Neoliberalism Is a Political Project: An Interview with David Harvey

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Lde`hndrg`hsj Hs g [e`hthog` [recdot3  Gl Hltdrvhdw whtm Igvhi Mgrvdy 

Dihter‘s Letd3

D`dvdl ydgrs gfe, Igvhi Mgrvdy pun`hsmdi  G Nrhdb Mhstery eb Lde`hndrg`hsj, lew eld eb tmd jest ohtdi neeas el tmd suncdot. Yd ydgrs shlod mgvd sddl ldw doelejho gli ﬇lglohg` orhsds, nut g`se eb ldw wgvds eb rdshstglod, wmhom tmdjsd`vds ebtdl tgrfdt ”lde`hndrg`hsj‘‘ hl tmdhr orhthqud eb oeltdjpergry seohdty. Oerld` g`hsj Vdst spdgas eb tmd N`goa @hvds Jgttdr jevdjdlt gs ‐gl hlihotjdlt eb lde`hndrg` pewdr‚1 tmd `gtd Mufe Omçvdz og``di lde`hndrg`hsj g ‐pgtm te md``‚1 gli `gner `dgidrs grd hlordgshlf`y ushlf tmd tdrj te idsorhnd tmd `grfdr dlvhreljdlt hl wmhom werap`god struff`ds eoour. Yd jghlstrdgj prdss mgs g`se phoadi up tmd tdrj, hb el`y te grfud tmgt lde`hndrg`hsj iedsl‘t gotug``y dxhst. Nut wmgt, dxgot`y, grd wd tg`ahlf gneut wmdl wd tg`a gneut lde`hndrg`hsj5 Hs ht g usdbu` us dbu` tgrfdt  ber seohg`hsts5 Gli mew mgs ht omglfdi shlod hts fdldshs hl tmd `gtd twdlthdtm odltury5 Ncgrad _aâr`uli ^hsgfdr, g [mI bd``ew gt tmd Idpgrtjdlt eb [mh`esepmy gli Mhstery eb Hidgs gt Ggrmus Tlhvdrshty, sgt iewl whtm Igvhi Mgrvdy te ihsouss tmd pe`hthog` lgturd eb lde`hndrg`hsj, mew ht mgs trglsberjdi jeids eb rdshstglod, gli wmy tmd @dbt sth`` lddis te nd sdrheus gneut dlihlf ogphtg`hsj. Brej ‐^gla & Bh`d,‚ Cgoenhl Jgfgzhld, Hssud >>, _ujjdr >;72. ^dpreiuodi whtm pdrjhsshel. [e`hty | Re`ujd 6, Hssud >

Lde`hndrg`hsj hs g whid`y usdi tdrj teigy. Mewdvdr, ht hs ebtdl ulo`dgr wmgt pdep`d rdbdr te wmdl tmdy usd ht. Hl hts jest systdjgtho usgfd ht jhfmt rdbdr te g tmdery, g sdt eb hidgs, g pe`hthog` strgtdfy, er g mhsterhog` pdrhei. Oeu`i yeu ndfhl ny dxp`ghlhlf mew  yeu ulidrstgli lde`hndrg`hsj5 lde`hndrg`hsj5 H‘vd g`wgys trdgtdi lde`hndrg`hsj gs g pe`hthog` precdot ogrrhdi eut ny tmd oerpergtd ogphtg`hst o`gss gs tmdy bd`t hltdlsd`y tmrdgtdldi netm pe`hthog``y gli doelejhog``y tewgris tmd dli eb tmd 782;s hlte tmd 786;s. Ydy idspdrgtd`y wgltdi te `gulom g pe`hthog` precdot tmgt  weu`i ourn tmd pewdr eb `gner. `gner. Hl jgly rdspdots tmd precdot wgs g oeultdrrdve`uthelgry o eultdrrdve`uthelgry precdot. Ht weu`i lhp hl tmd nui wmgt, gt tmgt thjd, wdrd rdve`uthelgry jevdjdlts hl juom eb tmd idvd`ephlf  wer`i ’ Jezgjnhqud, Glfe`g, Omhlg dto. ’ nut g`se g rhshlf thid eb oejjulhst hl﬎udlods hl oeultrhds `had Htg`y gli Brglod gli, te g `dssdr idfrdd, tmd tmrdgt eb g rdvhvg` eb tmgt hl _pghl. Dvdl hl tmd Tlhtdi _tgtds, trgid ulhels mgi preiuodi g Idjeorgtho Oelfrdss tmgt wgs quhtd rgihog` hl hts hltdlt. Hl tmd dgr`y 786;s tmdy, g`elf whtm etmdr seohg` jevdjdlts, berodi g s`dw eb rdberjs gli rdberjhst hlhthgthvds wmhom wdrd glth-oerpergtd3 tmd Dlvhreljdltg` [retdothel Gfdloy, Gfdloy, tmd Eooupgthelg` _gbdty gli Mdg`tm  Gijhlhstrgthel, oelsujdr pretdothels, gli g wme`d sdt eb tmhlfs greuli djpewdrhlf `gner dvdl jerd tmgl ht mgi nddl djpewdrdi ndberd. _e hl tmgt shtugthel tmdrd wgs, hl d﬋dot, g f`eng` tmrdgt te tmd pewdr eb tmd oerpergtd ogphtg`hst o`gss gli tmdrdberd tmd qudsthel wgs, ‐Vmgt te ie5‚. Yd ru`hlf o`gss wgsl‘t ejlhsohdlt nut tmdy rdoeflhzdi tmgt tmdrd  wdrd g lujndr eb brelts el wmhom tmdy mgi te struff`d3 tmd hide`efhog` brelt, tmd pe`hthog` brelt, gli gnevd 27

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g`` tmdy mgi te struff`d te ourn tmd pewdr eb `gner ny  wmgtdvdr jdgls pesshn`d. Eut eb e b tmhs tmdrd djdrfdi g pe`hthog` precdot wmhom H weu`i og`` lde`hndrg`hsj. Ogl yeu tg`a g nht gneut tmd hide`efhog` gli pe`hthog` brelts gli tmd gttgoas el `gner5 Yd hide`efhog` brelt gjeultdi te be``ewhlf tmd givhod eb g fuy lgjdi @dwhs [ewd``. [ewd``. Md wretd g jdje sgyhlf tmgt tmhlfs mgi feld tee bgr, tmgt ogphtg` lddidi g oe``dothvd precdot. Yd jdje md`pdi jenh`hzd tmd Omgjndr eb Oejjdrod gli tmd Nushldss ^eulitgn`d. Hidgs wdrd g`se hjpertglt te tmd hide`efhog` brelt. Yd cuifdjdlt gt tmgt thjd wgs tmgt ulhvdrshthds wdrd hjpesshn`d te erfglhzd ndogusd tmd stuidlt jevdjdlt  wgs tee strelf gli tmd bgou`ty tee `hndrg`-jhlidi, se tmdy sdt up g`` eb tmdsd tmhla tglas `had tmd Jglmgttgl Hlsthtutd, tmd Mdrhtgfd Beuligthel, tmd Em`hl Beuligthel. Ydsd tmhla tglas nreufmt hl tmd hidgs eb Brdhirhom Mgyda gli Jh`tel Brhdijgl gli supp`y-shid doelejhos. Yd hidg wgs te mgvd tmdsd tmhla tglas ie sdrheus rdsdgrom gli sejd eb tmdj ihi ’ ber hlstglod, tmd Lgthelg` Nurdgu eb Doelejho ^dsdgrom wgs g prhvgtd`y bulidi hlsthtuthel tmgt ihi dxtrdjd`y feei gli tmereufm rdsdgrom. Yhs rdsdgrom weu`i tmdl nd pun`hsmdi hlidpdlidlt`y gli ht weu`i hl﬎udlod tmd prdss gli nht ny nht ht weu`i surreuli gli hl﬇`trgtd tmd ulhvdrshthds. Yhs preodss teea g `elf thjd. H tmhla lew wd‘vd rdgomdi g pehlt wmdrd yeu iel‘t lddi sejdtmhlf `had tmd Mdrhtgfd Beuligthel glyjerd. Tlhvdrshthds mgvd prdtty juom nddl tgadl evdr ny tmd lde`hndrg` precdots surreulihlf tmdj.  Vhtm rdspdot te `gner, tmd omg``dlfd wgs te jgad iejdstho `gner oejpdththvd whtm f`eng` `gner. Eld wgy  wgs te epdl up hjjhfrgthel. Hl Hl tmd 782;s, ber ber dxgjp`d, Fdrjgls wdrd hjperthlf urahsm `gner, tmd Brdlom Jgfmrdnhgl `gner, tmd Nrhthsm oe`elhg` `gner. Nut tmhs ordgtdi g frdgt idg` eb ihssgthsbgothel gli ulrdst. Hlstdgi tmdy omesd tmd etmdr wgy ’ te tgad ogphtg` te wmdrd tmd `ew-wgfd `gner berods wdrd. Nut ber f`eng`hzgthel te wera yeu mgi te rdiuod tgrh﬋s gli djpewdr ﬇lglod ogphtg`, ndogusd ﬇lglod ogphtg` hs tmd jest jenh`d berj eb ogphtg`. _e ﬇lglod ogphtg` gli tmhlfs `had ﬎egthlf ourrdlohds ndogjd orhthog` te ournhlf `gner.  Gt tmd sgjd thjd, hide`efhog` precdots te prhvgthzd gli gli idrdfu`gtd ordgtdi uldjp`eyjdlt. _e, uldjp`eyjdlt gt mejd gli e﬋smerhlf tgahlf tmd cens gnregi, gli g tmhri oejpeldlt3 tdomle`efhog` omglfd, idhliustrhg`hzgthel 2>

tmreufm gutejgthel gli renethzgthel. Ygt wgs tmd strgtdfy te squgsm sq ugsm `gner. Ht wgs gl hide`efhog` gssgu`t nut g`se gl doelejho gssgu`t. e jd tmhs hs wmgt lde`hndrg`hsj wgs gneut3 ht  wgs tmgt pe`hthog` precdot, gli H tmhla tmd neurfdehshd er tmd oerpergtd ogphtg`hst o`gss put ht hlte jethel nht ny nht. H iel‘t tmhla tmdy stgrtdi eut ny rdgihlf Mgyda er glytmhlf, H tmhla tmdy cust hltuhthvd`y sghi, ‐Vd fettg orusm `gner, mew ie wd ie ht5‚ Gli tmdy beuli tmgt tmdrd wgs g `dfhthjhzhlf tmdery eut tmdrd, wmhom weu`i suppert tmgt. _hlod tmd pun`hogthel eb G Nrhdb Mhstery eb Lde`hndrg`hsj hl >;;4 g `et eb hla mgs nddl sph``di el tmd oelodpt. Ydrd sddj te nd twe jghl ogjps3 some`grs  wme grd jest hltdrdstdi hl tmd hltd``dotug` mhstery eb lde`hndrg`hsj gli pdep`d wmesd oelodrl `hds whtm ‐gotug``y ‐gotug` `y dxhsthlf lde`hndrg`hsj.‚ Vmdrd ie yeu ﬇t5 Ydrd‘s g tdlidloy hl tmd seohg` sohdlods, wmhom H tdli te rdshst, te sdda g shlf`d-nu``dt tmdery eb sejdtmhlf. _e tmdrd‘ss g whlf eb pdep`d wme sgy tmgt, wd``, lde`hndrg`hsj tmdrd‘ hs gl hide`efy gli se tmdy wrhtd gl hidg`hst mhstery mhster y eb ht.  G vdrshel eb tmhs hs Beuogu`t Beuogu`t‘‘s fevdrljdltg`hty grfujdlt tmgt sdds lde`hndrg`hzhlf tdlidlohds g`rdgiy prdsdlt hl tmd dhfmtddltm odltury. Nut hb yeu cust trdgt lde`hndrg`hsj gs gl hidg er g sdt eb `hjhtdi prgothods eb fevdrljdltg`hty,, yeu wh`` ﬇li p`dlty eb prdoursers. fevdrljdltg`hty  Vmgt‘s jhsshlf mdrd hs tmd wgy  Vmgt‘s wgy hl wmhom tmd ogphtg`hst ogphtg`hst o`gss eromdstrgtdi hts d﬋erts iurhlf tmd 786;s gli dgr`y 78=;s. H tmhla ht weu`i nd bghr te sgy tmgt gt tmgt thjd ’ hl tmd Dlf`hsm-spdgahlf wer`i glywgy ’ tmd oerpergtd ogphtg`hst o`gss ndogjd prdtty ulh﬇di. Ydy gfrddi el g `et eb tmhlfs, `had tmd lddi ber g pe`hthog` berod te rdg``y rdprdsdlt tmdj. _e yeu fdt tmd ogpturd eb tmd ^dpun`hogl [grty, gli gl gttdjpt te ulidrjhld, te sejd idfrdd, tmd Idjeorgtho [grty [grty.. Brej tmd 786;s tmd _uprdjd Oeurt jgid g nulom eb idohshels tmgt g``ewdi tmd oerpergtd ogphtg`hst o`gss te nuy d`dothels jerd dgsh`y tmgl ht oeu`i hl tmd pgst. Ber dxgjp`d, yeu sdd rdberjs eb ogjpghfl ﬇lglod tmgt trdgtdi oeltrhnuthels te ogjpghfls gs g berj eb brdd spddom. Ydrd‘s Ydrd‘s g `elf `e lf trgihthel hl tmd Tlhtdi _tgtds eb oerpergtd ogphtg`hsts nuyhlf d`dothels nut lew ht wgs `dfg`hzdi rgtmdr tmgl ndhlf ulidr tmd tgn`d gs oerrupthel. Evdrg`` H tmhla tmhs pdrhei wgs id﬇ldi ny g nregi jevdjdlt goress jgly brelts, hide`efhog` gli pe`hthog`.  Gli tmd el`y wgy wgy yeu ogl dxp`ghl tmgt nregi nregi jevdjdlt jevdjdlt hs ny rdoeflhzhlf tmd rd`gthvd`y mhfm idfrdd eb se`higrhty [e`hty | Re`ujd 6, Hssud >

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hl tmd oerpergtd ogphtg`hst o`gss. Ogphtg` rderfglhzdi hts pewdr hl g idspdrgtd gttdjpt te rdoevdr hts doelejho  wdg`tm gli hts hl﬎udlod, wmhom mgi nddl sdrheus`y dreidi brej tmd dli eb tmd 782;s hlte tmd 786;s. Ydrd mgvd nddl lujdreus orhsds shlod >;;6. Mew ieds tmd mhstery gli oelodpt eb lde`hndrg`hsj md`p us ulidrstgli tmdj5 Ydrd wdrd vdry bdw orhsds ndtwddl 7894 gli 786?1 tmdrd wdrd sejd sdrheus jejdlts nut le jgcer orhsds. Yd turl te lde`hndrg` pe`hthos eoourrdi hl tmd jhist eb g orhshs hl tmd 786;s, gli tmd wme`d systdj mgs nddl g sdrhds eb orhsds dvdr shlod. Gli eb oeursd orhsds preiuod tmd oelihthels eb buturd orhsds. Hl 78=>‟=4 tmdrd wgs g idnt orhshs hl Jdxhoe, Nrgzh`, Dougier, gli ngshog``y g`` tmd idvd`ephlf oeultrhds hlo`uihlf [e`gli. Hl 78=6‟== tmdrd wgs g nhf orhshs hl T_ sgvhlfs gli `egl hlsthtuthels. Ydrd wgs g whid orhshs hl _wdidl hl 788;, gli g`` tmd nglas mgi te nd lgthelg`hzdi. Ydl eb oeursd wd mgvd Hlieldshg gli _eutmdgst Gshg hl 7886‟8=, tmdl tmd orhshs jevds te ^usshg, tmdl te Nrgzh`, gli ht mhts Grfdlthlg hl >;;7‟>.  Gli tmdrd tmdrd wdrd wdrd pren`djs hl tmd Tlhtdi _tgtds hl >;;7 >;;7  wmhom tmdy fet tmreufm ny tgahlf jeldy eut eb tmd steoa jgradt gli peurhlf ht hlte tmd meushlf jgradt. Hl >;;6‟= tmd T_ meushlf jgradt hjp`eidi, se yeu fet g orhshs mdrd.  Xeu ogl `eea gt  Xeu gt g jgp eb tmd wer`i gli wgtom tmd orhshs tdlidlohds jevd greuli. Yhlahlf gneut lde`hndrg`hsj hs md`pbu` te ulidrstglihlf tmdsd tdlidlohds. Eld eb nhf jevds eb lde`hndrg`hzgthel wgs tmrewhlf eut g`` tmd Adyldshgls brej tmd Ver`i Ngla gli tmd Hltdrlgthelg` Jeldtgry Buli hl 78=> ’ g tetg` o`dgleut eb g`` tmd doelejho givhsdrs wme md`i Adyldshgl vhdws. Ydy wdrd rdp`godi ny ldeo`gsshog` supp`y-shid tmderhsts gli tmd ﬇rst tmhlf tmdy ihi wgs idohid i dohid tmgt brej tmdl el tmd HJB smeu`i be``ew g pe`hoy eb struoturg` gicustjdlt wmdldvdr tmdrd‘s tmdrd‘s g orhshs glywmdrd. Hl 78=>, surd dleufm, tmdrd wgs g idnt orhshs hl Jdxhoe. Yd HJB sghi, ‐Vd‘`` sgvd yeu.‚ Gotug``y, wmgt tmdy wdrd iehlf wgs sgvhlf tmd Ldw Xera hlvdstjdlt nglas gli hjp`djdlthlf g pe`hthos eb gustdrhty gustdrhty.. Yd pepu`gthel eb Jdxhoe su﬋drdi sejdtmhlf `had g >4 pdrodlt `ess eb hts stgligri eb `hvhlf hl tmd beur ydgrs gbtdr 78=> gs g rdsu`t eb tmd struoturg` gicustjdlt pe`hthos eb tmd HJB. [e`hty | Re`ujd 6, Hssud >

_hlod tmdl Jdxhoe mgs mgi gneut beur struoturg` gicustjdlts. Jgly etmdr oeultrhds mgvd mgi jerd tmgl eld. Yhs ndogjd stgligri prgothod.  Vmgt grd tmdy iehlf te Frddod lew5 Ht‘ Ht‘ss g`jest g oepy eb wmgt tmdy ihi te Jdxhoe ngoa hl 78=>, el`y jerd sgvvy. Yhs hs g`se wmgt mgppdldi hl tmd Tlhtdi _tgtds hl >;;6‟=. Ydy ngh`di eut tmd nglas gli jgid tmd pdep`d pgy tmreufm g pe`hthos eb gustdrhty gustdrhty.. Hs tmdrd glytmhlf gneut tmd rdodlt orhsds gli tmd  wgys hl wmhom tmdy mgvd nddl jglgfdi ny tmd ru`hlf o`gssds tmgt mgvd jgid yeu rdtmhla yeur tmdery eb lde`hndrg`hsj5  Vd``, H iel‘t tmhla ogphtg`hst o`gss se`higrhty teigy hs  Vd``,  wmgt ht wgs. Fdepe`hthog``y, Fdepe`hthog``y, tmd Tlhtdi Tlhtdi _tgtds hs let hl hl g peshthel te og`` tmd smets f`eng``y gs ht wgs hl tmd 786;s. H tmhla wd‘rd sddhlf g rdfhelg`hzgthel eb f`eng` pewdr struoturds whtmhl tmd stgtd systdj ’ rdfhelg` mdfdjels `had Fdrjgly hl Durepd, Nrgzh` hl @gthl Gjdrhog, Omhlg hl Dgst Gshg. Envheus`y, tmd Tlhtdi _tgtds sth`` mgs g f`eng` peshthel, Envheus`y, nut thjds mgvd omglfdi. Engjg ogl fe te tmd F>; gli sgy, ‐Vd smeu`i ie tmhs,‚ gli Glfd`g Jdrad` ogl sgy, ‐Vd‘rd let iehlf tmgt.‚ Ygt weu`i let mgvd mgppdldi hl tmd 786;s. _e tmd fdepe`hthog` shtugthel mgs ndoejd jerd rdfhelg`hzdi, tmdrd‘s jerd gutelejy. H tmhla tmgt‘s pgrt`y g rdsu`t eb tmd dli eb tmd Oe`i Vgr. Oeultrhds `had Fdrjgly le `elfdr rd`y el tmd Tlhtdi _tgtds ber pretdothel. Burtmdrjerd, wmgt mgs nddl og``di tmd ‐ldw ogphtg`hst o`gss‚ eb Nh`` Fgtds, Gjgzel, gli _h`hoel Rg``dy mgs g ih﬋drdlt pe`hthos tmgl trgihthelg` eh` gli dldrfy. dldrfy.  Gs g rdsu`t tmdy tdli te fe tmdhr ewl pgrthou`gr wgys, se tmdrd‘s g `et eb sdothelg` rhvg`ry ndtwddl, sgy, dldrfy gli ﬇lglod, gli dldrfy gli tmd _h`hoel Rg``dy orewi, gli se el. Ydrd grd sdrheus ihvhshels tmgt grd dvhidlt el sejdtmhlf `had o`hjgtd omglfd, ber dxgjp`d. Yd etmdr tmhlf H tmhla hs oruohg` hs tmgt tmd lde`hndrg` pusm eb tmd 786;s ihil‘t ihil‘t pgss whtmeut strelf rdshstglod. Ydrd wgs jgsshvd rdshstglod brej `gner, brej oejjulhst pgrthds hl Durepd, gli se el. Nut H weu`i sgy tmgt ny tmd dli eb tmd 78=;s tmd ngtt`d wgs `est. _e te tmd idfrdd tmgt rdshstglod mgs ihsgppdgrdi, `gner iedsl‘t mgvd tmd pewdr ht elod mgi, se`higrhty gjelf tmd ru`hlf o`gss hs le `elfdr ldodssgry ber ht te wera.

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HLYD^RHDV

Ht iedsl‘t mgvd te fdt tefdtmdr gli ie sejdtmhlf gneut struff`d brej nd`ew ndogusd tmdrd hs le tmrdgt glyjerd. Yd ru`hlf o`gss hs iehlf dxtrdjd`y wd`` se ht iedsl‘t rdg``y mgvd te omglfd glytmhlf.  Xdt wmh`d tmd ogphtg`hst o`gss hs iehlf vdry wd``,  Xdt ogphtg`hsj hs iehlf rgtmdr ngi`y. [re﬇t rgtds mgvd rdoevdrdi nut rdhlvdstjdlt rgtds grd gppg``hlf`y `ew, se g `et eb jeldy hs let ohrou`gthlf ngoa hlte preiuothel gli hs ﬎ewhlf hlte `gli-frgns gli gssdt-preourdjdlt hlstdgi. @dt‘s tg`a jerd gneut rdshstglod. Hl yeur wera, yeu pehlt te tmd gppgrdlt pgrgiex tmgt tmd lde`hndrg` els`gufmt wgs pgrg``d`di ny g ido`hld hl o`gss struff`d ’ gt `dgst hl tmd F`eng` Lertm ’ hl bgver eb ‐ldw seohg` jevdjdlts‚ ber hlihvhiug` brddiej. Oeu`i yeu ulpgoa mew yeu tmhla lde`hndrg`hsj fhvds rhsd te odrtghl berjs eb rdshstglod5 Mdrd‘s g prepeshthel te tmhla evdr. Vmgt hb dvdry iejhlglt jeid eb preiuothel, whtm hts pgrthou`gr pe`hthog` oel﬇furgthel, ordgtds g jeid eb eppeshthel gs g jhrrer hjgfd te htsd`b5 Iurhlf tmd drg eb Berihst erfglhzgthel eb tmd preiuothel preodss, tmd jhrrer hjgfd wgs g `grfd odltrg`hzdi trgid ulhel jevdjdlt gli idjeorgthog``y odltrg`hst pe`hthog` pgrthds. Yd rderfglhzgthel eb tmd preiuothel preodss gli turl te ﬎dxhn`d goouju`gthel iurhlf lde`hndrg` thjds mgs preiuodi g @dbt tmgt hs g`se, hl jgly wgys, hts jhrrer3 ldtwerahlf, idodltrg`hzdi, lel-mhdrgromhog`. H tmhla tmhs hs vdry hltdrdsthlf.  Gli te sejd idfrdd tmd jhrrer hjgfd oel﬇rjs tmgt  wmhom ht‘s ht‘s tryhlf te idstrey. idstrey. Hl tmd dli H tmhla tmgt tmd trgid ulhel jevdjdlt gotug``y ulidrfhridi Berihsj. H tmhla juom eb tmd @dbt rhfmt lew, ndhlf vdry gutelejeus gli glgromhog`, hs gotug``y rdhlberohlf tmd dlifgjd eb lde`hndrg`hsj. G `et eb pdep`d el tmd @dbt iel‘t `had te mdgr tmgt. Nut eb oeursd tmd qudsthel grhsds3 Hs tmdrd g wgy te erfglhzd wmhom hs let g jhrrer hjgfd5 Ogl wd sjgsm tmgt jhrrer gli ﬇li sejdtmhlf d`sd, wmhom hs let p`gyhlf hlte tmd mglis eb lde`hndrg`hsj5

 G `et eb rdshstglod te ogphtg` goouju`gthel eoours let el`y el tmd pehlt eb preiuothel nut g`se tmreufm oelsujpthel gli tmd rdg`hzgthel eb vg`ud. gad gl gute p`glt3 nhf p`glts usdi te djp`ey greuli twdlty-﬇vd tmeusgli pdep`d1 lew tmdy djp`ey ﬇vd tmeusgli ndogusd tdomle`efy mgs rdiuodi tmd lddi ber  weradrs. _e jerd gli jerd `gner hs ndhlf ihsp`godi brej tmd preiuothel spmdrd gli hs jerd gli jerd ndhlf pusmdi hlte urngl `hbd. Yd jghl odltdr eb ihsoeltdlt whtmhl tmd ogphtg`hst iylgjho hs hlordgshlf`y smhbthlf te struff`ds evdr tmd rdg`hzgthel eb vg`ud ’ evdr tmd pe`hthos eb igh`y `hbd hl tmd ohty.  Veradrs envheus`y  Veradrs e nvheus`y jgttdr gli tmdrd grd jgly hssuds gjelf weradrs tmgt grd oruohg`. Hb wd‘rd hl _mdlzmdl hl Omhlg struff`ds evdr tmd `gner preodss grd iejhlglt. i ejhlglt.  Gli hl tmd Tlhtdi Tlhtdi _tgtds, _tgtds, wd smeu`i smeu`i mgvd suppertdi suppertdi tmd Rdrhzel strhad, ber dxgjp`d. Nut hl jgly pgrts eb tmd wer`i, struff`ds evdr tmd qug`hty eb igh`y `hbd grd iejhlglt. @eea gt tmd nhf struff`ds evdr tmd pgst tdl te ﬇btddl ydgrs3 sejdtmhlf `had Fdzh [gra hl Hstglnu` wgsl‘t g weradrs‘ struff`d, ht wgs ihsoeltdlt whtm tmd pe`hthos eb igh`y `hbd gli tmd `goa eb idjeorgoy gli idohshel-jgahlf preodssds1 hl tmd uprhshlfs hl Nrgzh`hgl ohthds hl >;7?, gfghl ht wgs ihsoeltdlt whtm tmd pe`hthos eb igh`y `hbd3 trglspert, pesshnh`hthds, gli whtm spdlihlf g`` tmgt jeldy el nhf stgihujs wmdl yeu‘rd let spdlihlf gly jeldy el nuh`ihlf somee`s, mesphtg`s, gli g﬋erign`d meushlf. Yd uprhshlfs wd sdd hl @eliel, [grhs, gli _teoame`j grd let gneut tmd `gner preodss3 tmdy grd gneut tmd pe`hthos eb igh`y `hbd. Yhs pe`hthos hs rgtmdr ih﬋drdlt brej tmd pe`hthos tmgt dxhsts gt tmd pehlt eb preiuothel. Gt tmd pehlt eb preiuothel, ht‘s ogphtg` vdrsus `gner. _truff`ds evdr tmd qug`hty eb urngl `hbd grd `dss o`dgr hl tdrjs eb tmdhr o`gss oel﬇furgthel. O`dgr o`gss pe`hthos, wmhom hs usug``y idrhvdi eut eb gl ulidrstglihlf eb preiuothel, fdts tmderdthog``y buzzy gs ht ndoejds jerd rdg`hstho. Ht‘s g o`gss hssud nut ht‘s let g o`gss hssud hl g o`gsshog` sdlsd.

^dshstglod te lde`hndrg`hsj ogl eoour hl g lujndr eb ih﬋drdlt wgys. Hl jy wera H strdss tmgt tmd pehlt gt  wmhom vg`ud hs rdg`hzdi hs g`se g pehlt eb tdlshel. tdlshel.

Ie yeu tmhla wd tg`a tee juom gneut lde`hndrg`hsj gli tee `htt`d gneut ogphtg`hsj5 Vmdl hs ht gppreprhgtd te usd eld er tmd etmdr tdrj, gli wmgt grd tmd rhsas hlve`vdi hl oel﬎gthlf tmdj5

Rg`ud hs preiuodi hl tmd `gner preodss, gli tmhs hs g vdry hjpertglt gspdot eb o`gss struff`d. Nut vg`ud hs rdg`hzdi hl tmd jgradt tmreufm sg`d, gli tmdrd‘s g `et eb pe`hthos te tmgt.

Jgly `hndrg`s sgy tmgt lde`hndrg`hsj mgs feld tee bgr hl tdrjs eb hloejd hldqug`hty, hldqug`hty, tmgt g`` tmhs prhvgthzgthel mgs feld tee bgr, tmgt tmdrd grd g `et eb oejjel feeis tmgt wd mgvd te tgad ogrd eb, suom gs tmd dlvhreljdlt.

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[e`hty | Re`ujd 6, Hssud >

HLYD^RHDV

Ydrd grd g`se g vgrhdty eb wgys eb tg`ahlf gneut ogphtg`hsj, suom gs tmd smgrhlf doelejy, wmhom turls eut te nd mhfm`y ogphtg`hzdi gli mhfm`y dxp`ehtgthvd. Ydrd‘s tmd lethel eb dtmhog` ogphtg`hsj, wmhom turls eut te shjp`y nd gneut ndhlf rdgselgn`y meldst hlstdgi eb stdg`hlf. _e tmdrd hs tmd pesshnh`hty hl sejd pdep`d‘s jhlis eb sejd sert eb rdberj eb tmd lde`hndrg` eridr hlte sejd etmdr berj eb ogphtg`hsj. H tmhla ht‘s pesshn`d tmgt yeu ogl jgad g ndttdr ogphtg`hsj tmgl tmgt wmhom ourrdlt`y dxhsts. Nut let ny juom.

[e`hty | Re`ujd 6, Hssud >

Yd buligjdltg` pren`djs grd gotug``y se iddp rhfmt lew tmgt tmdrd hs le wgy tmgt wd grd fehlf te fe glywmdrd  whtmeut g vdry strelf glthogphtg`hst jevdjdlt. _e H  weu`i wglt te put tmhlfs hl glthogphtg`hst tdrjs rgtmdr tmgl putthlf tmdj hl glth-lde`hndrg` tdrjs.  Gli H tmhla tmd iglfdr hs, wmdl H `hstdl te pdep`d tg`ahlf gneut glth-lde`hndrg`hsj, tmgt tmdrd hs le sdlsd tmgt ogphtg`hsj hs htsd`b, hl wmgtdvdr berj, g pren`dj. Jest glth-lde`hndrg`hsj bgh`s te idg` whtm tmd jgorepren`djs eb dli`dss oejpeuli frewtm ’ doe`efhog`, pe`hthog`, gli doelejho pren`djs. _e H weu`i rgtmdr nd tg`ahlf gneut glthogphtg`hsj tmgl glth-lde`hndrg`hsj.

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