September 15, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Ykct CF81 F` ” M`ktr`eeckj w`rbpeomi dioetd cssuis Eiorkckj `utm`li 3 S`u wcee hi ohei t` ofvcsi tdi `rjokcsotc`k `k o rokji `n m`ll`k w`rbpeo w`rbpeomi mi dioetd cssuis okf/`r dozorfs
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ckmeufckj d`w tdisi mok hi ossissif okf m`ktr`eeif.
3.?1 @mmupotc`koe dioetd sirvcmis okf iquoecty ck tdi w`rbpeomi Vdi prckmcpeis okf hikincts `n v`motc`koe ridohcectotc`k Vdi Hoscm Wrckmcpeis `n tdi Hc`-Wsymd`s`mcoe Hc` -Wsymd`s`mcoe L`fie Vdi hc`-psymd`s`mcoe l`fie l`fie `n dioetd okf ceekiss cs o nroliw`rb tdot stotis tdot cktiromtc`ks hitwiik hc`e`jcmoe, psymd`e`jcmoe, okf s`mcoe nomt`rs fitirlcki tdi mousi, lokcnistotc`k, okf `utm`li `n wieekiss okf fcsiosi. Dcst`rcmoeey, p`pueor tdi`rcis ecbi tdi koturi virsus kurturi fihoti p`sctif tdot oky `ki `n tdisi nomt`rs wos sunncmcikt t` mdokji tdi m`ursi `n fivie`plikt. Vdi hc`-psymd`s`mcoe l`fie orjuis tdot oky `ki nomt`r cs k`t sunncmcikt. Ct cs tdi cktirpeoy hitwiik pi`pei's jikitcm lobiup (hc`e`jy), liktoe dioetd okf hidovc`ur (psymd`e`jy), okf s`mc`-mueturoe ikvcr`klikt (s`mcoe w`ref) tdot fitirlcki tdi m`ursi `n tdicr dioetd-rieotif `utm`lis. `utm`lis.
Vdi Hc`-psymd`s`mcoe l`fie `n dioetd Dioetd pr`l`tc`k lust offriss oee tdrii nomt`rs, os o jr`wckj h`fy `n smciktcncm ectiroturi sujjists tdot ct cs tdi m`lhckotc`k `n dioetd stotus, pirmiptc`ks `n dioetd, okf s`mc`-mueturoe horrcirs t` ommissckj dioetd mori tdot ckneuikmi tdi ecbiecd``f `n o potcikt ikjojckj ck dioetd-pr`l`tckj hidovc`urs, ecbi tobckj lifcmotc`k lifcmotc`k,, pr`pir fcit, `r kutrctc`k, okf ikjojckj ck pdyscmoe omtcvcty. N`r ixolpei, o f`mt`r wd` cjk`ris tdi hc`-psymd`s`mcoe l`fie loy hi os m`lpossc`koti m`lpossc`koti okf itdcmoe os tdi kixt, yit m`lpossc`k okf itdcms oe`ki wcee k`t diep o pdyscmcok t` n`rlueoti ok innimtcvi cktirviktc`k n`r ok ostdlo sunnirir wd` m`ktckuis t` sl`bi, `r o 97-yior-`ef w`lok w`lok wctd o nolcey dcst`ry `n hriost mokmir wd` "n`rjits" t` pirn`rl hriost sien-ixolckotc`ks sien-ixolckotc`ks okf wd` dos mokmieeif dir eost tdrii okkuoe mdimb-ups himousi sdi wos "t`` husy" ot w`rb.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ? `n 864
Vdi clp`rtokmi `n —rios`kohei ofaustlikts– n`r w`rbirs wctd pdyscmoe okf liktoe cee-dioetd cee -dioetd Vdiri ori o siviroe rios`ks wdy ilpe`yirs sd`uef lobi rios`koh rios`kohei ei ofaustlikts n`r pi`pei wctd pdyscmoe okf liktoe dioetd m`kfctc`ks. Nr`l o eijoe p`ckt `n vciw, tdi Iquoecty Omt (87?7) `uteckis ok ilpe`yir–s futy t` lobi rios`kohei ofaustlikts n`r pi`pei wctd fcsohcectcis ck `rfir t` t ` iksuri tdot tdiy dovi tdi soli ommiss t` ivirytdckj tdot ckv`evis jockckj `r biipckj ilpe`ylikt os o k`k-fcsoheif pirs`k. Nr`l o husckiss p`ckt `n vciw, pr`omtcvi lokojilikt lokojilikt `n ilpe`yiis– liktoe okf pdyscmoe dioetd mok pr`fumi o rokji `n hikincts n`r ilpe`yirs. Vdisi ckmeufi rifumtc`k `n scmbkiss ohsikmi, jriotir stonn ikjojilikt ikjojilikt okf pr`fumtcvcty, okf rifumif stonn turk`vir, rimructlikt, okf m`sts. Lobckj o niw sloee ofaustlikts t` ikohei o w`rbir t` m`ktckui f`ckj tdicr a`h cs nor eiss ixpikscvi tdok tdi m`sts `n rimructckj okf trockckj o kiw ilpe`yii. Omm`rfckj t` tdi (YB) Iquoecty okf Dulok Xcjdts M`llcssc`k, M`llcssc`k, tdi oviroji m`st cs aust £:9 ” wctd loky ofaustlikts m`stckj k`tdckj!
Vdi r`ei okf hikincts `n —pri-peomilikt– ossisslikt Ck s`li m`uktrcis, ct cs eijoe t` lobi a`h mokfcfotis ukfirj` o dioetd ossisslikt hin`ri o a`h `nnir cs lofi. Ck `tdir m`uktrcis, sumd os tdi YB, tdcs cs ceeijoe. Ck sumd sctuotc`ks, tdi `rjokcsotc`k mok `key riqucri o pri-peomilikt dioetd ossisslikt ontir tdi a`h `nnir dos hiik lofi. Vdcs ov`cfs fcsmrclckotc`k ojockst tdi scmb okf fcsoheif. Vdi pri-peomilikt dioetd ossisslikt cs tdiri t`1 • • •
Iksuri tdot oee kiw w`rbirs ori lifcmoeey nct t` nuence tdi futcis okf risp`kschcectcis `n tdi a`h okf m`kscfir ofaustlikts tdot m`uef hi lofi t` osscst tdi pirs`k ck tdi r`ei. Ossiss wditdir tdi a`h loy ofvirsiey onnimt tdi kiw w`rbir–s dioetd, okf wditdir oky ixtro primoutc`ks ori kiifif. Wr`vcfi o rim`rf `n dioetd ckn`rlotc`k os o stortckj p`ckt n`r m`lporcs`k hin`ri w`rb hijcks, sumd os o diorckj tist `k o w`rbir hin`ri hijckkckj w`rb ck o k`csi dozorf orio t` ossiss tdicr hosiecki eivie `n diorckj.
Vdi pri-peomilikt ossisslikt oes` `nnirs tdi `pp`rtukcty n`r kiw w`rbirs t`1 •
Ykfirstokf tdicr r`ei l`ri nueey okf hi lofi owori `n kimissory primoutc`ks.
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Ximicvi ixpeokotc`ks rijorfckj rijorfckj wdik pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt cs kiifif, okf d`w ct ccss t` hi w`rk. Hi cktr`fumif t` tdi `viroee pdce`s`pdy `n dioetd okf sonity ck tdi `rjokcsotc`k `rjokcsotc`k..
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]`li `n tdi hikincts `n pri-peomilikt ivoeuotc`ks ckmeufi1 • • • • •
Oppr`prcoti pocrckj `n tdi oppecmokt t` tdi `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe riqucrilikts `n tdi a`h. Fcsm`viry `n dioetd m`kfctc`k(s) tdot loy peomi tdi sonity `r dioetd `n tdi oppecmokt `r `tdirs ot rcsb. O hoscs n`r fitirlckckj oky rios`kohei ocfs `r ofaustlikts tdot ori kiifif (n`r ixolpei, siks`ry ocfs, spimcoe w`rbstotc`ks, offctc`koe fivcmis, rie`motc`k `n o w`rbstotc`k, okf/`r spimcoe porbckj). O hosiecki `n dioetd stotus s` nuturi liosurilikts mok fitirlcki wditdir oky w`rbpeomi ixp`suris dovi pr`vik fitrcliktoe t` tdi w`rbir's dioetd. Bk`weifji `n nolcey dioetd pr`heils s` ofvcmi `k ecnistyei mdokjis mok hi pr`vcfif, wdcmd mok diep rifumi pirc`fs `n w`rbir ohsikmi, striss, `r fimriosif pr`fumtcvcty.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 8 `n 864
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O hoscs n`r rieotc`ksdcp wctd tdi w`rbir's supirvcs`rs rijorfckj p`tiktcoe ilirjikmy sctuotc`ks (n`r ixolpei, cksueck-fipikfikt fcohitis, m`kvuescvi fcs`rfirs). M`lpecokmi wctd e`moe eijoe riqucrilikts n`r mirtock a`h motij`rcis, sumd os prclory ifumotc`k okf dioetd mori. Liosurilikt `n psymd`e`jcmoe psymd`e`jcmoe stotus s` pr`pir rinirroe t` m`uksieeckj s`urmis mok ovirt nuturi a`hrieotif striss.
Lokojckj e`kj-tirl scmbkiss ohsikmi okf mopohcecty (wctd rinirikmi t` jucfokmi KJ?6> pr`fumif hy tdi YB–s Kotc`koe Ckstctuti n`r Dioetd okf Mori Ixmieeikmi (KCMI)) Vdiri cs k` m`ll`key m`ll`key ojriif finckctc`k `n e`kj-tirl `r sd`rt-tirl scmbkiss ohsikm ohsikmi. i. Vdi YB Kotc`koe Ckstctuti n`r Dioetd okf Mori Ixmieeikmi (KCMI) jucfokmi (KJ ?6>) finckis e`kj-tirl scmbkiss ohsikmi (ckmeufckj rimurrckj e`kjtirl scmbkiss ohsikmi) os ohsikmis nr`l w`rb eostckj n`ur `r l`ri wiibs.
Ckctcoe Ikqucrcis t` hi lofi hy tdi Ilpe`yir Hin`ri ?8 wiibs (cfioeey ontir 8 t` > wiibs) ontir scmbkiss ohsikmi hijok (`r n`ee`wckj rimurrckj ipcs`fis `n scmbkiss ohsikmi), s`li`ki suctohey trockif (i.j. ok `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dioetd pdyscmcok, kursi, dulok ris`urmi spimcoecst `r tdi pirs`k's ecki lokojir) sd`uef m`ktomt tdi w`rbir wd` dos tobik e`kj-tirl scmbkiss eiovi `r rimurrckj sd`rt- `r e`kj-tirl scmbkiss ohsikmi okf lobi ckctcoe ikqucrcis rijorfckj1 •
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Vdi rios`ks n`r scmbkiss ohsikmi Zditdir tdiy dovi rimicvif oppr`prcoti triotlikt D`w ecbiey ct cs tdot tdiy wcee wc ee riturk t` w`rb Oky pirmicvif (`r omtuoe) horrcirs t` riturkckj t` w`rb (ckmeufckj tdi kiif n`r w`rbpeomi ofaustlikts)
Vdi pirs`k sd`uef m`kscfir tdi w`rbir's oji, jikfir, okf tdi typi `n w`rb tdiy f`. Vdisi nomt`rs loy onnimt tdicr spiif `n rim`viry okf ohcecty t` riturk t` w`rb. Oes`, m`kscfir oky ckmiktcvis `r nckokmcoe cssuis wdcmd loy ikm`uroji `r fcsm`uroji o riturk t` w`rb (n`r ixolpei, oky clpomt `k poy). Cn omtc`k cs riqucrif, m`kscfir cn o fitoceif ossisslikt ossisslikt cs kiifif t` t ` fitirlcki wdot cktirviktc`ks `r sirvcmis ori riqucrif okf t` fivie`p o riturk-t`-w`rb peok.
Fitoceif Ossisslikt hy tdi Ilpe`yir Cn tdi ckctcoectossisslikt ossissl ikt dos sd`wk`ntdot o fitoceif ossisslikt cs kiifif, orrokji m`uef n`r tdickmeufi rieivokt spimcoecst ukfirtobi (`r fcnnirikt ospimts ct) wctd tdi w`rbir. Vdi fitoceif ossisslikt `ki `r l`rit` `n tdi n`ee`wckj1 • • • • • •
Jittckj nurtdir spimcoecst ofvcmi `k fcojk`scs okf triotlikt `r tdi t di kiif n`r nurtdir tists t ists `r scmb eiovi. Vdcs m`uef hi omdcivif tdr`ujd o rinirroe t` ok `mmupotc`koe dioetd ofvcsir, o JW wctd `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dioetd ixpircikmi `r t` ok`tdir dioetd spimcoecst sumd os o pdysc`tdiropcst. Ysi `n o smriikckj t``e t` ossiss d`w ecbiey ct cs tdi w`rbir wcee riturk t` w`rb. O m`lhckif cktirvciw okf w`rb ossisslikt. Fimcfckj wditdir oky cktirviktc`ks `r sirvcmis ori kiifif. Fivie`pckj o riturk-t`-w`rb peok.
M`lhckif Cktirvciw okf Z`rb Ossisslikt Vdcs sd`uef ckv`evi `ki `r l`ri spimcoecsts okf tdi ecki lokojir. Ct sd`uef ivoeuoti1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji = `n 864
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Vdi w`rbir's dioetd okf s`mcoe okf ilpe`ylikt ilpe`ylikt sctuotc`k1 tdcs ckmeufis okytdckj tdot cs puttckj tdil `nn riturkckj t` w`rb. N`r ixolpei, `rjokcsotc`koe `rjokcsotc`koe strumturi okf mueturi (sumd os w`rb rieotc`ksdcps) okf d`w m`kncfikt tdiy niie oh`ut `virm`lckj tdisi pr`heils. Vdicr murrikt `r privc`us ixpircikmi `n ridohcectotc`k. Vdi tosbs tdiy morry `ut ot w`rb okf tdicr pdyscmoe ohcecty t` pirn`rl tdil (fioeckj (fioeckj wctd cssuis sumd os l`hcecty, strikjtd, okf nctkiss). Oky w`rbpeomi `r w`rb iqucplikt l`fcncmotc`ks kiifif.
Xiturk-t`-Z`rb Weok Vdi riturk-t`-w`rb peok sd`uef cfiktcny tdi typi okf eivie `n cktirviktc`ks okf sirvcmis kiifif (ckmeufckj oky psymd`e`jcmoe supp`rt) okf d`w nriquiktey tdiy sd`uef hi `nnirif. Ct m`uef oes` spimcny wditdir oky `n tdi n`ee`wckj cs riqucrif1 • • •
O jrofuoe riturk t` tdi `rcjckoe a`h hy ckmriosckj tdi d`urs okf foys w`rbif `vir o pirc`f `n tcli. O riturk t` s`li `n tdi futcis `n tdi `rcjckoe a`h. O l`vi t` ok`tdir a`h wctdck tdi `rjokcsotc`k (`k o tilp`rory `r pirlokikt hoscs).
Vdi liokckj `n ^`motc`koe Xidohcectotc`k Xidohcectotc`k okf hikincts n`r tdi Z`rbir okf Ilpe`yir ^`motc`koe ridohcectotc`k cs "o pr`miss tdot ikoheis pi`pei wctd nukmtc`koe, psymd`e`jcmoe, fivie`plikto fivie`pliktoe, e, m`jkctcvi, okf il`tc`koe clpocrlikts clpocrlikts `r dioetd m`kfctc`ks t` `virm`li horrcirs t` ommissckj, lockto locktockckj, ckckj, `r riturkckj t` ilpe`ylikt `r `tdir usinue `mmupotc`k."
Ck sclpei eokjuoji, v`motc`koe ridohcectotc`k cs wdotivir dieps s`li`ki wctd o dioetd pr`heil t` stoy ot, riturk t`, okf rilock ck w`rb. ^`motc`koe ridohcectotc`k cs fcrimtif t`, okf dos tdi prclory j`oe `n, clpr`vckj mopohcecty n`r w`rb, okf trokseotckj tdot ckt` omtuoeey w`rbckj. Vdcs loy sim`kforcey, ck tdi e`kjir tirl, eiof t` clpr`vif sylpt`ls. Vdi m`kmipt `n iorey cktirviktc`k cs miktroe t` v`motc`koe ridohcectotc`k, himousi tdi e`kjir oky`ki cs `nn w`rb, tdi jriotir tdi `hstomeis t` riturk t` w`rb okf tdi l`ri fcnncmuet v`motc`koe ridohcectotc`k him`lis. Ct cs sclpeir, l`ri innimtcvi, okf l`ri m`st-innimtcvi t` privikt pi`pei wctd m`ll`k dioetd pr`heils j`ckj `k t` e`kj-tirl scmbkiss ohsikmi. O —stippif-mori oppr`omd– storts wctd sclpei, e`w-cktikscty, e`w-m`st cktirviktc`ks wdcmd wcee hi ofiquoti n`r l`st scmb `r ckaurif w`rbirs okf pr`vcfis pr`jrisscviey l`ri cktikscvi okf strumturif cktirviktc`ks n`r td`si wd` kiif offctc`koe diep t` riturk t` w`rb. Vdcs oppr`omd oee`motis oee`motis nckcti ris`urmis l`st oppr`prcotiey okf inncmciktey t` liit ckfcvcfuoe kiifs.
Ixolpeis (Nr`l Ivcfikmi t` M`llukcty Wromtcmi ck Z`rb Xidohcectotc`k) N`ur ixolpeis ceeustroti tdot o rokji `n v`motc`koe ridohcectotc`k cktirviktc`ks ck fcnnirikt sittckjs mok hi innimtcvi n`r lusmue`sbieitoe fcs`rfirs. ?. Wriviktc`k `n e`kj-tirl scmbkiss ohsikmi ck prclory mori1
O rokf`lcsif m`ktr`eeif trcoe ck ]wifik sd`wif tdot o m`jkctcvi hidovc`uroe cktirviktc`k e`wirif tdi rcsb `n e`kjtirl scmb eiovi kcki-n`ef, m`lporif t` o m`ktr`e jr`up. Vdi potcikts dof e`wir homb pock okf pirmicvif tdilsievis ot rcsb `n e`kj-tirl pr`heils. pr`heils. Vdi cktirviktc`k m`lprcsif scx sissc`ks `n jr`up triotlikt hy o tdiropcst t` mdokji hiecins okf hidovc`urs s` tdiy m`uef m`pi hittir wctd tdicr pr`heils. Vdi m`ktr`e jr`up dof usuoe mori. 8. W`pueotc`k-hosif l`fie t` clpr`vi riturk t` w`rb1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 6 `n 864
O rokf`lcsif m`ktr`eeif trcoe ck _uihim sd`wif tdot w`rbirs wd` rimicvif o strumturif cktirviktc`k m`lhckckj meckcmoe okf `mmupotc`koe cktirviktc`ks riturkif t` w`rb 8.6 tclis nostir tdok usuoe mori. Vdi suhaimts ck o w`rbirs' m`lpiksotc`k m`lpiksotc` k sittckj dof hiik ohsikt n`r e`kjir tdok 6 wiibs fui t` homb pock. O scx-yior n`ee`w-up n`ukf tdot usuoe mori jikirotif s`li viry m`stey mosis himousi `n e`kj-tirl fcsohcecty. Vdi m`lhckotc`k m`lhckotc`k `n w`rb ridohcectotc`k okf w`rbpeomi cktirviktc`ks ot tdi suh-omuti stoji loy pr`vcfi clp`rtokt e`kj-tirl sovckjs. =. Z`rbpeomi-hosif cktirviktc`k tombeckj `hstomeis t` riturk t` w`rb1
O m`ktr`eeif trcoe ck tdi YB sd`wif tdot ok iorey psymd`s`mcoe cktirviktc`k pomboj pomboji, i, fiecvirif ot tdi w`rbpeomi, clpr`vif riturk t` w`rb tcli nr`l ?7 foys t` > foys. Vdi suhaimts wiri w`rbirs wctd lusmue`sbieitoe fcs`rfirs. Vdi cktirviktc`k pomboji, fiecvirif hy `mmupotc`koe dioetd kursis, offrissif psymd`s`mcoe `hstomeis t` rim`viry tdr`ujd o supp`rtcvi kitw`rb tdot ckmeufif ofvcmi, l`fcncif w`rb, okf m`lluk m`llukcmotc`k cmotc`k wctd tdi JW. L`fist hikincts wiri omdcivif n`r e`w m`st. 6. Ifumotc`koe cktirviktc`k1
M`eeiji eimturir F`kky Jeumbstick, o ukc`k riprisiktotcvi wctd ]m`ttcsd tiomdckj ukc`k IC] (Ifumotc`koe Ckstctuti `n ]m`teokf), e`st dcs v`cmi. Nceeckj ck n`r ohsikt m`eeiojuis okf rukkckj ok cktikscvi m`ursi —lofi li d`orsi t` tdi p`ckt wdiri ivik spiobckj jiktey wos pocknue,– di socf. Dcs JW m`kncrlif di dof —opd`kco– fui t` w`rb-rieotif `virusi. Orlif wctd o scmb k`ti, di osbif n`r —rios`kohei ofaustlikts– t` hi lofi ot w`rb. —Hickj o ukc`k dioetd okf sonity rip okf dioetd okf sonity eimturir okf jittckj ofvcmi nr`l tdi IC] dioetd okf sonity `nncmcoe wos viry usinue,– di socf. Lokojiliktt risp`kfif p`sctcviey, hut ivik wctd tdi ocf `n o rofc` lcbi, eopt`p okf pr`aimt`r, dcs v`cmi himoli t`` Lokojilik wiob t` spiob. Di m`ktckuif tiomdckj, sceiktey, wctd tdi diep `n p`rtohei wdctih`orfs okf tdi t di eopt`p. F`kky's v`cmi `key stortif t` clpr`vi wdik di nckoeey j`t t` sii ok ior, k`si, okf tdr`ot spimcoecst, wd` rim`llikfif ixirmcsi ixirmcsi supirvcsif hy o spiimd tdiropcst. Di stcee usis ttdi di eopt`p okf pr`aimt`r, dos fr`ppif cktikscvi meossis, okf spriofs dcs rilockckj meossis `vir tdi wiib t` ov`cf e`kj pirc`fs `n ukhr`bik tiomdckj. Okf di woktif t` iksuri `tdirs eiork nr`l dcs pocknue eiss`k. —@ur sonity m`llcttii m`llcttii fcsmussif v`cmi mori okf lokojilikt lokojil ikt cs oeriofy ecocsckj wctd `tdir e`moe nurtdir ifumotc`k m`eeijis,– di socf. —@ki tiomdir trockckj m`eeiji ivik osbif li n`r ofvcmi `k d`w t` jit v`cmi trockckj up okf rukkckj. ]` tdi eiss`k cs - f`k't sunnir ck sceikmi. Vdiri cs o futy `n mori okf o e`t tdot mok hi f`ki n`r tdi l`st voeuohei t``e ck tdi tiomdir's t``eh`x - tdicr v`cmi.–
Hikincts `n ^`motc`koe Xidohcectotc`k Hikincts ckmeufi1 • • • • • •
Niwir stonn foys– ohsikmi fui t` ceekiss cee kiss (s`li stufcis dovi sujjistif hitwiik 87% t` >7% rifumtc`k). X`ees X`ymi, dovckj clpeiliktif ok iorey cktirviktc`k `n ridohcectotc`k pr`jrolli istclotif o sovckj `n £?? lceec`k (―^`motc`koe (―^`motc`koe Xidohcectotc`k1 Zdot Z`rbs, N`r Zd`l okf Zdik“ (Zoffiee it oe, 8774) Dcjdir ilpe`ylikt rotis liok rifumif wienori okf toxpoyir m`sts. Ilpe`yirs ritock o sbceeif, trustif, okf bk`weifjiohei w`rbn`rmi. Z`rbirs wd` ori w`rbckj jock ikdokmif istiil. Z`rbirs wd` ori w`rbckj hikinct nr`l ckmriosif nckokmcoe stohcecty.
W`sschei horrcirs t` iksuri tdi innimtcvi tdot ridohcectotc`k `n w`rbirs Vdiri cs ivcfikmi t` sujjist tdot innimtcvi v`motc`koe ridohcecto ridohcectotc`k tc`k fipikfs `k1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 9 `n 864
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Z`rb-n`musif dioetdmori Omm`ll`fotckj w`rbpeomis
H`td ori kimissory. Vdiy ori cktir-fipikfikt okf lust hi m``rfckotif. Vdi m`kmipt `n iorey cktirviktc`k cs miktroe t` v`motc`koe ridohcectotc`k, himousi tdi e`kjir oky`ki cs `nn w`rb, tdi jriotir tdi `hstomeis t` riturk t` w`rb okf tdi l`ri fcnncmuet v`motc`koe ridohcectotc`k him`lis. N`r ixolpei, w`rbirs loy hi m`kmirkif tdot1 • • • •
Xiturkckj t` w`rb wcee ofvirsiey onnimt tdicr m`kfctc`k Vdiy wcee k`t hi ohei t` m`pi wctd tdi a`h filokfs Vdiri wcee hi k` supp`rt n`r tdil M`eeiojuis loy k`t hi sylpotditcm t` tdicr kiifs
V` ril`vi tdisi, okf `tdir, horrcirs ilpe`yirs sd`uef1 • • •
Dovi o ridohcectotc`k p`ecmy Hi ohei t` `nnir suctohei r`eis furckj tdi ridohcectotc`k pirc`f Wr`vcfi diep okf ofvcmi (sumd os ok `mmupotc`koe dioetd kursi)
Zdot kiifs t` hi m`kscfirif ck o rcsb ossisslikt prc`r t` riturk t` w`rb. Ct cs clp`rtokt t` rivciw ixcstckj rcsb ossisslikts hin`ri tdi pirs`k riturks t` w`rb, `r morry `ut kiw rcsb ossisslikts. Vdi w`rb loy hi tdi prclory mousi `n tdi scmbkiss. Ck tdot mosi, ct lust hi rip`rtif okf ckvistcjotif ecbi oky `tdir w`rb-rieotif ckaury. O rivcsif rcsb ossisslikt lust cfiktcny wdot offctc`koe m`ktr`e liosuris ori kiifif t` privikt tdi cee-dioetd nr`l rimurrckj. Vdcs sd`uef ckmeufi cfiktcncmotc`k `n oky a`h `r `rjokcsotc`koe nomt`rs, wdcmd m`uef privikt rim`viry `r m`uef w`rsik tdi m`kfctc`k.
Ecocs`k wctd `tdir fcsmcpeckis ck ossissckj okf lokojckj nctkiss n`r w`rb wctd spimcncm rinirikmi t` ixcstckj dioetd pr`heils, nctkiss t` w`rb fcsmrclckotc`k. Zdik w`rbirs dovi hiik ohsikt n`r ok ixtikfif pirc`f himousi `n ceekiss `r ckaury, tdiy ori `ntik ohei t` hijck f`ckj s`li port `n tdicr w`rb qucti s`li tcli hin`ri tdiy ori nueey nct t` lokoji oee tdicr k`rloe omtcvctcis. Ct cs oewoys hittir n`r pi`pei t` biip ck m`ktomt wctd tdicr m`eeiojuis okf tdicr w`rb os lumd os p`sschei, rotdir tdok t` hi m`lpeitiey owoy nr`l ct n`r o e`kj tcli, t` privikt e`ss `n nolcecorcsotc`k okf t` locktock tdicr cktirist ck `kj`ckj pr`aimts. Cn pi`pei dof t` woct uktce tdiy wiri nueey ohei hin`ri riturkckj t` s`li w`rb loky w`uef hi ohsikt n`r o e`kj tcli. Xiturkckj t` w`rb ontir ok ixtikfif ohsikmi cs tdi hijckkckj `n o ridohcectotc`k pr`miss, rotdir tdok tdi ikf `n rim`viry. Ok ossisslikt `n nctkiss n`r w`rb ckmeufis tdi trovie t` okf nr`l, okf omtcvctcis morrcif `ut furckj w`rb, tdi ixtikt `n tdi cktrckscm filokfs `n tdi w`rb, okf tdi kimissory cktiromtc`ks wctd m`eeiojui m`eeiojuis. s. Vdi fimcsc`k t` fitirlcki wdik ok ckfcvcfuoe cs nct t` riturk t` k`rloe futcis cs usuoeey o sdorif `ki. Ck s`li m`uktrcis (sumd os tdi YB) o "Nct K`ti" cs riqucrif nr`l o f`mt`r. Vdi @mmupotc`koe Dioetd stonn mok ofvcsi oh`ut d`w tdiy hiecivi tdi pr`miss loy hist hi dokfeif hut mokk`t oewoys aufji d`w tdot loy loy nct wctd tdi p`sschcectcis p`sschcectcis ovoceohei t` tdi lokojir. lokojir. Vdi rim`viry rim`viry pr`miss cs hist ojriif ojriif ckfcvcfuoeey n`r iomd pirs`k okf loy ckv`evi tilp`rory osscjkl osscjklikt ikt t` oetirkotcvi w`rb wctdck tdi fiportlikt, `r o
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji > `n 864
jrofuotif ri-cktr`fumtc`k t` tdi k`rloe osscjkif w`rb. ]umd orrokjilikts ori oewoys tilp`rory, okf ct w`uef hi k`rloe t` rivciw pr`jriss rijueorey wctd tdi t di pirs`k m`kmirkif. Vdisi orrokjilikts sd`uef ckmeufi o rcsb ossisslikt (`r o rivciw `n `ki) t` iksuri tdot tdi w`rbir `k ridohcectotc`k cs k`t ixp`sif t` ckmriosif dioetd okf sonity rcsbs. Dulok Xis`urmis ori `ntik ck tdi hist p`sctc`k t` aufji tdi pr`jriss wdcmd s`li`ki s`li`ki lobis cn tdicr w`rb ckv`evis tilp`rory sim`kflikt sim`kflikt `r osscjklikt okf sd`uef hi ohei t` fcsmuss wdot oetirkotcvis loy hi ovoceohei ck `tdir fiportlikts t` osscst o rim`viry pr`jrolli. Vdiy oes` diep t` lokoji quistc`ks oh`ut soeory strumturi okf hikincts, wdcmd loy wiee orcsi furckj ixtikfif ohsikmi.
Vdi r`ei `n ojikmcis tdot mok supp`rt ilpe`yirs okf w`rbirs Loky m`uktrcis dovi v`motc`koe ridohcectotc`k (^X) ojikmcis tdot diep ckfcvcfuoes t` liit tdicr ilpe`ylikt j`oes, okf ilpe`yirs t` ridohcectoti w`rbirs. Ck tdi Y], iomd stoti dos o ^X ojikmy t` osscst w`rbirs t` jock ilpe`ylikt. Ck tdi YB, A`h Miktri Weus `nnirs nckokmcoe supp`rt n`r pi`pei ukohei t` w`rb okf pirs`koecsif diep t` diep pi`pei nckf w`rb. Vdiri cs oes` o wihscti moeeif dttps1//nctn`rw`rb.`rj. Nct n`r Z`rb `nnirs ofvcmi t` oky`ki e``bckj n`r diep wctd cssuis or`ukf dioetd okf w`rb. Vdisi typis `n ojikmcis mok diep ckfcvcfuoes wctd pdyscmoe `r liktoe fcsohcectcis t` `htock ilpe`ylikt okf ecvi l`ri ckfipikfiktey tdr`ujd tdi pr`vcsc`k supp`rt, sumd os m`uksieeckj, lifcmoe okf psymd`e`jcmoe psymd`e`jcmoe sirvcmis, a`h trockckj okf `tdir pirs`koecsif sirvcmis. Vdi M`kstrumtc`k Ckfustry Ofvcs`ry M`ukmce ck tdi YB (M@KCOM) ocls t` simuri hittir Dioetd okf ]onity `utm`lis ck tdi M`kstrumtc`k Ckfustry ckmeufckj tombeckj `mmupotc`koe cee dioetd okf rip`rts r ip`rts fcrimt ckt` tdi Dioetd okf ]onity Iximutcvi (D]I). Vdisi typis `n ojikmcis mok diep ckfcvcfuoes wctd pdyscmoe `r liktoe fcsohcectcis t` `htock ilpe`ylikt okf ecvi l`ri ckfipikfiktey tdr`ujd tdi pr`vcsc`k supp`rt, sumd os m`uksieeckj, lifcmoe okf psymd`e`jcmoe psymd`e`jcmoe sirvcmis, a`h trockckj okf `tdir pirs`koecsif sirvcmis.
@mmupotc`koe dioetd sirvcmis Vdi r`eis `n typcmoe `mmupotc`koe dioetd spimcoecsts Vdi @mmupotc`koe Dioetd Wdyscmcok
Ct cs tdi `mmupotc`koe pdyscmcok–s r`ei t` pr`timt okf pr`l`ti tdi dioetd okf w`rbckj ohcecty `n w`rbirs. Vdiy peoy o port ck rifumckj tdi t di ckmcfikmi `n fcsiosis okf ckaurcis, oeeivcotckj sunnirckj, okf pr`l`tckj okf pr`timtckj pi`pei–s dioetd tdr`ujd`ut tdicr ecvis. Vdi `mmupotc`koe pdyscmcok pdyscmcok cs ok ixpirt ofvcsir, s`litclis port `n tdi iktirprcsi–s sikc`r lokojilikt lokojilikt tiol, wd` mok osscst ck peokkckj okf riikjckiirckj tdi w`rb pr`miss wctd rijorf t` dioetd okf sonity, eijoe riqucrilikts, j``f husckiss okf dulok ris`urmis promtcmi. Vdi prcli risp`kschcecty n`r tdi dioetd okf sonity `n w`rbirs rists wctd ilpe`yirs. Vdi `mmupotc`koe pdyscmcok loy w`rb os port `n ok cktijrotif luetcfcsmcpeckory `mmupo `mmupotc`koe tc`koe dioetd okf sonity sirvcmi, `r loy dovi ommiss t` luetcfcsmcpeckory m`eeiojuis ck sumd o woy os t` ikohei tdi jcvckj `n oppr`prcoti ofvcmi ck rieotif nciefs `n dioetd okf sonity. Vdus tdi `mmupotc`koe pdyscmcok m``pirotis wctd loky pr`nissc`koes ckscfi okf `utscfi lifcmcki, wctdck tdi hr`of fcsmcpeckis `n dioetd okf sonity, ispimcoeey wctd sikc`r lokojilikt, eijcseot`rs okf j`virklikt. Cn pdyscmcoks ori t` lobi o loxclul m`ktrchutc`k t` w`rbirs– w`rbckj ohcecty okf dioetd
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji : `n 864
okf sonity ot w`rb, tdiri lust hi pr`pir orrokjilikts ck peomi t` iksuri tdiy ori m`lpitikt. Wr`nissc`k Wr`nissc`koe oe m`lpitikmi cs omqucrif tdr`ujd ifumotc`k, trockckj, okf ixpircikmi. Ck tdi Ykctif Bckjf`l, spimcoecsts ck `mmupotc`koee lifcmcki ukcn`rley ukfirj` omofilcm okf promtcmoe `k-tdi-a`h trockckj ukfir tdi jucfokmi `n `mmupotc`ko ukcvirscty omofilcm fiportlikts okf d`spctoe-hosif meckcmoe ukcts, okf tdi Nomuety `n @mmupotc`koe Lifcmcki (N@L) Vdi @mmupotc`koe Dioetd Kursi
Vdi ]pimcoecst @mmupotc`koe Dioetd Kursi cs o nueey trockif t rockif Xijcstirif Kursi wd`, ck offctc`k t` tdicr jikiroe kursckj ifumotc`k okf trockckj, wcee dovi ukfirtobik ok offctc`koe pirc`f `n n`rloe stufy ck `mmupotc`koe dioetd, eiofckj t` o rim`jkcsif spimcoecst quoecncmotc`k quoecncmotc`k ck `mmupotc`koe dioetd kursckj, l`st `ntik ot Ykcvirscty fijrii eivie. Vdi r`ei `n tdi spimcoecst `mmupotc`koe dioetd kursi cs prclorcey `rciktotif t`worfs1 • •
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Vdi priviktc`k `n `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe ckaury okf fcsiosi tdr`ujd o m`lpridikscvi pr`-omtcvi pr`-omtcvi `mmupotc`koe dioetd okf sonity strotijy. Vdi pr`l`tc`k `n dioetd okf w`rb ohcecty, hy n`musckj `k k`k-`mmupotc`koe, k`k-`mmupotc`koe, w`rbpeomi priviktohei m`kfctc`ks tdot, wdcest k`t mousif fcrimtey hy w`rb, loy onnimt tdi w`rbirs– ohcecty t` locktock ottikfokmi `r pirn`rlokmi ot w`rb, tdr`ujd o m`lpridikscvi w`rbpeomi dioetd pr`l`tc`k strotijy. Clpr`vckj ikvcr`kliktoe dioetd lokojilikt, lokojilikt, hy rifumckj rcsb t` tdi w`rbckj p`pueotc`k okf tdi wcfir m`llukcty, wdcmd m`ktrchutis t` tdi wcfir puhecm dioetd ojikfo.
@mmupotc`koe dioetd kursis ori tdi sckjei eorjist jr`up `n dioetd mori pr`nissc`koes ckv`evif ck w`rbpeomi dioetd lokojilikt ck Iur`pi. Ck s`li Iur`piok Lilhir ]totis, `mmupotc`koe dioetd kursis ori riqucrif hy eijcseotc`k. lokojilikt Ivik ck td`si m`uktrcis wdiri tdiri cs k` spimcncm eijoe riqucrilikt t` pr`vcfi `mmupotc`koe dioetd, sumd os ck tdi YB, tdi promtcmoe koturi okf eivie `n ixpirtcsi riqucrif t` fiecvir dcjd quoecty `mmupotc`koe dioetd sirvcmis, t` eorji p`pueotc`ks, lioks tdot eorji kulhirs `n `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dioetd kursis ori ckv`evif. Vdi @mmupotc`koe Dioetd Vimdkcmcok
Ct cs istclotif tdot tdiri ori hitwiik 9,777 okf :,777 rijcstirif @D kursis promtcsckj ck tdi YB oe`ki, okf filokf nr`l ilpe`yirs n`r @D ofvcmi okf supp`rt dos e`kj hiik `utstrcppckj suppey. Vdcs cs wdiri @D timdkcmcoks (@DVs) ori, ckmriosckjey, jittckj ckv`evif. Vdiri ori k` ncrl stotcstcms os t` d`w loky timdkcmcoks tdiri ori. Vdcs cs himousi ok ilpe`yir `ntik fcrimtey trocks ok ixcstckj w`rbir t` tobi `k vorc`us hoscm @D risp`kschcectcis. N`r @D promtctc`kirs promtcsckj ck o luetcfcsmcpeckory ikvcr`klikt, tdi offif voeui tdot pr`pirey supirvcsif timdkcmcoks mok `nnir ck tirls `n lokojckj filokf okf iosckj w`rbe`of cs ckmriosckjey hickj rim`jkcsif. @DVs ori oes` s`litclis moeeif @D ]upp`rt Z`rbirs. V` ok ixtikt, cn oee ok ilpe`yir wokts cs hoscm @D dioetd surviceeokmi, tdik o pr`pirey supirvcsif timdkcmcok m`uef hi `ki okswir. D`wivir, tdi biy cs ck tdi w`rfs "pr`pirey supirvcsif". Ok ilpe`yir oes` kiifs t` rim`jkcsi tdot cn tdiy j` tdi ixtro lcei okf tobi `k o rijcstirif @D promtctc`kir ct wcee jcvi tdil tdi neixchcecty t` `nnir l`ri t` tdicr w`rbirs. Vdi (YB) X`yoe M`eeiji `n Kursckj–s 87?? jucfokmi "X`eis okf risp`kschcectcis `n `mmupotc`koe dioetd supp`rt w`rbirs" `uteckis tdi finckctc`k okf porolitirs `n tdi @D timdkcmcok `r supp`rt w`rbir r`ei, tdi kiif n`r m`lpitikmy ck dioetd okf sonity, tdi clp`rtokmi `n meckcmoe oufct, tdi ifumotc`k okf moriir potdwoys `n tdisi s`rts `n r`eis okf tdi supirvcsc`k `n @D supp`rt w`rbirs. Vdi jucfokmi ilpdoscsis tdot timdkcmcoks okf supp`rt w`rbirs "wcee w`rb ukfir pr`nissc`koe supirvcsc`k wctdck tdi jucfokmi `n istohecsdif pr`t`m`es okf pr`mifuris".
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 4 `n 864
Ck ok @D sittckj, tdi r`ei cs ecbiey t` ckmeufi ojriif dioetd smriikckj okf surviceeokmi, dioetd ifumotc`k ifumotc`k okf m`eeimtc`k `n dioetd foto tdot m`ktrchutis t`worfs tdi ossisslikt `n dioetd rcsb orcsckj nr`l oky w`rb omtcvcty. Fipikfikt `k tdi eivie `n tdi timdkcmcok (tdi YB dos tdrii jrofis - ?, 8 okf =) risp`kschcectcis mok hi t`1 • •
Liosuri he``f prissuri, puesi, dicjdt, okf wicjdt, ckmeufckj H`fy Loss Ckfix F` urckoeyscs
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Cktirprit kiw stortir quistc`kkocris F` oufc`litry Liosuri vcsuoe omucty t` `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe stokforf Liosuri m`e`ur vcsc`k t` `mmupotc`koe stokforf F` eukj nukmtc`k tistckj t` ckmeufi piob ne`w okf spcr`litry Ossiss l`hcecty F` fruj okf oem`d`e tistckj Biip rim`rfs Ysi m`llukcmotc`k okf CV sbcees ^ikipukmturi IMJ Cktirpritotc`k `n n``f dokfeir quistc`kkocris Mdistir stip tist
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]bck ossisslikt Dokf Orl ^chrotc`k ]ykfr`li (DO^]) Ossisslikt Ossisslikt t` eivie ? okf 8 @mmupotc`koe dioetd dozorfs okf rcsb lokojilikt lokojilikt
@mmupotc`koe Dioetd Ofvcsir
Vdi ofvcsir wcee dovi sclceor quoecncmotc`ks ck @mmupotc`koe Dioetd. Vdiy ori k`t o quoecncif f`mt`r `r pdyscmcok, hut s`litclis tdiy ori o quoecncif kursi. Vdiri cs `ntik s`li `vireop wctd tdi risp`kschcectcis `n ok @D kursi. Vdi lock r`ei `n tdi ofvcsir cs t` pr`vcfi j``f quoecty ofvcmi okf supp`rt t` tdi `rjokcsotc`k–s loko lokojilikt. jilikt. Vdcs lioks ecocsckj wctd w`rbirs okf lokojirs, okf jcvckj ofvcmi `k d`w t` lokoji dioetd pr`heils. @D Ofvcsirs oes` tobi `k o strotijcm r`ei, okf diep n`rlueoti tdi `rjokcsotc`k–s vcsc`k n`r @D lokojilik lokojilikt. t. Cn tdi ]ikc`r Lokojilikt ojrii wctd tdi vcsc`k, tdi @D Ofvcsir tdik mriotis okf clpeilikts tdi peoks t` hrckj tdot vcsc`k t` ecni. Vypcmoe omtcvctcis `nnirif hy ok `mmupotc`koe dioetd sirvcmi1
Vypcmoe omtcvctcis `nnirif hy ok @D] ckmeufi1 • • • • •
Dioetd pr`l`tc`k Dioetd ossisslikt ossisslikt Ofvcmi t` lokojilikt lokojilikt Vriotlikt sirvcmis Lifcmoe okf dioetd surviceeokmi
Dioetd Wr`l`tc`k Dioetd pr`l`tc`k cs tdi pr`vcsc`k `n ofvcmi `k d`w t` rilock dioetdy wdcest ot w`rb, ckmeufckj pirs`koe ecnistyei nomt`rs sumd os fcit, ixirmcsi, sl`bckj, itm.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 3 `n 864
V` hi summissnue, w`rbpeomi dioetd pr`l`tc`k lust dovi tdi portcmcpotc`k `n w`rbirs, lokojilikt, okf `tdir stobid`efirs ck tdi clpeiliktotc`k `n a`cktey ojriif ckctcotcvis okf sd`uef diep ilpe`yirs okf w`rbirs ot oee eivies t` ckmriosi m`ktr`e `vir okf clpr`vi tdicr dioetd. Zdcei s`li dioetd pr`l`tc`k omtcvctcis ck tdi w`rbpeomi tikf t` n`mus `k o sckjei ceekiss `r rcsb nomt`r (i.j. priviktc`k `n diort fcsiosi) `r `k mdokjckj pirs`koe dioetd promtcmis okf hidovc`urs (i.j. sl`bckj, fcit), tdiri cs o jr`wckj opprimcotc`k tdot tdiri ori luetcpei fitirlckokts `n w`rbirs– dioetd. Ck offctc`k t` pirs`k-n`musif cktirviktc`ks, w`rbn`rmi dioetd pr`l`tc`k ckctcotcvis dovi l`vif t`worf o l`ri m`lpridikscvi oppr`omd oppr`omd,, wdcmd ombk`weifjis tdi m`lhckif ckneuikmi `n pirs`koe, ikvcr`kliktoe, `rjokcsotc`ko `rjokcsotc`koe, e, m`llukcty, okf s`mcitoe nomt`rs `k w`rbir wiee-hickj. O dioetd-pr`l`tckj w`rbpeomi rim`jkcsis tdot o dioetdy w`rbn`rmi cs issiktcoe t` tdi summiss `n tdi `rjokcsotc`k.
Dioetd Ossisslikt. Ossisslikt. Vdiri ori o kulhir `n typis `n dioetd ossisslikt tdot lcjdt hi morrcif `ut ck o w`rbpeomi. •
Nctkiss n`r Z`rb1 Vdi prclory purp`si `n dioetd ossisslikt nctkiss n`r w`rb cs t` lobi suri tdot ok ckfcvcfuoe cs nct t` pirn`rl tdi tosbs ckv`evif innimtcviey okf wctd`ut rcsb t` tdicr `wk `r `tdirs– dioetd okf sonity. Ct cs k`t tdi cktiktc`k t` ixmeufi o pirs`k nr`l o a`h hut t` lobi oky kimissory rios`kohei l`fcncmotc`ks `r ofaustlikts ofaustlikts t` tdi a`h t` oee`w tdi pirs`k t` w`rb inncmciktey okf soniey. Ok ossisslikt loy hi riqucrif wdik1
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Vdi ckfcvcfuoe–s dioetd m`kfctc`k loy eclct `r privikt tdil nr`l pirn`rlckj tdi a`h innimtcviey (i.j. lusmue`sbieitoe m`kfctc`ks tdot eclct ohcecty). Vdi ckfcvcfuoe–s m`kfctc`k loy hi lofi w`rsi hy tdi a`h. Vdi ckfcvcfuoe–s m`kfctc`k loy lobi mirtock a`hs okf w`rb ikvcr`klikts uksoni t` tdil pirs`koeey (i.j. ecohcecty t` suffik ukm`ksmc`uskiss ukm`ksmc`uskiss ck o dozorf`us sctuotc`k, rcsb `n foloji t` tdi rilockckj iyi ck ok ckfcvcfuoe wctd l`k`mueor vcsc`k). Vdi ckfcvcfuoe–s m`kfctc`k loy lobi ct uksoni h`td n`r tdilsievis okf n`r `tdirs ck s`li r`eis. Ilpe`ylikt dioetd ossisslikt1 Ck s`li m`uktrcis (sumd os tdi YB okf tdi Iquoecty Omt 87?7) ct cs ceeijoe n`r pr`spimtcvi ilpe`yirs t` osb quistc`ks `r cssui dioetd quistc`kkocris os port `n tdi rimructlikt pr`miss. Ilpe`yirs ori stcee pirlcttif t` lobi a`h `nnirs m`kfctc`koe `k sotcsnomt`ry dioetd mdimbs. Vdirin`ri, ilpe`yirs loy stcee osb dioetd-rieotif quistc`ks okf riqucri w`rbirs t` ukfirj` lifcmoe mdimbs `kmi o a`h dos hiik `nnirif. Vdcs dioetd ossisslikt loy eiof t` tdi `rjokcsotc`k lobckj rios`kohei ofaustlikts t` tdi pirs`k–s w`rb `r w`rbpeomi. Xiturk t` w`rb. O wiee-lokojif iorey riturk t` w`rb wcee rifumi tdi rcsb `n tdi ohsikmi him`lckj e`kjtirl (e`kj-tirl cs finckif os ok ohsikmi pirc`f `n e`kjir tdok `ki l`ktd). Ck jikiroe, pi`pei nckf ct l`ri fcnncmuet t` riturk t` w`rb ontir o e`kj-tirl ohsikmi. Ikm`urojckj o spiify riturk t` w`rb cs eckbif wctd o kulhir `n omtcvctcis tdot ori rim`jkcsif os j``f promtcmi ck tirls `n iorey riturk t` w`rb. Vdisi omtc`ks ckmeufi1
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Biipckj ck rijueor m`ktomt wctd tdi w`rbir. Xijueor m`ktomt dieps t` biip w`rb `k tdicr ojikfo okf
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`nnirs j``f `pp`rtukctcis t` peok tdi riturk t` w`rb. ]`li`ki wcee kiif t` biip ck m`ktomt okf dovi rijueor fcsmussc`ks oh`ut pr`jriss. ` Xivciwckj tdi sctuotc`k. Vdi w`rbir kiifs t` rijueorey rivciw tdicr sctuotc`k wctd tdicr f`mt`r. ` Xiturk t` w`rb fcsmussc`ks. O riturk-t`-w`rb fcsmussc`k wctd tdi pirs`k loy diep t` cfiktcny wdot mousif tdil t` j` `nn w`rb okf wdot ofaustlikts tdicr lokojir kiifs t` lobi. Vdi pirs`k loy
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?7 `n 864
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nckf ct dorf t` toeb oh`ut tdisi cssuis. Voebckj t` tdi w`rbir oh`ut tdisi t` sii cn oky ofaustlikts ot w`rb wcee diep. ` ]tojif riturk. Zdik tdi w`rbir niies riofy t` riturk t` w`rb, o 'stojif riturk', n`r ixolpei, w`rbckj port-tcli d`urs n`r tdi ncrst niw wiibs - mok diep iosi tdil homb ckt` tdicr w`rb. A`h-rieotif lifcmoe smriikckj1 Vdcs cs o lioks `n iksurckj tdot w`rbirs f` k`t dovi o dioetd m`kfctc`k tdot m`uef hi fitrcliktoe t` tdil morryckj `ut o a`h `r mirtock tosbs. Ok ixolpei loy ckmeufi1 ukm`ktr`eeif fcohitis `r ipceipsy w`uef mousi pr`heils n`r w`rbirs wd` loy dovi t` frcvi `r w`rb ot dicjdt.
Wrijkokt w`rbirs
Wrijkokmy cs k`t ok ceekiss, hut w`rbckj m`kfctc`ks k`rloeey m`kscfirif ommiptohei ommiptohei loy k` e`kjir hi soni furckj prijkokmy okf hriostniifckj. Ck loky w`rbpeomis, tdiri ori rcsbs wdcmd loy onnimt tdi dioetd okf sonity `n kiw okf ixpimtokt l`tdirs okf tdot `n tdicr mdcef. O kiw okf ixpimtokt l`tdir loy hi finckif os s`li`ki wd`1 • • •
Cs prijkokt Dos jcvik hcrtd wctdck tdi eost scx l`ktds Cs hriostniifckj
@D] mok osscst ck tdi rcsb ossisslikt pr`miss tdot sd`uef hi ukfirtobik hy ttdi di ilpe`yir wdik tdi prijkokmy him`lis bk`wk, okf ck rim`llikfckj rim`llikfckj m`ktr`e liosuri `r a`h ofaustlikts. N`r ixolpei, rifumif d`urs, tilp`rorcey st`ppckj sdcnt w`rb, ril`voe nr`l m`ktomt wctd mirtock dozorf`us ojikts.
Ixolpeis `n m`kscfirotc`ks ck ok ixpimtokt l`tdir rcsb ossisslikt (Vobik nr`l YB D]I Jucfokmi) Vdckjs t` hi m`kscfirif furckj tdi ossisslikt ckmeufi1 • • • • •
Wdyscmoe rcsbs1 sumd os k`csi, vchrotc`k, okf rofcotc`k. Mdilcmoe/Hc`e`jcmoe Mdilcmoe/Hc`e`j cmoe rcsbs1 t`xcm mdilcmoes, cknimtc`us fcsiosis, lirmury, okf eiof. Z`rbckj m`kfctc`ks1 diot okf m`ef ixtrilis, w`rb-rieotif w`rb-rieotif striss, okf rist nomcectcis. Ecntckj okf dokfeckj1 prijkokmy dos scjkcncmokt clpecmotc`ks clpecmotc`ks n`r lokuoe dokfeckj. ]cttckj `r stokfckj1 m`ktcku`us stokfckj furckj tdi w`rbckj foy loy eiof t` fczzckiss, nocktkiss, okf notcjui.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?? `n 864
Ofvcmi t` Lokojilikt @D] spimcoecsts mok pr`vcfi `rjokcsotc`k lokojilikt lokojilikt wctd tdi ixpirt ofvcmi tdot ttdiy diy kiif t` ikohei tdil t` tobi fimcsc`ks t` pr`timt tdi dioetd `n tdi w`rbn`rmi. Vdot ofvcmi lcjdt ckmeufi1 • •
Dovckj ok ckput t` rcsb ossisslikts wdiri dioetd cssuis ori ckv`evif. Ofvcsckj `k dioetd p`ecmy (sumd os sl`bckj p`ecmy, `r frujs okf oem`d`e p`ecmy) okf ofvcsckj `n pr`l`tc`k
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molpocjks. Ohsikmi lokojilikt1 lokojilikt1 d`w hist t` tombei t ombei dcjd ohsiktii rotis, ckmeufckj m`uksieeckj okf riturk t` w`rb cktirvciws.
Vriotlikt ]irvcmis. Loky w`rbpeomis, ispimcoeey eorji `rjokcsotc`ks, `nnir o rokji `n triotlikt sirvcmis t` tdi w`rbn`rmi, ckmeufckj1 • •
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Ncrst ocf1 triotlikt n`r ckaurcis sustockif furckj w`rb-rieotif omtcvctcis (`ntik o eijoe riqucrilikt) `ntik wctd k`t `key trockif ncrst ocfirs ovoceohei, hut oes` `mmupotc`koe pdyscmcoks okf kursis. Fiktoe okf Wdysc`tdiropy sirvcmis1 fiscjkif t` `nnir w`rbirs o sirvcmi wdcmd, cn k`t `nnirif, loy liok w`rbirs tobckj tcli `nn t` jit tdi triotlikt. Wdysc`tdiropy, n`r ixolpei, loy loy hi usif t` triot w`rbirs sunnirckj nr`l, sprocks, strocks, `r homb ckaurcis wdcmd loy `tdirwcsi biip tdil `nn w`rb. M`uksieeckj1 Vdi `mmupotc`koe dioetd pr`nissc`koes mok pr`vcfi supp`rt usckj m`uksieeckj okf rineimtcvi
ecstikckj sbcees. Vdcs riqucris oppr`prcoti psymd`tdiropiutcm trockckj. Vdi `mmupotc`koe dioetd tiol, himousi `n tdicr ukcqui bk`weifji `n tdi ckfcvcfuoe w`rbir, tdi typi `n w`rb okf tdi `rjokcsotc`k, `rjokcsotc`k, mok cfiktcny wdiri cktirviktc`k lcjdt hi `n hikinct. Vdicr p`sctc`k `n trust pr`vcfis o p`ckt `n m`ktomt n`r tdi ckfcvcfuoe wd` dos pirs`koe pr`heils tdot loy onnimt tdicr ohcecty t` w`rb innimtcviey. Vdicr spimcoecst bk`weifji `n tdi p`tiktcoe dozorfs okf rcsbs r csbs wctdck tdi w`rbpeomi ikoheis tdil t` ossiss, okf jcvi ofvcmi ck, sctuotc`ks sumd os1 • • • • • •
Z`rbpeomi striss Frujs okf oem`d`e ohusi Hueeyckj okf dorosslikt ^c`eikmi okf ojjrissc`k ]cmbkiss okf ohsikmi ossisslikt Dioetd surviceeokmi
Lifcmoe okf Dioetd ]urviceeokmi Zdirios `mmupotc`koe dioetd surviceeokmi m`kmirks tdi `kj`ckj, systilotcm m`eeimtc`k, okoeyscs okf fcssilckotc`k `n ixp`suri okf dioetd foto `k jr`ups `n w`rbirs n`r tdi purp`si `n priviktckj ceekiss okf ckaury, lifcmoe surviceeokmi fismrchis spimcncm omtcvctcis tdot torjit dioetd ivikts `r o mdokji ck o hc`e`jcmoe nukmtc`k `n ixp`sif pirs`ks. Ck tdi CE@ M`fi `n Wromtcmi ―]onity ck tdi usi `n mdilcmoes ot w`rb“, Xijueotc`k ?= m`kmirks Lifcmoe okf dioetd ]urviceeokmi. Ct stotis1
Lifcmoe surviceeokmi, m`kfumtif hy ok oppr`vif lifcmoe promtctc`kir, sd`uef hi usif os port `n `viroee
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dioetd surviceeokmi, ck omm`rfokmi wctd tdi `haimtcvis okf prckmcpeis `n tdi @mmupotc`koe Dioetd ]irvcmis Xim`llikfotc`k, Xim`llikf otc`k, ?349 (K`. ?:?). Dioetd surviceeokmi sd`uef oes` ckmeufi, wdiri oppr`prcoti, sclpei timdkcquis n`r tdi iorey fitimtc`k `n innimts `k dioetd. Vdisi m`uef ckmeufi ixolckotc`k okf quistc`kckj oh`ut dioetd m`lpeockts.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?8 `n 864
Ck tdi mosi `n ixp`suri `n w`rbirs t` spimcncm dozorfs, lifcmoe okf dioetd surviceeokmi sd`uef ckmeufi, wdiri
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oppr`prcoti, oky ixolckotc`k ixolckotc`k okf ckvistcjotc`ks wdcmd loy hi kimissory t` fitimt ixp`suri eivies okf iorey hc`e`jcmoe innimts okf risp`ksis. Lifcmoe surviceeokmi cs kimissory wdiri1
ct cs riqucrif hy kotc`koe eow wdikivir w`rbirs ori ecohei t` hi ixp`sif t` mdilcmoes dozorf` dozorf`us us t` dioetd2 `r
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tdi ilpe`yir cs ofvcsif hy ok `mmupotc`koe dioetd sirvcmi tdot ct cs kimissory os port `n tdi pr`timtc`k `n
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w`rbirs ixp`sif t` mdilcmoes dozorf`us t` dioetd, jcvik spimcoe ottiktc`k t` prijkokt okf hriostniifckj w`lik okf `tdir susmiptchei w`rbirs2 `r otl`spdircm `r hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj sd`w tdot tdiri m`uef hi innimts `k tdi dioetd `n o w`rbir himousi `n ixp`suri t` mdilcmoes ot w`rb okf lifcmoe surviceeokmi wcee osscst iorey fitimtc`k `n cee innimts.
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Ixp`suri t` tdi n`ee`wckj mdilcmoes loy hi oppr`prcoti n`r1
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Mdilcmoes tdot dovi o rim`jkcsif systilcm t`xcmcty, c.i. ok ckscfc`us p`cs`k`us innimt Mdilcmoes bk`wk t` mousi mdr`kcm innimts, i.j. `mmupotc`koe ostdlo Mdilcmoes bk`wk t` mousi siviri firlotctcs Mdilcmoes tdot ori bk`wk `r suspimtif mormck`jiks Mdilcmoes tdot ori bk`wk `r suspimtif tirot`jiks `r lutojiks, os smcikmi fivie`ps @tdir mdilcmoes wdiri tdiri cs o ecbiecd``f tdot tdi fcsiosi `r innimt loy `mmur ukfir portcmueor m`kfctc`ks `n tdi w`rb omtcvcty
CE@ M`fi `n Wromtcmi ―Olhcikt nomt`rs ck tdi Z`rbpeomi“ oes` spimcncis dioetd okf lifcmoe surviceeokmi riqucrilikts n`r w`rbirs p`tiktcoeey ot tdriot nr`l `mmupotc`koe cee- dioetd okf fcsiosi.
3.81 Liktoe cee-dioetd @mmupotc`koe mcrmulstokmis tdot m`uef eiof t` w`rbpeomi liktoe cee-dioetd cssuis Cktr`fumtc`k Liktoe dioetd (s`litclis rinirrif t` os —il`tc`koe dioetd– `r —wieehickj–) cs aust os clp`rtokt os j``f pdyscmoe dioetd. Liktoe dioetd cs oh`ut d`w wi tdckb, niie, okf hidovi. Okxcity okf fiprissc`k ori tdi l`st m`ll`k liktoe dioetd pr`heils. Vdiy ori `ntik o riomtc`k t` o fcnncmuet ecni ivikt, sumd os hiriovilikt, hut mok oes` hi mousif hy w`rbrieotif cssuis. Omm`rfckj t` tdi Z`ref Dioetd @rjokczotc`k (ZD@), `vir 8>7 lceec`k pi`pei sunnir nr`l fiprissc`k je`hoeey. Ct soys tdot —w`rb cs j``f n`r liktoe dioetd hut ck o kijotcvi w`rbckj ikvcr`klikt tdcs mok eiof t` pdyscmoe okf liktoe dioetd pr`heils–. ZD@ j`is `k t` stoti tdot —dorosslikt okf hueeyckj ot w`rb ori m`ll`key rip`rtif pr`heils, okf mok dovi o suhstoktcoe ofvirsi clpomt `k liktoe dioetd–. O m`ll`k lcsm`kmiptc`k lcsm`kmiptc`k cs tdot liktoe dioetd pr`heils ori `key mousif hy —d`li– cssuis, s` s`li ilpe`yirs mok niie tdot ct–s k`t oppr`prcoti, `r tdicr risp`kschcecty, t` cktirviki okf pr`vcfi supp`rt t` ilpe`yiis.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?= `n 864
Ct cs l`ri m`ll`k tdot tdi mousi `n ok ilpe`yii–s liktoe dioetd pr`heils cs o m`lhckotc`k `n cssuis rieotckj t` h`td tdicr w`rb okf prcvoti ecvis. @mmupotc`koe mcrmulstokmis mcrmulstokmis tdot m`uef mousi `r m`ktrchuti t` liktoe cee-dioetd ckmeufi1 • •
E`ki w`rbckj okf d`li w`rbckj - eiofckj pirdops t` o niieckj `n ―cs`eotc`k“. ]dcnt w`rbckj ” os o risuet `n vorcif smdifueis `r kcjdt sdcnts, seiip fiprissc`k loy m`ktrchuti t` liktoe
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cee-dioetd cssuis. Z`rbirs wd` ori suhaimtif t` w`rbpeomi ojjrissc`k, vc`eikmi, hueeyckj `r dorosslikt. dorosslikt. @rjokcsotc`koe mdokji mdokji ” eiofckj t` ukmirtockty okf w`rry `vir a`h simurcty. Dovckj t` w`rb o sim`kf a`h ” himousi `n ommulueotif fiht, `r eclctif juoroktiif d`urs ck tdi lock d`urs (s`li w`rbirs ck tdi YB dovi ―zir` juoroktiif d`urs“ m`ktromts).
Vdi clpomt `n mdr`kcm pock `k o w`rbir–s liktoe dioetd
Xisiormd dos sd`wk tdot liktoe dioetd fcs`rfirs okf mdr`kcm pock ori iomd oss`mcotif wctd w`rb fcsohcecty. Liktoe dioetd fcs`rfirs ori l`ri dcjdey oss`mcotif wctd s`li w`rb fcsohcecty `utm`lis wdik omm`lpokcif hy mdr`kcm pock, ispimcoeey ck w`lik. Vdi sivircty `n mdr`kcm pock dos hiik oss`mcotif wctd fiprissc`k, wctd tdi prisikmi `n h`td mdr`kcm pock okf fiprissc`k jcvckj rcsi t` p`sschei wctd wc td jriotir il`tc`koe fcstriss, p``rir dioetd-rieotif quoecty `n ecni, okf fimriosif pdyscmoe nukmtc`kckj rieotcvi t` td`si wctd `key `ki `n tdisi m`kfctc`ks.
Fiprissc`k okf Okxcity Fiprissc`k cs "wdik y`u dovi niieckjs `n ixtrili sofkiss, fispocr `r ckofiquomy tdot eost n`r o e`kj tcli". (YB KD] finckctc`k). Okxcity cs "ok ukpeiosokt niieckj wdik y`u niie w`rrcif, ukiosy `r fcstrissif oh`ut s`litdckj tdot loy `r loy k`t hi oh`ut t` doppik". (YB KD] finckctc`k.)
Fiprissc`k Fiprissc`k cs o l``f stoti tdot mok scjkcncmoktey clpomt ok ckfcvcfuoe–s iktcri ecni. Loa`r fiprissc`k cs o m`kfctc`k tdot j`is nor hiy`kf niieckj sof `r upsit. Fiprissc`k onnimts o pirs`k–s l``f, td`ujdts, niieckjs, hidovc`urs, okf pdyscmoe dioetd. ]iviri fiprissc`k mok risuet ck e`sckj tdi ohcecty t` niie peiosuri ck n`rlirey-ika`yohei omtcvctcis okf/`r s`mco s`mcoee rieotc`ksdcps. Wi`pei strujjeckj wctd fiprissc`k strujjei wctd o e`ss `n ikirjy okf l`tcvotc`k wdcmd mok kijotcviey ckneuikmi tdi ohcecty t` hi pr`fumtcvi ot w`rb `r smd``e. Fiprissc`k, k`tohey uktriotif fiprissc`k, cs o loa`r rcsb n`r sucmcfi fui t` tdi fiip fispocr okf d`pieisskiss fiprissc`k mousis. ]ucmcfi loy niie ecbi tdi `key woy t` ismopi tdi pock. Loky p`tiktcoe mousis n`r fiprissc`k ixcst. Ct mok hi jikitcm, liokckj tdi potcikt dos o nolcey dcst`ry `n fiprissc`k. Wirs`koe troulo okf s`urmis `n striss, sumd os o noceif rieotc`ksdcp `r o e`st a`h, mok oes` mousi fiprissc`k. ]`mcoe cs`eotc`k os tdi risuet `n m`knecmt wctd nolcey okf nrcikfs mok hi o m`ktrchut`ry nomt`r, okf mirtock lifcmotc`ks lifcmotc`ks,, sumd os dcjd he``f prissuri lifcmotc`k, dovi fiprissc`k ecstif os o p`sschei scfi innimt. Il`tc`koe sylpt`ls `n fiprissc`k ckmeufi1 • •
Zctdfrowoe nr`l s`mcoecsckj E`ss `n cktirist ck privc`usey ika`yif d`hhcis
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?6 `n 864
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M`kstokt crrctohcecty `r sofkiss M`kstokt pissclcsl Niieckjs `n ckofiquomy okf sien-e`otdckj
Wdyscmoe sylpt`ls ckmeufi1 •
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Irrotcm seiip dohcts E`ss `r ckmriosi ck oppitcti M`kstokt notcjui Lusmei omdis Diofomdis
Ck tdi sd`rt-tirl, fiprissc`k cs ecbiey t` mousi e`ss `n oppitcti, wicjdt e`ss, okf `tdir pdyscmoe sylpt`ls. Cn y`u fivie`p cks`lkco `r dypirs`lkco (seiipckj t`` lumd), y`u wcee hi notcjuif okf eitdorjcm. Ck tdi e`kj tirl, y`u mok ixpircikmi loekutrctc`k nr`l k`t iotckj ik`ujd `r him`li `hisi nr`l iotckj t`` lumd. S`u mok oes` ixpircikmi o fr`p ck sd`rt-tirl lil`ry, nckfckj ct ioscir t` n`rjit tdckjs. E`kj-tirl fiprissc`k mok oes` eiof t` sucmcfi.
Okxcity Okxcity cs o w`rf wi usi t` fismrchi niieckjs `n ukiosi, w`rry, okf nior. Ct ckm`rp`rotis ckm`rp`rotis h`td tdi il`tc`ks okf tdi pdyscmoe siksotc`ks wi lcjdt ixpircikmi wdik wi ori w`rrcif `r kirv`us oh`ut s`litdckj. Oetd`ujd wi usuoeey nckf ct ukpeiosokt, okxcity cs rieotif t` tdi —ncjdt `r necjdt– risp`ksi (`ur k`rloe hc`e`jcmoe riomtc`k t` niieckj tdriotikif. Zi oee bk`w wdot ct–s ecbi t` niie okxc`us nr`l tcli t` tcli. Ct–s m`ll`k m`ll`k t` niie tiksi, kirv`us, okf pirdops niornue ot tdi td`ujdt `n o strissnue ivikt `r fimcsc`k y`u–ri nomckj. Ispimcoeey cn ct m`uef dovi o hcj clpomt `k y`ur ecni. N`r ixolpei1 • • • • • •
]cttckj ok ixol J`ckj ckt` d`spctoe Ottikfckj ok cktirvciw ]tortckj o kiw a`h Hickj fcojk`sif wctd ok ceekiss Fimcfckj t` jit lorrcif `r fcv`rmif
Ck sctuotc`ks ecbi tdisi ct–s ukfirstokfohei t` dovi w`rrcis oh`ut d`w y`u wcee pirn`rl, `r wdot tdi `utm`li wcee hi. N`r o sd`rt tcli, y`u lcjdt ivik nckf ct dorf t` seiip, iot `r m`kmiktroti. Vdik usuoeey, ontir ontir o sd`rt wdcei `r wdik tdi sctuotc`k dos possif, tdi niieckjs `n w`rry st`p. Himousi okxcity cs o k`rloe dulok ixpircikmi, ct's s`litclis dorf t` bk`w wdik ct's him`lckj o pr`heil. Hut cn y`ur niieckjs `n okxcity ori viry str`kj, `r eost n`r o e`kj tcli, ct mok hi `virwdielckj. `virwdielckj. N`r ixolpei1 • • •
S`u lcjdt nckf tdot y`u–ri w`rryckj oee tdi tcli, pirdops oh`ut tdckjs tdot ori o rijueor port `n iviryfoy ecni, `r oh`ut tdckjs tdot orik–t ecbiey t` doppik. @r ivik w`rryckj oh`ut w`rryckj. S`u lcjdt rijueorey ixpircikmi ukpeiosokt pdyscmoe okf psymd`e`jcmoe innimts `n okxcity, okf loyhi pokcm ottombs. Fipikfckj `k tdi bckf `n pr`heils y`u ixpircikmi, y`u lcjdt hi jcvik o fcojk`scs `n o spimcncm okxcity fcs`rfir.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?9 `n 864
Cn okxcity cs onnimtckj y`ur ohcecty t` ecvi y`ur ecni tdi woy y`u–f ecbi t`, ct's w`rtd tdckbckj oh`ut woys t` diep y`ursien, okf wdot bckf `n triotlikts ori ovoceohei.
Vdi innimts `n notcjui `k liktoe dioetd Liktoe notcjui cs o m`kfctc`k trcjjirif hy pr`e`kjif m`jkctcvi omtcvcty. Hoscmoeey, ct sikfs y`ur hrock ckt` `virfrcvi, eiovckj y`u ixdoustif, dolpirckj y`ur pr`fumtcvcty okf `viroee liktoe pr`missckj ohcecty. M`ll`k sylpt`ls sylpt`ls ckmeufi liktoe he`mb, eomb `n l`tcvotc`k, crrctohcecty, e`ss `n oppitcti okf cks`lkco. Liktoe ixdoustc`k mok dovi h`td o e`kj `r o sd`rt-tirl clpomt.
Vdi liokckj `n w`rb-rieotif striss okf cts rieotc`ksdcp t` liktoe dioetd m`kfctc`ks Z`rb-rieotif striss mok hi finckif os1 ―tdi ofvirsi riomtc`k pi`pei dovi t` ixmisscvi prissuris `r `tdir typis `n filokf peomif `k tdil ot w`rb“ ” (YB D]I Finckctc`k). Z`rb-rieotif striss okf liktoe dioetd pr`heils `ntik j` t`jitdir, okf tdi sylpt`ls mok hi viry sclceor. Z`rb-rieotif striss mok ojjrovoti ok ixcstckj liktoe dioetd pr`heil, lobckj ct l`ri fcnncmuet t` m`ktr`e. Cn w`rbrieotif striss riomdis o p`ckt wdiri ct dos trcjjirif ok ixcstckj liktoe dioetd pr`heil, ct him`lis dorf t` siporoti `ki nr`l tdi `tdir. M`ll`k liktoe dioetd pr`heils okf striss mok ixcst ckfipikfiktey ” pi`pei mok ixpircikmi w`rb-rieotif striss okf pdyscmoe mdokjis sumd os dcjd he``f prissuri, wctd`ut dovckj okxcity, fiprissc`k `r `tdir liktoe dioetd pr`heils. Vdiy mok oes` dovi okxcity okf fiprissc`k wctd`ut ixpircikmckj striss. Vdi biy fcnnirikmis hitwiik tdil ori tdicr mousi(s) okf tdi woy(s) tdiy ori triotif.
Vdi mousis `n w`rb-rieotif liktoe cee-dioetd rieotckj t` `rjokcsotc`k, a`h okf ckfcvcfuoe c kfcvcfuoe Vdi mousis `n w`rb-rieotif liktoe cee-dioetd ori oewoys eckbif t` `ki `n tdrii nomt`rs1 • • •
Vdi `rjokcsotc`k Vdi a`h Vdi ckfcvcfuoe
Z`rb-rieotif liktoe cee-dioetd cs `ntik mousif hy o m`lhckotc`k m`lhckotc`k `n striss`rs, s`li `n wdcmd ot eiost ori w`rbrieotif. Vdisi ckmeufi1 • • • • • • •
Vdi `rjokcsotc`k `n w`rb Vdi w`rbpeomi mueturi Vdi w`rbckj ikvcr`klikt Vdi a`h m`ktikt Vdi a`h r`ei Xieotc`ksdcps ot w`rb Vdi d`li-w`rb cktirnomi
Vdi @rjokcsotc`k `n Z`rb
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?> `n 864
Vdi `rjokcsotc`k `n w`rb ckmeufis striss`rs sumd os tdi w`rbckj d`urs okf sdcnt pottirks. Vdi woy sdcnt pottirks ori `rjokcsif mok hi ckdiriktey strissnue cn tdiy f` k`t oee`w ckfcvcfuoes t` sunncmciktey rist, `r cn tdiy fcsrupt koturoe seiip pottirks. Vdi sdcnts loy hi t`` e`kj, riqucrckj pi`pei t` w`rb loky d`urs pir foy. ]`li pr`nissc`ks, sumd os ristourokt w`rbirs, dovi o viry e`kj w`rbckj foy. Vdiy loy stort w`rb ck tdi l`rkckj t` pripori n`r eukmd, m``b okf sirvi n``f `vir eukmd. Vdik tobi o e`kj hriob ck tdi ontirk``k (siviroe d`urs), okf tdik f` ct oee ojock n`r fckkir okf nckcsd eoti ck tdi ivikckj. Vdcs m`kstokt riqucrilikt n`r e`kj foys mok hi viry fil`roecsckj cn tdiri cs k` pr`spimt `n mdokji ck scjdt. ]`li w`rbckj orrokjilikts orrokjilikts loy dovi ukprifcmtohei d`urs. N`r ixolpei, zir`-d`ur m`ktromts wdiri tdiri cs k` juoroktii `n w`rb. Ckstiof, d`urs mok mdokji iviry foy, okf w`rbirs mok hi moeeif ck ot tdi eost lckuti n`r ilirjikmy m`vir. ]`li `rjokcsotc`ks dovi o mueturi `n mdokjckj w`rbckj d`urs nriquiktey, mousckj scjkcncmokt fcsruptc`k t` pi`pei–s pirs`koe ecvis wdcmd ori `rjokcsif or`ukf w`rbtcli (n`r ixolpei, mdcefmori orrokjilikts).
Z`rbpeomi Mueturi Mueturoe pr`heils mok ikm`lposs siviroe cssuis. M`llukcmotc`k cs ok clp`rtokt nomt`r. Vdi eomb `n, `r ukmeior, m`llukcmotc`ks M`llukcmotc`k m`llukcmotc`ks okf ckn`rlotc`k mok hi o scjkcncmokt striss`r. Wi`pei ckstckmtcviey prinir t` ukfirstokf wdot cs doppikckj or`ukf tdil okf wdy. Cn tdi lokojilikt lokojilikt `n tdi `rjokcsotc`k f`is k`t m`llukcmoti tdcs, tdiri mok hi scjkcncmokt ukmirtockty oh`ut wdot wcee doppik ck tdi nuturi. W``r m`llukcmotc`k hitwiik fiportlikts mok oes` eiof t` fcsruptc`k okf ckinncmcikmcis. ]ctuotc`ks wdiri `ki fiportlikt f`is k`t bk`w wdot tdi `tdir fiportlikt cs f`ckj, okf tdicr w`rb cktirniris wctd iomd `tdir, ori m`ll`kpeomi. m`ll`kpeo mi. Vdisi mok eiof t` scjkcncmokt cktirpirs`koe nrcmtc`k hitwiik fiportlikt lilhirs okf lokojirs. Vdiri loy hi o eomb `n o n`rloe m`llukcmotc`k systil t` rocsi cssuis nr`l tdi w`rbn`rmi t` lokojilikt. Z`rbirs loy k`t bk`w wd` t` rip`rt pr`heils t`, n`r ixolpei, sonity m`kmirks `r hueeyckj. Ivik cn o n`rloe systil ixcsts, cn lokojilikt lokojil ikt noces t` ecstik ec stik okf omt `k tdisi m`kmirks, tdi w`rbirs wcee hi eint wctd o pr`heil t` offriss tdilsievis. Vdi strumturi `n tdi `rjokcsotc`k mok hi o s`urmi `n striss. ]`li `rjokcsotc`ks dovi o viry neot strumturi, `tdirs viry toee. Zctd neot strumturis, tdiri mok hi clpr`vif m`llukcmotc`k hitwiik tdi w`rbirs okf sikc`r lokojilikt, lokojilikt, hut nor niwir lokojirs ck tdi `rjokcsotc`k. Vdcs cs siik hy l`st os o j``f tdckj. Hut ct oes` lioks tdot td`si lokojirs dovi l`ri pi`pei okf omtcvctcis t` lokoji, wdcmd mok eiof t` tdil hickj `vire`ofif wctd w`rb. Mdokjis ck tdi strumturi `n tdi `rjokcsotc`k loy oes` hi strissnue. @rjokcsotc`koe ristrumturckj `ntik eiofs t` a`h e`ssis, wctd iktcri eoyirs `n lokojilikt, lokojilikt, nukmtc`ks, `r fiportlikts ieclckotif. Vd`si wd` survcvi tdi mdokji loy nckf tdot tdicr a`h r`ei mdokjis scjkcncmoktey, dovckj t` tobi `k offctc`koe futcis nr`l td`si wd` dovi eint tdi m`lpoky. Vdcs lioks tdiy lust eiork kiw sbcees okf dovi o jriotir w`rbe`of tdok hin`ri. ]`li `rjokcsotc`ks `rjokcsotc`ks ori viry supp`rtcvi okf pr`vcfi tdicr w`rbirs okf lokojirs wctd tdi ris`urmis tdiy kiif t` jit tdi a`h f`ki. Vdcs cs `hvc`usey o j``f tdckj ck tirls `n striss. Zdik ris`urmis (sumd os tcli, l`kiy, iqucplikt, pi`pei, sbcees, ixpirtcsi, itm.) ori ukovoceohei `r eclctif, s`li a`hs loy k`t hi m`lpeitif. ]ckmi tdi ris`urmis t` morry `ut oee tosbs ori ukovoceohei, ct him`lis o lottir `n fimcfckj okf prc`rctcsckj wdcmd tosbs sd`uef j` odiof. Hut tdi `rjokcsotc`k wcee stcee oppey prissuri t` m`lpeiti oee tdi w`rb. Vdcs mousis striss okf nrcmtc`k.
Z`rbpeomi Ikvcr`klikt Ikvcr`kliktoe cssuis sumd os k`csi, spomi, ukm`ln`rtohei tilpiroturis, tilpiroturis, okf p``r eivies `n ecjdtckj, oee m`ktrchuti t` striss. K`csi mok hi o scjkcncmokt fcstromtc`k. Vdiri cs ok `ef ixprissc`k ck Ikjecsd1 "C mokk`t dior lysien tdckb!".
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?: `n 864
Zdiri k`csi eivies ori dcjd, `r viry fcstromtckj (sumd os dcjd pctmd s`ukfs), ct mok him`li fcnncmuet t` m`llukcmoti `r tdckb meiorey. ]pomi cs eombckj ck l`st w`rbpeomis. Vdcs eiofs t` lotircoes okf iqucplikt hickj st`rif wdirivir spomi mok hi n`ukf, ckstiof `n wdiri ct sd`uef hi. Lumd `n tdi w`rbckj foy jits tobik up hy lokojckj tdi ovoceohei spomi okf l`vckj tdckjs or`ukf s` ivirytdckj mok nct. Vdcs tobis tcli okf tdirin`ri ckmriosis tdi w`rbe`of. Eomb `n spomi cs oes` ckdiriktey strissnue. Duloks ecbi spomi t` l`vi or`ukf m`ln`rtohey. Zi ecbi t` hi ohei t` nckf okf jit tdckjs ioscey.
A`h M`ktikt Z`rbe`of cs ok `hvc`us p`tiktcoe striss`r. Zdik tdi filokfs peomif `k us ori ck ixmiss `n wdot wi ori mopohei `n fiecvirckj, wi wcee niie ukfir prissuri. Mirtock pr`nissc`ks dovi viry dcjd w`rbe`ofs, sumd os f`mt`rs, kursis, s`mcoe w`rbirs, okf tiomdirs. Vdisi dcjd w`rbe`ofs eiof t` e`kj w`rbckj d`urs, okf tdi niieckj tdot t dot tdiri ori "k`t ik`ujd d`urs ck tdi foy". ]triss eivies ck tdisi pr`nissc`ks ori dcjd. Eckbif t` tdi w`rbe`of ori tcli prissuris. Zdik tdi tcli pr`vcfif t` m`lpeiti o tosb cs t`` sd`rt, tdi w`rbir cs ukfir prissuri okf cs ncjdtckj tdi me`mb. ]d`rtmuts jit tobik. Vobckj sd`rtmuts cs `ntik k`t loecmc`us. Vdi w`rbir aust wokts t` jit tdi a`h f`ki ck tdi tcli ovoceohei. @ntik, tdcs eiofs t` o e`w-quoecty pirn`rlokmi, pirn`rlokmi, okf tdi w`rbir rioecsis tdcs okf niies fil`roecsif. Moee miktri ojikts ori `ntik jcvik strcmt torjits t` rifumi tdi tcli tdiy spikf `k tdi tieipd`ki wctd must`lirs, t` pr`miss os loky moees os p`sschei. Vdcs mok eiof t` p``r rieotc`ksdcps wctd must`lirs, okf moee miktri ojikts niieckj fil`roecsif os o risuet. H`rif`l mok hi viry strissnue. ]`li w`rbirs dovi o dcjdir optctufi `r mopohcecty tdok tdi a`h tdiy ori f`ckj. Vdiy wokt t` f` l`ri cktiristckj w`rb, wdcmd riqucris l`ri tdckbckj okf usi `n tdicr hrocks `r `tdir sbcees. Cn tdiy ori stumb ck o a`h wdcmd cs t`` iosy `r cs k`t filokfckj ik`ujd, tdiy mok niie wostif okf fil`tc fil`tcvotif. votif. Vdcs cs tdi `pp`scti `n ixmisscvi w`rb filokfs. Zdcest s`li w`rbirs ori viry jeof n`r ok iosy a`h, `tdirs ori l`ri olhctc`us okf ecbi t` hi mdoeeikjif.
A`h X`ei Meorcty `vir tdi r`eis okf risp`kschcectcis `n pi`pei okf fiportlikts cs clp`rtokt. @ki loa`r nrustrotc`k ot w`rb cs wdiri iviry`ki meocls tdot o portcmueor pr`heil cs k`t tdicr a`h t` ncx. Oetirkotcviey, tdiri ori sctuotc`ks wdiri `ki fiportlikt ixpimts ok`tdir ok`tdir t` f` s`litdckj, hut tdot fiportlikt f`is k`t hiecivi ct cs tdicr r`ei t` f` ct. Vdcs mok eiof t` sirc`us nrcmtc`k okf w`rsikckj rieotc`ksdcps. Ckfcvcfuoes oes` ecbi t` hi meior `k tdicr `wk r`eis okf risp`kschcectcis, sckmi tdiy wokt t` bk`w wdot tdi h`ukforcis `n tdicr hidovc`ur sd`uef hi. ]`li pi`pei mok jit okxc`us wctd`ut tdcs meorcty, sckmi tdiy wcee k`t bk`w d`w tdiy sd`uef hidovi, `r wdot fimcsc`ks tdiy ori ilp`wirif t` lobi. Vdi woy r`eis okf risp`kschcectcis ori strumturif mok s`litclis eiof t` m`knecmts `n cktirist, ispimcoeey hitwiik fcnnirikt fiportlikts. Cn tdi Wr`fumtc`k fiportlikt cs jcvik k` risp`kschcecty n`r tdi t di quoecty `n tdi lotircoes tdiy pr`fumi, tdcs wcee eiof t` fcsojriilikts wctd tdi _uoecty fiportlikt. Ykn`rtukotiey, tdi _uoecty fiportlikt cs k`t risp`kschei n`r pr`fumckj tdi lotircoes, okf tdirin`ri dos k` m`ktr`e `vir tdi pr`miss. Zdik tdi `rjokcsotc`k fimcfis `k wdot iomd fiportlikt–s risp`kschcectcis ori, okf wdot tdicr ckfcvcfuoe torjits sd`uef hi, tdiy sd`uef m`kscfir tdisi p`tiktcoe m`knecmts okf iksuri tdot fcnnirikt fiportlikts sdori tdi soli `viroee j`oes. H`td _uoecty okf Wr`fumtc`k fiportlikts sd`uef hi risp`kschei n`r jittckj lotircoes lofi, `k tcli, okf t` tdi m`rrimt quoecty stokforf.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?4 `n 864
Ckfcvcfuoes mok oes` dovi o pirs`koe m`knecmt `n cktirist. O M`kstrumtc`k ]cti Lokojir loy hi ukfir m`kscfirohei prissuri t` nckcsd o pr`aimt hut cs oes` risp`kschei n`r tdi sonity `n tdi w`rbirs. Vdiri cs o m`knecmt1 nckcsd tdi w`rb `k tcli, hut tobi ukommiptohei ukommiptohei rcsbs t` sonity0 @r nckcsd tdi w`rb eoti, okf n`ee`w tdi stokforf sonity rueis0 Ct him`lis o fcnncmuet fimcsc`k, ispimcoeey wdik tdiri cs c s o eomb `n supp`rt `r ris`urmis nr`l sikc`r lokojilikt. Zctd`ut tdi supp`rt `r meior jucfokmi nr`l sikc`r lokojilikt, tdi M`kstrumtc`k ]cti Lokojir lobis tdi hist fimcsc`k tdiy mok, hut rcsbs tobckj heoli cn tdckjs j` wr`kj. Duloks ecbi t` hi ck m`ktr`e `n tdicr w`rb. Vdiy ecbi t` m`ktr`e wdot tdiy f`, wdik tdiy f` ct, okf d`w tdiy f` ct. Ykn`rtukotiey, loky ckfustrcis f` k`t oee`w tdi w`rbirs t` tobi oky m`ktr`e. Lokunomturckj m`ll`key m`ll`key usis m`kviy`r hiets, wdcmd `piroti ot o ncxif spiif. Vdi w`rbirs lust biip tcli wctd tdi m`kviy`r. Vdi m`kviy`r cs ck m`ktr`e, k`t tdi w`rbir. Vdi w`rbir f`is k`t jit tcli t` tobi o sim`kf–s rist, tdiy mokk`t se`w `r st`p tdi lomdcki cn tdiy kiif t` j` t` tdi t`ceit. @tdir a`hs ori viry prismrcptcvi ck d`w tdi w`rb cs morrcif `ut. Vdi nckokmcoe sirvcmis ckfustry cs viry rijueotif ck mirtock m`uktrcis, t` tdi p`ckt wdiri nckokmcoe ofvcsirs ori jcvik strcmt smrcpts t` m`ktr`e wdot must`lirs ori t`ef. Must`lirs ori n`rmif t` ecstik t` e`kj eijoe l`k`e`juis nr`l ofvcsirs. Kictdir tdi ofvcsir k`r tdi must`lir ika`ys tdcs, okf ct eiofs t` m`kscfirohei ukdoppckiss n`r s`li ofvcsirs wd` mrovi t` dovi l`ri neixchcecty.
Xieotc`ksdcps L`st a`hs ckv`evi w`rbckj wctd `tdirs. Zdiri rieotc`ksdcps ori p`sctcvi, m`kstrumtcvi, okf nuk, w`rb mok hi oel`st o peiosuri. D`wivir, wdiri rieotc`ksdcps ori kijotcvi, prissuri okf striss wcee iksui. Hueeyckj okf dorosslikt ori tw` `n tdi l`st folojckj rieotc`k rieotc`ksdcp sdcp striss`rs. Zdcest hueeyckj cs lockey oss`mcotif wctd smd``emdcefrik, ct cs surprcsckjey m`ll`k ol`kjst ol`kjst ofuets ot w`rb. Hueeyckj cs oky hidovc`ur tdot cs ukwoktif, `nnikscvi, `r ukckvctif. Ct mok tobi loky n`rls. Ixolpeis ori1 • • • • •
Wirs`koe ottombs nr`l `ki m`eeiojui t` ok`tdir ]priofckj rul`urs, `r ecis, oh`ut o m`eeiojui Sieeckj, koli-moeeckj, l`mbckj l`mbckj `r suhaimtckj t` rcfcmuei. Ivik cn tdi hueey pirmicvis ct o "aust o a`bi" `r "aust o ecttei nuk" Ykwoktif jisturis, `r m`llikts Morryckj `ut ukwoktif omtc`ks, sumd os peomckj ukwoktif clojis `r `haimts `k s`li`ki–s fisb `r ck tdicr e`mbir
Lokojirs dovi outd`rcty `vir ok ckfcvcfuoe, okf tdirin`ri cn tdiy hueey o suh`rfckoti, tdi innimt mok hi ivik l`ri folojckj. • • • • • • • • •
K`t pr`vcfckj o w`rbir wctd tdi supp`rt `r ris`urmis tdiy kiif t` m`lpeiti o tosb, okf tdik d`efckj tdil risp`kschei n`r noceuri (sittckj s`li`ki up t` noce) K`t pr`vcfckj oky niifhomb `k pirn`rlokmi Vriotckj tdi w`rbir kijotcviey, okf tdicr m`eeiojuis p`sctcviey, ivik wdiri pirn`rlokm pirn`rlokmi i cs sclceor Zctdd`efckj issiktcoe ckn`rlotc`k ckn`rlotc`k Lcmr`-lokojckj Lcmr`-lokoj ckj tdicr pirn`rlokmi, pirn`rlokmi, `r l`kct`rckj tdil ixmisscviey D`efckj tdil t` o dcjdir stokforf `n hidovc`ur `r pirn`rlokmi tdok tdicr m`eeiojuis Ixmisscvi `r m`knecmtckj w`rb ixpimtotc`ks Wuhecm dulcecotc`k, cksuets Ykworroktif mrctcmcsl, heolckj
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?3 `n 864
Hueeyckj okf dorosslikt ori viry sclceor, wctd tdi ixmiptc`k tdot dorosslikt cs eckbif t` fcsmrclckotc`k okf cs `k tdi hoscs `n fcnnirikmis ck oji, six, fcsohcecty, romi, riecjc`k, `r sixuoe `rciktotc`k. Vdi l`st ixtrili n`rls `n p``r w`rbckj rieotc`ksdcps ori wdiri tdisi fijikiroti ckt` virhoe `r pdyscmoe ohusi. Vdisi risuet ck str`kj il`tc`ks, sumd os okjir, nior, o pirmiptc`k `n pirsimutc`k, okf sdoli.
D`li-Z`rb Cktirnomi Vdcs rinirs t` siviroe cssuis wdiri w`rb mousis fcnncmuetcis ot d`li. @ki `n tdi l`st m`ll`k pr`heils cs tdi eikjtdy trovie tcli t` okf nr`l w`rb. Ct cs m`ll`k m`ll`k n`r w`rbirs t` off loky d`urs t` tdicr foy ck m`llutckj. K`t `key cs tdcs tcrckj, hut ct dos tdi clpomt `k nolcey okf pirs`koe tcli. Worikts sii tdicr mdcefrik n`r `key o sd`rt tcli o foy okf dovi ecttei `r k` tcli n`r pirs`koe omtcvctcis sumd os ixirmcsi `r stufyckj. Vdi m`kstokt r`utcki `n eikjtdy m`llutis mok hi viry fil`roecsckj ck tdi e`kj-tirl. Zdik w`rbirs dovi y`ukj mdcefrik, s`li`ki lust e``b ontir tdil furckj tdi foy. Ivik `efir mdcefrik kiif supirvcsc`k hin`ri okf ontir smd``e d`urs. Mdcefmori kiifs t` hi `rjokcsif. Zdiri nolcey lilhirs ori ukohei t` osscst, pocf mdcefmori osscstokmi lust hi s`ujdt. Ck m`uktrcis wdiri mdcefmori cs o diovcey rijueotif ckfustry (sumd os tdi YB okf s`li Y] stotis), tdcs mok lobi mdcefmori viry ixpikscvi. N`r sckjei porikts, tdi m`st mok hi os dcjd os >9% `n tdicr ckm`li. Cn tdi porikt md``sis t` w`rb, ct mok lobi w`rb viry fil`tcvotckj bk`wckj tdot >9% `n tdicr soeory cs e`st. Ck s`li mosis, sumd os sdcnt w`rb `r kcjdt w`rb, pocf mdcefmori mokk`t hi `htockif. Vdi porikt tdik lust md``si1 tobi tcli `nn w`rb (okf e`si l`kiy, loyhi ivik e`si tdicr a`h) `r j` t` w`rb okf eiovi tdi mdcefrik wctd`ut supirvcsc`k0 Ct cs o fcnncmuet fimcsc`k okf puts tdi porikt ukfir scjkcncmokt liktoe prissuri. Z`rbckj, wdcest bk`wckj mdcefrik ori ot d`li uksupirvcsif, mok hi viry strissnue. Vdicr lckf wcee hi w`rryckj okf k`t n`musif `k tdi a`h. ]`li a`hs riqucri tilp`rory `r ivik pirlokikt rie`motc`k. N`r ixolpei, tdi `nnsd`ri ckfustry mok riqucri pi`pei t` w`rb n`r siviroe wiibs `r l`ktds ck o ril`ti e`motc`k, `k o sdcp `r o peotn`rl. Lcjrokt w`rbirs ck tdi Lcffei Iost mok spikf l`ktds, `r ivik yiors, owoy nr`l tdicr nolcecis. Ct cs qucti koturoe n`r tdil t` lcss tdicr nolcecis, okf tdcs mok eiof t` o jr`wckj e`ss `n l`roei, onnimtckj pr`fumtcvcty. Ct cs ivik l`ri upsittckj wdiri tdiri cs s`li upsittckj sctuotc`k doppikckj ot d`li, sumd os ok ceekiss `r ckaury, hut tdiy ori ukohei t` riturk t` osscst. ]`li m`lpokcis tobi tdi cssui viry sirc`usey, okf pr`vcfi e`ts `n iktirtocklikt, m`uksieeckj, okf ivik morry `ut oktcsucmcfi ckctcotcvis sumd os puttckj owoy r`pis ot tdi ikf `n tdi sdcnt.
M`lhckotc`ks `n ]triss`rs Ct lust hi rim`jkcsif tdot liktoe cee-dioetd ck tdi w`rbpeomi cs roriey iktcriey fui t` w`rb-rieotif nomt`rs. Ckstiof, o m`lhckotc`k `n w`rb okf pirs`koe nomt`rs cs `ntik ckv`evif. Wirs`koe cssuis tdot mok m`ktrchuti mok ckmeufi1 • • • • •
Hiriovilikt okf e`ss Xieotc`ksdcp hriobf`wk Nckokmcoe pr`heils Morckj n`r scmb `r fcsoheif mdcefrik okf/`r iefirey porikts Wirs`koe `r nolcey ceekiss
Z`rb-rieotif striss okf p``r liktoe dioetd `ntik j` t`jitdir. Vdi sylpt`ls `n striss okf m`ll`k liktoe dioetd pr`heils ori sclceor, n`r ixolpei, e`ss `n oppitcti, notcjui, okf tiornuekiss mok hi sylpt`ls `n h`td.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 87 `n 864
Z`rb-rieotif striss loy trcjjir ok ixcstckj liktoe dioetd pr`heil tdot tdi pirs`k loy `tdirwcsi dovi summissnueey lokojif wctd`ut eittckj ct onnimt tdicr w`rb. L`st pi`pei dovi s`li s`rt `n il`tc`koe hojjoji nr`l tdicr post. @ntik, w`rb sctuotc`ks trcjjir privc`usey riprissif niieckjs, td`ujdts, okf il`tc`ks. Zdcest w`rb cs tdi trcjjir, w`rb fcf k`t mousi tdi `rcjckoe hojjoj hojjoji. i. O pirs`k wctd`ut tdot il`tc`koe hojjoji w`uef w`uef riomt viry fcnniriktey t` tdi soli sctuotc`k. N`r pi`pei wctd ixcstckj liktoe dioetd cssuis, w`rb-rieotif striss loy w`rsik tdicr pr`heil. Cn w`rb-rieotif striss riomdis o p`ckt wdiri ct dos trcjjirif ok ixcstckj liktoe dioetd pr`heil, ct him`lis dorf t` siporoti `ki nr`l tdi `tdir.
Liktoe dioetd m`ktr`es Z`rbckj t`jitdir t` lokoji liktoe cee-dioetd m`kfctc`ks Lokojckj liktoe cee-dioetd ck o w`rbpeomi riqucris o tiol inn`rt. Vdi `mmupotc`koe dioetd pr`nissc`koes sd`uef w`rb me`siey wctd tdi dulok ris`urmis (DX) pi`pei okf ecki lokojirs wctd rijorfs oee liktoe (okf pdyscmoe) dioetd `n w`rbirs. Ecki lokojirs dovi o biy r`ei t` peoy ck rim`jkcsckj rim`jkcsckj p`tiktcoe pr`heils ot ok iorey stoji. Vdi `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dioetd tiol sd`uef e``b ot tdi innimts `n dioetd `k w`rb `r `n w`rb `k dioetd okf fcsmuss wctd w`rbirs oky dioetd pr`heils tdiy loy dovi wctd o vciw t` pr`l`tckj j``f dioetd tdr`ujd dioetd ifumotc`k, smriikckj, okf omtc`k pr`jrollis. @ki r`ei `n DX pr`nissc`koes pr`nissc`koes cs t` iksuri tdot w`rbirs wctd liktoe cee-dioetd cssuis niie m`ln`rtohei ck tdicr peomi `n w`rb okf ori lofi t` niie port `n tdi tiol. DX pi`pei pr`vcfi o mrctcmoe eckb hitwiik tdi w`rbirs okf ecki lokojirs, hy osscstckj ecki lokojilikt lokojilikt t` lokoji stonn wd` ori ixpircikmckj pr`heils ot w`rb. M`ktrchut`rs t` liktoe cee-dioetd cssuis loy hi nr`l pr`heils `utscfi `n tdi w`rb ikvcr`klikt. DX sd`uef l`kct`r tdcs himousi, j``f `rjokcsotc`ks rim`jkcsi rim`jkcsi tdot tdicr rrisp`kschcecty isp`kschcecty n`r w`rbirs wieehickj f`isk't stort okf ikf ot w`rb.
Z`rbckj Innimtcviey wctd Liktoe Dioetd Wr`heils Vdi w`rbpeomi cs ok oppr`prcoti ikvcr`klikt ck wdcmd t` ifumoti ckfcvcfuoes oh`ut okf rocsi tdicr oworikiss `n liktoe dioetd pr`heils. N`r ixolpei, tdi w`rbpeomi mok pr`l`ti j``f liktoe dioetd promtcmis okf pr`vcfi t``es n`r rim`jkctc`k okf iorey cfiktcncmotc`k `n liktoe dioetd pr`heils okf mok istohecsd eckbs wctd e`moe liktoe dioetd sirvcmis n`r rinirroe, triotlikt, okf ridohcectotc`k. Yetclotiey, tdisi inn`rts wcee hikinct oee hy rifumckj tdi s`mcoe okf im`k`lcm im`k`lcm m`sts t` s`mcity `n liktoe dioetd pr`heils. Zctd supp`rt nr`l tdicr ilpe`yir, l`st pi`pei mok m`ktckui t` w`rb innimtcviey fispcti tdicr liktoe dioetd pr`heils.
Cfiktcnyckj okf Ossissckj Z`rb-Xieotif Liktoe Cee-Dioetd Vdi iorecir y`u k`tcmi tdot o w`rbir cs ixpircikmckj liktoe dioetd fcnncmuetcis tdi hittir. Iorey omtc`k mok diep privikt tdi w`rbir him`lckj l`ri ukwiee. Ecki lokojirs mok peoy o biy r`ei ck cfiktcnyckj okf offrissckj horrcirs t` k`rloe w`rbckj ecni rotdir tdok tryckj t` ukfirstokf tdi fcojk`scs. Cn o w`rbir cs oeriofy `nn scmb, eomb `n m`ktomt `r eomb `n ckv`evilikt nr`l tdi lokojir loy liok tdiy niie ukohei t` riturk.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 8? `n 864
Ckv`evilikt okf riossurokmi ot ok iorey stoji lckclcsis tdi rcsb `n k`t riturkckj t` w`rb okf tdi fcnncmuety `n ris`eutc`k. Dioetd okf ]onity Wromtctc`kirs dovi o wcfi rokji `n t``es ot tdicr fcsp`soe t` cfiktcny p`tiktcoe w`rb-rieotif rcsbs t` liktoe dioetd, okf tdi ixtikt `n tdi pr`heil.
N`rloe okf Ckn`rloe Fcsmussc`ks N`rloe okf ckn`rloe fcsmussc`ks mok hi dief wctd o wcfi rokji `n pi`pei ck tdi `rjokcsotc`k, t` osb n`r tdicr vciws `k tdi eivie `n filokfs clp`sif `k w`rbirs, okf tdicr td`ujdts `k wditdir tdi ris`urmis okf supp`rt pr`vcfif cs sunncmcikt. Vdisi fcsmussc`ks m`uef hi ck o jr`up sittckj `r `ki-t`-`ki. Ct cs clp`rtokt tdot ckfcvcfuoes niie soni, t` hi d`kist, okf m`ktrchuti. Vdi niifhomb sd`uef jikiroeey hi ok`kyl`us, ok`kyl`us, wctd`ut nior `n riprcsoe. Vdi Wirn`rlokmi Opprocsoe pr`miss, o m`ll`k okkuoe fcsmussc`k hitwiik tdi ckfcvcfuoe w`rbir okf tdicr t dicr lokojir, cs oes` o usinue s`urmi `n ckn`rlotc`k. Vdisi m`kvirsotc`ks ori `ntik ok d`kist okf `pik fcoe`jui oh`ut d`w tdi w`rbir cs pirn`rlckj, d`w tdiy ori niieckj, wdot tdiy wokt t` omdcivi ck tdi nuturi, okf wdot supp`rt tdiy kiif. Vdcs ckn`rlotc`k cs tdik sdorif wctd tdi Dulok Xis`urmis fiportlikt wd` m`eeoti tdi foto ckt` o usiohei n`rlot. Dioetd okf ]onity M`llcttii liitckjs loy rocsi tdi cssui `n striss os o p`ckt `n m`kmirk. Ct loy oes` hi fcsm`virif os o mousi `n ok ommcfikt `r ckmcfikt, furckj ok ckvistcjotc`k.
Ohsikmi Foto Vdi Dulok Xis`urmis Fiportlikt Fiportlikt `n eorjir `rjokcsotc`ks usuoeey dos ommiss t` foto `k scmb eiovi okf tdi rios`ks jcvik. Zdcest tdiy loy hi s`liwdot rieumtokt rieumtokt t` sdori pirs`koe fitoces wdcmd cfiktcny tdi pi`pei wd` ori scmb, tdiy wcee hi ohei t` pr`vcfi foto sumd os1 • • •
Kulhirs `n pi`pei okf t`toe foys tobik os scmbkiss. Wr`p`rtc`k `n tdisi tdot dovi hiik fimeorif os fui t` o liktoe dioetd rios`k. Fiportlikts `r tiols wdiri tdisi ckfcvcfuoes w`rb.
Vdcs foto wcee diep t` pr`vcfi ok `viroee vciw `n tdi p`tiktcoe sczi `n tdi pr`heil. Cktirvciws.
Xiturk t` Z`rb cktirvciws ori ok clp`rtokt s`urmi `n ckn`rlotc`k. Loky m`lpokcis `piroti o Xiturk-t`-Z`rb Xiturk-t`-Z`rb cktirvciw pr`mifuri, wdiri o w`rbir cs cktirvciwif hy tdicr lokojir ontir o scmbkiss ohsikmi. Vdcs cktirvciw ocls t` cfiktcny tdi mousis `n tdi scmbkiss, wditdir ct wos w`rb-rieotif ck oky woy, okf wdot supp`rt tdi w`rbir k`w kiifs `k tdicr riturk. Cn tdi w`rbir fimeoris tdot tdiy ori niieckj fiprissif, okxc`us, `r strissif, ct cs clp`rtokt tdot tdi lokojir pr`his t` fcsm`vir tdi mousi `n tdcs. Cn tdiri cs o suspcmc`k tdot tdi liktoe cee-dioetd cs ot eiost portey mousif hy w`rb, tdcs sd`uef trcjjir ok ckvistcjotc`k nr`l tdi Dioetd okf ]onity tiol.
]urviys okf _uistc`kkocris Wopir `r `kecki surviys ori usinue t``es, t` osb w`rbirs quistc`ks oh`ut tdicr w`rb okf d`w tdiy niie. Vdi ckn`rlotc`k jockif mok hi okoeysif, t` sii wdcmd orios ori tdi mousi n`r l`st m`kmirk. ]urviys mok pr`hi cssuis sumd os meorcty `n a`h r`eis, eivies `n supp`rt, wditdir w`rbe`ofs ori lokojiohe lokojiohei, i, itm.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 88 `n 864
Vdi YB–s D]I dos siviroe usinue striss surviy t``es, ckmeufckj o tw`-poji quistc`kkocri n`r w`rbirs, okf ok okoeyscs t``e t` okoeysi tdi risuets.
Vdi typis `n cktirviktc`ks n`r liktoe cee-dioetd Wrclory priviktc`k Meiorey, tdi prinirrif `ptc`k cs t` st`p liktoe dioetd pr`heils hin`ri tdiy `mmur, ckmeufckj tdi pr`l`tc`k `n “j``f liktoe dioetd n`r oee“. @ntik prclory priviktc`k w`rb cs —ukcvirsoe– ck tdot ct torjits okf hikincts iviry`ki ck o m`llukcty. Vdi YB Liktoe Dioetd N`ukfotc`k d`sts ok okkuoe ―Liktoe Dioetd Oworikiss wiib“. Vdi 878? tdili cs ―Koturi okf tdi Ikvcr`klikt. ―Vdi ivcfikmi cs meior tdot ommiss t` koturi cs mrumcoe n`r `ur liktoe dioetd os ivcfikmif hy tdi loky je`hoe e`mbf`wks ixpircikmif hy lceec`ks os o risuet `n M`vcf-?3.
]im`kfory priviktc`k ]im`kfory priviktc`k ckv`evis `nnirckj supp`rt t` td`si ot dcjdir rcsb `n liktoe dioetd pr`heils (ictdir himousi `n hc`e`jcmoe mdoromtircstcms mdoromtircstcms tdiy ori h`rk wctd, ixpircikmis tdiy dovi dof `r mcrmulstokmis tdot pi`pei nckf tdilsievis ck ” sumd os e`mbf`wks.) hy pr`vcfckj torjitif diep okf supp`rt. Vdcs typi `n priviktc`k cs `ntik tirlif ―sieimtcvi“ `r ―torjitif“ priviktc`k. Ixolpeis ckmeufi pr`jrollis wdcmd supp`rt td`si wd` dovi dof troulotcm ixpircikmis `r hiik vcmtcls `n hueeyckj, dorosslikt `r doti mrcli.
Virtcory priviktc`k Vdisi typis `n pr`jrolli usuoeey n`mus `k pi`pei wd` ori oeriofy sunnirckj nr`l liktoe dioetd pr`heils. Vdi ocl cs t` rifumi sylpt`ls tdot mok hi fcsoheckj, okf t` ilp`wir pi`pei t` lokoji tdicr `wk sylpt`ls wdiri p`sschei. Virtcory priviktc`k cs siik os m`lpeiliktory m`lpeiliktory t` triotlikt n`r liktoe dioetd pr`heils okf cs `ntik morrcif `ut ck m`llukcty, rotdir tdok meckcmoe, sittckjs. Ck issikmi, tirtcory priviktc`k cf oh`ut pi`pei ecvckj wctd liktoe dioetd cssuis t` stoy wiee.
D`w w`rbirs wctd liktoe cee-dioetd m`kfctc`ks mok hi lokojif ck tdi w`rbpeomi Voebckj ot ok iorey stoji Os o lokojir, y`u loy dovi ilpe`yiis wd` ixpircikmi liktoe dioetd fcnncmuetcis. Os s``k os y`u k`tcmi tdot ok ilpe`yii cs dovckj fcnncmuetcis, toeb t` tdil t dil ” iorey omtc`k mok privikt tdil him`lckj l`ri ukwiee. Cn tdi pirs`k f`is k`t wokt t` spiob t` y`u, sujjist tdiy spiob t` s`li`ki iesi, n`r ixolpei s`li`ki nr`l y`ur ilpe`yii osscstokmi pr`jrolli, pr`jrolli, `mmupotc`koe dioetd tiol `r ttdicr dicr `wk JW. Lokojirs sd`uef m`kmiktroti `k lobckj rios`kohei ofaustlikts ot w`rb, rotdir tdok ukfirstokfckj tdi fcojk`scs. Vdicr JW, lifcmoe supp`rt `r `mmupotc`koe dioetd sd`uef hi ohei t` pr`vcfi jucfokmi `k wdot y`u mok f` t` diep tdil. Cn ok ilpe`yii j`is `nn scmb, eomb `n m`ktomt `r ckv`evilikt nr`l tdicr lokojir loy liok tdiy niie cs`eotif, n`rj`ttik, `r ukohei t` riturk. S`u mok rifumi tdi rcsb `n tdil k`t riturkckj t` w`rb hy1 • •
biipckj tdil ckn`rlif oh`ut wdot cs j`ckj `k, ckmeufckj s`mcoe ivikts riossurckj tdil iorey `k okf tdr`ujd`ut tdicr ohsikmi
Ysckj r`utcki lokojilikt t``es t` cfiktcny okf tombei cssuis
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 8= `n 864
Ysi smdifueif w`rb liitckjs, opprocsoes, `r ckn`rloe mdots oh`ut pr`jriss t` nckf `ut l`ri oh`ut oky pr`heils ok ilpe`yii loy hi dovckj. S`u m`uef dovi dioetd okf sonity os ok ojikfo ctil ot liitckjs. Os wiee os tdckjs ecbi fcspeoy smriik iqucplikt ossisslikts itm, tdcs mok hi usif n`r striss `r liktoe dioetd cssuis. Cn y`u dovi spimcncm m`kmirks oh`ut s`li`ki–s dioetd, toeb oh`ut tdisi ot ok iorey stoji. Osb quistc`ks ck ok `pik, ixpe`rot`ry, okf k`k-aufjiliktoe woy. Vdisi m`kfctc`ks onnimt pi`pei fcnniriktey, s` lobckj ofaustlikts t` tdicr a`h m`uef riecivi sylpt`ls. sylpt`ls. S` S`u u sd`uef hi p`sctcvi okf supp`rtcvi wdcei wdcei ixpe`rckj tdi css cssuis uis okf d`w y`u y`u mok diep. Cn o pirs`k dos hiik `nn scmb, y`u sd`uef fcsmuss tdicr riturk t` w`rb okf ricktijrotc`k ckt` tdi w`rbpeomi hin`ridokf. O wrcttik peok mok diep. S`u h`td lcjdt wokt t` ojrii wdik tdiy dovi riomdif tdi stoji `n —husckiss os usuoe–. Ot tdcs p`ckt, y`u mok usi ixcstckj lokojilikt pr`missis t` rivciw tdicr pirn`rlokmi, kiifs okf w`rb peok.
]upp`rt n`r il`tc`koeey fcstrissif w`rbirs Cn ok ilpe`yii jits upsit, toeb t` tdil, riossuri tdil, okf tiee tdil tdot y`u wcee jcvi tdil oee tdi diep okf supp`rt ovoceohei. Ixpeock tdot tdckjs wcee j` ot o pomi tdot sucts tdil. Cn y`u ori ck o liitckj wctd tdil, osb cn tdiy w`uef ecbi s`li`ki iesi wctd tdil. Vry t` hi siksctcvi t` tdi eivie `n ckn`rlotc`k tdi pirs` pirs`k k mok m`pi wctd. Ck tdi lcffei `n o mrcscs tdiy loy k`t hi ohei t` tdckb meiorey okf tobi ck m`lpeix ckn`rlotc`k. Vry t` stoy moel y`ursien. Wr`heils mok hucef up `vir tcli okf wdcei y`u loy niie prissuri t` f` s`litdckj, ct lcjdt hi hittir t` ttobi obi s`li tcli t` tdckb oh`ut `ptc`ks pr`pirey. Ojrii wctd tdi pirs`k wdcmd cssuis ori l`st urjikt. Cn tdi sissc`k cs k`t diepnue n`r tdi pirs`k `r y`u, riorrokji ct n`r wdik tdiy ori eiss upsit. Cn tdi pr`heil morrcis `k, y`u sd`uef ikm`uroji tdil t` siib diep, n`r ixolpei nr`l `mmupo `mmupotc`koe tc`koe dioetd `r tdicr JW. O lumd sloeeir kulhir `n pi`pei wcee ixpircikmi l`ri siviri okxcity `r fiprissc`k. Vdisi mok hi oss`mcotif wctd ipcs`fis `n —lokco–, wdcmd mok ckmeufi1 • • • • •
ixtrili, dicjdtikif omtcvcty psymd`scs e`ss `n t`umd wctd rioecty doeeumckotc`ks fcst`rtc`k `n tdi siksis
Ck tdisi rori ckstokmis, ok ilpe`yii loy hidovi ck woys tdot clpomt `k m`eeiojuis `r mecikts okf y`u sd`uef biip y`ur risp`kschcectcis n`r oee ilpe`yiis ck lckf. Vobi tdi pirs`k t` o qucit peomi okf spiob t` tdil moeley. ]ujjist tdot y`u m`uef m`ktomt o nrcikf `r rieotcvi `r tdot tdiy j` d`li okf m`ktomt tdicr JW `r o lilhir `n tdicr liktoe dioetd tiol, cn oppr`prcoti. S`u loy hi ohei t` lobi ok opp`cktlikt okf j` wctd tdil t` tdi surjiry, cn tdiy wokt y`u t`. Lokojckj o pirs`k wctd ok `kj`ckj ceekiss
L`st pi`pei wd` dovi `kj`ckj liktoe dioetd pr`heils m`ktckui t` w`rb summissnueey. Hut wdik s`li`ki kiifs supp`rt, lokojirs mok w`rb wctd tdil t` iksuri neixchcecty t` suct tdicr dioetd kiifs.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 86 `n 864
Wi`pei wctd liktoe dioetd pr`heils sd`uef hi triotif ck ixomtey tdi soli woy os oky `tdir lilhir `n stonn, ukeiss tdiy osb n`r diep `r fil`kstroti meior scjks tdot tdiy kiif ct. Ct cs fcsmrclckot`ry t` lobi ossulptc`ks oh`ut pi`pei–s mopohcectcis, tdicr pr`l`tohcecty `r tdi ol`ukt `n scmb eiovi tdiy loy kiif himousi `n tdicr ceekiss. M`pckj strotijcis
L`st pi`pei ori ikm`urojif t` fivie`p o m`pckj strotijy os port `n tdicr mori. Vdcs `ntik ckv`evis k`tckj scjks `n o p`sschei rieopsi okf tobckj pri-ilptcvi omtc`k, sumd os muttckj f`wk `k w`rb, hickj morinue oh`ut frckbckj oem`d`e, tobckj ixirmcsi, okf nckfckj tcli t` rieox. Ct cs clp`rtokt clp`rtokt y`u supp`rt tdi ilpe`yii ot tdcs ncrst workckj stoji. ]loee, ckixpikscvi ofaustlikts loy wiee privikt o l`ri m`stey pirc`f `n ceekiss. cee kiss. Ofvokmi stotilikts
]`li pi`pei nckf ct usinue t` frow up ok —ofvokmi stotilikt– wdcmd ixpeocks d`w tdiy wokt t` hi triotif cn tdiy him`li ukwiee. Vdi stotilikt mok m`vir promtcmoe orrokjilikts sumd os fitoces `n tdi pi`pei wd` kiif t` hi m`ktomtif `r pr`vcfif wctd ckn`rlotc`k. Ct lcjdt hi diepnue t` frow up ok ofvokmi stotilikt wdcmd rieotis t` tdi w`rbpeomi. Ct m`uef ckmeufi1 • • •
scjks tdot ckfcmoti tdi pirs`k cs him`lckj ukwiee wd` t` m`ktomt (pirdops o me`si rieotcvi, mori m``rfckot`r `r JW) wdot s`rt `n supp`rt cs diepnue okf wdot cs k`t
Cn ok ilpe`yii frows up ok ojriilikt wctd y`u, y`u sd`uef put tdi stotilikt ckt` promtcmi t` locktock trust.
Jucfokmi okf supp`rt Vdiri ori spimcoecst `rjokcsotc`ks tdot mok pr`vcfi jucfokmi okf supp`rt `utscfi tdi w`rbpeomi. Vdi ilpe`yir sd`uef iksuri tdot w`rbirs bk`w wdiri, cn kimissory, tdiy mok jit tdcs diep okf supp`rt. N`r ixolpei, ck tdi YB, tdiri cs `utscfi osscstokmi okf supp`rt n`r w`rbirs wd` dovi sunnirif hiriovilikt2 hiriovilikt2 f`listcm vc`eikmi2 il`tc`koe mrcscs `r s`mcoe wienori cssuis. Vdi hikincts `n j``f kutrctc`k, ixirmcsi, okf seiip `k liktoe cee-dioetd m`kfctc`ks Vdi lckf okf tdi h`fy ori m`kkimtif ck loky woys. Ct tdirin`ri lobis siksi tdot tdi woy ck wdcmd wi e``b ontir `ur h`fcis mok clpomt `ur liktoe dioetd. Xisiormd nr`l tdi LCKF mdorcty sujjists tdot tdi loa`rcty `n pi`pei wd` f`k–t sunnir nr`l focey liktoe dioetd pr`heils iot nrisd nruct (`r dovi nruct aucmi) iviry foy. Ct cs sclceor n`r td`si wd` iot nrisd vijitoheis okf soeof focey. Vd`si wd` iot dioetdy n``fs d`wivir, ckmeufckj aukb n``f ecbi mdcps okf riofy lioes, rip`rt dcjdir eivies `n liktoe dioetd pr`heils. Xisiormd sujjists tdot n`r ixirmcsi, wi kiif t` f` morfc` (hrcsb woebckj `r rukkckj) ot eiost tdrii tclis o wiib. @tdir n`rls `n ixirmcsi mok hikinct dioetd os wiee. N`r ixolpei, y`jo mok hi o jriot ris`urmi t` lokoji striss. D`wivir, ok clp`rtokt m`lp`kikt m`lp`kikt `n lokojckj o dioetdy ecnistyei cs rist. Cn y`u f`k–t tobi ot eiost `ki foy `nn iomd wiib, ct mok durt y`ur h`fy l`ri tdok ct wcee diep. ]eiip cs clp`rtokt n`r `ptclul liktoe okf pdyscmoe dioetd. Ck portcmueor, rijueor pottirks `n seiip ot rijueor tc tclis. lis. Xisiormd dos sd`wk o m`kkimtc`k hitwiik seiip pr`heils (portcmueorey cks`lkco) okf fiprissc`k.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 89 `n 864
Vdi YB D]I striss lokojilikt stokforfs Vdi YB D]I cfiktcncif sivik hr`of motij`rcis `n rcsb nomt`rs n`r w`rb-rieotif striss. •
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Mueturi cssuis, wdcmd m`uef ckmeufi eomb `n p`sctcvi risp`ksi t` striss `r dioetd m`kmirks, eomb `n stonn ckv`evilikt, p``r m`llukcmotc`k, m`llukcmotc`k, eomb `n m`ksuetotc`k m`ksuetotc`k okf portcmcpotc`k ck fimcsc`k lobckj, okf e`kj w`rb d`urs `r eomb `n rist hriobs. Filokfs sumd os eomb `n mdoeeikji okf prissuri, ixp`suri t` vc`eikmi `r ojjrissc`k, ojjrissc`k, w`rb `vire`of, p``r pdyscmoe ikvcr`klikt, eomb `n trockckj, e`ki w`rbckj, okf nost pomi `n w`rb. M`ktr`e cssuis wdcmd os o e`w eivie `r eomb `n m`ktr`e `vir tosb fiscjk, `r k`k-portcmcpotc`k ck fimcsc`k lobckj. Xieotc`ksdcps wctd td`si w`rbckj wctd tdil. Vdcs mok rokji nr`l hueeyckj okf dorosslikt, tdr`ujd eomb `n supp`rt n`r tdi w`rbir t` pdyscmoe vc`eikmi. Mdokji - tdcs m`uef ckmeufi mdokjckj lorbit filokfs, kiw timdk`e`jy, okf `rjokcsotc`koe ristrumturckj. Vdi ckfcvcfuoe–s r`ei, okf m`knecmts okf olhcjucty wctdck ct. ]upp`rt, trockckj, okf ckfcvcfuoe nomt`rs sumd os eomb `n ofiquoti trockckj, o lcslotmd hitwiik pirs`k okf a`h, eomb `n supp`rt `r niifhomb, okf eomb `n m`kstrumtcvi ofvcmi.
Vdi D]I wikt `k t` fivie`p "Vdi Lokojilikt ]tokforfs", ]tokforfs", wdcmd fincki tdi mdoromtircstcm mdoromtircstcms, s, `r mueturi, `n ok `rjokcsotc`k wdiri tdi rcsbs nr`l w`rb rieotif striss ori hickj innimtcviey lokojif okf m`ktr`eeif. Vdi Lokojilikt ]tokforfs m`vir scx biy orios `n w`rb fiscjk tdot, cn k`t pr`pirey lokojif, ori oss`mcotif wctd p``r dioetd okf wiee-hickj, e`wir pr`fumtcvcty okf ckmriosif scmbkiss ohsikmi. Ck `tdir w`rfs, tdi scx Lokojilikt Lokojilikt ]tokforfs m`vir tdi prclory s`urmis `n striss ot w`rb. Vdisi ori1 • • • • • •
Filokfs1 tdcs ckmeufis cssuis sumd os w`rbe`of, w`rb pottirks okf tdi w`rb ikvcr`klikt. M`ktr`e1 d`w lumd soy tdi pirs`k dos ck tdi woy tdiy f` tdicr w`rb. ]upp`rt1 tdcs ckmeufis tdi ikm`uroji ikm`urojilikt, likt, sp`ks`rsdcp okf ris`urmis pr`vcfif hy tdi `rjokcsotc`k, ecki lokojilikt okf m`eeiojuis. Xieotc`ksdcps1 tdcs ckmeufis pr`l`tckj p`sctcvi w`rbckj t` ov`cf m`knecmt okf fioeckj wctd ukommiptohei hidovc`ur. X`ei1 wditdir pi`pei ukfirstokf tdicr r`ei wctdck tdi `rjokcsotc`k okf wditdir tdi `rjokcsotc`k iksuris tdot tdiy f` k`t dovi m`knecmtckj r`eis. Mdokji1 d`w `rjokcsotc`koe mdokji (eorji `r sloee) cs lokojif okf m`llukcmotif ck tdi `rjokcsotc`k.
Vdi Lokojilikt ]tokforfs riprisikt o sit `n m`kfctc`ks tdot, cn prisikt, rineimt o dcjd eivie `n dioetd wiee-hickj okf `rjokcsotc`koe `rjokcsotc`koe pirn`rlokmi. pirn`rlokmi. Ck offctc`k, tdi stokforfs1
Fil`kstroti j``f promtcmi tdr`ujd o stip hy stip rcsb ossisslikt oppr`omd. Oee`w ossisslikt `n tdi murrikt sctuotc`k usckj surviys okf `tdir timdkcquis. Wr`l`ti omtcvi fcsmussc`k okf w`rbckj ck portkirsdcp wctd w`rbirs t` diep fimcfi `k promtcmoe
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clpr`vilikts tdot mok hi lofi. Diep sclpecny rcsb ossisslikt n`r w`rb rieotif striss hy1 ` Cfiktcnyckj tdi lock rcsb nomt`rs n`r w`rb rieotif striss. ` Diepckj ilpe`yirs n`mus `k tdi ukfireyckj mousis okf tdicr priviktc`k.
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©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 8> `n 864
Wr`vcfckj o yorfstcmb hy wdcmd `rjokcsotc`ks mok jouji tdicr pirn`rlokmi ck tombeckj tdi biy mousis
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`n striss
Ziee-hickj Vdi rieotc`ksdcp hitwiik wiee-hickj okf liktoe dioetd Vdi Z`ref Dioetd @rjokcsotc`k (ZD@) rieotis wiee-hickj okf liktoe dioetd os n`ee`ws1 "Liktoe dioetd cs k`t aust tdi ohsikmi `n liktoe fcs`rfir. Ct cs finckif os o stoti `n wiee-hickj ck wdcmd iviry ckfcvcfuoe rioeczis dcs `r dir `wk p`tiktcoe, mok m`pi wctd tdi k`rloe strissis `n ecni, mok w`rb pr`fumtcviey okf nructnueey, okf cs ohei t` lobi o m`ktrchutc`k t` dir `r dcs m`llukcty." Vdiri cs o tw` woy rieotc`ksdcp hitwiik wiee-hickj okf dioetd ck tdot dioetd ckneuikmis wiee-hickj okf wiee-hickj ctsien ckneuikmis dioetd. ZD@ j`is `k t` soy tdot ―wiee-hickj m`lprcsis ok ckfcvcfuoe–s ixpircikmi `n tdicr ecni os wiee os o m`lporcs`k `n ecni mcrmulstokmis wctd s`mcoe k`rls okf voeuis“. Ixolpeis `n ecni mcrmulstokmis ckmeufi dioetd, ifumotc`k, w`rb, s`mcoe rieotc`ksdcps, hucet okf koturoe ikvcr`klikts, simurcty, okf w`rb-ecni hoeokmi.
D`w dioetd okf wiee-hickj w`rbpeomi strotijy mok diep t` clpr`vi w`rbirs– dioetd (liktoe okf pdyscmoe) Loky m`lpokcis ori stortckj t` rioecsi tdi hikincts `n Dioetd okf wieehickj. Vdi mriotc`k `n o dioetd okf wieehickj strotijy k`t `key fil`kstrotis mori n`r o w`rbir–s dioetd hut oes` mok hi hikincmcoe t` tdi husckiss. Hy fivie`pckj o dioetd okf wieehickj strotijy, rotdir tdok aust o m`eeimtc`k `n hikincts, ct iksuris tdot w`rbirs dioetd scts scfi hy scfi wctd tdi m`lpoky–s wcfir husckiss `haimtcvis. N`r ixolpei, cn tdi husckiss wiri e``bckj t` rifumi ohsiktiicsl tdr`ujd scmbkiss hy 89%, ct m`uef iksuri tdot tdi hikincts n`mus `k diepckj w`rbirs stoy dioetdy `r riturk t` w`rb qucmbir cn tdiy dovi hiik strumb f`wk hy ok ceekiss. Hy eckbckj tdi strotijy t` tdi m`lpoky–s `haimtcvis, ct oes` ikoheis tdi husckiss t` sit BWCs, sd`wckj d`w tdi strotijy mok clpr`vi tdisi orios. Vdcs ck turk m`uef diep omdcivi sikc`r lokojilikt huy-ck. Dovckj o str`kj dioetd okf wieehickj strotijy wcee diep w`rbirs ov`cf dioetd cssuis, pr`vcfi jriotir supp`rt, okf riturk t` w`rb qucmbir cn tdiy f` him`li cee. ]`li ixolpeis `n tdcs ckmeufi ikm`urojckj ixirmcsi furckj tdi w`rbckj foy okf tdi pr`l`tc`k `n dioetdy iotckj ckctcotcvis. Dioetd ossisslikts mok oes` diep cfiktcny p`tiktcoe dioetd rcsbs okf tdi pr`vcsc`k `n o Z`rbir Osscstokmi pr`jrolli. pr`jrolli. Ck offctc`k, ikjojif w`rbirs ori j``f n`r husckiss. Zdik w`rbirs ori ikjojif ot w`rb ok `rjokcsotc`k mok `ntik sii clpr`vilikts ck ilpe`yii wieehickj okf pirn`rlokmi, pr`fumtcvcty, okf rifumtc`ks ck ohsikmi okf stonn turk`vir. Os l`ri okf l`ri m`lpokcis ckvist ck o meiorey finckif dioetd okf wieehickj strotijy ct dcjdecjdts tdot w`rbir wieehickj cs k` e`kjir o —kcmi t` dovi– hut ok orio `n clp`rtokmi t` h`td ilpe`yirs okf w`rbirs. Z`rbirs wcee opprimcoti tdicr ilpe`yirs diepckj tdil t` clpr`vi tdicr dioetd okf ilpe`yirs wcee hikinct nr`l e`wir eivies `n ohsikmi okf ckmriosif pr`fumtcvcty.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 8: `n 864
Vdi eckb hitwiik dioetd okf wiee-hickj wiee -hickj okf sonity mueturi Dioetd okf Zieehickj lust stort wctd ok ilpe`yir jikuckiey morckj oh`ut tdicr w`rbirs. Ct–s clp`rtokt tdot wieehickj csk–t sclpey m`knckif t` ckctcotcvis or`ukf locktockck locktockckj j `r pr`l`tckj pdyscmoe dioetd (oetd`ujd tdisi ori sclpei, vcschei, okf hikincmcoe smdilis). Ckstiof, `rjokcsotc`ks sd`uef m`kscfir wditdir tdiri ori nukfoliktoe cssuis oh`ut d`w w`rb cs lokojif wdcmd loy hi pr`l`tckj `r ukfirlckckj ilpe`yii wieehickj. Vdirin`ri, tdi sonity mueturi `n ok `rjokcsotc`k mok dovi ok clpomt `k wieehickj. Vdi D]I–s striss lokojilikt stokforfs mok hi o j``f stortckj p`ckt ck tdcs ospimt hut `tdir ospimts `n dioetd okf wieehickj tdot eckb homb t` tdi sonity mueturi ckmeufi e`wir ommcfikt rotis okf o jriot oworikiss okf m`ktr`e `n w`rbpeomi rcsbs. Zdcest tdi striss lokojilikt stokforfs ori o j``f stortckj p`ckt, fcsmussc`ks wctd stonn loy rivioe l`ri ckk`votcvi s`eutc`ks. Z`rbirs mok dovi jriotir ckv`evilikt ck `r m`ktr`e `vir tdi `rjokcsotc`k `n tdicr w`rb okf w`rbpeomi.
Zdy ecki lokojirs lust hi trockif `k wiee-hickj strotijcis okf ckctcotcvis Ecki lokojirs, jcvik tdicr p`sctc`k wctdck ok `rjokcsotc`k, ori `ntik hist peomif t` sp`t tdi scjks `n p``r liktoe dioetd ck tdi w`rbpeomi okf cn tdiy ori iqucppif wctd tdi rcjdt sbcee sit mok lokoji cssuis innimtcviey hin`ri tdiy riomd o mrcscs p`ckt. Vdi omtc`ks okf hidovc`ur `n tdi Ecki Lokojir mok oes` dovi ok clpomt `k w`rbir wieehickj1 o j``f ecki lokojir wcee n`stir tdi bckf b ckf `n w`rbckj ikvcr`klikt tdot lobis w`rbirs niie voeuif, rispimtif okf supp`rtif, okf wcee omt os o —jotibiipir– pr`timtckj tdil nr`l oky w`rbckj m`kfctc`ks tdot prisikt rcsbs t` tdicr liktoe wieehickj. D`wivir o hof ecki lokojir mok ojjrovoti okf, ck s`li mosis, ivik hi tdi mousi `n striss, okxcity okf fiprissc`k. Vobckj ckt` omm`ukt tdot husckissis dovi h`td o eijoe okf l`roe futy t` iksuri tdi dioetd okf sonity `n tdicr w`rbirs, trockckj ecki lokojirs t` fioe wctd liktoe dioetd cssuis sd`uef hi o t`p prc`rcty. Ecki lokojirs mok hi o biy ossit ck mriotckj dioetdcir, doppcir okf l`ri pr`fumtcvi w`rbn`rmis okf diepckj tdicr ilpe`yirs m`lpey wctd tdi eow, pr`vcfckj tdiy ori iqucppif wctd tdi rieivokt sbcees.
Z`rb-rieotif vc`eikmi Liokckj ^c`eikmi mok hi finckif os o n`rl `n ukwoktif hidovc`ur `r omtc`k ck tdi rieotc`ks hitwiik tw` `r l`ri pi`pei. Ct cs mdoromtircsif hy ojjrisscvikiss wdcmd cs s`litclis ripiotif okf s`litclis ukixpimtif. Ct ckmeufis ckmcfikts wdiri ilpe`yiis ori ohusif, tdriotikif, ossouetif `r suhaimt t` `tdir `nnikscvi omts `r hidovc`urs ck mcrmulstokmis rieotif t` tdicr w`rb. ^c`eikmi lokcnists ctsien h`td ck tdi n`rl `n pdyscmoe okf psymd`e`jcmoe vc`eikmi. Ct rokjis nr`l pdyscmoe ottombs t` virhoe cksuets, hueeyckj, l`hhckj, okf dorosslikt, ckmeufckj sixuoe okf romcoe dorosslikt. ^c`eikmi loy hi cktirkoe (tobis peomi hitwiik w`rbirs) `r ixtirkoe (tobis peomi hitwiik w`rbirs okf `tdir pirs`ks prisikt ck tdi w`rbpeomi, n`r ixolpei vcsct`rs, lilhirs `n tdi puhecm)
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 84 `n 864
Zdot cs Dorosslikt0 Dorosslikt cs o n`rl `n ukwoktif hidovc`ur. Ct `mmurs wdik s`li`ki cs ripiotifey okf fiechirotiey ohusif, Dorosslikt tdriotikif okf/`r dulcecotif ck mcrmulstokmis rieotckj t` w`rb. Ct mok doppik `k cts `wk `r oe`kjscfi `tdir n`rls `n fcsmrclckotc`k. Ykwoktif hidovc`ur lcjdt ckmeufi1 • • • •
sp`bik `r wrcttik w`rfs `r ohusi `nnikscvi iloces, twiits, `r m`llikts `k s`mcoe kitw`rbckj sctis clojis okf jronnctc pdyscmoe jisturis
Vdi pdyscmoe okf psymd`e`jcmoe innimts Wsymd`e`jcmoe m`ksiquikmis mok hi ivik l`ri sirc`us tdok pdyscmoe w`ukfs. Vdi ckfcvcfuoe m`ksiquikmis `n Wsymd`e`jcmoe w`rbpeomi dorosslikt dorosslikt vory nr`l lck`r striss riomtc`ks t` e`kj-tirl scmb eiovi okf fcspeomilikt nr`l w`rbckj ecni okf loy s`litclis ivik hi o mousi `n sucmcfi. Wdyscmoe okf psymd`e`jcmoe vc`eikmi ori rieotif. Oky vc`eikt omt `r hidovc`ur tdot onnimts pdyscmoe wiee-hickj oes` onnimts psymd`e`jcmoe wiee-hickj okf vcmi virso. Wsymd`e`jcmoe sylpt`ls mok ckmeufi1 • Okxcity • Fiprissc`k • W`st-Vroulotcm ]triss ]ykfr`li • Fitirc`rotc`k `n rieotc`ksdcps rieotc`ksdcps Vdisi mok eiof t` vorc`us pdysc`e`jcmoe sylpt`ls1 • • • • •
Ckmriosi ck he``f prissuri tdr`ujd striss Cks`lkco E`ss `r ckmriosi ck oppitcti Ckmriosi ck usi `n oem`d`e, frujs, `r t`homm`, os o m`pckj strotijy ]triss-rieotif st`lomd uemirs
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 83 `n 864
Nomt`rs ecbiey t` Ckmriosi tdi Xcsb `n Z`rb-Xieotif ^c`eikmi Mirtock w`rb nomt`rs, pr`missis, okf cktiromtc`ks mok put pi`pei ot ckmriosif rcsb nr`l w`rbpeomi vc`eikmi. Vdisi ckmeufi1 • • • • • • • • •
Z`rbckj wctd tdi Wuhecm Vdi Morckj okf Viomdckj Wr`nissc`k ]`mcoe ]irvcmis okf ]`mcoe Z`rbirs Z`rbckj wctd pi`pei wctd liktoe cee-dioetd m`kfctc`ks, `r oem`d`e/fruj clpocrif pi`pei. Z`rbckj Oe`ki D`li-^csctckj Dokfeckj L`kiy okf ^oeuoheis Morryckj `ut Ckspimtc`k `r Ikn`rmilikt Futcis Xitoce okf Ecmikmif trofi
Z`rbckj wctd tdi Wuhecm Z`rbckj wctd tdi puhecm puts w`rbirs ot rcsb `n ixtirkoe pdyscmoe `r virhoe vc`eikmi, wdcmd cs hy nor tdi l`st m`ll`k m`ll`k typi `n vc`eikmi. Vdiri ori loky fcnnirikt typis `n `mmupotc`k wdcmd w`rb wctd tdi puhecm, okf s`li `n tdisi sctuotc`ks prisikt offctc`koe rcsbs (sumd os dokfeckj voeuoheis). Moee miktri ojikts mok oes` ixpircikmi virhoe vc`eikmi, portcmueorey cn tdiy lobi `uth`ukf soeis moees. Vdi soeis moees ori usuoeey ukwiem`li, okf tdcs mok risuet ck rijueor ipcs`fis `n virhoe ohusi. Vdi m`kstokt striss `n tdcs cs wdot eiofs t` tdi dcjd turk`vir roti ck moee miktris. Ckh`ukf moee miktris ori k`t ixilpt nr`l tdcs. @ntik, must`lirs moee o moee miktri himousi tdiy dovi o pr`heil `r o m`lpeockt. Cn tdi moee miktri ojikt cs ukohei t` ris`evi tdcs, tdi must`lir–s fcssotcsnomtc`k fcssotcsnomtc`k mok eiof t` virhoe ohusi.
Vdi Morckj okf Viomdckj Wr`nissc`k Morirs mok hi onnimtif hy vc`eikmi nr`l tdi pi`pei tdiy ori morckj n`r, ispimcoeey cn tdi pirs`k dos s`li bckf `n eiorkckj fcsohcecty okf tikfs t` pdyscmoeey tdrosd `ut wdik okjry. Viomdirs ori ot rcsb `n hickj ossouetif hy stufikts. @efir stufikts loy hi orlif. Vdiri dovi hiik kulir`us mosis `n tiomdirs hickj stohhif `r lurfirif. Hut ivik y`ukj mdcefrik dovi scjkcncmokt strikjtd okf mok dct o tiomdir furckj o fcsputi. Viomdirs ori oes` pirmicvif t` dovi outd`rcty, wdcmd offs t` tdi rcsb.
]`mcoe ]irvcmis okf ]`mcoe Z`rbirs ]`mcoe Z`rbirs mok hi onnimtif nr`l vc`eikmi hy tdi koturi `n tdi mecikt jr`up tdiy ori fioeckj wctd. Vdiy loy hi fioeckj wctd vuekirohei mdcefrik ck ukprifcmtohei d`li ikvcr`klik ikvcr`klikts, ts, `r dovckj t` fioe wctd mecikts wd` dovi liktoe, pdyscmoe `r eiorkckj fcsohcectcis. Vdiy mok oes` sunnir tdriots t driots n`r ixolpei cn tdiy dovi t` ril`vi mdcefrik nr`l o d`li. Vdiy ori oes` ot rcsb os tikf t` w`rb or`ukf tdi me`mb okf ori l`ri vuekirohei t` w`rbckj oe`ki ck tdi m`llukcty.
Z`rbckj wctd pi`pei wctd liktoe cee-dioetd m`kfctc`ks `r oem`d`e/fruj oe m`d`e/fruj clpocrif pi`pei Dioetdmori pr`nissc`koes, pr`nissc`koes, ispimcoeey td`si w`rbckj ck ilirjikmy sirvcmis, ori ot rcsb `n ixpircikmckj vc`eikmi. Ziibikfs tikf t` hi viry husy ck ommcfikt okf ilirjikmy worfs.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji =7 `n 864
Eoti-kcjdt frckbirs okf portyj`irs dovi ommcfikts (`r ori ckaurif wdcest ncjdtckj) okf ottikf tdi d`spctoe stcee ukfir tdi ckneuikmi `n oem`d`e `r `tdir frujs. Vdicr fimcsc`k lobckj cs neowif, okf tdicr hidovc`ur k`t rotc`koe, eiofckj t` o rcsb `n ottombckj tdi dioetd mori pirs`kkie. Nurtdirl`ri, tdiri mok hi o e`kj woct n`r lifcmoe triotlikt, eiofckj t` jr`wckj okjir. @tdir `mmupotc`ks loy dovi t` w`rb wctd oem`d`e `r fruj-clpocrif pi`pei, sumd os mirtock mdorcty w`rbirs wd` supp`rt tdil, tdi p`ecmi, okf `tdir j`virklikt j`virklikt w`rbirs. Vd`si wd` w`rb fcrimtey wctd psymdcotrcm mecikts ori oes` ot rcsb `n hickj ottombif. Zdcest loky pi`pei wctd liktoe dioetd pr`heils ori qucti piominue, s`li f` dovi o tikfikmy t` hi vc`eikt. Morirs, kursis, okf oky`ki wd` w`rbs ck o psymdcotrcm nomcecty ck m`ktomt wctd potcikts, ori ot rcsb.
Z`rbckj Oe`ki Wi`pei wd` w`rb oe`ki mok hi siik os ok iosy torjit sckmi tdiri cs k` cllifcoti osscstokmi t` diep tdil. Wi`pei wd` w`rb ot kcjdt `ntik w`rb oe`ki. Vdiy loy hi oe`ki okf risp`kschei n`r ritoce prilcsis (sumd os o eotikcjdt sd`p) `r w`rb oe`ki ck o eorji nomcecty (n`r ixolpei, ok cs`eotif port `n o nomt`ry, ilpty st`rir``l) `r w`rb ck puhecm sirvcmis.
D`li-^csctckj ]`li w`rbirs loy dovi t` vcsct pi`pei ck tdicr d`lis. N`r ixolpei, n`r timdkcmoe ripocrs, `r mecikt m`ksuetotc`ks. Vdcs ckmriosis tdi rcsb himousi tdi w`rbir cs iktirckj ok uknolcecor e`motc`k. D`lis k`rloeey k`rloeey dovi `key `ki `r tw` ixcts, okf tdiri cs o rcsb `n tdi w`rbir jittckj troppif ckscfi cn o vc`eikt d`li`wkir stokfs hitwiik tdil okf tdi ixct.
Dokfeckj L`kiy okf ^oeuoheis Oky w`rbir wd` dokfeis voeuoheis `r frujs cs ot rcsb `n hickj ottombif. Vdcs onnimts pi`pei wd` dokfei l`kiy, sumd os mosdcirs, hokb tieeirs, p`st `nncmi w`rbirs, itm. Ct mok oes` onnimt `tdir w`rbirs wd` morry voeuohei iqucplikt `r l`kiy. Z`rbirs ck Nckokmcoe okf Omm`ukts fiportlikts loy hi osbif t` m`eeimt eorji suls `n l`kiy nr`l o hokb. Ikjckiirs loy morry ixpikscvi t``es okf iqucplikt ck tdicr vidcmeis. ]oeis pi`pei loy usi ixpikscvi l`hcei tieipd`kis okf eopt`ps, okf frcvi ixpikscvi m`lpoky vidcmeis, lobckj tdil o torjit n`r r`hhiry. Vdisi rcsbs mok hi ckmriosif nurtdir cn `tdir rcsb nomt`rs ori ckv`evif, sumd os w`rbckj eoti kcjdts (nuie sirvcmi stotc`ks okf eoti kcjdt pdorlomcis), w`rbckj oe`ki (`ntik eoti ot kcjdt), `r l`hcei w`rbirs (sumd os fiecvirckj l`kiy t` mosd lomdckis okf hokbs).
Morryckj `ut Ckspimtc`k `r Ikn`rmilikt Futcis Oky`ki wd` cs pirmicvif t` hi ck o p`sctc`k `n outd`rcty cs p`tiktcoeey ot rcsb `n vc`eikmi. v c`eikmi. Zdik tdcs outd`rcty ncjuri usis tdicr p`wir ojockst o lilhir `n tdi puhecm, `r ojockst o pr`nissc`koe, o m`ll`k riomtc riomtc`k `k cs tdot `n riscstokmi. Vdcs riscstokmi t` outd`rcty mok him`li vc`eikt. Wr`nissc`ks tdot ixirt outd`rcty ckmeufi loky typis `n j`virklikt w`rbir, sumd os p`ecmi `nncmirs, tronncm worfiks, s`mcoe sirvcmi w`rbirs, f`mt`rs, tdi lcectory, okf fimcsc`k lobirs. D`wivir, prcvoti simt`r w`rbirs mok oes` hi onnimtif, sumd os prcvoti simurcty `nncmirs, `r lokojirs lobckj ukp`pueor must`lir sirvcmi-rieotif fimcsc`ks.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji =? `n 864
Xitoce okf Ecmikmif trofi Oee must`lir nomckj a`hs dovi o p`tiktcoe rcsb `n vc`eikmi cn must`lirs ori ukdoppy wctd tdi sirvcmi hickj pr`vcfif. N`r ixolpei, mosdcirs ck tdi ritoce ikvcr`klikt loy him`li nrustrot nrustrotif if wctd eikjtdy quiuis, `r wdik tdi mdimb`ut systil ixpircikmis o timdkcmoe pr`heil `r cktirkit mrosd. Vdi vc`eikmi loy rokji nr`l virhoe ohusi t` pdyscmoe ossouet. Vd`si wd` siee oem`d`e wcee nomi pi`pei wd` ori ukfir tdi ckneuikmi `n oem`d`e. Vdcs mok ckmeufi hors okf meuhs. Vdiy `ntik dovi o eijoe futy t` rinusi t` sirvi pi`pei wd` ori frukb, wdcmd ckivctohey eiofs t` m`knr`ktotc`ks. @tdir s`urmis `n oem`d`e ckmeufi ecmiksif sd`ps, wdcmd `ntik stoy `pik eoti ot kcjdt. Zdcest l`st must`lirs ori pirnimtey rispimtohei, sloee sd`ps sieeckj oem`d`e ori `ntik nriquiktif hy oem`d`ecms, wd`si hidovc`ur mok hi ukprifcmtohei.
N`ur stojis n`r innimtcviey lokojckj w`rb-rieotif vc`eikmi Vdi n`ur stojis, rim`llikfif hy tdi YB D]I, ori1 ]toji ?1 Nckfckj `ut cn y`u dovi o pr`heil ]toji 81 Fimcfckj wdot omtc`k t` tobi ]toji =1 Vobi omtc`k ]toji 61 Mdimb wdot y`u dovi f`ki Ct cs clp`rtokt t` rililhir tdot tdisi n`ur stojis ori k`t o `ki-`nn sit `n omtc`ks. omtc`ks. Cn stoji 6 sd`ws tdiri cs stcee o pr`heil tdik tdi pr`miss sd`uef hi ripiotif. Vdi ncrst tw` stojis ori m`lpeitif hy morryckj `ut o rcsb ossisslikt. ossisslikt.
?. Nckfckj `ut cn y`u dovi o pr`heil Vdi ncrst stip ck rcsb ossisslikt ossisslikt cs t` cfiktcny tdi dozorf ” ck tdcs mosi vc`eikmi. Zdcest ok `rjokcsotc`k loy tdckb tdot vc`eikmi cs k`t o pr`heil ck tdicr w`rbpeomi `r tdot ckmcfikts ori rori, w`rbirs– vciws loy hi viry fcnnirikt. Z`rbirs mok hi osbif oh`ut tdicr ixpircikmis `n ojjrissc`k okf vc`eikmi ck sd`rt quistc`kkocris. Vdcs mok diep cfiktcny jr`ups `n w`rbirs, sctuotc`ks, sdcnts, e`motc`ks, omtcvctcis, itm. wdcmd sd`w ok ckmriosif rcsb `n vc`eikmi. Ommcfikt okf ckmcfikt rim`rfs mok oes` osscst wctd tdcs. Ct cs j``f promtcmi t` sdori tdi risuets `n tdi surviy wctd tdi w`rbn`rmi s` tdiy rioecsi tdot tdi sctuotc`k cs hickj tobik sirc`usey. Vdi m`lpoky p`ecmy sd`uef ckmeufi vc`eikmi okf ojjrissc`k ck cts finckctc`k `n "ckmcfikt". Vdcs, omm`lpokcif wctd ckn`rlotc`k okf trockckj, wcee diep w`rbirs ukfirstokf tdot tdisi ckmcfikts sd`uef hi rip`rtif ecbi oky `tdir. Ct cs o j``f cfio t` rim`rf tdisi ckmcfikts. S`u loy nckf ct usinue t` rim`rf tdi n`ee`wckj ckn`rlotc`k1 • • • •
Ok omm`ukt `n wdot doppikif. Fitoces `n tdi vcmtcl(s), tdi ossoceokt(s), okf oky wctkissis. Vdi `utm`li, ckmeufckj w`rbckj tcli, e`st t` h`td tdi ckfcvcfuoe(s) onnimtif okf t` tdi `rjokcsotc`k os o wd`ei. Vdi fitoces `n tdi e`motc`k `n tdi ckmcfikt.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji =8 `n 864
N`r o vorcity `n rios`ks, s`li w`rbirs loy hi rieumtokt t` rip`rt ckmcfikts `n ojjrisscvi hidovc`ur wdcmd lobi tdil niie tdriotikif `r w`rrcif. Vdiy loy, n`r ckstokmi, niie tdot ommiptckj ohusi ohusi cs port `n tdi a`h. S`u wcee kiif o rim`rf `n oee ckmcfikts t` ikohei y`u t` hucef up o m`lpeiti pcmturi `n tdi pr`heil. Ikm`uroji w`rbirs t` rip`rt ckmcfikts pr`lptey okf nueey okf eit tdil bk`w tdot tdcs cs wdot y`u ixpimt. S`u mok usi tdi fitoces nr`l y`ur ckmcfikt rim`rfs oe`kj wctd tdi meosscncmotc`ks t` mdimb n`r pottirks. E``b n`r m`ll`k mousis, orios, orios, `r tclis. Vdi stips y`u tobi mok tdik hi torjitif wdiri tdiy ori kiifif l`st. O surviy hy o YB trofi ukc`k (Y]FOZ) ontir ?8 siporoti sd`p r`hhircis n`ukf tdot iomd ckmcfikt `mmurrif hitwiik 9 okf : `–me`mb ck tdi ivikckj. Vdcs nckfckj m`uef dovi usinue simurcty eiss`ks n`r eoti kcjdt `pikckj `n st`ris okf sd`ps. Vry t` prifcmt wdot lcjdt doppik - f` k`t ristrcmt y`ur ossisslikt t` ckmcfikts wdcmd dovi oeriofy onnimtif y`ur `wk ilpe`yiis. Vdiri loy hi o bk`wk pottirk `n vc`eikmi eckbif t` mirtock w`rb sctuotc`ks. Vrofi okf pr`nissc`koe `rjokcsotc`ks okf trofi ukc`ks loy hi ohei t` pr`vcfi usinue ckn`rlotc`k `k tdcs. Ortcmeis ck tdi e`moe, kotc`koe, okf timdkcmoe priss lcjdt oes` oeirt y`u t` rieivokt ckmcfikts okf p`tiktcoe pr`heil orios `r ecocs`k wctd tdi e`moe W`ecmi N`rmi wd` loy dovi Kicjdh`urd``f Viols okf bk`w `n oky e`moe d`tsp`ts okf orios `n m`kmirk.
8. Fimcfckj wdot omtc`k t` tobi Dovckj n`ukf `ut tdot vc`eikmi m`uef hi o pr`heil n`r y`ur ilpe`yiis y`u kiif t` fimcfi wdot kiifs t` hi f`ki. M`ktckui tdi rcsb ossisslikt hy tobckj t obckj tdi n`ee`wckj stips t` diep y`u fimcfi wdot omtc`k y`u kiif t` tobi. Cfiktcny wdcmd ilpe`yiis ori ot rcsb - td`si wd` dovi nomi-t`-nomi m`ktomt wctd tdi puhecm ori k`rloeey tdi l`st vuekirohei. Zdiri oppr`prcoti, cfiktcny p`tiktcoeey vc`eikt pi`pei ck ofvokmi s` tdot tdi rcsbs nr`l tdil mok hi lckclcsif. Mdimb ixcstckj orrokjilikts, ori tdi primoutc`ks oeriofy ck peomi ofiquoti `r sd`uef l`ri hi f`ki0 Xililhir ct cs usuoeey o m`lhckotc`k m`lhckotc`k `n nomt`rs tdot jcvi rcsi t` vc`eikmi. Nomt`rs wdcmd y`u mok ckneuikmi ckmeufi1 Vrockckj okf ckn`rlotc`k1 Vrock y`ur ilpe`yiis s` tdot tdiy mok sp`t tdi iorey scjks `n ojjrissc`k okf ictdir ov`cf ct `r m`pi wctd ct. ]`li `rjokcsotc`ks loy lobi ilpe`yiis ottikf lokfot`ry lokfot`ry M`knecmt Xis`eutc`k Vrockckj . Ct cs clp`rtokt t` lobi suri tdiy nueey ukfirstokf oky systils y`u dovi sit up n`r tdicr pr`timtc`k, n`r ixolpei s`li `rjokcsotc`ks lobi usi `n E`ki Z`rbir systils wctd JW] trombckj wdcmd mok pr`vcfi oeirts. Wr`vcfi ilpe`yiis wctd oky ckn`rlotc`k tdiy lcjdt kiif t` cfiktcny mecikts wctd o dcst`ry `n vc`eikmi v c`eikmi `r t` oktcmcpoti nomt`rs wdcmd lcjdt lobi vc`eikmi l`ri ecbiey. Vdcs mok ckmeufi tdckjs sumd os o m`lputir systil tdot mok neoj up rif oeirts `k mecikts. Vdi ikvcr`klikt1 Wr`vcfi hittir siotckj, fim`r, ecjdtckj ck puhecm woctckj r``ls okf l`ri rijueor ckn`rlotc`k oh`ut fieoys. M`kscfir pdyscmoe simurcty liosuris sumd os1 vcfi` moliros `r oeorl systils2 m`fif simurcty e`mbs `k f``rs t` biip tdi puhecm `ut `n stonn orios2 wcfir m`uktirs okf rocsif ne``rs `k tdi stonn scfi `n tdi m`uktir t` jcvi stonn l`ri pr`timtc`k. M`kscfir ckvctckj mecikts ckt` hucefckjs wdiri tdiy mok hi lokojif ck o simurir ikvcr`klikt ckstiof `n ilpe`yiis j`ckj ckt` d`lis. Cn w`rbckj ck d`lis, iksuri ilpe`yiis ori ohei t` sct kior ok ixct cn kiifs hi.
Vdi fiscjk `n tdi a`h1 Ysi mdiquis, mrifct morfs `r t`biks ckstiof `n mosd t` lobi r`hhiry eiss ottromtcvi. Hokb l`kiy l`ri nriquiktey okf vory tdi r`uti tobik t` rifumi tdi rcsb `n r`hhiry. Mdimb tdi mrifiktcoes `n mecikts okf tdi peomi okf orrokjilikts n`r oky liitckjs owoy nr`l tdi w`rbpeomi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji == `n 864
Orrokji n`r stonn t` hi omm`lp omm`lpokcif okcif hy o m`eeiojui cn tdiy lust liit o suspimtif ojjriss`r ot tdicr d`li `r ot o ril`ti e`motc`k `r m`kscfir liitckj ck o simuri ikvcr`klikt. Lobi orrokjilikts n`r ilpe`yiis wd` w`rb owoy nr`l tdicr hosi t` biip ck t`umd tdr`ujd tdi usi `n l`hcei pd`kis `r e`ki w`rbir systils. Locktock kulhirs `n stonn ot tdi w`rbpeomi t` ov`cf o e`ki w`rbir sctuotc`k fivie`pckj.
=. Vobi omtc`k S`ur p`ecmy n`r fioeckj wctd vc`eikmi loy hi wrcttik ckt` y`ur dioetd okf sonity p`ecmy stotilikt, s` tdot oee ilpe`yiis ori owori `n ct. Vdcs wcee diep y`ur ilpe`yiis t` m`-`piroti m`-`piroti wctd y`u, n`ee`w pr`mifuris pr`pirey okf rip`rt oky nurtdir ckmcfikts. Iksuri tdot rijueor rinrisdir trockckj cs ukfirtobik n`r ilpe`yiis.
6. Mdimb wdot y`u dovi f`ki Mdimb `k o rijueor hoscs d`w wiee y`ur orrokjilikts ori w`rbckj, m`ksuetckj ilpe`yiis `r tdicr riprisiktotcvis os y`u f` s`. M`kscfir sittckj up a`ckt lokojilikt okf sonity riprisiktotcvi m`llcttiis m`llcttiis t` f` tdcs. Biip rim`rfs `n ckmcfikts okf ixolcki tdil rijueorey2 tdiy wcee sd`w wdot pr`jriss y`u ori lobckj, oky pottirks `n hidovc`ur okf cn tdi pr`heil cs mdokjckj. Cn y`ur liosuris ori w`rbckj wiee, biip tdil up. Cn vc`eikmi cs stcee o pr`heil, try s`litdckj iesi. J` homb t` ]tojis ? okf 8 okf cfiktcny `tdir priviktcvi liosuris tdot m`uef w`rb.
E`ki w`rbckj Zdot cs o e`ki w`rbir0 E`ki w`rbirs ori td`si wd` w`rb hy tdilsievis wctd`ut me`si `r fcrimt supirvcsc`k (rin1 YB D]I CKFJ :=). Vdiy ori n`ukf ck o wcfi rokji `n sctuotc`ks2 s`li ixolpeis ori jcvik hie`w1 • • • • • •
Wi`pei ck ncxif istohecsdlikts wdiri `key `ki pirs`k w`rbs `k tdi prilcsis, i.j. ck sloee w`rbsd`ps, bc`sbs, sd`ps okf d`li w`rbirs. Wi`pei wd` w`rb siporotiey nr`l `tdirs ck nomt`rcis, worid`usis, worid`usis, risiormd okf trockckj istohecsdlikts, eicsuri miktris `r nocrjr`ukfs. Wi`pei wd` w`rb `utscfi k`rloe d`urs os meiokirs, simurcty, spimcoe pr`fumtc`k, kcjdt sdcnt w`rbirs, locktikokmi okf ripocr stonn. Wi`pei wd` w`rb owoy nr`l tdicr d`li hosi `k m`kstrumtc`k sctis, ck peokt ckstoeeotc`k, locktikokmi, meiokckj w`rb, ieimtrcmoe ripocrs, ecnt w`rb, pocktckj okf fim`rotckj `r vidcmei rim`viry. Ojrcmueturoe okf n`ristry w`rbirs. ]irvcmi w`rbirs wd` m`eeimt rikts, p`stoe w`rbirs, d`li morirs, m`llukcty kursckj stonn, pist m`ktr`e w`rbirs, frcvirs, ikjckiirs, istoti ojikts, soeis riprisiktotcvis okf sclceor pr`nissc`koes vcsctckj f`listcm okf m`llirmcoe prilcsis.
D`w jikiroe rcsb ossisslikts mok hi usif t` ov`cf okf m`ktr`e rcsbs t` e`ki w`rbirs Zdcest y`u loy k`t hi eijoeey riqucrif t` m`kfumt o spimcncm, siporoti rcsb ossisslikt n`r e`ki w`rbirs, y`u sd`uef ckmeufi rcsbs t` e`ki w`rbirs ck oky jikiroe rcsb ossisslikt okf tobi stips t` ov`cf `r m`ktr`e rcsbs wdiri kimissory. Vdcs sd`uef ckmeufi1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji =6 `n 864
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Ckv`evckj w`rbirs wdik m`kscfirckj p`tiktcoe rcsbs okf liosuris t` m`ktr`e tdil2 tobckj stips t` iksuri rcsbs ori ril`vif wdiri p`sschei, `r puttckj ck peomi m`ktr`e liosuris, n`r ixolpei hy morinueey sieimtckj w`rb iqucplikt t` iksuri tdi w`rbir mok pirn`rl wdot cs riqucrif soniey sumd os o e`ki w`rbir fivcmi ckstrumtc`k, trockckj okf supirvcsc`k2 rivciwckj rcsb ossisslikts pirc`fcmoeey okf upfotckj tdil ontir oky scjkcncmokt mdokjis, sumd os kiw stonn, pr`missis `r iqucplikt2 wdik tdi e`ki w`rbir cs w`rbckj ot ok`tdir ilpe`yir–s w`rbpeomi `r ck ok`tdir ikvcr`klikt, m`ksuetckj wctd tdot ilpe`yir t` cfiktcny oky rcsbs okf riqucrif m`ktr`e liosuris.
Xcsb ossisslikt sd`uef diep y`u fimcfi `k tdi rcjdt eivie `n supirvcsc`k n`r e`ki w`rbirs. Vdiri ori s`li dcjd-rcsb omtcvctcis wdiri ot eiost `ki `tdir pirs`k loy kiif t` hi prisikt. Ixolpeis ckmeufi w`rbckj1 • • • •
ck o m`knckif spomi, wdiri o supirvcs`r loy kiif t` hi prisikt, oe`kj wctd s`li`ki fifcmotif t` tdi rismui r`ei kior ixp`sif ecvi ieimtrcmcty m`kfumt`rs ck fcvckj `pirotc`ks Z`rbckj wctd vuekirohei lilhirs `n tdi puhecm
Vdi clpomt `k rcsb t` e`ki w`rbirs `n spimcncm dozorfs1 Loky `n tdi dozorf ikm`uktirif hy o e`ki w`rbir ori t` o eorji ixtikt k` fcnnirikt tdok td`si onnimtckj jr`ups `n w`rbirs - ck `tdir w`rfs, tdi dozorfs oss`mcotif wctd tdi tosbs tdot tdiy ori ukfirtobckj. D`wivir, e`ki w`rbirs loy nomi jriotir rcsbs ck mirtock mosis. N`r ixolpei1 • • • • • • •
Vdi tdriot `n vc`eikmi (portcmueorey cn w`rbckj ck c k "puhecm" peomis - n`r ixolpei o bc`sb `pirot`r ck o 86d`ur joroji). Vdi koturi `n tdi w`rb loy p`si jriotir rcsbs n`r e`ki w`rbirs (n`r ixolpei w`rb ck m`knckif spomis2 fcvckj w`rb2 dokfeckj ixpe`scvis, w`rbckj wctd vuekirohei lilhirs `n tdi puhecm). Zdik morryckj `ut lokuoe dokfeckj omtcvctcis tdot loy riqucri osscstokmi. Mdilcmoes okf dozorf`us suhstokmis suhstokmis hickj usif tdot t dot loy p`si o rcsb t` tdi w`rbir. Cn lomdckiry cs ckv`evif ck tdi w`rb tdot `ki pirs`k mokk`t `piroti soniey. Zdiri tdi e`ki w`rbir dos o pri-ixcstckj lifcmoe m`kfctc`k. Zdiri tdi e`ki w`rbir–s ncrst eokjuoji cs k`t Ikjecsd, m`llukcmotc`ks m`llukcmotc`ks loy hi m`lpr`lcsif, m`lpr`lcsif, ispimcoeey ck ok ilirjikmy.
Zdot cn o e`ki w`rbir cs w`rbckj nr`l d`li0 Ilpe`yirs dovi tdi soli risp`kschcecty (l`roe, cn k`t eijoe) n`r tdi sonity okf dioetd `n ilpe`yiis wd` w`rb nr`l d`li, os n`r oky `tdir ilpe`yiis. Vdcs lioks pr`vcfckj supirvcsc`k, ifumotc`k okf trockckj, os wiee os clpeiliktckj ik`ujd m`ktr`e liosuris t` pr`timt tdi d`liw`rbir. N`r ixolpei, sittckj up o w`rbstotc`k okf pr`vcfckj sunncmcikt iqucplikt t` oee`w o d`liw`rbir t` morry `ut tdi tosb wctd`ut rcsbs t` dioetd okf sonity.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji =9 `n 864
Wr`heils nomckj e`ki w`rbirs Lifcmoe m`kfctc`ks1 Ilpe`yirs sd`uef siib lifcmoe ofvcmi cn kimissory. M`kscfir h`td r`utcki w`rb okf n`risiiohei ilirjikm ilirjikmcis cis tdot loy clp`si offctc`koe pdyscmoe okf liktoe hurfiks `k ok ckfcvcfuoe. Ixolpeis diri m`uef ckmeufi td`si ilpe`yiis wd` loy dovi t` lokoji Fcohitis `r sunnir nr`l Ipceipsy.
Vrockckj1 Vrockckj cs portcmueorey clp`rtokt wdiri tdiri cs eclctif supirvcsc`k t` m`ktr`e, jucfi okf diep ck ukmirtock sctuotc`ks. Vrockckj loy oes` hi mrumcoe ck ikoheckj pi`pei t` m`pi wctd ukixpimtif mcrmulstokmis mcrmulstokmis okf wctd p`tiktcoe ixp`suri t` vc`eikmi okf ojjrissc`k. E`ki w`rbirs ori ukohei t` osb l`ri ixpircikmif m`eeiojuis m`eeiojuis n`r diep, s` ixtro trockckj loy hi oppr`prcoti. Vdiy kiif t` hi sunncmciktey ixpircikmif okf nueey ukfirstokf tdi rcsbs okf primoutc`ks ckv`evif ck tdicr w`rb okf tdi e`motc`k tdot tdiy w`rb ck. Ilpe`yirs sd`uef sit tdi eclcts t` wdot mok okf mokk`t hi f`ki wdcei w`rbckj oe`ki. Vdiy sd`uef iksuri w`rbirs ori m`lpitikt t` fioe wctd tdi riqucrilikts `n tdi a`h okf ori ohei t` rim`jkcsi wdik t` siib ofvcmi nr`l iesiwdiri.
]upirvcsc`k1 Vdi ixtikt `n supirvcsc`k riqucrif fipikfs `k tdi rcsbs ckv`evif okf tdi ohcecty `n tdi e`ki w`rbir t` cfiktcny okf dokfei dioetd okf sonity cssuis. Vdi eivie `n supirvcsc`k kiifif cs o lokojilikt fimcsc`k, wdcmd sd`uef hi hosif `k tdi nckfckjs `n o rcsb ossisslikt, c.i. tdi dcjdir tdi rcsb, tdi jriotir tdi eivie `n supirvcsc`k riqucrif. Ct sd`uef k`t hi eint t` ckfcvcfuoes t` fimcfi wditdir tdiy kiif osscstokmi. Zdiri o w`rbir cs kiw t` o a`h, ukfirj`ckj trockckj, f`ckj o a`h tdot prisikts spimcncm rcsbs, `r fioeckj wctd kiw sctuotc`ks, ct loy hi ofvcsohei n`r tdil t` hi omm`lpokcif wdik tdiy ncrst tobi up tdi p`st.
Ilirjikmcis1 Vdi ilpe`yir–s ossisslikt `n tdi rcsbs sd`uef cfiktcny n`risiiohei ivikts. Ilirjikmy Ilirjikmy pr`mifuris sd`uef hi istohecsdif okf ilpe`yiis trockif ck tdil. Ckn`rlotc`k rijorfckj ilirjikmy ilirjikmy pr`mifuris sd`uef hi jcvik t` e`ki w`rbirs. Vdi rcsb ossisslikt ossisslikt loy ckfcmoti tdot l`hcei w`rbirs sd`uef morry ncrst-ocf bcts okf/`r tdot e`ki w`rbirs kiif ncrst-ocf trockckj `r ommiss t` o e`ki w`rbckj fivcmi. Vdiy sd`uef oes` dovi ommiss t` ofiquoti ncrst-ocf nomcectcis.
Liktoe dioetd cssuis Orcsckj nr`l hickj cs`eotif n`r e`kj pirc`fs nr`l tdi rist `n tdi w`rbn`rmi.
Wrimoutc`ks n`r e`ki w`rbirs
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji => `n 864
]oni w`rbckj pr`mifuris lust hi ck peomi n`r e`ki w`rbirs. Vdiy sd`uef hi cssuif `key wdik ct dos hiik m`kncrlif tdot tdi e`ki w`rbir mok ofiquotiey m`ktr`e tdi rcsbs oss`mcotif wctd tdi tosb. M`llukcmotc`k M`llukcmo tc`k wcee hi ok issiktcoe port `n tdisi pr`mifuris. Vdcs loy ckmeufi1 • • •
]upirvcs`rs pirc`fcmoeey vcsctckj okf mdimbckj `k pi`pei w`rbckj oe`ki. Wri-ojriif cktirvoes `n rijueor m`ktomt hitwiik tdi e`ki w`rbir okf supirvcs`r Ysckj pd`kis, rofc`s, `r iloce, hiorckj ck lckf tdi w`rbir–s ukfirstokfckj `n Ikjecsd.
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Lokuoeey `pirotif `r out`lotcm workckj fivcmis wdcmd trcjjir cn spimcncm scjkoes ori k`t rimicvif pirc`fcmoeey nr`l tdi e`ki w`rbir sumd os o E`ki Z`rbir Fivcmi.
Wr`mifuris sd`uef hi r`hust ik`ujd t` iksuri o e`ki w`rbir dos riturkif t` tdicr hosi `r d`li `kmi tdicr tosb cs m`lpeitif. @tdir m`kscfirotc`ks1 • • • • •
F`is tdi e`ki w`rbir dovi o soni woy ck okf `ut `n tdi w`rbpeomi0 Mok `ki pirs`k dokfei tilp`rory ommiss iqucplikt, peokt, j``fs, `r suhstokmis0 Cs tdiri o rcsb `n vc`eikmi0 v c`eikmi0 Ori w`lik ispimcoeey ot rcsb0 F` y`ukj pi`pei w`rb oe`ki0
3.=1 Dioetd ]urviceeokmi Vdi fcstckmtc`k hitwiik jikiroe dioetd ossisslikt okf dioetd surviceeokmi Vdiri ori siviroe typis `n dioetd ossisslikt tdot lcjdt hi morrcif `ut ck o w`rbpeomi. Nctkiss n`r Z`rb1 Vdi prclory purp`si `n dioetd ossisslikt nctkiss n`r w`rb cs t` lobi suri tdot ok ckfcvcfuoe cs nct t` pirn`rl tdi tosbs ckv`evif innimtcviey okf wctd`ut rcsb t` tdicr `wk `r `tdirs– dioetd okf sonity. Ct cs k`t tdi cktiktc`k t` ixmeufi o pirs`k nr`l o a`h hut t` lobi oky kimissory rios`kohei rios`kohei l`fcncmotc`ks `r ofaustlikts t` tdi a`h t` oee`w tdi pirs`k pirs`k t` w`rb in inncmciktey ncmciktey okf soniey. soniey. Ok ossisslikt ossisslikt loy hi hi riqucrif wdik1
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Vdi ckfcvcfuoe–s dioetd m`kfctc`k loy eclct `r privikt tdil nr`l pirn`rlckj tdi a`h innimtcviey (i.j. lusmue`sbieitoe m`kfctc`ks tdot eclct ohcecty). Vdi ckfcvcfuoe–s m`kfctc`k loy hi lofi w`rsi hy tdi a`h. Vdi ckfcvcfuoe–s m`kfctc`k loy lobi mirtock a`hs okf w`rb ikvcr`klikts uksoni t` tdil pirs`koeey (i.j.
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ecohcecty t` suffik ukm`ksmc`uskiss ukm`ksmc`uskiss ck o dozorf`us sctuotc`k, rcsb `n foloji t` tdi rilockckj iyi ck ok ckfcvcfuoe wctd l`k`mueor vcsc`k). Vdi ckfcvcfuoe–s m`kfctc`k loy lobi ct uksoni h`td n`r tdilsievis okf n`r `tdirs ck s`li r`eis.
Ilpe`ylikt dioetd ossisslikt1 Ck s`li m`uktrcis (sumd os tdi YB wctd tdi Iquoecty Omt 87?7) ct cs ceeijoe n`r pr`spimtcvi ilpe`yirs t` osb quistc`ks `r cssui dioetd quistc`kkocris os port `n tdi rimructlikt pr`miss. Ilpe`yirs ori stcee pirlcttif t` lobi a`h `nnirs m`kfctc`koe `k sotcsnomt`ry dioetd mdimbs. Vdirin`ri, ilpe`y ilpe`yirs irs loy stcee osb dioetd-rieotif quistc`ks okf riqucri w`rbirs t` ukfirj` lifcmoe mdimbs `kmi o a`h dos hiik `nnirif. Vdcs dioetd ossisslikt loy eiof t` tdi t di `rjokcsotc`k lobckj rios`kohei ofaustlikts t` tdi pirs`k–s w`rb `r w`rbpeomi. Xiturk t` w`rb ossisslikt. O wiee-lokojif iorey riturk t` w`rb wcee rifumi tdi rcsb `n tdi ohsikmi him`lckj him`lckj e`kjtirl. Ck jikiroe, pi`pei nckf ct l`ri fcnncmuet t` riturk t` w`rb ontir o e`kj-tirl ohsikmi. Ikm`urojckj o spiify
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji =: `n 864
riturk t` w`rb cs eckbif wctd o kulhir `n omtcvctcis tdot ori rim`jkcsif os j``f promtcmi promtcmi ck tirls `n iorey riturk t` w`rb. Vdisi omtc`ks ckmeufi1 • • • •
Biipckj ck rijueor m`ktomt wctd tdi w`rbir Xivciwckj tdi sctuotc`k Xiturk t` w`rb fcsmussc`ks ]tojif riturk
Dioetd ]urviceeokmi Dioetd surviceeokmi cs o woy `n l`kct`rckj oky p`sschei cee-dioetd innimts tdot m`uef hi rieotif t` w`rb ixp`suris. N`r ixolpei, diorckj tists n`r td`si ixp`sif t` k`csi ot w`rb, dokf orl vchrotc`k mdimbs n`r td`si w`rbckj wctd vchrotc`k ilcttckj t``es, `r surviceeokmi n`r w`rbirs ckv`evif ck oshist`s `r eiof ril`voe omtcvctcis. Dioetd surviceeokmi cs K@V o suhstctuti n`r j``f m`ktr`e liosuris. Ct cs o pr`miss tdot supp`rts okf d`pinueey m`kncrls tdot m`ktr`e liosuris ori innimtcvi. Ck s`li m`uktrcis, dioetd surviceeokmi cs eijoeey riqucrif r iqucrif wdik w`rbckj wctd mirtock dozorf`us lotircoes. N`r ixolpei, ck tdi YB oshist`s okf eiof w`rbirs ori riqucrif t` ukfirj` pirc`fcm dioetd surviceeokmi mdimbs.
Vdi ieilikts `n tdi YB D]I–s dioetd surviceeokmi mymei Vdi D]I rim`llikf tdot tdi dioetd surviceeokmi mymei dos sivik stips. Vdi fcojrol hie`w pr`vcfis ok `virvciw `n td`si stips. Os mok hi siik ck tdi fcojrol, tdi ilpe`yir dos o miktroe r`ei ck iviry ospimt wctd ckv`evilikt nr`l w`rbirs t` iksuri innimtcvi clpeilikto clpeiliktotc`k. tc`k.
Vdi YB D]I–s Dioetd ]urviceeokmi Mymei ]tip ?1 Xcsb Ossisslikt okf M`ktr`es
Vdi stortckj p`ckt cs y`ur rcsb ossisslikt. Vdr`ujd tdcs, y`u wcee dovi n`ukf `ut tdi dozorfs ck y`ur w`rbpeomi, cfiktcncif wd` cs ot rcsb okf tobi liosuris t` f` s`litdckj t` m`ktr`e tdi rcsbs. Zdiri s`li rcsb rilocks okf tdiri cs ecbiey t` hi dorl mousif t` y`ur w`rbirs, y`u wcee kiif t` tobi nurtdir stips. M`kscfir dioetd surviceeokmi cn y`ur w`rbirs ori ot rcsb nr`l1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji =4 `n 864
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K`csi `r vchrotc`k. ]`evikts, fusts, nulis, hc`e`jcmoe ojikts, okf `tdir suhstokmis dozorf`us t` dioetd. Oshist`s, eiof, `r w`rb ck m`lprissif ocr. C`kcsckj rofcotc`k.
M`ktr`e liosuris loy k`t oewoys hi riecohei, fispcti oppr`prcoti mdimbckj okf locktikokmi. ]`, dioetd surviceeokmi mok diep lobi suri tdot oky cee-dioetd innimts ori fitimtif os iorey os p`sschei. ]tip 81 F` C Kiif Dioetd ]urviceeokmi0
Cn tdiri cs stcee o rcsb t` dioetd ontir tdi clpeiliktotc`k `n oee rios`kohei primoutc`ks, primoutc`ks, y`u loy kiif t` put o dioetd surviceeokmi pr`jrolli pr`jrolli ck peomi. Vdcs sd`uef oes` hi suppeiliktif hy o r`hust Dioetd ]urviceeokmi p`ecmy. Dioetd surviceeokmi cs riqucrif cn oee tdi n`ee`wckj mrctirco ori lit1 • • • •
Vdiri cs ok cfiktcncohei fcsiosi `r ofvirsi dioetd innimt okf ivcfikmi `n o eckb wctd w`rbpeomi ixp`suri. Ct cs ecbiey tdi fcsiosi `r dioetd innimt loy `mmur. `mmur. Vdiri ori voecf timdkcquis n`r fitimtckj iorey scjks `n tdi fcsiosi `r dioetd innimt. Vdisi timdkcquis f` k`t p`si o rcsb t` w`rbirs.
]tip =1 Zdot ]`rt `n Dioetd ]urviceeokmi0
Zdiri y`ur rcsb ossisslikt sd`ws tdot y`u kiif t` clpeilikt dioetd surviceeokmi, y`u wcee kiif t` put ckt` peomi o pr`jrolli tdot ofiquotiey ofiquotiey offrissis tdi rcsbs okf p`tiktcoe cee-dioetd innimts y`ur w`rbirs loy hi ixp`sif t`. Ck cts sclpeist n`rl, dioetd surviceeokmi m`uef ckv`evi w`rbirs mdimbckj tdilsievis n`r scjks `r sylpt`ls `n ceedioetd n`ee`wckj o trockckj sissc`k `k wdot t` e``b n`r okf wd` t` rip`rt sylpt`ls t`. N`r ixolpei, w`rbirs k`tcmckj s`rikiss, rifkiss, okf ctmdckj `k tdicr dokfs okf orls wdcmd ori scjks `n Firlotctcs okf ecbiey t` hi mousif wdiri tdiy w`rb wctd suhstokmis tdot mok crrctoti `r foloji tdi sbck. O vorcotc`k `k tdcs litd`f `n dioetd surviceeokmi cs pr`vcfckj w`rbirs wctd okkuoe quistc`kkocris, osbckj tdil oh`ut tdicr dioetd okf wditdir tdiy dovi k`tcmif oky suspcmc`us sylpt`ls `r dioetd innimts. K`t `key f`is tdcs rocsi ok oworikiss `n tdi dioetd innimts t` e``b n`r, hut ct cs oes` o secjdtey l`ri n`rloe pr`miss, pr`vcfckj o wrcttik rim`rf `n tdi surviceeokmi wdcmd mok hi usif n`r finikfckj pr`simutc`ks `r m`lpiksotc`k meocls. O risp`kschei pirs`k mok hi trockif t` lobi r`utcki hoscm mdimbs, sumd os sbck ckspimtc`ks `r scjks `n rosdis okf m`uef hi o supirvcs`r, w`rbir riprisiktotcvi, `r ncrst ocfir. N`r l`ri m`lpecmotif m`lpecmotif ossisslikts, ok `mmupotc`koe dioetd kursi `r ok `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dioetd f`mt`r mok osb oh`ut sylpt`ls `r morry `ut pirc`fcm ixolckotc`ks. ixolckotc`ks. Ixolpeis `n dioetd surviceeokmi ckmeufi1 • • • •
]bck mdimbs Eukj nukmtc`k tists (oes` moeeif spcr`litry) Iyiscjdt tists Oufc`litry
]tip 61 ]ittckj Yp o Dioetd ]urviceeokmi Wr`jrolli
Zdiri dioetd surviceeokmi cs riqucrif, tdi t di ilpe`yir dos o miktroe r`ei ck iviry stoji `n dioetd surviceeokmi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji =3 `n 864
Zdik sittckj up dioetd surviceeokmi orrokjilikts, orrokjilikts, ct cs clp`rtokt t` ckv`evi y`ur w`rbirs okf tdicr riprisiktotcvis ot ok iorey stoji os ct cs `key innimtcvi wctd tdicr m``pirotc`k. S`ur w`rbirs sd`uef oes` ukfirstokf1 • •
Vdicr `wk eijoe okf m`ktromtuoe m`ktromtuoe futcis, (ck tirls `n ottikfckj opp`cktlikts, okf portcmcpotckj m`kstrumtcviey ck tdi dioetd surviceeokmi pr`miss). Vdi purp`si `n tdi dioetd surviceeokmi.
]tip 91 Cfiktcny Zd` Zcee F` tdi Dioetd ]urviceeokmi
Os ok ilpe`yir, y`u ori risp`kschei n`r puttckj ck peomi tdi l`st oppr`prcoti dioetd surviceeokmi pr`jrolli pr`jrolli n`r y`ur husckiss. V` put ok innimtcvi pr`jrolli pr`jrolli ck peomi y`u wcee kiif t`1 • • •
Ckv`evi y`ur w`rbirs. Opp`ckt o risp`kschei pirs`k wctdck y`ur husckiss. Opp`ckt o m`lpitikt lifcmoe pr`nissc`koe (wdiri oppr`prcoti).
Ontir fiscjkckj y`ur pr`jrolli, y`u loy kiif t` opp`ckt ok `mmupotc`koe dioetd pr`vcfir t` fiecvir ct okf diep y`u liit y`ur eijoe `hecjotc`ks. D`wivir, hy ukfirstokfckj o ecttei l`ri oh`ut wdot tdiy f`, y`u mok hi ok 'cktieecjikt must`lir' okf purmdosi tdi rcjdt dioetd surviceeokmi sirvcmis. ]tip >1 Clpeilikt tdi Wr`jrolli n`r td`si wd` Kiif ct
Vdi kixt stip cs t` clpeilikt y`ur dioetd surviceeokmi pr`jrolli n`r td`si w`rbirs wd` kiif ct. Biip y`ur dioetd surviceeokmi pr`jrolli pr`jrolli ukfir rivciw, t` lobi suri tdot ct rilocks oppr`prcoti okf t` locktock quoecty. Vdcs lioks morryckj `ut omtcvctcis, sumd os1 • • • • •
Jcvckj w`rbirs ckn`rlotc`k oh`ut tdi dioetd surviceeokmi, okf wdot cs ixpimtif `n tdil. Vrockckj tdi w`rbirs ck sien-mdimbs okf ixolckotc`ks. Vrockckj lokojirs ck tdi clp`rtokmi `n dioetd surviceeokmi, s` tdiy ori l`ri ecbiey t` rieiosi w`rbirs n`r opp`cktlikts. Mrioti oky rieivokt quistc`kkocris t` hi usif. ]it up ok opp`cktlikt opp`cktlikt smdifuei, wdcmd liits tdi riqucrilikts, hut wdcmd cs oes` rioecstcm ck tirls `n rieiosckj pi`pei nr`l tdicr focey omtcvctcis. Ct cs m`ll`k t` dovi o sloee kulhir `n pi`pei mdimbif iviry wiib tdr`ujd`ut tdi yior.
• Mrioti orrokjilikts n`r rim`rf-biipckj rim`rf-biipckj okf rijueor rivciw `n tdi risuets. ]tip :1 Lokoji Wirn`rlokmi okf Omt `k Xisuets @kmi y`ur dioetd surviceeokmi orrokjilikts ori up okf rukkckj, okf y`u stort rimicvckj niifhomb nr`l y`ur sirvcmi pr`vcfir `r risp`kschei pirs`k, y`u kiif t` omt `k tdi risuets. Ct cs `ntik usinue t` opp`ckt s`li`ki s`li`ki t` lobi suri oky nckfckjs ori pr`lptey nif homb t` lokojilikt, lokojilikt, wd` mok usi tdcs ckn`rlotc`k t` rivciw tdi rcsb ossisslikt okf m`ktr`es. @kmi y`u dovi tdi risuets, y`u sd`uef1 •
Omt t` pr`timt td`si wd` ori n`ukf t` dovi dioetd cssuis okf `rjokcsi nurtdir ossisslikt. M`kscfir tdi `ptc`ks n`r fioeckj wctd w`rbirs n`ukf wctd cee-dioetd wd` loy k` e`kjir hi nct t` hi ixp`sif, `r td`si
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 67 `n 864
• •
wd` dovi ristrcmtc`ks peomif `k ixp`suri. Vdcs loy riqucri o rinirroe t` sii tdi @mmupotc`koe Dioetd pr`vcfir. Omt `k risuets wdiri p`tiktcoe w`rbpeomi pr`heils ori n`ukf. Biip dioetd surviceeokmi rim`rfs ck ecki wctd rijueot`ry riqucrilikts
K`csi dioetd surviceeokmi Vdi riqucrilikts n`r dioetd surviceeokmi rieotif t` k`csi mok hi n`ukf ck tdi CE@ M`fi `n Wromtcmi1 Olhcikt Nomt`rs ck tdi Z`rbpeomi (3.6), wdcmd stotis1 Oppr`prcoti dioetd surviceeokmi sd`uef hi m`kfumtif n`r oee w`rbirs wd`si k`csi ixp`suris riomd o mirtock eivie prismrchif hy kotc`koe eows okf rijueotc`ks `r hy kotc`koe `r cktirkotc`koeey rim`jkczif stokforfs oh`vi wdcmd dioetd surviceeokmi sd`uef hi morrcif `ut2 tdcs loy ckmeufi1 (o) o pri-ilpe`ylikt pri-ilpe`ylikt `r pri-osscjklikt pri-osscjklikt lifcmoe ixolckotc`k t`1 • • •
fitirlcki oky m`ktrockfcmotc`k t` ixp`suri t` k`csi fitimt oky siksctcvcty t` k`csi istohecsd o hosiecki rim`rf usinue n`r eotir lifcmoe surviceeokmi
(h) pirc`fcmoe lifcmoe ixolckotc`ks ixolckotc`ks ot cktirvoes prismrchif os o nukmtc`k `n tdi lojkctufi `n tdi ixp`suri dozorfs t`1 • •
fitimt tdi ncrst sylpt`ls `n ok `mmupotc`koe fcsiosi fitimt tdi oppiorokmi `n oky ukusuoe siksctcvcty t` k`csi okf scjks `n striss fui t` k`csy w`rbckj m`kfctc`ks
(m) lifcmoe ixolckotc`ks ixolckotc`ks prc`r t` risulptc`k `n w`rb ontir o pirc`f `n ixtikfif scmbkiss `r ck mosi `n m`kfctc`ks os loy hi spimcncif ck kotc`koe eijcseotc`k `r cktirkotc`koeey rim`jkcsif stokforfs (f) lifcmoe ixolckotc`ks pirn`rlif `k missotc`k `n ilpe`ylikt t` pr`vcfi o jikiroe pcmturi `n tdi iviktuoe innimts `n ixp`suri t` k`csi (i) suppeiliktory okf spimcoe lifcmoe ixolckotc`ks ixolckotc`ks wdik ok ohk`rloecty cs n`ukf, okf ct riqucris nurtdir ckvistcjotc`k. Vdi risuets `n tdi lifcmoe ixolckotc`ks ixolckotc`ks okf `n suppeiliktory ixolckotc`ks okf tists, sumd os oufc`litrcm tistckj, `n iviry`ki sd`uef hi rim`rfif ck o m`kncfiktcoe lifcmoe ncei. Vdi w`rbir sd`uef hi ckn`rlif `n tdisi risuets okf tdicr scjkcncmokmi omm`rfckjey. Dioetd surviceeokmi n`r diorckj foloji usuoeey lioks1 • • • •
Xijueor diorckj mdimbs ck m`ktr`eeif m`kfctc`ks. Vieeckj w`rbirs oh`ut tdi risuets `n tdicr diorckj mdimbs. Biipckj dioetd rim`rfs. Iksurckj w`rbirs ori ixolckif hy o f`mt`r wdiri diorckj foloji cs cfiktcncif.
Zi usi tdi tirl —oufc`litry– `r —oufc`litrcm tistckj– wdik rinirrckj t` diorckj tists.
Mcrmulstokmis wdiri Oufc`litry loy hi Xiqucrif Oufc`litry sd`uef hi pr`vcfif1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 6? `n 864
• •
Cn k`csi eivies ck tdi w`rbpeomi ori sumd tdot kotc`koe eijcseotc`k riqucris oufc`litry t` hi morrcif `ut. @r cn tdiri cs o rcsb `n diorckj e`ss nr`l w`rb-rieotif k`csi ixp`suri.
Ck tdi YB, ilpe`yirs ori eijoeey riqucrif t` morry `ut oufc`litrcm tistckj `k oky w`rbir wd` cs ecbiey t` ixmiif o focey pirs`koe ixp`suri l`ri tdok 49fH(O). Cfioeey, oufc`litry sd`uef hi stortif hin`ri pi`pei ori ixp`sif t` k`csi (c.i. n`r kiw stortirs `r td`si mdokjckj a`hs), t` jcvi o hosiecki rim`rf `n `n tdicr diorckj hin`ri hin`ri ixp`suri hijcks. hijcks. Vdot woy, nuturi nuturi risuets `n oufc`litry oufc`litry mok hi m`lporif t` tdicr ckctcoe tist t ist t` cfiktcny oky scjkcncmokt mdokji. Oufc`litry mok, d`wivir, hi cktr`fumif ot oky tcli n`r w`rbirs oeriofy ixp`sif t` k`csi. Vdcs w`uef hi n`ee`wif hy o rijueor sircis `n mdimbs, usuoeey okkuoeey n`r tdi ncrst tw` yiors `n ilpe`ylikt okf tdik ot ttdrii-yiorey drii-yiorey cktirvoes (oetd`ujd tdcs loy kiif t` hi l`ri nriquikt cn oky pr`heil wctd diorckj cs fitimtif `r wdiri tdi rcsb `n diorckj foloji cs dcjd). Offctc`koeey, dioetd surviceeokmi loy hi morrcif `ut n`ee`wckj m`lpeockts `r m`kmirks nr`l w`rbirs `r tdicr riprisiktotcvis. Vdi diorckj mdimbs kiif t` hi morrcif `ut hy s`li`ki wd` dos tdi oppr`prcoti trockckj. Vdi wd`ei dioetd surviceeokmi pr`jrolli pr`jrolli kiifs t` hi ukfir tdi m`ktr`e `n ok `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dioetd pr`nissc`koe (n`r ixolpei o f`mt`r `r o kursi wctd oppr`prcoti trockckj okf ixpircikmi).
Ok ixolpei `n o diorckj mdimb hickj morrcif `ut
Vdi Wurp`si `n Oufc`litrcm Dioetd ]urviceeokmi Vdi purp`si `n oufc`litrcm dioetd surviceeokmi cs t`1 • • •
Zork ilpe`yirs wdik w`rbirs lcjdt hi sunnirckj nr`l iorey scjks `n diorckj foloji. Jcvi ilpe`yirs ok `pp`rtukcty t` f` s`litdckj t` privikt tdi foloji jittckj w`rsi. Mdimb tdot m`ktr`e liosuris ori w`rbckj. M`ksuet w`rbir riprisiktotcvis okf tdi w`rbirs m`kmirkif hin`ri cktr`fumckj dioetd surviceeokmi. Ct cs clp`rtokt tdot w`rbirs ukfirstokf tdot tdi ocl `n dioetd surviceeokmi cs t` pr`timt tdicr diorckj.
Vdi Litd`f `n Oufc`litrcm Vistckj Ok oufc`litir diorckj tist cs typcmoeey jcvik t` o pirs`k ck o s`ukfpr``n h``td wiorckj diofpd`kis m`kkimtif m`kkimtif t` tdi oufc`litir. Vdi oufc`litir pr`fumis t`kis ot spimcncm nriquikmcis (typcmoeey hitwiik 897Dz okf 4 bDz) okf moechrotif v`euli eivies t` iomd ior ck siquikmi. Vdi tist oflckcstrot`r k`tis tdi e`ufkiss, ck fimchies, `k ok oufc`jrol.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 68 `n 864
Wi`pei dovckj tdicr diorckj tistif scjkoe tdot tdiy dovi diorf tdi t`ki ictdir rocsckj o dokf `r prissckj o hutt`k. Vdi j`oe cs t` cfiktcny tdi diorckj tdrisd`ef, `r s`ntist t`ki o pirs`k mok dior, ot iomd s`ukf nriquikmy. Vdi tist oflckcstrot`r k`tis tdi risuets `k ok oufc`jrol tilpeoti. Vdi nriquikmy cs `k tdi x-oxcs okf tdi e`ufkiss `k ttdi di yoxcs. Nckoeey, tdi p`ckts ori a`ckif hy o ecki e cki t` m`kviy wdcmd nriquikmcis ori k`t hickj diorf k`rloeey okf wdot fijrii `n diorckj e`ss loy hi prisikt. Vdi oufc`litrcm tistckj cs omm`lpokcif hy o quistc`kkocri t` cfiktcny tdi suhaimt–s pr`nissc`koe okf pirs`koe hombjr`ukf okf oky privc`us `r k`k-w`rb-rieotif ixp`suris t` k`csi. N`r ixolpei, tdi suhaimt wcee hi osbif oh`ut tdicr privc`us w`rb dcst`ry okf oky privc`us ixp`suri t` k`csi (sumd os w`rbckj ck o nomt`ry `r sirvckj ck tdi lcectory), oe`kj wctd oky pirs`koe d`hhcis wdcmd loy hi k`csy (sumd os peoyckj o luscmoe ckstrulikt `r sd``tckj rcneis). Vdi quistc`kkocri wcee oes` osb oh`ut tdi ckfcvcfuoe–s dohcts ck rieotc`k t` k`csi ot w`rb, sumd os wditdir tdiy wior tdicr diorckj pr`timtc`k m`rrimtey `r k`t. Vdi ckn`rlotc`k m`eeimtif `k tdi quistc`kkocri loy ixpeock oky ixcstckj diorckj foloji. Ct mok oes` diep finikf oky mcvce meocls, sckmi tdi `rjokcsotc`k loy hi ohei t` sd`w tdot tdi diorckj foloji `mmurrif prc`r t` ilpe`ylikt, `r tdot tdi ckfcvcfuoe bk`wckjey noceif t` wior tdicr WWI. Vdi oufc`litrcm tistckj cs oes` o jriot `pp`rtukcty t` rickn`rmi tdi clp`rtokmi `n pr`timtckj diorckj, ixpeockckj wdy diorckj pr`timtc`k okf WWI cs kimissory, okf fil`kstroti d`w t` wior ct m`rrimtey.
Cktirpritotc`k `n Oufc`litrcm Xisuets Vdi ol`ukt (`r fijrii) `n diorckj e`ss o pirs`k ixpircikmis cs hosif `k diorckj siksctcvcty. V` fitirlcki o pirs`k–s fijrii `n diorckj e`ss, tdicr diorckj tdrisd`efs lust hi fitirlckif. Diorckj tdrisd`efs ori finckif os tdi e`wist eivie s`ukf tdot mok hi diorf 97% `n tdi tcli. Vdi fimchie (`r fH) cs tdi ukct `n cktikscty usif t` fismrchi diorckj siksctcvcty. Furckj o fcojk`stcm diorckj ivoeuotc`k, tdi tdrisd`ef cs liosurif ot fcnnirikt nriquikmcis (`r Dirtz, Dz) ck iomd ior. Vdi fijrii `n diorckj e`ss cs ixprissif hy tdi fcnnirikmi hitwiik o pirs`k–s tdrisd`ef okf tdi oviroji tdrisd`ef n`r pi`pei wctd k`rloe siksctcvcty (7-87fH). N`r ixolpei, pirs`ks wctd lcef diorckj e`ss dovi tdrisd`efs tdot ori 89 t` 67 fH dcjdir tdok tdi tdrisd`efs n`r td`si wctd k`rloe diorckj. Vdi ecst hie`w `uteckis fcnnirikt diorckj e`ss tdrisd`efs os tdiy ori fitirlckif ck rieotc`k t` ok ckfcvcfuoe wctd o k`rloe diorckj tdrisd`ef. • • • •
Lcef diorckj e`ss1 89 t` 67 fH dcjdir tdok k`rloe. L`firoti diorckj e`ss1 67 t` 99 fH dcjdir tdok k`rloe. L`firoti-t`-siviri L`firoti-t`-s iviri diorckj e`ss1 99 t` :7 fH dcjdir tdok k`rloe. ]iviri diorckj e`ss1 :7 t` 37 fH dcjdir tdok k`rloe.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 6= `n 864
•
Wr`n`ukf e`ss1 37 fH `r l`ri.
Vdi jropd hie`w riprisikts o heokb oufc`jrol okf ceeustrotis tdi fijriis `n diorckj e`ss ecstif oh`vi. Nriquikmy cs pe`ttif ot tdi t`p `n tdi jropd, rokjckj nr`l e`w nriquikmcis (897 Dz) `k tdi eint t` dcjd nriquikmcis (4777 Dz) `k tdi rcjdt. ]`ukf eivie, ck fH, cs pe`ttif `k tdi eint scfi `n tdi jropd okf rokjis nr`l viry nockt s`ukfs (-?7 fH) ot tdi t`p t` viry cktiksi s`ukfs (?87 fH) ot tdi h`tt`l.
Ykfirstokfckj tdi ckn`rlotc`k sd`wk `k ok oufc`jrol cs rieotcviey strocjdtn`rworf. Eit–s e``b ot ok ixolpei. Ck tdi oufc`jrol hie`w, diorckj tdrisd`efs n`r tdi rcjdt ior ori riprisiktif hy rif mcrmeis. Vdrisd`efs n`r tdi eint ior ori riprisiktif hy tdi heui T. Ck tdi rcjdt ior, tdcs pirs`k dos k`rloe diorckj ck tdi e`wir pctmdis ckfcmotif hy o rif mcrmei m`rrisp`kfckj t` ?9 fH ot 897 Dz okf 87 fH ot 977 Dz. Diorckj tdrisd`efs ck tdi dcjd pctmdis noee ckt` tdi siviri fijrii `n diorckj e`ss, os tdi tdrisd`ef ot 8777 Dz cs 67 fH, >9 fH ot 6777 Dz, okf :9 fH ot 4777 Dz. Mok y`u fitirlcki tdi fijrii `n diorckj e`ss n`r tdi eint ior0
Diorckj cs k`rloe ck tdi e`wir nriquikmcis (897, 977 okf ?777Dz) hut fitirc`rotis ck tdi dcjdir nriquikmcis, wctd o lcef e`ss `n =9fH ot 8777 Dz, o lcef t` l`firoti e`ss ot =777Dz, l`firoti t` siviri e`ss `n :7fH ot 6777 Dz okf o siviri e`ss `n 47 fH ot 4777 Dz. Vdi n`ee`wckj oufc`jrol sd`ws ok ixolpei `n k`rloe diorckj (s`ecf eckis) okf k`csi ckfumif diorckj e`ss mousif hy k`csi ixp`suri (f`ttif eckis). K`ti tdi mdoromtircstcm fcp ot or`ukf tdi 6777 Dz nriquikmy, ckfcmotckj ixp`suri t` k`csi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 66 `n 864
Vdi oufc`jrol hie`w cs ckfcmotcvi `n o m`kfctc`k bk`wk os prishymuscs. Vdcs risuets nr`l fijikirotc`k `n tdi docr rimipt`rs wctdck tdi m`mdeio fui t` tdi ojickj pr`miss. Ct usuoeey onnimts tdi dcjdir nriquikmcis l`ri tdok tdi e`w.
Ofvoktojis okf Eclctotc`ks `n Oufc`litry Wr`jrollis Wr`jrollis Ofvoktojis •
Loy diep t` fil`kstroti fil`kstroti eijoe m`lpecokmi, sckmi o eomb `n liosurohei diorckj e`ss sd`ws tdi rcsbs t` diorckj ori wiee lokojif. Nurtdirl`ri, oufc`litrcm tistckj loy hi riqucrif hy eow ck mirtock m`uktrcis.
• •
Wri-ilpe`ylikt tistckj jcvis o hoscs ojockst wdcmd nuturi tists mok hi m`lporif. Wri-ilpe`ylikt Mok osscst ck finikmi `n mcvce meocls sckmi tdi pri-ilpe`ylikt tistckj loy sd`w tdot diorckj e`ss dof oeriofy `mmurrif hin`ri stortckj w`rb. Loy risuet ck e`wir cksurokmi prilculs sckmi tdi cksurir wcee hi riossurif tdot k`csi rcsbs ori hickj lokojif. Loy osscst ck cfiktcnyckj m`ktr`e liosuri fincmcikmcis. Cn w`rbirs sunnir diorckj foloji, tdik tdcs sd`uef hi ckvistcjotif ecbi oky `tdir ommcfikt `r ckstokmi `n cee-dioetd.
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Eclctotc`ks •
Ckmriosif m`sts t` tdi `rjokcsotc`k. Oufc`litrcm tistckj riqucris o s`ukfpr``n h``td, o r``l t` ckstoee ct ck, ok oufc`litir, stonn t` morry `ut tdi tistckj, oflck t` `rjokcsi tdi tists okf opp`cktlikts, okf rieiosckj w`rbirs nr`l tdicr k`rloe futcis t` hi tistif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 69 `n 864
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Mok hi ckommuroti cn tdi suhaimt cs ukm``pirotcvi sckmi ct riecis `k tdi suhaimt scjkoeeckj tdot tdiy mok dior tdi s`ukfs. Ct cs riomtcvi ck tdot ct fitirlckis e`ss `n diorckj tdot dos oeriofy `m `mmurrif. murrif. Ct f`is k`t diep privikt ckaury. Vdi suhaimt loy niie meoustr`pd`hcm ck o s`ukf h``td. Nckoeey, okf scjkcncmoktey, ok oufc`litrcm tistckj pr`jrolli loy ckmriosi mcvce meocls. ]ckmi tdi w`rbirs wcee him`li owori tdot tdicr diorckj dos hiik folojif, tdiy loy hi ckmeckif t` tdik pursui tdi `rjokcsotc`k n`r m`lpiksotc`k.
^chrotc`k dioetd surviceeokmi Vdi CE@ puhecmotc`k, olhcikt nomt`rs ck tdi w`rbpeomi, rim`llikfs rim`llikfs tdi n`ee`wckj1 •
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O pri-ilpe`ylikt lifcmoe ixolckotc`k sd`uef ixolcki mokfcfotis n`r a`hs onnimtif hy dokf-orl vchrotc`k n`r Xoykouf–s pdik`lik`k `n k`k-`mmupotc`koe `rcjck okf n`r dokf-orl vchrotc`k sykfr`li (DO^]) nr`l privc`us ilpe`ylikt. Zdiri tdisi sylpt`ls ori fcojk`sif, sumd ilpe`ylikt sd`uef k`t hi `nnirif ukeiss vchrotc`k dos hiik sotcsnomt`rcey sotcsnomt`rcey m`ktr`eeif. Cn o w`rbir cs ixp`sif t` dokf-trokslcttif dokf-trokslcttif vchrotc`k, tdi `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dioetd pr`nissc`koe pr`nissc`koe risp`kschei n`r dioetd surviceeokmi sd`uef1 ` ixolcki tdi w`rbir pirc`fcmoeey, os prismrchif hy kotc`koe eows okf rijueotc`ks, n`r DO^] okf osb tdi w`rbir oh`ut sylpt`ls
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ixolcki tdi w`rbir sylpt`ls p`sschei kiur`e`jcmoe `n vchrotc`k, sumd os kulhkiss okf ieivotif siks`ryn`r tdrisd`efs n`r`ntilpiroturi, pock, okfinnimts `tdir nomt`rs. Cn ct oppiors tdot tdisi sylpt`ls ixcst okf loy hi rieotif t` vchrotc`k ixp`suri, tdi ilpe`yirs sd`uef hi ofvcsif tdot m`ktr`e loy hi cksunncmcikt. Vdi ilpe`yir sd`uef rivciw tdi ossisslikt okf ck portcmueor m`ktr`e tdi mousotcvi vchrotc`k. Himousi `n p`sschei oss`mcotc`k `n homb fcs`rfirs wctd wd`ei-h`fy vchrotc`k, w`rbirs ixp`sif sd`uef hi m`uksieeif furckj dioetd surviceeokmi oh`ut tdi clp`rtokmi `n p`sturi ck siotif a`hs, okf oh`ut m`rrimt ecntckj timdkcqui.
Biipckj Dioetd okf lifcmoe rim`rfs m`kncfiktcoe Dioetd rim`rfs O dioetd rim`rf lust hi bipt n`r oee ilpe`yiis ukfir dioetd surviceeokmi. Xim`rfs ori clp`rtokt himousi tdiy oee`w eckbs t` hi lofi hitwiik ixp`suri okf oky dioetd innimts. Vdi CE@ M`fi `n promtcmi ―]onity ck tdi usi `n mdilcmoes ot w`rb“ rim`llikfs tdot, wdiri tdiri ori k` rim`jkcsif kotc`koe kotc`koe eows `r promtcmi, surviceeokmi rim`rfs sd`uef hi bipt n`r o pirc`f `n =7 yiors. Ckfcvcfuoe, up-t`-foti dioetd rim`rfs lust hi bipt n`r iomd ilpe`yii peomif ukfir dioetd surviceeokmi. Vdisi sd`uef ckmeufi fitoces oh`ut tdi ilpe`yii okf tdi dioetd surviceeokmi pr`mifuris rieotckj t` tdil. Vdi rim`rf sd`uef hi bipt ck o n`rlot tdot ct mok hi eckbif wctd `tdir ckn`rlotc`k (i.j., wctd oky w`rbpeomi ixp`su ixp`suri ri liosurilikts). Cn y`u ori m`eeimtckj ok dcst`rcmoe rim`rf `n a`hs `r tosbs m`lpeitif furckj murrikt ilpe`ylikt, ckv`evckj ixp`suri t` cfiktcncif suhstokmis riqucrckj dioetd surviceeokmi ct cs usinue t` st`ri tdil wctd tdcs rim`rf. ]dorckj `n ckn`rlotc`k
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 6> `n 864
Ct cs j``f promtcmi t` `nnir ckfcvcfuoe ilpe`yiis o m`py `n tdicr dioetd rim`rf wdik tdiy eiovi y`ur ilpe`ylikt. Cn y`ur m`lpoky mdokjis dokfs, m`kscfir `nnirckj tdi dioetd rim`rf t` tdi ckfcvcfuoe ilpe`yii, okf/`r t` tdi kiw `mmupotc`koee dioetd sirvcmi pr`vcfir. Lobi suri tdot dioetd rim`rfs ori st`rif simuriey. `mmupotc`ko M`kncfiktcoecty Dioetd rim`rfs ori fcnnirikt t` lifcmoe rim`rfs ck tdot tdiy sd`uef k`t m`ktock m`kncfiktco m`kncfiktcoee lifcmoe ckn`rlotc`k. Dioetd rim`rfs okf lifcmoe rim`rfs lust tdirin`ri hi bipt siporoti t` ov`cf oky hriomdis `n lifcmoe m`kncfiktcoecty. Oky pirs`koe lifcmoe ckn`rlotc`k sd`uef hi bipt ck m`kncfikmi okf dief hy tdi `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dioetd pr`nissc`koe risp`kschei n`r tdi dioetd surviceeokmi pr`jrolli. Lifcmoe rim`rfs Lifcmoe rim`rfs ori m`lpceif hy o f`mt`r `r kursi okf loy m`ktock ckn`rlotc`k `htockif nr`l tdi ckfcvcfuoe furckj dioetd surviceeokmi. Vdcs ckn`rlotc`k loy ckmeufi meckcmoe k`tis, hc`e`jcmoe risuets okf `tdir ckn`rlotc`k rieotif t` dioetd cssuis k`t oss`mcotif wctd w`rb. Vdcs ckn`rlotc`k ckn`rlotc`k cs m`kncfiktcoe okf sd`uef k`t hi fcsme`sif wctd`ut tdi m`ksikt `n tdi ckfcvcfuoe. Vdi `mmupotc`koe dioetd (@D) pr`nissc`koe loy `htock foto os tdi risuet `n ok cllukcsotc`k pr`jrolli (n`r ixolpei, he``f tctris `r 'k`k risp`kfir' ckn`rlotc`k). Vdcs ckn`rlotc`k wcee hi pr`vcfif t` tdi ilpe`yii okf sd`uef k`t hi jcvik t` tdi ilpe`yir. Ct wcee hi bipt ck m`kncfikmi hy tdi @D pr`nissc`koe okf sd`uef `key hi lofi bk`wk t` tdi ilpe`yir wctd tdi ilpe`yii's m`ksikt. Vdi f`mt`r `r kursi sd`uef `key pr`vcfi ilpe`yirs wctd ckn`rlotc`k `k nctkiss t` w`rb okf oky ristrcmtc`ks tdot loy oppey ck tdot rispimt. Ilpe`yiis mok dovi ommiss t` tdicr `wk lifcmoe rim`rf tdr`ujd o wrcttik riquist. (Foto pr`timtc`k cssuis loy dovi t` hi m`kscfirif). Vdisi fitoces mok `key hi rieiosif t` tdcrf portcis, sumd os tdi ilpe`yir, `k rimicpt `n tdi ckn`rlif wrcttik m`ksikt `n tdi ilpe`yii, `r p`sschey hy o m`urt `rfir.
Hc`e`jcmoe L`kct`rckj Hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj ckv`evis okoeyscs okoeyscs `n hriotd, urcki, `r he``f solpeis m`eeimtif nr`l w`rbirs. Vdiri ori siksctcvi itdcmoe cssuis ckv`evif ck tdi m`eeimtc`k, okoeyscs, okf rip`rtckj `n risuets nr`l sumd solpeis. @mmupotc`koe pdyscmcoks peoy o mrumcoe r`ei ck dokfeckj sumd siksctcvi cssuis. Ct cs str`kjey rim`llikfif rim`llikfif tdot y`u ckv`evi ok `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe pdyscmcok ck sittckj up o hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj pr`jrolli,, portcmueorey ck istohecsdckj pr`mifuris n`r rip`rtckj risuets. Vdiy sd`uef hi ovoceohei t` `nnir o lifcmoe pr`jrolli cktirpritotc`k `n risuets. D`wivir, tdiy loy k`t kiif t` hi ckv`evif ck tdi foy-t`-foy solpei m`eeimtc`k m`eeimtc`k okf okoeyscs. Ck offctc`k t` spimcnyckj tdi riqucrilikts n`r lifcmoe okf dioetd surviceeokmi, simtc`k 6 `n tdi CE@ M`fi `n Wromtcmi "@mmupotc`koee ixp`suri t` suhstokmis dorlnue t` dioetd" oes` spimcncis riqucrilikts n`r hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj. "@mmupotc`ko ]imtc`k 6.= stotis1 "6.=.?(?) Zdikivir voecf hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj litd`fs ori ovoceohei, tdiy sd`uef hi usif t` m`lpeilikt l`kct`rckj `n tdi w`rbckj ikvcr`klikt ck `rfir t` ckmriosi pr`timtc`k `n w`rbirs– dioetd. 6.=.?(8) Ykfir mirtock mcrmulstokmis, mcrmulstokmis, sumd os w`rb ck tdi `pik, hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj loy hi tdi l`st promtcmoe litd`f ck vciw `n tdi fcnncmuety `n l`kct`rckj tdi w`rbckj ikvcr`klikt.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 6: `n 864
6.=.8. Hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj m`lpeilikts m`lpeilikts l`kct`rckj `n tdi w`rbckj ikvcr`klikt hy ossissckj tdi ohs`rptc`k `n dorlnue suhstokmis h`td ck tdi ckfcvcfuoe okf ck tdi jr`up, okf hy ivoeuotckj ckfcvcfuoe susmiptchcecty…" ]imtc`k 6.6 j`is `k t` stoti1 " 6.6.?. (?) Ivoeuotc`k `n tdi `viroee dozorf prisiktif hy tdi w`rbckj ikvcr`klikt sd`uef hi hosif `k tdi risuets nr`l tdi jr`up `n w`rbirs ixp`sif t` o jcvik eivie `n tdi dorlnue suhstokmi, ck `rfir t` `nnsit tdi innimt `n ckfcvcfuoe hc`e`jcmoe vorcohcecty. (8) Oky w`rbir n`r wd`l tdi nckfckjs ixmiif tdi hc`e`jcmoe eclcts sd`uef ukfirj` nurtdir okf ripiotif hc`e`jcmoe okf lifcmoe ckvistcjotc`ks."
Vdi r`ei `n hc`e`jcmoe eclcts Hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj mok hi o viry usinue m`lpeiliktory timdkcqui t` ocr l`kct`rckj wdik ocr solpeckj timdkcquis oe`ki loy k`t jcvi o riecohei ckfcmotc`k `n ixp`suri. Hc`e`jcmoe l`kct` l`kct`rckj rckj cs tdi liosurilikt liosurilikt okf ossisslikt `n dozorf`us suhstokmis `r tdicr litoh`ectis ck tcssuis, simritc`ks, ixmrito `r ixpcrif ocr, `r oky m`lhckotc`k `n tdisi, ck ixp`sif w`rbirs. Liosurilikts rineimt ohs`rptc`k `n o suhstokmi hy oee r`utis. Hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj loy loy hi portcmueorey usinue ck c k mcrmulstokmis wdiri tdiri cs ecbiey t` hi scjkcncmokt sbck ohs`rptc`k okf/`r jostr`cktistckoe tromt uptobi n`ee`wckj ckjistc`k2 wdiri m`ktr`e `n ixp`suri fipikfs `k rispcrot`ry pr`timtcvi iqucplikt2 wdiri tdiri cs o rios`kohey wiee-finckif rieotc`ksdcp hitwiik hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj okf innimt2 `r wdiri ct jcvis ckn`rlotc`k `k ommulueo ommulueotif tif f`si okf torjit `rjok h`fy hurfik wdcmd cs rieotif t` t`xcmcty.
Ofvoktojis okf Fcsofvoktojis `n hc`e`jcmoe eclcts wdik m`lporif t` Ocrh`rki L`kct`rckj Ofvoktojis ckmeufi1 • •
Oee ixp`suri r`utis ori m`kscfirif (ckdoeotc`k, ohs`rptc`k, ckjistc`k, ckaimtc`k). Oee mcrmulstokmis ori m`kscfirif (ckmeufckj luetcpei okf ukivik ixp`suris). Ct m`kscfirs ckfcvcfuoe risp`ksi (vorcohcecty ck ohs`rptc`k, litoh`ecsl, ixmritc`k).
Fcsofvoktojis ckmeufi1 • • • • • • • • • • •
Ori usuoeey ukohei t` spimcny tdi t di s`urmi `n tdi ixp`suri (`mmupotc`koe `r k`k-`mmupotc`koe). k`k-`mmupotc`koe). Loy k`t hi sunncmciktey spimcncm t` o portcmueor mdilcmoe. Ori k`t suctohei n`r cfiktcncmotc`k `n w`rbpeomi m`ktolckotc`ks ck jikiroe. Loy hi cktirnirif hy `tdir mdilcmoes ck tdi hc`e`jcmoe lifcul (i.j. lifcmotc`ks). Ori k`t usinue ot oee n`r tdi ossisslikt `r l`kct`rckj `n omuti okf/`r e`moe t`xcm innimts (i.j. crrctotc`k). Okf tdi pr`vcsc`k `n solpeis n`r hc` l`kct`rckj loy hi o hurfik n`r w`rbirs (i.j. he``f solpeis). Hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj mok hi cktruscvi i.j. he``f tists `r urcki solpeis. ]trcmt pr`mifuris ori kimissory t` privikt mr`ss m`ktolckotc`k `n solpeis. ]`li eoh`rot`ry tistckj mok hi ixpikscvi. Vdi `mmupotc`koe dioetd pirs`kkie kimissory t` morry `ut mirtock tists mok oes` hi ixpikscvi. Ct mok hi fcnncmuet t` `rjokcsi tdi prisikmi `n `mmupotc`koe dioetd pirs`kkie t` morry `ut tistckj `k o kcjdt-sdcnt fui t` tdi uks`mcohei d`urs. Zdiri hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj cs k`t eijoeey riqucrif, tdi ilpe`yir wcee kiif t` `htock tdi wrcttik m`ksikt `n w`rbirs. Vdiy mokk`t n`rmi tdi w`rbirs t` pr`vcfi solpeis. Vdcs mok hi o scjkcncmokt mdoeeikji wdik cktr`fumckj o kiw hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj pr`jrolli. pr`jrolli.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 64 `n 864
Zdy dioetd ossisslikts sd`uef hi `nnirif t` sdcnt/kcjdt w`rbirs Lokojckj sdcnt w`rbirs
Vdiri cs k` spimcncm, ukcvirsoe finckctc`k `n sdcnt w`rb. Ct mok hi m`kscfirif t` hi1 ―o w`rb omtcvcty smdifueif `utscfi stokforf foytcli d`urs, wdiri tdiri loy hi o dokf`vir `n futy nr`l `ki ckfcvcfuoe `r w`rb jr`up t` ok`tdir, okf/`r o pottirk `n w`rb wdiri `ki ilpe`yii ripeomis ok`tdir `k tdi soli a`h wctdck o 86-d`ur 86-d`ur pirc`f“. Xisiormd dos sd`wk tdot tdiri mok hi ukfiscrohei m`ksiquikmis n`r td`si w`rbckj sdcnts `utscfi stokforf foytcli d`urs, portcmueorey td`si m`virckj tdi kcjdt `r wctd iorey l`rkckj storts. N`r ixolpei, sdcnt w`rb loy risuet ck1 • • • • • •
fcsruptc`k `n tdi cktirkoe c ktirkoe h`fy me`mb Notcjui seiipckj fcnncmuetcis fcsturhif oppitcti okf fcjistc`k riecokmi `k sifotcvis okf/`r stclueokts s`mcoe okf f`listcm pr`heils
wdcmd ck turk mok onnimt pirn`rlokmi, pirn`rlokmi, ckmriosi tdi ecbiecd``f `n irr`rs okf ommcfikts ot w`rb okf lcjdt dovi o kijotcvi innimt `k dioetd. Vdi rcsb `n irr`rs, ommcfikts okf ckaurcis dos hiik n`ukf1 • t` hi dcjdir `k tdi kcjdt sdcnt • t` rcsi wctd ckmriosckj sdcnt eikjtd `vir icjdt d`urs • t` ckmriosi `vir summisscvi sdcnts, ispimcoeey cn tdiy ori kcjdt sdcnts • t` ckmriosi wdik tdiri ori k`t ik`ujd hriobs Notcjui, kcjdt w`rb okf/`r sdcnt-w`rbckj orrokjilikt orrokjiliktss dovi hiik mctif os loa`r m`ktrchut`ry nomt`rs ck kulir`us wiee-f`muliktif ommcfikts ommcfikts okf ckmcfikts ckmeufckj Vdrii Lcei Cseokf ck ?3:3, Hd`poe ck ?346, Mdoeeikjir ]pomi ]duttei ck ?34>, Mdirk`hye ck ?34>, Meopdol Aukmtc`k ck ?344 okf Ixx`k ^oefiz ck ?343.
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Os wiee os mdr`kcm notcjui, tdiri cs s`li ivcfikmi oss`mcotckj e`kj-tirl ixp`suri t` sdcnt w`rb okf tdi n`ee`wckj cee dioetd innimts.
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jostr`cktistckoe pr`heils sumd os ckfcjistc`k, ohf`lckoe pock, m`kstcpotc`k, mdr`kcm jostrctcs, okf piptcm uemirs. morfc`vosmueorr pr`heils sumd os dypirtiksc`k, m`r`kory diort fcsiosi. morfc`vosmueo ckmriosif susmiptchcecty t` lck`r ceekissis sumd os m`efs, neu, okf jostr`iktirctcs.
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Hist promtcmi jucfieckis n`r sdcnt w`rb Vdi YB D]I puhecmotc`k D]J 89> `nnirs tdcs hist ofvcmi murriktey ovoceohei rijorfckj sdcnt w`rb smdifuei fiscjk okf tdi w`rbpeomi ikvcr`klikt. Vdisi ori hist promtcmi jucfieckis okf sd`uef ckmeufi tdi n`ee`wckj p`ckts1 • •
Weok o w`rbe`of tdot cs oppr`prcoti t` tdi eikjtd okf tclckj `n tdi sdcnt. Cn rios`kohey promtcmohei, smdifuei o vorcity `n tosbs t` hi m`lpeitif furckj tdi sdcnt okf oee`w w`rbirs s`li md`cmi oh`ut tdi `rfir tdiy kiif t` hi f`ki ck.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 63 `n 864
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Ov`cf smdifueckj filokfckj, fokjir`us, l`k`t`k`us okf/`r sonity-mrctcmoe sonity-mrctcmoe w`rb furckj tdi kcjdt, iorey l`rkckj, t`worfs tdi ikf `n e`kj sdcnts okf furckj `tdir pirc`fs `n e`w oeirtkiss. Ov`cf peomckj w`rbirs `k pirlokikt kcjdt sdcnts. Cn p`sschei, `nnir w`rbirs o md`cmi hitwiik pirlokikt pirlokikt okf r`totckj sdcnt smdifueis. Zdiri p`sschei, of`pt o n`rworf-r`totckj n`rworf-r`totckj smdifuei n`r r`totckj sdcnts rotdir tdok o hombworf-r`totckj smdifuei. Ictdir r`toti sdcnts viry qucmbey, i.j. iviry 8-= foys `r se`wey, i.j. iviry =-6 wiibs okf ov`cf wiibey/n`rtkcjdtey r`totckj sdcnt smdifueis. Cn k`t strcmtey kimissory n`r husckiss kiifs, try t` ov`cf iorey l`rkckj storts hin`ri :.77 ol. Zdiri p`sschei, orrokji sdcnt stort/ikf tclis t` hi m`kvikcikt n`r puhecm troksp`rt `r m`kscfir pr`vcfckj troksp`rt n`r w`rbirs `k portcmueor sdcnts. Eclct sdcnts t` o loxclul `n ?8 d`urs (ckmeufckj `virtcli) okf m`kscfir tdi kiifs `n vuekirohei w`rbirs. Eclct kcjdt sdcnt `r sdcnts wdiri w`rb cs filokfckj, l`k`t`k`us, l`k`t`k`us, fokjir`us okf/`r okf/`r sonity mrctcmoe t` 4 d`urs. M`kscfir cn sdcnts `n o vorcohei eikjtd `r neixchei stort/ikf tclis m`uef `nnir o suctohei m`lpr`lcsi. Ov`cf spect sdcnts ukeiss kimissory t` liit husckiss kiifs. Ikm`uroji okf pr`l`ti tdi hikinct `n rijueor hriobs owoy nr`l tdi w`rbstotc`k. Zdiri p`sschei, oee`w w`rbirs s`li fcsmritc`k `vir wdik tdiy tobi o hriob, hut fcsm`uroji w`rbirs nr`l sovckj up hriob tcli ck `rfir t` eiovi iorecir. Ck jikiroe, eclct m`ksimutcvi w`rbckj foys t` o loxclul `n 9-: foys okf lobi suri tdiri cs ofiquoti rist tcli hitwiik summisscvi sdcnts. Zdiri sdcnts ori e`kj (; 4 d`urs), n`r kcjdt sdcnts okf n`r sdcnts wctd iorey l`rkckj storts, ct loy hi hittir t` sit o eclct `n 8-= m`ksimutcvi sdcnts. Zdik swctmdckj nr`l foy t` kcjdt sdcnts `r vcmi virso, oee`w w`rbirs o lckclul `n 8 kcjdts– nuee seiip. Hucef rijueor nrii wiibikfs ckt` tdi sdcnt smdifuei. Wr`vcfi sclceor nomcectcis okf `pp`rtukctcis n`r sdcnt w`rbirs os td`si t d`si ovoceohei n`r y`ur foytcli w`rbirs. Iksuri tdot w`rbpeomi ecjdtckj cs ofiquoti okf ofaustohei hy w`rbirs. Iksuri tdot tdi w`rbpeomi tilpiroturi cs ofaustohei okf oee`ws w`rbirs t` morry `ut tdicr tosbs ck rios`kohei m`ln`rt. M`kscfir ckmriosckj supirvcsc`k furckj biy pirc`fs `n e`w oeirtkiss, ij furckj tdi kcjdt, iorey l`rkckj, t`worfs tdi ikf `n e`kj sdcnts okf `tdir pirc`fs `n e`w oeirtkiss. Lobi suri supirvcs`rs okf tiol lilhirs wctd risp`kschcecty n`r sdcnt-w`rbckj orrokjilikts orrokjilikts ori owori `n tdi rcsbs oss`mcotif wctd sdcnt w`rb okf mok rim`jkcsi sdcnt w`rb-rieotif pr`heils. M`ktr`e `virtcli okf sdcnt swoppckj hy l`kct`rckj okf rim`rfckj d`urs w`rbif okf rist pirc`fs. Fcsm`uroji w`rbirs nr`l tobckj sim`kf a`hs. Lobi pr`vcsc`k ck tdi w`rb smdifuei t` oee`w ofiquoti rist n`r td`si w`rbirs morryckj `ut stokfhy/`kmoee futcis `r `virtcli. Wr`vcfi trockckj okf ckn`rlotc`k n`r w`rbirs, tdicr nolcecis okf lokojilikt `k tdi rcsbs oss`mcotif oss`mcotif wctd sdcnt w`rb okf `k m`pckj strotijcis. Vdcs loy diep w`rbirs t` m`pi hittir wctd sdcnt w`rb. Lobi pr`vcsc`k t` rieiosi stonn n`r n`risiiohei trockckj, fivie`plikt, okf m`llukcmotc`k kiifs. Ikm`uroji cktiromtc`k hitwiik w`rbirs okf pr`vcfi o lioks `n m`llukcmotc`k m`llukcmotc`k n`r e`ki w`rbirs. Ojrii `k, okf iksuri tclckj okf pr`mifuris n`r trokslcttckj ckn`rlotc`k ckn`rlotc`k t` tdi kixt sdcnt tiol ori n`ee`wif ot oee tclis. Ikm`uroji w`rbirs t` ckn`rl tdicr f`mt`r oh`ut tdicr w`rbckj orrokjilikts. orrokjilikts.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 97 `n 864
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Wr`l`ti dioetdy ecvckj strotijcis sumd os ckmriosckj ixirmcsi okf clpr`vckj fcit. Iksuri tdot nrii dioetd ossisslikts ossisslikts ori pr`vcfif n`r kcjdt w`rbirs. Iksuri tdot tdi w`rbpeomi okf cts surr`ukfckjs ori wiee ect, soni, okf simuri okf tdot w`rbirs ori nrii nr`l tdi tdriot `n vc`eikmi.
Zdot cs notcjui0 Notcjui rinirs t` tdi cssuis tdot orcsi nr`l ixmisscvi w`rbckj tcli `r p``rey fiscjkif sdcnt pottirks. Ct cs jikiroeey m`kscfirif t` hi o fimecki ck liktoe okf/`r pdyscmoe pirn`rlokm pirn`rlokmi i tdot risuets nr`l pr`e`kjif ixirtc`k, seiip e`ss okf/`r fcsruptc`k `n tdi cktirkoe me`mb. Ct cs oes` rieotif t` w`rbe`of, ck tdot w`rbirs ori l`ri ioscey notcjuif cn tdicr w`rb cs lomdcki-pomif, lomdcki-pomif, m`lpeix `r l`k`t`k`us. Notcjui risuets ck se`wir riomtc`ks, rifumif ohcecty t` pr`miss ckn`rlotc`k, lil`ry eopsis, ohsikt-lckfif ohsikt-lckfifkiss, kiss, fimriosif oworikiss, eomb `n ottiktc`k, ukfiristclotc`k `n rcsb, rifumif m``rfckotc`k itm. Notcjui mok eiof t` irr`rs okf ommcfikts, cee-dioetd okf ckaury, okf rifumif pr`fumtcvcty. Ct cs `ntik o r``t mousi `n loa`r ommcfikts i.j. Diroef `n Nrii Iktirprcsi, Mdirk`hye, Vixos Mcty, Meopdol Aukmtc`k, Mdoeeikjir okf Ixx`k ^oefiz.
Lokojckj notcjui Vdi YB D]I spimcncm t`pcm jucfokmi 8 `k ―Lokojckj notcjui rcsbs“ dcjdecjdts ok oppr`omd t` lokojckj notcjui. Issiktcoeey, notcjui kiifs t` hi lokojif, ecbi oky `tdir dozorf. Furckj ckmcfikt ckvistcjotc`ks, n`r ixolpei, ivcfikmi `k p`sschei notcjui sd`uef hi s`ujdt. Mdokjis t` w`rbckj d`urs kiif t` hi rcsb ossissif. @ki woy `n f`ckj tdcs cs t` usi tdi YB D]I–s Notcjui okf Xcsb Ckfix Moemueot`r ^irsc`k 8.8. Vdcs t``e dos hiik fivie`pif os o sclpei t``e t` ikohei m`lporcs`k `n fcnnirckj sdcnt pottirks okf t` cfiktcny wdik notcjui rcsbs ori ixmisscvi. Ilpe`yirs loy kiif t` sit eclcts n`r w`rbckj d`urs okf sdcnt pottirks okf tdisi kiif t` hi l`kct`rif okf ikn`rmif. Ct sd`uef hi rililhirif tdot `pirot`rs loy prinir hofey fiscjkif sdcnt pottirks n`r s`mcoe rios`ks, sumd os `kis wdcmd jcvi e`kj hriobs hitwiik sdcnts fispcti dovckj t` w`rb ?6-d`ur sdcnts. J``f promtcmi jucfokmi `k sdcnt r`stir fiscjk ckmeufis1 •
Xistrcmt kulhir `n kcjdt sdcnts (t` 6 loxclul cn p`sschei).
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L`vi iorey sdcnt storts hin`ri >ol n`rworf (i.j. :ol k`t >ol stort).
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Cn ?8-d`ur sdcnts w`rbif tdik k` `virtcli w`rbif ck offctc`k.
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Ov`cf e`kj w`rbckj d`urs (l`ri tdok 97 d`urs pir wiib).
• Oee`w lckclul `n ?8 d`urs hitwiik sdcnts okf ov`cf —qucmb riturk– `n 4 d`urs cn p`sschei. (Xist pirc`f hitwiik sdcnts sd`uef pirlct sunncmcikt tcli n`r m`llutckj, m`llutckj, lioes okf seiip.) •
X`toti sdcnts qucmbey (i.j. iviry 8-= foys). Ov`cf r`totckj sdcnts iviry ?-8 wiibs.
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Ysi n`rworf r`totc`k (l`rkckj/ontirk``k/kcjdt) (l`rkckj/ontirk``k/kcjdt) n`r prinirikmi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 9? `n 864
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Orrokji stort/nckcsd tclis `n tdi sdcnt t` hi m`kvikcikt n`r puhecm troksp`rt, s`mcoe okf f`listcm omtcvctcis
Fimcfckj wdik dioetd surviceeokmi loy hi oppr`prcoti
Vdi stortckj p`ckt cs tdi rcsb ossisslikt pr`miss. Cn, ontir clpeiliktckj m`ktr`e liosuris, s`li rcsb rilocks nurtdir stips lcjdt kiif t` hi tobik. Vdcs loy ckv`evi clpeiliktckj dioetd surviceeokmi pr`jrollis. Ct loy oes` hi hikincmcoe t` fivie`p o Dioetd ]urviceeokmi W`ecmy. Ck s`li m`uktrcis, eijcseotc`k loy eoy f`wk dioetd surviceeokmi riqucrilikts. N`r ixolpei, w`rbirs ixp`sif t` dcjd eivies `n k`csi, oshist`s, eiof, `r c`kcsckj rofcotc`k ori riqucrif t` dovi dioetd surviceeokmi pr`jrollis pr`jrollis ck peomi. Dioetd surviceeokmi w`uef jikiroeey hi riqucrif cn1 • • • •
tdiri cs ok cfiktcncohei fcsiosi/ofvirsi fcsiosi/ofvirsi dioetd innimt okf ivcfikmi `n o eckb wctd w`rbpeomi ixp`suri. ct cs ecbiey tdi fcsiosi/dioetd innimt loy `mmur. tdiri ori voecf timdkcquis n`r fitimtckj iorey scjks `n tdi fcsiosi/dioetd innimt. tdisi timdkcquis f` k`t p`si o rcsb t` ilpe`yiis.
Ck cts sclpeist n`rl, dioetd surviceeokmi m`uef ckv`evi ilpe`yiis mdimbckj tdilsievis tdilsievis n`r scjks `r sylpt`ls `n cee dioetd n`ee`wckj o trockckj sissc`k `k wdot t` e``b n`r okf wd` t` rip`rt sylpt`ls t`. N`r ixolpei, ilpe`yiis k`tcmckj s`rikiss, rifkiss okf ctmdckj `k tdicr dokfs okf orls, wdiri tdiy w`rb wctd suhstokmis tdot mok crrctoti `r foloji tdi sbck. O risp`kschei pirs`k mok hi trockif t` lobi r`utcki hoscm mdimbs, sumd os sbck ckspimtc`ks `r scjks `n rosdis okf m`uef, n`r ixolpei, hi o supirvcs`r, ilpe`yii riprisiktotcvi `r ncrst ocfir. N`r l`ri m`lpecmotif ossissl ossisslikts, ikts, ok `mmupotc`koe dioetd kursi `r ok `mmupotc`koe dioetd f`mt`r mok osb oh`ut sylpt`ls `r morry `ut pirc`fcm ixolckotc`ks. Ixolpeis `n sctuotc`ks wdiri dioetd surviceeokmi lcjdt hi oppr`prcoti ckmeufi1 • • • •
w`rbirs wctd bk`wk liktoe cee-dioetd m`kfctc`ks w`rbirs wd` wcee hi w`rbckj ot dicjdt frcvckj `mmupotc`ks (sumd os n`rbecnt trumb `r e`kj-fcstokmi e`kj-fcstokmi e`rry frcvirs) mdimbckj n`r oem`d`e/suhstokmi ohusi ot w`rb
D`w t` istohecsd okf locktock ok oem`d`e/frujs p`ecmy Oee `rjokcsotc`ks mok hikinct nr`l ok ojriif p`ecmy `k fruj/oem`d`e lcsusi. S`u m`uef ckmeufi o fruj okf oem`d`e p`ecmy os port `n y`ur `viroee dioetd okf sonity p`ecmy. Cn ok ilpe`yii tiees y`u, tdiy dovi o fruj `r oem`d`e pr`heil, ok innimtcvi p`ecmy sd`uef ocl t` diep okf supp`rt tdil rotdir tdok eiof t` fcslcssoe. Hut ct sd`uef oes` dcjdecjdt wdik y`u wcee tobi t obi fcsmcpeckory `r `tdir omtc`k, n`r ixol ixolpei pei tdot y`u wcee rip`rt fruj p`ssissc`k `r fioeckj ot w`rb t` tdi p`ecmi strocjdt owoy. Hin`ri cktr`fumckj o frujs/oem`d`e p`ecmy `rjokcsotc`ks sd`uef m`ksuet wctd w`rbirs. M`ksuetotc`k ckv`evis y`u k`t `key jcvckj ckn`rlotc`k t` ilpe`yiis hut oes` ecstikckj t` tdil t dil okf tobckj omm`ukt `n wdot tdiy soy. S`u m`uef osb y`ur ilpe`yiis wdot tdiy bk`w oh`ut tdi innimts `n frujs okf oem`d`e `k dioetd okf sonity okf tdi ristrcmtc`ks `r rueis `k fruj okf oem`d`e usi ck y`ur husckiss.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 98 `n 864
Vdi hikincts `n pri-ilpe`ylikt p ri-ilpe`ylikt dioetd smriikckj n`r oem`d`e/frujs. Vdiri loy hi o mosi n`r pri-ilpe`ylikt pri-ilpe`ylikt smriikckj, portcmueorey ck mirtock a`hs (n`r ixolpei w`rbirs wd` lobi sonity-mrctcmoe fimcsc`ks ecbi trock frcvirs, pce`ts, okf mdilcmoe pr`miss `pirot`rs). Ck a`hs ecbi tdisi tdi lcsusi `n frujs `r oem`d`e m`uef dovi fcsostr`us innimts n`r tdi w`rbir, m`eeiojuis, lilhirs lilhirs `n tdi puhecm okf tdi ikvcr`klikt. Hy smriikckj pri-ilpe`ylikt okf iksurckj tdot p`tiktcoe oppecmokts ori lofi owori `n tdi smriikckj p`ecmy, `rjokcsotc`ks mok rifumi tdi kulhir `n mokfcfotis wd` oppey wctd o pri-ixcstckj fruj `r oem`d`e pr`heil.
Zdik tistckj n`r oem`d`e/frujs sd`uef hi morrcif `ut Hin`ri ilhorbckj `k tistckj, `rjokcsotc`ks sd`uef iksuri tdot tdi hikincts austcny oky ofvirsi clpomt, ukeiss tdiri cs o eijoe riqucrilikt n`r tistckj. Ckn`rlotc`k m`eeimtif nr`l tistckj cs l`ri ecbiey t` hi austcncif okf ommiptif cn ct mok hi fil`kstrotif ct cs n`r rios`ks `n dioetd okf sonity. N`r ixolpei, w`rbirs morryckj `ut sonity mrctcmoe tosbs ck dcjd-rcsb ckfustrcis wdiri lcstobis, os o risuet `n tdi ckneuikmi `n frujs/oem`d`e, m`uef dovi motostr`pdcm m`ksiquikmis. Loky `rjokcsotc`ks `piroti ―wctd mousi“ tistckj rijclis. Vdcs lioks tdot cn tdiri cs rios`kohei suspcmc`k tdot o w`rbir cs ukfir tdi ckneuikmi os o risuet `n tdicr hidovc`ur `r pirn`rlokmi, pirn`rlokmi, tdiy wcee hi riqucrif t` hi ttistif istif n`r suspimtif oem`d`e `r fruj lcsusi. Oky`ki rinusckj t` tobi o tist loy hi suhaimt t` fcsmcpeckory omtc`k.
Vdi fcsofvoktojis `n oem`d`e/frujs tistckj Xisiormd dos sujjistif tdot `rjokcsotc`ks tdot siib t` ixmisscviey tist tdicr w`rbirs ori ukecbiey t` mrioti o w`rb ikvcr`klikt tdot ikm`urojis trust, e`yoety, okf m`llctlikt. m`llctlikt. Z`rbirs wd` ori ukfir ixmisscvi tistckj rijclis ori l`ri ecbiey t` dovi o kijotcvi ottctufi t`worfs w`rb okf ori l`ri ecbiey tt` ` sunnir nr`l striss rieotif cssuis.
3.61 Dozorf`us suhstokmis Vdi strumturi okf nukmtc`k `n dulok okot`lcmoe systils1 V` ukfirstokf tdi clpomt `n dozorf`us suhstokmis `k tdi dulok h`fy, wi wcee kiif t` stufy s`li hoscms oh`ut dulok okot`ly. Ck tdi n`ee`wckj pojis wi wcee hi m`virckj tdi1 • Xispcrot`ry systil • Fcjistcvi systil • Mcrmueot`ry systil • Kirv`us systil • ]bck • Iyis • K`si okf siksi `n sliee
Vdi Xispcrot`ry ]ystil Xispcrotc`k cs wdiri ocr cs ckdoeif tdr`ujd tdi k`strces okf kosoe movctcis, `r tdi l`utd.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 9= `n 864
Vdi ocr iktirs tdi t di tromdio okf pr`miifs f`wk tdr`ujd tdi rcjdt okf eint hr`kmdc wdcmd hrokmd `ut ckt` hr`kmdc`eis. Iomd `n tdi hr`kmdc`eis tirlckotis ck o meustir `n oevi`ec, wdiri tdi jos ixmdokji tobis peomi. @xyjik cs ohs`rhif ckt` tdi he``fstriol, okf morh`k fc`xcfi cs ilcttif. Yp`k ixdoeotc`k, tdi ocr cs pusdif homb upworfs t`worfs tdi k`strces okf l`utd morryckj wctd ct tdi M@8.
Xispcrot`ry ]ystil Vdi oviroji pirs`k wd` cs l`firotiey omtcvi furckj tdi foytcli hriotdis oh`ut 87,777 ectris `n ocr iviry 86 d`urs. Ckivctohey, tdcs ocr m`ktocks p`tiktcoeey dorlnue portcmeis okf josis. Wortcmeis, sumd os fust okf s``t, l`uef, nukjc, homtirco, okf vcrusis fip`sct `k ocrwoy okf oevi`eor surnomis. Vdiri ori oppr`xclotiey ?97 lceec`k oevi`ec ck iomd ofuet eukj. Vdcs pr`vcfis o surnomi orio `n ?>7l8 wdcmd cs tdi sczi `n o tikkcs m`urt. Vdcs eorji surnomi orio lobis tdi eukjs ckmrifchey inncmcikt ot morryckj suhstokmis ckt` tdi he``fstriol.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 96 `n 864
Fcjistcvi ]ystil Vdi fcjistcvi systil cs n`rlif `n tdi fcjistcvi tromt. Vdcs cs o sircis `n `rjoks nr`l tdi l`utd, `is`pdojus, st`lomd, sloee cktistcki, eorji cktistcki, rimtul, okf okus. Ckscfi tdisi `rjoks cs o lum`us lilhroki. Ck tdi l`utd, st`lomd, okf sloee cktistcki, tdi lum`us lilhroki m`ktocks tcky jeokfs wdcmd pr`fumi aucmis tdot diep fcjist n``f. Fcjistc`k storts ck tdi l`utd wdik mdiwckj. Ikzylis ck tdi soecvo stort tdi fcjistc`k `n stormdis t` sujors. Ohs`rptc`k cs tdik m`lpeitif ck tdi sloee cktistckis. Vdi fcjistcvi tromt oes` m`ktocks o eoyir `n lusmei t` diep hriob f`wk n``f okf l`vi ct oe`kj tdi tromt. Vdi ecvir okf pokmrios pr`fumi fcjistcvi aucmis tdot iktir tdi cktistcki.
Mcrmueot`ry ]ystil Vdi mcrmueot`ry systil cs m`lprcsif `n tdi diort, tdi mcrmueot`ry vissies (vicks, ortircis, mopceeorcis, itm.), okf he``f. Vdi mcrmueot`ry systil suppecis kutrcikts okf `xyjik t` tdi h`fy okf ril`vis oky hy-pr`fumts, sumd os t`xcks okf M@8. Vdi diort cs o lusmei tdot omts os o pulp t` l`vi he``f tdr`ujd`ut tdi h`fy. Os tdi diort hiots, tdi rcjdt scfi `n tdi diort rimicvis he``f tdot cs fipeitif `n `xyjik okf sikfs ct t` tdi eukjs n`r `xyjikotc`k. Vdi eint scfi `n tdi diort pulps tdcs kiwey `xyjikotif `xyjikotif he``f nr`l tdi eukjs okf sikfs ct or`ukf tdi h`fy. Vdi tw` lock vissies `n tdi mcrmueot`ry systil ori ortircis okf vicks. Vdiri ori oes` supp`rtckj vissies moeeif mopceeorcis. Ortircis morry `xyjik rcmd he``f t` oee tdi lusmeis okf tcssuis tdot kiif ct. Vdi ortircis dovi spimcoe woees tdot mok risp`kf t` d`rl`ki d`rl`kiss okf `tdir mdilcmoes tdot ori rieiosif hy tdi h`fy. Vdisi d`rl`kis mousi tdi woees `n tdi ortircis t` ixpokf `r m`ktromt t` m`ktr`e tdi prissuri okf ne`w `n tdi he``f os ct j`is tdr`ujd tdi systil. Hrokmdckj `nn nr`l tdisi eorji ortircis ori sloeeir he``f vissies moeeif mopceeorcis. @kmi tdi `xyjik okf kutrcikts dovi hiik ohs`rhif nr`l tdi he``f hy tdi tcssuis, tdi he``f cs riturkif t` ok`tdir typi `n loa`r vissie moeeif o vick. Vdi vicks riturk `xyjik fipeitif he``f homb t` tdi diort okf `kt` tdi eukjs. He``f m`kscsts `n tw` typis `n he``f miees1 rif okf wdcti. Vdi rif he``f miees m`ktock doil`je`hck, wdcmd ohs`rhs `xyjik okf morrcis ct t` tdi tcssuis `n tdi h`fy. Vdi wdcti miees ori o port `n tdi clluki systil okf ncjdt cknimtc`k.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 99 `n 864
Kirv`us ]ystil Vdi kirv`us systil cs fcvcfif ckt` tw` lock systils1 • •
Vdi miktroe kirv`us systil (MK]) Vdi pircpdiroe kirv`us systil (WK])
Vdi spckoe m`rf okf tdi hrock lobi up tdi MK]. Vdi nukmtc`k `n tdi MK] cs t` `htock ckn`rlotc`k nr`l nr`l tdi h`fy okf sikf `ut ckstrumtc`ks. Vdi WK] cs m`lp`sif m`lp`sif `n kirvis. Vdi hrock sikfs okf rimicvis lissojis t` tdi h`fy tdr`ujd tdi spckoe m`rf okf kirvis. Vdi kirvi systil cs lofi up `n kiur`ks. Vdi lissojis l`vi nr`l `ki kiur`k t` ok`tdir. Kirvi scjkoes lust aulp omr`ss o tcky jop hitwiik kiur`ks. Vdi kirv`us systil mok omt ot ok ckmrifchei spiif, sikfckj lissojis omr`ss tdi h`fy oel`st ckstoktey. Kiur`ks, ukecbi `tdir h`fy tcssuis, dovi eclctif ohcecty t` ripocr tdilsievis. Kirvi miees mokk`t hi ripocrif r ipocrif cn folojif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 9> `n 864
Vdi ]bck Vdi sbck cs tdi eorjist `rjok `n tdi dulok h`fy. Ct cs suppei wdcmd oee`ws ct t` l`vi. Hut ct cs str`kj ik`ujd t` jcvi s`li riscstokmi t` hriobckj `r tiorckj. Cts tixturi okf tdcmbkiss vory omr`ss tdi h`fy. N`r ixolpei, tdi sbck `n tdi ecps okf iyiecfs cs viry tdck okf fiecmoti, hut tdi sbck `k tdi diies `n tdi niit cs tdcmbir okf dorfir. Vdi sbck sirvis siviroe purp`sis1 •
Zotirpr``n m`vir n`r tdi h`fy
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Finikmi ojockst homtirco okf `tdir `rjokcsls O m``eckj systil, tdokbs t` swiot jeokfs O siks`ry `rjok tdot pr`vcfis ckn`rlotc`k `k pock, peiosuri, tilpiroturi, okf prissuri
Vdi ixtirkoe eoyir `n tdi sbck cs bk`wk os tdi ipcfirlcs. Vdcs pr`timts tdi ckkir eoyirs wdcmd ori l`ri fiecmoti. Vdi ipcfirlcs m`kscsts `n siviroe eoyirs `n miees. Vdi h`tt`l eoyir cs wdiri kiw ipcfirloe miees ori n`rlif. Os `ef miees ori e`st nr`l tdi surnomi nrisd `kis wcee ripeomi tdil. Vdi ipcfirlcs oes` m`ktocks lieokck. Vdcs cs tdi pcjlikt wdcmd jcvis `ur sbck cts m`e`ur. Ct oes` mousis tdi sbck t` forbik t` pr`timt ctsien nr`l sukecjdt okf uetrovc`eit rofcotc`k. Ykfirkiotd tdi ipcfirlcs cs tdi firlcs. Ct m`ktocks tdi swiot jeokfs, docr n`eecmeis, he``f vissies, okf kirvis. Zdik tdi tilpiroturi cs d`t, pirspcrotc`k m`lis `ut `n tdi swiot jeokfs okf ivop`rotis `k tdi sbck, tobckj tdi diot wctd ct. Cn tdi tilpiroturi tilpiroturi cs m`ef, tdi he``f vissies ck tdi firlcs m`ktromt. Vdcs dieps t` rifumi diot e`ss. Jeokfs ck tdi firlcs simriti o suhstokmi moeeif sihul t` euhrcmoti tdi sbck. H`td tdi firlcs okf ipcfirlcs dovi kirvi ikfckjs. Vdisi trokslct siksotc`ks t` tdi hrock. Vdi nckjirtcps dovi l`ri kirvi ikfckjs tdok `tdir ports `n tdi h`fy.
Vdi Iyis Vdi iyihoee cs m`ktockif ck o h`ky s`mbit wdcmd p`ckts t`worfs tdi homb `n tdi diof. Vdi iyihoee scts ckscfi tdi s`mbit okf cs surr`ukfif hy o eoyir `n not t` musdc`k ct okf oee`w l`vilikt. Vdi iyihoee cs ikmosif ck o wdcti strumturi moeeif tdi smeiro. Vdcs cs o furohei lotircoe tdot pr`timts tdi iyihoee iyihoee nr`l foloji. Vdi m`rkio cs tdi troksporikt port `n tdi smeiro tdot m`virs tdi crcs wdcmd cs tdi m`e`urif port `n tdi iyi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 9: `n 864
Ecjdt iktirs tdi pupce, o d`ei ck tdi lcffei `n tdi iyi. Vdi crcs cs o sircis `n lusmeis tdot pirlct ct t` ofaust tdi sczi `n tdi pupce's `pikckj t` rijueoti tdi ol`ukt `n ecjdt tdot iktirs tdi iyi. Zdik tdiri cs k`t sunncmcikt ecjdt, tdi crcs ofausts tdi pupce's `pikckj t` rimicvi tdi loxclul ol`ukt. ol`ukt. Zdik tdiri cs t`` lumd ecjdt `r tdi ecjdt cs t`` hrcjdt, tdi crcs m`ktromts `r fceotis tdi pupce's `pikckj s` tdot ct tobis ck ik`ujd ecjdt t` nukmtc`k. Vdi ecjdt possis tdr`ujd tdi pupce okf iktirs tdi iyi tdr`ujd tdi eiks. Vdi purp`si `n tdi eiks cs t` n`mus tdi ecjdt `k tdi homb `n tdi iyihoee. Ontir eiovckj tdi eiks, tdi ecjdt possis tdr`ujd o jie ecbi suhstokmi moeeif o vctri`us dul`ur wdcmd dieps tdi iyi t` ritock cts sdopi. Ct tdik dcts tdi t di ritcko, wdcmd cs o ecjdt siksctcvi tcssui, wdiri mdilcmoe okf ieimtrcmoe clpuesis ori mriotif. Vdisi trovie t` tdi hrock oe`kj tdi `ptcm kirvi, wdiri tdiy ori ukfirst``f os pcmturis. Vdi m`kaukmtcvo cs o tdck fiecmoti lumus lilhroki tdot m`virs tdi nr`kt `n tdi iyihoee okf eckis tdi ckscfi `n tdi iyiecfs. Vdi iyihoee cs m`virif hy tdi iyiecf, wdcmd dieps t` privikt smrotmdis, iktry `n fust, okf osscsts ck tdi euhrcmotc`k `n tdi surnomi. Vdiri ori siviroe tior jeokfs or`ukf tdi iyiecfs. Iomd jeokf dos o kulhir `n tior fumts. @k heckbckj, tdi tiors frock owoy vco o sloee `pikckj ck tdi ckkir m`rkir `n tdi iyiecf.
K`si okf `ur ]iksi `n ]liee (@enomt`ry ]ystil). Oee or`ukf us, tdckjs ecbi m`nnii `r fcisie ilct tcky l`eimueis tdot mok iktir `ur `enomt`ry systil ck tw` woys1 ictdir tdr`ujd `ur k`strces `r tdi homb `n tdi tdr`ot (l`stey ivirytdckj ilcts l`eimueis, l`eimueis, nr`l pirnuli t` hriof). Zi–ri lockey nolcecor wctd slieeckj tdr`ujd `ur k`strces, oetd`ujd iotckj n``f wdcmd rieiosis l`eimueis ckt` tdi homb `n tdi tdr`ot mok oes` mousi us t` sliee. @kmi ckscfi y`ur k`strces, tdisi ocr l`eimueis eokf `k tdi `enomt`ry ipctdiecul ‖ o tcssui m`virif ck lumus tdot eckis tdi kosoe movcty. Vdi ipctdiecul m`ktocks lceec`ks `n `enomt`ry rimipt`rs `r kiur`ks tdot ori mopohei `n hckfckj wctd spimcncm `f`ur l`eimueis. Ok `f`ur l`eimuei nr`l o mup `n m`nnii ne`otckj up ckt` y`ur k`si wcee nckf okf hckf t` ok `enomt`ry rimipt`r tdot–s spimcncmoeey fiscjkif t` cfiktcny tdot l`eimuei. @kmi tdi `enomt`ry rimipt`rs hckf wctd o spimcncm `f`ur, tdiy sikf tdicr ieimtrcmoe clpuesis t` tdi hrock wdcmd cktirprits tdi scjkoe os o sliee.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 94 `n 864
Lock X`utis `n Iktry ckt` tdi H`fy Dozorf`us suhstokmis suhstokmis mok iktir tdi h`fy ck o vorcity `n woys, fipikfckj `k tdi typi `n ixp`suri okf tdi n`rl `n tdi suhstokmi. • • • •
Ohs`rptc`k tdr`ujd tdi sbck, `r tdr`ujd lum`us lilhrokis lilhrokis sumd os or`ukf tdi iyis Ckaimtc`k. Vdcs cs fcrimt iktry tdr`ujd ok `pik w`ukf, `r tdr`ujd o pukmturi `r hcti Ckdoeotc`k tdr`ujd tdi k`si okf l`utd okf ckt` tdi eukjs vco tdi rispcrot`ry possoji Ckjistc`k tdr`ujd tdi l`utd okf ckt` tdi jostr`cktistckoe jostr`cktistckoe tromt, st`lomd, okf cktistckis
Ckdoeotc`k Ckdoeotc`k cs tdi l`st m`ll`k r`uti `n iktry os loky ckfustrcoe t`xcm suhstokmis ori ck ok ocrh`rki n`rl. 37% `n ckfustrcoe p`cs`ks ori ohs`rhif tdr`ujd tdi eukjs. Vdi sczi `n portcmeis tdot loy iktir tdi eukjs cs clp`rtokt. Vdiy ori liosurif ck lcmr`ks. O lcmr`k cs `ki lceec`ktd `n o litri. Vdi eorjir portcmeis ckdoeif (jriotir tdok ?7 lcmr`ks) tikf t` `key trovie os nor os tdi k`si. ]loeeir portcmeis loy jit post tdi k`si okf iktir tdi hr`kmdc okf hr`kmdc`eis (hitwiik 9 okf ?7 lcmr`ks). Ivik sloeeir portcmeis (eiss tdok 9 lcmr`ks) ori mopohei `n riomdckj tdi fiip eukj c.i. tdi oevi`ec. Vdi sloeeist portcmeis (eiss tdok 7.= lcmr`ks) ori usuoeey ixdoeif wctd`ut sitteckj ck tdi eukjs.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 93 `n 864
Vdirin`ri tdi sczi `n tdi portcmei loy onnimt fcnnirikt ports `n tdi rispcrot`ry systil. N`r ixolpei, mirtock typis `n w``f fust mok mousi kosoe mokmir, hut eiof nulis mok pikitroti fiip ckt` tdi eukj okf iktir tdi he``fstriol tdr`ujd tdi oevi`ec.
]bck Ohs`rptc`k ]uhstokmis mok hi ohs`rhif tdr`ujd tdi cktomt sbck. ]bck cs o silc-pirliohei silc-pirliohei lilhroki. Ct cs k`rloeey wotirpr``n, hut s`li suhstokmis mok poss fcrimtey tdr`ujd tdi sbck okf iktir tdi he``fstriol okf hi morrcif or`ukf tdi h`fy t` tdi torjit `rjoks. ]uhstokmis mok oes` iktir tdr`ujd muts ck tdi sbck okf tdr`ujd tdi tdck lilhrokis `n tdi iyi, ior, `r k`si. Vdi ol`ukt ohs`rhif tdr`ujd tdi sbck offs t` tdi f`si tdot dos iktirif tdr`ujd `tdir r`utis, sumd os ckdoeotc`k. Loky s`evikts mok dovi o e`moe innimt `k tdi sbck sumd os finottckj `n tdi sbck's issiktcoe `ces. Vdcs mok risuet ck sbck frykiss, crrctotc`k, okf wctd pr`e`kjif usi mrombckj okf crrctokt m`ktomt firlotctcs.
Iktry tdr`ujd tdi Iyis ]`li suhstokmis ori wotir s`euhei. Vdcs lioks tdot tdiy fcss`evi ck wotir. Vdi lum`us lilhrokis `n tdi iyi ori dulcf. Oky wotir s`euhei suhstokmis tdot mok m`li ckt` m`ktomt wctd tdi iyi mok fcss`evi. Ck s`li mosis, tdcs lioks tdi suhstokmis mok fcrimtey iktir tdi he``fstriol he``fstriol tdr`ujd tdi tdck lum`us lilhroki lilhroki.. Ck `tdir mosis tdcs mok mousi crrctotc`k, m`rr`sc`k, `r fistrumtc`k `n tdi surr`ukfckj iyi tcssui.
Ckaimtc`k Vdi `utir eoyir `n tdi sbck wcee k`rloeey biip `ut l`st suhstokmis. D`wivir, cn s`litdckj sdorp pusdis tdr`ujd tdi ixtirkoe eoyir okf ckt` tdi he``fstriol, he``fstriol, o dozorf`us suhstokmi m`uef hi morrcif wctd ct okf tdik morrcif or`ukf tdi h`fy. Kiifeis ori tdi l`st `hvc`us ckaimtc`k dozorf, ispimcoeey os tdiy `ntik m`ktock he``f okf p`sschei he``fh`rki potd`jiks. @tdir ckaimtc`k dozorfs mok ckmeufi hr`bik jeoss, sdorp litoe, specktirs, koces, stopeis, okf okytdckj iesi wdcmd dos tdi mopohcecty `n pusdckj tdr`ujd tdi sbck okf morryckj m`ktolckokts ckt` tdi h`fy.
Ckjistc`k Ckjistc`k cs k`t o m`ll`k r`uti okf prif`lckoktey prif`lckoktey `mmurs tdr`ujd p``r dyjciki promtcmis os o m`ksiquikmi `n w`rbirs iotckj `r sl`bckj wctd m`ktolckotif dokfs. Vdcs r`uti `n iktry loy him`li scjkcncmokt ck w`rb pr`missis ckv`evif wctd t`xcm suhstokmis sumd os eiof ck ossoy eoh`rot`rcis. Ckjistc`k tobis peomi tdr`ujd omtc`ks sumd os iotckj, frckbckj, sl`bckj, o pirs`k t`umdckj tdicr l`utd, `r ecmbckj tdicr ecps. M`ktolckokts M`ktolckokts mok iktir tdi l`utd wdiri tdiy mok hi ohs`rhif tdr`ujd tdi tdck lilhrokis `n tdi t`kjui okf l`utd, `r mok hi swoee`wif okf poss `k t` tdi st`lomd. ]`li ]`li ohs`rptc`k `n mdilcmoes mok tobi peomi tdr`ujd tdi eckckj `n tdi st`lomd viry qucmbey. @kmi tdi suhstokmi iktirs tdi sloee cktistcki ct mok hi ohs`rhif ckt` tdi he``f mopceeorcis. Aust ecbi tdi eukjs, tdiri cs o eorji surnomi orio ckscfi tdi cktistcki wdiri o suhstokmi mok iktir ckt` tdi he``fstriol. @kmi ck tdi he``fstriol tdi suhstokmi mok trovie or`ukf tdi h`fy okf onnimt tdi torjit `rjoks.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji >7 `n 864
Vdi M`kmipt `n Vorjit @rjoks okf Vorjit ]ystils O torjit `rjok cs o spimcncm `rjok wdcmd cs onnimtif hy o suhstokmi `r ojikt. Vorjit `rjoks mok ckmeufi tdi eukjs, ecvir, ecv ir, bcfkiys, hrock, sbck, heoffir, `r iyis. Ixolpeis `n suhstokmis okf tdicr torjit `rjoks ori1
Oshist`s, ]cecmo okf M`oe fusts okf cs`myokotis, wdcmd onnimt tdi eukjs Kcmbie mok mousi kosoe mokmir
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Eiof okf lirmury mok onnimt tdi hrock okf kirv`us systil Ykrinckif lckiroe `ces mok mousi sbck mokmir Fc-mdr`lotis,, omcfs, oeboecs mok onnimt tdi sbck Fc-mdr`lotis Hikziki wdcmd onnimts tdi h`ki lorr`w Hito kopdtdyeolcki mok mousi heoffir mokmir Oem`d`e okf mde`rckotif s`evikts wdcmd mok onnimt tdi ecvir Moflcul (diovy litoe) mok mousi bcfkiy fcsiosi
]`li suhstokmis (sumd os eiof okf lirmury) mok onnimt l`ri tdok `ki `rjok. Ck offctc`k t` sckjei `rjoks, wd`ei okot`lcm okot`lcmoe oe systils mok hi onnimtif hy suhstokmis. Vdisi ori rinirrif t` os 'torjit systils'. Vdisi mok ckmeufi tdi kirv`us systil, tdi mcrmueot`ry systil, okf tdi ripr`fumtcvi systil. Ixolpeis `n suhstokmis okf tdicr torjit systils ckmeufi1 • • •
Oem`d`e okf s`evikts mok se`w f`wk kirv`us systil omtcvcty. Eiof mok cktirniri wctd tdi miktroe okf pircpdiroe kirv`us systils, mousckj hrock foloji. Ixp`suri t` dcjd eivies `n hikziki mok foloji loei nirtcecty okf foloji ukh`rk hohcis (ripr`fumtcvi systil).
E`moe okf ]ystilcm Innimts E`moe innimts ori wdiri o suhstokmi mousis dorl ot tdi p`ckt `n ncrst m`ktomt wctd tdi h`fy. N`r ixolpei, cn tdi suhstokmi mousis dorl t` tdi eukjs wdik ct cs ckdoeif tdik y`u m`uef soy tdot ct dos o e`moe innimt `k tdi eukjs. Oshist`s cs o typcmoe ixolpei `n o suhstokmi tdot dos o e`moe innimt. Cn o suhstokmi iktirs tdi h`fy vco o r`uti, sumd os hy ckdoeotc`k ckt` tdi eukjs, okf tdik dos o dorlnue innimt `k s`li `tdir port `n tdi h`fy, tdik tdcs w`uef hi o systilcm innimt. N`r ixolpei, morh`k l`k`xcfi iktirs tdr`ujd tdi eukjs, hut ripeomis `xyjik ck tdi he``f. Vdcs, ck turk, storvis miees `n `xyjik.
Vdi h`fy–s finikscvi risp`ksis Xispcrot`ry ]ystil Eorji s`ecf portcmeis ckdoeif ori ckctcoeey ncetirif hy kosoe docrs. Wortcmeis tdot lobi ct nurtdir ckscfi tdi k`si him`li moujdt hy tdi sloee h`kis okf tdi mortceoji, mousckj fip`sctc`k ck tdi k`si okf cts lumus eckckj. Vdi ncki docrs ck tdi k`si tdik poss tdisi portcmeis homb t` tdi `utscfi wdik tdiy mok hi he`wk `ut. ]uhstokmis crrctotckj tdi ckscfi `n tdi k`si mousi o riomtc`k wdcmd risuets ck tdi portcmeis hiik ixpieeif tdr`ujd tdi k`si vco skiizckj. Wortcmeis wdcmd pikitroti nurtdir tdok tdi k`si mok riomd tdi homb `n tdi tdr`ot wdiri, cn crrctotc`k `mmurs, risuets ck ixpuesc`k vco m`ujdckj. Cn portcmeis riomd tdi homb `n tdi tdr`ot wctd`ut hickj ixpieeif, tdiy tdik iktir tdi pdorykx
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji >? `n 864
okf ckt` tdi tromdio. Vdisi ocrwoys m`ktock o eckckj `n stcmby tdcmb lumus wdcmd mok fcss`evi s`li p`rtc`ks `n
suhstokmis `r, oe`kj wctd tdi mceco (tcky docrs), mok morry tdi lumus okf portcmeis upworfs t`worfs tdi homb `n tdi tdr`ot t` hi ixpieeif. Vdcs cs bk`wk os tdi lum`mcecory ismoeot`r. ismoeot`r. Cn tdi portcmeis m`ktckui n`rworf ckt` tdi rispcrot`ry systil tdiy wcee riomd tdi hr`kmdus okf tdik tdi oevi`ec. Cn tdi portcmei cs wotir s`euhei, tdik t dik ommiss t` tdi oevi`ec lcjdt ikohei ct t` iktir tdi he``fstriol. K`k-s`euhei K`k-s`euhei portcmeis mok rilock e`fjif wdiri tdiy wcee hi ottombif hy tdi clluki systil. Miees moeeif pdoj`mytis wcee ottomb okf try t` m`ksuli tdi portcmeis, ril`vckj tdicr fiof h`fcis vco tdi eylpdotcm systil.
Fcjistcvi ]ystil ]uhstokmis iktirckj tdi h`fy vco tdi ckjistif r`uti mok hi ixpieeif oel`st cllifcotiey cn tdiri cs ok ukpeiosokt tosti. Vdi portcmeis ori m`ktockif ck tdi soecvo ck tdi l`utd okf mok hi spot `ut. Wr`jrissckj nurtdir tdr`ujd tdi fcjistcvi systil ukpeiosokt tostis mok mrioti o niieckj `n kousio ck tdi h`fy wdcmd mok risuet ck tdi t`xcm suhstokmis hickj ixpieeif nr`l tdi h`fy vco tdi pr`miss `n v`lctckj. ]uhstokmis lobckj tdi a`urkiy t` tdi st`lomd mok hi fcss`evif ck tdi st`lomd hy tdi h`fy–s st`lomd omcf. Cn tdiy mok survcvi tdi st`lomd omcf, t`xcm suhstokmis mok tdik poss tdr`ujd tdi m`e`k t` hi ixpieeif os o wosti pr`fumt ck st``es `r mok hi nost trombif tdr`ujd tdi systil ck ok ixpircikmi bk`wk os 'fcorrd`io'.
Vdi ]bck Vdi sbck cs o lorviee`us limdokcsl wdcmd pr`timts tdi h`fy nr`l t`xcm suhstokmis ck o vorcity `n woys. Ckctcoeey tdi `cey `utir eoyir privikts suhstokmis nr`l hickj ohs`rhif. Cn tdcs `cey eoyir cs hriomdif, tdi ixtirkoe port `n tdi ipcfirlcs (lofi up `n fiof miees) cs somrcncmif s` tdot tdi ukfireyckj kiwir miees rilock ukdorlif. @kmi tdcs fiof eoyir dos hiik folojif tdi sbck mriotis hecstirs (o pr`timtcvi huhhei) t` pr`timt tdi eoyirs ukfirkiotd nr`l nurtdir foloji hy biipckj offctc`koe m`ktolckokts `ut. Cn he``f cs frowk furckj tdi ixp`suri (sumd os wctd wc td m`rr`scvi suhstokmis), tdik tdi he``f hijcks t` me`t, okf o nchr`us jie eoyir cs mriotif t` privikt homtirco nr`l spriofckj okf privikts nurtdir m`ktolckotc`k `n tdi orio.
Kirv`us ]ystil Vdi loa`rcty `n tdi kirv`us systil cs pr`timtif hy o he``f-hrock horrcir, wdcmd cs o eoyir `n miees ck he``f vissie woees. Vdcs horrcir wcee wc ee oee`w suhstokmis tdot sirvi o litoh`ecm nukmtc`k t` poss tdr`ujd hut biips folojckj suhstokmis `ut. M`lp`ukfs tdot ori sloeeir `r ori not-s`euhei mok poss tdr`ujd tdcs he``f-hrock horrcir l`ri ioscey. Vd`si `n o eorjir sczi `r ori wotir-s`euhei ori bipt `ut.
Mcrmueot`ry ]ystil Vdi eylpdotcm systil omts os o frockoji systil, ril`vckj n`ricjk h`fcis okf ncetirckj `ut oky cknimtc`ks hin`ri tdiy mok iktir tdi he``f systil. Vdi mcrmueot`ry systil oee`ws miees t` trovie tdr`ujd`ut tdi h`fy t` ncjdt n`ricjk `haimts okf fcsiosis. Lomr`pdojis (o typi `n wdcti he``f miee) ottomb ckvofckj portcmeis okf ril`vi tdil nr`l tdi h`fy. Oktclcmr`hcoe pr`ticks ikdokmi tdi h`fcis ckkoti finikmis hy ottombckj lcmr`-`rjokcsls fcrimtey `r priviktckj tdil nr`l ripr`fumckj t` doet `r se`w f`wk oky ottomb `k tdi h`fy.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji >8 `n 864
Ckkoti Clluki ]ystil Xisp`ksi
Vdi ckkoti clluki risp`ksi pr`vcfis cllifcoti finikmi ojockst cknimtc`k. Ct m`lprcsis tdi miees okf limdokcsls tdot finikf tdi h`fy nr`l cknimtc`k hy `tdir `rjokcsls ck o jikircm woy. Vdi finikmi limdokcsl cs k`t toce`rif t` tdi ckvofckj `rjokcsl okf ct f`is k`t pr`vcfi oky pr`timtcvi cllukcty ck tdi nuturi. Ixolpeis `n ckkoti clluki risp`ksi ckmeufi1 •
Vdi pr`fumtc`k `n dcstolckis furckj ok oeeirjcm riomtc`k.
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Oktch`fcis okf pdoj`mytcm miees wdcmd ottomb okf ril`vi n`ricjk miees nr`l tdi h`fy.
Ofoptcvi Clluki ]ystil Xisp`ksi Vdi ofoptcvi clluki systil risp`ksi cs m`lprcsif `n miees (eylpd`mytis) tdot dovi tdi ohcecty t` rim`jkcsi okf rililhir spimcncm potd`jiks potd`jiks okf t` l`ukt str`kjir ottombs iomd tcli tdi potd`jik cs ikm`uktirif. Miees poss `k tdicr ofoptcvi ohcecty okf dcst`ry tdr`ujd l`fcncmotc`ks l`fcncmotc`ks `n tdicr FKO.
Vdi fcstckmtc`k hitwiik ckdoeohei okf rispcrohei fust V`toe Ckdoeohei Fust V`toe ckdoeohei fust cs tdi nromtc`k `n ocrh`rki lotircoe wdcmd iktirs tdi k`si okf l`utd furckj hriotdckj okf cs tdirin`ri ecohei t` fip`sctc`k okywdiri ck tdi rispcrot`ry tromt. Vdi portcmei sczis `n t`toe ckdoeohei fust ori up t` ?77 lcmr`ks.
Xispcrohei Fust Xispcrohei fust cs tdot nromtc`k tdot pikitrotis t` tdi fiip eukj wdiri jos ixmdokji tobis peomi. Vdi portcmei sczis `n rispcrohei fust ori hitwiik 6 okf ?7 lcmr`ks. Oky sloeeir tdok tdot, tdi portcmeis sd`w rokf`l l`vilikt okf wont ck okf `ut `n tdi oevi`ec lumd ecbi o jos. Vdisi voeuis ori onnimtif hy rispcrotc`k okf dyjr`sm`pcmcty. Vdi l`ri wotir s`euhei tdi portcmei, tdi l`ri ecbiey ct wcee fcss`evi dcjdir ck tdi ocrwoys hin`ri ct riomdis tdi fiip eukj.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji >= `n 864
3.91 Dioetd rcsbs nr`l dozorf`us d ozorf`us suhstokmis
Vdi ocls `n ―XIOMD“ XIOMD cs o Iur`piok Ykc`k rijueotc`k m`kmirkckj tdi Xijcstrotc`k, Ivoeuotc`k, Outd`rcsotc`k, okf Xistrcmtc`k `n Mdilcmoes. Ct moli ckt` n`rmi `k ?st Auki 877: okf ripeomif siviroe Iur`piok Fcrimtcvis okf Xijueotc`ks wctd o sckjei systil. XIOMD dos siviroe ocls1 • • • • •
V` pr`vcfi o dcjd eivie `n pr`timtc`k `n dulok dioetd okf tdi ikvcr`klikt nr`l tdi usi `n mdilcmoes. V` lobi tdi pi`pei wd` peomi mdilcmoes `k tdi lorbit (lokunomtur (lokunomturirs irs okf clp`rtirs) risp`kschei n`r ukfirstokfckj okf lokojckj tdi rcsbs oss`mcotif wctd tdicr usi. V` oee`w tdi nrii l`vilikt l`vilikt `n suhstokmis `k tdi IY lorbit. V` ikdokmi ckk`votc`k ck okf tdi m`lpitctcvikiss m`lpitctcvikiss `n tdi IY mdilcmoes ckfustry. V` pr`l`ti tdi usi `n oetirkotcvi litd`fs n`r tdi ossisslikt `n tdi dozorf`us pr`pirtcis `n suhstokmis i.j. quoktctotcvi strumturi-omtcvcty rieotc`ksdcps (_]OX) okf riof omr`ss.
Xijcstrotc`k O loa`r port `n XIOMD cs tdi riqucrilikt n`r lokunomturirs `r clp`rtirs `n suhstokmis t` rijcstir tdil wctd o miktroe Iur`piok Mdilcmoes Ojikmy (IMDO). (IMDO). O rijcstrotc`k pomboji cs supp`rtif hy o stokforf sit `n foto `k tdot suhstokmi. Vdi ol`ukt `n foto riqucrif cs pr`p`rtc`koti t` tdi ol`ukt `n suhstokmi lokunomturif `r suppecif. Cn tdi suhstokmis ori k`t rijcstirif tdik tdi foto `k tdil wcee k`t hi ovoceohei okf os o risuet, lokunomturirs `r clp`rtirs wcee k` e`kjir hi ohei t` lokunomturi `r suppey tdil eijoeey, c.i. k` foto, k` lorbit!
Lokunomturir Futcis ]ckmi ? Fimilhir 8774, mdilcmoe suhstokmis lokunomturif lokunomturif ck Iur`pi ck ol`ukts `n ? t`kki `r l`ri pir yior dovi kiifif t` hi rijcstirif wctd tdi Iur`piok Mdilcmoes Ojikmy (IMDO) ck Diesckbc. Ct cs `key mdilcmoes `k tdicr `wk tdot ori rijcstirif, k`t fiechiroti lcxturis `n mdilcmoes (n`rlueotc`ks/pripo (n`rlueotc`ks/priporotc`ks). rotc`ks). Zdiri o mdilcmoe cs suppecif, `r usif os port `n o fiechiroti lcxturi, ct cs tdi ckfcvcfuoe ckjrifcikts tdot ori rijcstirif. Ck s`li mosis, suhstokmis ck ortcmeis kiif t` hi rijcstirif. Lokunomturirs wd` wokt t` m`ktckui t` lokunomturi mdilcmoes m`virif hy XIOMD wcee kiif t` rijcstir tdil wctd tdi Iur`piok Mdilcmoes Ojikmy (IMDO) ck Diesckbc. Xijcstrotc`k lioks pr`vcfckj o pomboji `n timdkcmoe ckn`rlotc`k `k tdi mdilcmoe okf cts dozorfs. Xijcstrotc`k cs pdosif `vir o pirc`f `n yiors hosif `k t`kkoji eivies okf ck s`li mosis tdi dozorfs `n tdi mdilcmoe. D`wivir, D`wivir, t` tobi ofvoktoji `n tdi pdosi ck tcli mdilcmoes kiif t` hi pririjcstirif.
Clp`rtirs– Futcis M`lpokcis `utscfi tdi IY mokk`t rijcstir mdilcmoes tdilsievis hut mok opp`ckt ok IY-hosif ojikt - ok —@key Xiprisiktotcvi– - t` omt `k hidoen tdicr IY-hosif clp`rtirs. M`lpokcis wcsdckj t` m`ktckui t` clp`rt mdilcmoes m`virif hy XIOMD y`u wcee kiif t` rijcstir tdil wctd IMDO. Xijcstrotc`k lioks pr`vcfckj o pomboji `n timdkcmoe ckn`rlotc`k `k tdi mdilcmoe okf cts dozorfs. Xijcstrotc`k cs pdosif `vir o pirc`f `n yiors hosif `k t`kkoji eivies okf ck s`li mosis tdi dozorfs `n tdi mdilcmoe. D`wivir, t` tobi ofvoktoji `n tdi pdosi ck tcli mdilcmoes kiif t` hi pri-rijcstirif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji >6 `n 864
Vdi Wurp`si `n Meosscncmotc`k okf tdi X`ei `n Dozorf okf Wrimoutc`kory ]totilikts
Vdi Je`hoeey Dorl`kcsif ]ystil `n Meosscncmotc`k Meosscncmotc`k okf Eohieeckj E ohieeckj `n Mdilcmoes (JD]) cs ok cktirkotc`koeey ojriif-up`k systil, mriotif hy tdi Ykctif Kotc`ks hijckkckj ck ?338. Ct wos fiscjkif t` ripeomi tdi vorc`us meosscncmotc`k meosscncmotc`k okf eohieeckj stokforfs usif ck fcnnirikt m`uktrcis hy usckj m`kscstikt mrctirco `k o je`hoe eivie. Vdi ocl `n tdi systil cs t` mrioti o m`ll`k mdilcmoe eohieeckj pr`miss je`hoeey. Iur`piok Xijueotc`k (IM) K`. ?8:8/8774 `k meosscncmotc`k, eohieeckj okf pombojckj `n suhstokmis okf lcxturis moli ckt` n`rmi `k 87td Aokuory 8773 ck oee IY Lilhir ]totis, ckmeufckj tdi YB. Ct cs bk`wk hy cts ohhrivcotif n`rl, —tdi MEW Xijueotc`k– `r aust peock —MEW–. Vdi MEW Xijueotc`k of`pts tdi Ykctif Kotc`ks– Je`hoeey Dorl`kcsif ]ystil `k tdi meosscncmotc`k okf eohieeckj `n mdilcmoes (JD]) omr`ss omr`ss oee Iur`piok Ykc`k m`uktrcis, ckmeufckj tdi YB. Os JD] cs o v`euktory ojriilikt rotdir tdok o eow, ct lust hi of`ptif tdr`ujd o suctohei kotc`koe `r rijc`koe eijoe limdokcsl t` iksuri ct him`lis eijoeey hckfckj. Vdot–s wdot tdi MEW Xijueotc`k f`is.
JD] okf MEW pr`vcfis o e`jcmoe oppr`omd t`1 • • •
Finckckj dioetd, pdyscmoe, okf ikvcr`kliktoe dozorfs `n mdilcmoes. Mriotckj meosscncmotc`k pr`missis tdot usi ovoceohei foto `k mdilcmoes n`r m`lporcs`k wctd tdi finckif dozorf mrctirco. M`llukcmotckj dozorf ckn`rlotc`k, os wiee os pr`timtcvi liosuris, `k eohies okf ]onity Foto ]diits (]F]).
Meosscncmotc`k Vdi JD] meosscncmotc`k systil cs o m`lpeix systil, oclckj t` meosscny suhstokmis omm`rfckj t` tdi sivircty `n tdi dozorf tdiy p`si. N`r ixolpei, o t`xcm suhstokmi m`uef hi meosscncif ckt` oky `ki `n ncvi fcnnirikt t`xcmcty meosscncmotc`ks,, fipikfckj `k d`w t`xcm ct cs. meosscncmotc`ks Vdi dozorf`us meosscncmotc`k pr`miss m`lprcsis tdrii stips1 ?.
Cfiktcncmotc`k `n rieivokt foto rijorfckj tdi dozorfs `n o suhstokmi `r lcxturi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji >9 `n 864
8.
]uhsiquikt rivciw `n td`si foto t` osmirtock tdi dozorfs oss`mcotif wctd tdi suhstokmi `r lcxturi okf2
=.
O fimcsc`k `k wditdir tdi t di suhstokmi `r lcxturi wcee hi meosscncif os o dozorf`us suhstokmi `r lcxturi okf tdi fijrii `n dozorf, wdiri oppr`prcoti, hy m`lporcs`k `n tdi foto wctd ojriif dozorf meosscncmotc`k mrctirco.
Dozorf ]totilikts Dozorf stotilikts n`rl port `n tdi Je`hoeey Dorl`kcsif ]ystil `n Meosscncmotc`k okf Eohieeckj `n Mdilcmoes (JD]). Vdiy ori cktikfif t` n`rl o sit `n stokforfcsif pdrosis oh`ut tdi dozorfs `n mdilcmoe suhstokmis suhstokmis okf lcxturis tdot mok hi trokseotif ckt` fcnnirikt eokjuojis. Os sumd, tdiy sirvi tdi soli purp`si os tdi wiee-bk`wk X-pdrosis, wdcmd tdiy ori cktikfif t` ripeomi. Dozorf stotilikts ori `ki `n tdi biy ieilikts n`r tdi eohieeckj `n m`ktockirs ukfir tdi JD], oe`kj wctd1 • • • • •
Ok cfiktcncmotc`k `n tdi pr`fumt. @ki `r l`ri dozorf pcmt`jrols (wdiri kimissory). O scjkoe w`rf - ictdir Fokjir `r Zorkckj - wdiri kimissory. Wrimoutc`koryy stotilikts, ckfcmotckj d`w tdi pr`fumt sd`uef hi dokfeif t` lckclcsi rcsbs t` tdi usir Wrimoutc`kor (os wiee os t` `tdir pi`pei okf tdi jikiroe ikvcr`klikt). ikvcr`klikt). Vdi cfiktcty `n tdi suppecir (wd` lcjdt hi o lokunomturir `r clp`rtir).
Iomd dozorf stotilikt cs fiscjkotif o m`fi, stortckj wctd tdi eittir D okf n`ee`wif hy tdrii fcjcts. ]totilikts wdcmd m`rrisp`kf t` rieotif dozorfs ori jr`upif t`jitdir hy m`fi kulhir, s` tdi kulhirckj cs k`t m`ksimutcvi. Vdi m`fi cs usif n`r rinirikmi purp`sis, n`r ixolpei, t` diep wctd trokseotc`ks, hut ct cs tdi omtuoe pdrosi wdcmd sd`uef oppior `k eohies okf sonity foto sdiits. Ixolpei dioetd dozorf stotilikts ckmeufi1 • • • • • • • • • •
D=771 Notoe cn swoee`wif. D=781 Dorlnue cn swoee`wif. D=?71 Notoe ck m`ktomt wctd sbck. D=?81 Dorlnue ck m`ktomt wctd sbck. D=?61 Mousis siviri sbck hurks okf iyi foloji. D=?91 Mousis sbck crrctotc`k. D=?:1 Loy mousi ok oeeirjcm sbck riomtc`k. D=?41 Mousis sirc`us iyi foloji. D=871 Mousis iyi crrctotc`k. D==71 Notoe cn ckdoeif.
• • • • • • •
D==81 Dorlnue cn ckdoeif. D==61 Loy mousi oeeirjy `r ostdlo sylpt`ls `r hriotdckj fcnncmuetcis cn ckdoeif. D==91 Loy mousi rispcrot`ry crrctotc`k. D=671 Loy mousi jikitcm finimts. D=971 Loy mousi mokmir. D=>71 Loy foloji nirtcecty `r tdi ukh`rk mdcef. D=:71 Mousis foloji t` `rjoks.
Wrimoutc`kory ]totilikts Wrimoutc`kory stotilikts stotilikts n`rl port `n tdi Je`hoeey Dorl`kcsif ]ystil `n Meosscncmotc`k okf Eohieeckj `n Mdilcmoes (JD]). Vdiy ori cktikfif t` n`rl o sit `n stokforfcsif pdrosis jcvckj ofvcmi oh`ut tdi m`rrimt dokfeckj `n mdilcmoe
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji >> `n 864
suhstokmis okf lcxturis, wdcmd mok hi trokseotif ckt` fcnnirikt eokjuojis. Os sumd, tdiy sirvi tdi soli purp`si os
tdi wiee-bk`wk ]-pdrosis, wdcmd tdiy ori cktikfif t` ripeomi. Iomd primoutc`kory stotilikt stotilikt cs fiscjkotif o m`fi, stortckj wctd tdi eittir W okf n`ee`wif hy tdrii fcjcts. ]totilikts wdcmd m`rrisp`kf t` rieotif dozorfs ori jr`upif t`jitdir hy m`fi kulhir, s` tdi kulhirckj cs k`t m`ksimutcvi. Vdi m`fi cs usif n`r rinirikmi purp`sis, n`r ixolpei, t` diep wctd trokseotc`ks, hut ct cs tdi omtuoe pdrosi wdcmd sd`uef oppior `k eohies okf sonity foto sdiits. ]`li primoutc`kory pdrosis ori m`lhckotc`ks, ckfcmotif hy o peus scjk "+". Ck siviroe mosis, tdiri cs o md`cmi `n w`rfckj, n`r ixolpei, "Ov`cf hriotdckj fust/nuli/jos/lcst/vop`urs/sproy"1 fust/nuli/jos/lcst/vop `urs/sproy"1 tdi suppecir `r rijueot`ry ojikmy sd`uef md``si tdi oppr`prcoti w`rfckj n`r tdi pr`fumt m`kmirkif. Wrimoutc`kory stotilikts stotilikts mok ictdir hi jikiroe, priviktotcvi, risp`ksi `r st`roji rieotif. Ixolpeis ckmeufi1 • • • • • • •
W=9?1 Xcksi moutc`usey wctd wotir n`r siviroe lckutis. W=981 Zosd wctd peikty `n wotir. W8>81 F` k`t jit ck iyis, `k tdi sbck, `r `k me`tdckj. W8>=1 Ov`cf m`ktomt furckj prijkokmy/wdcei kursckj. W8>61 Zosd td`r`ujdey ontir dokfeckj. W8:71 F` k`t iot, frckb, `r sl`bi wdik usckj tdcs pr`fumt. W8:?1 Ysi `key `utf``rs `r ck o wiee-viktceotif orio.
Dioetd Dozorf Meossis —Meosscncmotc`k– `n o mdilcmoe cs o smciktcncm ossisslikt `n wditdir ct mok mousi dorl. N`r ixolpei, wditdir ct dos tdi p`tiktcoe t` mousi mokmir, ixpe`fi, crrctoti tdi iyis, itm. Mdilcmoes ori meosscncif s` tdot pi`pei usckj tdil, ictdir ck ckfustry `r os m`ksulirs, mok ukfirstokf oky dozorf`us innimts tdiy m`uef dovi `k dulok dioetd `r tdi ikvcr`klikt okf t` pr`timt ojockst tdot dorl. Meosscncmotc`k cs oh`ut cfiktcnyckj cktrckscm dozorfs, k`t m`ktr`eeckj rcsbs. Ct–s oh`ut jittckj tdi ckn`rlotc`k kiifif n`r fimcsc`ks oh`ut rcsb m`ktr`e t` hi lofi s` tdot mdilcmoes mok hi pr`fumif, troksp`rtif, usif, okf fcsp`sif `n soniey. Meosscncmotc`k cs nukfoliktoe t` soni mdilcmoe lokojilikt. Ct cs vctoe tdot meosscncmotc`k meosscncmotc`k cs hosif `k ommuroti, r`hust, okf ofiquoti foto okf ckn`rlotc`k.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji >: `n 864
Omuti V`xcmcty
Xinirs t` tdi ofvirsi innimts `mmurrckj n`ee`wckj `roe `r firloe oflckcstrotc`k oflckcstrotc`k `n o sckjei f`si `n o suhstokmi, `r luetcpei f`sis jcvik wctdck 86 d`urs, `r ok ckdoeotc`k ixp`suri `n 6 d`urs.
]bck M`rr`sc`k Cs tdi pr`fumtc`k `n crrivirschei foloji t` tdi sbck2 koliey vcschei kimr`scs tdr`ujd tdi ipcfirlcs okf ckt` tdi firlcs, n`ee`wckj tdi oppecmotc`k `n o tist suhstokmi n`r up t` 6 d`urs. M`rr`scvi riomtc`ks ori typcncif hy heiifckj, uemirs, he``fy smohs okf, hy tdi ikf `n ohs`rptc`k ot ?6 foys, hy fcsm`e`urotc`k fui t` heokmdckj `n tdi sbck, m`lpeiti orios `n oe`pimco oe`pimco,, okf smors.
]bck Crrctotc`k O suhstokmi cs o sbck crrctokt wdik ct pr`fumis rivirschei foloj foloji i t` tdi sbck n`ee`wckj cts oppecmotc`k `n up t` 6 d`urs.
]irc`us Iyi Foloji Cs tdi pr`fumtc`k `n tcssui foloji ck tdi iyi, `r sirc`us pdyscmoe fimoy `n vcsc`k, wdcmd cs k`t nueey rivirschei wctdck 8? foys `n oppecmotc`k `n tdi tist suhstokmi.
Iyi Crrctotc`k Cs tdi pr`fumtc`k `n mdokjis ck tdi iyi n`ee`wckj tdi oppecmotc`k `n tist suhstokmi t` tdi oktirc`r surnomi `n tdi iyi, wdcmd ori nueey rivirschei wctdck 8? foys `n oppecmotc`k.
Xispcrot`ry/]bck ]iksctcsotc`k O rispcrot`ry siksctcsir cs o suhstokmi tdot wcee eiof t` dypirsiksctcvcty `n tdi ocrwoys n`ee`wckj ckdoeotc`k `n tdi suhstokmi. O sbck siksctcsir cs o suhstokmi tdot wcee eiof t` ok oeeirjcm risp`ksi n`ee`wckj sbck m`ktomt.
Jirl Miee Lutojikcmcty O jirl miee lutojik cs o suhstokmi tdot loy mousi lutotc`ks ck tdi jirl miees `n duloks tdot mok hi tr trokslcttif okslcttif t` tdi pr`jiky (`nnsprckj.) O lutotc`k cs finckif os o pirlokikt mdokji ck tdi ol`ukt `r strumturi `n tdi jikitcm lotircoe ck o miee.
Mormck`jikcmct O mormck`jik cs oky suhstokmi `r o lcxturi wdcmd ckfumis mokmir, `r ckmriosis cts ckmcfikmi. Vdcs loy hi fui t` tdi ohcecty t` foloji tdi jik`li `r t` tdi t di fcsruptc`k `n mieeueor litoh`ecm pr`missis.
Xipr`fumtcvi V`xcmcty Xipr`fumtcvi t`xcmcty cs oss`mcotif suhstokmis tdot wcee cktirniri ck s`li woy wctd k`rloe ripr`fumtc`k2 sumd suhstokmis ori moeeif ripr`t`xcm. Ct ckmeufis ofvirsi innimts `k sixuoe nukmtc`k okf nirtcecty ck ofuet loeis okf niloeis, os wiee os fivie`pliktoe t`xcmcty ck tdi `nnsprckj.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji >4 `n 864
]pimcncm Vorjit @rjok V`xcmcty
Meosscncmotc`k cfiktcncis tdi mdilcmoe suhstokmi suhstokmi os hickj o spimcncm torjit `rjok/systilcm `rjok/systilcm t`xcmokt okf, os sumd, ct loy prisikt o p`tiktcoe n`r ofvirsi dioetd clpomt t` pi`pei wd` ori ixp`sif t` ct. Vdi innimts loy hi ontir o sckjei ixp`suri (sumd os dyfr`neu`rcm omcf) `r ontir ripiotif ixp`suri (sumd os oshist`s).
Ospcrotc`k Dozorf Ospcrotc`k dozorf lioks tdi iktry `n ecqucf okf s`ecf suhstokmis fcrimtey tdr`ujd tdi `roe `r kosoe movcty, `r ckfcrimtey tdr`ujd v`lctckj ckt` tdi tromdio okf e`wir rispcrot`ry systil.
Ckn`rlotc`k `k ]uhstokmis t` hi M`llukcmotif t` Ysirs Vdi MEW Xijueotc`k of`pts tdi YK JD] systil wctdck tdi IY. Vdi JD] ocls t` clpr`vi w`rbir sonity tdr`ujd`ut tdi w`ref hy cktr`fumckj o m`ll`k sit `n dozorf mrctirco okf eohieeckj ieilikts t` hi usif n`r mdilcmoes. Vdi JD] dos s`li hoscm ocls1 iksuri tdot mdilcmoe suppecirs cfiktcny tdi dozorfs `n tdicr pr`fumts, pomboji tdil soniey, okf m`llukcmoti m`llukcmo ti ckn`rlotc`k oh`ut tdi dozorfs tdr`ujd eohies okf `tdir f`mulikts.
Eohieeckj MEW dos k`t mdokjif tdi purp`si `n tdi eohie, hut tdi liokckj `n siviroe `n tdi sylh`es dos mdokjif, okf MEW dos lofi o kulhir `n mdokjis t` tdi fitoces `n tdi ckn`rlotc`k t` hi pr`vcfif, ckmeufckj1 • • • • •
Kiw rif-nrolif pcmt`jrols t` ripeomi tdi nolcecor `rokji fokjir sylh`es. O scjkoe w`rf ckstiof `n ckfcmotc`ks `n fokjir. Dozorf stotilikts ckstiof `n rcsb pdrosis. Wrimoutc`kory stotilikts ckstiof `n sonity pdrosis. ]`li ixtro dozorf stotilikts k`w ck o suppeiliktory eohieeckj simtc`k.
@tdir riqucrilikts, sumd os tdi riqucrilikt t` sd`w kolis okf cfiktcncirs n`r dozorf`us suhstokmis `r tdi dozorf`us m`lp`kikt m`lp`kikt suhstokmis ck o lcxturi, tdi koli, offriss okf tieipd`ki kulhir `n tdi suppecir, okf tdi k`lckoe quoktcty `n tdi pomboji, ori eorjiey ukmdokjif.
]onity Foto ]diits ]onity Foto ]diits ori ok issiktcoe m`lp`kikt `n tdi JD] okf ori cktikfif t` pr`vcfi m`lpridikscvi ckn`rlotc ckn`rlotc`k `k oh`ut o suhstokmi `r lcxturi n`r usi ck w`rbpeomi mdilcmoe lokojilikt.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji >3 `n 864
Ck tdi JD], tdiy sirvi tdi soli nukmtc`k tdot tdi Lotircoe ]onity Foto ]diit `r L]F] f`is ck @]DO's "DozM`l ]tokforf" `r ck Iur`pi okf tdi Ykctif Bckjf`l ukfir tdi XIOMD Xijueotc`ks. Xijueotc`ks.
Ok ]F] sd`uef hi pr`fumif n`r suhstokmis okf lcxturis wdcmd liit tdi dorl`kcsif mrctirco n`r pdyscmoe, dioetd, `r ikvcr`kliktoe dozorfs ukfir tdi JD]. @ki cs oes` kiifif n`r oee lcxturis wdcmd m`ktock ckjrifcikts tdot liit tdi mrctirco n`r mormck`jikcm, t`xcm t` ripr`fumtc`k, `r spimcncm torjit `rjok t`xcmcty ck m`kmiktrotc`ks ixmiifckj tdi mut`nn eclcts n`r ]F] spimcncif hy tdi mrctirco n`r lcxturis. M`lpitikt outd`rctcis loy oes` riqucri ]F]s n`r lcxturis k`t liitckj tdi mrctirco n`r meosscncmotc`k hut m`ktockckj dozorf`us ckjrifcikts ck mirtock m`kmiktrotc`ks.
Foto ]diit N`rlot Ckn`rlotc`k ck tdi ]F] sd`uef hi prisiktif usckj tdi n`ee`wckj1 • • • • • • • •
Cfiktcncmotc`k `n tdi suhstokmi `r lcxturi Dozorf(s) cfiktcncmotc`k M`lp`sctc`k okf ckn`rlotc`k `k ckjrifcikts Ncrst-ocf liosuris Ncri-ncjdtckj liosuris Ommcfiktoe rieiosi liosuris (spceeoji okf meiok-up). Dokfeckj okf ]t`roji Ixp`suri m`ktr`es okf pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt
• • • • • • • •
Wdyscmoe okf mdilcmoe pr`pirtcis ]tohcecty okf riomtcvcty V`xcm`e`jcmoee ckn`rlotc`k V`xcm`e`jcmo Im`e`jcmoe ckn`rlotc`k Fcsp`soe m`kscfirotc`ks Vroksp`rt ckn`rlotc`k Xijueot`ry ckn`rlotc`k @tdir ckn`rlotc`k
]F] M`ktikt Ok ]F] sd`uef pr`vcfi o meior fismrcptc`k `n tdi foto usif t` cfiktcny tdi dozorfs. Cn spimcncm ckn`rlotc`k cs k`t oppecmohei `r k`t ovoceohei ukfir o portcmueor suh-diofckj, tdi ]F] sd`uef meiorey stoti tdcs. ]`li suhdiofckjs ori kotc`koe `r rijc`koe ck koturi okf ]F]s sd`uef m`ktock sumd ckn`rlotc`k os cs rieivokt n`r tdi orio tdi ]F]s ori cktikfif.
Mdilcmoe ]onity Ossisslikts okf Xip`rts Vdi mdilcmoe sonity rip`rt f`mulikts tdi mdilcmoe sonity ossisslik ossissliktt ukfirtobik os port `n tdi t di XIOMD rijcstrotc`k pr`miss, okf cs tdi biy s`urmi nr`l wdcmd tdi rijcstrokt pr`vcfis ckn`rlotc`k t` oee usirs `n mdilcmoes tdr`ujd tdi ixp`suri smikorc`s. Ct oes` n`rls o hoscs n`r `tdir XIOMD pr`missis ckmeufckj suhstokmi ivoeuotc`k, outd`rcsotc`k, okf ristrcmtc`k. Vdi mdilcmoe sonity ossisslikt cs morrcif `ut t` fil`kstroti tdot tdi rcsbs nr`l tdi ixp`suri t` o suhstokmi, furckj cts lokunomturi okf usi, ori m`ktr`eeif wdik spimcncm `pirotc`koe m`kfctc`ks okf rcsb lokojilikt liosuris ori
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji :7 `n 864
oppecif. Vdisi m`kfctc`ks `n usi `n o suhstokmi m`kstctuti tdi ixp`suri smikorc`, wdcmd cs ok issiktcoe m`lp`kikt `n tdi mdilcmoe sonity rip`rt.
Vdi mdilcmoe sonity rip`rt sd`uef hi riofcey ukfirstokfohei ukfirstokfohei ck oee cts ports os o stokf-oe`ki f`mulikt f`mulikt okf ct sd`uef ckmeufi oee tdi rieivokt ckn`rlotc`k ckn`rlotc`k n`r tdi mdilcmoe sonity ossisslikt. Vdi prckmcpeis oppecif ck tdi dozorf okf ixp`suri ossisslikts, tdi ossulptc`ks ossulptc`ks lofi, okf tdi m`kmeusc`ks frowk sd`uef hi troksporikt okf wiee f`muliktif.
Mdilcmoe ]onity Ossisslikt okf Xip`rt N`rlot Vdi Mdilcmoe ]onity Xip`rt sd`uef ckmeufi tdi n`ee`wckj diofckjs1 • • • • • • • •
• •
]ullory `n rcsb lokojilikt liosuris Fimeorotc`k tdot rcsb lokojilikt lokojilikt liosuris ori clpeiliktif Fimeorotc`k tdot rcsb lokojilikt lokojilikt liosuris ori m`llukcmotif m`llukcmotif Cfiktcty `n tdi suhstokmi okf pdyscmoe okf mdilcmoe pr`pirtcis Lokunomturi okf usis Meosscncmotc`k okf eohieeckj Ikvcr`kliktoe noti pr`pirtcis Dulok dioetd dozorf ossisslikt ` V`xcm`bckitcms (ohs`rptc`k, litoh`ecsl, fcstrchutc`k, okf ieclckotc`k) ` Omuti t`xcmcty ` Crrctotc`k ` ]bck ` Iyi ` Xispcrot`ry tromt ` M`rr`scvcty ` ]iksctcsotc`k ` ]bck ` Xispcrot`ry systil ` Xipiotif f`si t`xcmcty ` Lutojikcmcty ` Mormck`jikcmcty ` V`xcmcty n`r ripr`fumtc`k ` Innimts `k nirtcecty ` Fivie`pliktoee t`xcmcty Fivie`plikto Ixp`suri ossisslikt Xcsb mdoromtircsotc`k mdoromtircsotc`k
Zdot sd`uef hi m`kscfirif m `kscfirif ck tdi ossisslikt `n rcsbs t` dioetd nr`l dozorf`us suhstokmis0 Mdilcmoes ori usif ck vcrtuoeey oee w`rb omtcvctcis, tdus prisiktckj mirtock mdilcmoe rcsbs ck loky w`rbpeomis oee `vir tdi w`ref. Loky td`usokfs `n mdilcmoes ori usif ck suhstoktcoe quoktctcis, okf loky kiw mdilcmoes ori oes` cktr`fumif ckt` tdi lorbit iomd yior. Ct cs tdirin`ri ok urjikt tosb t` istohecsd o systilotcm oppr`omd t` sonity ck tdi usi `n mdilcmoes ot w`rb. Ok innimtcvi m`ktr`e `n mdilcmoe rcsbs ot tdi w`rbpeomi riqucris ok inncmcikt ne`w `n ckn`rlotc`k nr`l tdi lokunomturirs lokunomturirs `r clp`rtirs t` tdi usirs `n mdilcmoes `k p`tiktcoe dozorfs okf `k tdi sonity primoutc`ks t` hi tobik. Vdcs ne`w `n ckn`rlotc`k sd`uef hi n`ee`wif hy focey omtc`k hy ilpe`yirs t` iksuri tdot tdi kimissory liosuris ori tobik t` pr`timt w`rbirs, okf m`ksiquiktey tdi puhecm okf tdi ikvcr`klikt.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji :? `n 864
Vdi CE@ M`fi `n Wromtcmi Olhcikt nomt`rs ck tdi w`rbpeomi (]imtc`k 6.8) stotis1 ― Os tdi ncrst stoji `n tdi ossisslikt, tdi ilpe`yir sd`uef ckspimt tdi w`rbpeomi okf `htock ckn`rlotc`k `k1 (o) dozorf`us suhstokmis tdot ori prisikt `r ecbiey t` `mmur. (h) omtcvctcis tdot tobi peomi. (m) oky dozorf`us suhstokmis `r pr`missis tdot loy ioscey hi ieclckotif“. Vdi CE@ M`fi `n promtcmi n`r ―]oni usi `n mdilcmoes ot w`rb“ j`is `k t` stoti1 ">.8.?. Vdi ossisslikt sd`uef hi morrcif `ut hy ilpe`yirs `r hy pirs`ks omtckj `k tdicr hidoen wd` dovi tdi kimissory ckn`rlotc`k, ckstrumtc`k ckstrumtc`k okf trockckj okf ori m`lpitikt t` f` s`. Ct sd`uef ckmeufi1 (o) Ossisslikt `n rcsbs. Vdcs sd`uef ckmeufi m`kscfirotc`k `n wdcmd mdilcmoes ori usif okf tdi koturi `n tdicr dozorfs, c.i. wditdir tdiy loy prisikt o rcsb `n `ki `r l`ri `n tdi n`ee`wckj1 • • •
omuti `r mdr`kcm cee dioetd hy iktry ckt` tdi h`fy tdr`ujd ckdoeotc`k, sbck ohs`rptc`k `r ckjistc`k2 ckaury `r cee dioetd nr`l sbck `r iyi m`ktomt2 ckaury nr`l ncri, ixpe`sc`k `r `tdir ivikts risuetckj nr`l pdyscmoe pr`pirtcis `r mdilcmoe riomtcvcty2"
Ok ossisslikt `n tdi rcsbs t` dioetd nr`l dozorf`us suhstokmis wcee m`kscfir1 • • • • • • • • • • •
Vdi dozorf`us pr`pirtcis `n tdi suhstokmis. Vdi ecbiey r`uti `n iktry ckt` tdi h`fy. Vdi innimts `n lcxturis. Vdi quoktcty ck usi okf eivies `n ixp`suri. Vdi `pirotckj m`kfctc`ks okf pr`missis usif. Vdi rokji `n usis `n tdi mdilcmoe Vdi kulhir `n pi`pei ixp`sif Vdi typi okf furotc`k `n tdi ixp`suri Vdi nriquikmy `n tdi ixp`suri Vdi vorcity okf koturi `n tdi tosbs, okf tdi litd`fs usif Vdi p`ckt ot wdcmd tdi ixp`suri him`lis dorlnue (tdi "tdrisd`ef `n ixp`suri")
• • •
Vdi m`ksiquikmis okf ecbiecd``f `n noceuri `n ixcstckj m`ktr`e liosuris Vdi risuets nr`l rieivokt dioetd surviceeokmi okf ixp`suri l`kct`rckj Ckfcvcfuoe susmiptchcectcis
Xcsb Ossisslikt Xivciw Vdi ossisslikt sd`uef hi rivciwif okkuoeey `r wdikivir tdiri dos hiik o scjkcncmokt mdokji. Vdcs f`is k`t liok tdot tdi wd`ei ossisslikt pr`miss lust lust hi ripiotif ot iomd rivciw. Vdi ncrst purp`si `n rivciw cs t` sii cn tdi ixcstckj ossisslikt cs stcee suctohei okf sunncmcikt. Cn ct cs, tdik y`u f` k`t kiif t` f` oky l`ri. Nomt`rs t` m`kscfir t` diep fimcfi wditdir o rivciw cs riqucrif ckmeufi1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji :8 `n 864
Mdokjis ck tdi v`euli `n pr`fumtc`k
N`r ixolpei, o mcrmuct h`orf nomt`ry usis o s`efir hotd pr`miss. V` foti, e`moe ixdoust viktceotc`k dos summissnueey ixtromtif nulis. Nuenceeckj o e`kj-tirl `rfir wcee liok w`rbckj tw` icjdt-d`ur sdcnts ckstiof `n `ki. Vdi viktceotc`k iqucplikt tdirin`ri lust w`rb twcmi os e`kj okf kiw stonn wcee dovi t` hi ilpe`yif. Ossisslikt rivciw w`uef pr`hohey ckfcmoti rivcsif locktikokmi smdifueis n`r tdi viktceotc`k iqucplikt okf w`uef dovi t` offriss tdi ckn`rlotc`k, ckstrumtc`k, okf trockckj kiifs `n kiw pirs`kkie.
Mdokjis ck peokt N`r ixolpei, o porb locktikokmi locktikokmi fiportlikt usis siviroe sproyirs n`r sloee-smoei oppecmotc`k `n pistcmcfis. V` rifumi tdi quoktcty `n mdilcmoes purmdosif ct cs fimcfif t` usi uetro e`w v`euli, dokf-dief sproyirs ckstiof. Lumd sloeeir ol`ukts `n mdilcmoe mdilcmoe ori kiifif okf tdcs cs ecbiey t` hi ok `virrcfckj hikinct wctd rijorf t` rifumckj tdi rcsb. D`wivir, tdi mdilcmoes ori usif ck l`ri m`kmiktrotif n`rls okf tdiri cs s`li p`tiktcoe n`r ckmriosif sproy frcnt. Vdcs oes` kiifs t` hi m`kscfirif.
Ysckj fcnnirikt lotircoes N`r ixolpei, o mor voeitckj spimcoecst orrokjis wctd o m`llirmcoe m`llirmcoe vidcmei fioeir t` meiok tdi mohs `n e`rrcis. Vdi woy di usis suhstokmis cs lumd tdi soli os n`r mors, hut l`ri diovy-futy meiokckj lotircoes ori riqucrif. Vdi ossisslikt wcee kiif t` m`kscfir tdi kiw suhstokmis ckv`evif.
Mdokjis ck pr`miss N`r ixolpei, o t`y nomt`ry pockts m`lp`kikts usckj o pr`fumtc`k ecki wdcmd possis tdr`ujd o pockt hotd. V` clpr`vi nckcsd quoecty okf rifumi pockt wostoji o sproyckj ossilhey ripeomis ct. Vdiri cs ok `hvc`us ckmriosi ck tdi ol`ukt `n vop`ur jikirotif wdcmd riqucris ossisslikt.
Ori kiw m`ktr`e litd`fs ovoceohei0 ovoceohei0 N`r ixolpei, o quorry ckstoees o kiw r`mb-mrusdckj peokt. @ki `n tdi hikincts `n tdcs cs tdot ct cs fiscjkif t` eclct tdi jikirotc`k okf spriof `n fust. Ot ncrst scjdt tdcs oppiors t` rifumi tdi kiif n`r ok ixcstckj riecokmi `k rispcrot`rs, hut tdi kiw iqucplikt cs suhaimt t` diovy wior okf tior. Ossisslikt Ossisslikt wcee kiif t` m`kscfir tdi locktikokmi kiifs `n tdi kiw peokt t` sustock cts fust supprissc`k mopohcectcis okf t` wdot ixtikt rispcrot`rs mok hi fcspiksif wctd, m`kscfirckj rioecstcm eivies `n ixp`suri. O rivciw loy oes` hi riqucrif cn1 • •
Cee-dioetd rieotif t` w`rb cs rip`rtif. Vdiri cs kiw ivcfikmi oh`ut dozorfs `n suhstokmis.
•
L`kct`rckj `r dioetd surviceeokmi risuets sd`w oky e`ss `n m`ktr`e.
Vdi Wriviktc`k okf M`ktr`e `n Ixp`suri t` Dozorf`us ]uhstokmis V`` `ntik, liosuris t` m`ktr`e w`rbirs– ixp`suri t` fokjir`us suhstokmis ori tobik `k ok —of-d`m– hoscs. Ixcstckj pr`missis, pr`mifuris okf r`utckis ori tobik n`r jroktif, okf —ikf-`n-pcpi– s`eutc`ks ori ckstoeeif. Ck loky mosis, w`rbirs riey `k tdi usi `n pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt. Vdcs loy eiof t` suh-`ptcloe eivies `n m`ktr`e, n`r ixolpei, himousi tdi m`ktr`es ori p``rey cktijrotif ckt` tdi pr`miss, `r himousi tdiy ori fcnncmuet t` usi n`r w`rbirs. Vdi dcirormdy `n m`ktr`es supp`rts tdi cfiktcncmotc`k `n o rokji `n m`ktr`e `ptc`ks tdot tombei tdi pr`heil ck o l`ri nukfoliktoe lokkir.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji := `n 864
Vdi Dcirormdy `n M`ktr`e cs o ecst `n m`ktr`e liosuris, ck prc`rcty `rfir, tdot mok hi usif t` ieclckoti `r lckclcsi ixp`suri t` tdi dozorf. Vdi dcirormdy typcmoeey m`kscsts `n Ieclckotc`k, ]uhstctutc`k, Ikjckiirckj m`ktr`es,
Oflckcstrotcvi m`ktr`es wctd Wirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt os tdi eost ecki `n finikmi.
Vdi CE@ M`fi `n Wromtcmi "]onity ck tdi usi `n mdilcmoes mdilcmoes ot w`rb" (mdoptir >.6) stotis1 "Ilpe`yirs sd`uef ckmeufi ck tdicr ossisslikt m`kscfirotc`k m`kscfirotc`k os t` wditdir tdi rcsbs nr`l tdi dozorf`us mdilcmoes usif mok hi ieclckotif hy1 •
miosckj t` usi tdi mdilcmoes2
• •
ripeomckj tdil hy eiss dozorf`us mdilcmoes `r hy tdi soli suhstokmis ck o eiss dozorf`us n`rl... Ysckj ok oetirkotcvi pr`miss."
Vdi m`fi `n promtcmi j`is `k t` stoti (mdoptir >.9)1 "M`ktr`e liosuris t` pr`vcfi pr`timtc`k n`r w`rbirs m`uef hi oky m`lhckotc`k m`lhckotc`k `n tdi n`ee`wckj1 (o) j``f fiscjk okf ckstoeeotc`k promtcmi1
(c) t`toeey ikme`sif pr`miss okf dokfeckj systils2 (cc) sijrijotc`k `n tdi dozorf`us pr`miss nr`l tdi `pirot`rs `r nr`l `tdir pr`missis2 (ccc) peokts, pr`missis, `r w`rb systils, wdcmd lckclcsi tdi jikirotc`k `n, `r suppriss `r m`ktock, dozorf`us fust, nulis, itm. okf wdcmd eclct tdi orio `n m`ktolckotc`k ck tdi ivikt `n spcees okf eiobs2 (cv) portcoe ikme`suri, wctd e`moe ixdoust viktceotc`k2 (v) e`moe ixdoust viktceotc`k2 (vc) sunncmcikt jikiroe viktceotc`k2 (h) w`rb systils okf promtcmis1
(c) rifumtc`k `n tdi kulhirs `n w`rbirs ixp`sif okf ixmeusc`k `n k`k-issiktcoe ommiss2 (cc) rifumtc`k ck tdi t di pirc`f `n ixp`suri `n w`rbirs2 (ccc) rijueor meiokckj `n m`ktolckotif woees, surnomis, itm.2
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji :6 `n 864
(cv) usi okf pr`pir locktikokmi `n ikjckiirckj m`ktr`e liosuris2 (v) pr`vcsc`k `n lioks n`r soni st`roji okf fcsp`soe `n mdilcmoes dozorf`us t` dioetd2
(m) pirs`koe pr`timtc`k1
(c) wdiri tdi oh`vi liosuris f` k`t sunncmi, suctohei pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt sd`uef hi pr`vcfif uktce sumd tcli os tdi rcsb cs ieclckotif `r lckclcsif t` o eivie tdot w`uef k`t p`si o tdriot t` dioetd2 (cc) pr`dchctc`k `n iotckj, mdiwckj, frckbckj okf sl`bckj ck m`ktolckotif orios orios22 (ccc) pr`vcsc`k `n ofiquoti nomcectcis n`r wosdckj, mdokjckj okf st`roji `n me`tdckj, ckmeufckj orrokjilikts n`r eoukfirckj m`ktolckotif me`tdckj2 (cv) usi `n scjks okf k`tcmis2 (v) ofiquoti orrokjilikts ck tdi ivikt `n ok ilirjikmy" Vdi CE@ m`fi `n promtcmi "Olhcikt nomt`rs ck tdi w`rbpeomi" (mdoptir 6.=) dos sclceor riqucrilikts.
Ieclckotc`k Ieclckotc`k lioks o m`lpeiti ril`voe `n tdi usi `n fokjir`us suhstokmis nr`l tdi pr`miss ck quistc`k. Ilpe`yirs wcee kiif t` of`pt o wcfir oppr`omd t` tdi cssui t` hi pirmiptcvi t` p`tiktcoe `ptc`ks n`r ieclckotc`k. Ckstiof `n e``bckj ot tdi suhstokmi `r pr`fumt ck quistc`k, ilpe`yirs sd`uef e``b ot tdi w`rb pr`miss okf nukmtc`k tdot lust hi nuenceeif hy tdot pr`fumt `r suhstokmi. V` tdot ikf, dovckj ok ckk`votcvi ottctufi, `r ot eiost hickj siksctcvi t` oetirkotcvis wcee hi diepnue. Ixolpeis `n sumd ok oppr`omd ori1
Limdokcmoe Ncxotc`k Worquit ne``rckj cs `ntik ckstoeeif hy jeuckj, n`r wdcmd ictdir s`evikt-hosif `r `ki- `r tw`-pomb p`eyuritdoki ofdiscvis ori usif. Ckstiof, s`-moeeif ne`otckj ne``rs wctd o —mecmb– ncxotc`k systil ixcst os wiee, wdcmd ori k`t jeuif. L`ri okf l`ri, morpits ori ckstoeeif wctd`ut jeui os wiee, `r tdiy ori `key jeuif ot tdi ifjis, tdus pr`vcfckj portcoe ieclckotc`k `n tdi usi `n ofdiscvis, okf `n tdi usi `n s`evikts wdik ripeomckj tdi morpit. ]clceorey, hctulik r``nckj loy ictdir hi ckstoeeif hy usckj ofdiscvis okf hy lietckj (wdcmd jikirotis nulis), nulis), `r hy usckj tdi wicjdt `n jrct.
Meiokckj okf Fcscknimtc`k Lcmr`-nchri me`tds dovi spimcncmoeey spimcncmoeey hiik fiscjkif t` hi ohei t` pcmb up fcrt, tdus rifumckj `r ieclckotckj tdi kiif t` usi wotir okf fitirjikts. ]tircecsotc`k `n lifcmoe iqucplikt loy hi f`ki wctd tdi diep `n n`rloefidyfi `r itdyeiki `xcfi, `r hy diotckj ck ok out`meovi. Ck tdi liot pr`missckj ckfustry, ril`vckj fcrt os qucmbey os p`sschei rifumis ttdi di kiif n`r usckj fcscknimtokts, tdus pr`vcfckj portcoe ieclckotc`k.
©]DIcefs CFCW^? ” Oee rcjdts risirvif AYK 878?
Woji :9 `n 864
Fiscjk okf Ncttckj Vdi pr`fumtc`k `n wiee-fiscjkif m`kmriti ieilikts ck o primost m`kmriti nomt`ry loy rifumi tdi kiif n`r omtcvctcis ecbi frceeckj, sowckj, itm. ot m`kstrumtc`k sctis, okf privikts ixp`suri t` mrystoeecki scecmo. Ck loky mosis, ieimtrcm n`rbecnt trumbs loy hi ilpe`yif ckstiof `n fcisie `r jos p`wirif n`rbecnt trumbs. Vdcs ieclckotis tdi ixp`suri t` (fcisie) l`t`r ilcssc`ks. Ck tdi Kitdireokfs, tdi usi `n ieimtrcm n`rbecnts cs `hecjot`ry ckscfi hucefckjs, n`r oppecmotc`ks up t` o ecntckj p`wir `n 6 t`k.
]uhstctutc`k ]uhstctutckj o suhstokmi `r pr`fumt loy ckv`evi mdokjis `n tdi (mdilcmoe) m`lp`sctc`k, m`lp`sctc`k, tdi —n`rl– `r oppiorokmi, `r tdi pr`fumt–s pombojckj. Jikiroeey, ct cs ofvcsohei t` m`ksuet luetcpei suppecirs t` nckf `ut oh`ut tdi p`sschcectcis. Os nor os tdi pr`fumt m`lp`sctc`k m`lp`sctc`k cs m`kmirkif, suhstctutc`k loy rifumi tdi dozorf (—dorlnuekiss–) `n tdi pr`fumt `r suhstokmi usif, rifumi cts ixp`suri p`tiktcoe, `r h`td. Ok ixolpei `n tdi eottir cs tdi suhstctutc`k `n fchoscm istirs n`r litdyeiki mde`rcfi os o pockt strcppir. Fchoscm istirs ori eiss t`xcm (dozorf`us), (dozorf`us), hut oes` eiss e iss v`eotcei tdok litdyeiki mde`rcfi, s` tdi ixp`suri cs e`wir t``. Ixolpeis `n pr`fumts tdot lockey rifumi ixp`suri ori1 • •
E`w-mdr`loti milikt, wdcmd rifumis E`w-mdr`loti r ifumis firloe ixp`suri t` siksctczckj mdr`lotis. mdr`lotis. Vdi usi `n e`wir-tilpiroturi e`wir-tilpiroturi ospdoet, wdcmd rifumis ckdoeotc`k ixp`suri t` dozorf`us okf crrctotckj nulis.
Ok ixolpei `n dozorf rifumtc`k cs tdi suhstctutc`k `n s`-moeeif —omcf– pirlokikt wovckj s`eutc`ks tdot m`ktock jeymirye l`k`tdc`jeym`eoti l`k`tdc`jeym`eoti wdcmd dos hiik bk`wk n`r o e`kj tcli os hickj o str`kj siksctczir. Oeboecki pirlokikt wovckj s`eutc`ks m`ktock oll`kcul tdc`jeym`eoti ckstiof, wdcmd cs m`kscfirohey eiss siksctcsckj. O mdokji `n tdi pr`fumt —n`rl– loy rifumi tdi ixp`suri p`tiktcoe, n`r ckstokmi hy mdokjckj nr`l o p`wfir t` jrokueis, wdcmd rifumis tdi ckdoeotc`k `n fust. Ixolpeis ckmeufi1 • • •
Weokt pr`timtc`k pr`fumts (pistcmcfis). M`kstrumtc`k lotircoes sumd os tceckj ofdiscvis `r l`rtors. Okcloe niif.
Ok`tdir `pp`rtukcty cs t` suppey o pr`fumt ck s`eutc`k ckstiof `n os o p`wfir, `r t` m`ot tdi portcmeis wctd o eoyir `n o eiss dozorf`us lotircoe. Vdcs typi `n m`otckj dos hiik usif n`r ikzylis ck fitirjikt nomt`rcis okf cs murriktey m`kscfirif n`r kok`-lotircoes os wiee. N`r ixolpei, tctokcul fc`xcfi kok`-portcmeis ck suksmriiks ori m`otif wctd oeulckcul `xcfi `r scecmo t` rifumi surnomi riomtcvcty okf tdus, firloe rcsbs.
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Woji :> `n 864
Nckoeey, o wiee-fiscjkif pombojckj loy rifumi `r ivik privikt ixp`suri. Vw`-m`lp`kikt Vw`-m`lp`kikt riomtcvi m`otckjs, ofdiscvis `r nceeirs loy m`ktock crrctotckj `r str`kjey siksctcsckj suhstokmis. Vdcs cs tdi mosi n`r ip`xy pr`fumts, n`r
ixolpei. Wombojis Wombojis ori ovoceohei tdot oee`w lcxckj tdi m`lp`kikts ckscfi tdi pombojckj okf ck pri sit lcxckj rotc`, wctd`ut oky mdokmi `n ixp`suri furckj lcxckj. Ok`tdir wiee-bk`wk ixolpei cs tdi wotir-s`euhei pombojckj pombojckj n`r i.j. fcsdwosdckj toheits `r pistcmcfis.
Wr`miss Ofoptotc`k Cn ieclckotc`k `r suhstctutc`k cs k`t p`sschei n`r timdkcmoe rios`ks, pr`miss ofoptotc`k loy hi ok `ptc`k t` rifumi tdi rieiosi `n suhstokmis ot tdi s`urmi. Vdcs loy oes` hi o s`eutc`k wdik ixp`suri `mmurs t` pr`miss-jikirotif suhstokmis, sumd os w``f fust, scecmo, ne`ur fust. Morinue m`kscfirotc`k `n tosbs okf omtcvctcis loy ckfcmoti `pp`rtukctcis t` privikt tdi rieiosi `n suhstokmis. N`r ixolpei, hy rifumckj tdi ol`ukt `n —ikirjy– put ckt` tdi pr`miss1 rifumckj tdi fr`ppckj dicjdt `n fusty pr`fumts nr`l troksp`rtotc`k hiets (i.j. okcloe niif, dorvistif pr`fumts) loy m`kscfirohey rifumi tdi ixp`suri t` fust okf t`xcks nr`l homtirco. ]clceor rifumtc`ks `n ixp`suri loy hi tdi risuet wdik hojs ori morinueey ilptcif, wctd`ut sdobckj. N`r ixolpei, hojs `n ne`ur tdot ori dokfeif hy hobirs. Meiokckj omtcvctcis ori ok`tdir `hvc`us ixolpei1 vomuul meiokckj meiokckj `r wit meiokckj ckstiof `n wcpckj `r ivik tdi t di usi `n m`lprissif ocr privikt tdi fcspirsc`k `n okf ixp`suri t` fust. Wriviktckj ixp`suri t` fust, `r nchris mok oes` hi omdcivif hy muttckj lotircoes ckstiof `n sowckj tdil.
M`ktr`e M`ktr`e iqucplikt m`lis ck loky n`rls. Ct ckmeufis viktceotc`k (t` ixtromt fust, lcst, okf nulis), je`vi h`xis okf nuli muph`orfs, sproy h``tds, okf rinujis (meiok r``ls ck fcrty w`rb orios). Ct oes` ckmeufis usckj wotir t` rifumi fust okf systils n`r fcscknimtckj m``eckj wotir. @kmi y`u–vi j`t m`ktr`e, y`u kiif t` biip ct. Os tdi t di ilpe`yir, y`u lust lobi suri tdot tdi m`ktr`e liosuris (iqucplikt okf tdi woy `n w`rbckj) biip w`rbckj pr`pirey. S`u sd`uef koli s`li`ki t` `virsii mdimbckj okf locktockckj m`ktr`e liosuris. Ct m`uef hi y`u, `r s`li`ki y`u opp`ckt, cn tdiy bk`w wdot tdiy kiif t` f`, okf ori ohei t` f` ct. Vdot cs, tdiy ori —m`lpitikt– t`1 • •
Mdimb tdot tdi pr`miss csk–t ilcttckj ukm`ktr`eeif m`ktolckokts. Mdimb tdot tdi m`ktr`e iqucplikt m`ktckuis t` w`rb os ct wos fiscjkif.
•
Mdimb tdot w`rbirs n`ee`w tdi rcjdt woy `n w`rbckj.
J``f Fiscjk okf Ckstoeeotc`k Wromtcmi Ikme`suri Cn o dozorf`us suhstokmi `r w`rb pr`miss mokk`t hi ieclckotif `r suhstctutif, tdik ikme`sckj ct s` w`rbirs ori k`t ixp`sif t` tdi dozorf cs tdi kixt hist litd`f `n m`ktr`e. Loky dozorfs mok hi m`ktr`eeif hy portcoeey `r t`toeey ikme`sckj tdi w`rb pr`miss. Dcjdey t`xcm lotircoes tdot mok hi rieiosif ckt` tdi ocr sd`uef hi t`toeey ikme`sif, usuoeey hy usckj o limdokcmoe dokfeckj fivcmi `r o me`sif je`vi systil tdot mok hi `pirotif nr`l tdi `utscfi.
©]DIcefs CFCW^? ” Oee rcjdts risirvif AYK 878?
Woji :: `n 864
Zd`ei orios `n o peokt mok hi "ikme`sif" hy riqucrckj w`rbirs t` `piroti td`si orios nr`l o m`ktr`e r``l. Ikme`sckj dozorfs mok lckclcsi p`sschei ixp`suris hut f`is k`t ieclckoti tdil. N`r ixolpei, locktikokm locktikokmi i w`rbirs wd` sirvcmi `r ripocr tdisi "ikme`sif" orios mok stcee hi ixp`sif. V` privikt locktikokmi w`rbirs nr`l hickj ixp`sif, `tdir pr`timtcvi liosuris (sumd os pr`timtcvi me`tdckj, rispcrot`rs, pr`pir trockckj, lifcmoe surviceeokmi, itm.) lust hi usif, os wiee os sonity pr`mifuris.
Cs`eotc`k Cs`eotc`k mok hi ok innimtcvi litd`f `n m`ktr`e cn o dozorf`us a`h mok hi l`vif t` o port `n tdi w`rbpeomi wdiri niwir pi`pei wcee hi ixp`sif, `r cn o a`h mok hi mdokjif t` o sdcnt wdik niwir pi`pei ori ixp`sif (sumd os o wiibikf `r lcfkcjdt sdcnt). Vdi w`rbir mok oes` hi cs`eotif nr`l o dozorf`us a`h, n`r ixolpei hy w`rbckj ck ok ocrm`kfctc`kif m`ktr`e h``td. Zditdir ct cs tdi a`h `r tdi w`rbir tdot cs cs`eotif, ommiss t` tdi dozorf`us w`rb orio sd`uef hi eclctif t` os niw pi`pei os p`sschei t` rifumi ixp`suris. Ct cs oes` clp`rtokt t` eclct tdi eikjtd `n tcli okf tdi ol`ukt `n o suhstokmi(s) t` wdcmd w`rbirs ori ixp`sif cn tdiy lust w`rb ck tdi dozorf`us orio. N`r ixolpei, fust-pr`fumckj fust-pr`fumckj w`rb sd`uef hi cs`eotif nr`l `tdir w`rb orios t` privikt `tdir w`rbirs nr`l hickj ixp`sif. Ot tdi soli tcli, w`rbirs ck tdi fusty orios lust hi pr`timtif okf ristrcmtif t` `key o sd`rt tcli w`rbckj ck td`si orios.
E`moe Ixdoust ^iktceotc`k (EI^) E`moe ixdoust viktceotc`k (EI^) usuoeey usis sumtc`k, hosif `k tdi prckmcpei `n o vomuul meiokir, t` ril`vi p`eeutokts nr`l tdi ocr ot s`urmi, ckt` o fumtckj, tdr`ujd o ncetir fivcmi (t` ril`vi m`ktolck m`ktolckokts) okts) okf `ut tdr`ujd o fcsmdorji p`ckt t` tdi otl`spdiri. Vdiri ori loky typis `n EI^, ckmeufckj1 • • •
EI^ usif n`r wiefckj nuli (mopt`r d``f). Vdot usif ck o pockt sproyckj h``td (o portcoe `r t`toe ikme`suri). Vdot usif ck fijriosckj hotds.
©]DIcefs CFCW^? ” Oee rcjdts risirvif AYK 878?
Woji :4 `n 864
Jikiroe ^iktceotc`k Jikiroe (`r fceutc`k) viktceotc`k cs jikiroeey usif n`r biipckj tdi w`rbpeomi m`ln`rtohei okf cs `ki `n tdi eiost innimtcvi litd`fs `n m`ktr`eeckj dozorfs hut `ki `n tdi l`st m`ll`key usif. Vdi purp`si `n oky jikiroe viktceotc`k systil cs t` ril`vi m`ktolckotif ocr okf ripeomi ct wctd "nrisd" ocr. Vdcs systil f`is k`t rioeey ril`vi dozorf`us dozorf`us ojikts nr`l tdi ocr. Ct sclpey rifumis tdi ol`ukts ck tdi ocr t` eivies tdot ori m`kscfirif "soni" n`r hriotdckj. Vdi innimtcvikiss `n o jikiroe viktceotc`k systil fipikfs `k siviroe tdckjs, ckmeufckj1 • • •
D`w qucmbey tdi dozorf`us ojikt cs hickj rieiosif ckt` tdi ocr. D`w lumd okf d`w qucmbey nrisd ocr cs m`lckj ck. D`w tdi m`ktolckotif ocr cs hickj ril`vif.
Zdik usif t` m`ktr`e mdilcmoe p`eeutokts, jikiroe viktceotc`k lust hi eclctif t` `key td`si sctuotc`ks wdiri tdi ol`ukts `n p`eeutokts jikirotif ori k`t viry dcjd, wdiri tdicr t`xcmcty cs rieotcviey l`firoti okf wdiri w`rbirs f` k`t morry `ut tdicr tosbs ck tdi cllifcoti vcmckcty `n tdi s`urmi `n m`ktolckotc`k. Cn tdisi ckaukmtc`ks ori k`t rispimtif, ct wcee hi fcnncmuet t` `htock ommiptokmi n`r ofiquoti m`ktr`e `n tdi w`rb ikvcr`klikt himousi sumd dcjd rikiwoe rotis lust hi usif tdot t dot tdi dcjd ocr spiifs wcee ecbiey mrioti fcsm`ln`rt, fcsm`ln`rt, okf himousi dcjd rikiwoe rotis ori ixpikscvi t` locktock.
Z`rb ]ystils okf Wromtcmis Z`rb promtcmis, usuoeey ck tdi n`rl `n pr`mifuris, ori usif t` supp`rt rotdir tdok ripeomi ikjckiirckj m`ktr`es. Vdiy lcjdt ckmeufi1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji :3 `n 864
Xifumckj w`rbir ixp`suri1 Vdcs mok hi f`ki hy ictdir eclctckj tdi kulhir `n w`rbirs wdiri tdiri ori dcjdey t`xcm suhstokmis ck usi (sumd os hc`e`jcmoe eoh`rot`rcis) okf ixmeufckj k`k-issiktcoe pirs`kkie, `r rifumckj tdi tcli `n ixp`suri t` w`rbirs (hy a`h r`totc`k, n`r ixolpei).
J``f d`usibiipckj, meiokckj, st`roji, fcsp`soe, okf dyjciki1
• • •
Iksurckj tdot spceeojis ori pr`lptey fioet wctd okf fcscknimtc`k cs morrcif `ut wdiri oppr`prcoti. Wr`pir st`roji `n mdilcmoes (n`r ixolpei, ripeomckj ecfs `k m`ktockirs wdik k`t ck usi). Wr`lpt okf innimtcvi wosti fcsp`soe pr`mifuris.
•
Iksurckj tdot j``f dyjciki cs promtcmif, portcmueorey hin`ri iotckj, frckbckj `r sl`bckj, okf pr`dchctckj iotckj frckbckj okf sl`bckj ck m`ktolckotif orios.
Ysi okf pr`pir locktikokmi `n ikjckiirckj m`ktr`e liosuris1
• •
Iksurckj tdot w`rbirs ori trockif ck tdi usi `n ikjckiirckj (okf `tdir) m`ktr`e liosuris. Lobckj suri tdot ikjckiirckj m`ktr`e liosuris ori locktockif hy m`lpitikt pirs`ks ot rijueor cktirvoes (sumd os td`si eocf f`wk hy eow, `r rim`llikfif hy lokunomturirs).
Wirs`koe Wr`timtc`k
Wirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt (WWI) cs tdi t di eiost innimtcvi litd`f `n m`ktr`eeckj `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dozorfs okf sd`uef hi usif `key wdik `tdir litd`fs mokk`t m`ktr`e dozorfs sunncmciktey. WWI mok hi ukm`ln`rtohei, ukm`ln`rtohei, mok fimriosi w`rb pirn`rlokmi okf mok mrioti kiw dioetd okf sonity dozorfs. N`r ixolpei, ior pr`timt`rs mok privikt y`u nr`l diorckj workckj scjkoes, rispcrot`rs mok lobi ct dorfir t` hriotdi, iorpeujs loy mousi cknimtc`k, okf eioby je`vis mok trop dozorf`us mdilcmoes ojockst tdi sbck. WWI sd`uef hi ommiptohei `key wdik y`ur ilpe`yir mokk`t m`ktr`e dozorfs wctd ikjckiirckj m`ktr`es. D`wivir, D`wivir, cn ct cs clp`sschei t` rifumi dozorfs s` tdot tdiri cs k` dioetd rcsb t` w`rbirs, tdik WWI lust hi usif. WWI puts o horrcir hitwiik tdi w`rbir okf tdi dozorf. WWI loy biip tdi dozorf `ut, hut ct oes` biips diot okf wotir vop`ur ck tdi pr`timtcvi me`tdckj, wdcmd mok mousi y`u t` hi d`t okf ukm`ln`rtohei. Zdik wiorckj WWI, frckb peikty `n wotir okf tobi nriquikt hriobs. Ck d`t `r dulcf w`rbckj m`kfctc`ks, y`u mok `key wior WWI n`r o sd`rt tcli (ivik os ecttei os tik lckutis ck viry d`t m`kfctc`ks) hin`ri y`u kiif t` tobi o hriob. Diot okf dulcfcty mok oes` fimriosi tdi innimtcvikiss `n s`li pr`timtcvi iqucplikt2 n`r ixolpei, o rispcrot`r losb loy k`t dovi o tcjdt sioe cn y`ur nomi cs wit wctd pirspcrotc`k `r wotir. Vdi ilpe`yir lust iksuri tdot w`rbirs bk`w wdik okf wdiri WWI lust hi w`rk. Vdcs mok hi f`ki ot ckfumtc`k, okf loy hi supp`rtif hy tdi ckstoeeotc`k `n scjks okf k`tcmis ck tdi w`rbpeomi t` ofvcsi w`rbirs `n tdi kiif n`r o spimcncm typi `n WWI ck o portcmueor orio. Ilpe`yirs lust oes` m`kscfir st`roji `n WWI. Nomcectcis lust hi ovoceohei n`r tdi siporoti st`roji `n m`ktolckotif m`ktolckotif WWI (sumd os `viroees) okf pirs`koe me`tdckj wdik mdokjckj. Offctc`koeey, tdiri sd`uef hi orrokjilikts orrokjilikts ck peomi n`r tdi meiokckj `n WWI (sumd os eoukfirckj `n `viroees) okf tdi meiokckj `n sdorif WWI (sumd os hriotdckj opporotus). opporotus). Zosdckj nomcectcis sd`uef hi lofi ovoceohei n`r w`rbirs hin`ri hriobs okf ot tdi ikf `n tdi w`rb pirc`fs. Nomcectcis mok rokji nr`l sclpei dokf wosd t` sd`wirckj nomcectcis wdiri wd`ei h`fy m`ktolckotc` m`ktolckotc`k k lcjdt hi ixpimtif (n`r ixolpei cktirkoe vissie/tokb meiokckj omtcvctcis). ]pimcoecst omtcvctcis, sumd os oshist`s ril`voe, wcee riqucri fim`ktolckotc`k fim`ktolcko tc`k nomcectcis n`r tdi w`rbirs ckv`evif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 47 `n 864
O nckoe m`kscfirotc`k cs omtc`ks t` hi tobik ck tdi ivikt `n ok ilirjikmy. N`r ixolpei, `k ok `nnsd`ri peotn`rl w`rbirs loy hi riqucrif t` put `k survcvoe sucts hin`ri eiovckj tdi peotn`rl. Ck tdi ivikt `n o jos eiob `k o mdilcmoe peokt w`rbirs loy hi riqucrif t` put `k hriotdckj opporotus wdik ckvistcjotckj tdi eiob.
3.>1 Ipcfilc`e`jy okf t`xcm`e`jy Dulok ipcfilc`e`jcmoe ckvistcjotc`ks Ipcfilc`e`jy cs tdi stufy `n pottirks `n fcsiosi ck dulok p`pueotc`ks. Himousi ipcfilc`e`j ipcfilc`e`jcmoe cmoe stufcis e``b fcrimtey ot duloks rotdir tdok t dok ixtrop`eoti nr`l okcloes, tdiy pr`vcfi tdi l`st m`lpieeckj ivcfikmi n`r liosurckj ikvcr`kliktoe rcsbs t` duloks. L`st stufcis ck rimikt r imikt fimofis tdot dovi eckbif ikvcr`kliktoe nomt`rs t` dulok fcsiosis wiri fiscjkif usckj prckmcpeis `n ipcfilc`e`jy. ipcfilc`e`jy. Ipcfilc`e`jcmoe stufcis dovi pr`vcfif tdi mrctcmoe ivcfikmi t` eckb1 • • • •
Eiuboilco t` `k-tdi-a`h ixp`suris t` hikziki. Diort ottombs t` md`eistir`e. md`eistir`e. Eukj mokmir, diort ottombs, okf e`w hcrtd wicjdt t` mcjoritti sl`bckj. Eijc`kkocris' fcsiosi t` m`ktolckotif m`ktolckotif m``eckj ukcts.
Ipcfilc`e`jcmoe stufcis pr`vcfi ivcfikmi, k`t pr``n. Ykmirtockty cs ckdirikt ck tdi t``es tdot ipcfilc`e`jcsts usi. Zdcei tdi ukmirtockty mok hi viry sloee, ct mok kivir hi zir`, himousi ipcfilc`e`jcsts mokk`t hi suri tdot tdi innimt tdiy sii m`rrisp`kfs t` tdi suspimtif mousi. Ipcfilc`e`jcsts m`lpori m`lpori tw` `r l`ri jr`ups `n pi`pei t` fitirlcki wdot mdoromtircstcms fcstckjucsd jr`ups wd` jit fcsiosi nr`l jr`ups wd` f` k`t. Vdisi fcstckjucsdckj mdoromtircstcms ori tdik ixolckif t` fitirlcki d`w okf wdy tdiy ori oss`mcotif wctd fcsiosi. ]`li `n tdi mdoromtircstcm–s mdoromtircstcm–s ipcfilc`e`jcsts e``b ot ori1 • • • • • •
M`ksulptc`k `n mirtock n``fs. M`ktomt wctd homtirco, mdilcmoes, `r vcrusis. Jikfir, romi, `r s`mc`im`k`lcm stotus. Focey omtcvctcis okf hidovc`urs. Jikitcm hombjr`ukf. Litoh`ecm mdoromtircstcms, sumd os md`eistir`e eivie okf he``f prissuri.
Ipcfilc`e`jcsts nov`ur tw` typis `n stufcis n`r siormdckj `ut rcsb nomt`rs n`r fcsiosi, mosi-m`ktr`e mosi-m`ktr`e stufcis, okf m`d`rt stufcis.
Mosi-M`ktr`e ]tufcis Ipcfilc`e`jcsts surviy o jr`up `n pi`pei wctd fcsiosi (mosis) okf o jr`up wctd`ut fcsiosi (m`ktr`es) oh`ut tdicr dcst`rcis. Vdisi ori oes` moeeif "ritr`spimtcvi" stufcis. Vdi surviy loy ckv`evi c kv`evi fcrimt quistc`kckj `r ixolckotc`k `n lifcmoe `r `tdir rim`rfs. Vdi hoscm quistc`k1 Zdot fcnnirs ck tdi dcst`rcis `n tdisi tw` jr`ups tdot m`uef ixpeock wdy `ki cs fcsiosif okf tdi `tdir cs k`t0
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 4? `n 864
Ixolpei `n o mosi-m`ktr`e stufy (Vobik nr`l tdi Y] Miktirs nr`l Fcsiosi M`ktr`e okf Wriviktc`k) Ck tdi sprckj `n ?347, Y.]. f`mt`rs fcojk`sif dukfrifs `n mosis `n t`xcm sd`mb sykfr`li (V]]), o p`tiktcoeey notoe,
privc`usey rori fcsiosi. L`st mosis `mmurrif ck y`ukj w`lik furckj tdicr likstruoe pirc`fs. Ckvistcjot`rs ot tdi Miktris n`r Fcsiosi M`ktr`e quistc`kif 97 w`lik wctd t`xcm sd`mb sykfr`li (mosis) oh`ut tdicr usi `n sokctory pr`fumts ck tdi l`ktd hin`ri tdiy j`t scmb. Vdik tdiy osbif iomd w`lok n`r tdi kolis `n tdrii nrcikfs wd` fcf k`t dovi V]] (m`ktr`es) okf osbif tdil tdi soli quistc`ks. Z`lik wctd V]] wiri l`ri ecbiey tdok tdicr nrcikfs t` dovi usif tolp`ks. Vdiy wiri oel`st 4 tclis os ecbiey t` dovi usif `ki hrokf1 Xiey. Vdcs hrokf wos wctdfrowk nr`l tdi lorbit ck ]iptilhir ?347, okf tdi ckmcfikmi `n V]] fimriosif frolotcmo frolotcmoeey. eey.
M`d`rt ]tufcis (N`ee`w-up ]tufcis) O m`d`rt stufy, oes` moeeif o "pr`spimtcvi" stufy, hijcks wctd o jr`up `n pi`pei wd` f` k`t dovi tdi fcsiosi hickj stufcif. Jr`up lilhirs fcnnir `k `ki `r l`ri mdoromtircstcms suspim suspimtif tif `n mousckj tdi fcsiosi (n`r ixolpei, s`li loy sl`bi wdcei `tdirs f` k`t). Vdi jr`up cs n`ee`wif `vir tcli t` sii cn lilhirs wctd tdi suspimt mdoromtircstcm ori l`ri ecbiey t` fivie`p tdi fcsiosi. Vdi hoscm quistc`k1 Ori tdi pi`pei wctd tdi suspimt mdoromtircstcm ot jriotir rcsb `n jittckj fcsiosi0 Ixolpei `n o m`d`rt stufy1 V` ivoeuoti tdi innimt `n ikvcr`kliktoe eiof ixp`suri `k mdcefrik's C_s, risiormdirs n`ee`wif 9?> mdcefrik ck tdi eiof-slietckj t`wk `n W`rt Wcrci, Oustroeco, nr`l hcrtd t` oji sivik, pirc`fcmoeey tobckj he``f solpeis t` liosuri eiof eivies. Ot oji sivik, mdcefrik wctd dcjdist he``f eiof eivies `vir tdi yiors dof tdi e`wist C_s.
M`ktrost `n stufcis Mosi-m`ktr`e stufcis ori l`ri m`ll`k tdok m`d`rt stufcis himousi tdiy ori nostir okf mdiopir. Oes`, n`r rieotcviey ukm`ll`k fcsiosis fcsiosis ecbi mdcefd``f eiuboilco, tdiy `ntik ori tdi `key promtcmoe woy t` e``b n`r mousis `n fcsiosi. M`d`rt stufcis ori l`ri m`kvckmckj n`r tw` rios`ks1 •
•
Vdiy pr`vcfi o lumd hittir `pp`rtukcty t` istohecsd o mousi-innimt rieotc`ksdcp himousi tdiy hijck wctd tdi ixp`suri (mousi) okf l`vi n`rworf ck tcli t` tdi fcsiosi (innimt). Ck m`ktrost, mosi-m`ktr`e stufcis hijck wctd tdi fcsiosi (innimt) okf e``b homb t` tdi ixp`suri (mousi). Ct ccss k`t oewoys meior tdot tdi cfiktcncif mousi omtuoeey fcf m`li ncrst. Mosi-m`ktr`e stufcis ori l`ri pr`ki t` mirtock stufy fiscjk pr`heils, sumd os hcos `r mdokmi.
Frowhombs `n m`d`rt stufcis1 • • •
Vdiy ori viry ixpikscvi. Vdiy tobi o e`kj tcli (himousi tdiy stort wctd dioetdy pi`pei okf woct n`r tdil t` jit scmb). Vdiy ori fcnncmuet t` m`kfumt pr`pirey himousi stufy suhaimts tikf t` fr`p `ut `n tdi stufy `vir tcli.
Vdi X`ei `n V`xcm`e`jcm V`xcm`e`jcmoe oe Vistckj ^irtihroti Okcloe Vistckj Okcloes wctd ok cktirkoe sbieit`k lofi `n h`ki ori moeeif virtihrotis. ^irtihrotis ckmeufi ncsd, olpdchcoks, riptceis, hcrfs, lolloes, lolloes, prclotis, r`fikts, okf lorsupcoes. lorsupcoes.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 48 `n 864
Okcloe ixpircliktotc`k ixpircliktotc`k cs tdi usi `n okcloes ck smciktcncm risiormd. Okcloe ixpirclikts diep smciktcsts ukfirstokf fcsiosis tdot onnecmt okcloes okf duloks. ]mciktcsts oes` usi okcloe ixpirclikts t` tist kiw triotlikts n`r dulok okf okcloe fcsiosis, n`r ixolpei kiw lifcmckis `r kiw surjcmoe timdkcquis.
Ixpircliktoe risiormd wctd okcloes cs usuoeey m`kfumtif ck ukcvirsctcis, lifcmoe smd``es, pdorlomiutcm pdorlomiutcmoe oe m`lpokcis, finikmi istohecsdlikts, okf m`llirmcoe nomcectcis tdot pr`vcfi okcloe-tistckj sirvcmis t` ckfustry. Vdi n`mus `n okcloe tistckj vorcis `k o m`ktckuul nr`l puri risiormd, f`ki wctd ecttei rijorf t` tdi usis t` wdcmd ukfirstokfckj loy hi put, t` oppecif risiormd, wdcmd loy n`mus `k okswirckj s`li quistc`k `n jriot promtcmoe clp`rtokmi, sumd os nckfckj o muri n`r o fcsiosi. Ixolpeis `n oppecif risiormd ckmeufi tistckj, hriifckj, finikmi risiormd, okf t`xcm`e`jy. Ck ifumotc`k, okcloe tistckj cs s`litclis s`litclis o m`lp`kikt `n hc`e`jy `r psymd`e`jy m`ursis. Vdi promtcmi cs rijueotif t` voryckj fijriis ck fcnnirikt m`uktrcis. Ck tdi Y.]. ukfir tdi pr`vcsc`ks `n tdi Okcloe Zienori Omt okf tdi Jucfi n`r tdi Mori okf Ysi `n Eoh`rot`ry Okcloes (Icjdtd Ifctc`k) puhecsdif hy tdi Kotc`koe Omofily Omofily `n ]mcikmis, oky pr`mifuri mok hi pirn`rlif `k ok okcloe cn ct mok hi summissnueey orjuif tdot ct cs smciktcncmoeey austcncif. Ck jikiroe, risiormdirs ori riqucrif t` m`ksuet wctd tdi ckstctutc`k's vitirckorcok okf cts Ckstctutc`koe Okcloe Mori okf Ysi M`llctti M`llcttii i (COMYM), wdcmd iviry risiormd nomcecty cs `hecjif t` locktock. Vdi COMYM lust iksuri tdot oetirkotcvis, ckmeufckj k`k-okcloe oetirkotcvis, dovi hiik m`kscfirif, tdot tdi ixpirclikts ori k`t ukkimissorcey fupecmotcvi, okf tdot pock riecin cs jcvik ukeiss ct w`uef cktirniri wctd tdi stufy. Vdi COMYMs rijueoti oee virtihrotis ck tistckj ot ckstctutc`ks rimicvckj nifiroe nukfs ck tdi Y]O. Ck tdi Y.].O, tdi kulhirs `n rots okf lcmi usif cs istclotif t` hi hitwiik 87 okf ?77 lceec`k o yior. @tdir r`fikts m`ll`key usif ori juckio pcjs, dolstirs, okf jirhces. Lcmi ori tdi l`st usif virtihroti spimcis himousi `n tdicr sczi, e`w m`st, iosi `n dokfeckj, okf nost ripr`fumtc`k roti. Lcmi ori wcfiey m`kscfirif t` hi tdi hist l`fie `n ckdirctif dulok fcsiosi okf sdori 33% `n tdicr jikis wctd duloks. Zctd tdi ofvikt `n jikitcm ikjckiirckj timdk`e`jy, jikitcmoeey l`fcncif lcmi mok hi jikirotif t` `rfir okf mok pr`vcfi l`fies n`r o rokji `n dulok fcsiosis. Xots ori oes` wcfiey usif n`r pdysc`e`jy, t`xcm`e`j t`xcm`e`jy, y, okf mokmir risiormd, hut jikitcm lokcpueotc`k cs lumd dorfir ck rots tdok ck lcmi, wdcmd eclcts tdi usi `n tdisi r`fikts ck hoscm smcikmi. Vdiri ori siviroe fcnnirikt typis `n omuti t`xcmcty tists usif. Vdi EF97 ("Eitdoe F`si 97%") tist cs usif t` ivoeuoti tdi t`xcmcty `n o suhstokmi hy fitirlckckj tdi f`si riqucrif t` bcee 97% `n tdi tist okcloe p`pueotc`k. Vdcs tist wos ril`vif nr`l @IMF cktirkotc`koe jucfieckis ck 8778, ripeomif hy litd`fs sumd os tdi ncxif f`si pr`mifuri, wdcmd usi niwir okcloes okf mousi eiss sunnirckj. Ohh`tt wrctis tdot, os `n 8779, "tdi EF97 omuti t`xcmcty tist ... stcee omm`ukts n`r `ki-tdcrf `n oee okcloe Rt`xcmcty\ tists w`refwcfi." Crrctokmy mok hi liosurif usckj tdi Froczi tist, wdiri o tist suhstokmi cs oppecif t` ok okcloe's iyis `r sbck, usuoeey ok oehck` rohhct. N`r Froczi iyi tistckj, tdi tist ckv`evis `hsirvckj tdi innimts `n tdi t di suhstokmi ot cktirvoes okf jrofckj oky foloji `r crrctotc`k, hut tdi tist sd`uef hi doetif okf tdi okcloe bceeif cn ct sd`ws "m`ktckuckj scjks `n siviri pock `r fcstriss".
Olis Vist Vdi Olis tist cs o wcfiey ilpe`yif litd`f tdot usis homtirco t` tist wditdir o jcvik mdilcmoe mok mousi lutotc`ks ck tdi FKO `n tdi tist `rjokcsl. Ct ossissis tdi lutojikcm p`tiktcoe `n mdilcmoe m`lp`ukfs. O p`sctcvi tist ckfcmotis tdot tdi mdilcmoe cs lutojikcm okf tdirin`ri loy omt os o mormck`jik, himousi mokmir cs `ntik eckbif t` ct.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 4= `n 864
Vdi Olis Vist m`lhckis o homtircoe rivirtokt lutotc`k tist wctd o sclueotc`k `n lolloecok litoh`ecsl litoh`ecsl t` pr`fumi o dcjdey siksctcvi tist n`r lutojikcm mdilcmoes mdilcmoes ck tdi ikvcr`klikt.
O rot ecvir d`l`jikoti d`l`jikoti cs priporif t` pr`fumi o litoh`ecmoeey omtcvi ixtromt (]3, sii fcojrol hie`w. Vdi ixtromt cs m`lhckif wctd o strock `n dcs-]oel`kieeo dcs-]oel`kieeo homtirco1 ck tdi ohsikmi `n dcstcfcki (o hoscm olck` omcf n`ukf ck tdi fcit `n virtihrotis), tdi homtirco ori ukohei t` jr`w `k lckcloe lifcul (m`ktr` (m`ktr`ee risuet). Vdi d`l`jikoti d`l`jikoti okf homtircoe strock ori m`lhckif wctd o suspimtif lutojikcm suhstokmi (T). Vdi ckfumtc`k `n rivirtokt m`e`kcis ckfcmotis tdot s`li dcs-homtirco dovi lutotif (rivirtif) t` dcs+, okf tdirin`ri tdot suhstokmi T cs o lutojik. Fcnnirikt homtircoe strocks ori siksctcvi t` fcnnirikt typis `n lutotc`k.
Ckctcoe ixpirclikts usif tdi rivirsc`k tist wctd`ut o ecvir d`l`jikoti. d`l`jikoti. D`wivir, lutojikcmcty, ukecbi t`xcmcty, cs k`t tdi risuet `n ckjistc`k `n o suspimt suhstokmi, hut rotdir cts ommulueotc`k ommulueotc`k okf tdot `n cts hriobf`wk pr`fumts ck tdi h`fy. Ysi `n o ecvir d`l`jikoti sclueotis tdi litoh`ecm hriobf`wk `n tdi suspimtif lutojik ck o lolloecok systil, okf l`ri ommurotiey prifcmts lutojikcmcty `n suhstokmis ckjistif hy duloks. N`r ixolpei, s`fcul kctroti (KoK@=), wdcmd `mmurs koturoeey ck sl`bif liots sumd os hom`k, d`t f`js, dol, itm. cs k`t ctsien lutojikcm. D`wivir, wdik omtif up`k hy DMe ck tdi st`lomd, ct cs m`kvirtif t` kctr`us omcf (DK@8), wdcmd dos hiik fil`kstrotif t` hi o p`wirnue lutojik hy tdi Olis Vist.
Vdi fcsd `k tdi eint (oh`vi) wos peotif wctd ~?73 dcs- ]oel`kieeo homtirco, wdcmd mokk`t jr`w ck tdi ohsikmi `n tdi olck` omcf dcstcfcki. Ck tdcs m`ktr`e ixpirclikt, tdi sloee kulhir (~?78) `n wdcti m`e`kcis ori fircvif nr`l sckjei homtirco tdot dovi ukfirj`ki sp`ktoki`us rivirsc`k lutotc`ks t` dcs+. Vdi rivirsc`k tist cs tdus ixtriliey siksctcvi, himousi ct mok fitimt lutotc`k rotis os sloee os ?/?73 - 8 < ?7-:/ miee.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 46 `n 864
Ck tdi ixpirclikt `k tdi rcjdt, tdi fcsm ot tdi miktri `n tdi fcsd m`ktocks o lutojikcm mdil mdilcmoe. cmoe. Os ct fcnnusis `utworf, tdi mdilcmoe ot dcjd m`kmiktrotc`k cs t`xcm okf ot ncrst bcees oee tdi homtirco (meior mcrmei or`ukf tdi fcsm), hut ot e`wir m`kmiktrotc`ks jcvis rcsi t` ckfumif rivirsc`k lutotc`ks, siik os me`siey-pombif rivirtokt ( dcs+) m`e`kcis. Os
tdi m`kmiktrotc`k m`ktckuis t` fimriosi t`worfs tdi `utir pircpdiry `n tdi peoti, tdi nriquikmy `n rivirtokt m`e`kcis noees t` oh`ut tdi soli os ck tdi m`ktr`e ixpirclikt ot eint. Ck miee mueturi, ct cs tdirin`ri p`sschei t` liosuri tdi primcsi fijrii `n lutojikcmcty ot o rokji `n m`kmiktrotc`ks. m`kmiktrotc`ks.
_uoectotcvi okf _uoktctotcvi ]trumturi Omtcvcty Xieotc`ksdcp (_]OX) ]trumturi-Omtcvcty Xieotc`ksdcp (]OX) cs ok oppr`omd fiscjkif t` nckf rieotc`ksdcps hitwiik mdilcmoe strumturi (`r strumturoe-rieotif pr`pirtcis) okf hc`e`jcmoe omtcvcty (`r torjit pr`pirty) `n stufcif m`lp`ukfs. Os sumd ct cs tdi m`kmipt `n eckbckj mdilcmoe strumturi t` o mdilcmoe pr`pirty (i.j. wotir s`euhcecty) `r hc`e`jcmoe omtcvcty ckmeufckj t`xcmcty (i.j. ncsd omuti l`rtoecty). _uoectotcvi ]OXs okf quoktctotcvi ]OXs, m`eeimtcviey ori rinirrif t` os (_)]OXs. _uoectotcvi rieotc`ksdcps ori fircvif nr`l k`k-m`ktcku`us k`k-m`ktcku`us foto (i.j. yis `r k` foto), wdcei quoktctotcvi rieotc`ksdcps ori fircvif n`r m`ktcku`us foto (i.j. t`xcm p`tikmy foto). Vdi miktroe oxc`l `n ]OX cs tdot t dot tdi omtcvcty `n l`eimueis cs rineimtif ck tdicr strumturi. Dikmi, sclceor l`eimueis dovi sclceor omtcvctcis. Vdi ]OX oppr`omd tdirin`ri ossulis tdot tdi strumturi `n o l`eimuei (i.j. cts ji`litrcm, ieimtr`kcm pr`pirtcis, itm.) m`ktocks tdi nioturis risp`kschei n`r cts pdyscmoe, mdilcmoe, okf hc`e`jcmoe pr`pirtcis. Ct riecis `k tdi ohcecty t` riprisikt tdi mdilcmoe hy `ki `r l`ri fismrcpt`rs `n wdcmd tdi 8-fcliksc`koe strumturi cs `ki. Vdi ukfireyckj pr`heil cs d`w t` fincki fcnnirikmis ot tdi l`eimueor eivie sckmi iomd bckf `n omtcvcty lcjdt fipikf `k fcnnirikt l`eimueor sclceorctcis. Hc`e`jcmoe omtcvcty (i.j. t`xcmcty) `n suhstokmis cs j`virkif hy tdicr pr`pirtcis, wdcmd ck turk ori fitirlckif hy tdicr t dicr mdilcmoe strumturi. Vdi `haimtcvis `n ]OX ori tw`-n`ef. Ncrst, t` fitirlcki os ommurotiey os p`sschei tdi eclcts `n vorcotc`k ck tdi strumturi `n o mdilcmoe tdot ori m`kscstikt wctd tdi pr`fumtc`k `n o spimcncm innimt (i.j. mok o mdilcmoe iecmct o spimcncm t`xcm ikfp`ckt). ]im`kf, t` fincki tdi woys, wdcmd oetirotc`ks ck strumturi okf tdirihy tdi `viroee pr`pirtcis `n o m`lp`ukf m`lp`ukf ckneuikmi ikfp`ckt p`tikmy. Vdi fivie`plikt `n o (_)]OXs l`fie riqucris tdrii m`lp`kikts1 • • •
O foto sit tdot pr`vcfis omtcvcty (usuoeey liosurif ixpirclikto ixpircliktoeey) eey) n`r o jr`up `n mdilcmoes (c.i. tdi fipikfikt vorcohei). Vdcs jr`up `n mdilcmoes cs typcmoeey finckif hy s`li sieimtc`k mrctirco. ]trumturoe mrctirco `r strumturi-rieotif pr`pirty foto sit n`r tdi soli jr`up `n mdilcmoes (c.i. tdi ckfipikfikt vorcoheis). O lioks `n rieotckj (usuoeey o stotcstcmoe okoeyscs litd`f) tdisi tw` foto orroys. Litd`fs n`r rieotckj strumturi t` omtcvcty rokji nr`l tdi sclpei, eckior rijrissc`k, tdr`ujd l`ri m`lpeix oppr`o oppr`omdis mdis sumd os portcoe eiost squoris okoeyscs t` tdi l`st m`lpeix, lomdcki eiorkckj timdkcquis sumd os kiuroe kitw`rbs.
Jr`upckj okf Xiof Omr`ss Jr`upckj `n ]uhstokmis ]uhstokmis tdot ori strumturoeey sclceor wctd pdyscm`mdil pdyscm`mdilcmoe, cmoe, t`xcm`e`jcmoe, im`-t`xcm`e`jcmoe im`-t`xcm`e`jcmoe okf/`r ikvcr`kliktoe noti pr`pirtcis tdot ori ecbiey t` hi sclceor `r t` n`ee`w o rijueor pottirk loy hi m`kscfirif os o jr`up `n suhstokmis. Vdisi sclceorctcis loy hi fui t` siviroe nomt`rs1 • •
M`ll`k nukmtc`koe jr`up (c.i. mdilcmoe sclceorcty wctdck tdi jr`up). M`ll`k primurs`rs okf/`r ecbiey m`ll`k hriobf`wk pr`fumts vco pdyscmoe okf/`r.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 49 `n 864
• •
Hc`e`jcmoe pr`missis wdcmd risuet ck strumturoeey sclceor fijrofckj mdilcmoes. O m`kstokt pottirk ck tdi pr`pirtcis omr`ss tdi jr`up (c.i. `n pdyscm`-mdilcmoe pdyscm`-mdilcmoe okf/`r hc`e`jcmoe pr`pirtcis).
Xiof Omr`ss N`r rijcstrotc`k `n o suhstokmi ukfir XIOMD, n`r ixolpei, tdi ckn`rlotc`k riqucrilikts lust hi lit. Zctdck o jr`up `n suhstokmis, o foto jop lcjdt hi nceeif hy riof omr`ss. Vdi oppecmotc`k `n tdi jr`upckj m`kmipt fismrchif oh`vi lioks tdot XIOMD ckn`rlotc`k riqucrilikts n`r pdyscm`mdilcmoe pdyscm`mdilcm oe pr`pirtcis, dulok dioetd innimts okf/`r ikvcr`kliktoe innimts loy hi prifcmtif nr`l tists m`kfumtif `k rinirikmi suhstokmi(s) wctdck tdi jr`up, rinirrif t` os s`urmi suhstokmi(s), suhstokmi(s), hy cktirp`eotc`k t` `tdir suhstokmis ck tdi jr`up, rinirrif t` os torjit suhstokmi(s), okf tdcs cs moeeif riof omr`ss. Vdus, riof-omr`ss cs rijorfif os o timdkcqui n`r prifcmtckj ikfp`ckt ckn`rlotc`k n`r `ki suhstokmi (torjit suhstokmi), hy usckj foto nr`l tdi soli ikfp`ckt nr`l (ok)`tdir suhstokmi(s), (s`urmi suhstokmi suhstokmi(s)). (s)). M`ksiquiktey, tdi riof-omr`ss oppr`omd lust hi m`kscfirif `k ok ikfp`ckt-hy-ikfp`ckt hoscs fui t` tdi fcnnirikt m`lpeixctcis (i.j. biy porolitirs, hc`e`jcmoe hc`e`jcmoe torjits) `n iomd ikfp`ckt. Vdi tirl okoe`jui oppr`omd cs usif wdik riof-omr`ss cs ilpe`yif wctdck o jr`up `n o viry eclctif kulhir `n suhstokmis n`r wdcmd trikfs ori k`t opporikt1 c.i. tdi sclpeist mosi cs riof omr`ss nr`l o sckjei s`urmi suhstokmi t` o torjit suhstokmi. Oetirkotcviey, wctd o dcjdir kulhir `n suhstokmis ck o jr`up tdi tirl motij`ry oppr`omd oppr`omd cs usif. Xiof-omr`ss lust hi, ck oee mosis, austcncif smciktcncmoeey okf f`muliktif td`r`ujdey. Vdiri loy hi siviroe eckis `n Xiof-omr`ss ivcfikmi usif t` austcny tdi riof-omr`ss, riof-omr`ss, wctd tdi ocl `n strikjtdikckj tdi mosi.
Vdi Liokckj `n F`si-Xisp`ksi Xieotc`ksdcp Vdi f`si-risp`ksi rieotc`ksdcp, `r ixp`suri-risp`ksi rieotc`ksdcp, fismrchis tdi mdokji ck innimt `k ok `rjokcsl mousif hy fcnnirckj eivies `n ixp`suri (`r f`sis) t` o striss`r (usuoeey o mdilcmoe) ontir o mirtock ixp`suri tcli. Vdcs loy oppey t` ckfcvcfuoes (i.j. o sloee ol`ukt dos k` scjkcncmokt innimt, o eorji ol`ukt cs notoe), `r t` p`pueotc`ks (i.j. d`w loky pi`pei `r `rjokcsls ori onnimtif ot fcnnirikt eivies `n ixp`suri). ]tufyckj f`si risp`ksi, okf fivie`pckj f`si-risp`ksi l`fies, cs miktroe t` fitirlckckj "soni" okf "dozorf`us" eivies okf f`sojis n`r frujs, p`tiktcoe p`eeutokts, okf `tdir suhstokmis t` wdcmd duloks `r `tdir `rjokcsls ori ixp`sif. F`si-risp`ksi rieotc`ksdcps rieotc`ksdcps jikiroeey fipikf `k tdi ixp`suri tcli okf ixp`suri r`uti (i.j. ckdoeotc`k, fcitory cktobi), quoktcnyckj tdi risp`ksi ontir o fcnnirikt ixp`suri tcli `r n`r o fcnnirikt r`uti eiofs t` o fcnnirikt rieotc`ksdcp okf p`sschey fcnnirikt m`kmeusc`ks `k tdi innimts `n tdi striss`r ukfir m`kscfirotc`k. Vdcs eclctotc`k cs mousif hy tdi m`lpeixcty `n hc`e`jcmoe systils okf tdi `ntik-ukbk`wk `ntik-ukbk`wk hc`e`jcmoe pr`missis `pirotckj hitwiik tdi ixtirkoe ixp`suri okf tdi ofvirsi mieeueor `r tcssui risp`ksi. O f`si-risp`ksi murvi (sii hie`w) cs o sclpei T-S jropd rieotckj tdi lojkctufi `n o striss`r (i.j. m`kmiktrotc`k `n o p`eeutokt, ol`ukt `n o fruj, tilpiroturi, tdi cktikscty `n rofcotc`k) t` tdi risp`ksi `n tdi rimipt`r (i.j. `rjokcsl ukfir stufy). Vdi risp`ksi loy hi o pdysc`e`jcmoe `r hc`mdilcmo hc`mdilcmoee risp`ksi, `r ivik fiotd (l`rtoecty), okf tdus mok hi m`ukts (`r pr`p`rtc`k, i.j. l`rtoecty roti), `rfirif fismrcptcvi motij`rcis (i.j. sivircty `n o eisc`k), `r m`ktcku`us
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 4> `n 864
liosurilikts (i.j. he``f prissuri). ]iviroe innimts (`r ikfp`ckts) mok hi stufcif, `ntik ot fcnnirikt `rjokcsotc`koe liosurilikts eivies (i.j. p`pueotc`k, wd`ei okcloe, tcssui, miee). Vdi liosurif f`si (usuoeey ck lceecjrols, lcmr`jrols, `r jrols pir bce`jrol `n h`fy wicjdt n`r `roe ixp`suris `r
lceecjrols pir muhcm litir `n olhcikt ocr n`r ckdoeotc`k ixp`suris) cs jikiroeey pe`ttif `k tdi T oxcs okf tdi risp`ksi cs pe`ttif `k tdi S oxcs.
Vdi ncrst p`ckt oe`kj tdi jropd wdiri o risp`ksi oh`vi zir` (`r oh`vi tdi m`ktr`e risp`ksi) cs riomdif cs usuoeey rinirrif t` os o tdrisd`ef-f`si. N`r l`st hikincmcoe `r rimriotc`koe frujs, tdi fiscrif innimts ori n`ukf ot f`sis secjdtey jriotir tdok tdi tdrisd`ef f`si. Ot dcjdir f`sis, ukfiscrif scfi innimts oppior okf jr`w str`kjir os tdi f`si ckmriosis. Vdi l`ri p`tikt o suhstokmi cs, tdi stiipir tdcs murvi wcee hi. Ck quoktctotcvi sctuotc`ks, tdi S-oxcs `ntik cs fiscjkotif hy pirmiktoji pirmiktojis, s, wdcmd rinirs t` tdi pirmiktoji `n ixp`sif ckfcvcfuoes rijcstirckj o stokforf risp`ksi (wdcmd loy hi fiotd, os ck EF97).
K@OIE Vdi k`-`hsirvif-ofvirsi-innimt-eivie k`-`hsirvif-ofvirsi-innimt-eivie (K@OIE) cs ok clp`rtokt port `n tdi k`k-meckcmoe rcsb ossisslikt pr`miss. Vdi m`ll`k finckctc`k `n K@OIE, "tdi dcjdist ixpircliktoe p`ckt tdot cs wctd`ut ofvirsi innimt," sirvis us wiee ck jikiroe fcsmussc`ks. Ct f`is k`t, d`wivir, offriss tdi cktirpritotc`k `n rcsb hosif `k t`xcm`e`jcmoeey rieivokt innimts, k`r f`is ct m`kscfir tdi pr`jrissc`k `n innimt wctd rispimt t` furotc`k okf/`r f`si. K@OIE fik`tis tdi eivie `n ixp`suri `n ok `rjokcsl, n`ukf hy ixpirclikt `r `hsirvotc`k, ot wdcmd tdiri cs k`t hc`e`jcmoeey `r stotcstcmoeey scjkcncmokt (i.j. oetirotc`k `n l`rpd`e`jy, l`rpd`e`jy, nukmtc`koe mopomcty, jr`wtd, fivie`plikt, `r ecni spok) ckmriosi ck tdi nriquikmy `r sivircty `n oky ofvirsi innimts ck tdi ixp`sif p`pueotc`k wdik m`lpori m`lporif f t` cts oppr`prcoti m`ktr`e. Ck t`xcm`e`jy, ct cs spimcncmoeey tdi dcjdist tistif f`si `r m`kmiktrotc`k `n o suhstokmi (c.i. o fruj `r mdilcmoe) `r ojikt (i.j. rofcotc`k), ot wdcmd k` sumd ofvirsi innimt cs n`ukf ck ixp`sif tist `rjokcsls wdiri dcjdir f`sis `r m`kmiktrotc`kss risuetif ck ok ofvirsi innimt. m`kmiktrotc`k
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 4: `n 864
Vdcs eivie loy hi usif ck tdi pr`miss `n istohecsdckj o f`si-risp`ksi rieotc`ksdcp rieotc`ksdcp,, o nukfoliktoe stip ck l`st rcsb ossisslikt litd`f`e`jcis.
EF97 okf EM97
EF stokfs n`r "Eitdoe F`si". EF97 cs tdi ol`ukt `n o lotircoe, jcvik oee ot `kmi, wdcmd mousis tdi fiotd `n 97% (`ki doen) `n o jr`up `n tist okcloes. Vdi EF97 cs `ki woy t` liosuri tdi sd`rt-tirl p`cs`kckj p`tiktcoe (omuti t`xcmcty) `n o lotircoe. ]ckmi fcnnirikt mdilcmoes mousi fcnnirikt t`xcm innimts, m`lporckj m`lporckj tdi t`xcmcty `n `ki wctd ok`tdir cs dorf. Zi m`uef liosuri tdi ol`ukt `n o mdilcmoe tdot mousis bcfkiy foloji, n`r ixolpei, hut k`t oee mdilcmoes wcee foloji tdi bcfkiy. Zi m`uef soy tdot kirvi foloji cs `hsirvif wdik ?7 jrols `n mdilcmoe O cs oflckcstirif, okf bcfkiy foloji cs `hsirvif wdik ?7 jrols `n mdilcmoe H cs oflckcstirif. D`wi D`wivir, vir, tdcs ckn`rlotc`k f`is k`t tiee us cn O `r H cs l`ri t`xcm himousi wi f` k`t bk`w wdcmd foloji cs l`ri mrctcmoe `r dorlnue. Vdirin`ri, t` m`lpori tdi t`xcm p`tikmy `r cktikscty `n fcnnirikt mdilcmoes, risiormdirs lust liosuri tdi soli innimt. @ki woy cs t` morry `ut eitdoecty tistckj (tdi EF97 tists) hy liosurckj d`w lumd `n o mdilcmoe cs riqucrif t` mousi fiotd. Vdcs typi `n tist cs oes` rinirrif t` os o "quoktoe" tist himousi ct cs liosurckj ok innimt tdot "`mmurs" `r "f`is k`t `mmur". Vdi tist suhstokmi `r priporotc`k loy hi oppecif t` tdi okcloe `roeey, ukfir tdi sbck, hy ckdoeotc`k, ckt` tdi ohf`lik `r ckt` tdi vick. EF97 okf EM97 ori tdi porolitirs usif t` quoktcny tdi risuets `n fcnnirikt tists s` tdot tdiy loy hi m`lporif. EF97 cs ixprissif ck lceecjrols pir bce`jrol `n h`fy wicjdt `n tdi tist okcloe (wdcmd lust hi liktc`kif). Vdi tohei tdot n`ee`ws sd`ws tdi EF97 voeuis n`r siviroe tist `rjokcsls.
EM stokfs n`r "Eitdoe M`kmiktrotc`k". EM voeuis usuoeey rinir t` tdi m`kmiktrotc`k `n o mdilcmoe ck ocr hut ck ikvcr`kliktoe stufcis ct mok oes` liok tdi m`kmiktrotc`k `n o mdilcmoe ck wotir. Omm`rfckj t` tdi @IMF (@rjokcsotc`k n`r Im`k`lcm M``pirotc`k M``pirotc`k okf Fivie`plikt) Jucfieckis n`r tdi Vistckj `n Mdilcmoes, o trofctc`koe ixpirclikt ckv`evis jr`ups `n okcloes ixp`sif t` o m`kmiktrotc`k (`r sircis `n m`kmiktrotc`ks)) n`r o sit pirc`f `n tcli (usuoeey 6 d`urs). Vdi okcloes ori meckcmoeey `hsirvif n`r up t` ?6 foys. m`kmiktrotc`ks
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 44 `n 864
Vdi m`kmiktrotc`ks `n tdi mdilcmoe ck ocr tdot bcees 97% `n tdi tist okcloes furckj tdi `hsirvotc`k pirc`f cs tdi EM97 voeui. EM97 cs ixprissif ck lceecectris pir bce`jrol `n h`fy wicjdt `n tdi tist okcloe (wdcmd lust hi liktc`kif), ixp`sif ixp`sif
t` tdi suhstokmi hy ckdoeotc`k furckj o spimcncif pirc`f. Vdi vorcotc`k ck tdi kulircmoe voeuis `n EF97 okf EM97 cs wcfi.
3.:1 Oshist`s okf Eiof Oshist`s Cfiktcncmotc`k `n Vypis `n Oshist`s Hriotdckj ck ocr m`ktockckj oshist`s nchris mok eiof t` oshist`s-rieotif oshist`s-rieotif fcsiosis, lockey mokmirs `n tdi eukjs okf mdist eckckj. Oshist`s cs `key o rcsb t` dioetd cn oshist`s nchris ori rieiosif ckt` tdi ocr okf hriotdif ck. Wost ixp`suri t` oshist`s murriktey bcees or`ukf 6977 pi`pei o yior ck Jriot Hrctock. Z`rbirs wd` morry `ut locktikokmi okf ripocr w`rb ori, portcmueorey ot rcsb. Vdiri cs usuoeey o e`kj fieoy hitwiik ncrst ixp`suri t` oshist`s okf tdi `ksit `n fcsiosi. Vdcs mok vory nr`l ?9 t` >7 yiors. @key hy priviktckj `r lckclcsckj tdisi ixp`suris k`w mok oshist`s-rieo oshist`s-rieotif tif fcsiosi iviktuoeey hi rifumif. Vw` lckiroe`jcmoe jr`ups `n oshist`s, sirpiktckis, okf olpdch`eis, dovi hiik ixpe`ctif ckfustrcoeey okf m`llirmcoeey1 • •
]irpiktckis1 m`ktock `key `ki vorcity v orcity `n oshist`s1 mdrys`tcei. Olpdch`eis1 ckmeufi ncvi vorcitcis `n oshist`s1 oktd`pdyeecti, ol`sct ol`scti, i, mr`mcf`ecti okf tril`ecti. @key tw` `n tdil dovi hiik wcfiey usif1 ol`scti okf mr`mcf`ecti.
Ct cs k`w ceeijoe t` usi oshist`s ck tdi m`kstrumtc`k `r rinurhcsdlikt `n oky prilcsis, hut loky td`usokfs `n t`kkis `n ct wiri usif ck tdi post okf lumd `n ct cs stcee ck peomi.
Vypis `n oshist`s Vdiri ori tdrii lock typis `n oshist`s tdot mok stcee hi n`ukf ck prilcsis, wdcti, hr`wk, okf heui. Oee `n tdil ori fokjir`us mormck`jiks, mormck`jiks, hut heui okf hr`wk oshist`s ori m`kscfirif t` hi l`ri dozorf`us tdok wdcti. Fispcti tdicr kolis, y`u mokk`t cfiktcny tdil aust hy tdicr m`e`ur. Vdi `key mirtock woy t` cfiktcny tdi fcnnirikt typis `n oshist`s cs t` tobi o solpei okf dovi ct ixolckif lcmr`sm`pcmoeey. lcmr`sm`pcmoeey.
Oshist`s ukfir ukfir o lcmr`sm`pi Cn tdi prisikmi `n oshist`s cs suspimtif ck o prilcsi, ct loy hi p`sschei t` vciw pcmturis `n m`ll`k oshist`s typis t` jit ok cfio `n wdot t` e``b n`r, okf wdiri tdiy loy hi. Vdi pcmturis hie`w sd`w tdi fcnnirikt typis `n oshist`s,
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 43 `n 864
wdot tdiy e``b ecbi okf wdiri tdiy loy hi e`motif. Vdcs mok jcvi y`u o j``f cfio `n peomis t` e``b n`r oshist`s okf d`w ct loy e``b, oetd`ujd nckoe m`kncrlotc`k m`kncrlotc`k wcee `key hi jcvik ontir solpeckj okf okoeyscs hy o m`lpitikt pirs`k.
f`mulikt Clojis Nurtdir ixolpeis `n wdiri oshist`s m`uef hi n`ukf. Nr`l `rcjckoe f`mulikt
Ixolpeis `n wdiri oshist`s mok hi n`ukf.
Vypcmoe e`motc`ks wdiri Oshist`s mok hi n`ukf M`llirmcoe `r Ckfustrcoe Wrilcsis
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 37 `n 864
Ckscfi1 ?. 8. =. 6. 9. >.
]proyif m`otckjs `k miceckjs, woees, hiols, okf m`eulks Oshist`s milikt wotir tokb E``si ncee cksueotc`k Eojjckj `k h`ceirs okf pcpis OCH miceckj tceis V`ceit siot okf mcstirk
:. OCH*portctc`k woees 4. OCH pokies ck ncri f``rs 3. Oshist`s r`pi sioes, josbits, okf popir ?7. ^ckye ne``r tceis ??. OCH or`ukf h`ceirs ?8. Vixtceis i.j. ncri heokbits ?=. Vixturif fim`rotckj m`otckjs m`otckjs `k woees okf miceckjs (i.j. Ortix) @utscfi1 ?6. Oshist`s milikt r``n ?9. Oshist`s milikt pokies ?>. Oshist`s milikt juttirs okf f`wkpcpis ?:. ]`nncts - OCH `r oshist`s milikt ?4. Oshist`s milikt neui ?. (*OCH < Oshist`s Cksueotckj H`orf)
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 3? `n 864
Xiscfiktcoe Wr`pirty
Ckscfi1
O. Oshist`s milikt Zotir tokb H. Wcpi eojjckj M. E``si ncee cksueotc`k F. Vixturif fim`rotcvi m`otckj (i.j. Ortix) I. OCH*miceckj tceis N. OCH hotd pokie J. V`ceit siot okf mcstirk D. OCH hidckf nusi h`x C. OCH ocrckj muph`orf okf/`r sproyif cksueotc`k m`otckj h`ceir A. OCH portctc`k woee B. OCH cktirc`r wckf`w pokie E. OCH or`ukf h`ceir L. ^ckye ne``r tceis K. OCH hidckf ncri @utscfi1
@. O. H. M. F. I.
Juttirs okf Oshist`s milikt f`wkpcpis ]`nncts - OCH `r oshist`s milikt OCH ixtirc`r wckf`w pokie Oshist`s milikt r``n Oshist`s milikt pokies X``nckj niet
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 38 `n 864
N. (*OCH < Oshist`s Cksueotckj H`orf)
Vdi M`ktr`e Liosuris n`r tdi ]pimcncm Mosi `n Oshist`s1 Wriviktotcvi Litd`fs Cktr`fumtc`k
Vdi promtcmoe rim`llikfotc`ks rim`llikfotc`ks `n tdi CE@ ―]oni usi `n Oshist`s“ m`fi `n promtcmi ori cktikfif n`r tdi usi `n oee td`si, h`td ck tdi puhecm okf ck tdi prcvoti simt`rs, wd` dovi risp`kschcecty n`r sonity okf dioetd d ck tdi usi `n oshist`s. Vdi m`fi cs k`t cktikfif t` ripeomi kotc`koe eows `r rijueotc`ks `r ommiptif stokforfs. E`moe mcrmulstokmis okf timdkcmoe p`sschcectcis wcee fitirlcki d`w nor ct cs promtcmohei t` n`ee`w cts pr`vcsc`ks. Vdi n`ee`wckj priviktotcvi okf m`ktr`e liosuris sullorcsi tdi m`ktikt `n tdi m`fi `n promtcmi.
Wriviktotcvi okf m`ktr`e liosuris Oetirkotcvi lotircoes
Xipeomilikt `n tdi lotircoe wctd suhstokmis tdot mok hi usif ck tdi soli woy okf dovi tdi soli timdkcmoe riqucrilikts hut tdot ori ictdir eiss dorlnue `r dorleiss. D`wivir, oky dozorfs p`sif hy tdi ripeomilik r ipeomiliktt lotircoe lust hi ossissif okf m`ktr`eeif ckfipikfiktey. Hin`ri ripeomckj `r suhstctutckj tdi oshist`s, tdi `rjokcsotc`k sd`uef ossiss wditdir ct cs promtcmohei ck rijorf t` m`st okf wditdir ct cs iktcriey kimissory. Ck s`li mosis, tdi oshist`s loy hi e`motif ck o e`motc`k tdot p`sis ecttei `r k` rcsb okf cs k`t ot rcsb `n hickj fcsturhif. Ck s`li hucefckjs, ne``r tceis lofi nr`l oshist`s wiri eocf ck tdi ?397–s okf >7–s. D`wivir, ck s`li mosis wdiri tdi tceis ori stcee ck j``f `rfir okf k`t sd`wckj scjks `n fcscktijrotckj, ct cs mdiopir, ioscir, okf aust os innimtcvi t` m`vir wctd o kiw m`virckj rotdir tdok ril`vckj tdi tceis iktcriey. Vdcs cs o fimcsc`k tdot lust hi m`kscfirif td`r`ujdey hin`ri fimcfckj `k d`w t` t ` pr`miif.
Ikjckiirckj m`ktr`es Cn tdi oshist`s mokk`t hi ril`vif `r suhstctutif, tdik tdi CE@ m`fi `n promtcmi stotis1 "Oee oppr`prcoti okf promtcmohei liosuris `n ikjckiirckj, w`rb promtcmi okf oflckcstrotcvi m`ktr`e sd`uef hi tobik t` ieclckoti `r t` rifumi tdi ixp`suri `n w`rbirs t` oshist`s fust ck tdi w`rbckj ikvcr`klikt t` tdi e`wist p`sschei eivie.“ Ikjckiirckj m`ktr`es mok ckmeufi1
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Limdokcmoe dokfeckj ^iktceotc`k Xifiscjkckj `n o pr`miss M`ktock `r m`eeimt oshist`s fust ilcssc`ks
Vdi CE@ m`fi `n promtcmi jcvis prismrcptcvi fitoce `k wdot tdcs mok ckmeufi1 "…pr`miss siporotc`k, out`lotc`k `r ikme`suri2" Vdcs lioks oky pr`missis ckv`evckj oshist`s ori1
Bipt siporoti nr`l `tdir w`rb pr`missis okf orios Nueey out`lotif t` ieclckoti w`rbir m`ktomt wctd oshist`s Ikme`sif t` ristrcmt oky nchris hickj troksnirrif nr`l tdi pr`miss t` `tdir orios
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©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 3= `n 864
"…jikiroe viktceotc`k `n tdi w`rbckj orios wctd meiok ocr2 "Iksurckj tdot tdi ocr or`ukf w`rb orios cs wiee viktceotif sunncmciktey ispimcoeey wdiri e`moe ixdoust viktceotc`k cs usif - tdcs cs m`virif ck l`ri fitoce eotir ck tdcs simtc`k."… e`moe viktceotc`k `n pr`missis, `pirotc`ks, `pirotc`ks, iqucplikt okf t``es n`r tdi priviktc`k `n fust fcssilckotc`k2
"E`moe ixdoust viktceotc`k sd`uef hi usif t` ril`vi oky p`tiktcoe fust usckj h``tds `r mopt`r d``fs. Vdcs cs m`virif eotir ck tdcs simtc`k."…usi `n wit litd`fs wdiri oppr`prcoti2 "Zotir `r `tdir wit suhstokmis mok hi usif t` folpik f`wk oky lotircoes t` rifumi oky rieiosi t` tdi hriotdohei otl`spdiri."…siporoti otl`spdiri."…s iporoti w`rbpeomis n`r mirtock pr`missis "]iporoti orios sd`uef hi usif wdiri tdiri cs o fokjir `n oky rieiosi t` tdi hriotdohei orio. Ck tdisi siporoti orios, pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt lust hi usif okf fim`ktolckotif hin`ri eiovckj. M`ktr`e pr`jrolli
V` iksuri nuee m`ktr`e liosuris ori clpeiliktif os stotif privc`usey, `rjokcsotc`ks kiif t` dovi oflckcstrotcvi m`ktr`es ck peomi t` iksuri tdot t dot promtcmoe liosuris ori m`llukcm m`llukcmotif otif t` w`rbirs okf tdot tdi m`ktr`e pr`mifuris ori hickj morrcif `ut m`rrimtey. Vdi oflckcstrotcvi m`ktr`e sd`uef ckmeufi1 • •
M`ksuetotc`k wctd w`rbirs okf oky riprisiktotcvis. Clpeiliktotc`k `n o m`ktr`e pr`jrolli. Ivoeuotc`k `n iomd w`rbpeomi dcjdecjdtckj spimcncm nioturis. M`ktr`es sd`uef hi wrcttik f`wk.
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Ixp`suri t` oshist`s cs ixtriliey dozorf`us t` dioetd ivik n`r o sd`rt ixp`suri okf os sumd, wrcttik m`ktr`e litd`fs kiif t` hi os m`lpridiks m`lpridikscvi cvi os p`sschei. Zdik m`lpceckj tdcs ckn`rlotc`k, ckn`rlotc`k, tdi n`ee`wckj sd`uef hi ckmeufif1
Fiscjk okf Ckstoeeotc`k Fiscjk `n iqucplikt, lotircoes okf pr`missis sd`uef hi sumd tdot tdi p`sschcecty `n ixp`sckj w`rbirs t` oshist`s fust cs ieclckotif `r "rifumif t` tdi e`wist promtcmohei eivie". Os oshist`s dos hiik usif os cksueotckj lotircoe okf sloee ports ck iqucplikt sumd os eotdis, jrckfckj lomdckis okf m`kviyckj systils fui t` cts t`eirokmi t `eirokmi n`r diot, `efir lomdckiry loy stcee p`si o dozorf. Cn tdcs cs omqucrif sim`kf dokf okf ckstoeeif ckt` o w`rbpeomi, oshist` oshist`ss m`ktr`es kiif t` hi clpeiliktif. Fitoces `n oky oshist`s fust ilcssc`ks, tdi typi `n oshist`s okf tdi eivie sd`uef hi pr`vcfif ck wrctckj wr ctckj nr`l lokunomturirs `n oky iqucplikt, lomdckiry, okf lotircoes. Vdi lokunomturirs sd`uef oes` ckmeufi ckn`rlotc`k rijorfckj m`ktr`es tdot sd`uef hi clpeiliktif hin`ri, furckj okf ontir usi. Oky w`rbpeomis sd`uef hi fiscjkif morinueey okf tdi CE@ m`fi `n promtcmi stotis tdot tdiy sd`uef hi1"…hucet okf locktockif ck sumd o lokkir os t`1
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siporoti tdi dozorf`us `pirotc`ks nr`l tdi rilockfir `n tdi prilcsis rifumi os nor os p`sschei surnomis `k wdcmd oshist`s fust okf wosti loy ommulueoti nomcectoti tdi meiokckj `n ne``rs, woees, miceckjs, okf lomdckiry nomcectoti tdi m`eeimtc`k `n oshist`s fust wdcmd loy ismopi ck tdi ivikt `n ok ckmcfikt. "
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 36 `n 864
Oky pr`missis wdiri tdiri cs o rcsb `n ixp`suri sd`uef hi t`toeey ikme`sif wdiri promtcmohei okf cn tdcs cs k`t o murrikt promtcmi ct sd`uef hi fiscjkif okf ckstoeeif. Vdi ikme`suri sd`uef dovi ok cktirkoe viktceotc`k systil t` mrioti kijotcvi prissuri ck tdi ikme`suri.
E`moe Ixdoust ^iktceotc`k (EI^)
Ckstoeeotc`k
Cn tdi fiscjk `n o w`rbpeomi ristrcmts tdi ckstoeeotc`k `n ok ikme`suri, e`moe ixdoust viktceotc`k iqucplikt, spimcncm spimcncmoeey oeey fiscjkif t` motmd okf ril`vi fust eofik ocr, sd`uef hi pr`vcfif, okf locktockif. Vdi usi `n h``tds `r mopt`r d``fs sd`uef hi utcecsif s` tdot tdi ixdoust viktceotc`k systil mok jit os me`si os p`sschei t` tdi s`urmi `n tdi fust ilcssc`k. Vdi `pikckjs ck tdi ikme`suris sd`uef hi o sloee os p`sschei t` privikt fust ismopckj okf k`t dckfirckj tdi w`rb pr`miss.
Vdi viktceotc`k systil wcee mrioti o kijotcvi prissuri ck tdi w`rb orio wdcmd wcee tdik puee ck nrisd ocr nr`l s`urmis sumd os f``rs, wckf`ws. D`wivir, oky neumtuotc`ks ck ocr ne`w nr`l w`rbirs okf tdi pr`miss sd`uef k`t cktirrupt tdi ixtromtc`k `n fust nr`l tdi w`rbckj otl`spdiri okf s` tdi ocrne`w wcee kiif t` hi tistif hin`ri w`rb m`llikmis.
Wirs`koe Wr`timtc`k Ck oky dcirormdy `n m`ktr`e litd`fs, pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplik iqucpliktt (WWI) cs tdi nckoe m`ktr`e t` hi clpeiliktif t` pr`timt ojockst riscfuoe rcsb. Ct sd`uef kivir hi m`kscfirif os o ncrst ecki finikmi ojockst tdi rcsbs nr`l o dozorf. Oky rispcrot`ry pr`timtcvi iqucplikt (XWI) okf pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt (WWI) lust hi pr`vcfif hy tdi ilpe`yir okf wctd`ut m`sts t` w`rbirs. WWI sd`uef hi suctohei okf sunncmcikt wctd rijorfs t` pr`timtc`k okf sd`uef hi riofcey ovoceohei t` w`rbirs tdot ori ecbiey t` m`li ckt` m`ktomt wctd oshist`s `r oshist`s fust. Ct cs issiktcoe tdot w`rbirs ori ckstrumtif wdik okf wdiri t` usi WWI n`r pr`timtc`k nr`l oshist`s okf tdot tdiy ori owori `n tdi rcsbs nr`l tdcs dozorf. ]upirvcsc`k `n w`rbirs wd` ori riqucrif t` usi WWI n`r pr`timtc`k ojockst oshist`s lust iksuri tdot tdi iqucplikt cs usif m`rrimtey.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 39 `n 864
Xispcrot`ry Wr`timtcvi iqucplikt (XWI) XWI lust hi oppr`vif okf tistif hy m`lpitikt outd`rctcis wd` wcee ofvcsi okf pr`vcfi jucfieckis n`r wdik iomd typi sd`uef hi usif. ]`li `n tdi fcnnirikt typis `n XWI ori jcvik hy tdi CE@ m`fi `n promtcmi os1
Ocr purcnyckj rispcrot`rs `n tdi kijotcvi prissuri (doen nomi losb) typi. W`sctcvi prissuri rispcrot`ry iqucplikt. Fcrimt ocrecki hriotdckj opporotus.
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Z`rbirs okf riprisiktotcvis kiif t` hi m`ksuetif wdik sieimtckj tdi m`rrimt XWI okf tdi loxclul m`kmiktrotc`k `n oshist`s fust sd`uef hi usif t` fitirlcki wdcmd XWI w`uef hi tdi l`st oppr`prcoti. Z`rbirs sd`uef hi jcvik o md`cmi, wdiri p`sschei, `n tdi l`st m`ln`rtohei XWI. Ck s`li mosis, fui t` hiorfs ispimcoeey, ok ofiquoti nomi sioe loy k`t hi omdcivif okf s` o p`sctcvi prissuri XWI loy hi usif hut tdcs wcee k`t `nnir tdi soli eivie `n pr`timtc`k os o sioeif ukct okf tdirin`ri tdi w`rbir/s ckv`evif lust hi lofi owori `n tdi ckmriosif rcsbs hin`ri ojriickj t` usi.
Vrockckj Z`rbirs lust rimicvi nuee ckstrumtc`k `k tdi n`ee`wckj1
Zdy tdi iqucplikt lust hi usif Vdi clp`rtokmi `n usckj XWI pr`pirey okf ck omm`rfokmi wctd ckstrumtc`ks D`w t` ukfirstokf okf rim`jkcsi wdik XWI cs riqucrif okf tdi mcrmulstokmis wdik wdik ct wcee hi riqucrif
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D`w tdi iqucplikt w`rbs Vdi m`rrimt ossisslikt `n o nomi nct okf d`w t` mdimb n`r o sioe D`w t` mdimb tdi iqucplikt cs `pirotckj m`rrimtey. Vdi clp`rtokmi okf kiif n`r rijueor sirvcmckj.
O rim`rf kiifs t` hi bipt `n oky trockckj jcvik sd`wckj1
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Foti `n trockckj Z`rbirs wd` wiri trockif Fitoces `n tdi ckstrumt`r Zdot ckn`rlotc`k wos m`virif (o mdimbecst cs `ntik usif diri)
Meiokckj, locktikokmi, okf st`roji Xispcrot`rs ori usir spimcncm okf s` sd`uef hi bipt ixmeuscviey n`r tdi w`rbir t` wdcmd tdiy dovi hiik suppecif. Vdiy kiif t` hi rijueorey meiokif okf sirvcmif hy m`lpitikt pirs`kkie ot eiost `kmi o wiib. Vdiy loy riqucri l`ri rijueor meiokckj, fipikfckj `k tdi ol`ukt `n usi. @k iomd `mmosc`k tdot tdi rispcrot`rs ori meiokif, oky princetirs sd`uef hi mdokjif, okf tdi lock ncetirs sd`uef hi mdimbif. Oee meiokckj okf mdimbs sd`uef hi rim`rfif sd`wckj1
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Zd` wos tdi rispcrot`r cssuif t`0 Fotis `n meiokckj Fotis `n sirvcmckj Fitoces `n wd` meiokif okf/`r sirvcmif tdi iqucplikt Fitoces `n tdi meiok okf/`r sirvcmckj
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 3> `n 864
N`r rispcrot`rs usckj ocrecki, tdi cktijrcty `n tdi ocrecki sd`uef hi mdimbif hin`ri iomd usi okf voevis mdimbif wdik meiokif okf sirvcmif. Ontir iomd usi, tdi iqucplikt lust hi fim`ktolckot fim`ktolckotif if okf tdik bipt ck o simuri litoe h`x `r peostcm hoj riofy n`r tdi kixt usi. Ct cs issiktcoe tdot iqucplikt cs k`t peomif ckt` st`roji wctd`ut hickj fim`ktolckotif t` iksuri
oshist`s f`is k`t sittei ck tdi ckscfi `n tdi iqucplikt. Cn tdi iqucplikt cs fcsp`sohei, ct lust hi fcsp`sif `n cck k tdi soli woy os tdi oshist`s fui t` tdi m`ktolckotc`k. m`ktolckotc`k.
Fcsp`soe `n Oshist`s Zosti CE@ M?>8 - Oshist`s M`kviktc`k, M`kviktc`k, ?34> riqucris tdot oshist`s wosti hi fcsp`sif `n ck omm`rfokmi wctd oky kotc`koe eows okf promtcmi, ck o lokkir tdot f`is k`t p`si o rcsb t` tdi w`rbirs m`kmirkif, ckmeufckj td`si dokfeckj tdi wosti, `r t` oky pirs`ks ck tdi kiorhy vcmckcty `n tdi fcsp`soe pr`miss. Fitoceif ofvcmi `k fcsp`soe pr`mifuris mok hi n`ukf ck tdi CE@ ―]oni usi `n Oshist`s“ m`fi `n promtcmi, wdcmd supp`rts1 •
M?>8 Oshist`s M`kviktc`k ?34> X?:8 Oshist`s Xim`llikfotc`k ?34> Xis`eutc`k m`kmirkckj oshist`s 877>
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Oee tdi oh`vi mok oes` hi n`ukf `k tdi CE@ wihscti1 www.ce`.`rj .Ck Iur`pi, jucfokmi cs tobik nr`l tdi jucfi cssuif hy tdi ]ikc`r Eoh`ur Ckspimt`rs M`llcttii. M`llcttii. Vdi nuee jucfi mok oes` hi f`wke`ofif nr`l tdi CE@ wihscti. Ck tdi YB, jucfokmi cs tobik nr`l tdi D]I - tdi ikn`rmckj outd`rcty n`r dioetd okf sonity ck Ikjeokf, ]m`teokf K`rtdirk Crieokf, okf Zoeis.
Ysi `n ]pimcoecst M`ktromt` M`ktromt`rs rs n`r Xil`voe okf Fcsp`soe `n Oshist`s ]ieimtckj o M`lpitikt ]urviy`r Ommrifctotc`k `r mirtcncmotc`k pr`vcfis mecikts wctd ok ossurokmi `n o surviy`r's m`lpitik m`lpitikmi. mi. M`lpitikt surviy`rs1 • • • • •
Dovi surviy bk`weifji okf bk`w tdi rcsbs ck surviyckj. Dovi trockckj okf ixpircikmi okf rim`jkcsi tdicr eclctotc`ks. Ysi o quoecty lokojilikt systil. ]d`w ckfipikfikmi, clportcoecty, okf cktijrcty. F` tdicr w`rb ck omm`rfokmi wctd j``f promtcmi jucfokmi, (n`r ixolpei, os ck CE@ "]onity ck tdi Ysi `n
Oshist`s"). Mdimbckj m`lpitikmi `n spimcoecst m`ktromt`rs N`r tdi mecikt wd` cs siibckj o m`ktromt`r, ct cs clp`rtokt clp`rtokt t` m`kscfir tdi timdkcmoe stokforfs `n m`ktromt`rs– pr`p`soes n`r priviktckj tdi rcsbs `n1 • • •
]priof `n oshist`s m`ktolckotc`k. m`ktolckotc`k. Ixp`suri t` `tdirs furckj tdi m`ursi `n tdi w`rbs. Wr`vcfckj ofiquoti rim`rfs t` ikohei suhsiquikt l`kct`rckj okf locktikokmi `n oky ikmopsueotif `r ikme`sif lotircoes t` hi inncmcikt okf innimtcvi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 3: `n 864
Vdi updiovoe ckv`evif ck oshist`s ikmopsueotc`k `r ril`voe cs meiorey suhstoktcoe. Vdirin`ri, ct cs clp`rtokt tdot tdi orio sd`uef hi td`r`ujdey surviyif s` tdot oee oshist`s-m`ktockckj oshist`s-m`ktockckj lotircoes mok hi fioet wctd ot tdi soli tcli. N`r tdi pi`pei ckv`evif ck tdi hucefckj fiscjk okf sirvcmis (ormdctimts, mcvce ikjckiirs, hucefckj nomcectcis lokojirs), tdi peokkckj `n tdi oshist`s w`rb loy ckv`evi tobckj omm`ukt `n oee sirvcmis tdot lcjdt kiif t` hi ri-r`utif `r
pr`vcfif1 • •
Zotir, jos, ieimtrcmcty, miktroe diotckj, ocr m`kfctc`kckj, viktceotc`k, ncri oeorls - loy kiif t` hi oetirif s` tdot tdi hucefckj os o wd`ei mok nukmtc`k soniey furckj tdi oshist`s w`rbs. Zotir, jos, ieimtrcmcty, frockoji, tieipd`ki, loy kiif t` hi pr`vcfif n`r tdi oshist`s w`rbs.
Cn y`u ilpe`y `r m`ktr`e pi`pei wd` ori ckv`evif ck s`li mopomcty wctd w`rb `k lotircoes tdot m`ktock oshist`s, y`u sd`uef1 • • • •
Iksuri tdot tdiy ukfirstokf tdicr r`ei wctd rispimt t` priviktckj okf lckclcsckj ixp`suri n`r tdilsievis okf/`r n`r `tdirs. Iksuri tdot oky ritockif oshist`s-m`ktockckj oshist`s-m`ktockckj lotircoes ori l`kct`rif, lokojif, okf pr`pirey locktockif. Iksuri tdot oky p`tiktcoe m`ktromt`rs– timdkcmoe pr`p`soes fil`ks fil`kstroti troti dcjd stokforfs ck m`ktr`eeckj okf priviktckj oshist`s ixp`suri. Iksuri tdot y`u nuence riqucrilikts ukfir kotc`koe rijueotc`ks okf eijcseotc`k, i.j. suh-m`ktromt`rs suh-m`ktromt`rs loy kiif t` d`ef ecmikmis ck s`li lilhir stotis.
Ck s`li stotis `r m`uktrcis wdiri dcjdir-rcsb w`rb wctd oshist`s lust `key hi f`ki hy o ecmiksif m`ktromt`r, tdi lilhir stoti wcee dovi o ecmiksckj e cmiksckj systil. Os ok ixolpei, ck tdi YB, tdi D]I Oshist`s Ecmiksckj Ykct (OEY) `pirotis o "pirlcssc`kckj rijcli" tdot cssuis ecmikmis t` morry `ut ecmiksohei w`rb wctd oshist`s os riqucrif hy rijueotc`k 4 `n Vdi M`ktr`e `n Oshist`s ot Z`rb Xijueotc`ks 87?8. N`r o ecmikmi t` hi jroktif, oppecmokts kiif t` fil`kstroti tdot tdiy dovi tdi kimissory sbcees, m`lpitikmy, m`lpitikmy, ixpirtcsi, bk`weifji, okf ixpircikmi `n w`rb wctd oshist`s, t`jitdir wctd innimtcvi dioetd okf sonity lokojilikt systils. D`efckj o ecmikmi ckmurs sirc`us risp`kschcectcis, portcmueorey ot o sikc`r lokojilikt lokojilikt eivie. O ecmikmi omts os o 'pirlct t` w`rb' wctd oshist`s n`ee`wckj o summissnue ecmikmi ossisslikt cktirvciw. Oppeyckj n`r o ecmikmi t` w`rb wctd oshist`s (`r rikiwckj o ecmikmi) riqucris1 • • • • • •
Vd`r`ujd priporotc`k. O m`llctlikt t` m`ktcku`us clpr`vilikt. Vdi fil`kstrotc`k `n `rjokcsotc`ko `rjokcsotc`koee okf ckfcvcfuoe m`lpitikmi. Ok ixtikscvi bk`weifji `n tdi ckfustry. O wceeckjkiss t` hi omm`uktohei n`r y`ur m`lpoky's pirn`rlokmi. Vdi pr`vcsc`k `n ivcfikmi `n innimtcvi dioetd okf sonity lokojilikt lokojilikt systils.
Ecmikmis ori cssuif n`r o ncxif pirc`f `n tcli (hitwiik ? okf = yiors), ontir wdcmd tdiy kiif t` hi rikiwif. Ot rikiwoe, pirn`rlokmi os rim`rfif n`ee`wckj ckspimtc`ks ckspimtc`ks hy D]I ckspimt`rs okf e`moe outd`rcty `nncmirs wcee oes` hi tobik ckt` omm`ukt.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 34 `n 864
V` osscst mecikts, okf `tdirs, wdik sieimtckj M`ktromt`rs n`r dcjd-rcsb w`rb wctd oshist`s (sumd os ril`voe, okf fcsp`soe) tdi D]I wihscti ecsts oee `n td`si M`ktromt`rs wd` ori murriktey ecmiksif. @key m`ktromt`rs m`ktromt`rs `k tdi ecst sd`uef hi usif n`r dcjdir rcsb w`rb ckv`evckj oshist`s. Ck offctc`k, M`ktromt`rs sd`uef hi vittif n`r tdicr `viroee dioetd okf sonity lokojilikt lokojilikt stokforfs (n`r ixolpei quoecty `n D]I p`ecmy2 ilpe`yii D]I trockckj2 privc`us w`rb rim`llikfotc`ks2 privc`us ikn`rmilikt omtc`ks.).
Ck offctc`koe, lilhirsdcp `n o pr`nissc`koe trofi h`fy mok diep ossiss tdi quoecty okf m`lpitikmi `n pr`spimtcvi M`ktromt`rs - n`r ixolpei, lilhirsdcp `n tdi Oshist`s ril`voe M`ktromt`rs Oss`mcotc`k (OXMO.)
Offctc`koe M`ktr`e Liosuris n`r Z`rbckj wctd Eiof Cktr`fumtc`k Eiof cs o s`nt, heui-jriy litoe. Ct cs n`ukf ot e`w m`kmiktrotc`ks ck tdi iortd–s mrust prif`lckoktey prif`lckoktey os eiof suepdcfi (joeiko), hut tdi wcfispriof `mmurrikmi `n eiof ck tdi ikvcr`klikt cs eorjiey tdi risuet `n oktdr`p`jikcm (dulo (dulok) k) omtcvcty. Vdi utcecty `n eiof okf eiof m`lp`ukfs wiri fcsm`virif ck pridcst`rcm tclis. Eiof dos hiik usif ck peulhckj okf toheiwori sckmi tdi tcli `n tdi X`lok Ilpcri. Eiof usoji ckmriosif pr`jrisscviey wctd ckfustrcoecsotc`k okf r`si frolotcmoeey wctd tdi wcfispriof usi `n tdi out`l`hcei out`l`hcei ck tdi twiktcitd miktury. Eiof dos n`ukf loa`r usis ck pcpis okf peulhckj, pcjlikts okf pockts, jos`ecki offctcvis, m`kstrumtc`k lotircoes, okf eiof-omcf hottircis. Vdi usis `n eiof ck pcpis, pockts, okf jos`ecki offctcvis dovi risuetif ck suhstoktcoe cktr`fumtc`ks `n eiof ckt` tdi ikvcr`klikt okf dulok ixp`suri okf ori hickj pdosif `ut ck loky m`uktrcis. Vdi prif`lckokt usi `n eiof cs k`w ck eiof-omcf hottircis okf, t` o eissir ixtikt, ck m`kstrumtc`k lotircoes okf eiof-hosif mdilcmoes. Eiof ixcsts ck h`td `rjokcm okf ck`rjokcm n`rls1 Ck`rjokcm Eiof
Vdi l`st clp`rtokt r`utis `n ohs`rptc`k `n ck`rjokcm eiof ori ckjistc`k vco tdi jostr`cktistcko jostr`cktistckoee tromt (`ntik himousi `n p``r dyjciki, k`t wosdckj dokfs hin`ri iotckj okf frckbckj ontir dokfeckj eiof) okf ckdoeotc`k `n fust, nulis, `r vop`ur ckt` tdi eukjs. Vdi innimts ori mulueotcvi (eiof cs k`t ioscey ixmritif nr`l tdi h`fy). Cn eiof eivies jit t`` dcjd ct mok mousi sylpt`ls sumd os fczzckiss, tcrifkiss, mrolps, diofomdis ivik okf okoilco. M`ktcku`us ukm`ktr`eeif ixp`suri mok mousi l`ri sirc`us sylpt`ls sumd os bcfkiy foloji, kirvi okf hrock foloji, cknirtcecty. @rjokcm Eiof
@rjokcm eiof m`lp`ukfs sumd os titro-itdye okf titro-litdye eiof opprimcohey fimeckif wctd tdi filcsi `n eiofif pitr`e (os `n Auki 87?>, `key Oejirco, Silik okf Croq m`ktckuif wcfispriof usi `n eiofif jos`ecki). W`tiktcoe dcjdir ixp`suri m`kmirkif omtcvctcis ckv`evckj tdi heikfckj `n tdi eiof ckt` jos`ecki okf ck tdi meiokckj `ut `n eiofif jos`ecki st`roji tokbs. @rjokcm eiof mok iktir tdi h`fy tdr`ujd ckdoeotc`k `r ckjistc`k. Ct cs oes` riofcey ohs`rhif tdr`ujd tdi sbck. Omuti ixp`suri t` o dcjd eivie `vir mok mousi ckt`xcmotc`k, os mok e`wir ixp`suris `vir o e`kjir pirc`f `n tcli. Lcefir innimts ckmeufi tcrifkiss, wcef friols, okxcity, trilheckj okf e`ss `n oppitcti. L`ri siviri ckt`xcmotc`k mousis ipcs`fis `n fcs`rciktotc`k, doeeumckotc`ks doeeumckotc`ks okf cktiksi omtcvcty wdcmd loy riqucri ok ckfcvcfuoe t` hi ristrockif. Vdi ipcs`fis loy m`kvirt ck m`kvuescvi siczuris, wdcmd loy ikf ck ukm`ksmc`uskiss `r fiotd.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji 33 `n 864
Innimts `n eiof `k tdi h`fy.
Vdi CE@ dos ecttei spimcncm ckn`rlotc`k `k w`rbckj wctd eiof hut f`is m`vir tdi rcsbs `n w`rbckj wctd eiof ck cts f`mulikt "]onity okf dioetd ck tdi k`k-nirr`us litoes litoes ckfustrcis". "Ohs`rptc`k `n eiof `mmurs lockey vco tdi eukjs okf hy ckjistc`k. ]d`rt-tirl (omuti) ixp`suri t` ck`rjokcm eiof mok eiof t` vojui sylpt`ls sumd os diofomdi, notcjui, kousio, ohf`lckoe mrolps okf m`kstcpotc`k. E`kj-tirl (mdr`kcm) ixp`suri mousis okoilco okf pircpdiroe l`t`r kiur`potdy. Xikoe foloji okf ikmipdoe`potdy dovi hiik fismrchif lockey ck mdcefrik okf y`ukj y `ukj pi`pei. Eiof loy oes` clpocr nirtcecty okf mousi dorl t` tdi ukh`rk mdcef". ]pimcncm ckn`rlotc`k mok hi n`ukf `k tdi YB–s D]I wihscti. Vdi D]I ofvcsis tdot w`rbirs ori l`st ot rcsb wdik w`rb pr`fumis eiof fust, nuli, `r vop`ur. Vdcs mok ckmeufi1 • • • •
Heost ril`voe okf hurkckj `n `ef eiof pockt ]trcppckj `n `ef eiof pockt nr`l f``rs, wckf`ws, itm D`t muttckj ck fil`ectc`k okf fcslokteckj `pirotc`ks ]mrop-pr`missckj omtcvctcis, ckmeufckj rim`virckj eiof nr`l smrop okf wosti
• • • • • • • • •
Eiof-omcf hottiry lokunomturi, hriobckj, okf rimymeckj ]`li pocktckj `n hucefckjs ]`li sproy-pocktckj `n vidcmeis Z`rbckj wctd litoeecm eiof okf oee`ys m`ktockckj eiof, i.j. s`efirckj Eiof slietckj, rinckckj, oee`yckj, okf mostckj Lokunomturckj okf pdyscmoeey pr`missckj (i.j. hojjckj) eiof m`lp`ukfs Lokunomturckj eiofif jeoss Lokunomturckj okf usckj pcjlikts, m`e`urs, okf mirolcm jeozis Ximymeckj `n oky lotircoes m`ktockckj eiof (i.j. moheis, V^s `r m`lputir l`kct`rs m`ktockckj motd`fi roy tuhis (MXV))
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?77 `n 864
M`ktr`e liosuris n`r w`rbckj wctd eiof sd`uef hi fiscjkif t` privikt ckdoeotc`k `n fust `r nulis okf priviktc`k `n ckjistc`k. Wriviktc`k okf m`ktr`e ori omdcivif vco tdi n`ee`wckj litd`fs1
?. Z`rb Litd`f Z`rbirs sd`uef eclct tdi ol`ukt `n fust `r nuli tdot ori mriotif. Ysi `n `ki `r l`ri `n tdi n`ee`wckj sd`uef hi
m`kscfirif1 • •
Mdilcmoe pockt strcppir t` ov`cf fust wdik strcppckj eiof m`otckjs. Zit ohroscvi popir okf smropir t` folpik f`wk oky fust ril`vif wdik sokfckj `r strcppckj eiof
•
hosif pr`fumts. Ok "`k t``e ixtromtc`k" litd`f wdiri fust cs fcvirtif owoy ck o sclceor woy t` o mopt`r d``f hut `k o smoei rieivokt t` tdi t``e. Ck tdisi mosis, tdi t``es ori ncttif wctd tdi ukct.
8.Xispcrot`ry Wr`timtcvi Iqucplikt (XWI) XWI sd`uef dovi o suctohei okf sunncmcikt pr`timtc`k nomt`r ck tdi ncetrotc`k simtc`k. N`r e`kjir furotc`k w`rb p`wirif XWI wctd tdi soli pr`timtc`k sd`uef hi m`kscfirif. XWI kiifs t` hi m`lpotchei wctd `tdir pr`timtcvi iqucplikt okf nct tistckj cs kiifif n`r tcjdt ncttckj losbs. Wi`pei wiorckj XWI kiif t` hi meiok-sdovik ck `rfir n`r tdi sioe t` nct m`rrimtey.
=. Wriviktckj spriof Offctc`koe m`ktr`es t` privikt fust `r nuli spriofckj i.j. peostcm sdiitckj sd`uef hi usif t` siporoti okf m`vir surnomis. Oky s`nt nurkcsdckjs ck tdi vcmckcty sd`uef hi pr`timtif okf surnomis sd`uef hi meiokif td`r`ujdey ontir tdi w`rb cs m`lpeiti. Oee m`ktolcko m`ktolckotif tif wosti kiifs t` hi fcsp`sif `n soniey wctd portcmueor ottiktc`k t` biipckj mdcefrik okf prijkokt w`lik owoy nr`l tdi w`rb orio.
6. Me`tdckj Fcsp`sohei m`viroees okf wosdohei (i.j. W^M) `r fcsp`sohei je`vis ori riqucrif cn tdiri cs ecbiey t` hi eiof fust m`ktolckotc`k. m`ktolckotc` k. Vdiy sd`uef hi ril`vif wdik eiovckj tdi w`rb orio. Wr`timtcvi me`tdckj lust k`t hi w`rk ck rist orios okf lust hi bipt owoy nr`l pirs`koe me`tdckj w`rk `utscfi `n w`rb. Oky m`ktolckotif me`tdckj sd`uef k`t hi wosdif ot d`li.
9. Zosdckj
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?7? `n 864
Zosdckj cs ok clp`rtokt m`ktr`e. Ck loky mosis, stokforf scti wienori nomcectcis wcee hi sunncmcikt. Z`rbirs kiif t` hi ckstrumtif tdot tdiy sd`uef iksuri tdot tdiy1 • •
Zosd dokfs okf n`riorls hin`ri iotckj, frckbckj, sl`bckj, usckj tdi tieipd`ki, tobckj lifcmotc`k, itm. Ov`cf dokf-l`utd m`ktomt wdik ck m`ktolckotif m`ktolckotif orios.
>.Hriobs M`ktolckotc`k M`ktolckotc` k sd`uef hi ov`cfif hy tobckj rist okf lioe hriobs owoy nr`l tdi w`rb orio.
:. Vrockckj Z`rbirs kiif t` hi owori `n tdi rcsbs nr`l eiof okf sd`uef rimicvi ckstrumtc`k ck d`w t` usi oky m`ktr`es okf pr`timtcvi iqucplikt. Vdcs sd`uef hi f`ki hin`ri tdiy m`llikmi w`rb ckv`evckj eiof. Oky trockckj kiifs t` hi rim`rfif.
4. ]upirvcsi M`ktr`es, pr`timtcvi iqucplikt, okf wienori kiif t` hi supirvcsif t` iksuri tdot tdiy rilock innimtcvi okf ori usif m`rrimtey hy tdi w`rbirs.
3. Locktock Ilpe`yirs sd`uef iksuri tdot tdiri cs ik`ujd wotir, peostcm sdiitckj, me`tdckj, itm. okf tdot iqucplikt cs pr`pirey locktockif.
?7. L`kct`r Oppr`prcoti lifcmoe surviceeokmi cs kiifif cn w`rbirs dovi scjkcncmokt ixp`suri. Vdcs wcee hi m`virif hy tdi `mmupotc`koee dioetd fiportlikt `r ok ixtirkoe m`lpoky. `mmupotc`ko
Dioetd surviceeokmi n`r td`si w`rbirs wd` rijueorey ukfirtobi w`rb wdiri oshist`s, `r eiof ori ecbiey t` hi prisikt Oshist`s Ortcmei 8? `n CE@ M?>8 - Oshist`s M`kviktc`k, ?34> (K`. ?>8) riqucris1 ―Z`rbirs wd` ori `r dovi hiik ixp`sif t` oshist`s sdoee hi pr`vcfif, ck omm`rfokmi omm`rfokmi wctd kotc`koe eow okf promtcmi, wctd sumd lifcmoe ixolckotc`ks os ori kimissory t` supirvcsi tdicr dioetd ck rieotc`k t` tdi `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dozorf, okf t` fcojk`si `mmupotc`koe fcsiosis mousif hy ixp`suri t` oshist`s“. CE@ X?:8 - Oshist`s Xim`llikfotc`k, ?34> j`is `k t` stoti1 ―N`r tdi priviktc`k `n fcsiosi okf nukmtc`koe clpocrlikt clpocrlikt rieotif t` ixp`suri t` oshist`s, oee w`rbirs osscjkif t` w`rb ckv`evckj ixp`suri t` oshist`s sd`uef hi pr`vcfif, os oppr`prcoti, wctdo) o pri-osscjklikt lifcmoe ixolckotc`k. ixolckotc`k. h) pirc`fcm lifcmoe ixolckotc`ks ot oppr`prcoti cktirvoes. m) `tdir tists okf ckvistcjotc`ks, ck portcmueor mdist rofc`jropds rofc`jropds okf eukj nukmtc`k tists, wdcmd loy hi kimissory t` supirvcsi tdicr stoti `n dioetd ck rieotc`k t` tdi `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe dozorf okf t` cfiktcny iorey ckfcmot`rs `n fcsiosi mousif hy oshist`s.“
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?78 `n 864
Eiof CE@ X?:: - Mdilcmoes Xim`llikfotc`k, ?337 stotis1 ―Vdi ilpe`yir, `r tdi ckstctutc`k c kstctutc`k m`lpitikt ukfir kotc`koe eow okf promtcmi, sd`uef hi riqucrif t` orrokji, tdr`ujd o litd`f wdcmd omm`rfs wctd kotc`koe eow okf promtcmi, sumd lifcmoe surviceeokmi `n w`rbirs os cs kimissory1
o) n`r tdi ossisslikt `n tdi dioetd `n w`rbirs ck rieotc`k t` dozorfs mousif hy ixp`suri t` mdilcmoes. h) n`r tdi fcojk`scs `n w`rb-rieotif fcsiosis okf ckaurcis mousif hy ixp`suri t` dozorf`us mdilcmoes. m) Zdiri tdi risuets `n lifcmoe tists `r ckvistcjotc`ks rivioe meckcmoe `r primeckcmoe innimts, liosuris sd`uef hi tobik t` privikt `r rifumi ixp`suri `n tdi w`rbirs m`kmirkif, okf t` privikt nurtdir fitirc`rotc`k `n tdicr dioetd. f) Vdi risuets `n lifcmoe ixolckotc`ks sd`uef hi usif t` fitirlcki dioetd stotus wctd rispimt t` ixp`suri t` mdilcmoes okf sd`uef k`t hi usif t` fcsmrclckoti ojockst tdi w`rbir“. Hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj cs o t``e tdot cs usuoeey usif n`r ossissckj w`rbirs– uptobi `n eiof. Ct dieps t` fitirlcki wditdir ixp`suri t` eiof cs ofiquotiey m`ktr`eeif. N`r hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj `n ixp`suri t` ck`rjokcm eiof, liosurilikt `n he``f eiof m`kmiktrotc`k cs usif. Hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj n`r ixp`suri t` `rjokcm eiof cs ukfirtobik hy liosurckj t`toe eiof ck urcki, wdcmd rineimts ixp`suri t` h`td `rjokcm okf ck`rjokcm eiof. Ok ckctcoe lifcmoe ossisslikt ossisslikt sd`uef hi morrcif `ut hin`ri o pirs`k storts w`rb wctd eiof. Vdcs wcee ckmeufi fitirlckotc`k `n o ―hosiecki“ he``f eiof eivie. Wirc`fcm lifcmoe ossisslikts sd`uef hi tdik morrcif `ut. (tdi YB D]I rim`llikfs ot cktirvoes `n k`t l`ri tdok ?8 l`ktds).
3.41 ^iktceotc`k okf WWI ^iktceotc`k Vdi usis okf eclctotc`ks `n fceutc`k viktceotc`k Fceutc`k' viktceotc`k cs o tirl usif t` fincki tdi ne`w `n ocr ckt` okf `ut `n o w`rbckj orio, n`r ixolpei ok `nncmi `r w`rbsd`p spomi, s` tdot oky m`ktolckokts ori fceutif hy offckj s`li nrisd ocr. Vdcs mok hi pr`vcfif hy ictdir. • •
Koturoe viktceotc`k wdcmd riecis `k wckf prissuri okf tilpiroturi fcnnirikmis t` l`vi nrisd ocr tdr`ujd o hucefckj okf cs usuoeey k`t nueey m`ktr`eeohei. N`rmif `r limdokcmoe viktceotc`k wdcmd usis limdokcmoe suppey okf/`r ixtromtc`k t` pr`vcfi nrisd ocr okf cs m`ktr`eeohei.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?7= `n 864
Wrckmcpeis `n @pirotc`k okf Fiscjk `n Fceutc`k ^iktceotc`k
N`r koturoe fceutc`k viktceotc`k, tdi ocr ckput mok hi posscvi, pr`vcfif hy. • • • •
Koturoeey `mmurrckj ocr l`vilikts @pik vikts Zckf`ws @pik f``rs
N`r limdokcmoe fceutc`k viktceotc`k, viktceotc`k, tdi ocr ckput cs omtcvi, pr`vcfif hy o nok `r ok ocr l`vir. Meiok ocr cs l`vif ckt` tdi w`rbpeomi, okf tdcs lcxis wctd tdi m`ktolckotif ocr, fceutckj tdi m`kmiktrotc`k `n tdi dozorf`us suhstokmi. Vdi p`sctc`k `n tdi ocr ckeits okf `uteits cs fitirlckif hy tdi t di l`eimueor wicjdt `n tdi m`ktolckokt. m`ktolckokt. Cn tdi m`ktolckokt dos o tikfikmy tikfikmy t` sckb, tdik tdi ocr ckeits wcee hi p`sctc`kif ot o dcjd eivie, okf tdi `uteits ot o e`w eivie. Cn tdi m`ktolckokt rcsis, tdik tdi ckeits wcee hi p`sctc`kif ot ne``r eivie, okf tdi `uteits me`si t` miceckj eivie. Ct cs oes` clp`rtokt tdot tdi ocr ne`w f`is k`t n`rmi tdi m`ktolckokts t` poss me`si t` w`rbirs– hriotdckj z`kis. Vdi ocr l`vilikt sd`uef morry tdi m`ktolckotif ocr owoy nr`l tdi w`rbirs. W`sctc`kckj tdi ckeits okf `uteits m`rrimtey cs oes` clp`rtokt t` privikt fiof sp`ts wdiri tdi m`ktolckokt mok ommulueoti. Fceutc`k viktceotc`k wcee m`lpeitiey ripeomi oee tdi ocr ck o r``l. Vdcs cs moeeif ok ocr-mdokji. Vdi rcsb ossisslikt lust moemueoti d`w loky ocr mdokjis ok d`ur ori kimissory t` rifumi ixp`suri t` tdi suhstokmi hie`w cts @mmupotc`koe Ixp`suri Eclct. Ot tdi ixol, y`u m`uef hi osbif t` moemueoti tdi kulhir `n ocr mdokjis ok d`ur, pr`vcfif hy o fceutc`k viktceotc`k systil. Vdi n`rlueo n`r tdcs cs1
^`euli `n ocr tdr`ujdput iomd d`ur ^`euli `n tdi w`rb orio. N`r ixolpei1 • •
^`euli `n o r``l1 87l eikjtd, 9l wcfi, okf =l dcjd. Ocr tdr`ujdput iomd d`ur1 =777l=.
Vdi v`euli `n tdi r``l cs Eikjtd x Zcftd x Dicjdt. Ck tdcs mosi, 87 x 9 x = < =77l=. Zi mok k`w moemueoti tdi kulhir `n ocr mdokjis1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?76 `n 864
=777 < ?7 ocr mdokjis ok d`ur. (sd`uef hi =777 `vir =77 < ?7 ocr mdokjis ok d`ur) d`ur) =77 Ct cs prinirohei t` pr`vcfi fceutc`k viktceotc`k tdot mdokjis tdi ocr l`ri nriquiktey tdok riqucrif. Vdcs cs himousi1 •
Cn tdi fceutc`k viktceotc`k `key liits tdi lckclul riqucrilikt, tdiri m`uef hi s`li orios `n tdi w`rb
•
orio wdiri sunncmcikt fceutc`k f`is k`t `mmur. Noks okf ocr l`virs e`si inncmcikmy `vir tcli, okf tdi kulhir `n ocr mdokjis wcee se`wey fimriosi os tdi iqucplikt wiors `ut. Ct m`uef fimriosi hie`w tdi lckclul riqucrif ocr mdokjis.
Fceutc`k viktceotc`k cs suctohei wdik tdi dozorf`us suhstokmis hickj fceutif1 • • • • •
Dovi e`w t`xcmcty, `r o dcjd @mmupotc`koe @mmupotc`koe Ixp`suri Eclct. Ori jikirotif ck sloee quoktctcis, `r dovi o e`w ivop`rotc`k roti. Ori nulis, vop`urs, `r josis. Fceutc`k viktceotc`k cs k`t suctohei n`r fusts, sckmi tdisi tikf t` sittei. Ori hickj jikirotif ot o stiofy, ukcn`rl, roti. Ori k`t hickj jikirotif me`si t` tdi w`rbirs– hriotdckj z`ki.
Eclctotc`ks `n fceutc`k viktceotc`k mok ckmeufi1 • • •
Vdi roti `n m`ktolckokt pr`fumif cs t`` dcjd n`r ct t` hi innimtcviey fceutif hy tdi ocrne`w roti. Vdi m`ktolckokt dos o dcjd t`xcmcty. Vdi m`ktolckokt cs k`t pr`fumif ot o ukcn`rl roti, c.i. tdiri ori tclis wdiri o dcjdir quoktcty `n tdi m`ktolckokt m`ktolcko kt cs hickj jikirotif.
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Vdi m`ktolckokt cs jikirotif ck dcjd m`kmiktrotc`ks okf mokk`t hi rifumif hie`w tdi @mmupotc`koe Ixp`suri Eivie. Vdi m`ktolckokt ocr loy hi frowk `r he`wk t`worfs tdi nomis `n tdi w`rbirs. Vdi ocr ne`w loy onnimt tdi pirn`rlokmi `n `tdir ixtromtc`k systils i.j. nuli muph`orfs `r EI^. Vdi m`ktolckokt cs o fust, tdirin`ri tdi mopturi vie`mcty cs t`` e`w t` mopturi okf ril`vi tdi fust.
• • •
Vdi purp`si `n tdi typcmoe m`lp`kikts `n ok EI^ okf tdicr nukmtc`k. EI^ cs ok ikjckiirckj m`ktr`e systil t` rifumi ixp`suris t` ocrh`rki m`ktolckokts sumd os fust, lcst, nuli, vop`ur, `r jos ck o w`rbpeomi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?79 `n 864
L`st systils, hut k`t oee, dovi tdi n`ee`wckj1 • • • •
D``f1 Vdcs cs wdiri tdi m`ktolckokt me`uf iktirs tdi EI^. Fumtckj1 Vdcs m`kfumts ocr okf tdi m`ktolckokt nr`l tdi d``f t` tdi fcsmdorji p`ckt. Ocr meiokir `r orrist`r1 Vdcs ncetirs `r meioks tdi ixtromtif ocr. K`t oee systils kiif ocr meiokckj. Ocr l`vir1 Vdi —ikjcki– tdot p`wirs tdi ixtromtc`k systil, usuoeey o nok.
Fcsmdorji1 Vdcs rieiosis tdi ixtromtif ocr t` o soni peomi.
W`rtohei EI^
Vdi D``f ]ummissnue EI^ systils m`ktock, mopturi, `r rimicvi tdi m`ktolckokt me`uf wctdck tdi EI^ d``f okf morry ct owoy. Vdi jriotir tdi fijrii `n ikme`suri `n tdi s`urmi, tdi l`ri ecbiey ct cs tdot t dot m`ktr`e wcee hi summissnue. J``f promtcmi riqucris l`kct`rckj tdi pirn`rlokmi `n tdi d``f, n`r ixolpei, hy usckj ok ocrne`w ckfcmot`r. D``f sieimtc`k okf fiscjk ori mrctcmoe t` tdi pirn`rlokmi `n ok EI^ systil, okf lust lotmd tdi pr`miss, tdi s`urmi, pr`fumtc`k okf d`w tdi `pirot`r morrcis `ut tdi t di pr`miss. EI^ systils w`rb innimtcviey wdik tdi ocrh`rki m`ktol m`ktolckokt ckokt me`uf cs m`ktockif, rimicvif, `r mopturif hy tdi d``f. Vdi innimtcvikiss `n EI^ mok hi aufjif hy1 • • •
D`w lumd tdi d``f m`kstrocks tdi m`ktolckokt me`uf. D`w wiee tdi EI^-ckfumif ocrne`w morrcis tdi m`ktolckokt m`ktolckokt me`uf ckt` tdi t di systil. D`w ecttei `n tdi m`ktolckokt m`ktolckokt me`uf iktirs tdi pr`miss `pirot`r–s `pirot`r–s hriotdckj z`ki.
D``fs dovi o wcfi rokji `n sdopis, sczis, okf fiscjks. Zdcei tdiy loy e``b sclceor, tdiy m`ktr`e m`ktolckokt me`ufs ck tdrii fcnnirikt woys. Vdi —meosscncmotc`k– `n d``fs dcjdecjdts tdicr issiktcoe nioturis, okf tdiy noee ckt` tdrii hoscm motij`rcis1 • Ikme`sckj d``fs • Ximicvckj d``fs • Mopturckj d``fs ^cfi` - dttps1//www.y`utuhi.m`l/ dttps1//www.y`utuhi.m`l/wotmd0v `n 864
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Ct cs ok offctc`koe systil t` `piroti okf locktock, `tdirwcsi ct m`uef him`li ok ixp`suri okf/`r ncri dozorf. Z`rbirs lust hi pr`pirey trockif ck tdi systil–s m`rrimt usi, cts innimtcvikiss okf locktikokmi kiifs. EI^ mok suppey `xyjik t` o ncri. N`r tdcs rios`k, ct cs `ntik kimissory t` eckb ct t` tdi ncri oeorl okf fitimtc`k systil s` ct turks `nn out`lotcmoeey out`lotcmoeey cn tdi ncri oeorl cs omtcvotif.
Cssuis tdot lcjdt Lobi EI^ Ckinncmcikt.
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W``rey fiscjkif systil (sumd os ukfir sczckj tdi ixtromtc`k nok). Weoyckj tdi mopt`r d``f t`` nor owoy nr`l tdi m`ktolckokt (sumd os o wiefckj nuli mopt`r d``f).
• • • •
Mdokji ck `pirotc`k (sumd os usckj o systil tdot wos fiscjkif n`r vop`urs, t` ixtromt litoe nuli). Lobckj ukoutd`rcsif mdokjis t` tdi systil (sumd os offckj "hrokmd" fumtckj t` tdi systil). He`mbojis ck tdi ncetrotc`k systil (p`sschey hy noceuri t` ilpty `r meiok). Eiobs nr`l tdi fumtckj.
WWI/XWI Vdi typis `n WWI n`r usi wctd dozorf`us suhstokmis (mdilcmoe okf hc`e`jcmoe) Mdilcmoes mok mousi dorl t` duloks ck siviroe fcnnirikt woys. Vdiy mok mousi ckaury tdr`ujd fcrimt sbck m`ktomt, hy ckdoeotc`k `n josis, nulis, vop`urs, okf fusts, okf hy ckofvirtikt ckjistc`k. Vdi n`ee`wckj ecsts tdi WWI ovoceohei t` pr`timt tdi fcnnirikt ports `n tdi t di h`fy. •
Iyi okf nomi pr`timtc`k, ckmeufckj sonity jeossis, j`jjeis, nomi-sdciefs, okf vcs`rs.
• • •
Dokfpr`timtc`k, okf orl pr`timtc`k, lockey okf joukteits. N``t sumd os h``ts okfje`vis wieeckjt`ks. Xispcrot`ry pr`timtc`k, sumd os losbs, rispcrot`rs, okf hriotdckj opporotus.
Xispcrot`ry pr`timtcvi iqucplikt (XWI) Loky w`rbirs wior rispcrot`rs `r hriotdckj opporotus t` pr`timt tdicr dioetd ck tdi w`rbpeomi. Vdisi fivcmis ori m`eeimtcviey bk`wk os rispcrot`ry pr`timtcvi iqucplikt (XWI). Xispcrot`rs ncetir tdi ocr t` ril`vi dorlnue suhstokm suhstokmis is okf hriotdckj opporotus (HO) pr`vcfis meiok ocr n`r tdi w`rbir t` hriotdi. Z`rb omtcvctcis loy risuet ck dorlnue suhstokmis m`ktol m`ktolckotckj ckotckj tdi ocr ck tdi n`rl `n fust, lcst, vop`ur, jos, `r nuli. N`r ixolpei, wdik1 • •
Muttckj o lotircoe sumd os st`ki `r w``f Ysckj o pr`fumt m`ktockckj v`eotcei s`evikts
• •
Dokfeckj o fusty p`wfir Ziefckj stockeiss stiie, jikirotckj wiefckj nulis
Z`rbirs loy oes` kiif t` w`rb ck orios wdiri `xyjik eivies ori `r loy him`li e`w, n`r ixolpei1 m`knckif spomis, sumd os o trikmd, sce`, `r tokb. XWI cs o portcmueor typi `n pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt (WWI) fiscjkif t` pr`timt tdi wiorir nr`l hriotdckj ck dorlnue suhstokmis `r nr`l `xyjik-fincmcikt otl`spdiris wdik `tdir m`ktr`es ori ictdir k`t p`sschei `r cksunncmcikt `k tdicr `wk. Ck tdi n`ee`wckj simtc`ks wi wcee fcsmuss1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ??: `n 864
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Vdi typis `n rispcrot`rs okf hriotdckj opporotus, okf tdicr oppecmotc`ks okf eclctotc`ks. Vdi sieimtc`k mrctirco n`r XWI, ckmeufckj1 ` Otl`spdiri `r suhstokmi rieotif cssuis. ` Vosb okf w`rb orio rieotif cssuis. ` Ziorir rieotif cssuis. ` _uoecty rieotif cssuis. Nomi nct tistckj.
Vdi Vypis `n XWI okf tdicr Oppecmotc`k okf Eclctotc`ks Vdiri ori hoscmoeey tw` motij`rcis `n rispcrot`ry pr`timtc`k1 • •
Xispcrot`rs1 Ncetir m`ktolckokts nr`l m`ktolckotif ocr (sumd os fust, s`evikt vop`ur). Hriotdckj Opporotus1 Wr`vcfif o meiok suppey `n `xyjik (sumd os j`ckj ckt` m`knckif spomis wdcmd ori `xyjik fipeitif).
Xispcrot`rs lust KI^IX hi usif ck `xyjik fipeitif otl`spdiris. Vdiy f` k`t pr`vcfi `xyjik. Zdcmdivir XWI cs usif ct lust hi ofiquoti, ck tdot ct rifumis ixp`suri t` tdi eivie riqucrif t` pr`timt tdi wiorir–s dioetd. Ct lust oes` hi suctohei, ck tdot ct cs rcjdt n`r tdi wiorir, tosb, okf ikvcr`klikt, sumd tdot tdi wiorir mok w`rb nriiey okf wctd`ut offctc`koe rcsbs fui t` tdi XWI.
Xispcrot`rs Vypis ckmeufi1 • • • • •
Fcsp`sohei doen losb. Xi-usohei doen losb. Nuee nomi losb. W`wirif losb. W`wirif d``f, dielit.
O k`k-p`wirif rispcrot`r riecis `k tdi wiorir–s hriotdckj t` frow ocr tdr`ujd tdi ncetir. O p`wirif rispcrot`r wcee usi o l`t`r t` poss ocr tdr`ujd tdi ncetir t` jcvi o suppey `n meiok ocr. Vdcs lobis hriotdckj ioscir hut riqucris o p`wir suppey.
Vdi m`rrimt typi `n rispcrot`r ncetir lust hi usif os iomd cs innimtcvi n`r `key o eclctif rokji `n suhstokmis. Zdiri tdiri cs o sd`rtoji `n `xyjik `r oky fokjir `n e`sckj m`ksmc`uskiss fui t` ixp`suri t` dcjd eivies `n dorlnue nulis, `key usi hriotdckj opporotus - kivir usi o ncetirckj mortrcfji. Ncetirs `key dovi o eclctif ecni2 wdik ripeomckj tdil `r oky `tdir port, mdimb wctd tdi lokunomturir–s jucfokmi okf iksuri tdi m`rrimt ripeomilikt port cs usif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ??4 `n 864
Vdi ncetir cs o biy m`lp`kikt `n oky rispcrot`r. Ncetirs ori ovoceohei n`r s`ecf `r ecqucf portcmeis, vop`urs, okf josis. Vdiy mok hi ok cktrckscm port `n tdi fivcmi `r m`li siporotiey s` tdiy mok hi mdokjif `k o riusohei rispcrot`r. Ct cs vctoe tdot y`u md``si tdi m`rrimt ncetir, wdcmd wcee hi innimtcvi ojockst tdi dozorf. Vdiri ori tw` hoscm ncetir typis ovoceohei1 • •
Wortcmei ncetirs. Jos `r vop`ur ncetirs.
Ocrh`rki ecqucfs ecbi ncki sproys okf lcsts, okf s`ecf lotircoes ecbi fusts, nchris, sl`bi, okf nuli, riqucri o portcmei ncetir. Kictdir typi `n ncetir mok hi usif ck ok `xyjik fincmcikt otl`spdiri. ]`li ]`li sctuotc`ks loy riqucri o m`lhckotc`k `n ncetirs t` pr`timt ojockst tdi fcnnirikt suhstokmis `r n`rls prisikt.
Hriotdckj Opporotus Vdiri ori fcnnirikt typis hut oee1 • •
Zcee suppey ocr nr`l ok ckfipikfikt s`urmi sumd os o m`lprissif ocr myeckfir `r ocr m`lpriss`r. Mok hi usif ojockst o rokji `n ocrh`rki dozorfs okf ck fcnnirikt otl`spdiris. otl`spdiris.
Hriotdckj opporotus (HO) m`lprcsi o losb, ok ocrecki, okf o suppey. Vdi sien-m`ktockif HO cs nif nr`l o myeckfir w`rk `k tdi homb `n o usir. Ck tdcs sctuotc`k, tdiri cs o eclctif ocr suppey (usuoeey oh`ut =7 lckutis). Vdi m`lpriss`r nif typi dos o sclceor losb okf suppey ecki. D`wivir, ct dos o m`lpriss`r t` suppey ocr, wdcmd lioks ct mok hi usif n`r ukeclctif pirc`fs. Vdi fcsofvoktoji fcsofvoktoji cs tdi eclctotc`ks `k l`vilikt mousif hy tdi ocrecki. Hriotdckj opporotus cs usif wdik tdiri ori dcjd eivies `n t`xcm lotircoe (sumd os sl`bi ck o hucefckj2 dyfr`jik suepdcfi eiob ot o mdilcmoe peokt2 litdoki ck o siwir) `r wdik ttdiri diri loy hi fipeitif `xyjik (sumd os ck s`li m`knckif spomi iktry omtcvctcis).
Otl`spdiri `r ]uhstokmi Xieotif Nomt`rs XWI mok pr`timt ojockst tw` fcnnirikt typis `n dozorfs1 • •
Dozorf`us suhstokmis ck tdi otl`spdiri, wdcmd m`uef hi ckdoeif. @xyjik fincmcikmy.
Vdisi tw` dozorfs ori iktcriey fcnnirikt. Xispcrot`rs ncetir `ut mirtock typis `n dozorf`us suhstokmis. suhstokmis. Hriotdckj opporotus pr`vcfis nrisd ocr t` tdi wiorir. Vdi md`cmi hitwiik tdi tw` fipikfs `k wditdir ok `xyjik fincmcikmy cs ecbiey t` hi prisikt `r k`t.
Osscjkif Wr`timtc`k Nomt`r (OWN) S`u kiif t` iksuri tdot tdi XWI y`u sieimt mok pr`timt tdi w`rbir nr`l tdi dozorf`us suhstokmi suhstokmi ck tdi ocr or`ukf tdil. S`ur fimcsc`k wcee fipikf `k tdi ol`ukt ck tdi ocr okf cts n`rl (i.j. portcmeis, vop`ur). Vdiri ori vorc`us typis `n rispcrot`r okf HO ovoceohei. Vdi pr`timtc`k tdiy `nnir wcee hi fitirlckif hy siviroe tdckjs, ckmeufckj tdi pr`timtc`k nomt`r. Ck sclpei tirls, tdcs cs tdi rotc` `n dozorf`us suhstokmi `utscfi tdi XWI t` tdi ol`ukt ckscfi tdi XWI.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ??3 `n 864
V` diep y`u, iomd XWI typi okf meoss cs motij`rcsif hy ok osscjkif pr`timtc`k nomt`r (OWN). Vdi OWN cs o kulhir rotckj tdot ckfcmotis d`w lumd pr`timtc`k tdot typi `n XWI mok pr`vcfi. N`r ixolpei, XWI wctd ok OWN `n ?7 wcee rifumi tdi wiorir–s ixp`suri hy ot eiost o nomt`r `n ?7 cn usif pr`pirey, `r, t` put ct ok`tdir woy, tdi wiorir wcee `key hriotdi ck `ki-tiktd `r eiss `n tdi ol`ukt `n suhstokmi prisikt ck tdi ocr. Vdiri ori `key o niw kulhir rotckjs usif, s` XWI OWNs wcee hi ictdir1 62 ?72 872 672 8772 `r 8777. Zdik moemueotckj tdi pr`timtc`k nomt`r, oewoys md``si ok OWN oh`vi tdi moemueotif voeui. Zdik md``sckj ok XWI fivcmi wctd ok OWN mopohei `n pr`vcfckj tdi wiorir wctd ofiquoti pr`timtc`k, mdimb tdi
n`ee`wckj1 • •
F`is tdi sonity foto sdiit (]F]) pr`vcfi ofvcmi `k tdi riqucrif OWN0 F`is tdi suhstokmi dovi o prismrchif w`rbpeomi `r `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri eclct (@IE)0 Cn s`, y`u kiif t` lobi suri tdi wiorir cs pr`timtif t` o eivie hie`w tdi @IE.
Cn tdiri cs k` ofvcmi `k tdi riqucrif OWN ck tdi ]F], y`u mok moemueoti tdi riqucrif pr`timtc`k nomt`r usckj tdi @IE okf tdi quoktcty `n tdi suhstokmi ck tdi ocr. Nckf `ut tdi ol`ukt `n suhstokmi ck tdi ocr hy tobckj ixp`suri liosurilikts ck y`ur w`rbpeomi.
Vosb okf Z`rb Orio Xieotif Nomt`rs ]uctohcecty nomt`rs1 Ck offctc`k t` lobckj suri tdi XWI y`u usi cs ofiquoti t` m`ktr`e tdi dozorfs, y`u kiif t` iksuri ct cs suctohei n`r1 • • •
Vdi ckfcvcfuoe wiorir Vdi tosbs tdiy ori f`ckj Vdi ikvcr`klikt ck wdcmd tdiy ori w`rbckj
Z`rb roti1 Dcjdir w`rb rotis loy ckmriosi hriotdckj okf swiotckj, wdcmd mok onnimt tdi pirn`rlokmi `n s`li typis `n XWI. Dcjdir hriotdckj rotis mok mousi m`ktolckokts m`ktolckokts t` eiob ck, okf swiotckj mok mousi nomi pcimis t` secp okf eiob. Furotc`k1 Ykp`wirif tcjdt-ncttckj losbs him`li ukm`ln`rtohei ukm`ln`rtohei t` wior n`r e`kj pirc`fs okf wiorirs loy hi tilptif t` e``sik `r ril`vi tdi XWI. N`r w`rb pirc`fs `n l`ri tdok ? d`ur, p`wirif XWI wcee diep lckclcsi notcjui okf fcsm`ln`rt. Ohk`rloe tilpiroturi `r dulcfcty1 Ck d`t okf dulcf m`kfctc`ks, wiorckj XWI ckmriosis diot striss, swiotckj okf fcsm`ln`rt. XWI mok hi diovy, okf mok riqucri l`ri eoh`rc`us hriotdckj wdcmd ckmriosis h`fy tilpiroturi tdr`ujd pdyscmoe ixirtc`k. M``eckj pr`vcfif hy p`wirif rispcrot`rs `r ocr nif HO dieps lckclcsi tdcs pr`heil. Mrctcmoecty `n Meior ^csc`k1 Cn y`u kiif t` sii ncki fitoces wdik wiorckj XWI, hut f`k–t kiif t` pr`timt tdi iyis nr`l tdi ocrh`rki dozorf, XWI typis wdcmd ckmeufi nomi pr`timtc`k (nuee nomi losbs, vcs`rs, d``fs) loy k`t hi cfioe himousi tdiy mok hi pr`ki t` smrotmdckj, lcstckj okf surnomi m`ktol m`ktolckotc`k. ckotc`k. M`llukcmotc`ks, L`hcecty, okf ]pomi M`kstrockts1 Oee XWI onnimts y`ur ohcecty t` m`llukcmoti. Vdi dulok v`cmi wcee hi lunneif hy tdi losb, okf p`sschey tdi k`csi `n p`wirif rispcrot`rs. Loky typis `n XWI oes` m`vir tdi iors, lobckj diorckj okf ukfirstokfckj spiimd l`ri fcnncmuet. XWI ckm`rp`rotckj pr`prcitory m`llukcmotc`k fivcmis (rokjckj nr`l sclpei spiimd fcopdrojls t` m`lpeix rofc` cktirm`l systils) mok hi purmdosif cn kiifif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?87 `n 864
Vdi huebckiss okf wicjdt `n mirtock typis `n XWI, sumd os sien-m`ktockif hriotdckj opporotus, opporotus, mok lobi l`vilikt se`w okf owbworf. ]ien-m`ktockif ocr myeckfirs tobi up o eorji spomi fcrimtey `k tdi wiorir–s homb. Ocr eckis nr`l m`lpriss`rs mok troce e`kj fcstokmis okf jit moujdt `r stumb `k iqucplikt `r `k tdi m`rkirs `n woees, ristrcmtckj l`vilikt. Ct mok hi portcmueorey fcnncmuet t` ommiss m`kn m`knckif ckif spomis wdcmd mok riqucri meclhckj ckt` sloee lokd`eis `r iktirckj vissies tdr`ujd korr`w ommiss p`ckts. Vdi fcnncmuetcis ck ommiss okf ijriss lust hi tobik ckt` omm`ukt furckj tdi rcsb ossisslikt. ossisslikt. Ysi `n ocr p`wir t``es1 M`kkimtckj ocr-p`wirif t``es okf y`ur XWI t` tdi soli ocr suppey wcee onnimt XWI
pirn`rlokmi. Iksuri tdot y`ur m`lpriss`r mok suppey ik`ujd ocr n`r h`td ot tdi soli tcli. Neollohei `r ixpe`scvi otl`spdiris1 XWI mok hi o s`urmi `n cjkctc`k. Cn y`u mokk`t ov`cf w`rbckj ck p`tiktcoeey neollohei `r ixpe`scvi otl`spdiris, otl`spdiris, y`u loy kiif t` usi cktrckscmoeey soni, ecjdt oee`y-nrii, okf oktcstotcm XWI. M`ln`rt okf M`lpotchcecty `n XWI
Ilpe`yirs sd`uef tobi tdi nct okf m`ln`rt `n XWI ckt` m`kscfirotc`k wdik sieimtckj oppr`prcoti ctils n`r tdicr w`rbpeomi. XWI tdot ncts wiee okf cs m`ln`rtohei t` wior cs l`ri ecbiey t` hi w`rk wdik kiifif okf t` hi w`rk m`rrimtey. L`st pr`timtcvi fivcmis ori ovoceohei ck luetcpei sczis okf mori sd`uef hi tobik t` sieimt tdi pr`pir sczi n`r iomd w`rbir. Ckv`evckj w`rbirs ck tdi sieimtc`k `n WWI wcee nurtdir iksuri tdot ct wcee hi m`ln`rtohei okf w`rk. Cn siviroe fcnnirikt typis `n WWI ori w`rk t`jitdir, lobi suri tdiy ori m`lpotchei. Vdi fcnnirikt typis `n iyi, diorckj, `r rispcrot`ry pr`timtc`k w`rk lust k`t cktirniri wctd iomd `tdir. N`r ixolpei, o nomi losb m`uef hriob tdi sioe `n iorlunns or`ukf tdi ior. Nomcoe docr okf lorbckjs1 Oky nomcoe docr mok p`tiktcoeey hriob tdi sioe `n o losb, oee`wckj m`ktolckotif ocr t` iktir, ckmriosckj ixp`suri. Z`rbirs wd` wior XWI lust hi meiok sdovik, `r dovi tdicr nomcoe docr trcllif t` o sdopi wdcmd f`is k`t cktirniri wctd tdi sioe.
N`r td`si m`uktrcis wdiri nomcoe docr cs o mueturoe `r riecjc`us riqucrilikt, tdcs mok hi o scjkcncmokt horrcir t` wiorckj tdi XWI. D`wivir, tdi biy cs c s m`ksuetotc`k okf m`llukcmotc`k. m`llukcmotc`k. Vdi ilpe`yir lust hi ixtriliey meior t` tdi w`rbirs tdot wiorckj tdi XWI m`rrimtey cs o lokfot`ry m`kfctc`k `n ilpe`ylikt okf cs kimissory n`r tdicr dioetd `r survcvoe. ]im`kfey, tdi w`rbirs sd`uef hi ohei t` trcl tdicr hiorfs okf nomcoe docr t` o sotcsnomt`ry eikjtd okf sdopi t` ikohei tdil t` wior tdi XWI m`rrimtey, wdcest rispimtckj tdicr mueturoe okf riecjc`us kiifs. ]pimtomeis1 ]pimtomeis wctd scfi orls ori ckm`lpotch ckm`lpotchei ei wctd nuee nomi losbs os tdiy hriob tdi t di nomi sioe, okf tdiy loy oes` cktirniri wctd tdi nct `n doen losbs. XWI lokunomturirs mok pr`vcfi spimcoe nrolis wdcmd nct ckscfi tdi losb. Dioetd m`kfctc`ks1 XWI mok lobi hriotdckj l`ri eoh`rc`us, ispimcoeey k`k-p`wirif XWI wdiri ocr lust hi n`rmif tdr`ujd tdi ncetir. XWI, sumd os hriotdckj opporotus, mok oes` hi viry diovy. Ct mok riqucri lumd pdyscmoe n`rmi t` morry ct or`ukf, ck offctc`k t` tdi pdyscmoe ixirtc`k `n w`rb. Ckfcvcfuoes wd` usi XWI lust hi pdyscmoeey nct. Mirtock ckfcvcfuoes loy k`t hi suctohei n`r tdi usi `n XWI, ispimcoeey td`si wd` ori pdyscmoeey uknct `r wd` dovi o lifcmoe m`kfctc`k sumd os ostdlo `r o diort m`kfctc`k.
_uoecty Xieotif Nomt`rs XWI usif ot w`rb lust hi lokunomturif ck omm`rfokmi wctd oky kotc`koe rijueotc`ks. Ck promtcmi, tdcs lioks y`u kiif t` iksuri y`ur iqucplikt cs lorbif t` ok oppr`prcoti stokforf. Ck Iur`pi, tdcs wcee hi o MI lorb. Vdi MI lorb `k XWI tiees y`u tdot tdi iqucplikt dos lit tdi lckclul eijoe riqucrilikts n`r cts fiscjk. MI lorbckj f`is k`t ckfcmoti tdot ok XWI fivcmi cs out`lotcmoeey out`lotcmoeey ofiquoti okf suctohei n`r usi ck y`ur w`rbpeomi. Ct cs y`ur risp`kschcecty t` sieimt tdi m`rrimt XWI t` liit y`ur spimcncm riqucrilikts.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?8? `n 864
@utscfi `n tdi IY, tdi MI lorb cs k`t riqucrif. D`wivir, ct cs kimissory t` purmdosi okf usi XWI wdcmd m`kn`rl m`kn`rlss t` tdi rieivokt cktirkotc`koe stokforfs. Cn tdi XWI f`is k`t m`kn`rl, m`kn`rl, tdik ct cs ecbiey tdot cts pr`timtc`k cs ukriecohei `r k`k-ixcstikt. Fcsp`sohei Fust Losbs1 tdisi lust m`kn`rl t` IK?63 wdcmd motij`rcsis fcsp`sohei fust losbs ckt` = motij`rcis.
• •
NNW?1 pr`timts ojockst e`w eivies `n fust, os wiee os s`ecfs okf ecqucf oir`s`es. Wr`vcfis ok OWN `n 6 wdik usif m`rrimtey. ]uctohei n`r e`w-rcsb omtcvctcis wctd lckcloe fust jikirotc`k. NNW81 pr`timts ojockst l`firoti l`firoti eivies `n fust, s`ecfs, okf ecqucf oir`s`es. Wr`vcfis ok OWN `n ?7 `r
pr`timts ojockst lotircoes ck m`kmiktrotc`ks `n up t` ?8 tclis tdi @IE. ]uctohei n`r sokfckj okf •
peostirckj. NNW=1 pr`timts ojockst dcjdir eivies `n fust, s`ecfs, okf ecqucf e cqucf oir`s`es. Wr`vcfis ok OWN `n 87 `r suctohei n`r dozorf`us suhstokmi m`kmiktrotc`ks m`kmiktrotc`ks up t` 97 tclis tdi @IE. ]uctohei n`r dokfeckj dozorf`us p`wfirs.
Doen Losb Xispcrot`rs n`r Wortcmueotis1 tdisi lust m`kn`rl t` IK ?67 (losb fiscjk) okf IK ?6= (ncetir inncmcikmy). Vdi m`ktcku`us wior tcli sd`uef hi eclctif t` eiss tdok `ki d`ur. Vdiri ori tdrii motij`rcis `n portcmei ncetir1
• • •
Doen losb + W? ncetir1 OWN 6 Doen losb + W8 ncetir1 OWN ?7 Doen losb + W= ncetir1 OWN 87
Doen Losb Xispcrot`r n`r Josis okf ^op`urs1 tdisi lust m`kn`rl t` IK?67 okf IK ?6=4: (ncetir typi). Vdiy oee pr`vcfi ok OWN `n ?7. Vdi tdrii typis `n ncetir pr`timt ojockst fcnnirikt typis `n josis okf vop`urs. Nuee Nomi Xispcrot`r1 Vdi ncetirs usif `k nuee nomi rispcrot`rs ori tdi soli os td`si ottomdif t` doen losbs. D`wivir, tdi nuee-nomi rispcrot`r lust m`lpey wctd tdi spimcncmotc`ks ck IK ?=>. W? okf W8 ncetirs stcee pr`vcfi OWNs `n 6 okf ?7, rispimtcviey. Hut o nuee-nomi rispcrot`r wctd o W= ncetir wcee pr`vcfi ok OWN `n 67, wdcmd cs f`uhei tdot `n o doen losb.
Nomi Nct Vistckj n`r XWI Nomi nct tistckj cs o litd`f `n mdimbckj tdot o tcjdt-ncttckj nomi pcimi lotmdis tdi wiorir–s nomcoe nioturis okf sioes ofiquotiey t` tdicr nomi. Ct wcee oes` diep t` cfiktcny uksuctohei nomi pcimis tdot sd`uef k`t hi usif. S`u sd`uef morry `ut o nct tist os port `n tdi ckctcoe sieimtc`k `n tdi XWI. Xililhir tdot tcjdt-ncttckj XWI wcee `key pr`vcfi innim innimtcvi tcvi pr`timtc`k cn tdi wiorir cs meiok sdovik, s` tdiy sd`uef oes` hi meiok sdovik or`ukf tdi sioe wdik nct tistif. Vdi pirn`rlokmi `n tcjdt-ncttckj nomi pcimis fipikfs `k omdcivckj o j``f m`ktomt hitwiik tdi Ziorir–s sbck okf tdi nomi sioe `n tdi nomi pcimi. Wi`pei–s nomis vory vory scjkcncmoktey ck sdopi okf sczi s` ct cs ukecbiey tdot `ki typi `r sczi `n XWI nomi pcimi wcee nct iviry`ki. Ckofiquoti nct wcee scjkcncmoktey rifumi tdi pr`timtc`k pr`vcfif t` tdi wiorir. Oky rifumtc`k ck pr`timtc`k mok put tdi t di XWI wiorir–s ecni ck fokjir `r loy eiof t` cllifcoti `r e`kj-tirl cee dioetd. Nct tistckj mok oes` sirvi os o usinue trockckj t``e n`r tiomdckj tdi wiorir d`w t` put `k tdicr nomi pcimi m`rrimtey. M`rrimt ncttckj `n tdi nomi pcimi oewoys cs vctoe t` privikt ixp`suri. Zdik m`kscfirckj nct tistckj jcvi td`ujdt t` wditdir tdi wiorir wcee kiif t` usi `tdir WWI t` iksuri ct cs m`lpotchei okf f`is k`t cktirniri wctd tdi pr`timtc`k `nnirif hy tdi XWI. Vdiri ori tw` hoscm typis `n XWI nct tistckj1 quoectotcvi okf quoktctotcvi.
_uoectotcvi nct tistckj
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?88 `n 864
_uoectotcvi nct tistckj cs o poss/noce tist hosif `k tdi wiorir–s suhaimtcvi ossisslikt `n oky eioboji nr`l tdi nomi sioe rijc`k, hy siksckj tdi cktr`fumtc`k `n o tist ojikt. Vdisi tists ori suctohei n`r doen losbs. Vdiy ori k`t suctohei n`r nuee nomi losbs. Ixolpeis `n quoectotcvi nct tistckj litd`fs ori1 • •
Litd`f hosif `k hcttir- `r swiit-tostckj oir`s`e. oir`s`e. Litd`f hosif `k `f`ur m`lp`ukfs.
_uoktctotcvi nct tistckj1
_uoktctotcvi nct tistckj pr`vcfis o kulircmoe liosuri `n tdi nct, moeeif o nct nomt`r. Vdisi tists jcvi ok `haimtcvi liosuri `n nomi nct. Vdiy riqucri spimcoecsif iqucplikt okf ori l`ri m`lpecmotif t` morry `ut tdok quoectotcvi litd`fs. _uoktctotcvi litd`fs litd`fs ori suctohei n`r nuee nomi losbs (hut mok oes` hi usif n`r doen losbs). Ixolpeis `n quoktctotcvi nct tistckj litd`fs ori1 • •
Eoh`rot`ry tist mdolhir. W`rtohei nct tist fivcmis, sumd os o portcmei m`uktckj fivcmi.
]bck okf Iyi Wr`timtc`k1 Vypis, Oppecmotc`ks, okf Eclctotc`ks Iyis okf Nomi1 pr`timtc`k nr`l mdilcmoe `r litoe speosd, fust, pr`aimtceis, jos, okf vop`ur `nnirif hy1
• • • •
]onity spimtomeis J`jjeis, nomi smriiks Nomi-sdciefs ^cs`rs
Vdi iyi pr`timtc`k md`sik sd`uef dovi tdi rcjdt m`lhckotc`k `n clpomt, fust, speosd, l`etik litoe iyi pr`timtc`k n`r tdi tosb okf ncts tdi usir pr`pirey. Loky mdilcmoes m`li ck tdi n`rl `n fusts, lcsts, ecqucfs, okf oir`s`es. Vdirin`ri ct cs clp`rtokt n`r iyi pr`timtc`k t` pr`vcfi o nuee sioe or`ukf tdi iyis. ]onity jeossis `r spimtomeis `key pr`vcfi ojockst clpomt okf wcee oee`w mdilcmoes t` m`ktomt tdi iyis tdr`ujd tdi scfis `r nr`l tdi n`ridiof. Vdirin`ri, nr`l o mdilcmoe pr`timtc`k pirspimtcvi, j`jjeis j`jjeis okf nomi sdciefs ori prinirohei. D`wivir, tdisi f` tikf t` lcst up okf dckfir vcschcecty, s` mokk`t hi usif ck mirtock ikvcr`kliktoe m`kfctc`ks `r n`r e`kj pirc`fs.
Dokfs okf orls1 pr`timtc`k nr`l mdilcmoes pr`vcfif hy o vorcity `n je`vi typis. Mdilcmoe-riscstokt je`vis ori lofi wctd fcnnirikt bckfs `n ruhhir (koturoe, eotix, hutye, ki`priki, kctrcei, okf neu`r`mo neu`r`morh`k) rh`k) `r vorc`us bckfs `n peostcm (W^M, p`eyvckye oem`d`e). Vdisi lotircoes mok hi heikfif `r eolckotif n`r hittir pirn`rlokmi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?8= `n 864
Os o ruei, tdi tdcmbir tdi je`vi lotircoe, tdi jriotir tdi mdilcmoe riscstokmi. Hut tdcmb je`vis loy clpocr jrcp okf fixtircty, dovckj o kijotcvi clpomt `k sonity (n`r ixolpei, ckstrulikt limdokcm limdokcmss w`rbckj `k sloee h`ri systils kiif o jriot fioe `n fixtircty. Vdcs sd`uef hi h`rki ck lckf wdik sieimtckj suctohei je`vis). Mirtock je`vis dovi fcnnirikt riscstokmi t` fcnnirikt mdilcmoes (n`r ixolpei, eotix okf ruhhir cs j``f n`r ixp`suri t` omit`ki, wdirios kctrcei cs p``r). Lokunomturirs Lokunomturirs `r suppecirs wcee pr`vcfi fitoces `r toheis n`r tdi hist je`vis n`r o portcmueor oppecmotc`k. Je`vis mok hi ukm`ln`rtohei okf lobi tdi dokfs swiot. Zdcest swiot cs k`t m`kscfirif t` hi o dozorf`us suhstokmi, wiorckj je`vis `vir swioty dokfs n`r e`kj pirc`fs mok mousi vorc`us sbck m`kfctc`ks sumd os rosdis okf crrctotc`k. Je`vis mok oes` fitirc`roti wctd ixp`suri t` mdilcmoes, Y^ rofcotc`k, okf wior okf tior. Vdcs fitirc`rotc`k cs k`t oewoys `hvc`us. Vdirin`ri, tdiy mok pr`vcfi o noesi siksi `n simurcty. Eotix je`vis mok mousi ok oeeirjcm riomtc`k ck s`li ckfcvcfuoes os wiee os m`kfctc`ks sumd os Ostdlo okf Firlotctcs. Vdirin`ri wdirivir p`sschei Eotix je`vis sd`uef hi p`wfir nrii okf `n o e`w pr`tick. H`fy pr`timtc`k1 Lotircoes ecbi td`si usif n`r je`vis ori usif ck mdilcmoe riscstokt h`fy m`virckjs, rokjckj nr`l jikiroe purp`sis t` W^M t` tdcmb ki`priki.
N``twior1 N``twior tdot pr`vcfis pr`timtc`k ojockst mdilcmoes m`li ck tdrii hoscm typis.
• •
H``ts (wctd o vuemokcsif ruhhir s`ei) usuoeey n`r lckcloe mdilcmoe ixp`suri ixp`suris. s. Zieeckjt`ks okf `vir h``ts (lofi `n ruhhir m`lp`ukfs) wdiri l`ri scjkcncmokt ixp`suris loy hi ixpimtif.
Ecbi `tdir n`rls `n WWI, wdik md``sckj n``twior, n``twior, ok oppr`prcoti stokforf sd`uef hi m`ksuetif okf m`kn`rlif wctd. Iur`piok IK?=4=8-81 877> (N``twior pr`timtckj ojockst mdilcmoes) cs `ki sumd stokforf.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?86 `n 864
Mdilcmoe M`lpotchcecty Vdi pdrosi m`ll`key n`ukf `k tdi ]onity Foto ]diit (]F]) "Zior clpirvc`us (`r clpirliohei) je`vis" dos viry eclctif voeui. Ct cs c s timdkcmoeey ckommuroti. K` je`vi lotircoe wcee rilock clpirvc`us t` o spimcncm mdilcmoe n`rivir. K` `ki je`vi lotircoe cs riscstokt t` oee mdilcmoes. mdilcmoes. ]`li mdilcmoes wcee trovie tdr`ujd `r pirlioti tdi je`vi ck o niw sim`kfs, wdcei `tdir mdilcmoes loy tobi foys `r wiibs. Ckn`rlotc`k spimcnyckj tdi hist typi `n mdilcmoe pr`timtcvi lotircoe cs wdot sd`uef hi `k tdi ]F] (i.j., ki`priki, hutye ruhhir). Cn tdcs ckn`rlotc`k cs lcssckj, m`ktomt tdi suppecir `r lokunomturir `n tdi pr`fumt. Lokunomtur Lokunomturirs irs `n mdilcmoe pr`timtcvi je`vis okf me`tdckj loy oes` osscst tdicr must`lirs ck lobckj tdi oppr`prcoti md`cmis. Ck tdi sieimtc`k `n iyi pr`timtc`k, ct cs clp`rtokt t` mdimb tdot tdi iyi pr`timtc`k wcee k`t hi folojif, m`rr`fif, ilhrctteif, `r `tdirwcsi fijrofif hy nriquikt ixp`suri t` mdilcmoes.
Eivie `n Wr`timtc`k Xiqucrif Zdik m`kscfirckj tdi eivie `n pr`timtc`k, tdiri ori tdrii mrctirco t` m`kscfir1 •
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"Wirliotc`k roti" cs tdi roti ot wdcmd tdi mdilcmoe wcee l`vi tdr`ujd tdi lotircoe. Ct cs liosurif ck o eoh`rot`ry okf cs ixprissif ck ukcts ecbi lceecjrols pir squori litir pir sim`kf (`r s`li `tdir Rwicjdt `n mdilcmoe\ pir Rukct orio `n lotircoe\ pir Rukct `n tcli\). Vdi dcjdir tdi pirliotc`k roti, tdi nostir tdi mdilcmoe wcee l`vi tdr`ujd tdi lotircoe. ` Wirliotc`k cs fcnnirikt nr`l pikitrotc`k. Wikitrotc`k `mmurs wdik tdi mdilcmoe eiobs tdr`ujd siols, pckd`eis, okf `tdir clpirnimtc`ks c lpirnimtc`ks ck tdi lotircoe1 pirliotc`k `mmurs wdik tdi mdilcmoe fcnnusis `r trovies tdr`ujd cktomt lotircoe. "Hriobtdr`ujd tcli" cs tdi tcli ct tobis o mdilcmoe t` pirlioti m`lpeitiey tdr`ujd tdi lotircoe. Ct cs fitirlckif hy oppeyckj tdi mdilcmoe `k tdi je`vi ixtirc`r okf liosurckj tdi tcli ct tobis t` fitimt tdi mdilcmoe `k tdi ckscfi surnomi. Vdi siksctcvcty `n tdi okoeytcmoe ckstrulikts usif ck tdisi liosurilikts liosurilikts ckneuikmi wdik o mdilcmoe cs ncrst fitimtif. Vdi hriobtdr`ujd tcli jcvis s`li ckfcmotc`k `n d`w e`kj o je`vi mok hi usif hin`ri tdi mdilcmoe wcee pirlioti tdr`ujd tdi lotircoe. "Fijrofotc`k" cs o liosurilikt `n tdi pdyscmoe fitirc`rotc`k `n tdi lotircoe fui t` m`ktomt wctd o mdilcmoe. Vdi lotircoe loy jit dorfir, stcnnir, l`ri hrcttei, s`ntir, wiobir, `r loy swiee. Vdi w`rst ixolpei cs tdot tdi lotircoe loy omtuoeey fcss`evi ck tdi mdilcmoe.
S`ur ossisslikt `n tdi rcsbs nr`l mdilcmoe ixp`suri wcee m`kscfir tdi nriquikmy, furotc`k, okf koturi `n tdi ixp`suri `n tdi mdilcmoe. Zctd tdot ckn`rlotc`k, y`u mok sieimt o sbck pr`timtc`k pr`fumt wdcmd pr`vcfis tdi kimissory eivie `n pr`timtc`k. N`r ixolpei, cn tdiri cs `key ommcfiktoe okf cknriquikt speosdis `n mdilcmoes `k tdi
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?89 `n 864
dokfs, tdik o fcsp`sohei je`vi wctd o nost pirliotc`k roti lcjdt hi ommiptohei. D`wivir, cn tdi tosb riqucris nriquikt okf eikjtdy fcrimt m`ktomt wctd tdi mdilcmoe, tdik o je`vi wctd o lumd e`kjir hriobtdr`ujd tcli lcjdt hi riqucrif. Oes` m`kscfir tdi eikjtd `n tdi je`vis. Ck s`li mosis, joukteits loy hi kiifif t` pr`timt tdi n`riorls.
Furotc`k Os pir tdi privc`us poji, cn tdi tosb riqucris eikjtdy m`ktomt wctd tdi mdilcmoe, ct cs prinirohei t` sieimt o je`vi wctd o jriotir hriobtdr`ujd tcli. Oetirkotcviey, rijueor mdokjis `n je`vis wcee hi riqucrif.
Md`cmi hitwiik Fixtircty okf Furohcecty Jikiroeey, tdi tdcmbir tdi je`vi, tdi jriotir tdi hriobtdr`ujd tcli. Os o risuet, je`vis wctd dcjd hriobtdr`ujd tclis mok hi viry tdcmb, t dcmb, hueby, okf ckneixchei. Vdcs mok jriotey rifumi tdi wiorir–s fixtircty okf siksi `n t`umd, lobckj tdi a`h dorfir. Cn tdi je`vis je`vis lobi td tdi i a`h dorfir, w`rbirs w`rbirs ori eiss ecbiey t` wior tdi je`vis. je`vis. Ct cs n`r tdcs rios`k tdot ckv`evilikt `n w`rbirs cs s` clp`rtokt furckj tdi je`vi sieimtc`k pr`miss. O sieimtc`k `n je`vis sd`uef hi md`sik okf trcoeeif hy tdi w`rbirs, prc`r t` lobckj o m`llctlikt `k tdi typi `n je`vi t` hi usif. Ck s`li mosis, fixtircty cs mrctcmoe t` tdi m`lpeitc`k `n tdi tosb. Vdirin`ri, ct loy hi kimissory t` pr`vcfi tdi w`rbirs wctd tdck fcsp`sohei je`vis wdcmd kiif t` hi mdokjif nriquiktey. D`wivir, tdcs mok mousi siviroe pr`heils1 • •
Vdi je`vis loy hi w`rk n`r t`` e`kj. Xil`vckj tdi je`vis riqucris o spimcoe timdkcqui t` ov`cf jittckj tdi mdilcmoes `k tdi w`rbirs– dokfs.
Cn w`rbirs ori n`rmif t` wior je`vis wdcmd eclct tdicr fixtircty, y`u lcjdt nckf tdot tdiy ov`cf wiorckj tdi je`vis ukeiss fcrimtey supirvcsif. Ck s`li mosis, tdiy loy ivik soh`toji tdicr je`vis hy muttckj `nn tdi nckjir ikfs.
Je`vis virsus Joukteits Os privc`usey liktc`kif, cn tdi tosb mriotis o rcsb `n ixp`suri `n tdi n`riorls, tdik joukteits loy hi tdi prinirrif `ptc`k.
Ziorir Xieotif Nomt`rs Ecbi XWI, tdiri ori cktirkotc`koe okf Iur`piok stokforfs wdcmd oppey t` iyi okf sbck pr`timtc`k. Vdiri ori stokforfs tdot rieotif t` mdilcmoe pr`timtc`k, okf `tdir dozorfs sumd os limdokcmoe okf tdirloe. Zctd rispimt t` Iur`pi, n`r mdilcmoe sbck pr`timtc`k, tdi lock tw` stokforfs ori IK 687 (rieotif t` tdi jikiroe riqucrilikts n`r pr`timtcvi je`vis) okf IK =:6 (pr`timtc`k nr`l mdilcmoes okf lcmr`-`rjokcsls). IK =:6 motij`rcsis je`vis ck tirls `n tdicr mdilcmoe riscstokmi c.i. pirliotc` pirliotc`k k rotis okf hriobtdr`ujd tclis. Iyi pr`timtc`k cs j`virkif hy IK ?>>, wdcmd motij`rcsis iyi pr`timtc`k omm`rfckj t` cts riscstokmi t` o wcfi rokji `n dozorfs, ckmeufckj clpomts okf rofcotc`k. Iyi pr`timtc`k cs eohieeif omm`rfckj t` tdi dozorfs wdcmd cs ct wcee pr`timt ojockst.
Vdi ]t`roji okf Locktikokmi `n WWI Ok innimtcvi systil `n locktikokmi `n WWI cs issiktcoe t` lobi suri tdi iqucplikt m`ktckuis t` pr`vcfi tdi fijrii `n pr`timtc`k n`r wdcmd ct cs fiscjkif. Vdirin`ri, tdi lokunomturir–s locktikokmi smdifuei (ckmeufckj rim`llikfif
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?8> `n 864
ripeomilikt pirc`fs okf sdien ecvis) lust oewoys hi n`ee`wif. Ckspimt WWI hin`ri iomd usi. Zctd l`st WWI, ct `key tobis o niw lckutis t` ckspimt tdi iqucplikt n`r oky hriobs, tiors okf vcschei scjks `n striss `r foloji. Locktikokmi loy ckmeufi meiokckj, ixolckotc`k, ixolckotc`k, ripeomilikt, ripocr, okf tistckj. S`u loy hi ohei t` morry `ut sclpei locktikokmi (i.j. meiokckj), meiokckj), hut l`ri cktrcmoti ripocrs lust `key hi morrcif `ut hy m`lpitikt pirs`kkie. Cllifcotiey ril`vi oky folojif iqucplikt nr`l sirvcmi uktce o m`lpitikt pirs`k `r o lokunomturir–s lokunomturir–s riprisiktotcvi mok mirtcny tdi iqucplikt n`r usi. Vdi m`sts oss`mcotif wctd tdi locktikokmi `n WWI ori tdi risp`kschcecty `n tdi ilpe`yir.
Zdiri WWI cs pr`vcfif, ofiquoti st`roji nomcectcis n`r WWI lust hi lofi ovoceohei n`r wdik ct cs k`t ck usi, ukeiss tdi w`rbir loy tobi WWI owoy nr`l tdi w`rbpeomi (i.j., sonity n``t wior). Oee WWI lust hi st`rif ck o meiok okf sokctory m`kfctc`k riofy n`r usi. Omm`ll`fotc`k Omm`ll`fotc`k loy hi sclpei, i.j. pijs n`r wotirpr``n me`tdckj `r sonity dielits, okf ct kiif k`t hi ncxif, i.j., o mosi n`r sonity jeossis, o m`ktockir ck o vidcmei, `r zcp-e`mb hojs `k o fiscjkotif sdien. ]t`roji sd`uef hi ofiquoti t` pr`timt tdi WWI nr`l m`ktolckotc`k, m`ktolckotc`k, e`ss, foloji, wotir, `r sukecjdt. Wr`pir st`roji `ntik riqucris o fry okf meiok peomi tdot cs k`t suhaimt t` tilpiroturi ixtrilis. O dorf dot dokjckj ck tdi homb wckf`w `n o trumb, n`r ixolpei, loy sunnir suk okf diot foloji tdot priloturiey ojis tdi sdiee, rifumckj w`rbir pr`timtc`k. Zdiri WWI loy him`li m`ktolck m`ktolckotif otif furckj usi, st`roji sd`uef hi siporoti nr`l oky st`roji pr`vcfif n`r `rfckory me`tdckj.
Vrockckj ck tdi M`rrimt usi `n WWI Zdiri WWI cs pr`vcfif, w`rbirs lust hi pr`vcfif wctd ofiquoti ckn`rlotc`k, ckstrumtc`k okf/`r trockckj `k cts usi. Vdcs sd`uef iksuri tdot WWI cs w`rk, okf w`rk m`rrimtey, wdik ct cs c s kiifif. Vdi ixtikt `n ckn`rlotc`k, ckstrumtc`k okf/`r trockckj wcee vory wctd tdi m`lpeixcty okf pirn`rlokmi `n tdi bct. N`r ixolpei, o nuee Hriotdckj Opporotus bct wcee riqucri l`ri trockckj t` usi pr`pirey tdok o fcsp`sohei nomi losb. Ckn`rlotc`k okf ckstrumtc`k sd`uef m`vir1 • • • • • • •
Vdi rcsb(s) prisikt okf wdy tdi WWI cs kiifif. Vdi `pirotc`k (ckmeufckj fil`kstrotc`k), pirn`rlokmi okf eclctotc`ks `n tdi iqucplikt. Ysi okf st`roji (ckmeufckj d`w t` put ct `k, d`w t` ofaust okf ril`vi ct). Oky tistckj riqucrilikts hin`ri usi. Oky usir locktikokmi tdot mok hi morrcif `ut (i.j. dyjciki `r meiokckj pr`mifuris). Nomt`rs tdot mok onnimt tdi pirn`rlokmi `n tdi iqucplikt (i.j. w`rbckj m`kfctc`ks, pirs`koe nomt`rs, finimts, okf foloji). D`w t` rim`jkcsi finimts ck WWI, okf orrokjilikts orrokjilikts n`r rip`rtckj tdil.
• Zdiri t` `htock ripeomilikt WWI. Ck offctc`k t` ckctcoe trockckj, rinrisdir trockckj loy hi riqucrif nr`l tcli t` tcli. ]upirvcs`r mdimbs `k tdi usi `n WWI loy diep fitirlcki wdik rinrisdir trockckj tr ockckj cs riqucrif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?8: `n 864
3.31 Dozorf`us suhstokmis l`kct`rckj Vdi m`kmipt `n ixp`suri stokforfs Kotc`koe rijueot`ry ojikmcis ojikmcis sit tdi eclcts t` wdcmd w`rbirs mok hi ixp`sif t` dozorfs. Vdiy ckmeufi eclcts `k k`csi, vchrotc`k, okf tilpiroturi. Zctd rispimt t` dozorf`us suhstokmis, cktirkotc`koe cktirkotc`koe ixolpeis `n ixp`suri stokforfs ckmeufi os "Z`rbpeomi Ixp`suri Eclcts"(ZIEs) usif ck YB okf "Vdrisd`ef Eclct ^oeuis" (VE^s) usif ck tdi Y].
]`li ixp`suri stokforfs sit o ncrl uppir eclct n`r ixp`suris i.j. o piob k`csi eclct, `r uppir tilpiroturi k`t t` hi ixmiifif. @tdirs wcee m`kscfir h`td tdi quoktcty `n ixp`suri okf tdi eikjtd `n tcli tdi pirs`k cs ixp`sif t` tdi dozorf.
Vdi Liokckj `n Ixp`suri Eclcts n`r Ocrh`rki Dorlnue ]uhstokmis "Ixp`suri stokforfs (`r ―eclcts“)" riprisikt tdi ocrh`rki m`kmiktrotc`k `n o portcmueor suhstokmi `r lcxturi tdot sd`uef k`t hi ixmiifif. Vdiri ori tdrii typis `n ixp`suri stokforf1 • • •
4-d`ur tcli-wicjdtif oviroji (m`kscfirif tdi e`kj-tirl ixp`suri eclct). Wiob eclctotc`k ("miceckj voeui"). ]d`rt tirl ixp`suri eclct (`ntik ovirojif `vir ?9-lckuti tcli pirc`fs).
Ixp`suri stokforfs ori hosif `k tdi ocrh`rki m`kmiktrotc`ks `n ckfcvcfuoe suhstokmis wdcmd, omm`rfckj t` murrikt bk`weifji, sd`uef k`t mousi ofvirsi dioetd innimts k`r mousi ukfui fcsm`ln`rt t` kiorey oee w`rbirs. Vdiy f` k`t riprisikt o ncki fcvcfckj ecki hitwiik o dioetdy okf ukdioetdy w`rb ikvcr`klikt. Koturoe hc`e`jcmoe vorcotc`k okf tdi rokji `n ckfcvcfuoe susmiptchcectcis liok tdot o sloee kulhir `n pi`pei lcjdt ixpircikmi ofvirsi dioetd innimts hie`w tdi ixp`suri stokforf. Offctc`koeey, wdik m`kscfirckj ixp`suri t` dozorf`us suhstokmis `tdir r`utis `n iktry t` tdi h`fy kiif t` hi m`kscfirif, sumd os ohs`rptc`k tdr`ujd tdi sbck, ckjistc`k, `r ckaimtc`k. K`ti1 Ck offctc`k t` ocrh`rki eclcts, ixp`suri stokforf toheis (sumd os tdi YB "ID 67" puhecmotc`k) wcee oes` ckfcmoti wdiri o suhstokmi mok hi ohs`rhif tdr`ujd tdi sbck, `r wdik o suhstokmi dos siksctcsckj `r mormck`jikcm pr`pirtcis (sii tohei tdot n`ee`ws).
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?84 `n 864
Vdi ]cjkcncmokmi `n ]d`rt Virl (]VIE) okf E`kj Virl (EVIE) Ixp`s Ixp`suri uri Eivies okf Vcli Zicjdtif Ovirojis (VZO) Innimts `n ixp`suri t` suhstokmis dozorf`us t` dioetd vory m`kscfirohey fipikfckj `k tdi koturi `n tdi suhstokmi okf tdi pottirk `n ixp`suri. ]`li innimts riqucri pr`e`kjif `r ommulueotif ixp`suri. Vdi e`kj-tirl (4-d`ur VZO) ixp`suri eclct (EVIE) cs cktikfif t` m`ktr`e sumd innimts hy ristrcmtckj tdi t`toe cktobi hy ckdoeotc`k `vir `ki `r l`ri w`rb sdcnts, fipikfckj `k tdi eikjtd `n tdi sdcnt. @tdir innimts loy hi siik ontir hrcin ixp`suris. ]d`rt-tirl (usuoeey ?9 lckutis) ixp`suri eclcts (]VIE) loy hi oppecif t` m`ktr`e tdisi innimts. N`r td`si suhstokmis n`r wdcmd k` sd`rt-tirl eclct cs spimcncif, ct cs rim`llikfif rim`llikfif tdot o ncjuri `n tdrii tclis tdi e`kj-tirl
eclct hi usif os o jucfiecki n`r m`ktr`eeckj sd`rt-tirl piobs ck ixp`suri. ]`li w`rbpeomi omtcvctcis jcvi rcsi t` nriquikt sd`rt (eiss tdok ?9 lckutis) pirc`fs `n dcjd ixp`suri wdcmd, cn ovirojif `vir tcli, f` k`t ixmiif ictdir ok 4-d`ur VZO `r o ?9-lckuti VZO. ]umd ixp`suris dovi tdi p`tiktcoe t` mousi dorl okf sd`uef hi suhaimt t` rios`kohey promtcmohei promtcmohei lioks `n m`ktr`e ukeiss o —suctohei okf sunncmcikt– rcsb ossisslikt sd`ws k` rcsb t` dioetd nr`l sumd ixp`suris. H`td tdi e`kj-tirl okf sd`rt-tirl ixp`suri eclcts ori ixprissif os ocrh`rki m`kmiktrotc`ks ovirojif `vir o spimcncif pirc`f. Vdi pirc`f n`r tdi e`kj-tirl eclct cs k`rloeey icjdt d`urs wdik o fcnnirikt pirc`f cs usif tdcs cs stotif. Vdi ovirojckj pirc`f n`r tdi sd`rt-tirl ixp`suri eclct cs k`rloeey ?9 lckutis, sumd o eclct oppeyckj t` oky ?9-lckuti pirc`f tdr`ujd`ut tdi w`rbckj sdcnt. Ck w`rbpeomi ixp`suri eclcts, m`kmiktrotc`ks `n ocrh`rki portcmeis (nuli, fust Itm.) ori usuoeey ixprissif ck lj.l-=. Vdi eclcts n`r nchris (sumd os lok- lofi lckiroe nchris, `r oshist`s) ori jikiroeey ixprissif os nchris pir lceecectri `n ocr (nchris.le-?). Z`rbpeomi ixp`suri eclcts n`r v`eotcei suhstokmis ori usuoeey ixprissif ck h`td ports pir lceec`k hy v`euli (ppl) okf lceecjrols pir muhcm litri (lj.l-=). N`r tdisi suhstokmis, eclcts ori sit ck ppl, okf o m`kvirsc`k t` lj.l-= cs moemueotif. Vdi voeui ck lj.l-= n`r o jcvik m`kmiktrotc`k ck ppl fipikfs `k tdi tilpiroturi okf prissuri `n tdi olhcikt ocr, wdcmd vorcis `vir tcli. Vdirin`ri, m`kvirsc`k moemueotc`ks ori hosif `k o stokforf sit `n typcmoe m`kfctc`ks.
Z`rbif Ixolpeis `n Vcli Zicjdtif Ovirojis Vdi 4-d`ur Xinirikmi Wirc`f Vdi tirl —4-d`ur rinirikmi pirc`f– rieotis t` tdi t di pr`mifuri wdirihy tdi `mmupotc`koe ixp`suris ck oky 86-d`ur pirc`f ori triotif os iqucvoeikt t` o sckjei ukcn`rl ixp`suri n`r 4 d`urs (tdi 4-d`ur tcli-wicjdtif oviroj oviroji i (VZO) ixp`suri). Vdi 4-d`ur VZO loy hi riprisiktif lotdilotcmoeey hy1 M? V? +M8 V8 +…..MkVk 4
Zdiri M? cs tdi `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri okf V? cs tdi oss`mcotif ixp`suri tcli ck d`urs ck oky 86-d`ur pirc`f.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?83 `n 864
Cktirkotc`koe Ixolpeis `n Ixp`suri Eclcts Ck m`ktrost t` tdi w`refwcfi dorl`kcsif meosscncmotc`k `n mdilcmoes hy tdi Je`hoeey Dorl`kcsif ]ystil (JD]), @mmupotc`koe Ixp`suri Ixp`suri Eclcts (@IEs) ot tdi w`rbpeomi ori o kotc`koe onnocr. Ck fcnnirikt m`uktrcis, @IEs loy ictdir hi (eijoeey) hckfckj `r iesi hi liri rim`llikfotc`ks. rim`llikfotc`ks. Fitirlckotc`k `n @IEs mok hi dioetd-hosif, timdkcmoe hosif `r rcsb-hosif. O sieimtc`k `n tdi kotc`koe oppr`omd oppr`omdis is t` sittckj ok @IE ori fismrchif ck tdi n`ee`wckj pojis n`r fcnnirikt rijc`ks okf m`uktrcis.
Iur`piok Ykc`k Vdi Mdilcmoe Ojikts Fcrimtcvi (MOF) riqucris tdot tdi Iur`piok M`llcssc`k ivoeuoti tdi rieotc`ksdcp hitwiik tdi dioetd innimts `n dozorf`us mdilcmoes okf tdi eivie `n `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri hy lioks `n ok ckfipikfikt smciktcncm ossisslikt `n tdi eotist ovoceohei smciktcncm foto. Vdi ]mciktcncm M`llcttii `k @mmupotc`koe Ixp`suri Eclcts (]M@IE) jcvis ofvcmi t` tdi Iur`piok M`llcssc` M`llcssc`k k m`kmirkckj tdi @mmupotc`koe Ixp`suri Eclct (@IE) ot Iur`piok eivie. ]M@IE nckfckjs oes` ckmeufi tdi risuets `n tdi m`ksuetotc`k `n stobid`efirs n`r ixpokfckj tdi p`sschei sit `n dioetd-hosif foto m`kmirkckj dozorf`us suhstokmis, okf n`r simurckj dcjdir ommiptokmi `n tdi rim`llikfif eclct voeuis. Vdi MOF fcstckjucsdis tw` fcnnirikt typis `n eclct voeuis1
Hckfckj @IE (H@IE^)1 H@IE^s ori hckfckj eclct voeuis n`r `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri t` k`k-mormck`jikcm k`k-mormck`jikcm suhstokmis (dioetd-hosif) os wiee os t` mormck`jikcm suhstokmis (typcmoeey timdkcmoe-hosif). timdkcmoe-hosif). H@IE^s dovi hiik fitirlckif n`r k`k-mormck`jikcm suhstokmis, i.j. n`r eiof okf cts ck`rjokcm m`lp`ukfs, m`lp`ukfs, os wiee os n`r mormck`jikcm suhstokmis, suhstokmis, sumd os hikziki, vckye mde`rcfi l`k`lir, okf dorfw``f fust. N`r loky `tdir suhstokmis, H@IE^s ori ukfir fcsmussc`k. H@IE^s ori puhecsdif ukfir tdi Mormck`jik Fcrimtcvi 8776 8776/=:/IM, /=:/IM, ixmipt n`r eiof, wdcmd cs liktc`kif ck tdi MOF. Lilhir ]totis lust istohecsd o m`rrisp`kfckj @IE tdot lust k`t ixmiif tdi Iur`piok H@IE^. Ck offctc`k t` tdi nomt`rs tdot ori usif wdik fitirlckckj C@IE^s, mirtock s`mc`-im`k`lcm s`mc`-im`k`lcm nomt`rs loy oes` hi m`kscfirif, pr`vcfif tdot, ot oee tclis, w`rbir dioetd pr`timtc`k cs iksurif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?=7 `n 864
Ckfcmotcvi @IE (C@IE^s)1 C@IE^s ori dioetd-hosif, rim`llikfif voeuis. Vdiy ori ixp`suri eclcts n`r oky suhstokmi m`kmiktrotc`k, m`kmiktrotc`k, hie`w wdcmd, ck jikiroe, k` ofvirsi dioetd innimts ori ixpimtif ontir sd`rt-tirl `r focey ixp`suri `vir o w`rbckj ecnitcli. Offctc`koe k`totc`ks ori oee`motif t` s`li `n tdi `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri eclct voeuis ck tdi rispimtcvi ecsts. Vd`si k`totc`ks pr`vcfi spimcncm ckn`rlotc`k `k mirtock suhstokmi pr`pirtcis. ]umd pr`pirtcis mok risuet ck ckmriosif t`toe w`rbpeomi ixp`suri ck offctc`k t` ckdoeotc`k ixp`suri. Vdirin`ri, m`lpecokmi wctd tdi `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri eclct voeui oe`ki f`is k`t pr`timt w`rbirs nr`l tdi ofvirsi dioetd innimts.
C@IE^s ori fircvif hosif `k tdi eotist smciktcncm foto, okf `n tdi murriktey ovoceohei liosuril liosurilikt ikt timdkcquis. Cn tdiri cs ok C@IE^ istohecsdif ot Iur`piok M`llukcty eivie, Lilhir ]totis ori riqucrif t` istohecsd o kotc`koe @IE, m`kscfirckj tdi M`llukcty eclct.
Ykctif Bckjf`l @k ?4 Fimilhir 87??, tdi Iur`piok M`llcssc`k–s tdcrf Fcrimtcvi `k Ckfcmotcvi @mmupotc`koe Ixp`suri Eclct ^oeuis (8773/?>?/IY) (8773/?> ?/IY) wos clpeiliktif ck Jriot Hrctock okf K`rtdirk Crieokf. Vdcs Fcrimtcvi riqucris tdi Lilhir ]totis `n tdi Iur`piok Ykc`k t` cktr`fumi f`listcm `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri eclcts n`r tdi suhstokmis ecstif ck tdi Okkix t` tdi Fcrimtcvi. Offctc`koeey, tdi eivie `n tdi f`listcm eclct lust tobi omm`ukt `n tdi Ckfcmotcvi @mmupotc`koe Ixp`suri Eclct ^oeui (C@IE^). Oetd`ujd tdi YB cs k` e`kjir o lilhir `n tdi Iur`piok Ykc`k, ttdi di YB cs oecjkckj oee ixcstckj D&] eijcseotc`k s` tdot tdi YB Dioetd okf ]onity Iximutcvi cs stcee usckj w`rbpeomi ixp`suri eclcts (ZIEs) ZIEs ori Hrctcsd `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri eclcts okf ori sit t` diep pr`timt tdi dioetd `n w`rbirs. ZIEs ori m`kmiktrotc`ks `n dozorf`us dozorf`us suhstokmis ck tdi ocr, ovirojif `vir o spimcncif pirc`f, rinirrif t` os o tcli-wicjdtif oviroji (VZO). Vw` tcli pirc`fs ori usif1 • •
E`kj-tirl (4 d`urs) ]d`rt-tirl (?9 lckutis)
YB D]I F`mulikt ID 67 ecst tdi ZIEs n`r dozorf`us suhstokmis.
L`kct`rckj Zdik ct cs riqucrif okf wdot sd`uef hi l`kct`rif L`kct`rckj cs oppr`prcoti (ck rieotc`k t` YB D]I f`mulikt ID67) wdik1 • •
S`u kiif t` sd`w m`lpecokmi m`lpecokmi wctd o Z`rbpeomi Ixp`suri Eclct (ZIE) V` sd`w tdot m`ktr`e iqucplikt `r WWI cs w`rbckj innimtcviey
L`kct`rckj mok oes` sd`w oky spriof `n m`ktolckotc`k (i.j. usi `n surnomi wcpis) Vdi bckf `n l`kct`rckj tdot mok tobi peomi m`uef hi ocr l`kct`rckj t` sd`w d`w lumd `n o suhstokmi o w`rbir loy ckdoei `r hc`e`jcmoe l`kct`rckj t` sd`w d`w lumd `n o suhstokmi dos iktirif tdi h`fy.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?=? `n 864
]ieimtckj tdi rcjdt pi`pei t` tobi port ck l`kct`rckj Vd`si ckfcvcfuoes wctdck tdi w`rbpeomi wd` ori ixp`sif t` dozorf`us suhstokmis `k o rijueor hoscs `r wd` w`rb wctd suhstokmis wdiri tdiri loy hi ok ixp`suri eivie sd`uef hi l`kct`rif `k o rijueor hoscs t` iksuri tdot oky ixp`suri t` suhstokmis f`is k`t dovi ok clpomt `k tdicr dioetd. O pr`jrolli `n l`kct`rckj sd`uef hi put ck peomi `k o rijueor hoscs t` iksuri tdot ckfcvcfuoes rimicvi rijueor l`kct`rckj. Ct loy hi hikincmcoe n`r tdi `rjokcsotc`k t` m`kscfir dovckj o p`ecmy ck peomi tdot m`virs w`rbpeomi l`kct`rckj. L`kct`rckj sd`uef `key hi morrcif `ut hy pi`pei fiilif t` hi m`lpitikt, tdot cs nolcecor wctd l`kct`rckj timdkcquis okf tdi ckstrulikts riqucrif n`r l`kct`rckj. Vdcs cs `ntik o r`ei oss`mcotif wctdck ok @mmupotc`koe
Dyjcikcst.
Vdi dioetd okf sonity pr`nissc`koe–s r`ei ck spimcnyckj tdi typi `n ` n l`kct`rckj riqucrif Vdi Dioetd okf ]onity pr`nissc`koe's r`ei ck tirls `n spimcnyckj tdi typi `n l`kct`rckj riqucrif wcee e``b ot tdi w`rb tdot cs tobckj peomi wctdck tdicr `rjokcsotc`k okf frow up o smdifuei ck m`kaukmtc`k wctd w`rbirs okf lokojirs os t` wdot w`rbpeomi l`kct`rckj sd`uef tobi peomi. Vdiy w`rb ck m`kaukmtc`k wctd tdicr @mmupotc`koe Dioetd fiportlik fiportliktt t` sii cn tdiri ori oky trikfs `r wditdir tdiri ori eijoe riqucrilikts ck ukfirtobckj w`rbpeomi l`kct`rckj. l`kct`rckj. @vir tcli tdiy loy fivie`p o p`ecmy ck tirls `n wdik w`rbpeomi l`kct`rckj loy tobi peomi hosif `k tdi r`eis `n tdi ckfcvcfuoes. Vdiy loy oes` hrckj ck `utscfi ixpirtcsi t` osscst wctd tdi w`rbpeomi l`kct`rckj ” ixpirts wd` spimcoecsi ck w`rbpeomi l`kct`rckj okf dovi ommiss t` tdi kimissory iqucplikt okf mok spikf scjkcncmokt tcli wctd tdi w`rbirs ck ukfirtobckj tdi l`kct`rckj okf okoeysckj tdi risuets, Vdi `utscfi m`lpoky mok tdik pr`fumi o rip`rt t` tdi Dioetd okf ]onity pr`nissc`koe ofvcsckj `n tdi `utm`lis `n oky w`rbpeomi l`kct`rckj okf oky omtc`ks tdot kiif t` hi tobik.
Vdi r`ei `n tdi `mmupotc`koe dyjcikcst @mmupotc`koe dyjciki (@D) - `r Ckfustrcoe Dyjciki ck tdi Y] - cs tdi oktcmcpotc`k, rim`jkctc`k, ivoeuotc`k, ivoeuotc`k, m`ktr`e, okf priviktc`k `n dozorfs nr`l w`rb tdot loy risuet ck ckaury, ceekiss, `r onnimt tdi wiee-hickj `n w`rbirs. @mmupotc`koe dyjcikcsts m`li nr`l vorcif hombjr`ukfs. Vdiy mok hi mdilcsts, ikjckiirs, hc`e`jcsts, pdyscmcsts, f`mt`rs, kursis, okf `tdir pr`nissc`koes oee `n wd`l dovi md`sik t` oppey tdicr sbcees t` pr`timt tdi dioetd `n w`rbirs. @mmupotc`koe dyjciki cs luetcfcsmcpeckory s` cts promtctc`kirs lust omqucri o hr`of okf s`ecf n`ukfotc`k `n bk`weifji omr`ss oee tdisi fcsmcpeckis okf l`ri. M`ll`k t` oee promtctc`kirs cs o m`ri `n bk`weifji tdot mok `key hi fismrchif os "`mmupotc`koe dyjciki" okf o strotijcm oppr`omd t` lokojckj dioetd dozorfs ot w`rb.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?=8 `n 864
@mmupotc`koe dyjcikcsts ori risp`kschei n`r cfiktcnyckj, ossissckj, okf m`ktr`eeckj dioetd dozorfs ck tdi w`rbpeomi. Vdiy ukfirstokf d`w mdilcmoe, pdyscmoe, okf hc`e`jcmoe ojikts loy onnimt tdi dioetd `n tdi w`rbn`rmi okf, ck turk, tdi dioetd `n tdi husckiss. @mmupotc`koe dyjcikcsts morry `ut w`rb ck o vorcity v orcity `n sittckjs, ckmeufckj nomt`rcis, `nncmis, okf hucefckj sctis. Vdiy ori ckv`evif ck dozorf cfiktcncmotc`k, liosu liosurilikt, rilikt, ossisslikt, okf m`ktr`e `n dioetd rcsbs ck promtcmoe okf m`stinnimtcvi woys. Futcis vory hitwiik spimcoecst orios okf ilpe`yirs, hut mok ckmeufi1 • • • • • • • • • •
• •
Ykfirtobckj surviys okf ivoeuotckj rcsbs t` dioetd ck c k tdi w`rbpeomi. Ommurotiey liosurckj okf solpeckj eivies `n ixp`suri, `ntik tdr`ujd tdi primcsi usi `n spimcoecst iqucplikt. Xim`rfckj nomts `r fitoces `n pr`mifuris ck tdi w`rbpeomi. Ieclckotckj `r scjkcncmoktey rifumckj rcsb hy rim`llikfckj `rjokcsotc`k `rjokcsotc`koe oe mdokjis okf sieimtc`k okf fiscjk rieivokt nomcectcis. M`kscfirckj oee `ptc`ks `n m`ktr`e, sumd os viktceotc`k, m`ktocklikt, okf pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt, okf nckfckj m`st-innimtcvi s`eutc`ks. M`lpceckj foto, wrctckj rip`rts, okf prisiktckj nckfckjs t` tdi t di ilpe`yir okf mecikts. Ecocsckj wctd o rokji `n pi`pei, ckmeufckj ilpe`yirs okf w`rbirs, ck tdi pr`miss `n ivoeuotckj w`rbpeomis. Wr`vcfckj meior okf ommuroti ckn`rlotc`k `k m`lpeix dioetd okf sonity cssuis. Vrockckj stonn `k dioetd cssuis sumd os oshist`s okf `tdir mdilcmoe dozorf oworikiss. Wirsuofckj m`lpoky lokojilikt lokojilikt t` fivie`p innimtcvi dozorf m`ktr`es wdik riqucrif. Wr`vcfckj ixpirt wctkissh`fcis sirvcmis. Ecocsckj wctd rijueot`ry (sumd os tdi Dioetd okf ]onity Iximutcvi D]I).
D`w ok `rjokcsotc`k mok sieimt o m`lpitikt `mmupotc`koe dyjcikcst @mmupotc`koe dyjcikcsts ori jikiroeey `n jrofuoti moechri, wctd o str`kj smcikmi, lotdilotcms `r ikjckiirckj ifumotc`koe hombjr`ukf, okf dovi ot eiost tdrii yiors– ixpircikmi `n m`lpridikscvi m`lpridikscvi `mmupotc`koe dyjciki promtcmi. ]iviroe `rjokcsotc`ks w`refwcfi `nnir o potdwoy t` him`lckj o "mirtcncif" `pirotc`koe dyjcikcst. Vdiy ckmeufi1 • •
YB1 H@D] (Hrctcsd @mmupotc`koe Dyjciki ]`mcity). Y]O1 OMJCD (Olircmok M`knirikmi `n J`virkliktoe J`virkliktoe Ckfustrcoe Dyjcikcsts).
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?== `n 864
• • •
Oustroeco1 OC@D (Oustroecok Ckstctuti `n @mmupotc`koe Dyjcikcsts). ]`utd Onrcmo1 ]OC@D-MH (]`utd Onrcmok Ckstctuti n`r @mmupotc`koe Dyjciki). Loeoysco1 Loeoyscok Ckfustrcoe Dyjciki Oss`mcotc`k.
Vypi `n iqucplikt usif n`r suhstokmi l`kct`rckj Cktr`fumtc`k Ocr solpeckj ckv`evis mopturckj tdi m`ktolckokt m`ktolckokt nr`l o bk`wk v`euli `n ocr, liosurckj tdi ol`ukt `n m`ktolckokt mopturif, okf ixprissckj ct os o m`kmiktrotc`k. m`kmiktrotc`k.
Vdi ocr cs possif tdr`ujd o ncetir lifcul (k`rloeey o popir n`r s`ecf m`ktolckokts okf o s`rhikt n`r josis). Vdi v`euli `n ocr cs liosurif ojockst tdi ol`ukt `n m`ktolckokt m`ktolckokt mopturif. Vdcs jcvis tdi m`kmiktrotc`k, m`kmiktrotc`k, wdcmd cs ixprissif ictdir os lceecjrols pir muhcm litri (lj/l=) `r ports pir lceec`k (ppl). Vdi v`euli `n ocr cs moemueotif hy luetcpeyckj tdi ne`w roti tdr`ujd tdi ncetir lifcul hy tdi tcli ck lckutis. Moechrotc`k `n tdi ne`w roti cs clp`rtokt okf sd`uef hi morrcif `ut hin`ri okf ontir iomd solpei cs tobik.
]olpeckj n`r portcmueotis Vdiri ori loky fcnnirikt litd`fs `n tobckj ocr solpeis, hut hy nor tdi l`st wc wcfiey fiey usif okf prinirrif cs t` m`kkimt o hottiry-`pirotif pulp t` o ncetir lifcul, vco tuhckj. Vdi pulp sd`uef hi mopohei `n frowckj ocr tdr`ujd tdi ncetir ot o m`kstokt roti n`r o tcli l`ri tdok 4 d`urs, ivik ck ofvirsi m`kfctc`ks sumd os ixtrili m`ef. Ot tdi ikf `n tdi solpeckj pirc`f tdi ncetir cs ril`vif okf wicjdif. Vdi typi `n solpeckj diof fipikfs `k tdi portcmueotis hickj liosurif - sumd os fusts `r nchris. Vdi mrctirco cs hosif or`ukf tdi rim`llikfotc`k rim`llikfotc`kss tdot solpeis sd`uef hi tobik `k o pirs`koe hoscs n`r ok 4 d`ur Vcli Zicjdtif Oviroji (VZO). @tdir typis `n solpeckj, k`tohey tdi ]d`rt-Virl Ixp`suri Eclct (]VIE) prisikt k` pr`heils n`r tdi pulp solpeir. Vdi oppr`vif litd`f n`r morryckj `ut wcee hi spimcncif ck kotc`koe jucfokmi `r stokforfs. Ck tdi YB, tdi D]I LFD] Jucfokmi k`ti ?6 " Jikiroe litd`fs n`r solpeckj okf jrovclitrcm okoeyscs `n rispcrohei okf ckdoeohei c kdoeohei fusts" cs sumd o litd`f.
]olpeckj n`r t`toe ckdoeohei fust N`r ckdoeohei fust, tdi
[email protected]*. ]olpeir cs usif. Vdi ncetir cs peomif hitwiik tdi mossitti nr`kt okf tdi supp`rt jrcf, wdcmd mecp t`jitdir t` lobi o `ki-pcimi ukct. Vdi wd`ei mossitti ossilhey cs tdik pri-wicjdif hin`ri o solpei cs tobik. Ontir m`lpeitc`k `n tdi solpei tdi wd`ei mossitti ossilhey cs tdik p`st-wicjdif. Vdi
[email protected]. ]olpeir ritocks
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?=6 `n 864
oee tdi portcmueoti frowk ckt` ct usckj tdcs ncetir/mossitti ncetir/mossitti m`lhckotc`k, okf ieclckotis pr`heils `n woee e`ss, wdirihy s`li `n tdi portcmueoti ofdiris t` tdi woees `n tdi solpeir, okf tdi risuetckj p`tiktcoe n`r ukfir solpeckj, os ixpircikmif wctd `tdir typis `n solpeckj fivcmi. (* ckviktif hy tdi Ckstctuti `n @mmupotc`koe Lifcmcki).
]olpeckj n`r rispcrohei fust N`r rispcrohei fust, o myme`ki solpeir mok hi usif, wdcmd siporotis tdi rispcrohei fust (oppr`x. ?8 lcmr`ks okf hie`w) `n tdi portcmueoti nr`l tdi otl`spdiri frowk tdr`ujd ct. Vdi myme`ki solpeir cs fiscjkif s` tdot sloeeir portcmeis ori morrcif `kt` tdi ncetir popir ckscfi tdi mossitti okf eorjir ukwoktif portcmeis fr`p ckt` tdi jrct p`t. Ykecbi tdi
[email protected] solpeir mossitti/ncetir mossitti/ncetir m`lhckotc`k, tdi myme`ki virsc`k sd`uef k`t hi wicjdif os o ukct. @key tdi ncetir popir cs wicjdif pri okf p`st solpeckj.
]olpeckj n`r nchris (sumd os oshist`s) usckj o m`we O m`we cs o d``f tdot cs ottomdif t` tdi solpeckj diof. Vdiy m`li ck o vorcity `n sczis (sii pcmturi hie`w) N`r tdi m`eeimtc`k `n nchris, m`wes ori usif. Vdi YB D]I jucfokmi "Oshist`s1 Vdi okoeysts' jucfi n`r solpeckj, okoeyscs okf meiorokmi pr`mifuris" (D]J 864) spimcncis spimcncis ok `pik- nomif ncetir d`efir okf o myeckfrcmoe m`we wdcmd pr`timts tdi ncetir diof okf oee`ws o ukcn`rl fip`sct `n nchris. Ocr solpeckj ckv`evis frowckj o bk`wk ne`w roti `n ocr tdr`ujd o ncetir n`r o liosurif tcli, s` tdot ocrh`rki portcmeis ori m`eeimtif. Vdi ncetir cs tdik priporif n`r lcmr`sm`pcmoe ixolckotc`k. ixolckotc`k. O bk`wk nromtc`k `n tdi ncetirif fip`sct cs ixolckif usckj T 977 pdosi m`ktrost lcmr`sm`py t` m`ukt oee nchris siik (portcmeis ;9 ¹l e`kj, 5= ¹l wcfi okf o eikjtd t` wcftd (ospimt rotc`) `n ;=1?) ck o bk`wk kulhir `n jrotcmuei orios. Vdi moemueotif t`toe kulhir `n nchris m`eeimtif `k tdi ncetir cs fcvcfif hy tdi v`euli `n ocr solpeif t` fitirlcki tdi nchri m`kmiktro m`kmiktrotc`k tc`k ck tirls `n nchri pir lceecectri `n ocr (n/le).
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?=9 `n 864
]olpeckj loy hi pirs`koe `r stotcm ]totcm solpeckj loy hi oppr`prcoti n`r1 • • • •
Hombjr`ukf solpeckj t` istohecsd nchri m`kmiktrotc`ks m`kmiktrotc`ks hin`ri oky omtcvcty wdcmd loy eiof t` ocrh`rki oshist`s m`ktolckotc`k. m`ktolckotc`k. Eioboji tistckj t` iksuri tdot tdi stips tobik t` privikt tdi ikme`suri eiobckj ori okf rilock innimtcvi okf ct cs k`t rieiosckj ocrh`rki rispcrohei nchris. ]cti mirtcncmotc`k n`r ri`mmupotc`k `k m`lpeitc`k `n oshist`s ril`voe w`rb. ]totcm solpeckj t` ossiss oshist`s nchri m`kmiktrotc`ks ckscfi ikme`suris hin`ri iktry n`r o vcsuoe ckspimtc`k.
Moechrotc`k `n tdi solpeckj pulp Ck tdi mosi `n ocr solpeckj, moechrotc`k cs tdi sittckj `n tdi ocr ne`w tdr`ujd tdi ncetir lifcul t` tdi rim`llikfif rim`llikfif eivie n`r tdi litd`f hickj usif. Moechrotc`k `n tdi ne`w tdr`ujd tdi solpeckj systil cs clp`rtokt okf sd`uef hi mdimbif hin`ri okf ontir iomd solpei cs tobik. Vdiri ori tw` fcnnirikt eivies `n ne`w usif n`r pirs`koe solpeckj1 • •
Fusts1 Ne`w cs usuoeey sit ot 8 ectris pir lckuti Josis okf vop`urs1 ne`w cs usuoeey sit ot ?7-877 le pir lckuti.
Vdi usuoe litd`f `n ne`w liosurilikt (moechrotc`k) n`r tdi dcjdir eivies cs omdcivif usckj o r`tolitir (vorcohei orio ne`wlitir.) H`td 8 ectris pir lckuti n`r ckdoeohei fust usckj tdi
[email protected] solpeir okf 8.8 ectris pir lckuti usckj tdi myme`ki solpeir n`r rispcrohei fust mok hi sit oscfi n`r tdcs typi `n fivcmi. Vdi ne`w cs riof nr`l tdi ne`ot ckscfi tdi jrofuotif jeoss tuhi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?=> `n 864
N`r e`wir ne`ws (?7-877 le pir lckuti) k`rloeey riqucrif n`r josis o huhhei ncel moechrot`r cs suctohei. Ct dos dcjd ommuromy okf e`w homb prissuri wctd supirc`r ris`eutc`k m`lpori m`lporif f wctd tdi r`tolitir. Vdi ne`w cs moemueotif hy tclckj o huhhei hitwiik tw` jrofuotc`k lorbs `k o jeoss tuhi wctd o st`pwotmd.
]olpeckj n`r josis okf vop`urs V` solpei n`r josis `r vop`urs, ispimcoeey n`r e`kjir pirc`fs sumd os tdi 4-d`ur VZO, tdi usi `n s`rhikt tuhis cs o wcfiey ommiptif litd`f.
O ]`rhikt cs ecbi o sp`kji - s`obckj up tdi jos `r vop`ur tdot cs hickj solpeif, okf wdcmd mok suhsiquiktey hi eoh`rot`ry ixtromtif okf okoeysif. Omtcvotif Omtcvotif mdorm`oe cs tdi l`st usif suhstokmi. Oetirkotcvis ckmeufi ]cecmo Jie okf Vikox. @kmi tdi jos `r vop`ur dos hiik troppif ck tdi s`rhikt tuhi, ct kiifs t` hi ril`vif n`r okoeyscs. Vdcs cs omdcivif hy usckj o s`evikt wosd okf diot, wdcmd frcvis tdi mdilcmoes `n tdi s`rhikt ckt` ok okoeytcmoe ckstrulikt sumd os o jos mdr`lot`jropd. Mirtock josis okf vop`urs ori hist suctif t` s`ecf s`rhikts sumd os omtcvotif mdorm`oe. mdorm`oe. Ixolpeis ckmeufi v`eotcei `rjokcm m`lp`ukfs, m`lp`ukfs, sumd os hikziki, t`euiki, okf styriki. Ecqucf s`rhikts ori suctohei n`r m`eeimtckj k`k-riomtcvi josis okf vop`urs tdot ori dcjdey s`euhei ck tdi ecqucf s`rhikt, sumd os tdi m`eeimtc`k `n litdok`e okf hutok`e ck wotir, istirs ck oem`d`e, okf `rjokcm mde`rcfis ck hutye oem`d`e. Jos cs solpeif ck `ki `n tw` woys1 Omtcvi solpeckj (usckj pulps okf tuhis)
Vdcs litd`f usis o pulp (ecbi tdi pulps usif n`r ortcmueoti solpeckj) t` pr`vcfi ok ocrne`w tdr`ujd s`rhikt s`ecf `r ecqucf lotircoe. Ecqucf s`rhikts - tdi Lcfjit clpckjir
Ixolpeis `n ecqucf ohs`rhikt fivcmis (bk`wk os "huhheirs") ckmeufi tdi lcfjit clpckjir. Vdi clpckjir cs nceeif wctd ?7-87 les `n ecqucf ohs`rhikt (sumd os wotir n`r m`eeimtckj litdok`e `r hutok`e) okf cs ncttif t` tdi w`rbir's hriotdckj z`ki (usuoeey `k tdi eopie `n o m`viroee). Os tdi jos/vop`ur cs frowk tdr`ujd hy tdi pulp ct "huhheis" okf riofcey fcss`evis ck tdi s`rhikt.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?=: `n 864
]`ecf s`rhikts - omtcvotif mdorm`oe Omtcvotif mdorm`oe cs ok ixmieeikt s`rhikt n`r l`st `rjokcm vop`urs. Vdi rieotcvi iosi wctd wdcmd `rjokcm vop`urs mok hi ixtromtif nr`l omtcvotif mdorm`oe hy morh`k fcsuencfi okf hi okoeysif suhsiquiktey hy jos mdr`lot`jropdy mdr`lot`jropdy ori rios`ks n`r cts p`pueorcty. V`foy, ocr solpeckj pr`mifuris usckj omtcvotif mdorm`oe mdorm`oe ori wcfiey usif okf n`rl tdi hoscs `n loky `n tdi `nncmcoe okoeytcmoe litd`fs n`r `rjokcm lotircoes rim`llikfif hy D]I okf KC@]D. Vdi pirs`koe solpeckj pr`miss cs sclceor t` tdi t di lcfjit clpckjir, os fipcmtif ck tdi ncjuris hie`w.
Wosscvi (`r fcnnuscvi) solpeirs O posscvi (`r 'fcnnuscvi') solpeir cs o fivcmi wdcmd cs mopohei `n tobckj solpeis `n jos `r vop`ur nr`l tdi otl`spdiri ot o roti m`ktr`eeif hy o pdyscmoe pr`miss sumd os fcnnusc`k tdr`ujd o stotcm ocr eoyir `r pirliotc`k tdr`ujd o lilhroki, `kt` o s`rhikt lotircoe, hut wdcmd f`is k`t usi o pulp t` frow ocr tdr`ujd tdi solpeir. Vdiri ori tw` hr`of motij`rcis `n posscvi solpeirs `k tdi lorbit t`foy tdot `piroti `k tdi prckmcpei `n fcnnusc`k1 (o) solpeirs riqucrckj eoh`rot`ry okoeyscs okf (h) fcrimt-riofckj fivcmis. Fcrimt-riofckj posscvi solpeirs ori typcmoeey hosif `k m`e`urclitrcm timdkcquis. Vdi eikjtd `n tdi m`e`ur hokf `r tdi cktikscty `n tdi m`e`ur mdokji cs riof `k o smoei `r m`lporif t` o mdort t` fitirlcki m`kmiktrotc`k eivies. Wosscvi m`e`ur tuhis ori o j``f ixolpei `n o fcrimt-riofckj posscvi solpeir. Vdisi tuhis sclpey cksirt ckt` o d`efir okf mecp `kt` o w`rbir–s eopie. Vdi torjit m`lp`ukf fcnnusis ckt` tdi `pik-ikf `n tdi tuhi, m`lhckis wctd tdi riojikt okf pr`fumis o m`e`ur mdokji tdot cs riof nr`l tdi tuhi smoei ck port-pir-lceec`k-d`urs port-pir-lceec`k-d`urs (ppl-drs). Vdi usir sclpey fcvcfis tdi riofckj hy tdi kulhir `n d`urs solpeif t` fitirlcki tdi ppl ixp`suri. Vdi fcnnuscvi iqucvoeikt `n ok clpckjir cs o ecqucf nceeif hofji sumd os tdi Wr`-Vib (VL) ck`rjokcm l`kct`r `r tdi ]BM hofji2 tdi fcnnuscvi iqucvoeikt `n tdi mdorm`oe tuhi cs tdi mdorm`oe hofji sumd os tdi =L @^L. Vdi solpeir cs fiscjkif t` hi w`rk `k tdi w`rbirs eopie. Ot tdi ikf `n tdi solpeckj pirc`f, tdi d`efir cs riturkif n`r eoh`rot`ry okoeyscs.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?=4 `n 864
Omtcvi v Wosscvi solpeckj
Vdiri ori siviroe ofvoktojis `n iomd systil - omtcvi okf posscvi, sumd os sczi okf wicjdt okf tdus w`rbir m`kvikcikmi okf ckctcoe m`st. D`wivir, tw` prcli nomt`rs onnimtckj riecohcecty ori viry clp`rtokt. Ck tdi lock, omtcvi solpeckj cs pritty lumd ckfipikfikt `n wckf spiif2 fcnnuscvi solpeirs d`wivir f` k`t w`rb wiee ukfir lckcloe ocr l`vilikt m`kfctc`ks `r ck tdi `tdir ixtrili, dcjd wckf m`kfctc`ks. L`st omtcvi solpeckj n`r josis okf vop`urs cs pirs`koe `k s`rhikt tuhis tdot dovi o hombup simtc`k2 tdcs ikoheis o quoecty okf riecohcecty mdimb t` hi pirn`rlif ukfir mirtock finckif jucfieckis okf eiofs t` viry riecohei quoktcncmotc`k. L`st fcnnuscvi solpeirs f` k`t okf ori k`t mopohei `n tdcs.
Liosurilikt prckmcpeis Zdiri solpeis `n m`eeimtif jos/vop`urs kiif t` hi okoeysif ck o eoh`rot`ry, tdiri ori tw` lock timdkcquis tdot ori jikiroeey usif, Jos ecqucf mdr`lot`jropdy (JEM), `mmosc`ko `mmosc`koeey eey supp`rtif hy loss spimtr`sm`py1
Jos ecqucf mdr`lot`jropdy @kmi tdi solpei dos hiik ixtromtif nr`l tdi s`ecf `r ecqucf m`eeimtc`k lotircoe, viry sloee quoktctcis `n ct ori ckaimtif ckt` tdi JEM lomdcki usckj o sloee syrckji. Vdi syrckji kiifei possis tdr`ujd o tdcmb ruhhir fcsm (bk`wk os o siptul) wdcmd ri-sioes ctsien ojock wdik tdi syrckji cs pueeif `ut. Vdi ckaimt`r cs m`ktockif ck ok `vik wd`si tilpiroturi mok hi m`ktr`eeif. Ct cs d`t ik`ujd s` tdot oee tdi solpei h`ces okf cs morrcif ckt` tdi m`eulk os o jos hy tdi diecul (`r `tdir morrcir jos).
Vdi tilpiroturi `n tdi m`eulk mok hi vorcif nr`l oh`ut 97·M t` 897·M. Ct cs m``eir tdok tdi ckaimt`r `vik, s` ttdot dot s`li m`lp`kikts `n tdi lcxturi loy m`kfiksi ot tdi hijckkckj `n tdi m`eulk.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?=3 `n 864
Ck s`li mosis, tdi m`eulk storts `nn ot o e`w tilpiroturi okf tdik ccss lofi stiofcey d`ttir ukfir m`lputir m`ktr`e os tdi okoeyscs pr`miifs. Vdi tcli tobik n`r o portcmueor m`lp`ukf t` trovie tdr`ujd tdi m`eulk t` tdi fitimt`r cs bk`wk os cts ritiktc`k tcli. Vdcs tcli cs liosurif nr`l tdi tcli ot wdcmd tdi solpei cs ckaimtif t` tdi p`ckt ot wdcmd tdi fcspeoy sd`ws o loxclul piob dicjdt n`r tdot m`lp`ukf. Fcnnirikt m`lp`ukfs dovi fcnnirikt ritiktc`k tclis. Ot tdi hijckkckj, m`lp`ukfs wdcmd spikf l`st `n tdicr tcli ck tdi jos pdosi wcee poss qucmbey tdr`ujd tdi m`eulk okf hi fitimtif. Ckmriosckj tdi tilpiroturi o hct wcee ikm`uroji tdi secjdtey "stcmbcir" m`lp`ukfs tdr`ujd.
Ckmriosckj tdi tilpiroturi stcee l`ri wcee n`rmi tdi viry "stcmby" l`eimueis `nn tdi stotc`kory pdosi okf tdr`ujd tdi m`eulk. Vdi `utput wcee hi rim`rfif os o sircis `n piobs - iomd `ki riprisiktckj o m`lp`ukf ck tdi lcxturi possckj tdr`ujd tdi fitimt`r. Vdi orios ukfir tdi piobs ori pr`p`rtc`koe t` tdi ol`ukt `n iomd m`lp`ukf wdcmd dos possif tdi fitimt`r, okf tdisi orios mok hi moemueotif out`lotcmoeey hy tdi m`lputir eckbif t` tdi fcspeoy.
K`ti tdot ct cs k`t tdi piob dicjdt tdot lottirs, hut tdi t`toe orio ukfir tdi piob. Ck tdcs ixolpei, tdi eint-dokf piob cs h`td toeeist okf dos tdi jriotist orio. Vdot cs k`t kimissorcey oewoys s`. Vdiri lcjdt hi o e`t `n `ki m`lp`ukf prisikt, hut ct lcjdt ilirji nr`l tdi m`eulk ck rieotcviey sloee ol`ukts `vir qucti o e`kj tcli. Liosurckj tdi orio rotdir tdok tdi piob dicjdt oee`ws n`r tdcs. Zdik tdi fitimt`r cs sd`wckj o piob, s`li `n wdot cs possckj tdr`ujd tdi fitimt`r ot tdot tcli mok hi fcvirtif t` o loss spimtr`litir. Vdiri ct wcee jcvi o nrojliktotc`k pottirk wdcmd mok hi m`lporif ojockst o m`lputir fotohosi `n bk`wk pottirks. Vdot lioks tdot tdi cfiktcty `n o duji rokji `n m`lp`ukfs m`lp`ukfs mok hi n`ukf wctd`ut dovckj t` bk`w tdicr ritiktc`k tclis.
Moemueotckj ixp`suri eivies V` moemueoti ixp`suri eivies, tdrii hoscm liosurilikts ori riqucrif1 •
Ol`ukt m`eeimtif
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Ne`w `n ocr tdr`ujd ncetir Vcli `n tdi solpeckj pirc`f
Ixolpei1 Ok ckfustrcoe dyjcikcst (CD) solpeif n`r ?77 lckutis ot o ne`w roti `n 7.8 ectris/lckuti.
Zdot cs tdi ocr v`euli0 Ne`w roti Ú tcli < ocr v`euli 7.8 E/lck Ú ?77 lck < 87 E
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?67 `n 864
Moemueotc`k `n lj/l½1 ¹j okoeyti(lj/?777¹j) < lj/l½ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP Ocr v`euli ck E (l½/?777E). (l½/?777E). Eohs `ntik rip`rt tdi ol`ukt `n okoeyti n`ukf ck lcmr`jrols (¹j) okf ?777 ¹j < ? lj. ?777 E < ? l½ Ixolpei1 Vdi mdilcst fitirlckif tdot o solpei tuhi m`ktockif 8777 ¹j omit`ki. Vdi CD dof tobik o 87 E ocr v`euli solpei `vir o pirc`f `n 4 d`urs.
Zdot cs tdi lj/l½ `n omit`ki0 8777 ¹j pdik`e(lj/?777¹j) < ?77 lj/l½ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP 87 E (l½/?777E). Zdot cs tdi 4d`ur VZO0 ?77 < ?8.9 lj/l½ (k`ti1 tdi @IE n`r omit`ki cs ?877 lj/l½.). 4 Ck tdi ixolpei oh`vi tdi ixp`suri cs wiee hie`w tdi ixp`suri eivie okf k` nurtdir omtc`k w`uef hi riqucrif, ukeiss tdi ixp`suri wos os o risuet `n s`litdckj tdot cs sclpei okf mdiop t` rimtcny (sumd os o eiobckj sioe `k o pulp). Ct lust hi rililhirif, rililhirif, d`wivir, tdot wdik ossissckj tdi rcsbs nr`l ixp`suri t` dozorf`us suhstokmis, `tdir r`utis `n iktry lust hi m`kscfirif (sumd os sbck ohs`rptc`k).
L`kct`rckj strotijy (wctd rinirikmi t` D]J?:=) Vdiri ori loky rios`ks n`r of`ptckj o n`rloe l`kct`rckj strotijy t` l`kct`r w`rbirs– ixp`si t` ocrh`rki m`ktolckokts, ckmeufckj1 • • • • •
Dioetd rcsb ossisslikt M`lpecokmi wctd `mmupotc`koe/w`rbpeomi `mmupotc`koe/w`rbpeomi ixp`suri eivies V` diep t`worfs tdi fiscjk `n ixp`suri m`ktr`e liosuris Mdimbckj tdi innimtcvikiss `n y`ur m`ktr`e liosuris Ckn`rlckj y`ur w`rbirs `n tdi pottirk `n ixp`suri okf eivie `n rcsb
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V` ckfcmoti tdi kiif n`r dioetd surviceeokmi Istohecsdckj ck-d`usi ixp`suri stokforfs, wdiri kimissory N`r cksurokmi purp`sis V` m`ktrchuti t` ipcfilc`e`jcmoe ipcfilc`e`jcmoe stufcis
Ckctcoe Opprocsoe
Vdi ckctcoe opprocsoe cs ok clp`rtokt port `n tdi strotijy fismrchif ck Ncjuri ?. Ct dieps y`u istohecsd tdi kiif n`r, okf tdi ixtikt `n, ixp`suri l`kct`rckj. Vdcs wcee diep y`u t` fimcfi `k1 •
Vdi dozorfs.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?6? `n 864
• •
Vdi p`tiktcoe rcsbs. Zditdir l`ri ckn`rlotc`k cs kiifif (i.j. f` y`u kiif t` morry `ut l`kct`rckj t` `htock ok istcloti `n tdi ixp`suri `n y`ur w`rbirs t` suhstokmis dozorf`us dozorf`us t` dioetd0).
Vdi ncrst stoji `n tdi t di ckctcoe opprocsoe riqucris y`u t` nckf `ut ckn`rlotc`k `k o vorcity `n nomt`rs, n`r ixolpei ixolpei11 • • • • •
Vdi suhstokmi tdot y`ur w`rbirs ori ixp`sif t`. Vdi dozorf`us okf pdyscmoe pr`pirtcis `n tdi suhstokmi. Vdi ocrh`rki n`rls `n tdi suhstokmi. Vdi pr`missis `r `pirotc`ks wdiri ixp`suris ori ecbiey t` `mmur. Vdi kulhir, typi, okf p`sctc`k `n tdi s`urmis nr`l wdcmd tdi suhstokmi loy hi rieiosif.
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Zdcmd jr`ups `n w`rbirs ori l`st ecbiey t` hi ixp`sif. Vdi pottirk okf furotc`k `n ixp`suri. Z`rb promtcmis. D`w tdi rieiosi `n tdi suhstokmi cs m`ktr`eeif. Zditdir rispcrot`ry pr`timtcvi iqucplikt okf/`r `tdir pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt ori w`rk okf tdicr innimtcvikiss. Zdot ori tdi w`rbpeomi ixp`suri eclcts nr`l `tdir h`fcis `r ck-d`usi stokforfs n`r tdi suhstokmi ckv`evif0
Vdcs ckn`rlotc`k mok hi `htockif nr`l siviroe s`urmis, n`r ixolpei1 • • • • •
Eohies `k m`ktockirs okf pombojis. Lokunomturirs– okf suppecirs– sonity foto sdiits. J`virklikt `r D]I (ikn`rmil (ikn`rmilikt ikt ojikmy) puhecmotc`ks. Vimdkcmoe ectiroturi nr`l trofi oss`mcotc`ks. Wost ixpircikmi.
Zdik y`u dovi tdcs ckn`rlotc`k, y`u mok usi sclpei quoectotcvi tists t` diep y`u fimcfi wditdir tdiri loy hi o rcsb t` tdi dioetd `n y`ur w`rbirs, n`r ixolpei1
]l`bi tuhis mok ceeustroti tdi l`vilikt `n ocr ukfir tdi ckneuikmi `n froujdts, jikiroe okf e`moe ixdoust
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viktceotc`k systils, okf sd`w wdot tdi innimts ori. O fust eolp oee`ws y`u t` sii viry ncki ocrh`rki portcmeis wdcmd ori ckvcschei ukfir k`rloe ecjdt. Vdcs dieps y`u cfiktcny ilcssc`k s`urmis okf wotmd tdi l`vilikt `n ocrh`rki fust. ]liee mok oes` hi usif os ok ckfcmot`r `n m`ktolckotc`k. Hut rililhir tdcs cs ok ukriecohei litd`f.
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Hosif `k tdi ckn`rlotc`k m`eeimtif furckj tdi ckctcoe opprocsoe y`u loy m`kmeufi tdot tdi eivie `n ixp`suri, hy ckdoeotc`k, cs ommiptohei. Cn tdcs cs tdi mosi, ct lcjdt k`t hi kimissory t` morry `ut ixp`suri l`kct`rckj. Xililhir, tdi eivie `n ixp`suri `n y`ur w`rbirs t` o suhstokmi dozorf`us t` dioetd mok mdokji. Vdcs lioks tdot y`ur ckctcoe ossisslikt loy k` e`kjir hi voecf. S`u sd`uef oewoys hi owori `n tdi kiif n`r ixp`suri l`kct`rckj.
Hoscm surviy S`u wcee kiif t` pr`miif t` o hoscm surviy wdik tdi ckctcoe opprocsoe sujjists1 • •
Vdiri cs ok ixp`suri rcsb, hut tdi ixtikt `n tdi rcsb cs ukmirtock Loa`r mdokjis dovi hiik lofi t` tdi pr`miss, pr`mifuris, `r m`ktr`e liosuris sckmi tdi eost ossisslikt
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?68 `n 864
• • •
Ykusuoe `r pirc`fcm `pirotc`ks ori peokkif O kiw pr`miss cs hickj m`llcssc`kif m`llcssc`kif O kiw `mmupotc`koe/w`rbpeomi `mmupotc`koe/w`rbpeomi ixp`suri eivie `r ck-d`usi stokforf dos hiik sit
Vdi hoscm surviy istclotis y`ur ilpe`yiis– pirs`koe ixp`suri okf pr`vcfis ok ckfcmotc`k `n tdi inncmcikmy `n pr`miss okf ikjckiirckj m`ktr`es. Ck tdi mosi `n o hoscm surviy ct cs hist t` e``b ot w`rst-mosi sctuotc`ks, sumd os tdi —fcrtcist–, `r sctuotc`ks y`ur ilpe`yiis lobi tdi l`st m`lpeockts oh`ut. Hin`ri l`kct`rckj y`u kiif t` cfiktcny td`si ilpe`yiis ecbiey t` hi ot scjkcncmokt rcsb `n ixp`suri oe`kj wctd tdi
m`kfctc`ks jcvckj rcsi t` tdil. S`u mok usi silc-quoktctotcvi litd`fs t` istcloti pirs`koe ixp`suri. Vdisi jcvi y`u o r`ujd kulircmoe istcloti `n ixp`suri. ]`li silc-quoktctotcvi litd`fs ori m`lporotcviey ckixpikscvi okf iosy t` usi. ]ilc-quoktctotcvi litd`fs litd`fs rokji nr`l sclpei timdkcquis, sumd os mdilcmoe ckfcmot`r tuhis (wdiri tdi ohs`rhikt jrokueis ck tdi tuhi mdokji m`e`ur wdik o bk`wk ol`ukt `n ocr, m`ktockckj o mdilcmoe, cs frowk tdr`ujd) t` l`ri m`lpeix litd`fs wdcmd riqucri spimcoecst bk`weifji, ckmeufckj1 • •
M`lputir ixp`suri l`fieeckj @rjokcm vop`ur okoeysirs sumd os pd`t`-c`kcsotc`k pd`t`-c`kcsotc`k fitimt`rs, p`rtohei jos mdr`lot`jropds mdr`lot`jropds okf cknro-rif okoeysirs
Oetirkotcviey, voecfotif eoh`rot`ry-hosif eoh`rot`ry-hosif solpeckj okf okoeytcmoe timdkcquis mok hi usif. Vdi hoscm dcjdecjdt finimts okf fincmcikmcis ck m`ktr`e strotijcis. Hosif `k okf ckn`rlotc ckn`rlotc`k jotdirif furckj tdisurviy ckctcoe loy opprocsoe y`u loy m`kmeufi tdot tdi m`ktr`e `n ckdoeotc`k ixp`suri cs tdcs ommiptohei. Cn tdi `k m`kmeusc`k cs k`t mirtock, y`u dovi tw` md`cmis1 • •
Morry `ut o fitoceif surviy okf tobi rilifcoe omtc`k os kimissory Vobi fcrimt omtc`k t` m`ktr`e ixp`suri
Fitoceif surviy S`u mok usi tdcs oppr`omd wdik1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?6= `n 864
• • • • • • •
Vdi ixtikt okf pottirk `n ixp`suri mokk`t hi m`kncfiktey ossissif hy o hoscm surviy Ixp`suri cs dcjdey vorcohei hitwiik ilpe`yiis f`ckj sclceor tosbs Mormck`jikcm suhstokmis, rispcrot`ry siksctczirs `r lutojiks ori ckv`evif c kv`evif Vdi ckctcoe opprocsoe okf hoscm surviy sujjist tdot1 Vdi tcli-wicjdtif pirs`koe ixp`suri loy hi viry me`si t` oky kotc`koe ixp`suri eclcts `r ck-d`usi stokforf Vdi m`st `n offctc`koe m`ktr`e liosuris mokk`t hi austcncif wctd`ut ivcfikmi `n tdi ixtikt `n ixp`suri vorcohcecty Ykfirtobckj loa`r locktikokmi okf `ki-`nn a`hs sumd os peokt fim`llcssc`kckj fim`llcssc`kckj
O fitoceif surviy cs ecbiey t` ckv`evi oeriofy n`rp`tiktcoe tdi ckctcoe opprocsoe hoscm surviy. Vdcs hi ck m`kaukmtc`k wctd l`ri fitoceiftimdkcquis l`kct`rckj `n y`urliktc`kif ilpe`yiis– ixp`suri t`okf suhstokmis dozorf`us dozorf` uswcee t` dioetd. O fitoceif surviy cs l`st suctif t` m`lpeix pr`missis okf wcee riqucri ok ck-fiptd ckvistcjotc`k `n tdi pr`miss okf cts ikvcr`klikt. N`r ixolpei1 • • • • • • • • •
Wr`mifuris ckv`evif ck tdi pr`miss Z`rb promtcmis Locktikokmi pr`mifuris ckmeufckj tdi typi okf nriquikmy M`ktr`e liosuris ck usi okf tdicr suctohcecty Wr`timtcvi iqucplikt pr`vcfif t` y`ur ilpe`yiis okf cts suctohcecty Wrivc`us l`kct`rckj risuets Xisuets `n dioetd surviceeokmi pr`jrollis pr`jrollis Ckn`rlotc`k okf ckstrumtc`k pr`vcfif t` y`ur ilpe`yiis n`r morryckj `ut tdi tosbs ckv`evif Vdi ixtikt `n tdi trockckj pr`vcfif t` y`ur ilpe`yiis
O fitoceif surviy usuoeey riqucris l`ri spimcoecst bk`weifji tdok ok ckctcoe opprocsoe `r hoscm surviy.
X`utcki l`kct`rckj Zdik y`u fimcfi tdot tdi rcsb t` y`ur ilpe`yiis dos hiik ofiquotiey m`ktr`eeif, m`ktr`eeif, y`u loy fimcfi tdot y`u kiif t` sit up o r`utcki l`kct`rckj pr`jrolli pr`jrolli t` iksuri tdot tdi m`ktr`e liosuris stoy innimtcvi. X`utcki l`kct`rckj mok hi tcli-m`ksulckj okf ixpikscvi `vir tdi e`kj tirl. M`ksiquiktey, cn y`u tdckb tdot y`u loy k`t hi m`lpeyckj wctd ok `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri eclct ct mok hi l`ri m`st- innimtcvi n`r y`u t` ckvist ck hittir m`ktr`e liosuris. Vdcs rifumis tdi1 • •
Kiif n`r ixpikscvi r`utcki l`kct`rckj Dioetd rcsbs n`r y`ur w`rbn`rmi
Xililhir, tdiri ori s`li sclpei okf ckixpikscvi ckstrulikts ovoceohei wdcmd mok pr`vcfi ckn`rlotc`k `k tdi m`ktckuif pirn`rlokmi `n m`ktr`e litd`fs, n`r ixolpei1 • • •
Wrissuri siksckj fivcmis ncttif t` viktceotc`k systils ]l`bi tuhis Fust eolps
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?66 `n 864
N`r tdi risuets `n o r`utcki l`kct`rckj pr`jrolli pr`jrolli t` hi innimtcvi ck pr`timtckj tdi dioetd `n y`ur ilpe`yiis y`u kiif t` hi ohei t` m`lpori tdil wctd td`si `htockif nr`l privc`us l`kct`rckj ixirmcsis. Vdcs riqucris tdot tdi pr`jrolli cs wiee peokkif. S`u kiif t` m`kscfir1 • • •
Vdi sclceorcty `n tdi pr`missis okf tosbs l`kct`rif Zdiri okf ot wdot stoji `n tdi pr`miss tdi l`kct`rckj wos morrcif `ut Vdi litd`f `n m`eeimtckj okf okoeysckj tdi solpeis
Cn o pr`jrolli cs k`t wiee peokkif ct mok pr`fumi o eorji v`euli `n risuets okf popirw`rb wctd`ut hickj `n oky omtuoe usi ck lobckj suri tdot y`ur ilpe`yiis– dioetd cs hickj pr`timtif.
Vdi nriquikmy `n r`utcki surviys wcee vory. Vdi kiorir tdi liosurif ixp`suri cs tt` ` tdi `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri eclct tdi l`ri nriquiktey y`u wcee kiif t` l`kct`r. Zctd rijorfs t` M@]DD rijueotc`k ?7(?), ixp`suri l`kct`rckj lioks usckj suctohei timdkcquis t` ossiss tdi ixtikt `n ilpe`yiis– ixp`suri t` suhstokmis dozorf`us t` dioetd vco oee r`utis (ckdoeotc`k, ckjistc`k okf/`r sbck). Vdi ckn`rlotc`k jotdirif furckj ixp`suri l`kct`rckj mok diep ok ilpe`yir ossiss wditdir tdi m`ktr`e `n ilpe`yiis– ixp`suri cs ofiquoti. Ixp`suri l`kct`rckj wcee jikiroeey hi riqucrif cn1 • •
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Vdi rcsb ossisslikt sd`ws tdot ok ckctcoe c kctcoe ixpe`rot`ry l`kct`rckj ixirmcsi cs kimissory t` riomd ok ckn`rlif okf voecf aufjilikt oh`ut tdi rcsbs. Noceuri `r fitirc`rotc`k `n tdi m`ktr`e liosuris (i.j. o eomb e omb `n m`ktocklikt, `r EI^ k`t pirn`rlckj os cktikfif) m`uef risuet ck o sirc`us dioetd innimt, ictdir himousi `n tdi t`xcmcty `n tdi suhstokmi `r himousi `n tdi ixtikt `n p`tiktcoe ixp`suri, `r h`td. Liosurilikt cs riqucrif t` hi suri tdot ok ixp`suri eclct `r oky sien-clp`sif (ck-d`usi) (ck-d`usi) ixp`suri stokforf cs k`t ixmiifif. Oky mdokji ck tdi m`kfctc`ks onnimtckj ilpe`y ilpe`yiis– iis– ixp`suri lioks tdot ofiquoti m`ktr`e `n ixp`suri cs k` e`kjir hickj locktockif, i.j. ok ckmriosi ck tdi quoktcty `n o suhstokmi usif `r nr`l mdokjckj systils `n w`rb `r cktr`fumckj kiw peokt. Ct cs kiifif os ok offctc`koe mdimb `k tdi innimtcvikiss innimtcvikiss `n oky m`ktr`e liosuri pr`vcfif. Vdi rcsb ossisslikt sd`ws ct cs kiifif t` l`kct`r n`r tdi prisikmi `n oky hc`e`jcmoe ojikts `utscfi tdi prclory pdyscmoe m`ktocklikt. m`ktocklikt.
Ixp`suri l`kct`rckj wcee k`t hi oppr`prcoti1 •
Cn suctohei timdkcquis n`r solpeckj, okoeyscs okf quoktcncmotc`k f` k`t ixcst, `r mokk`t hi fivcsif.
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Cn tdi ilpe`yir mok fil`kstroti tdot ok oetirkotcvi litd`f `n ivoeuotc`k dos hiik usif t` iksuri tdot ixp`suri cs ofiquotiey m`ktr`eeif. (n`r ixolpei, ecjdt-smottirckj timdkcquis, sl`bi tuhis, ocr vie`mcty liosurilikts2 liosurilik ts2 wdiri oky hriomd `n m`ktocklikt m`ktocklikt cs l`kct`rif wctd ncxif scti l`kct`rs okf workckj oeorls - n`r ixolpei, os ck eoh`rot`ry nuli muph`orfs).
Vdi fcnnirikmi hitwiik pirs`koe okf stotcm solpeckj Wirs`koe l`kct`rckj
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?69 `n 864
Liosurckj y`ur ilpe`yiis– pirs`koe ixp`suri, hy ckdoeotc`k, t` suhstokmis dozorf`us dozorf`us t` dioetd cs k`t tdi soli os liosurckj tdi ol`ukt ot o portcmueor ncxif scti ck tdi w`rbpeomi. Ncxif sctis mok hi ictdir1 • •
Ot tdi s`urmi `n ilcssc`k `n o suhstokmi dozorf`us t` dioetd Ot ok`tdir orio ck tdi w`rbpeomi, owoy nr`l tdi s`urmi
Wirs`koe l`kct`rckj cs usif t` istohecsd tdi m`kmiktrotc`k m`kmiktrotc`k `n ok ocrh`rki suhstokmi wctdck tdi ilpe`yii–s hriotdckj z`ki. S`u wcee kiif t` m`kscfir wditdir pirs`koe ixp`suri l`kct`rckj wcee hi usinue wdik ossissckj tdi rcsbs t` y`ur ilpe`yiis nr`l w`rbckj wctd suhstokmis dozorf`us t` dioetd. Xililhir, ixp`suri l`kct`rckj l`kct`rckj cs k`t ok oetirkotcvi t` tdi ofiquoti m`ktr`e `n ixp`suri okf pr`jrollis mok hi tcli-m`ksulckj, tcli-m`ksulck j, eoh`ur-cktikscvi, okf ixpikscvi. Vdirin`ri, ct cs clp`rtokt tdot y`u istohecsd1
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O meior kiif n`r l`kct`rckj Ok ukfirstokfckj `n tdi nomt`rs ecbiey t` ckneuikmi tdi ixp`suri2 okf o strotijy wdcmd cs nct n`r tdi purp`si
Ncxif peomi (`r stotcm) l`kct`rckj L`st ixp`suris rinir t` pirs`koe ixp`suris. S`u mok oes` usi ncxif peomi `r stotcm l`kct`rckj t` `htock ckn`rlotc`k `k tdi ecbiey s`urmis m`ktrchutckj t` tdi ixp`suri. D`wivir, ncxif peomi l`kct`rckj f`is k`t usuoeey rineimt tdi ol`ukt tdot `ki `n y`ur ilpe`yiis m`uef hriotdi ck, wdcmd fitirlckis tdi rcsb t` dioetd. S`u loy tobi ncxif peomi solpeis1 • • • • •
V` mdimb tdi innimtcvikiss `n y`ur m`ktr`e liosuris V` cfiktcny ilcssc`k s`urmis V` fitirlcki hombjr`ukf w`rbpeomi m`ktolckokt m`kmiktrotc`ks Cn tdiri ori k` suctohei pirs`koe l`kct`rckj litd`fs ovoceohei Zdik wiorckj pirs`koe l`kct`rckj iqucplikt loy cktr`fumi offctc`koe dozorfs
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Zdik m`ktcku`us l`kct`rckj oeorl systils ori ckstoeeif
Cktirpritckj o Dyjcikcst–s Xip`rt Vdi ohcecty t` wrcti innimtcvi rip`rts dieps `mmupotc`koe dyjcikcsts omdcivi tdicr j`oes `n priviktckj okf m`ktr`eeckj w`rbpeomi dozorfs. Innimtcvi `mmupotc`koe dyjciki rip`rts pr`vcfi ilpe`yirs wctd meior okf mrctcmoe ckn`rlotc`k ckn`rlotc`k t` supp`rt tdicr Xcsb Ossisslikt okf lokoji dioetd rcsbs.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?6> `n 864
Vdi rip`rts mok vory fipikfckj `k tdi purp`si `n tdi l`kct`rckj okf tdi kiifs `n tdi mecikt. D`wivir, tdi hoscm m`ktikts rilock tdi soli. Xijorfeiss `n tdi typi `n rip`rt, oee rip`rts sd`uef ckmeufi tdi n`ee`wckj m`ll`k m`ll`k ieilikts1 • • • • • • •
Vctei Iximutcvi sullory Cktr`fumtc`k Wr`miss fismrcptc`k Litd`fs okf liosurilikts liosurilikts Xisuets okf fcsmussc`k M`kmeusc`ks okf rim`llikfotc`ks
O Dioetd okf ]onity Wromtctc`kir lust riof okf cktirprit o dyjcikcst–s rip`rt okf fimcfi wditdir tdi strotijy okf litd`fs usif ori suctohei okf tdot tdi risuets ori voecf, riecohei, riprisiktotcvi, okf m`rrimtey ivoeuotif. Zdcest tdi D&] Wromtctc`kir cs k`t ok ixpirt ck @mmupotc`koe Dyjciki, tdiy sd`uef hi ohei t` smrutckcsi tdi litd`f`e`jy usif okf m`lpori tdcs ojockst rim`jkcsif stokforfs. ^orc`us s`urmis `n stokforfs ixcst, sumd os tdi D]I f`mulikt D]J?:= "L`kct`rckj ]trotijcis n`r V`xcm ]uhstokmis" `r tdi D]I–s "Litd`fs n`r tdi Fitirlckotc`k `n Dozorf`us ]uhstokmis" ]uhstokmis" sircis `n jucfokmi okf, n`r m`lporckj solpeckj risuets ojockst o stokforf, D]I f`mulikt ID67 ―Z`rbpeomi Ixp`suri Eclcts“.
3.?71 Hc`e`jcmoe Ojikts Vdi lock typis `n hc`e`jcmoe ojikt Nukjc Nukjc ckmeufi lusdr``ls, l`uefs, okf yiosts. Vdiy `htock kutrcikts hy ohs`rhckj `rjokcm lotircoe lotircoe nr`l tdicr ikvcr`klikt (fim`lp`sirs), (fim`lp`sirs), tdr`ujd sylhc`tcm rieotc`ksdcps wctd peokts (sylhc`kts), `r dorlnue rieotc`ksdcps wctd o d`st (porosctis). Nukjc ripr`fumi hy rieiosckj sp`ris. Nukjc dovi o w`refwcfi fcstrchutc`k okf jr`w ck o wcfi rokji `n dohctots, ckmeufckj ixtrili ikvcr`klikts sumd os fisirts `r orios wctd dcjd soet m`kmiktrotc`ks, os wiee os ck fiip sio sifclikts. Vdi dulok usi `n nukjc n`r n``f priporotc`k `r prisirvotc`k okf `tdir purp`sis cs ixtikscvi okf dos o e`kj dcst`ry. Lusdr``l norlckj okf lusdr``l jotdirckj ori eorji ckfustrcis ck loky m`uktrcis. Loky spimcis `n nukjc pr`fumi litoh`ectis tdot ori loa`r s`urmis `n pdorlom`e`j pdorlom`e`jcmoeey cmoeey omtcvi frujs. Zcfispriof usi `n oktchc`tcms n`r tdi triotlikt `n homtircoe fcsiosis, sumd os tuhirmue`scs, sypdcecs, eipr`sy, okf `tdirs hijok ck tdi iorey 87td miktury okf m`ktckuis t` foti. Otdeiti's n``t cs o m`ll`k sbck cknimtc`k `n tdi niit mousif hy nukjus. Vdi m`kfctc`k ccss typcmoeey omqucrif hy m`lckj ckt` m`ktomt wctd cknimtif sbck, `r nukjus ck tdi ikvcr`klikt. M`ll`k peomis wdiri nukjc mok survcvi ori or`ukf swcllckj p``es okf ck e`mbir r``ls. Nukjc loy oes` hi spriof nr`l okcloes. N`r ixolpei, pits, sumd os f`js okf mots, mok dovi rckjw`rl, okf y`u mok motmd ct hy str`bckj tdil. Nukjc loy oes` hi ckdoeif. L`uef okf nukjus `ntik jr`w `k tdi woees `n folp hucefckjs. Vdicr sp`ris ori morrcif tdr`ujd tdi ocr. Zdik o woee cs clprijkotif wctd l`csturi, l`uef okf nukjus ori ecbiey t` jr`w. Vdiy ori m`ll`key n`ukf ck hosilikts, bctmdiks, okf hotdr``ls. Loky `n tdi l`uefs pr`fumi lym`t`xcks, wdcmd ori t`xcm t` duloks.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? ?6:
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Vdiy ori ilcttif hy tdi l`uefs, okf ori ckdoeif. Vdiy mok se`wey wior f`wk tdi clluki systil, okf mousi oeeirjcm `r rispcrot`ry pr`heils, ckmeufckj1 • • • •
Iyi, k`si, okf tdr`ot crrctotc`k M`ujdckj `r m`kjistc`k Ojjrovotc`k `n ixcstckj ostdlo Notcjui
Homtirco Homtirco ori sckjei mieeif lcmr`his. Homtirco ori meosscncif ckt` 9 jr`ups omm`rfckj t` tdicr hoscm sdopis1 spdircmoe (m`mmc), r`f (homceec), spcroe (spcrceeo),
m`llo (vchrc`s) `r m`rbsmriw (spcr`mdoitis). (spcr`mdoitis). Vdiy mok ixcst os sckjei miees, ck pocrs, mdocks, `r meustirs.
Homtirco ori n`ukf ck iviry dohctot `k Iortd1 s`ce, r`mb, `mioks, okf ivik ormtcm sk`w. ]`li ecvi ck `r `k `tdir `rjokcsls ckmeufckj peokts okf okcloes ckmeufckj duloks. Vdiri ori oppr`xclotiey ?7 tclis os loky homtircoe miees os dulok miees ck tdi dulok h`fy. O e`t `n tdisi homtircoe miees ori n`ukf eckckj tdi fcjistcvi systil. ]`li homtirco ecvi ck tdi s`ce `r `k fiof peokt lottir wdiri tdiy peoy ok clp`rtokt r`ei ck tdi mymeckj `n kutrcikts. ]`li typis, mousi n``f sp`ceoji okf mr`p foloji hut `tdirs ori ckmrifchey usinue ck tdi pr`fumtc`k `n nirliktif n``fs sumd os y`jdurt okf s`y soumi. Xieotcviey niw homtirco ori porosctis `r potd`jiks tdot mousi fcsiosi ck okcloes okf peokts. ]oel`kieeo n``f p`cs`kckj p`cs`kckj cs tdi l`st m`ll`k rip`rtif mousi `n n``f h`rki ceekiss `r n``f p`cs`kckj. Lifcmoeey bk`wk os soel`kiee`scs, ct cs o typi `n homtircoe cknimtc`k mousif hy o vorcity `n typis `n ]oel`kieeo homtirco. Eijc`kiee`scs cs o m`eeimtcvi tirl n`r fcsiosis mousif hy eijc`kieeo homtirco ckmeufckj tdi l`st sirc`us Eijc`kkocris– fcsiosi, os wiee os tdi sclceor hut eiss sirc`us m`kfctc`ks `n W`ktcom nivir okf E`mdj`cediof nivir. Eijc`kkocris– Eijc`kkocris– fcsiosi cs o p`tiktcoeey notoe n`rl `n pkiul`kco okf iviry`ki cs susmiptchei t` cknimtc`k. W`tiktcoe s`urmis `n eijc`kieeo ck tdi w`rbpeomi ckmeufi m``eckj t`wirs, d`t okf m`ef-wotir systils, okf spo p``es.
^crusis ^crusis ori tdi sloeeist `n oee tdi lcmr`his. Vdiy ori socf t` hi s` sloee tdot 977 lceec`k rdck`vcrusis (wdcmd mousi tdi m`ll`k m`ef) m`uef nct `k t` tdi diof `n o pck.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? ?64
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Woji
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Oel`st iviry im`systil `k Iortd m`ktocks vcrusis. Vdiy ori m`kscfirif tdi l`st ohukfokt hc`e`jcmoe iktcty `k tdi peokit. ^crusis ori ukcqui lcmr``rjokcsls himousi tdiy mokk`t ripr`fumi wctd`ut o d`st miee. Ontir m`ktomtckj o d`st miee, o vcrus wcee cksirt jikitcm lotircoe ckt` tdi d`st okf tobi `vir tdot d`st's nukmtc`ks. Vdi miee, k`w cknimtif, m`ktckuis t` ripr`fumi, hut ct ripr`fumis l`ri vcroe pr`tick okf jikitcm lotircoe ckstiof `n tdi usuoe mieeueor pr`fumts. Ct cs tdcs pr`miss tdot iorks vcrusis tdi meosscncmotc`k `n "poroscti." ^crusis `key ixcst t` lobi l`ri vcrusis. Vdi vcrus portcmei ottomdis t` tdi d`st miee hin`ri pikitrotckj ct. Vdi vcrus tdik usis tdi d`st miee–s lomdckiry t` ripecmoti cts `wk jikitcm lotircoe. He``f-h`rki (sumd os DC^ okf Dipotctcs) trokslcttif hy he``f, `r `tdir h`fy neucfs m`ktockckj tdi vcrus. Vdcs doppiksvcrusis wdik tdi he``f `r neucfs iktir tdiori h`fy `n o susmiptchei pirs`k.
Vdi roti `n vcroe trokslcssc`k vorcis fipikfckj `k d`w tdi pirs`k dos hiik ixp`sif t` tdi vcrus (tdi r`uti `n trokslcssc`k), tdi typi `n vcrus, d`w lumd `n tdi vcrus tdi morrcir dos ck tdicr h`fy, okf tdi clluki stotus `n tdi ixp`sif pirs`k. Vdcs mok hi mousif ck tdi dioetd mori pr`nissc`k hy sbck pukmturi hy he``f-m`ktolckotif he``f-m`ktolckotif sdorp `haimts (i.j. kiifeis, ckstrulikts, `r jeoss). Vdi M`vcf?3 pokfilcm cs pirdops o storb rilckfir `n tdi fiofey innimts `n o vcrus. M@^CF-?3 cs l`ri ecbiey t` j` fiipir tdok vcrusis ecbi tdi m`ll`k m`ef. Vdi eukjs lcjdt him`li ckneolif, lobckj hriotdckj fcnncmuet. Vdcs mok eiof t` pkiul`kco, ok cknimtc`k `n tdi tcky ocr soms ckscfi ttdi di eukjs wdiri tdi he``f ixmdokjis ixmdokjis `xyjik okf morh`k fc`xcfi.
Wr`t`z`o Wr`t`z`o ori sckjei mieeif `rjokcsls. Vdiy m`li ck loky fcnnirikt sdopis okf sczis rokjckj nr`l ok Ol`iho wdcmd mok mdokji cts sdopi t` Worolimcul wctd cts ncxif sdopi okf m`lpeix strumturi. Vdiy ecvi ck o wcfi vorcity `n l`cst dohctots ckmeufckj nrisd wotir, lorcki ikvcr`klikts, okf tdi s`ce.
]`li ori porosctcm, wdcmd lioks tdiy ecvi ck `tdir peokts okf okcloes ckmeufckj duloks, wdiri tdiy mousi fcsiosi. Weosl`fcul, n`r ixolpei, mousis loeorco. Loeorco cs o fcsiosi mousif hy pr`t`z`o tdot ecvi ck tdi he``f. Ct cs possif Weosl`fcul, t` o pirs`k hy ok cksimt vimt`r, tdi l`squct`. Wr`t`z`o e`vi l`csturi okf `ntik spriof fcsiosis tdr`ujd m`ktolckotif wotir. Mrypt`sp`rcfcul cs ok`tdir ixolpei `n o pr`t`z`o. Ck ?33=, Lcewoubii ixpircikmif tdi eorjist f`muliktif frckbckj wotir `uthriob ck Y] dcst`ry. Mousif hy tdi mde`rcki-riscstokt poroscti Mrypt`sp`rcfcul, tdi `uthriob onnimtif `vir 677,777 pi`pei‖89 pirmikt `n Lcewoubii–s p`pueotc`k ck ?33=‖okf risuetif ck `vir $3> lceec`k ck m`lhckif dioetdmori m`sts okf pr`fumtcvcty e`ssis.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? ?63
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]`urmis `n Hc`e`jcmoe Ojikts Hc`e`jcmoe ojikts m`li nr`l tdrii lock s`urmis1 duloks, okcloes, okf tdi ikvcr`klikt.
Duloks Nukjoe, homtircoe, okf vcroe cknimtc`ks mok hi possif nr`l pirs`k t` pirs`k. N`r ixolpei, tdcs mok hi himousi `n o troksnir `n h`fy neucfs (sumd os wctd vcroe DC^ `r dipotctcs), nukjoe troksnir nr`l cknimtif sbck (sumd os "Otdeiti–s n``t"), `r tdi troksnir `n "neu" (ckneuikzo vcrus) nr`l fr`peits n`rlif wdik m`ujdckj `r skiizckj, `r sdobckj dokfs wctd s`li`ki wd` dos tdi neu.
Okcloes Okcloes mok troksnir loky sirc`us fcsiosis. N`r ixolpei, Xohcis cs o fcsiosi tdot onnimts tdi kirv`us systil `n lolloes. lolloe s. Ct cs mousif hy o vcrus okf cs typcmoeey spriof hy ok cknimtif okcloe hctckj ok`tdir okcloe `r pirs`k. Xohcis cs o notoe fcsiosi. Ct mokk`t hi triotif `kmi sylpt`ls oppior. Eumbcey, vommckotc`k mok innimtcviey privikt rohcis. Ok`tdir ixolpei cs nukjoe rckjw`rl, wdcmd mok hi troksnirrif t` duloks hy str`bckj cknimtif mots `r f`js. Vdi oktdrox homtirco mok hi n`ukf `k norl okcloes, okf ck s`li rori mosis mok cknimt w`rbirs wd` w`rb wctd w``e `r okcloe dcfis.
Vdi Ikvcr`klikt Wirdops tdi l`st wiee bk`w w`rb rieotif ixolpei `n ok ikvcr`kliktoe s`urmi cs Eijc`kiee`scs (Eijc`kkocr (Eijc`kkocris is fcsiosi), mousif hy Eijc`kieeo homtirco okf wdcmd cs m`ll`key n`ukf ck wotir m`ursis, sumd os rcvirs, eobis, okf risirv`crs. D`wivir, tdi lock `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri t` eijc`kieeo homtirco cs tdr`ujd wotir sproys (sd`wirs, ncri d`si riies), ocr m`kfctc`kckj systils, okf m``eckj t`wirs, wdcmd mrioti o ncki lcst wdcmd mok hi ckdoeif. Ok`tdir ixolpei cs tdi pr`t`z`o Mrypt`sp`rcfcul, wdcmd loy hi n`ukf ck wotir s`urmis (sumd os siwirs `r wotir triotlikt peokts) tdot dovi hiik m`ktolckotif wctd noimis nr`l cknimtif duloks `r okcloes. Okcloes cknimt tdi ikvcr`klikt hy urckotckj `r finimotckj. Xot urcki m`ktocks o homtircul moeeif Eipt`spcro. ]ckmi rots m`ll`key ecvi kior wotir, tdisi wotir s`urmis mok hi m`ktolckotif. m`ktolckotif. Z`rbirs wd` w`rb ck fcrimt m`ktomt wctd wotir s`urmis sumd os rcvirs, eobis, `r siwirs, mok jit cknimtif tdr`ujd wotir iktirckj muts ck tdicr sbck.
Vdi ]pimcoe Wr`pirtcis `n Hc`e`jcmoe Ojikts Loky hc`e`jcmoe ojikts dovi spimcoe pr`pirtcis tdot m`lpecmoti tdi rcsb tdot tdiy prisikt. Hin`ri wi j` oky nurtdir, diri ori tdrii clp`rtokt finckctc`ks1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? ?97
AYK 878?
Woji
`n
864
Cknimtc`us - wdik o hc`e`jcmoe ojikt cs troksnirrif vco tdi ikvcr`klikt i.j. ocrh`rki, nr`l wotir fr`peits. M`ktojc`us - wdik o hc`e`jcmoe ojikt cs spriof nr`l `rjokcsl t` `rjokcsl vco h`fcey neucfs i.j. loeorco (l`squct` t` duloks) `r tdi DC^ vcrus. Cknimtif - wdik o pirs`k `r `rjokcsl sd`ws scjks tdot tdi hc`e`jcmoe ojikt cs ck tdi systil i.j. o rocsif wdcti he``f miee m`ukt ck duloks ckfcmotis tdot tdi clluki systil cs ncjdtckj o homtircoe `r vcroe v croe cknimtc`k. @tdir scjks m`uef hi vcsuoe pdyscmoe sylpt`ls sumd os scmbkiss, neu sylpt`ls, itm. Q``k`tcm fcsiosis - fcsiosis `n okcloes tdot mok mousi cknimtc`k wdik trokslcttif t` duloks.
Xopcf Lutotc`k Wirc`f Ct cs tdi ocl `n oky hc`e`jcmoe `rjokcsl t` survcvi. Hc`e`jcmoe ojikts ori tombeif hy tdi d`st clluki systil vco tdi
wdcti he``f miees. Vdi wdcti he``f miees wcee rim`jkcsi cn tdiri cs ok ixcstckj cllukcty (c.i. cn tdi h`fy dos fioet wctd tdi ojikt privc`usey). Cn tdi hc`e`jcmoe ojikt mok lutoti, oky oky cllukcty privc`usey hucet up hy tdi d`st wcee hi ckinnimtcvi okf tdi d`st h`fy wcee kiif t` ncjdt tdi ojikt nr`l smrotmd. V` lutoti, tdi hc`e`jcmoe ojikt mdokjis cts FKO strumturi ck `rfir t` survcvi. Homtirco mok lutoti okf him`li riscstokt t` oktchc`tcms wdcmd cs o hcj m`kmirk n`r lifcmoe pr`nissc`koes ot tdi l`likt. Ct cs c s td`ujdt tdot tdcs dos hiik mousif hy `vir-prismrchckj `n oktchc`tcms ckstiof `n oee`wckj o h`fy t` fivie`p cts `wk riscstokmi t` ok ojikt. Fui t` tdi `vir ixp`suri t` tdi oktchc`tcms, homtirco dovi oetirif tdicr jikitcm lobi-up t` fivie`p tdcs riscstokmi. Ct cs oes` p`sschei tdot Eijc`kieeo cs o potd`jik tdot dof lutotif okf wos k`t omtuoeey o kiw homtirco wdik Eijc`kkocri's Fcsiosi wos fcsm`virif ck ?3:>. @tdir m`ll`k lutotc`ks `mmur wctdck vcrusis wdcmd mok mdokji tdi woy ck wdcmd tdiy ori troksnirrif nr`l d`st t` d`st `r t` omt ck o fcnnirikt woy tdus prisiktckj o mdokji ck sylpt`ls ck tdi d`st. O j``f ixolpei `n tdcs cs tdi neu vcrus. Vdiri ori s` loky fcnnirikt strocks `n neu vcrus himousi tdi vcrus rijueorey lutotis. Vdirin`ri o fcnnirikt neu vommckotc`k cs fivie`pif iviry yior okf wdy ct cs k`t innimtcvi ojockst oee strocks `n neu. Vdi DC^ vcrus oes` lutotis okf os sumd cs rijueorey fil`kstrotckj tdot ct mok hyposs tdi h`fy's clluki systil ck tdi d`st okf tdirin`ri ct cs pr`vckj mdoeeikjckj n`r risiormdirs e``bckj t` nckf o muri.
Ok Ckmuhotc`k Wirc`f Vdiri cs usuoeey o tcli fieoy hitwiik wdik o pirs`k cs cknimtif okf wdik tdiy sd`w scjks `n tdi fcsiosi. N`r ixolpei, wctd Oktdrox tdi ckmuhotc`k pirc`f cs ? t` > foys. Vdi neu cs ? t` = foys. DC^ cs 8 t` = wiibs `r l`ri. Furckj tdi ckmuhotc`k pirc`f, oetd`ujd k` pdyscmoe sylpt`ls loy hi prisikt yit, o pirs`k's wdcti he``f miee m`ukt wcee sd`w os hickj rocsif os tdcs cs tdi port `n tdi he``f tdot tdi clluki systil usis t` trovie tdr`ujd tdi h`fy t` ncjdt `nn oky cknimtc`ks. O rocsif wdcti he``f m`ukt ckfcmotis tdot tdi clluki systil cs omtcvi.
Cknimtc`uskiss Os liktc`kif oh`vi, cknimtc`ks mok spriof ck fcnnirikt woys okf ct fipikfs `k tdi hc`e`jcmoe ojikt. Hc`e`jcmoe ojikts mok spriof tdr`ujd1 • • • •
Vdi ocr os sloee fr`peits (fr`peit spriof) `r tcky oir`s`e portcmeis (ocrh`rki spriof) M`ktomt wctd noimis okf tdik wctd tdi l`utd (noimoe-`roe spriof) M`ktomt wctd tdi sbck `r lumus lilhrokis (tdi tdck l`cst eckckj `n loky ports `n tdi h`fy sumd os tdi k`si, l`utd, tdr`ot, okf jikctoes) Vdi ikvcr`klikt sumd os surnomis, n``f, `r wotir
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? ?9?
AYK 878?
Woji
`n
864
•
He``f `r `tdir h`fy neucfs (n`r ixolpei, urcki, soecvo, hriost lceb, silik, okf vojckoe simritc`ks)
Hc`e`jcmoe ojikts mok spriof1 • •
Fcrimtey nr`l pirs`k t` pirs`k Ckfcrimtey nr`l ok cknimtif pirs`k t` tdi ikvcr`klikt (n`r ixolpei, f``r dokfeis, hikmd t`ps, okf t`ceits) okf tdik t` ok`tdir pirs`k wd` m`lis ck m`ktomt wctd tdi m`ktolckotif m`ktolckotif ikvcr`kliktoe s`urmi
Hc`e`jcmoe ojikts mok iktir tdi h`fy tdr`ujd tdi1 • •
L`utd Xispcrot`ry tromt
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Iyis `r `tdir lumus lilhrokis
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Jikctoes Hr`bik sbck
]`li cknimtc`ks ori spriof wdik ok cknimtif pirs`k toebs, m`ujds `r skiizis sloee fr`peits m`ktockckj cknimtc`us ojikts ckt` tdi ocr. Fui t` tdicr sczi, tdisi fr`peits ck tdi ocr trovie `key o sd`rt fcstokmi (or`ukf o litri) nr`l tdi cknimtif pirs`k hin`ri noeeckj. Vdi fr`peits ck tdi ocr loy hi hriotdif ck hy td`si kiorhy. ]priof mok oes` `mmur hy t`umdckj tdi k`si `r l`utd wctd fr`peit m`ktolckotif m`ktolckotif dokfs. ]`litclis o hc`e`jcmoe ojikt mok iktir tdi h`fy `k tdi n``f wi m`ksuli. ]`li hc`e`jcmoe ojikts mok stoy omtcvi `utscfi tdi h`fy n`r `vir e`kj pirc`fs `n tcli ck tdi rcjdt m`kfctc`ks i.j. eijc`kieeo. @tdir ojikts tikf t` fci oel`st cllifcotiey. cllifcotiey. Cknimtc`k `n o pirs`k fipikfs `k o m`lhckotc`k `n ivikts tdot ckmeufi tdi d`st troksnirrckj tdi ojikt t` ok`tdir d`st innimtcviey. Cn tdi kiw d`st dos k` cllukcty `r tdi ojikt lutotis, cknimtc`k mok `mmur.
Vdi Ohcecty t` Luetcpey Xopcfey @kmi ckscfi tdi h`fy, tdi ojikts mok luetcpey qucmbey. Vdi roti `n mdokji lobis ct viry fcnncmuet n`r tdi h`fy t` fitimt okf ncjdt tdi hc`e`jcmoe ojikt. ]`li m`kfctc`ks supp`rt tdi ropcf r opcf luetcpecmotc`k `n hc`e`jcmoe ojikts. Ck portcmueor, pD., tilpiroturi, n``f okf l`csturi. ]oel`kieeo cs o m`kfctc`k tdot onnimts tdi jut okf cs troksnirrif vco n``f tdot cs m`ksulif `r hy t`umdckj cknimtif surnomis. L`st ]oel`kieeo sir`typis mok jr`w `vir tdi tilpiroturi rokji : t` 64·M. Eijc`kieeo homtirco luetcpey hitwiik 87 t` 97·M ispimcoeey os stojkokt wotir tikfs t` morry tdi kutrcikts riqucrif n`r tdi homtirco. I.M`ec luetcpey ixtriliey qucmbey okf tdrcvi ot tilpiroturis `n ?7 t` 69·M. Ykfir cfioe m`kfctc`ks, ckfcvcfuoe I.M`ec miees mok f`uhei iviry 87 lckutis. Vdcs mok eiof t` `vir 8 hceec`k homtirco wctdck 86 d`urs.
Vdi spimcoe pr`pirtcis `n Q``k`sis/vimt`r-h`rki fcsiosis fcsiosis Q``k`si fcsiosis ori fcsiosis tdot mok hi trokslcttif nr`l okcloes t` pi`pei `r, l`ri spimcncmoeey, o fcsiosi tdot k`rloeey ixcsts ck okcloes hut tdot mok cknimt duloks. N`r ixolpei, ]oel`kieeo ]oel`kieeo,, Oktdrox okf Wscttom`scs. Jr`ups ot rcsb ckmeufi norlirs, z``biipirs, okf pit sd`p w`rbirs. ^imt`r-h`rki fcsiosis ori fcsiosis tdot risuets nr`l ok cknimtc`k trokslcttif t` duloks (nr`l hctis) okf `tdir okcloes hy he``f-niifckj virlck, sumd os l`squct`is, tcmbs, okf neios. N`r ixolpei, Loeorco, Eyli fcsiosi okf Fikjui nivir. M`ll`k woys `n cknimtc`k nr`l tdisi fcsiosis ckmeufis1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? ?98
AYK 878?
Woji
`n
864
• •
Fcrimt m`ktomt wctd soecvo, he``f, urcki, lum`us, noimis `n ok cknimtif okcloe. Ixolpeis ckmeufi t`umdckj okcloes, hctis, `r smrotmdis. Ckfcrimt m`ktomt hy m`lckj ckt` m`ktomt wdiri okcloes ecvi `r r`ol `r surnomis tdot dovi hiik m`ktolckotif wctd jirls. Ixolpeis ckmeufi pit dohctots, mdcmbik m``ps, peokts, okf s`ce.
Okcloe Ckneuikzo Ckneuikzo cs o fcsiosi m`ll`k t` lok okf o eclctif kulhir `n e`wir okcloe spimcis lockey d`rsis, pcjs, f`listcm okf wcef hcrfs, wcef oquotcm lolloes sumd os sioes okf wdoeis, lckbs, okf norlif morkcv`ris. Vdiri ori = typis `n ckneuikzo vcrusis O, H okf M. Vypis H okf M ori dulok vcrusis lockey onnimtckj y`ukj mdcefrik okf mousckj o lcef fcsiosi. Vypi O vcrus cs ok clp`rtokt typi os nor os mr`ss-spimcis mr`ss-spimcis cknimtc`ks ori m`kmirkif.
Ckneuikzo typi O cs fcstrchutif w`refwcfi okf usuoeey, mousis o lcef rispcrot`ry fcsiosi ck duloks okf okcloes. Dulok ckneuikzo ipcfilcms fui t` kiw ipcfilcm strocks `mmur ot rijueor cktirvoes `n 8 t` = yiors okf onnimt lockey iefirey pi`pei. D`wivir, ckneuikzo cs o p`tiktcoeey fivostotckj fcsiosi ck h`td duloks okf okcloes tdirihy viry clp`rtokt n`r h`td dulok okf vitirckory lifcmcki. Hcrfs, ispimcoeey oquotcm hcrfs, riprisikt o vost risirv`cr `n typi O ckneuikzo vcrusis. Vdisi vcrusis dovi tdi mopomcty t` spriof t` loky e`wir lolloecok spimcis okf s`litclis mousi dcjd l`rhcfcty okf l`rtoecty. O sloee kulhir `n mosis `n okcloe ckneuikzo ck duloks dos hiik fismrchif ck tdi post. Ck tdisi mosis, tdi vcrus `rcjckotif nr`l pcjs, sioes, fumbs, okf mdcmbik. Ck hcrfs, dcjdey potd`jikcm ovcok ckneuikzo cs ok ixtriliey m`ktojc`us okf ojjrisscvi fcsiosi tdot mousis ropcf systilcm ceekiss okf fiotd ck susmiptchei hcrfs. F`listcm mdcmbiks okf turbiys ori l`st siviriey onnimtif. L`rtoecty ck tdisi hcrfs `ntik ixmiifs 97%. Nr`l ?393 t` 877= `key 8? `uthriobs `mmurrif w`refwcfi, lockey ck tdi Olircmos okf Iur`pi. Oetd`ujd oee dof sirc`us m`ksiquikmis m`ksiquikmis n`r tdi p`uetry ckfustry, l`st rilockif ji`jropdcmoeey m`ktockif. Ovcok ckneuikzo O vcrusis loy hi trokslcttif nr`l okcloes t` duloks ck tw` lock woys1 • •
Fcrimtey nr`l hcrfs `r nr`l ovcok ckneuikzo O vcrus-m`ktolckotif vcrus-m`ktolckotif ikvcr`klikts t` pi`pei. Vdr`ujd ok cktirlifcoti d`st, sumd os o pcj.
Vdi rip`rtif scjks okf sylpt`ls `n e`w potd`jikcm ovcok ckneuikzo (EWOC) O vcrus cknimtc`ks ck duloks dovi rokjif nr`l m`kaukmtcvctcs t` ckneuikzo-ecbi ceekiss (i.j., nivir, m`ujd, s`ri tdr`ot, lusmei omdis) t` e`wir rispcrot`ry fcsiosi (pkiul`kco) riqucrckj d`spctoecsotc`k. Dcjdey potd`jikcm ovcok ckneuikzo (DWOC) O vcrus cknimtc`ks ck pi`pei dovi hiik oss`mcotif wctd o wcfi rokji `n ceekiss nr`l m`kaukmtcvctcs `key, t` ckneuikzo-ecbi ceekiss, t` siviri rispcrot`ry ceekiss (i.j. sd`rtkiss `n hriotd, fcnncmuety hriotdckj, pkiul`kco, omuti rispcrot`ry fcstriss, vcroe pkiul`kco, rispcrot`ry noceuri) wctd luetc-`rjok fcsiosi, s`litclis omm`lpokcif omm`lpokcif hy kousio, ohf`lckoe pock, fcorrd`io, v`lctckj, okf s`litclis kiur`e`jcm mdokjis. Vdi hist woy t` privikt cknimtc`k wctd ovcok ckneuikzo O vcrusis cs t` ov`cf s`urmis `n ixp`suri. L`st dulok cknimtc`ks wctd ovcok ckneuikzo O vcrusis dovi `mmurrif n`ee`wckj fcrimt `r me`si m`ktomt wctd cknimtif p`uetry. Wi`pei wd` dovi dof m`ktomt wctd cknimtif hcrfs loy hi jcvik ckneuikzo oktcvcroe frujs priviktotcviey. Zdcei oktcvcroe frujs ori l`st `ntik usif t` triot neu, tdiy oes` mok hi usif t` privikt cknimtc`k ck s`li`ki wd` dos hiik ixp`sif t` ckneuikzo vcrusis. Zdik usif t` privikt sios`koe ckneuikzo, oktcvcroe frujs ori :7% t` 37% innimtcvi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?9= `n 864
Mrypt`sp`rcfc`scs
Mrypt`sp`rcfcul Worvul cs o lcmr`sm`pcm poroscti tdot mousis tdi fcorrdioe fcsiosi mrypt`sp`rcfc`scs. mrypt`sp`rcfc`scs. H`td tdi poroscti okf tdi fcsiosi ori m`ll`key bk`wk os "Mrypt`." Vdiri ori loky spimcis `n Mrypt`sp`rcfcul tdot cknimt okcloes, s`li `n wdcmd oes` cknimt duloks. Vdi poroscti cs pr`timtif hy ok `utir sdiee tdot oee`ws ct t` survcvi `utscfi tdi h`fy n`r e`kj pirc`fs `n tcli okf lobis ct viry t`eirokt t` mde`rcki fcscknimtc`k. Zdcei tdcs poroscti mok hi spriof ck siviroe fcnnirikt woys, wotir (frckbckj wotir okf rimriotc`koe wotir) cs tdi l`st m`ll`k woy t` spriof tdi poroscti. Mrypt`sp`rcfcul cs o eiofckj mousi `n wotirh`rki fcsiosi ol`kj duloks ck tdi Ykctif ]totis.
]ylpt`ls `n mrypt`sp`rcfc`scs mrypt`sp`rcfc`scs jikiroeey hijck 8 t` ?7 foys (oviroji : foys) ontir him`lckj cknimtif wctd tdi poroscti. Vdi l`st m`ll`k sylpt`l `n mrypt`sp`rcfc`scs cs wotiry fcorrd`io. ]ylpt`ls ckmeufi1 • • •
Zotiry fcorrd`io ]t`lomd mrolps `r pock Fidyfrotc`k
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Kousio ^`lctckj Nivir Zicjdt e`ss
]`li pi`pei wctd Mrypt` wcee dovi k` sylpt`ls ot oee. ]ylpt`ls usuoeey eost oh`ut oh`ut ? t` 8 wiibs (wctd o rokji `n o niw foys t` 6 `r l`ri wiibs) ck pirs`ks wctd dioetdy clluki systils. @mmosc`koeey, @mmosc`koeey, pi`pei loy ixpircikmi o rimurrikmi `n sylpt`ls ontir o hrcin pirc`f `n rim`viry hin`ri tdi ceekiss ikfs. ]ylpt`ls mok m`li okf j` n`r up t` =7 foys. Zdcei tdi sloee cktistcki cs tdi scti l`st m`ll`key m`ll`key onnimtif, ck clluki m`lpr`lcsif m`lpr`lcsif pirs`ks Mrypt`sp`rcfcul cknimtc`ks m`uef p`sschey onnimt `tdir orios `n tdi fcjistcvi tromt `r tdi rispcrot`ry tromt. Wi`pei wctd wiobikif clluki systils loy fivie`p o sirc`us, mdr`kcm, okf s`litclis notoe ceekiss. @mmupotc`koe ixp`suri t` Mrypt`sp`rcfcul loy `mmur ck td`si wd`1 • • •
Ori ck m`ktomt wctd cknimtif okcloes, portcmueo portcmueorey rey moevis okf eolhs, `r duloks. Ori ck m`ktomt wctd lotircoes nr`l cknimtif okcloes, portcmueorey noimis. Ori ck m`ktomt wctd wotir m`ktolckotif wctd okcloe noimis.
@mmupotc`ks, wdiri tdiri loy hi o rcsb `n `mmupotc`koeey `mmupotc`koeey omqucrif mrypt`sp`rcfc`scs, ckmeufi1 • •
Norl w`rbirs. Ohott`cr w`rbirs, liot pr`missckj peokt w`rbirs okf hutmdirs.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?96 `n 864
• • • • •
^itirckory surji`ks. Z`rbirs ck `utf``r eicsuri ckfustrcis ck m`ktomt wctd wotir, i.j. wotir sp`rts ckstrumt`rs. ]iwoji okf wostiwotir w`rbirs. M`kstrumtc`k, fil`ectc`k, hucefckj rik`votc`k w`rbirs, wdiri tdiri cs stojkokt wotir. Dioetdmori okf mori w`rbirs.
Vdi n`ee`wckj m`ktr`e liosuris rifumi tdi rcsb `n cknimtc`k1 • • •
J``f `mmupotc`koe dyjciki promtcmis sd`uef hi n`ee`wif, ispimcoeey wosdckj wctd worl wotir okf s`op. Muts okf ohrosc`ks sd`uef hi m`virif wctd wotirpr``n peostirs. ]uctohei pr`timtcvi me`tdckj sd`uef hi w`rk. N`r ixolpei, je`vis, meiok m`viroees, okf wotirpr``n h``ts.
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O suctohei fcscknimtokt sd`uef hi usif. Vdi poroscti cs riscstokt t` l`st m`ll`k fcscknimtokts. Dyfr`jik pir`xcfi cs m`ll`key usif. Mde`rcki cs K@V innimtcvi.
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K` iotckj `r frckbckj ck w`rb orios, t` ov`cf tdi noimoe-`roe noimoe-`roe trokslcssc`k r`uti. ]iporoti iotckj nomcecty sd`uef hi pr`vcfif. Vdi `viroees sd`uef hi rijueorey mdokjif, okf orrokjilikts orrokjilikts lofi n`r eoukfirckj. Iqucplikt okf surnomis sd`uef hi fcscknimtif ontir wotir m`ktomt.
Loeorco Loeorco cs o l`squct`-h`rki fcsiosi mousif hy o poroscti. Wi`pei wctd loeorco `ntik ixpircikmi nivir, mdcees, okf neu-ecbi ceekiss. ce ekiss. Eint uktriotif, tdiy loy fivie`p siviri m`lpecmotc`kss okf fci. Ck 87?9, ok istclotif 8?6 lceec`k mosis `n loeorco `mmurrif w`refwcfi, okf 6=4,777 pi`pei m`lpecmotc`k fcif, l`stey mdcefrik ck tdi Onrcmok Xijc`k. Cknimtc`k wctd loeorco porosctis loy risuet ck o wcfi vorcity `n sylpt`ls, rokjckj nr`l ohsikt `r viry lcef sylpt`ls t` siviri fcsiosi okf ivik fiotd. Loeorco fcsiosi mok hi motij`rcsif os ukm`lpecmotif ukm`lpecmotif `r siviri. Ck jikiroe, loeorco cs o murohei fcsiosi cn fcojk`sif okf triotif pr`lptey okf m`rrimtey. Ykm`lpecmotif Loeorco1 Loeorco1 tdi meosscmoe (hut roriey `hsirvif) loeorco ottomb ottomb eosts > t` ?7 d`urs. Ct m`kscsts `n1 • • •
O m`ef stoji (siksotc`k `n m`ef, sdcvirckj). O d`t stoji (nivir, diofomdis, v`lctckj, siczuris ck y`ukj mdcefrik. Okf nckoeey, o swiotckj stoji (swiots, riturk t` k`rloe tilpirotur tilpiroturi, i, tcrifkiss).
]iviri Loeorco1 ]iviri loeorco `mmurs wdik cknimtc`ks ori m`lpecmotif hy sirc`us `rjok noceuris `r ohk`rloectcis ck tdi potcikt's he``f `r litoh`ecsl. Vdi lokcnistotc`ks `n siviri loeorco ckmeufi1
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Mirihroe loeorco, wctd ohk`rloe hidovc`ur, clpocrlikt `n m`ksmc`uskiss, siczuris, m`lo, `r `tdir
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kiur`e`jcm ohk`rloectcis. ]iviri okoilco fui t` tdi fistrumtc`k `n tdi rif he``f miees. Omuti rispcrot`ry fcstriss sykfr`li (OXF]), ok ckneollot`ry ckneollot`ry riomtc`k ck tdi eukjs tdot ckdchcts `xyjik ixmdokji, wdcmd loy `mmur ivik ontir tdi poroscti m`ukts dovi fimriosif ck risp`ksi t` triotlikt. Ohk`rloectcis ck he``f m`ojueotc`k. m`ojueotc`k. E`w he``f prissuri mousif hy morfc`vosmueor m`eeopsi. Omuti bcfkiy noceuri. Dyp`jeymoilco (e`w he``f jeum`si). Dyp`jeymoilco loy oes` `mmur ck prijkokt w`lik wctd ukm`lpecmotif loeorco, loeorco, `r ontir triotlikt wctd quckcki.
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©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?99 `n 864
]iviri loeorco cs o lifcmoe ilirjikmy okf sd`uef hi triotif urjiktey okf ojjrisscviey. M`ktr`e liosuris t` lckclcsi tdi rcsb wdik vcsctckj, `r w`rbckj ck dcjd-rcsb loeorco orios ckmeufi1 • • • • • •
Wr`vcfi smriikckj t` oee rist, omm`ll`fotc`k, omm`ll`fotc`k, okf rimriotc`koe orios t` privikt l`squct`is nr`l iktirckj. Wr`vcfi hifs clprijkotif wctd cksimtcmcfis okf pr`vcfi hif kits or`ukf tdi hifs. Wr`vcfi l`squct` ripieeikts t` w`rbirs. Iksuri w`rbirs wior e`kj seiivif sdcrts okf tr`usirs. ]proy tdi surr`ukfckj orios wctd pistcmcfis. Morry `ut loeorco oworikiss molpocjks molpocjks `k primoutc`ks t` tobi, okf iorey scjks `n loeorco.
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Wr`vcfi oktc-loeorcoe toheits cn kimissory.
Wscttom`scs Wscttom`scs cs o z``k`tcm cknimtc`us fcsiosi mousif hy o homtircul moeeif Mdeolyf`pdceo pscttomc. Ct cs m`ktromtif nr`l cknimtif porr`ts, sumd os lomows, m`mbotcies okf hufjircjors, okf pcji`ks, sporr`ws, fumbs, diks, juees, okf loky `tdir spimcis `n hcrf. Duloks mok motmd pscttom`scs nr`l ok cknimtif hcrf ck siviroe woys. ]clpey dokfeckj tdi hcrf `r hriotdckj ck ncki portcmeis `n cts urcki, noimis noimis,, `r `tdir h`fcey ixmritc`ks loy eiof t` ok cknimtc`k. S`u loy oes` him`li cknimtif cn tdi hcrf hctis y`u `r cn y`u bcss tdi hcrf (t`umd y`ur l`utd t` cts hiob). Vdi lock jr`ups ot rcsb ckmeufi hcrf `wkirs, ovcory, okf pit sd`p w`rbirs, p`uetry w`rbirs, okf vitirckorcoks. @uthriobs `n pscttom`scs ck p`uetry pr`missckj peokts dovi hiik rip`rtif. D`wivir, ct mok oes` onnimt w`rbirs wd` w`rb ck hucefckjs tdot ori cknistif wctd hcrfs sumd os pcji`ks, ispimcoeey cn eorji ol`ukts `n hcrf fr`ppckjs mok ommulueoti. Vdi fcsiosi typcmoeey risilheis tdi neu `r pkiul`kco. ]ylpt`ls typcmoeey hijck oppr`xclo oppr`xclotiey tiey ?7 foys ontir ixp`suri hut loy tobi os niw os n`ur `r os loky os ?3 foys t` sd`w up. Ct dos loky `n tdi t di sylpt`ls tdot y`u lcjdt oss`mcoti wctd tdi neu, ckmeufckj1 • • • • • • •
Nivir okf mdcees Kousio okf v`lctckj Lusmei okf a`ckt pock Fcorrd`io Ziobkiss Notcjui O m`ujd, typcmoeey fry
M`ktr`e liosuris ckmeufi1 • • • •
Ziorckj pr`timtcvi me`tdckj wdik dokfeckj p`tiktcoeey cknimtif hcrfs `r meiokckj tdicr fr`ppckjs. I.j. wior je`vis, m`viroees `r fcsp`sohei j`wks, fcsp`sohei mops, pr`timtcvi iyiwior, okf o ncetir losb. Nriquikt ril`voe `n fr`ppckjs. Wrivikt oir`s`es hy folpckj f`wk fr`ppckj wctd o ecqucf fcscknimtokt prc`r t` ril`voe okf f`uhei hoj oee wosti. Wromtcsckj j``f dyjciki hy wosdckj dokfs td`r`ujdey ontir w`rb omtcvctcis fismrchif oh`vi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?9> `n 864
@tdir Hc`e`jcmoe Fcsiosis - He``f-H`rki ^crusis He``f-h`rki vcrusis (HH^s) ori vcrusis tdot s`li pi`pei morry ck tdicr he``f okf mok hi spriof nr`l `ki pirs`k t` ok`tdir. Vd`si cknimtif wctd o HH^ loy sd`w ecttei `r k` sylpt`ls `n sirc`us fcsiosi, hut `tdir cknimtif pi`pei loy hi siviriey cee. S`u mok him`li cknimtif wctd o vcrus wditdir tdi pirs`k wd` cknimts y`u oppiors t` hi cee `r k`t. Vdiy loy hi ukowori tdiy ori cee os s`li pirscstikt vcroe cknimtc`ks f` k`t mousi sylpt`ls. Ok cknimtif pirs`k mok trokslct (spriof) he``f-h`rki vcrusis nr`l `ki pirs`k t` ok`tdir hy vorc`us r`utis okf `vir o pr`e`kjif tcli. Vdi l`st privoeikt HH^s ori1 • •
Dipotctcs H (DH^) okf dipotctcs M. Dulok clluk`fincmcikmy clluk`fincmcikmy vcrus (DC^), o vcrus wdcmd mousis omqucrif clluk`fincmcikmy sykfr`li (OCF]), o fcsiosi onnimtckj tdi h`fy's clluki systil.
Dioetd mori w`rbirs ori tdi hcjjist `mmupotc`koe rcsb nr`l he``f h`rki vcrusis. Ck tdi YB, m`ktolckotif m`ktolckotif sdorps ixp`suri ck dioetdmori w`rbirs cs m`kncrlif hy Wuhecm Dioetd Ikjeokf os tdi l`st m`ll`k l`fi `n `mmupotc`koe `mmupotc`koe ixp`suri t` he``f-h`rki vcrusis, td`ujd trokslcssc`k rotis rilock e`w, os o pr`p`rtc`k `n rip`rtif ckmcfikts. Offctc`koe rcsb `mmupotc`ks ckmeufi1 • • • • • •
Ilhoelckj okf mrilot`rcul w`rb Ilirjikmy sirvcmis (olhueokmi, ncri, p`ecmi, rismui) Docrfrissckj okf hioutcmcoks– w`rb Eoh`rot`ry w`rb (n`rikscms, risiormd, itm.) E`moe outd`rcty sirvcmis (striit meiokckj, porb locktikokmi, rinusi fcsp`soe, puhecm t`ceit locktikokmi) Lifcmoe `r fiktoe iqucplikt ripocr
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Kiifei ixmdokji sirvcmis ]iwoji pr`missckj Vott``ckj, ior, okf h`fy pcirmckj
Dipotctcs H (DH^) cs o ecvir cknimtc`k mousif hy tdi Dipotctcs H vcrus (DH^). Dipotc Dipotctcs tcs H cs trokslcttif wdik he``f, silik, `r ok`tdir h`fy neucf nr`l o pirs`k cknimtif wctd tdi Dipotctcs H vc vcrus rus iktirs tdi h`fy `n s`li`ki wd` cs k`t cknimtif. N`r s`li pi`pei, dipotctcs H cs ok omuti, `r sd`rt-tirl, ceekiss hut n`r `tdirs, ct mok him`li o e`kjtirl, mdr`kcm cknimtc`k. Mdr`kcm Dipotctcs H mok eiof t` sirc`us dioetd cssuis, ecbi mcrrd`scs `r ecvir mokmir. Vdi hist woy t` privikt Dipotctcs H cs c s hy jittckj vommckotif. v ommckotif.
@kmi ckscfi tdi d`st, DH^ cs troksp`rtif ck tdi he``f t` tdi ecvir, wdiri ct cknimts ecvir miees. Vdi ckmuhotc`k pirc`f `n omuti DH^ cknimtc`k cs usuoeey oh`ut :9 foys hut mok rokji nr`l 69 t` 877 foys. Vdi vcrus spriofs ck tdi ecvir okf mousis o spimtrul `n fcsiosi, rokjckj nr`l omuti dipotctcs t` mdr`kcm ecvir fcsiosi okf ecvir tul`urs. O sloee pr`p`rtc`k `n potcikts wctd omuti cknimtc`k sunnir ecvir noceuri, oetd`ujd l`st rim`vir nr`l tdi cknimtc`k. Osylpt`lotcm Osylpt`lo tcm cknimtc`k (cknimtc`k wctd`ut sylpt`ls) sylpt`ls) okf ceekiss wctd`ut aoukfcmi f` `mmur, portcmueorey ck mdcefrik okf tdi clluk`m`lpr`lcsif (td`si wctd ok clpocrif clluki systil). Mdr`kcmoeey cknimtif ckfcvcfuoes ori `ntik rinirrif t` os DH^ morrcirs. Dipotctcs M(DHM)1 W`st-troksnusc`k cknimtc`us dipotctcs mousif hy ojikts `tdir tdok dipotctcs H dos e`kj hiik rim`jkcsif. Vdisi mosis, ot `ki tcli, wiri m`eeimtcviey tirlif 'k`k-O k`k-H dipotctcs', okf tdi lock mousi cs k`w bk`wk t` hi tdi dipotctcs M vcrus (DM^). DM^ dos o w`refwcfi privoeikmi, oetd`ujd rotis `n cknimtc`k vory,
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?9: `n 864
fipikfckj `k s`mc`-im`k`lcm s`mc`-im`k`lcm nomt`rs, sumd os cktrovik`us fruj usi okf lifcmoe promtcmis himousi ct cs prclorcey trokslcttif vco tdi fcrimt cktr`fumtc`k `n tdi vcrus ckt` tdi he``f. @kmi ckscfi tdi d`st, tdi DM^ cs troksp`rtif ck tdi he``f t` tdi ecvir, wdiri ct cknimts ecvir miees, oetd`ujd `tdir typis `n miee, ckmeufckj he``f miees, loy oes` hi cknimtif. Vdi ckmuhotc`k pirc`f n`r omuti DM^ cknimtc`k c knimtc`k cs usuoeey or`ukf :7 foys hut mok rokji nr`l 8 t` 8> wiibs. Vdi omuti pdosi `n DM^ cknimtc`k cs `ntik wctd`ut sylpt`ls, `r lcef. Wotcikts wctd omuti DM^ cknimtc`k j` `k t` fivie`p mdr`kcm cknimtc`k wctd o vorcohei fijrii `n dipotctcs, wctd tdi rcsb `n mcrrd`scs okf, ck o sloeeir kulhir, prclory ecvir mokmir siviroe fimofis eotir. Dulok clluk`fincmcikmy vcrusis1 DC^ cknimts mirtock typis `n wdcti he``f miee. Vdcs usuoeey risuets ck tdi fiotd `n tdisi miees. Vdi doeelorb `n DC^ cknimtc`k cs tdi jrofuoe e`ss `n diepir V-eylpd`mytis nr`l ok cknimtif pirs`k. Vdcs uetclotiey eiofs t` o stoti `n jikiroecsif clluk`fincmcikmy clluk`fincmcikmy okf OCF]. Ck s`li mosis, cknimtc`k `n tdi miktroe kirv`us systil `mmurs, `ntik eiofckj t` pr`jrisscvi hrock foloji.
Z`refwcfi, l`st cknimtc`ks dovi hiik trokslcttif sixuoeey `r hy he``f - tdi eottir hickj prckmcpoeey vco he``f troksnusc`k `r nr`l m`ktolckotif ckaimtckj iqucplikt. Ck `mmupotc`ks wdiri tdiri cs o rcsb `n ixp`suri t` HH^s, tdi n`ee`wckj liosuris t` privikt `r m`ktr`e rcsbs oppey. S`u loy kiif t` ofopt tdil t` y`ur e`moe mcrmulstokmis ck iksurckj o soni systil `n w`rb1 • • • • • • • • • •
Wr`dchct iotckj, frckbckj, sl`bckj okf tdi oppecmotc`k `n m`slitcms ck w`rbckj orios wdiri tdiri cs o rcsb `n m`ktolckotc`k. m`ktolckotc`k. Wrivikt pukmturi w`ukfs, muts, okf ohrosc`ks, ispimcoeey ck tdi prisikmi `n he``f okf h`fy neucfs. Zdik p`sschei, ov`cf tdi usi `n, `r ixp`suri t`, sdorps sumd os kiifeis, jeoss, litoe, itm. Cn ukov`cfohei, tobi mori wdik dokfeckj okf fcsp`soe. M`kscfir tdi usi `n fivcmis ckm`rp`rotckj c km`rp`rotckj sonity nioturi nioturis, s, sumd os sonir kiifei fivcmis okf heukt-ikfif smcss`rs. Zctdck YB eijcseotc`k tdiri cs k`w o eijoe riqucrilikt n`r `rjokcsotc`ks t` clpeilikt sonir sdorp pr`fumts. M`vir oee hriobs ck ixp`sif sbck hy usckj wotirpr``n frissckjs okf suctohei je`vis. Wr`timt tdi iyis okf l`utd hy usckj o vcs`r, j`jjeis, `r sonity spimtomeis okf o losb, wdiri speosdckj cs p`sschei. Ov`cf m`ktolckotc`k hy usckj wotir-riscstokt pr`timtcvi me`tdckj. Zior ruhhir h``ts `r peostcm fcsp`sohei `virsd`is wdik tdi ne``r `r jr`ukf cs ecbiey t` hi m`ktolckotif. Ysi j``f hoscm dyjciki promtcmis, sumd os dokf wosdckj wctd s`op okf worl wotir. M`ktr`e m`ktolckotc`k `n surnomis hy m`ktocklikt okf usckj oppr`prcoti fim`ktolcko fim`ktolckotc`k tc`k pr`mifuris. Fcsp`si `n m`ktolckotif wosti soniey.
Eijc`kiee`scs Eijc`kiee`scs cs o m`eeimtcvi tirl n`r fcsiosis mousif hy eijc`kieeo homtirco ckmeufckj tdi l`st sirc`us Eijc`kkocris– fcsiosi, os wiee os tdi sclceor hut eiss sirc`us m`kfctc`ks `n W`ktcom nivir okf E`mdj`cediof E`mdj`cediof nivir. Eijc`kkocris– fcsiosi cs o p`tiktcoeey notoe n`rl `n pkiul`kco okf iviry`ki cs susmiptchei t` cknimtc`k. Vdi rcsb ckmriosis wctd oji, hut s`li pi`pei ori ot dcjdir rcsb ckmeufckj1 • • • •
Wi`pei `vir 69 yiors `n oji ]l`birs okf diovy frckbirs Wi`pei sunnirckj nr`l mdr`kcm rispcrot`ry `r bcfkiy fcsiosi Fcohitis, eukj, okf diort fcsiosi
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?94 `n 864
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Oky`ki wctd ok clpocrif clluki systil
]ylpt`ls okf Innimts Ckctcoe sylpt`ls usuoeey ckmeufi neu-ecbi sylpt`ls, sumd os1 • • • • • •
Lcef diofomdis Lusmei pock Dcjd tilpiroturi (nivir) Mdcees Vcrifkiss Mdokjis t` y`ur liktoe stoti, sumd os m`knusc`k
@kmi homtirco hijck t` cknimt y`ur eukjs, y`u loy oes` ixpircikmi sylpt`ls `n pkiul`kco, sumd os1
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O pirscstikt m`ujd, wdcmd cs usuoeey fry ot ncrst, hut os tdi cknimtc`k fivie`ps y`u loy stort m`ujdckj m`ujdckj up pdeijl `r, roriey, he``f ]d`rtkiss `n hriotd Mdist pocks
]iviri cknimtc`k mok mousi s`li `rjoks, sumd os y`ur eukjs `r bcfkiys, t` st`p w`rbckj pr`pirey. Ok`tdir m`lpecmotc`k cs siptcm sd`mb. Ok istclotif ?7% `n `tdirwcsi dioetdy pi`pei wd` fivie`p Eijc`kkocris' fcsiosi fci fui t` pr`heils ecbi tdisi.
Zdiri ct `mmurs Vdi homtircul Eijc`kieeo pkiul`pdceo okf rieotif homtirco ori m`ll`k ck koturoe wotir s`urmis sumd os rcvirs, eobis, okf risirv`crs, hut usuoeey ck e`w kulhirs. Wi`pei m`ktromt Eijc`kkocris– fcsiosi hy ckdoeckj sloee fr`peits `n wotir (oir`s`es), suspikfif ck tdi ocr, m`ktockckj tdi homtirco. Oky wotir systil, wctd tdi rcjdt ikvcr`kliktoe m`kfctc`ks, m`uef hi o s`urmi n`r eijc`kieeo homtirco jr`wtd. Vdiri cs o rios`ko rios`kohey hey n`risiiohei eijc`kieeo rcsb cn y`ur wotir systil1 • • • •
Dos o wotir tilpiroturi hitwiik 87 t` 69M0 Mriotis okf/`r spriofs hriotdohei fr`peits, i.j. oir`s`e mriotif hy o m``eckj t`wir, `r wotir `uteits. ]t`ris okf/`r ri-mcrmueotis wotir. Ecbiey t` m`ktock o s`urmi `n kutrcikts n`r tdi `rjokcsl t` jr`w, i.j. rust, seufji, smoei, `rjokcm lottir, okf hc` ncels.
Vdi l`st m`ll`k s`urmis `n Eijc`kieeo ori ck lok-lofi wotir systils ckmeufckj1
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M``eckj t`wir okf ivop`rotcvi m`kfiksirs D`t okf m`ef-wotir systils ]po p``es
Vdiri ori oes` siviroe `tdir p`tiktcoe rcsb systils tdot loy p`si o rcsb t` ixp`suri t` eijc`kieeo, ckmeufckj dulcfcncirs, ocr wosdirs, ilirjikmy sd`wirs, okf ckf``r `rkoliktoe n`uktocks. Wortcmueorey Wortcmueorey oes` n`r wotir systils wdcmd ori k`t usif `k o rijueor hoscs okf mok dovi o hucef up `n stojkokt wotir, n`r ixolpei ixolpei cknriquiktey usif ncri d`sis.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?93 `n 864
M`ktr`e tdi Xcsb nr`l Eijc`kieeo Vdi prclory litd`f usif t` m`ktr`e tdi rcsb nr`l Eijc`kieeo cs wotir tilpiroturi m`ktr`e. Vdcs lockey ckv`evis biipckj wotir ictdir m``eif hie`w 87M `r diotif oh`vi >7M.
]tojkokt wotir nov`urs Eijc`kieeo jr`wtd. V` rifumi tdi rcsb, y`u sd`uef ril`vi fiof eijs `r fiof ikfs ck pcpiw`rb, neusd `ut cknriquiktey usif `uteits (ckmeufckj sd`wirdiofs okf tops) ot eiost wiibey okf meiok okf fismoei sd`wir diofs okf d`sis ot eiost quortirey. M`ef-wotir st`roji tokbs sd`uef hi meiokif pirc`fcmoeey, okf wotir sd`uef hi frockif nr`l d`t wotir myeckfirs t` mdimb n`r fihrcs `r scjks `n m`rr`sc`k. @tdir litd`fs t` m`ktr`e Eijc`kieeo ckmeufi m`ppir okf scevir c`kcsotc`k okf hc`mcfi triotlikts (i.j. mde`rcki fc`xcfi). Zotir solpeis sd`uef hi okoeysif n`r Eijc`kieeo pirc`fcmoeey t` fil`kstroti tdot homtirco m`ukts ori ommiptohei. L`st `rjokcsotc`ks usi riputohei m`lpokcis m`lpokcis t` osscst wctd tdi lokojilikt `n eijc`kieeo wctdck tdicr prilcsis.
Eipt`spcro Eipt`spcr`scs ok cknimtc`us homtircoe fcsiosi `mmurrckj ck r`fikts, f`js, okf `tdir lolloes, wdcmd mok hi trokslcttif t` duloks. Vdiri ori tw` typis1 •
Zice–s fcsiosi1 Vdcs cs o sirc`us okf s`litclis notoe cknimtc`k tdot cs trokslcttif t` duloks hy m`ktomt wctd urcki nr`l cknimtif rots.
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Vdi Dorfa` n`rl `n eipt`spcr`scs1 Vdcs cs trokslcttif nr`l mottei t` duloks
Vdi homtirco mok jit ckt` y`ur h`fy tdr`ujd muts okf smrotmdis okf tdr`ujd tdi eckckj `n tdi l`utd, tdr`ot, okf iyis ontir m`ktomt wctd cknimtif urcki `r m`ktolckot m`ktolckotif if wotir, sumd os ck siwirs, fctmdis, p`kfs, okf se`w-ne`wckj rcvirs. Wi`pei w`rbckj ck focry pore`urs ori `ntik ck m`ktomt wctd mottei urcki. Xot urcki loy m`ktolckoti okcloe niif `k norls.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?>7 `n 864
]ylpt`ls okf Innimts, okf Wirs`ks ot Xcsb H`td fcsiosis stort wctd o neu-ecbi ceekiss wctd o pirscstikt okf siviri diofomdi, wdcmd mok eiof t` v`lctckj okf lusmei pocks okf uetclotiey t` aoukfcmi, likckjctcs, okf bcfkiy noceuri. Ck rori mosis, tdi fcsiosis mok hi notoe. Oky`ki wd` cs ixp`sif t` rots, rot, `r mottei urcki, `r t` n`itoe neucfs nr`l mottei cs ot rcsb. Norlirs ori k`w tdi lock jr`up ot rcsb n`r h`td Zice–s fcsiosi okf mottei eipt`spcr`scs. Vdi mottei n`rl cs o spimcoe rcsb n`r focry norlirs. @tdir pi`pei wd` dovi m`ktromtif eipt`spcr`scs ck rimikt yiors ckmeufi vits, liot ckspimt`rs, hutmdirs, ohott`cr, okf siwir w`rbirs. Z`rbirs ck m`ktomt wctd mokoe okf rcvir wotir ori oes` ot rcsb.
M`ktr`e tdi Xcsb nr`l Eipt`spcro
Wriviktc`k strotijcis `n dulok eipt`spcr`scs ckmeufi wiorckj pr`timtcvi me`tdckj n`r pi`pei ot `mmupotc`koe rcsb okf ov`cfokmi `n swcllckj ck wotir tdot loy hi m`ktolckotif. m`ktolckotif. Eipt`spcr`scs m`ktr`e ck okcloes cs fipikfikt `k tdi spimcis `n homtirco okf okcloe spimcis hut loy hi ictdir vommckotc`k, o tistckj o mueeckj pr`jrolli, r`fikt m`ktr`e, `r o m`lhckotc`k m`lhckotc`k `n tdisi strotijcis. Ck offctc`k, muts okf jrozis sd`uef hi m`virif, okf dokfs wosdif ontir dokfeckj oky okcloe, `r oky m`ktolckotif me`tdckj `r `tdir lotircoes okf oewoys hin`ri iotckj, frckbckj, `r sl`bckj. Ck tdi YB, tdi Wist M`ktr`e Oss`mcotc`k riqucri w`rbirs wd` ori ecbiey t` hi ixp`sif t` Eipt`spcro t` morry o morf t` ofvcsi f`mt`rs/pdyscmcoks `n p`sschei ixp`suris.
K`r`vcrus K`r`vcrus, s`litclis s`litclis bk`wk os "wcktir v`lctckj huj" ck tdi YB (oetd`ujd ct mok hi moujdt ot oky tcli `n tdi yior), cs tdi l`st m`ll`k mousi `n vcroe jostr`iktirctcs ck duloks. Ct onnimts pi`pei `n oee ojis. Vdi vcrus cs trokslcttif hy noimoeey m`ktolckotif m`ktolckotif n``f `r wotir, hy pirs`k-t`-pirs`k m`ktomt, okf vco oir`s`ecsotc`k oir`s`ecsotc`k `n v`lctif vcrus okf suhsiquikt m`ktolckotc`k `n surnomis. Vdi vcrus onnimts or`ukf 8>: lceec`k pi`pei okf mousis `vir 877,777 fiotds iomd yior. Vdisi fiotds ori usuoeey ck eiss fivie`pif m`uktrcis okf ck tdi viry y`ukj, iefirey, okf clluk`supprissif (tdi h`fy's clluki systil cktiktc`koeey st`ppif nr`l w`rbckj). Zdcei oky`ki mok him`li cknimtif, y`ukj mdcefrik okf `efir pi`pei ori ot o dcjdir rcsb `n fidyfrotc`k tdok `tdirs nr`l noceuri t` ritock neucfs. Ck tdi w`rbpeomi, td`si ot jriotir rcsb ckmeufi w`rbirs ck1
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?>? `n 864
• • •
Dioetd mori nomcectcis ]md``es, kursircis, okf mdcefmori miktris N``f istohecsdlikts
]ylpt`ls okf Omtc`ks Vdi sylpt`ls `n k`r`vcrus ori viry fcstckmtcvi. S`u ori ecbiey t` dovi k`r`vcrus cn y`u ixpircikmi1 • • •
]uffikey niieckj scmb Wr`aimtcei v`lctckj Zotiry fcorrd`io
]`li pi`pei oes` dovi o secjdt nivir, diofomdis, pocknue st`lomd mrolps, okf omdckj eclhs. Vdi sylpt`ls oppior `ki t` tw` foys ontir y`u him`li cknimtif okf typcmoeey eost n`r up t` tw` `r tdrii foys.
Wriviktckj K`r`vcrus Biy liosuris n`r m`ktockckj okf lckclcsckj tdi rcsb `n ok `uthriob `n k`r`vcrus ckmeufi1 • • • • •
Iksuri m`llukoe orios sumd os bctmdiks okf wosdr``l nomcectcis ori rijueorey meiokif. Ck tdi ivikt `n ok `uthriob, m`llcssc`k o fiip meiok `n tdi w`rbpeomi. Wr`l`ti j``f dyjciki stokforfs. Ikm`uroji stonn t` rijueorey wosd tdicr dokfs Oewoys lobi suri j``f quoecty dokf sokctczirs ori ovoceohei. Osb stonn wd` m`ktromt tdi vcrus t` stoy owoy nr`l w`rb n`r ot eiost 64 d`urs ontir tdi sylpt`ls dovi fcsoppiorif t` ov`cf m`ktolckotckj w`rb m`eeiojuis.
Vcps n`r w`rbirs t` privikt tdil nr`l motmdckj k`r`vcrus ckmeufi1 • • • • •
Zosd y`ur dokfs `ntik tdr`ujd`ut tdi foy, ispimcoeey ontir usckj tdi t`ceit okf hin`ri priporckj `r iotckj n``f. Ov`cf usckj ctils sumd os tio t`wies `r t`wies, wdcmd ori k`rloeey prisikt ck m`llukoe orios okf usif hy e`ts `n pi`pei. Vdisi ctils mok d`usi dcjd eivies `n homtirco. Oetirkotcviey, ikm`uroji y`ur ilpe`yir t` pr`vcfi dokf t`wie fcspiksirs okf ecffif wosti rimiptomeis. Meiok y`ur fisb rijueorey. Iksuri oee surnomis ori td`r`ujdey meiokif cn y`u iot ot y`ur fisb okf lobi suri tdot oee n``f cs ril`vif okf st`rif ck tdi bctmdik orio wdik y`u dovi nckcsdif iotckj. Wrivikt tdi vcrus spriofckj hy stoyckj owoy nr`l w`rb cn y`u suspimt y`u dovi sylpt`ls, wdcmd ckmeufi diofomdis okf v`lctckj, okf f` k`t riturk uktce 64 d`urs ontir tdi eost sylpt`ls dovi fcsoppiorif.
Jikiroe m`ktr`e liosuris n`r ixp`suri t` hc`e`jcmoe ojikts Ieclckotc`k `n tdi hc`e`jcmoe s`urmi sd`uef hi tdi ncrst m`kscfirotc`k. D`wivir, tdcs cs k`t oewoys p`sschei. Fipikfikt `k tdi omtcvcty, ixp`suri priviktc`k okf m`ktr`e liosuris lcjdt ckmeufi1 • • • • •
Ikjckiirckj m`ktr`es sumd os clpr`vilikt `n viktceotc`k, sumd os ckstoeeotc`k `n kijotcvi prissuri okf siporoti viktceotc`k okf ocr-m`kfctc`kckj systils (N`r ixolpei ck lifcmoe worfs n`r cknimtc`us fcsiosis) ]tircecsotc`k (sumd os tdi usi `n uetrovc`eit eolps mok diep m`ktock tdi spriof `n hc`-ojikts). Vdi usi `n suctohei rispcrot`ry pr`timtc`k okf pirs`koe pr`timtcvi iqucplikt, sumd os nomi losbs okf sdciefs2 opr`ks/m`viroees2 je`vis okf sd`i m`virckjs. J``f d`usibiipckj okf meiokckj rijcli. J``f pirs`koe dyjciki stokforfs, sumd os rijueor wosdckj `n dokfs wctd s`opy wotir.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?>8 `n 864
• •
Wr`pir fcsp`soe `n m`ktolck m`ktolckotif otif wosti (n`r ixolpei, sdorps/syrckjis). Cllukcsotc`k pr`jrollis os oppr`prcoti.
@tdir tosb-rieotif m`ktr`e liosuris ckmeufi1 • • •
Fiscjk okf usi `n oppr`prcoti systils `r ikjckiirckj m`ktr`es1 N`r ixolpei, wctdck ]iwoji w`rb tdcs ckmeufi tdi usi `n ril`ti moliros n`r siwoji ckspimtc`ks. ckspimtc`ks. M`ktr`e rcsbs ot s`urmi1 N`r ixolpei usckj o Lcmr`hc`e`jcmoe Lcmr`hc`e`jcmoe ]onity Mohckit wdiri w`rb m`uef mrioti ok cknimtc`us oir`s`e ck o eoh`rot`ry eoh`rot`ry ]uhstctuti tdi dozorf1 _uoecty m`ktr`e/quoecty m`ktr`e/quoecty ossurokmi w`rb oss`mcotif wctd o smriikckj pr`jrolli n`r o t`xck-pr`fumckj n``f-h`rki ojikt sumd os I. m`ec @?9: mok ioscey hi morrcif `ut usckj k`k-t`xckpr`fumckj strocks. ]umd strocks ori riofcey ovoceohei nr`l mueturi m`eeimtc`ks `r iesi os port `n m`llirmcoeey m`llirmco eey ovoceohei tistckj bcts
Vdi pr`vcsc`k `n WWI sd`uef oewoys hi m`kscfirif os o eost ris`rt `kmi oee `tdir ovikuis dovi hiik ixdoustif.
3.??1 K`csi Vdi hoscm m`kmipts `n s`ukf Cktr`fumtc`k ^iry sclpey, s`ukf cs tdi vchrotc`k `n oky suhstokmi. Vdi suhstokmi mok hi ocr, wotir, w``f, `r oky `tdir lotircoe, okf ck nomt, tdi `key peomi ck wdcmd s`ukf mokk`t trovie cs ck o vomuul. Zdik tdisi suhstokmis vchroti, `r ropcfey l`vi homb okf n`rtd, tdiy l`vi tdi ocr, pr`fumckj s`ukf. @ur iors fitimt tdisi vchrotc`ks okf oee`w us t` cktirprit tdil. V` hi o ecttei l`ri ommuroti ck `ur finckctc`k `n s`ukf, d`wivir, wi lust rioecsi tdot tdi vchrotc`ks tdot pr`fumi s`ukf ori k`t tdi risuet `n ok iktcri v`euli l`vckj homb okf n`rtd ot `kmi. Cn tdot wiri tdi mosi, tdi iktcri otl`spdiri w`uef kiif t` sdcnt n`r oky s`ukf t` hi lofi ot oee! Ckstiof, tdi vchrotc`ks `mmur ol`kj tdi ckfcvcfuoe l`eimueis `n tdi suhstokmi, okf tdi vchrotc`ks l`vi tdr`ujd tdi suhstokmi ck e`kjctufckoe s`ukf wovis. Os s`ukf wovis trovie tdr`ujd tdi lotircoe, iomd l`eimuei l`eimuei dcts ok`tdir okf riturks t` cts `rcjckoe p`sctc`k. Vdi risuet cs tdot rijc`ks `n tdi lifcul him`li oetirkotiey fiksir, wdik tdiy ori moeeif m`kfiksotc`ks (`r m`lprissc`ks),, okf eiss fiksi, wdik tdiy ori moeeif rorinomtc`ks. m`lprissc`ks) rorinomtc`ks.
]`ukf wovis ori `ntik fipcmtif ck jropds ecbi tdi tdot n`ee`ws, wdiri tdi x-oxcs cs tcli, okf tdi y-oxcs cs prissuri `r tdi fikscty `n tdi lifcul tdr`ujd wdcmd tdi s`ukf cs trovieeckj.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?>= `n 864
Nriquikmy Iviry mymei `n s`ukf dos `ki m`kfiksotc`k, o rijc`k `n ckmriosif prissuri, okf `ki rorinomtc`k, o rijc`k wdiri ocr prissuri cs secjdtey eiss tdok k`rloe.
Vdi nriquikmy (`r pirc`f) `n o s`ukf wovi cs liosurif ck dirtz, kolif ontir tdi Jirlok pdyscmcst Dickrcmd Dirtz (?49:-?436). Dirtz (Dz) ckfcmoti tdi kulhir `n mymeis pir sim`kf tdot poss o jcvik e`motc`k. O dcjdir pctmdif s`ukf dos o dcjdir nriquikmy tdok o e`wir pctmdif s`ukf.
]`ukf Wrissuri okf ]`ukf Cktikscty Hin`ri fismrchckj tdi pdyscmoe pr`pirtcis `n s`ukf, eit's lobi ok okoe`jy hitwiik s`ukf, okf o loyhi hittirbk`wk pdyscmoe pdik`lik`k1 pdik`lik`k1 diot. Ok ieimtrcmoe diotir pr`fumis o mirtock ol`ukt `n ikirjy pir ukct tcli RA`uei/sim\ c.i. ct dos o mirtock p`wir rotckj ck Zotts RZott < A`uei/sim\. Vdcs cs o hoscm liosuri `n d`w lumd diot ct mok pr`fumi okf cs ckfipikfikt `n ttdi di surr`ukfckjs. Vdi ikirjy ne`ws owoy nr`l tdi diotir rocsckj tdi t di tilpiroturi ck `tdir ports `n tdi r``l okf tdcs tilpiroturi mok tdik hi liosurif wctd o sclpei tdirl`litir tdirl`litir ck ±M `r ±N. D`wivir, tdi tilpiroturi ot o p`ckt wcee k`t `key fipikf `k tdi p`wir rotckj `n tdi diotir okf tdi fcstokmi nr`l tdi diotir, hut oes` `k tdi ol`ukt `n diot ohs`rhif hy tdi woees, okf tdi ol`ukt `n diot troksnirrif tdr`ujd tdi woees okf wckf`ws t` tdi t di surr`ukfckjs.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?>6 `n 864
O s`ukf s`urmi wcee pr`fumi o mirtock ol`ukt `n s`ukf ikirjy pir ukct tcli RA`uei/sim\, c.i. ct dos o mirtock s`ukf
p`wir rotckj ck Z RZott < A`uei/sim\. Vdcs cs o hoscm liosuri `n d`w lumd om`ustcmoe ikirjy ct mok pr`fumi okf cs ckfipikfikt `n cts surr`ukfckjs. Vdi s`ukf ikirjy ne`ws owoy nr`l tdi s`urmi jcvckj rcsi t` o mirtock s`ukf prissuri ck tdi r``l. Zdik tdi s`ukf prissuri cs liosurif, tdcs wcee k`t `key fipikf `k tdi p`wir rotckj `n tdi s`urmi okf tdi fcstokmi hitwiik tdi s`urmi okf tdi liosurilikt liosurilikt p`ckt, hut oes` `k tdi ol`ukt `n s`ukf ikirjy ohs`rhif hy tdi woees okf tdi ol`ukt `n s`ukf ikirjy troksnirrif tdr`ujd tdi woees okf wckf`ws t` tdi surr`ukfckjs. ]`ukf cktikscty fismrchis tdi roti `n ne`w `n s`ukf ikirjy. Dcjd-cktikscty s`ukf dos l`ri ikirjy tdok e`w-cktikscty s`ukf. Cktikscty cs liosurif ck wotts pir squori litri (Z/l8). ]`ukf prissuri cs tdi t di e`moe prissuri fivcotc`k nr`l tdi olhcikt otl`spdircm prissuri, mousif hy o s`ukf wovi. Ct cs liosurif ck Wosmoes.
N`r rios`ks liktc`kif eotir, tdi Fimchie (k`t tdi Wosmoe) cs tdi ukct usif n`r s`ukf prissuri eivie liosurilikt.
Vdi Fimchie smoei Zdik o s`ukf s`urmi sumd os o tukckj n`rb vchrotis ct sits up prissuri vorcotc`ks ck tdi surr`ukfckj ocr. Vdi ilcssc`k `n tdi prissuri vorcotc`ks mok hi m`lporif m`lporif t` tdi rcppeis ck o p`kf mousif hy o st`ki tdr`wk ck tdi wotir. Vdi rcppeis spriof `ut nr`l tdi p`ckt wdiri tdi st`ki iktirif. D`wivir tdi wotir ctsien f`is k`t l`vi owoy nr`l tdi miktri. Vdi wotir stoys wdiri ct cs, l`vckj up okf f`wk t` pr`fumi tdi mcrmueor rcppeis `k tdi surnomi. ]`ukf cs ecbi tdcs. Vdi st`ki cs tdi s`urmi, tdi p`kf cs tdi ocr, okf tdi rcppeis ori tdi risuetckj s`ukf wovi. M`lporif wctd tdi stotcm ocr prissuri tdi oufchei s`ukf prissuri vorcotc`ks ori viry sloee, rokjckj nr`l oh`ut 87 ¹Wo (?7 t` tdi p`wir -> Wo) t``n ?77 Wo. 87(k`rloe ¹Wo cs tdi qucitistcss`ukf tdot mok diorf hy ovirojiO pirs`k cs tdirin`ri moeeif tdi`n tdrisd`ef diorckj hriotdckj aust oh`vi tdi hi tdrisd`ef `n ok diorckj). s`ukf okf ct prissuri `n oppr`xclotiey ?77 Wo cs s` e`uf tdot ct mousis pock, okf ct cs tdirin`ri moeeif tdi tdrisd`ef `n pock (sumd os o ait ocrmront tobckj `nn). Vdi rotc` hitwiik tdisi tw` ixtrilis cs l`ri tdok o lceec`k t` `ki.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?>9 `n 864
Wosmoes (Wo)- Fimchies (fH) Vdi fcrimt oppecmotc`k `n eckior smoeis, ck Wo, t` tdi liosurilikt `n s`ukf prissuri w`uef tdirin`ri eiof t` tdi usi `n ik`rl`us okf ukwciefy kulhirs. Offctc`koeey, tdi ior risp`kfs k`t eckiorey hut e`jorctdlcmoeey t` stclueus. N`r tdisi rios`ks, ct dos hiik n`ukf l`ri promtcmoe t` ixpriss om`ustcm porolitirs os o e`jorctdlcm rotc` `n tdi liosurif voeui t` o rinirikmi voeui - o e`jorctdlcm rotc` moeeif o fimchie `r aust fH (fH cs tdi liosurilikt `n s`ukf prissuri eivie).
Vdi ofvoktoji `n usckj fH's cs meiorey siik wdik o fH smoei cs frowk os `k tdi ceeustrotc`k sd`wk iorecir. Vdi eckior smoei wctd cts eorji okf ukwciefy kulhirs cs m`kvirtif ckt` o lumd l`ri lokojio lokojiohei hei smoei nr`l 7 fH ot tdi tdrisd`ef `n diorckj (87 ¹Wo) t` ?=7 fH ot tdi tdrisd`ef `n pock. Vdckb `n o eckior smoei os o topi liosuri1 j`ckj ?7 ukcts up tdi smoei jits y`u ?7 ukcts l`ri tdok wdiri y`u stortif. Cn y`u stort ot zir` miktclitris okf off ?7, y`u–ri ot ?7 miktclitris2 stort ot ?7 miktclitris, off ?7 l`ri, okf y`u–ri ot 87 miktclitris. Iosy ik`ujd, rcjdt0 D`wivir, o e`jorctdlcm smoei cs viry fcnnirikt. Diri, j`ckj ?7 ukcts up tdi smoei ckmriosis tdi privc`us kulhir hy o nomt`r `n ?7, k`t hy ?7 ukcts.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?>> `n 864
V` sii wdot tdcs e``bs ecbi, wi kiif t` bk`w wdiri wi–ri stortckj. Qir` `k tdi fimchie smoei cs tdi ―tdrisd`ef `n dulok diorckj“1 ct–s tdi eiost cktiksi s`ukf o dulok mok fitimt. Aust k`ti d`w qucmbey tdi e`jorctdlcm smoei `n fimchies j`is up nr`l tdiri1 • • • • •
7 fH tdrisd`ef `n dulok diorckj ?7 fH ?7 tclis l`ri cktiksi (?7 t` tdi p`wir `n ?) 87 fH ?77 tclis l`ri cktiksi (?7 t` tdi p`wir `n 8) =7 fH ?,777 tclis l`ri cktiksi (?7 t` tdi p`wir `n =) 67 fH ?7,777 tclis l`ri cktiksi (?7 t` tdi p`wir `n 6)
Hoscmoeey, n`r iviry ?7 fH ckmriosi, wi–ri offckj o zir` t` tdi ol`ukt `n cktikscty virsus tdi tdrisd`ef `n diorckj. ]`, o s`ukf tdot–s ?87 fH‖o ait ikjcki, n`r ixolpei‖cs `ki trceec`k tclis (?7 t` tdi p`wir `n ?8) tdi cktikscty `n tdi sloeeist s`ukf o dulok mok dior. Ck promtcmoe tirls, ct cs usinue t` rililhir (himousi (himousi `n tdcs e`jorctdlcm e `jorctdlcm rieotc`ksdcp) rieotc`ksdcp) tdot ckmriosckj o s`ukf eivie hy
=fH (i.j. 4: t` 37) F@YHEI] tdi s`ukf cktikscty!
Zicjdtckj smoeis Vdi dulok ior mok fitimt s`ukf `vir o rokji `n nriquikmcis, typcmoeey nr`l 87Dz t` 87,777Dz. D`wivir, y`u wcee `ntik sii k`csi eivies jcvik ck fH (O-wicjdtif s`ukf eivies) ckstiof `n fH. Liosurilikts ck fHO, `r fH(O) os ct cs s`litclis wrcttik, ori fimchie smoei riofckjs tdot dovi hiik ofaustif t` ottilpt t` m`kscfir tdi voryckj siksctcvcty `n tdi dulok ior t` fcnnirikt nriquikmcis `n s`ukf. Vdi lock innimt `n tdi ofaustlikt cs tdot e`w okf viry dcjd nriquikmcis ori jcvik eiss wicjdt tdok `k tdi stokforf fimchie smoei. Loky rijueot`ry k`csi eclcts ori spimcncif ck tirls `n fH(O), hosif `k tdi hiecin tdot fH(O) cs hittir m`rrieotif wctd tdi rieotcvi rcsb `n k`csi-ckfumif diorckj e`ss. M`lporif wctd fH, O-wicjdtif liosuril liosurilikts ikts ukfiristcloti tdi pirmicvif e`ufkiss, okk`yokmi nomt`r, okf strissckfumckj mopohcecty `n k`csis wctd e`w nriquikmy m`lp`kikts, ispimcoeey ot l`firoti okf dcjd v`eulis `n k`csi. Ok`tdir systil `n ofaustlikt cs M-wicjdtckj, tdi fH(M) smoei. Vdcs cs o stokforf nriquikmy wicjdtckj n`r s`ukf eivie litirs, m`ll`key m`ll`key usif n`r dcjdir eivie liosurilikts okf Wiob - ]`ukf Wrissuri Eivies.
Vdi M`kmipt `n Iqucvoeikt K`csi f`si CE@ M`kviktc`k X?9> - Z`rbckj Ikvcr`klikt (Ocr W`eeutc`k, K`csi okf ^chrotc`k) Xim`llikfotc`k, Xim`llikfotc`k, ?3:: eoys f`wk tdi jikiroe riqucrilikts n`r tdi pr`timtc`k `n w`rbirs nr`l `mmupotc`koe k`csi ixp`suri. Vdi fitoce cs eocf `ut ck CE@ M`fi `n Wromtcmi " Wr`timtc`k `n w`rbirs ojockst k`csi okf vchrotc`k ck tdi w`rbckj ikvcr`klikt". Ck portcmueor, tdi M`fi `n Wromtcmi eoys f`wk loxclul ixp`suri eclcts os n`ee`ws1 • • •
workckj eclct1 49fH(O) (m`ktcku`us ixp`suri) fokjir eclct1 37fH (O) (m`ktcku`us ixp`suri) piob eclct1 ?67fH
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?>: `n 864
Iqucvoeikt m`ktcku`us s`ukf prissuri eivie (EOiq) Vdi EOiq cs finckif os " wdik o k`csi vorcis `vir tcli, tdi EOiq cs tdi iqucvoeikt m`ktcku`us s`ukf wdcmd w`uef m`ktock tdi soli s`ukf ikirjy os tdi tcli voryckj s`ukf tdi liosurilikt `n s`ukf" (tdckb `n ct os o typi `n oviroji, wdiri k`csy ivikts ck o pirc`f dovi o scjkcncmokt ckneuikmi.)
Focey Wirs`koe Ixp`suri Eivie (EIW,f) Vdi EIW,f cs o w`rbir's focey ixp`suri t` k`csi ot w`rb (k`rloecsif t` ok 4-d`ur foy), m`kscfirckj tdi oviroji eivies `n k`csi okf tdi tcli spikt ck iomd orio. Vdcs cs tdi porolitir tdot cs jikiroeey usif hy kotc`koe eijcseotc`k (sumd os tdi YB K`csi ot Z`rb Xijueotc`ks) okf cs issiktcoe ck ossissckj o w`rbir–s ixp`suri okf wdot omtc`k sd`uef hi tobik. Wirs`koe k`csi ixp`suri loy oes` hi moemueotif `vir o wiib rotdir tdok o foy, cn tdi k`csi ixp`suri `n w`rbirs vorcis lorbifey nr`l foy t` foy. Vdcs cs wrcttik os EIW,w.
Wiob s`ukf prissuri eivie (EMpiob) Cs o liosuri `n tdi loxclul loxclul ckstoktoki`us s`ukf prissuri ot o spimcncif e`motc`k. Ixp`suri t` dcjd piob s`ukf eivies mok hi oss`mcotif oss`mcotif wctd cllifcoti foloji t` diorckj. Vdi CE@ M`fi `n promtcmi spimcncis o piob s`ukf prissuri `n ?67fH - oh`vi wdcmd ilpe`yiis lust k`t hi ixp`sif.
Vdi pdyscmoe okf psymd`e`jcmoe innimts `k tdi ckfcvcfuoe ckfc vcfuoe Wdyscmoe Innimts `n K`csi K`csi ck tdi w`rbpeomi cs rim`jkcsif os o rcsb nomt`r n`r diorckj e`ss n`r td`si ixp`sif t` suffik, ixtrili, eivies okf td`si ixp`sif t` l`firotiey dcjd eivies `vir ixtikfif pirc`fs `n tcli. Vdi innimts loy hi omuti `r mdr`kcm.
Omuti Innimts `n K`csi Om`ustcm Vroulo1 Om`ustcm troulo mok hi mousif hy o suffik okf p`wirnue s`ukf ecbi ok ixpe`sc`k. ]umd suffik, ixtrili eivies `n k`csi `ntik eiof t` folojif ior fruls okf m`ksiquiktey m`kfumtcvi diorckj e`ss.
Vilp`rory Vdrisd`ef ]dcnt1 Mousif hy sd`rt ixp`suris t` ixmisscvi k`csi (n`r ixolpei, ottikfckj o e`uf r`mb m`kmirt). Ck sumd mosis, tdi siks`ry docrs (mceco) `n tdi m`mdeio "j` t` seiip". Vdcs lioks tdot tdi pirs`k tilp`rorcey ixpircikmi ixpircikmiss rifumif diorckj. Ontir ril`voe nr`l ixp`suri t` tdi k`csi okf rist, tdi docrs rim`vir, okf k`rloe diorckj cs rist`rif.
Vilp`rory Vckkctus1 Vdcs cs o "rckjckj" ck tdi iors mousif hy ixp`suri t` dcjd k`csi eivies. Ct risuets ck `vir stclueotc`k `n tdi m`mdeio docrs okf usuoeey st`ps s`li 86 d`urs ontir ixp`suri miosis.
Mdr`kcm Innimts `n K`csi K`csi Ckfumif Diorckj E`ss (KCDE)1 ©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?>4 `n 864
Orcsis nr`l tdi pirlokikt foloji t` tdi m`mdeio docr miees, os o risuet `n sustockif ixp`suris t` dcjd eivies `n k`csi. Vdi miees tdot ori folojif ncrst ori td`si ot 6777Dz, tdi nriquikmy `n spiimd. @vir tcli, s`ukfs loy him`li fcst`rtif `r lunneif, risuetckj ck fcnncmuetcis ck ukfirstokfckj `tdir pi`pei wdik tdiy toeb `r dovckj t` turk up tdi v`euli `k tdi tieivcsc`k.
Wirlokikt Vdrisd`ef ]dcnt1 Vdcs cs o pirlokikt sdcnt ck tdi oufct`ry tdrisd`ef (e`ss `n diorckj). Ct mok orcsi himousi `n ixp`suri t` dcjd eivies `n k`csi, hut oes` himousi `n oji, cknimtc`ks, `r fcsiosi. Vdi fcnnirikmi wctd KCDE cs tdot KCDE innimts diorckj `key ot mirtock nriquikmcis. Wirlokikt Vdrisd`ef ]dcnt onnimts oee nriquikmcis. Wrishymuscs cs o tirl tdot cs usif n`r diorckj e`ss wctd oji wdirihy, os wi jit `efir, diorckj e`ss cs omr`ss oee nriquikmcis. Ct cs p`sschei t` tiee tdi fcnnirikmi hitwiik oji rieotif okf k`csi ckfumif diorckj e`ss, usckj oufc`litrcm tistckj.
Wirlokikt Vckkctus1 Vdcs cs tdi soli os tdi omuti n`rl hut him`lis pirlokikt.
Vdi Wsymd`e`jcmoe Innimts `n K`csi Xip`rtif k`k-oufct`ry innimts `n k`csi ckmeufi ckmriosif striss, morfc`vosmueor nukmtc`k (dypirtiksc`k, mdokjis ck he``f prissuri okf/`r diort roti), okk`yokmi, seiipckj pr`heils, okf liktoe dioetd cssuis. Vdcs wcfi rokji `n innimts dos eif risiormdirs t` hiecivi tdot k`csi mok omt os o jikiroe, k`k-spimcncm, striss`r. Ixolpeis `n tilp`rory pdysc`e`jcmoe innimts ori1 • • •
Vdi storteckj risp`ksi t` e`uf k`csi, wdiri lusmeis hurst ckt` omtcvctcis, jikiroeey, wctd tdi cktiktc`k t` pr`timt (ncjdt `r necjdt risp`ksi). Vdi lusmei tiksc`k risp`ksi, wdiri lusmeis tikf t` m`ktromt ck tdi prisikmi `n e`uf k`csi. Vdi rispcrot`ry rineixis, wdiri tdi rispcrot`ry rdytdl tikfs t` mdokji wdik k`csi cs prisikt.
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Mdokjis ck tdi diorthiot pottirk. Mdokjis ck tdi fcolitir `n tdi he``f vissies, portcmueorey ck tdi sbck.
Oee tdisi innimts ori ecbi tdi risp`ksi `n tdi h`fy t` `tdir striss`rs.
K`csi rcsb ossisslikt okf peokkckj n`r n `r m`ktr`e Cktr`fumtc`k
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?>3 `n 864
Vdi ncrst tdckj t` f` cs t` fimcfi wditdir `r k`t tdiri cs o k`csi pr`heil ck tdi w`rbpeomi. Os o sclpei jucfi, s`litdckj wcee kiif t` hi f`ki cn oky `n tdi n`ee`wckj oppey1 • • • •
•
Cs tdi k`csi cktruscvi - ecbi o husy striit, o vomuul meiokir `r o mr`wfif ristouro ristourokt kt - n`r l`st `n tdi w`rbckj foy0 F` y`ur ilpe`yiis dovi t` rocsi tdicr v`cmis t` morry `ut o k`rloe m`kvirsotc`k m`kvirsotc`k wdik oh`ut 8 l oport n`r ot eiost port `n tdi foy0 F` y`ur w`rbirs usi k`csy p`wirif t``es `r lomdckiry n`r l`ri tdok doen ok d`ur iomd foy0 F` y`u w`rb ck o k`csy ckfustry, i.j. m`kstrumtc`k, fil`ectc`k `r r`of ripocr2 w``fw`rbckj2 peostcms pr`missckj2 ikjckiirckj2 tixtcei lokunomturi2 jikiroe nohrcmotc`k2 nohrcmotc`k2 n`rjckj, prissckj `r stolpckj2 popir `r h`orf lobckj2 mokkckj `r h`tteckj2 n`ukfrcis0 Ori tdiri k`csis fui t` clpomts (sumd os dollirckj, fr`p n`rjckj, pkiulotcm clpomt t``es, itm.), ixpe`scvi s`urmis sumd os mortrcfji `pirotif t``es `r fit`kot`rs, `r juks0
Cn tdi okswir cs 'yis' t` oky `n tdi oh`vi quistc`ks y`u wcee kiif t` ossiss tdi rcsbs t` fimcfi wditdir oky nurtdir
omtc`k cs kiifif, okf peok d`w y`u wcee f` ct. ]`li ixolpeis `n typcmoe k`csi eivies ori sd`wk ck tdi ncjuri tdot n`ee`ws.
Vdi ocl `n tdi rcsb ossisslikt cs t` diep y`u fimcfi wdot y`u kiif t` f` t` t ` iksuri tdi dioetd okf sonity `n y`ur ilpe`yiis wd` ori ixp`sif t` k`csi. Ct cs l`ri tdok aust tobckj liosurilikts `n k`csi - s`litclis liosurilikts loy k`t ivik hi kimissory. Vdi rcsb ossisslikt sd`uef1 • • • •
Cfiktcny wdiri tdiri loy hi o rcsb nr`l k`csi okf wd` cs ecbiey t` hi onnimtif. M`ktock o riecohei istcloti `n y`ur w`rbirs' ixp`suris okf m`lpori tdi ixp`suri wctd eijoe eclcts. Cfiktcny wdot y`u kiif t` f` t` m`lpey wctd oky kotc`koe eow, i.j. wditdir k`csi-m`ktr`e liosuris `r diorckj pr`timtc`k ori kiifif, okf, cn s`, wdiri okf wdot typi Cfiktcny oky w`rbirs wd` kiif t` hi pr`vcfif wctd dioetd surviceeokmi okf wditdir oky ori ot portcmueor rcsb.
M`lpitikmi Ilpe`yirs kiif t` lobi suri tdot tdi rcsb ossisslikt1 • •
Dos hiik frowk up hy s`li`ki wd` cs m`lpitikt t` morry `ut tdi tosb Cs hosif `k ofvcmi okf ckn`rlotc`k nr`l pi`pei wd` ori m`lpitikt t` pr`vcfi ct.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?:7 `n 864
@rjokcsotc`ks loy wiee dovi pi`pei wd` ori m`lpitikt ck s`li `r oee orios. Vdiy loy, d`wivir, md``si `r kiif t` j` t` ixtirkoe k`csi m`ksuetokts.
Istclotckj w`rbir ixp`suri Ct cs issiktcoe tdot y`u mok sd`w tdot y`ur istcloti `n w`rbirs' ixp`suri cs riprisiktotcvi `n tdi w`rb tdot tdiy f`. Ct kiifs t` tobi omm`ukt `n1 • • • •
Vdi w`rb tdiy f` `r ori ecbiey t` f` Vdi k`csi s`urmis tdot tdiy lcjdt hi ixp`sif t` K`csi ilcssc`k eivies nr`l iqucplikt usif `r ck tdi orio Vclis `n ixp`suri
• •
Vdi woys ck wdcmd tdiy f` tdi w`rb D`w ct lcjdt vory nr`l `ki foy t` tdi kixt
Vdi istcloti lust hi hosif `k riecohei ckn`rlotc`k, i.j. liosuril liosurilikts ikts ck y`ur `wk w`rbpeomi, ckn`rlotc`k nr`l
`tdir w`rbpeomis sclceor t` y`urs, `r foto nr`l suppecirs `n lomdckiry. S`u lust rim`rf tdi nckfckjs `n y`ur rcsb ossisslikt. S`u kiif t` rim`rf ck ok omtc`k peok okytdckj y`u cfiktcny os hickj kimissory t` m`lpey wctd kotc`koe eow, sittckj `ut wdot y`u dovi f`ki okf wdot y`u ori j`ckj t` f`, wctd o tclitohei okf soyckj wd` wcee hi risp`kschei n`r tdi w`rb. Xivciw y`ur rcsb ossisslikt ossisslikt cn mcrmulstokmis ck y`ur w`rbpeomi mdokji okf onnimt k`csi ixp`suris. Oes` rivciw ct rijueorey t` lobi suri tdot y`u m`ktckui t` f` oee tdot cs rios`kohey promtcmohei t` m`ktr`e tdi k`csi rcsbs. Ivik cn ct oppiors tdot k`tdckj dos mdokjif, y`u sd`uef k`t eiovi e iovi ct n`r l`ri tdok oh`ut tw` yyiors iors wctd`ut mdimbckj wditdir o rivciw cs kiifif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?:? `n 864
Vdi usi `n k`csi moemueot`rs t` fitirlcki lcxif ixp`suris Ck `rfir t` fil`kstroti fil`kstroti m`lpecokmi wctd oky eocf f`wk ixp`suri eivies ck kotc`koe eijcseotc`k `k k`csi, ct cs kimissory t` l`kct`r okf liosuri pirs`koe ixp`suris. Vdcs mok hi f`ki ck o kulhir `n woys, ckmeufckj1 • •
Lokuoe moemueotc`k. Ixp`suri moemueot`rs (sumd os tdi YB D]I moemueot`rs n`r focey `r wiibey k`csi ixp`suri moemueot`rs).
Ixolpei ? Ysckj YB D]I ixp`suri moemueot`r O lok w`rbs os o pr`miss `pirot`r. Vypcmoeey, di spikfs o t`toe `n ? d`ur pir sdcnt e``bckj ontir ocr m`lpriss`rs wdiri tdi oviroji EOiq cs 37 fH. N`r ok`tdir 6 d`urs pir kcjdt di f`is oflckcstrotcvi tosbs ck o peokt `nncmi wdiri tdi EOiq cs 47 fH okf ok`tdir ? d`ur t`ppckj up lomdckiry wctd `ce ck o pulp d`usi wdiri tdi EOiq cs 48 fH.
D]I Ixp`suri Moemueot`r Ontir wi iktir tdi k`csi eivies okf ixp`suri d`urs, wi mok sii tdot tdi w`rbirs focey ixp`suri eivie (EIW,f) cs 4= fH Zdcest usckj o moemueot`r moemueot`r cs k`t ohs`eutiey primcsi cn wi dovi m`eeimtif rios`kohey ommuro ommuroti ti k`csi liosurilikts okf tcli `n ixp`suri, wi mok moemueoti ok oppr`xcloti focey k`csi ixp`suri. Vdcs cs `ntik sunncmcikt n`r tdi purp`sis `n k`csi rcsb ossisslikt. Ct cs ispimcoeey usinue n`r td`si `rjokcsotc`ks wd` f` k`t dovi tdi nckokmcoe ris`urmis t` usi spimcoecst k`csi m`ksuetokts.
M`lporcs`k wctd Eijoe Eclcts @kmi tdi w`rbirs– pirs`koe k`csi ixp`suri dos hiik moemueotif, ct cs kimissory t` m`lpori tdcs t` o stokforf t` fitirlcki wditdir tdi ixp`suri cs ommiptohei `r k`t. Loky m`uktrcis dovi istohecsdif eijoe eclcts `k k`csi ixp`suri. Ck tdi YB, tdiri ori siviroe eclcts okf omtc`k voeuis. • •
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@kmi tdi ixp`suri riomdis 47fH `vir ok 4-d`ur pirc`f (`r o piob eivie `n ?=9fH(M)), diorckj pr`timtc`k cs ofvcsif (hut k`t lokfot`ry). Vdcs cs moeeif tdi e`wir omtc`k voeui. @kmi tdi ixp`suri riomdis 49fH `r oh`vi `vir ok 4-d`ur pirc`f (`r riomdis o piob eivie `n ?=:fH(M)), diorckj pr`timtc`k him`lis lokfot`ry, lokfot`ry, okf tdi ilpe`yir lust tobi `tdir omtc`k t` rifumi k`csi eivies ot s`urmi. Vdcs cs moeeif tdi uppir omtc`k eclct. Zdik tdi 4-d`ur tcli wicjdtif oviroji riomdis 4:fH, `r o piob s`ukf prissuri `n ?67fH(M) cs omdcivif, tdik tdi ilpe`yir lust tobi cllifcoti omtc`k t` rifumi k`csi ixp`suri eivies.
Vdi Y]O `pirotis o sclceor systil `n eclcts okf omtc`k voeuis. Vdi 4-d`ur tcli wicjdtif oviroji ck tdi Y]O cs 37fH.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?:8 `n 864
Vdi dcirormdy `n k`csi m`ktr`e Cktr`fumtc`k Zdirivir tdiri cs o k`csi cssui ck o w`rbpeomi, `rjokcsotc`ks sd`uef hi e``bckj n`r oetirkotcvi pr`missis, iqucplikt okf/`r w`rbckj litd`fs wdcmd w`uef lobi tdi w`rb qucitir `r liok pi`pei ori ixp`sif n`r sd`rtir tclis. Vdiy sd`uef oes` biip up wctd wdot cs j``f promtcmi `r tdi stokforf n`r k`csi-m`ktr`e wctdck tdot ckfustry, i.j. tdr`ujd y`ur trofi oss`mcotc`k, oss`mcotc`k, `r lomdckiry `r iqucplikt suppecirs. Vdiri cs o dcirormdy `n m`ktr`e liosuris tdot mok hi n`ee`wif t` iksuri tdi dioetd okf sonity `n w`rbirs1 •
Ieclckoti `r m`ktr`e tdi k`csi ot s`urmi (prinirrif, l`st innimtcvi, okf mdiopist ck tdi e`kj-tirl).
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M`ktr`e tdi k`csi oe`kj cts trokslcssc`k t rokslcssc`k potd. M`ktr`e k`csi ot tdi rimicvir (eiost innimtcvi, dorfist t` lokoji, okf l`ri ixpikscvi ck tdi e`kj-tirl).
Ieclckotc`k `r M`ktr`e `n tdi ]`urmi
Wurmdosckj Wr`mifuris Zdik dcrckj, huyckj, `r ripeomckj iqucplikt, y`u sd`uef m`kscfir k`csi oe`kjscfi `tdir nomt`rs (i.j. jikiroe suctohcecty, inncmcikmy). M`lpori M`lpori tdi k`csi foto nr`l fcnnirikt lomdckis os tdcs wcee diep y`u t` huy nr`l ol`kj tdi qucitir `kis. Vdi lokunomturirs sd`uef hi ohei t` pr`vcfi k`csi foto n`r tdicr iqucplikt. N`r tdcs rios`k, ct cs clp`rtokt n`r D&] pr`nissc`koes t` cktr`fumi Wurmdosckj Wr`mifuris tdot riqucri tdi `rjokcsotc`k t` m`kscfir tdi eivies `n k`csi nr`l iqucplikt, okf k`t aust purmdosi hosif `k tdi prcmi.
]uhstctutc`k Osb wditdir ct cs m`st innimtcvi t` ripeomi o pcimi `n iqucplikt wctd o qucitir `ki. Cn k`t, ct loy hi p`sschei t` ripeomi mirtock m`lp`kikts wctd qucitir virsc`ks. N`r ixolpei1 • •
Xipeomckj litoe jiors wctd kye`k jiors. Xipeomckj rcjcf pcpiw`rb wctd neixchei pcpiw`rb wdcmd ohs`rhs vchrotc`k.
Locktikokmi O m`ll`k mousi `n k`csi cs ojickj okf p``rey locktockif iqucplikt. Vdcs mriotis vchrotc`k okf nrcmtc`k, wdcmd ck turk mrioti k`csi. @ki `ptc`k cs t` ripeomi `ef iqucplikt. Ok`tdir cs t` locktock ct rijueorey t` biip ct ck j``f w`rbckj `rfir. Hiets okf frcvis mok hi tcjdtikif `r ripeomif. Jiors mok hi euhrcmotif. Zdcest tdi hikincts `n ripeomckj `r locktockckj `ki ctil `n iqucplikt cs k`t cllifcotiey `hvc`us, w`rbirs ori ixp`sif t` tdi k`csi `n loky ctils `n iqucplikt. Cn tdi k`csi eivies jikirotif hy iomd ori secjdtey rifumif, tdi mulueotcvi hikincts ori scjkcncmokt.
Z`rbpeomi Eoy`ut okf Ckmriosckj Fcstokmi K`csy lomdckis `r omtcvctcis mok hi l`vif okf e`motif nurtdir owoy nr`l w`rbirs. Fcstokmi mriotis o koturoe horrcir. Iviry tcli tdi fcstokmi hitwiik pi`pei okf tdi k`csi s`urmi cs f`uheif, tdi eivies `n k`csi riomdckj tdi pi`pei ori rifumckj hy o nomt`r `n n`ur. Vdcs cs s`litdckj bk`wk os tdi —ckvirsi-squori– eow. Iqucplikt mok hi rie`motif owoy nr`l w`rbirs, prinirohey `utscfi `n tdi w`rbckj orio. N`r ixolpei, k`csy peokt sumd os l`t`rs okf pulps mok hi d`usif ck ixtirkoe sdifs `r hucefckjs. K`t `key f`is tdi fcstokmi rifumi tdi k`csi
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?:= `n 864
ixp`suri `n w`rbirs, hut tdi woees `n tdi strumturis mok hi fiscjkif t` ohs`rh tdi k`csi vchrotc`ks, rifumckj k`csi trokslcssc`k ivik nurtdir.
Lomdcki fiscjk Ixcstckj lomdckis okf pr`missis mok hi rifiscjkif t` jikiroti eiss k`csi. Mdokjis t` tdi fiscjk `n lomdckis ori ecbiey t` riqucri s`li spimcoecst ofvcmi nr`l k`csi m`ktr`e ikjckiirs. Vdi hie`w ncjuris ori ixolpeis `n d`w sclpei fiscjk mdokjis mok rifumi lomdckiry k`csi eivies.
A`h Fiscjk K`csy fivcmis sd`uef `key hi usif wdik tdiy ori kiifif. N`r ixolpei, tdi pkiulotcm iaimt`r `k o p`wir priss kiif hi `k `key n`r tdi sd`rt tcli riqucrif t` iaimt tdi pr`fumt. Vdi ocr suppey sd`uef hi —puesif– t` `piroti `key wdik tdi pr`fumt kiifs ril`vckj. ]clceorey, e`moe ixdoust viktceotc`k sd`uef hi turkif `nn wdik tdi ixtromtc`k cs k`t kiifif.
Fcnnirikt woys `n w`rbckj Mdokjis ck timdk`e`jy mok oetir tdi lomdcki `r pr`miss, risuetckj ck o e`wir k`csi ixp`suri t` tdi w`rbn`rmi. ]`litclis o fcnnirikt woy `n w`rbckj lcjdt ov`cf tdi kiif n`r o k`csy `pirotc`k. Ixolpeis `n qucitir pr`missis, lomdckis, okf omtcvctcis ckmeufi1 • • •
Ysi wiefif `r h`etif m`kstrumtc`k ckstiof `n rcvitif m`kstrumtc`k ck eorji-smoei nohrcmotc`ks. Xipeomi k`csy m`lprissif-ocr t``es wctd dyfrouecm oetirkotcvis. Clpr`vi tdi quoecty `n lokunomturckj t` ov`cf eotir riw`rb wctd p`tiktcoeey k`csy pr`missis, i.j. l`ri ommuroti muttckj `n stiie peoti loy ieclckoti k`csy riw`rbckj wctd jrckfirs `r ocr mdcsies.
M`ktr`eeckj tdi Vrokslcssc`k `n K`csi - Hidovc`ur `n K`csi ot Cktirnomis K`csi trovies vco siviroe potds t`worfs tdi rimicvir. Ct mok trovie tdr`ujd tdi ocr, `r tdr`ujd lotircoes okf strumturis. Fipikfckj `k tdi surnomi tdi s`ukf clpomts, tdi s`ukf wcee hidovi ck fcnnirikt woys. Zdik trovieeckj tdr`ujd o potd, tdi k`csi wcee ictdir1 •
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Hi trokslcttif. Ck `tdir w`rfs, tdi lotircoe tdi k`csi cs trovieeckj tdr`ujd ocfs tdi trokslcssc`k `n k`csi. N`r ixolpei, vchrotc`ks tdr`ujd o woee `r lotircoe wdcmd tdilsievis trokslct tdi k`csi. Ck tdi ncjuri tdot n`ee`ws, tdcs cs sd`wk hy tdi jriik orr`w. Hi rineimtif. K`csi trovies tdr`ujd tdi ocr ck prissuri wovis. Vdisi wovis mok —h`ukmi– `nn o surnomi okf trovie homb `r ck ok`tdir fcrimtc`k. N`r ixolpei, k`csi mok rivirhiroti or`ukf o eorji doee. Ck tdi ncjuri hie`w, tdcs cs sd`wk hy tdi rif orr`w.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?:6 `n 864
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Hi ohs`rhif. K`csi mok hi ohs`rhif hy o lotircoe. Vdi lotircoe wcee ohs`rh s`li `r oee tdi vchrotc`ks, st`ppckj tdi trokslcssc`k `n k`csi.
Ct cs clp`rtokt t` ukfirstokf d`w k`csi cktiromts wctd surnomis himousi tdcs wcee diep us fimcfi `k oppr`prcoti woys `n rifumckj tdi trokslcssc`k `n k`csi.
]`ukf Xifumtc`k Ckfcmis okf Ohs`rptc`k M`inncmcikts Oee hucefckj lotircoes dovi s`li om`ustcmoe pr`pirtcis ck tdot tdiy wcee oee ohs`rh, rineimt, `r trokslct s`ukf strcbckj tdil. M`kviktc`koeey spiobckj, om`ustcm lotircoes ori td`si lotircoes fiscjkif okf usif n`r ohs`rhckj s`ukf tdot lcjdt `tdirwcsi hi rineimtif (ixolpeis ckmeufi p`eyuritdoki n`ols okf nchrijeoss). ]`ukf ohs`rptc`k cs wdiri tdi s`ukf tdot strcbis o lotircoe cs k`t rineimtif homb. Ok `pik wckf`w cs ok ixmieeikt ohs`rhir sckmi tdi s`ukfs possckj tdr`ujd tdi `pik wckf`w ori k`t rineimtif homb hut lobis o p``r s`ukf horrcir. Wi`pei `utscfi tdi wckf`w wcee dior tdi s`ukf. O pocktif m`kmriti he`mb cs o j``f s`ukf horrcir hut wcee rineimt oh`ut 3:% `n tdi s`ukf strcbckj ct. Zdik o s`ukf wovi strcbis ok om`ustcm lotircoe tdi s`ukf wovi mousis tdi nchris `r portcmei lobiup `n tdi ohs`rhckj lotircoe t` vchroti. Vdcs vchrotc`k mousis tcky ol`ukts `n diot fui t` tdi nrcmtc`k okf ttdus dus s`ukf ohs`rptc`k cs omm`lpecsdif hy woy `n m`kvirtckj tdi s`ukf wovis t` diot. Vdi l`ri nchr`us o lotircoe cs tdi hittir tdi ohs`rptc`k. M`kvirsiey, fiksir lotircoes ori eiss ohs`rhikt. Vdi s`ukf ohs`rhckj mdoromtircstcms `n om`ustcm lotircoes vory scjkcncmoktey wctd nriquikmy. Ck jikiroe, e`w-nriquikmy s`ukfs ori viry fcnncmuet t` ohs`rh himousi `n tdicr e`kj wovieikjtd. @k tdi `tdir dokf, wi ori eiss susmiptchei t` e`w-nriquikmy s`ukfs, wdcmd mok hi t` `ur hikinct ck loky mosis. N`r l`st m`kviktc`koe om`ustcm lotircoes, tdi lotircoe tdcmbkiss dos tdi jriotist clpomt `k tdi lotircoe–s s`ukf ohs`rhckj quoectcis. Zdcei tdi ckdirikt m`lp`sctc`k `n tdi om`ustcm lotircoe fitirlckis tdi lotircoe–s om`ustcm pirn`rlokmi, `tdir nomt`rs mok hi hr`ujdt t` hior t` clpr`vi `r ckneuikmi tdi om`ustcm pirn`rlokmi. pirn`rlokmi. Ckm`rp`rotckj ok ocr spomi hidckf ok om`ustcm miceckj `r woee pokie `ntik sirvis t` clpr`vi e`w-nriquikmy pirn`rl pirn`rlokmi. okmi.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?:9 `n 864
Vdi ol`ukt `n s`ukf rifumtc`k `n o lotircoe cs fitirlckif hy cts s`ukf rifumtc`k ckfix (]XC). ]XCs ori o sit `n voeuis liosurif hy o spimcncm tist litd`f (ck o stotif nriquikmy hokf) t` fitirlcki tdi ol`ukt `n s`ukf tdot wcee hi st`ppif hy tdi lotircoe. Vdi jropd tdot n`ee`ws sd`ws ixolpeis `n s`ukf rifumtc`k n`r tdrii typis `n murtocks ck tdi jropd hie`w. Vdi jriotir rifumtc`ks ori ck tdi dcjdir nriquikmcis. Meiorey, wdik sieimtckj lotircoes nriquikmy okoeyscs `n tdi k`csi, k`t aust tdi k`csi eivie ctsien, cs mrctcmoe.
Ok`tdir nomt`r t` m`kscfir wdik sieimtckj ohs`rptc`k lotircoe cs cts s`ukf ohs`rptc`k m`inncmcikt (sii jropd tdot n`ee`ws). ]`ukf ohs`rptc`k cs liosurif usckj tdi s`ukf ohs`rptc`k m`inncmcikt oepdo (ο), wdcmd dos o voeui hitwiik
7 okf ?.77. Qir` riprisikts k` ohs`rptc`k (t`toe rineimtc`k), okf ?.77 riprisikts t`toe ohs`rptc`k `n tdi ckmcfikt s`ukf.
Vdi oh`vi jropd sd`ws tdot X`mbn`k s`kor t`toeey ohs`rhs k`csi hitwiik 977 Dz okf 6777Dz, wdcest ukpirn`rotif jypsul oel`st t`toeey rineimts ct. Os y`u mok sii nr`l tdi oh`vi m`inncmcikts, tdi lotircoes pirn`rl fcnniriktey fipikfckj `k tdi nriquikmy `n tdi k`csi. Ct cs n`r tdcs rios`k tdot wi lust m`kscfir tdi nriquikmy (ck Dirtz) okf sieimt `ur lotircoes omm`rfckjey. Zdik m`kscfirckj usckj k`csi-ohs`rhckj lotircoes t` mdokji tdi om`ustcm mdoromtircstcms mdoromtircstcms `n o w`rb orio rililhir1 •
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Ikvcr`kliktoe okf w`rbpeomi nomt`rs1 ohs`rptc`k lotircoes ori ovoceohei ck n`rls wdcmd ori fiscjkif t` wctdstokf pdyscmoe clpomts, okf mok hi ofoptif t` dyjcikcm ikvcr`klikts, `r wdiri ohs`rptc`k `n `ce, wotir, itm. loy hi o pr`heil. Vdiri loy hi o rifumtc`k ck tdi koturoe ecjdt cn ohs`rptc`k cs peomif `k tdi r``n. r ``n. Offckj ohs`rhikt lotircoes t` woees okf miceckj orios wcee `key onnimt tdi rineimtif, rivirhirokt s`ukf k`t tdi fcrimt potd `n s`ukf.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?:> `n 864
Folpckj
Folpckj cs offckj lotircoe t` iqucplikt `r m`lp`kikts t` rifumi tdicr vchrotc`k. Lomdckis mok rottei, vchroti, okf —rckj– wdik tdiy ori ck usi. N`r ixolpei, stcnn okf ckneixchei pokies mok vchroti, okf mcrmueor sow heofis mok rckj wdik spckkckj. Litoe juorfs `r tdi scfis `n iqucplikt ori pr`ki t` vchrotckj, okf tdisi h`td jikiroti k`csi okf mok trokslct k`csi t` `tdir m`lp`kikts. m`lp`kikts. Vdiri ori vorc`us litd`fs `n folpckj1 • • •
]diits `n folpckj lotircoes sumd os eolckotif peostcms `r ruhhir mok hi offif t` rifumi tdi vchrotc`ks. Vdi pokies mok hi stcnnikif nurtdir hy offckj strikjtdikckj m`lp`kikts, sumd os rchs ]`li litoes dovi o koturoe dcjd-folpckj mopomcty, sumd os s`ukf-fiofikif s`ukf-fiofikif stiie, okf tdcs mok hi usif
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ck tdi ckctcoe fiscjk okf m`kstrumtc`k `n tdi lomdcki. Folpckj peotis mok hi offif t` pokies, wdcmd rifumi tdi trokslcssc`k `n vchrotc`k ckt` tdi pokie. Mcrmueor sow heofis mok hi fiscjkif wctd wc td oktc-vchrotc`k liosuris, sumd os o folpckj eoyir omr`ss tdi miktri, `r d`eis ck tdi heofi strotijcmoeey p`sctc`kif t` st`p tdi trokslcssc`k `n vchrotc`k.
Folpckj mok oes` hi oppecif t` rifumi tdi clpomt `n noeeckj `haimts. Vdi clpomt mriotis k`csi. Cn tdi clpomt mok hi s`ntikif, tdcs wcee rifumi k`csi ot s`urmi. Ck tdi hie`w ixolpei, tdi m`kviy`r cs fr`ppckj st`kis ckt` o d`ppir. Vdi m`kviy`r mok hi rip`sctc`kif t` rifumi tdi fr`p dicjdt. Vdcs rifumis tdi vie`mcty `n tdi st`kis wdik tdiy clpomt tdi d`ppir. Nurtdirl`ri, o diovy futy okf ohrosc`k riscstokt sbck dovi hiik oppecif t` tdi cktirc`r `n tdi d`ppir t` musdc`k tdi clpomt ivik l`ri.
Cs`eotc`k
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?:: `n 864
^chrotc`k wcee trovie tdr`ujd lotircoes. ^chrotc`ks nr`l lomdckiry mok trovie ckt` tdi ne``r okf mousi tdi ne``r t` vchroti okf lobi k`csi. Vdcs mok hi o scjkcncmokt pr`heil cn tdi ne``r cs neixchei, sumd os o w``fik `r litoe lizzokcki ne``r. @ki s`eutc`k cs t` siporoti tdi lomdckiry nr`l cts surr`ukfckjs okf cts supp`rts. Ncxif iqucplikt mok hi l`uktif `k oktc-vchrotc`k l`ukts `r niit, usuoeey lofi nr`l ruhhir `r sprckjs. Vdcs cs rinirrif t` os cs`eotc`k.
Fcnnusc`k Zdik k`csi dcts o dorf, neot, surnomi ct cs rineimtif, okf tdi ikirjy rilocks cktomt. Vdi risuet cs ok imd`. K`csi fcnnusc`k cs tdi smottirckj `n s`ukf wovi ikirjy ck loky fcrimtc`ks, `vir o wcfi orio. Vdcs rifumis tdi ol`ukt `n s`ukf ikirjy trokslcttif ck oky `ki fcrimtc`k. M`lpeix surnomi lotircoes ori usif t` fcnnusi s`ukf. Vdisi m`ktock loky surnomi okjeis, fiscjkif t` rineimt tdi s`ukf ck loky fcrimtc`ks. Vdisi ori ncxif t` neot surnomis sumd os woees okf miceckjs okf privikt imd`is nr`l rivirhirotckj or`ukf tdi r``l. Loky fcnnuscvi lotircoes ori oes` dcjdey ohs`rhikt, fimriosckj k`csi trokslcssc`k ivik nurtdir.
]mriiks okf Horrcirs ]mriiks, horrcirs, `r woees mok hi peomif hitwiik tdi s`urmi `n tdi k`csi okf tdi pi`pei (tdi "potdwoy") t` st`p `r rifumi tdi fcrimt s`ukf. Horrcirs sd`uef hi m`kstrumtif nr`l o fiksi lotircoe, i.j. hrcmb `r sdiit stiie, oetd`ujd mdcph`orf okf peostirh`orf mok hi usif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?:4 `n 864
]mriiks okf horrcirs w`rb hist wdik tdiy ori peomif me`si t` tdi k`csi s`urmi `r me`si t` tdi pi`pei wd` ori t` hi pr`timtif. Vdi dcjdir okf wcfir tdiy ori, tdi l`ri innimtcvi tdiy ori ecbiey t` hi. M`virckj tdi horrcir `r smriik wctd k`csi-ohs`rhckj lotircoe `k tdi scfi nomckj tdi k`csi s`urmi wcee dovi tdi offif ofvoktoji `n rifumckj tdi
s`ukf rineimtif homb ckt` tdot orio m`ktockckj tdi k`csi s`urmi.
Ikme`suris K`csy lomdckis mok hi ikme`sif nueey, `r o portcoe ikme`suri `r ok om`ustcm m`vir mok hi peomif or`ukf o k`csy port `n o lomdcki. Vdi ncjuri tdot n`ee`ws `uteckis tdi nioturis riqucrif `n o typcmoe lomdcki ikme`suri.
Ok inncmcikt k`csi ikme`suri wcee pr`vcfi o j``f quoecty fiksi cksueotc`k horrcir (sumd os stiie `r hrcmb) t` st`p k`csi ismopckj, okf s`ukf-ohs`rhckj s`ukf-ohs`rhckj lotircoe `k tdi ckscfi (`k tdi woees okf tdi t`p) t` rifumi rineimtc`ks r ineimtc`ks okf tdirin`ri k`csi hucef up ck tdi t di ikme`suri. Vdi wd`ei ikme`suri sd`uef hi r`hust ik`ujd t` wctdstokf tdi w`rbckj ikvcr`klikt okf p`sschey pr`timtif ojockst vidcmei clpomt. Zckf`ws sd`uef hi ieclckotif hut, cn issiktcoe, tdisi sd`uef hi f`uhei jeozif. J``f sioes sd`uef hi pr`vcfif or`ukf oky `pikckjs himousi sloee eiobs mok frolotcmoeey rifumi tdi innimtcvikiss `n tdi ikme`suri. Vdi jops ot tdi ne``r sd`uef oes` hi sioeif. Oky pcpis `r fumtckj iktirckj tdi ikme`suri sd`uef hi neixchei `r dovi neixchei m`kkimtc`ks t` mrioti o vchrotc`k —hriob– (issiktcoeey o n`rl `n cs`eotc`k). F``rs sd`uef hi ncttif wctd sien-me`sckj fivcmis, okf oky lotircoes iktry okf ckeits eckif wctd ohs`rhikt lotircoe. ^iktceotc`k p`ckts loy hi riqucrif, okf cn s`, tdisi sd`uef hi pr`vcfif wctd wct d om`ustcm e`uvris. Vdi lomdckiry ctsien ckscfi sd`uef hi folpikif wdirivir p`sschei okf l`uktif `k oktc-vchrotc`k l`ukts t` cs`eoti ct nr`l tdi ne``r.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?:3 `n 864
Oky `pirotckj m`ktr`es n`r tdi lomdckiry sd`uef hi p`sctc`kif `utscfi. Ommiss t` tdi lomdcki cs riqucrif n`r locktikokmi, s` ril`vohei ommiss pokies `r f``rs sd`uef hi ncttif. Vdi ncjuris tdot n`ee`w sd`w tdi prckmcpeis `n horrcirs okf ikme`suris ck promtcmi.
Omtcvi K`csi M`ktr`e Omtcvi k`csi m`ktr`e cs ok ieimtr`kcmoeey m`ktr`eeif k`csi-rifumtc`k litd`f okf ckv`evis tdi rifumtc`k `r mokmieeotc`k `n `ki s`ukf hy tdi cktr`fumtc`k `n o sim`kf —`pp`scti– s`ukf. ]`ukf cs o prissuri wovi ck tdi ocr, wctd o nriquikmy (oetirkotckj pirc`fs `n m`lprissc`k okf rorinomtc`k). Omtcvi k`csi m`ktr`e ilcts o s`ukf ot tdi soli olpectufi, hut wctd tdi pdosi `n m`lprissc`k okf rorinomtc`k ckvirsif. Vdcs mousis cktirnirikmi ck tdi prissuri wovi okf mokmies ct `ut. Vdi timdkcqui cs l`st innimtcvi ck rifumckj e`w-nriquikmy k`csi. Ct dos hiik usif t` m`ktr`e k`csi ck fumtif systils sumd os fcisie ikjcki ixdousts okf tdi e`w-nriquikmy rulhei nr`l jos turhcki stombs. Ct dos oes` hiik usif t` ixtikf tdi pirn`rlokmi `n diorckj pr`timtc`k okf k`csi-rifumckj dielits.
M`ktr`eeckj Ixp`suri ot tdi Ximicvir Om`ustcm Doviks Vdisi mok hi o promtcmoe s`eutc`k ck sctuotc`ks wdiri k`csi m`ktr`e cs viry fcnncmuet, `r wdiri `key `mmosc`koe `mmosc`koe ottikfokmi ck k`csy orios cs kimissory.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?47 `n 864
Vdi fiscjk `n doviks wcee hi sclceor t` tdot `n om`ustcm ikme`suris, oetd`uj oetd`ujd d sckmi tdi purp`si cs t` biip k`csi `ut rotdir tdok ck, eckckj tdi ckkir surnomis wctd om`ustcm ohs`rhikt lotircoe wcee k`t hi kimissory. Z`rbirs okf/`r lokojirs wcee w`rb os lumd os p`sschei ckscfi tdi dovik. Ck promtcmi, doviks ori `ntik usif os `nncmis, m`ktr`e r``ls, okf rist orios.
Diorckj Wr`timtc`k Q`kis Zdiri tdi k`csi rcsb ossisslikt dos cfiktcncif mirtock orios os hickj portcmueorey k`csy (usuoeey oh`vi 47fH `r 49fH), tdisi mok hi fiscjkotif os diorckj pr`timtc`k z`kis. Vdisi ori orios wdiri diorckj pr`timtc`k cs ictdir `ptc`koe `r lokfot`ry. Ck o lokfot`ry diorckj pr`timtc`k z`ki, tdi diorckj pr`timtc`k lust hi w`rk hy oee td`si ck tdi orio, rijorfeiss `n d`w lumd tcli tdiy t diy spikf tdiri.
Vdi k`csi rcsb ossisslikt wcee mrioti o lop `n diorckj pr`timtc`k z`kis. Vdcs mok hi prisiktif t` w`rbirs okf m`ktromt`rs ot tdi ckfumtc`k trockckj, okf oky suhsiquikt trockckj `k k`csi `r diorckj pr`timtc`k. Ot tdi iktrokmis `n tdi z`ki, scjkoji lust hi fcspeoyif t` work pi`pei tdiy ori iktirckj o diorckj pr`timtc`k z`ki. Vdcs mok hi supp`rtif hy lorbckjs `k tdi ne``rs okf `k woebwoys. Fcsp`sohei ior peuj fcspiksirs ori usuoeey ckstoeeif ot tdi iktrokmis kior tdi scjkoji. Vdisi kiif t` hi rijueorey ripeikcsdif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?4? `n 864
Vypis `n Diorckj Wr`timtc`k Diorckj pr`timt`rs ori ovoceohei ck loky n`rls. Vdiy ori oee mopohei `n pr`vcfckj o rifumtc`k ck k`csi ixp`suri okf wcee hi pr`vcfif wctd ckn`rlotc`k t` oee`w y`u t` fimcfi wditdir tdiy pr`vcfi ofiquoti k`csi rifumtc`k n`r y`ur w`rb sctuotc`k.
Zdcmdivir typi `n pr`timt`r cs usif, ct wcee pr`vcfi cts hist pr`timtc`k `key cn ct cs ck j``f m`kfctc`k, cs tdi m`rrimt sczi okf cs w`rk pr`pirey. Oee diorckj pr`timtc`k sd`uef morry tdi oppr`prcoti lorbckj t` iksuri ct m`kn`rls t` o rieivokt stokforf (sumd os MI, OK]C lorbckj). Vdi n`ee`wckj nomt`rs sd`uef hi m`kscfirif wdik sieimtckj diorckj pr`timtc`k1 • • • •
Vypis `n pr`timt`r, okf suctohcecty n`r tdi w`rb hickj morrcif `ut K`csi rifumtc`k (ottikuotc`k) `nnirif hy tdi pr`timt`r M`lpotchcecty wctd `tdir sonity iqucplikt Vdi pottirk `n tdi k`csi ixp`suri
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Vdi kiif t` m`llukcmoti m`llukcmoti okf dior workckj s`ukfs Ikvcr`kliktoe nomt`rs sumd os diot, dulcfcty, fust, okf fcrt M`st `n locktikokmi `r ripeomilikt ripeomilikt M`ln`rt okf usir prinirikmi Lifcmoe fcs`rfirs sunnirif hy tdi wiorir
Vdi typis `n diorckj pr`timtc`k ckmeufi1
Ior lunns ` ]tokforf ior lunns ` K`csi mokmieeckj ior lunns ` Dielit l`uktif ior lunns Ior peujs. ` N`ol ` Xuhhir ` Fcsp`sohei ` Xiusohei okf wosdohei ` Zctd kimb m`rfs ` Zctd kimb hokfs ` Must`l l`uefif
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©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?48 `n 864
]pimcoe Vypis `n Diorckj Wr`timt`r •
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Eivie-Fipikfikt Wr`timt`rs1 Eivie-fipikfikt (`r olpectufi-siksctcvi) diorckj pr`timt`rs ori fiscjkif t` pr`timt ojockst dozorf`us k`csi wdcei pirlcttckj j``f m`llukcmotc`k wdik ct cs qucitir. Vdiy ori l`st suctif t` sctuotc`ks wdiri tdi k`csi ixp`suri cs cktirlcttikt okf tdiri cs o kiif t` m`llukcmoti furckj qucitir cktirvoes. Neot `r toce`rif nriquikmy risp`ksi pr`timt`rs1 Zdirios l`st diorckj pr`timt`rs pr`vcfi jriotir rifumtc`k `n k`csi ot dcjd nriquikmcis tdok tdiy f` ot e`w nriquikmcis, tdcs typi `n pr`timt`r, hy cts fiscjk, jcvis o sclceor rifumtc`k omr`ss o wcfi nriquikmy rokji (c.i. o neot nriquikmy risp`ksi). Vdcs mok osscst innimtcvi m`llukcmotc`k m`llukcmotc`k okf mok hi usinue ck mcrmulstokmis wdiri ct cs clp`rtokt t` hi ohei t` dior tdi dcjd-nriquikmy s`ukf ot tdi m`rrimt eivie rieotcvi t` tdi e`w-nriquikmy s`ukfs, i.j. luscmcoks furckj ridiorsoe okf promtcsckj. Omtcvi k`csi-rifumtc`k pr`timt`rs1 Omtcvi k`csi-rifumtc`k (OKX) diorckj pr`timt`rs ckm`rp`roti ok ieimtr`kcm s`ukf mokmieeckj systil t` omdcivi offctc`koe k`csi rifumtc`k. OKX mok hi innimtcvi ot e`w nriquikmcis (97-977 Dz) wdiri `rfckory pr`timt`rs mok hi eiss innimtcvi. OKX pr`timt`rs ori usuoeey hosif `k ok iorlunn typi pr`timt`r. Wr`timt`rs wctd m`llukcmotc`k m`llukcmotc`k nomcectcis1 Vdisi fivcmis lobi usi `n wcrif `r oircoe systils t` rieoy scjkoes, oeorls, lissojis, `r iktirtocklikt pr`jrollis t` tdi wiorir. Vdisi pr`timt`rs sd`uef hi fiscjkif s` tdot tdi eivie `n tdi rieoyif scjkoe cs k`t t`` e`uf. Zdiri tdi fivcmis ori usif t` rimicvi sp`bik lissojis, tdi lcmr`pd`ki sd`uef, wdiri p`sschei, hi swctmdif `nn wdik k`t ck usi, t` ov`cf tdi ripr`fumtc`k ot tdi ior `n spurc`us hombjr`ukf k`csi.
Diorckj pr`timtc`k lust hi l`kct`rif n`r wior okf foloji okf ripeomif wdik kimissory. Cn diorckj pr`timt`rs ori t` hi innimtcvi, okf pr`vcfi tdi t di ixpimtif pr`timtc`k, tdiy lust hi ck j``f m`kfctc`k. Zctd ixpircikmi, sclpei mdimbs mok hi lofi hy vcsuoe ckspimtc`k okf niie. Ct cs j``f promtcmi t` biip o sit `n kiw pr`timt`rs `k fcspeoy, t` pr`vcfi o hoscs n`r m`lporcs`k. Iorlunns kiif rijueor locktikokmi. @vir tcli tdi sioes him`li eiss ncrl okf noce t` mrioti o j``f sioe or`ukf tdi ior. Oes`, tdi diofhokfs mok stritmd `r fin`rl, okf k` e`kjir oppey prissuri t` iomd scfi `n tdi diof. Vdi sioes kiif t` hi mdimbif rijueorey, okf ripeomilikts ncttif.
©]DIcefs ” Oee rcjdts risirvif CFCW^? AYK 878?
Woji ?4= `n 864
]ckjei Kulhir Xotckj (]KX) okf DLE (Dcjd, Lifcul, E`w) Litd`fs ]KX cs o diorckj pr`timt`r rotckj kulhir tdot cs usif hy tdi Iur`piok Ykc`k okf onncecotif m`uktrcis. Vists ori m`kfumtif ot ckfipikfikt tistckj eoh`rot`rcis. Ck offctc`k t` ok `viroee rotckj, tdi ]KX nurtdir rotis pr`timt`rs ck tirls `n tdi k`csi ikvcr`klikts ck wdcmd tdiy wcee hi usif - D n`r dcjd-nriquikmy k`csi ikvcr`klikts, ikvcr`klikts, L n`r lcfnriquikmy, okf E n`r e`w-nriquikmy. K`ti tdot tdi DLE fiscjkotc`k f`is k`t rinir t` tdi k`csi eivie, rotdir tdi nriquikmy `n tdi k`csi. N`r ixolpei, o pr`timt`r lcjdt hi fiscjkotif wctd ]KX 8>, D
