Negocios Internacionales
November 16, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Ketbfraetbs mbi bqukpc 1. Atau Zahèrbz, Pciskrë Frbika :. Páe`lbz @aec, Kváe Pbrfkc 0. Páe`lbz Hcrðe, Oarbe [uikssa =. ^bia Crtbfa, Pbjastkáe Aicesc
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KEMK@B7 1. Aspb`tcs Fbebraibs mbi paès c b`cechèa............................................................ .......................................................................................... .............................. 0 1.1. Echjrb `chpibtc mbi paès c b`cechèa, hapa, ujk`a`kð ujk`a`kðee (`cetkebetb), árba be Oh:, `apktai, paèsbs ikhètrcnbs, ctras `kumambs khpcrtaetbs, pcjia`kðe pcjia`kðe,, prke`kpaibs pubrtcs, `ikha y `ikha y ......................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................... .....0 abrcpubrtcs. ................................................................... 1.:. Zbsuhbe mb ia lkstcrka mbi paès. .......................................................... ................................................................................................... .........................................0 1.0. Trke`kpai Trke`kpaibs bs bhprbsas ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.=. Trke`kpai Trke`kpaibs bs jae`cs .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................2
Jae`c @betrai mb Iuxbhjurfc. ........................................................... .................................................................................................... ......................................... 2
Jaequb bt @akssb m'Ëparfeb mb i'Ëtat. .......................................................... ........................................................................................ .............................. 2
JFI JET Tarkjas. .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................2
Jae`c Ketbrea`kceai mb @rëmktc y @chbr`kc ............................................................ ............................................................................... ................... 2
:.
Aeáiksks mb ias Nubrzas Ketbreas.......................................................................................................... Ketbreas..........................................................................................................>
:.1. Trke`kpai Trke`kpaibs bs prcmu`tcs mb bxpcrta`kðe (hcstrar fránk`cs be vaicr NCJ RPM mb ics ÷itkhcs mcs añcs) ............................................................ ............................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................> :.:. Trke`kpaibs hbr`amcs mb bxpcrta`kðe mb ics ÷itkhcs mcs añcs. ..............................................> :.0. Trke`kpai Trke`kpaibs bs prcmu`tcs mb khpcrta`kðe (hcstrar fránk`cs be vaicr @KN RPM mb ics ÷itkhcs mcs añcs) ............................................................ ............................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................> :.=. Trke`kpaibs hbr`amcs mb `uaibs sb la khpcrtamc ics ÷itkhcs mcs añcs. ............................... < :.2. Bxpik`ar ics aspb`tcs mb ketbfra`kðe b`ceðhk`a7 A`ubrmcs Huitkiatbraibs Huitkiatbraibs qub tkbeb bi paès, a quë Jicqubs Zbfkceaibs pbrtbeb`b y quë a`ubrmcs `chbr`kaibs tkbeb. ......................... 14 :.>. Kmbetknk`ar sk bi Tbr÷ y bi paès askfeamc tkbebe aif÷e framc mb ketbfra`kðe7 a`ubrmcs `chbr`kaibs, jicqubs, `uhjrbs, ncrcs `ce ics qub sb pubma jbebnk`kar ia a`tkvkmam `chbr`kai kmbetknk`aemc qub tkpc vbetagas tkbeb para ahjcs paèsbs. .............................................................. .............................................................. 14 :.6. Kmbetknk`ar uea PtartRp, mbnkekr qub ic `ara`tbrkza `chc Ptartup, su hcmbic mb ebfc`kcs pcr ketbrebt (J:J, J:@, @:@), y `ðhc fbebra kefrbscs (Nrbbhkue, Pus`rkp`kðe, bt`) .............. 14 0.
Aeáiksks mb ias Nubrzas Bxtbreas ....................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................14
0.1. @RI]RZAIBP ........................................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... .............................................................14
0.:. B@CEÐHK@AP [ PC@KAIBP ................................................................... ................................................................... ¡Brrcr! Har`amcr ec mbnkekmc. 0.0. NKEAE@KBZAP ........................................................... .............................................................................................................................. ......................................................................... ...... 1: 0.=. TCIÈ]K@C / IBFAIBP ..................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ..................................................10 0.2. AHJKBE]AIBP ......................................................... ............................................................................................................................ ......................................................................... ...... 10 =.
@ce`iuskcebs7 ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................1=
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Jkjikcfranèa .............................................................. .................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................... ... 1=
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1. Aspb`tcs Fbebraibs mbi paès c b`cechèa 1.1.
Echjrb `chpibtc mbi paès c b`cechèa, hapa, ujk`a`kðe (`cetkebet (`cetkebetb), b), árba be Oh:, `apktai, paèsbs ikhètrcnbs, ctras `kumambs khpcrtaetbs, pcjia`kðe, prke`kpaibs prke`kpaibs pubrtcs, `ikha y abrcpubrtcs. Iuxbhjurfc, echjrb `chpibtc Bi Frae Mu`amc mb Iuxbhjurfc, ue pbqubñc paès ujk`amc be Burcpa ia partb `betrai `betrai mbi `cetkebetb, ikhktb ikhktbss `ce Nrae`ka, Aibhaeka y Jë Jëifk`a ifk`a ? tkbeb ue árba mb :2 Oh:, `ce uea pcjia`kðe mb 2;4,>>6 lajktaetbs be bi añc :416 , ia `apktai bs Iuxbhjurfc uea mb sus `kumambs khpcrtaetbs sce Bs`l-sur-Aizbttb y Mknnbrmaefb ? muraetb bi añc ia tbhpbratura fbebraihbetb varka mb -1@ a :=@?Bi abrcpubrtc ketbrea`kceai mb Iuxbhjurfc bs bi ÷ek`c arbcpubrtc ketbrea`kceai mb Iuxbhjurfc y bi ÷ek`c paès `ce uea pksta pavkhbetama ujk`ama a > Oh mbi `betrc mb Iuxbhjurfc be uea ic`aikmam iiahama Nkembi.
1.:.
Zbsuhbe mb ia lkstcrka mbi paès.
Bmam Aetkfua y Hbmkbvai Bi tbrrktcrkc qub a`tuaihbetb c`upa nub crkfkeaihbetb pcjiamc pcr ics trëvbrcs, uea trkju mb crkfbe jbifa. Biics lajktarce ia rbfkðe lasta bi añc mb ia `cequksta rchaea be 20 a. @. Airbmbmcr mbi skfic ^, muraetb ia Bmam Hbmka, ics nrae`cs sb apcmbrarce mb bstb tbrrktcrkc qub hás ambiaetb pasð a ncrhar partb mb ctrcs rbkecs, `chc Austraska (be bi ecrbstb mbi rbkec nrae`c), Ictarkefka y, pcr ÷itkhc, bi Pa`rc Khpbrkc Zchaec Fbrháek`c. Ia lkstcrka iuxbhjurfubsa sb rbhceta a ics tkbhpcs mb ics rchaecs, sb `ceskmbra qub `chkbeza mb ncrha prcpkahbetb mk`la be bi añc ;>0 `ce ia amquksk`kðe mb Iu`kikejurlu` (a`tuaihbetb bi @astkiic mb Iuxbhjurfc) pcr Pkfnrkmc, `cemb mb ias Armbeas.
0
Bmam Hcmbrea Hcmbrea Zb`kjkmc be lbrbe`ka pcr bi bhpbramcr @arics ^ y traeshktkmc a su lkgc Nbikpb KK be 1222, pbrhaeb`kð be haecs mb Bspaña lasta 161= be qub, pcr bi tratamc mb Zastatt, nub `bmkmc a ia ièeba austrka`a mb ia mkeastèa mb Iuxbhjurfc. Bmam @cetbhpcráeba Be 16;2 nub `cequkstamc pcr ia Nrae`ka, pbrc tras ia mbrrcta eapcibðek`a y bi ]ratamc mb Tarès mb 12; qubmaemc jagc scjbraeèa mb Jëifk`a y ics Taèsbs Jagcs. Bstcs tratamcs rbmugbrce frae partb mb su tbrrktcrkc, ai hkshc tkbhpc ke`rbhbetae su kembpbembe`ka, ic qub sb `cenkrhð mbspuës mb ia @rksks mb Iuxbhjurfc be 16.Nub c`upamc pcr Aibhaeka muraetb ia K.F.H.. Be 1;=4 nub c`upamc pcr Lktibr. ]ras ia KKF.H., Iuxbhju Iuxbhjurfc rfc `ce`brtð ue pa`tc `ce Jëifk`a y Lciaema, `ce ics qub ncrhð bi Jbebiux (1;=6). Be 1;=; sb amlkrkð a ia C]AE y be ics añcs 24 nub uec mb ics Bstamcs nuemamcrbs mb ias @chuekmambs Burcpbas.Mbsmb ics kek`kcs be 1;;; ncrha partb mb ia Rekðe Hcebtarka Burcpba. Ics prke`kpaibs partkmcs sce bi `rkstkaec-sc`kai y bi sc`kai.
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1.0.
Trke`kpaib Trke`kpaibss bhprbsas
1.=.. 1.=
Trke` Trke`kpaibs kpaibs jae`cs Jae`c @betrai mb Iuxbhjurfc.
Jaequb bt @akssb m'Ëparfeb mb i'Ëtat.
JFI JET Tarkjas.
Jae`c Ketbrea`kceai mb @rëmktc y @chbr`kc
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:. Aeáiksks mb ias Nubrzas Ketbreas :.1.
Trke`kpaib Trke`kpaibss prcmu`tcs mb bxpcrta`kðe (hcstrar fránk`cs be vaicr NCJ RPM mb ics ÷itkhcs mcs añcs) Trcmu`tcss mb bxpcrta`kðe mb Iuxbhjurfc sce haqukea y bqukpahkbetcs, - Trcmu`tc prcmu`tcs mb a`brc, prcmu`tcs quèhk`cs, prcmu`tcs mb `au`lc y vkmrkc.
:.:.
Trke`kpaib Trke`kpaibss hbr`amcs mb bxpcrta`kðe mb ics ÷itkhcs mcs añcs. -
Iuxbhjurfc tkbeb `chc prke`kpaib prke`kpaibss hbr` hbr`amcs amcs mb bxpcrta`kðe a Ai Aibhaeka, bhaeka, Jëifk`a y Nrae`ka, qub sce bi :6,:2% ? 1=,>0% y 1=,2=% mbi tctai mb ia bxpcrta`kcebs mbi paès.
:.0.
Trke`kpaib Trke`kpaibss prcmu`tcs mb khpcrta`kðe (hcstrar fránk`cs be vaicr @KN RPM mb ics ÷itkhcs mcs añcs) - Añ Añc c :41>7 Bi vaicr tctai mb khpcrta`kceb khpcrta`kcebss (@KN) be Iuxbhjurfc nub mb 1;,1:0 hkiicebs mb RPM. RPM.
Añ c :4167 Añc Bi va vaicr icr tctai mb kh khpcrta`kcebs pcrta`kcebs (@KN) be Iuxbhjurfc nub mb :1,461 hkiicebs mb RPM. -Pbf÷e bi frank`c mb VK]P (Vcrim Ketbfratbm Pciu`kce) -
>
TZKE@KTAIBP TZCMR@]CP MB KHTCZ]A@KÐE 7 Iuxbhjurfc tkbeb `chc tcp 2, ics skfukbetbs prcmu`tcs be khpcrta`kðe7
@c`lbs Hbmk`ahbetcs bevasamcs bevasamcs Zbnkeamc mb Tbtrðibc Tbtrðibc Mkahaetbs Tbtrði Tb trði bc @rumc @rumc
($0=,< Hkibs mb hkiicebs) ($1;,0 Hkibs mb hkiicebs) ($17 Añc Ics prke`kpaibs hbr`amcs mb khpcrta`kðe para Iuxbhjurfc be bi añc :41> nubrce ics skfukbetbs7
Jëifk`a Aibhaeka Nrae`ka Bstamcs Rekmcs @lkea
:;,=2% :=,:>% 14,=0% 6,44% 2,66%
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Añc Añ c :4167 Ics prke`kpaibs hbr`amcs mb khpcrta`kðe para Iuxbhjurfc be bi añc :41> nubrce ics skfukbetbs7 0:,4:% Jëifk`a :=,;6% Aibhaeka 11,= ias nkeae`kbras y mb sbfurcs. A`tuaihbetb sb ujk`a be biia`chbr`kc hkecrksta, traespcrtb, lcstbibrèa, ia rbstaura`kðe, bmu`a`kðe, saium y ics ichaycrksta s sbrvk`kcsysc`kaibs (:6.:%) (:6bi .:%) (16.1%) ia (12, 0%) Zbspb`tkvahb Zbspb`tkvahbetb. etb. ia Iuxbhjurfc tkbeb trbs ibefuas cnk`kaibs7 bi aibháe, bi nrae`ës, y bi Iuxbhjurfubs.
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Zbikfkðe (khpcrtae`ka y tras`bembe`ka be ics EEKK mbi paès bibfkmc) Ia haycr partb mb ia pcjia`kðe iuxbhjurfubsa, bs `rbybetb (;2, 4=%). Ia rbikfkðe hás bxtbemkma bs bi `rkstkaekshc, `ce ue ;1, 4>% mb pbrsceas qub ic skfube y prcnbsae. Hkbetras qub bi mcs, >% mb ia pcjia`kðe skfub ias rbikfkcebs ec `rkstkaeas.
@ara`tbrèstk` @a ra`tbrèstk` as `uit `uituraibs uraibs kh khpcrt pcrtaetbs aetbs ai la`br EE EEKK KK.. Ia `uitura mb Iuxbhjurfc sb `ara`tbrkza prke`kpaihbetb a su mbsarrciic nubrtb be ia b`cechèa qub tkbeb, ambhás qub bsta `uitura la`b rbnbrbe`ka ias `uituras mb Burcpa mbi `betrc, ic `uai sb ic`aikza be ia partb mb ia ea`kðe pbqubña mb Burcpa. Ai ncrhar partb mb ia Rekðe Burcpba y bi tbebr `cestktukmc uea hcearquèa `cestktu`kceai y pariahbetarka, tkbebe uea b`cechèa nubrtbhbetb mbsarrciiama. mbsarrciiama. Ia pcjia`kðe mb Iuxbhjurfc sb `ara`tbrkza pcr ic a`cfbmcra qub bs, ambhas mb tbebr uea vkma ec`turea huy aekhama. Ic hás rbprbsbetaetb mb Iuxbhjurfc bs Ib @lbhke mb ia @crek`lb,, bstb iufar bs `ceskmbramc pcr hu`lcs bi iufar hás jbiic mb Burcpa. Ib @latbau mb ^kaembe ,bs ue `astkiic qub nub `cestrukmc be ics skfics \K y \K^. Huiibrtlai ]raki, bs ue sbembrc eaturai para pra`tk`ar sbembrkshc.
Fránk`c mb ias mkhbeskcebs `uitur `ui turaibs aibs mb L Lcnst cnst bmb y a aeáiksk eáiksk s mb ics rbsuitamcs mbi paès bibfkmc. AEÁIKPKP Ik`be`ka mb pcmbr sb rbnkbrb a ia sktua`kðe mb ics gbrarquèas pcr partb mb aqubiics qub bstáe ajagc has ec be ia `÷spkmb mb biias. Pb pubmb ketbrprbtar hb mkbetb uea hbmkma mcemb sb a`bptae cpkekcebs mb supbrkcrbs ske `ubstkceahkbetc c be qub sb skbetbe be `cenkaeza para mknbrkr `ce bi supbrkcr. @ama paès haetkbeb su mkstae`ka mb pcmbr pbrc Iuxbhjurfc haetkbeb bsta mbs`rkp`kðe.
Taks
Mkstae`ka mb pcmbr
Iuxbhjurfc
=4
Tcsk`kce mb Mkstae`ka mb T. 1=
11
0.:. NKEAE@KBZAP
Hcebma mbi paè paèss askfeamc, tras`b tras`bembe`ka embe`ka b khpcrtae` khpcrtae`ka ka a ekvbi mb ia rbfkð rbfkðee y huemkai. Ia hcebma mb Iuxbhjurfc skfub mbsbhpbñaemc ue papbi nuemahbetai be bi mbsarrciic mbi sb`tcriuxbhjurfuës nkeae`kbrc mbi nub paès.ia Bi paès tbeèa mcs gubfcs mb hcebmas betrb 1
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