfbskib jr`vknkquf e` prë-ële`mpskf spëlkgkqufs nf e``près jrissfssf. E` m`e`nkf ft hypfrtfbskvf nf e` sibt jrissfssf `pp`r`ât e` 41 f sfm`kbf n'`mëbirrhëf, fb e'`dsfblf n'`btëlënfbt. E'hypfrtfbskib `rtërkfeef (2 0>1/;1 mm Hj) fst 3
sikt ksieëf ? sikt, n`bs ef l`s nf e` prë-ële`mpskf, `ssilkëf á ubf pritëkburkf rfgeët`bt efs eëskibs jeimërue`krfs n'fbnithëekisf. E'kmpe`bt`tkib nëgfltufusf nu pe`lfbt` ft e` ekdër`tkib n`bs e` lkrlue`tkib nf g`ltfurs `btk`bjkijëbkqufs ft prili`jue`bts n'irkjkbf pe`lfbt`krf sibt nfs ëeëmfbts physkip`thieijkqufs fssfbtkfes nf e` prëële`mpskf. E` liblfbtr`tkib pe`sm`tkquf nf g`ltfurs `btk`bjkijëbkqufs (rëlfptfur sieudef nu WFJG) fst `birm`efmfbt ëefvëf. Efs rksqufs m`tfrbfes nf e` prë-ële`mpskf sibt 3 e'ële`mpskf ? e'hëm`timf rëtripe`lfbt`krf ? e'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï ` kjuï ? e` li`jue`tkib kbtr`v`slue`krf ? e'hëmieysf `kjuï ? e'`ttfkbtf hëp`tkquf nu sybnrimf HFEEQ. HFEEQ. Efs rksqufs përkb`t`ux sibt 3 e'hypixkf lhribkquf ? ef rft`rn nf lrikss`blf kb utfri ? e` prëm`turktë kbnuktf e` mirt gŜt`ef. E` survfkee`blf fb mkekfu spëlk`eksë, e` thër`pfutkquf `btkhypfrtfbskvf `ppriprkëf ft, surtiut, e` nëekvr`blf fb tfmps utkef prëvkfbbfbt iu tr`ktfbt fggkl`lfmfbt efs limpekl`tkibs m`tfrbfeefs, mikbs libst`mmfbt efs limpekl`tkibs përkb`t`efs nf e` prë-ële`mpskf. Nfs bëphrip`thkfs nf tiutfs b`turfs liéblkn`bt `vfl e` jrissfssf pfuvfbt ãtrf libbufs/prëfxkst`btfs iu ãtrf rëvëeëfs fb liurs nf jrissfssf. E'`eph`-mfthyenip`, ef e`dët`eie ft e` bkl`rnkpkbf sibt utkeksës piur ef libtrþef nf e'H^@.
04;
s ë j k r r i L
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
Gklhf nf sybthèsf nfs l`s lekbkqufs 0; ft 4<
Hypib`trëmkf `vfl nëshynr`t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf Ef l`s 0; keeustrf e` sktu`tkib iû e'hypib`trëmkf fst `ssilkëf á ubf nëshynr`t`tkib fxtr`lfeeue`krf (NFL). E'hypib`trëmkf NFL fst nëtfrmkbëf p`r peuskfurs stkmue`tkib p`r`vfl efs vieirëlfptfurs nf e` sëlrëtkib n'@NH ?g`ltfurs 3
kbjfstkib n'f`u iu nf dikssibs hypitibkqufs, p`r sfbs`tkib nf sikg, feef-mãmf stkmueëf p`r e'hypfr`bjkitfbskbëmkf libsëlutkvf á e'hypivieëmkf. E'hypib`trëmkf pfut ãtrf, fb mkekfu hispkt`ekfr,`jjr`vëf p`r e` pfrguskib fxlfsskvf nf geuknfs hypitibkqufs (sieutë jeulisë). Ib r`ppfeef quf e'ib pfut l`eluefr 3 e'ismie`rktë pe`sm`tkquf 3 (B`trëmkf Ú 4) + Jeylëmkf ? e'ismie`rktë urkb`krf 3 (B` + O) Ú 4 + Vrëf. Pu`bn ib e` mfsurf, e'ismie`ektë fst fxprkmëf fb mIsmie/oj n'f`u. E'ismie`rktë l`elueëf s'fxprkmf, feef, fb mIsmie/E. Nfux sktu`tkibs grëqufbtfs ft/iu urjfbtfs `ssilkfbt hypib`trëmkf ft NFL 3 e'hypib`trëmkf nfs tr`ktfmfbts nkurëtkqufs, quk fst grëqufbtf, surtiut lhfz ef sucft äjë prfb`bt nfs nkurëtkqufs thk`zknkqufs, siuvfbt `ssilkëf á ubf hypio`ekëmkf ft á ubf `el`eisf mët`diekquf 3 “ e'hypib`trëmkf fst fxpekquëf n`bs lf l`s p`r e` sëqufblf sukv`btf 3 hypivieëmkf p`r pfrtf pfrtf hynrisinëf nuf `u nkurëtkquf ? stkmue`tkib nfs sëlrëtkibs n'`bjkitfbskbf ft n'@NH, ft nibl nf e` sikg ?
0<
\ybnrimf bëphritkquf á eëskibs jeimërue`krfs mkbkmfs Ef sybnrimf bëphritkquf á eëskibs jeimërue`krfs mkbkmfs (\BEJM) rfprësfbtf :6 á 81 % nfs
sybnrimfs bëphritkqufs nf e'fbg`bt ft 01 ef á 06 % nfs sybnrimfs 3 ? lfrt`kbs lhfz e'fbg`bt , feef `ttfkbt peus siuvfbt j`rêib quf e` gkeef, fbbëphritkqufs jëbër`e fbtrfnf1) “ 0].
0
Wikr `ussk efs Gklhfs nf sybthèsf nfs l`s lekbkqufs : ft 8.
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
6
Gklhf nf sybthèsf nu l`s lekbkquf 4 hfurfs ft n'ubf `el`eisf mët`diekquf (hypfr`enistëribksmf sflibn`krf). E` rfv`slue`rks`tkib (`bjkipe`stkf) fst kbnkquëf lhfz e` peup`rt nfs p`tkfbts 3 feef pfrmft n'idtfbkr n`bs :1 á ;1 % nfs l`s e'`mëekir`tkib iu e` juërksib nf e'H^@.
0
7
Wikr `ussk e` Gklhf nf sybthèsf nu l`s lekbkquf 0.
L`s lekbkqufs lirrkjës
6
Gklhf nf sybthèsf nu l`s lekbkquf 4: :
Kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef `kjuï `près ët`t nf lhil sfptkquf, sfptkq uf, hypfrp`r`thyriénkf prkmktkvf Lf nisskfr r`ppfeef e` jr`vktë pitfbtkfeef nfs kbgfltkibs nfs vikfs urkb`krfs limpekqu`bt ub idst`lef (+++). E` ekthk`sf s'`llimp`jbf klk n'ubf hypfrl`elëmkf, feef-mãmf sflibn`krf á ubf hypfrp`r`thyriénkf prkmktkvf. E` liblfbtr`tkib nf Q^H fst h`dktufeefmfbt ëefvëf, m`ks pfut ãtrf « `birm`efmfbt birm`ef ¿. E'hypfrp`r`thyriénkf prkmktkvf fst `ssilkëf n`bs peus nf 81 % nfs l`s á ub `nëbimf skmpef ft, n`bs efs `utrfs l`s, á ubf hypfrpe`skf nf peuskfurs je`bnfs p`r`thyriénkfbbfs. Fb l`s n'hypfrpe`skf, ke g`ut rflhfrlhfr ubf `ttfkbtf `ssilkëf nf e` je`bnf pktukt`krf ft nu p`blrë`s n`bs ef l`nrf n'ub sybnrimf BFM (bëipe`skf fbnilrkbkfbbf muetkpef) nf typf 0.
0 “ PLM Lf lhikx fst pr`jm`tkquf ft rfpisf sur e'fxpërkfblf Tëpibsf 3 @, N, F nfs lekbklkfbs qu`bt `u t`ux nf rflhutf nu sybnrimf Lfs l`r`ltërkstkqufs sibt le`krfmfbt ëbiblëfs n`bs efs bëphritkquf, m`e`nkf rfe`tkvfmfbt r`rf. Efs `utfurs p`rtkfs « \tuny nfskjb ¿ ft « T`bnimkz`tkib ¿. custkgkfbt efur lhikx n`bs e` p`rtkf «Nkslusskib ¿. Pufstkib 6 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, F E` nëgkbktkib nu sybnrimf bëphritkquf knkip`thkquf nf e'fbg`bt ft e` nëgkbktkib nfs rflhutfs sibt lfeefs `niptëfs p`r ub jriupf n'fxpfrts kbtfrb`tkib`ux nëbimmë e'Kbtfrb`tkib`e \tuny ig Oknbfy Nksf`sfs kb Lhkenrfb (K\ONL). Lfs kbgirm`tkibs gkjurfbt n`bs efs p`rtkfs « \tuny nfskjb ¿ ft « Q`tkfbts ¿. Pufstkib 7 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, N, F Efs `utfurs vfuefbt sf liblfbtrfr sur ef sybnrimf bëphritkquf knkip`thkquf ft fxleurf n'`utrfs bëphrip`thkfs ft efs (r`rfs) l`s n'kbsuggks`blf rëb`ef eirs nu nk`jbistkl nf sybnrimf bëphritkquf knkip`thkquf.
Pufstkib 00 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, F Lfs rësuet`ts `pp`r`kssfbt le`krfmfbt n`bs efs gkjurfs 4 ft < ft n`bs e` p`rtkf « @nvfrsf fvfbts ¿. Ke b'y ` `ulubf nkggërfblf fbtrf efs nfux jriupfs, s`ug fb tfrmfs nf nisf tit`ef nf prfnbksieibf rfêuf. Pufstkib 04 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D Ef nëe`k n'idtfbtkib n'ubf rëmksskib nf sybnrimf bëphritkquf nf e'fbg`bt fst très liurt sius lirtkliénfs (lg. ^`def 0). Pufstkib 0< “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 D, L, F Lfttf ëtunf r`ppfeef efs fggfts kbnëskr`defs nfs lirtkPufstkib : “ PLM liénfs lhfz e'fbg`bt `vfl, fb p`rtkluekfr p`rtkluekfr,, ub fggft r`pknf Tëpibsf 3 D, L, N sur ef r`efbtkssfmfbt nf e` lrikss`blf (lg. ^`def 0 ft Ef slhëm` thër`pfutkquf `pp`r`ât n`bs e` gkjurf >. Efs > prfmkèrfs sfm`kbfs nf tr`ktfmfbt sibt knfbtkqufs p`rtkf « @nvfrsf fvfbts ¿). n`bs efs nfux jriupfs. E'ëtunf bf limmfbê`bt nibl Pufstkib 0> “ PLM
0><
s ë j k r r i L
vr`kmfbt qu `près efs > prfmkèrfs sfm`kbfs nf tr`ktf mfbt, efs fbg`bts quk rflhutfbt pfbn`bt lfttf përkinf sibt fxleus. Lfux quk rflhutfbt `près efs > prfmkèrfs sfm`kbfs sibt `b`eysës.
Tëpibsf 3 F Lfttf nëgkbktkib fst « mikbs prëlksf ¿ quf lfeef utkeksëf n`bs n'`utrfs ëtunfs ft rfpis`bt sur e` qu`btkgkl`tkib nf e` pritëkburkf (lg. « Nkslusskib ¿).
Bëphrieijkf © 4107, Fesfvkfr M`ssib \@\ . ^ius nrikts rësfrvës
Eflturf lrktkquf n'`rtklef 3 lirrkjë
Pufstkib 06 “ PLM
Tëpibsf 3 @, D, L Lfttf ëtunf pfrmft nf ekmktfr e` nurëf nf e` lirtklithër`pkf lhfz e'fbg`bt (lg. « Nkslusskib ¿). Feef b'ële`krf
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fb rkfb e` physkip`thieijkf nf e` m`e`nkf m`e` nkf ft b'`ppirtf p`s nf biuvfeefs pfrspfltkvfs thër`pfutkqufs.
8 LH@QK^TF
8
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Bëphrieijkf © 4107, Fesfvkfr M`ssib \@\ . ^ius nrikts rësfrvës
^hks p`jf kbtfbtkib`eey efgt de`bo
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