Naval SERE Survival Handbook (1970s)

INTRODUCTION.

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SIMPLE NAVIGATION,,,,,, 4 SHELTERS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, B TRAPS AND SNARES,,,,, ,,12 SKINNING AND PREPERATION OF GAME,,,,,,,

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FIRE MAKING METHODS,,, ,26 THUMB RULES FOR EDIBLE PLANTS I

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USE AND CARE OF THE KNIFE AND AXE.,, ,,,46 PERSONAL SURVIVAL KIT,, 52 SIGNALING,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,56 SURVIVAL MEDICINE,,, ,,,62 WATER PROCUREMENT,,,;,,68 RESCUE DEVICES,,,,,,, ••72

INTRODUCTION

Survival, in all types of climates; calls for a thorough knowledge of your ability to live under the most strenuous conditions. The greatest obstacle you will confront in the wilderness is fear of the unknown. Like any problem you face, fear can be overcome with reasoning. First, let us analyze two important ·words. Survival is "to live', remain alive or in existence". Psychology is "the study of the mental behavioral characteristics of an individual. We are going to learn, "the manner of conducting oneself to remain alive". RemeJT\ber that many men and women have already undergone such survival experiences and have lived through them. When faced with a survival situation, stop and think the situation over. Size up things and then plan your course of action. There will be the immediate temptation to move off in some · direction, and attempt everything at once. This will use up valuable strength and add to your confusion. Regardless of where you are, take time to consider your predicament and the best w·ay out. Remember, you are the key person in. your survival situation.

Ref:

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Survival On Land And Sea by the Ethnogeographic Board .lnd Staff of Smithsonian Institution

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Remember that if you decide to travel, you will be fighting nature and yourself. Your rescuer will always start looking for you in the area where you 1qere first missing. Recognizing this fact, a decision to stay or move will depend on many factors; i.e., war or peace, closeness of friendly or enemy troops, the general -area in which you are , terrain features, etc. If your decision is to move, first have a good Idea of where your location is and then have a direction or a,goal to attain. As a survivor,you will be concerned with only five directions, North, South, East, 1-Y'est, and somewhere in between.

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A method to determine direction, is to face the sun when it rises. Nbrth will be on your left, south will be on your right. When you fa-ce the setting sun, .::orth 1vill be on your iight:,South will be on your left. 5

Using the same method in the Southern Hemisphere, point the hour of 12:00 at the sun. Half way between the hour ,hand and 1200 (Lhe smallest angle is South. The best time to use the sun-watch method is between the hours of 0700-1000 and 1400-1700. . A third and perhaps easier method is the sun and stick method.

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This is a !i\implr techniqur fnr de-termining direnion. Act"Uracy variel de!>ai t.

4. "Twitch-up" Trigger Snare- Make sure you do not disturb the surrounding area of the snare anymore than necessary. This snare is very effective in tropical areas for ground hens and doves.

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5. Dead Fall W~th Figure "4" Trigger -Use of a bait is a requirement on this snare. Make sure the bait is directly under the de~d fall. The dead fall must weigh enough to kill the animal when it falls.

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6. Dead Fall and Drag Snare CorrbinationMake sure there is a sufficient quantity of large game in ~he area to warrant the time used in constructing this snare.

All traps and snares should be simple in construction. This way you can put out more than one, to increase your chances of catching game. Traps and snares should be set out after you have made camp, but before darkness sets in.

Ref:

Down But Not Out, Rev 1 Mar 61, pp. 116,119 Air Force Survival Manual; 64-5, pp. 43-44 18

NOTES

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· SKINNING AND PREPARATION· OF GMiE

The first step in butchering any mammal. is to cut through the skin in a straight·line, from the end of the tail bone to a point under the neck. I:

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I f the animal is a male, cut the skin parallel to, but not ~touchin,g the penis. If the tube leading from the bladdei is cut, . the meaf· w£11 be unclean. The figure (A) shows preliminary _ cuts made in skinning and butchering. / ·

Once the cuts have be-en made from A. throughE, begin skinning the animaL . The easiest method is to begin at the terriers where the cuts meet. When you have skinned down on the animal's side as far as you can, roll the carcass on the side 'to continue on to the back. If you decide be:.. fore 1 skinning that you do not .want the skin, a rough job will serve. However, in a survival situation think befo:z:;e throwning a- good skin away_. The organs that can be eaten safely are the heart and kidneys. The liver may also be eaten lcf' it.does. not have white spots on it. Spots would indicate that the animal is suffering from some form of disease. So far, we have been speaking about the butchering of mammals. This class of animals comprises man and alLother animals that nourish their yourrg with milk secreted by mammary glands' and have the skin more or less covered with hair. However, all fur-bearing animals ... are · edib;t.e. There are only two othe-r. classes. of animals that deserve a mention. They are the classes of reptiles and amphibians. _Among the reptiles are the alligators, crocodiles, lizards,· snakes and turtles.. All snakes, wi tn the exception of sea snakes, are edible, provided you remove th'e head· (poison glands) of the poisonous species~ Then s.kin the. animal and remove th7 innards. J)

All amphibians, which include £ro·gs, toads and salamanders, are' edible. Skin each of these animals and remove the innards prior to eating. The skinn~ng method described previously may be applied to either reptiles or amphibians.

Ref:

Survival Training Guide - NAm1EPS 00-SOT_5{, "Methods of Preservation" 22

5. USE INWARDS FOR BAITING TRAPS AND SNARES. THE SKIN CAN BE USED FOR IMPROVISED ARTICLES. '

PREPARING A REPTILE

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FIRE

~1AKING

Star-ting a fire at times cah be very perating. By knowing a· few simple., easy, and techniqqes, fire making can become an t_rick and sometimes downright enjoy.able. tips are:

exasrules· easy A few

1. Ge't into the habit of carz::ying water,-. proof matches. You can never tellwhen you might have to use them. · · 2. When you ·use· your matches, use each one as though it was your last. Certain rules of · thumb apply to all campfires:

a. Select a dry sheltered location where the fire will not spread. . b. Learn how to Shield your match with cupped hands, your hat, or other object when lighting it. · c. Have dry tinder arranged· before lighting the match, and have a supply of kind1 ling at hand ready to add when needed. d. Start with a tiny fire, adding fYel as it ignites. Don't build your fire too big. Several small fires will heat you better .than one . big one. · e. A fire needs oxygen. Add. fuel crisscross, to avoid smothering it. Blow ·gently if the flames don't appear to be _spreading properly. f. The heat of a fire· goes upward. Add kindling and fuel above the flames. g. Learn ·how to select good, dry firewood. Soft woods tend to burn quickly with a ho~ flame, while hard woods burn more slowly and produce lasting coals. Successful fire making is a real skill. You won't.learn how to start a fire by.just reading a book. Learn these instructions and use them in actual practice:

• open places use a windbreak. EVen 1. In a light bree.ze can make lighting- a fire very 27

hard. Make ~wall of logs, brush, rocks, earth, snow, cloth, or skins.

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2. Carry dry tinder with you in a waterproof container. Tinder is~ any substance which will ignite easily from a match or spark, such as shavings, dry grass, tiny dead twigs (split), small dead'lower branches of trees or charred cloth. Solidified resins from trees also make a good tinder and it burns very hot. Pulverize it and sprinkle it over the other dry materials. 3. Shavings are best made as a cluste\r on a stick.

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4. ~lake your fireplace (something to hold the larger wood before· lighting). There are several. possibilities a& shown: a. Parallel logs - logs of green wood, propped up slightly to let air underneath. Lay kindling in crisscro~s or "V" shape. Place the larger pieces of wood on top after the fire· gets started ..

b. Stone or earth fireplace - arrange it parallel of "V" shaped. You may also make the fire in a narrow trench. This rnc;tkes a good cooking fire.

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. c. Back log - build the fire against a large log. tihen adding large piecesof fuel later, lean them against the back lot. Tbis fire is not suitable for cooking except:. with a crane, but is a good fire for warmth in front of shelter. 5. Arrange the kindling log cabin style. The kindling should be arranged before l!ighting the tinder, but larger pieces of fuel can wait until the kindling is burning. Build the kindling up in a crisscross pyramid in a "V" shape with the tinder to be placed in the enclosed .. space. Don't build kindling into teepee form, · as some books suggest, because it will collapse and may go out when the first stick burns through· Have additional kindling available. 6. Dead wood- either deadstanding trees or dead branches from live trees - burn easily. Dead wood which is wet from rain or punky from lying on the ground will burn. Split open dead wood logs by pounding or slamming them on a rock. The inside will be. dry and will burn easily. Add fuel gradually to your fire. A large fire is hard to cook on and will exhaust your. fuel supply quickly. Make your fire just large enough to cook your meal or for required warmth. Using these few simple techniques, fire making can be an easy job. A fire can be a friend or an enemy, depending upon how you handle it.

Starting a fire without the use of matches is difficult. You will need especially dry tinder. The best sources are very ~ry, powdered woodr finely shredded dry bark; shredded pith of a dead palm frond; lint unravelled from cloth., twine, cotton,.or a bandage, small bird feathers or down, nests of mice or birds, wood dust made by insects, or gunpowder. In addition to good dry tinder, you will need patience.

A few suggested methods are as follows:. 1.

Flint.. and Steel.

This is the easiest method and the most reliable way of making a fire without matches. Scrape the flint with a knife blade or small piece of steel, with a sharp, scraping, downward motion 30

so that the sparks fall in the center of the tinder. When the tinder begins to smolder, fan itgently ihto a flame. Then .transfer the blazing tinder to your kindling pile or add the kindling gradually to the tinder. Iron pyrite or fool's gold will also make sparks when struck together.

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2. Burning Glass - Any piece of glass or reflecting type material, can be used td start a fire, but it requires a lot of patience. The best method is to use a convex lens two inches or more in diameter that will concentrate the sun's rays on the tinder and start it burning. You may"also concentrate the sun's rays on your tinder by making a small funnel out of aluminum foil about four inches high and three inches wide at the top. Wrap your tinder around a small stick and insert it into the small end of the funnel. Adjust the stick so that the sun's rays are concentrated on the tinder to start it burning. 3. Friction - There are many methods oL making a fire by friction (bow and drill, fire plough, fire thong, etc.), but all require practice. If you are proficient in.one of these · methods, use, but remember that flint arid steel will give you the same results with less work. a. The bow and drill method of fire making provides plenty of the friction needed and requires less work than other methods. It requires a drill and block (beth of a dry, soft wood) and a bow. The drill is'a blunt stick which fits into the hollowed out block or "hearth". Next to the drill hole is a notch or trough. Loop the bow string over the top of the drill. Draw the bow back and forth using long, full strokes. Slowly and gradually increase the speed. Friction will cause wood dust to gather in the notch beside the drill hble. rllien smoke begins _to rise from the wood dust in the notch, add tinder~ and blow gently until you have a smalr fire. b. The fire thong is a rattan dord drawn back and forth under a soft, dry piece of wood. Obtain a dry piece of rattan-about onefourth inch in diameter and a dry stick about one to two inches in diameter and three or four feet long. Split one end of the stick. Use a twig or pebble to hold the split open. Insert a tinder between the two split parts so it will not fall out~ Place the split end ona rock, with the open split downward, and hold it f-irmly with one foot. Run the rattan through the split where the tinder is wedged, and draw it back and forth rapidly, exerting pressure, until u

the tinder smokes. Add more tinder and proceed to build a fire gradually as-the tinder catches fire. c. The fire plow is a method used in the Pacific Islands. A ·piece of soft, pi thy wood about three inches in circumference is split. _ One half of the stick is placed on the groundi with the flat, split.face upward, sitting on one end, hold it still with the feet at the other end. Rub a groove five or six inches long in the center of the pithy area with a flat-pointed stick ofdry wood. Rub back and forth rapidly in -this groove. Gradually tilt the rubbing stick to a deeper angle, about 45°, and increase the 1 pressure. Rub ·fast over the,same length unt~l wood dust collects at the point of the stick and begins to char and then to smoke. After you get the glowing spark or ember, nurse it into flame with-tinder. Be careful to confine the rubbing stick to the same area so the pile of wood dust does not scatter or cool_. 4. Electric Spark - If you are with an airplane or ship and have a live stor,age battery, direct a spark onto the tinder by scratching the ends of wires, connected to the battery, together to produce an arc. If you have a flashligl}.t and the batteries are still charged, you can use it to start the tinder burning. Take off the top of --the flashlight, lens, bulb and reflector. Using a small copper wire'.040 or smaller, attach each end to the terminals of the flashlight. The wire will heat up until it is red. Place the wire, while still attached to tl}e terminals, onto your tinder. Fan the tinder until it starts to_flame. By following these rules and techniques, fire making can become very enjoyable and rewarding,

Ref: _Personal Experience, NAVWEPS 00;-BOT-56, pp.

10-5 & 10-18

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THUJ.'.1B RULES FOR PLANTS AND, BERRIES Plants: 14-12)

(Ref

NAv~EPS

00-BOT-56, pp. 14-1 &

There are over 300,000 kinds of wild plants growing in the world. Most o~ the~ have edible parts. All iointed grasses are edible, e.g., bamboo shoots - boil) • Grains with a black powdery substance (ergot) on the grain or leaf are considered diseased. Some plants are poisonous if eaten raw, but safe after cooking. Cooking removes the poison or renders them harmless .• Cook all unknown food.

Almost any part of a growing plant is edible. In many cases only one or two of those parts are palatable. The edible parts will be in one of the following groups: 1. The reproductive parts of the_p_lant fruits, seeds, flowers, pods, or nuts. · 2. The root system - tubers, rootsta'lks, bulbs, or sprouts. 3. The growing part of the plant - bark, leaves, buds, sap, stems, or shoots. IN SUPVIVAL SITUATIONS LEAVE ALL MUSHROOMS A..'>.JD TOADSTOOLS ALONE. VISUAL TEST (Inedible Plants) 1. Hilky.-colored sap, or a sap that discolors when exposed to the air. 2. plant.

Fine hairs on the stems or leaves of the

3. comb).

Air spaces in the tuber/tubers (honey.

4. Ca.rrot or parsley-like top (small green 1eaves) : 35

5. Plants. with three distinct leaves (poison oak, etc.).

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If the plant passes the visual test, proceed to the edibility test, but don't waste time taste-testing plant foods which are rare or difficult to obtain. Make sure a worthwhile supply is available before taste-testing, In addition, just because a small amount of a plant food passes the taste test, don't assume that you can eat unlimited amounts without discomfort.

EDIBILITY TEST After the plant has passed the visual test, subject the plant to a taste test. First prepare a cooked sample, then chew about a teaspoon full thoroughly and hold it in your mouth for five minutes. Do not swallow the sample. If the taste is disagreeable, do not eat it. If it tastes good, go ahead and swallow it. Wait about eight hours. If no ill effects appear, cook another small amountand eat about two teaspoons' full. wait an additional eight and watch for ill effects. If there are no ill effects after the 16-hour time period, cook another portion and eat a handful of the plant. Again, wait another eight hours. If there are no ill effects after a total of twenty-four hours (the period of this test) consider the plant edible, and. slowly increase your consumption of the plant.

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A small quantity of a poisonous food is not likely to be fatal or even dangerous, although a large quantity might be. The exceptions to this rule are the poisonous ·mushrooms and water hemlock. These two are dangerous even in small quantities. Berries: 1.

Blue-or Black- Edible.

/ 2. Red (Danger) - Use edibility test unyou can identify the berry, and you are positive that it is edible. le~s

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Gray-Green or Ifui te - Inedible.

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Note: Almost all plants, fruits, or berries that monkeys eat can be consumed by humans.

C0r1MON POISONOUS PLANTS HOUSE PLANTS PcLANT Hyacinth Narcissus' ,. Daffodil

Oleander

TOXIC PART

SYMPTm1S

Bulbs

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. May be fatal.

Leaves Branches

Extremely poisonous. Affects the heart,pro-, duces severe digestive upset and has caused death.

Poinsetta

Leaves

Fatal. One leaf can kilr a child.

Dieffenbachia (Dumb cane) Elephant ear

All parts

Intense burning & irritation of the mouth & tongue. Death can occur if base of the tongue swells en'ough to block the air passage of the throat.

.Rosary pea castor bean

Seeds

Fatal. A single rosary pea

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TOXIC PART

PLANT

SYMPTOMS

seed has caused

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On Lando Indicate direction af

On Lando Should we walt for

n•ar••t clvlllaatlon At Sea: Indicate direction of

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At S.ao Notify rnc:u• agency

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0.1(. Ia land, arrow ahows landing direction

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SURVIVAL MEDICINE

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In everyday life emergency medical treat-· ment generally means, "What to do until the doc:tor comes ". In a survival situation, the doctor may not come for weeks or months. · You must face the very reai possibility that you may have to be the "doctor" and sometimes the patient as well! Under such circumstances you wust use what God gave you : your head and your hands! Here are a few suggestions for some of the medical proble,ms you may encounter under survival or POW conditions. These treatments are not recommended-- in a civilized area --where proper medical treatment is available. However in primitive and desperate situations, they may save your life. 1 Hemorrhage. This is severe external bleeding. There are two ways to treat it. The first is direct pressure, and if this does not work, try more direct pressure. Use a tourniquet only as a last resort.

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When applyj_ng a tourniE{uet, place it bet·-, _ heart and the wound. Apply it only ti.:. t e,.,. :gr. to stop bleed~ S· Once you place the to~r on, do not taKe it off. The additional 'oss ~1 blood resulting from loosening the tournioue' may easily cause de-ath.

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Dysentery. An acute bacterial infection of the intestines characterized in severe cases by frequent ~tools containing blood, mucus, and pus, accompanied by malaise, fever, cramps and a strained abnormal ·condition is uften present. Dysentery occurs in all parts of the w9rld, but it is more common in tropica·1 and subtropical climates. The source is the excrement of an infected person. This bacterial infection is transmitted by contaminated food or drink. To control dysentery, have sanitary disposal of human excrement, strict supervision of messing facilities, control of flies, and isolation of patient during illness. The patient needs disinfected water to replace his fluid loss, which may be several gallons per day. ' '

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Hepatitis. An acute infection characterized by fever, loss of appetite, malaise, nausea, and abdominal discomfort, followed by jaundice. Bile may be found in the urine.

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Hepatitis can occur world wide. Temperate zones have the highest incidence in autumn and winter months. The source of infection is in the blood and excrement of the infected persons. Infection is transmitted through contaminated food, water, and milk. It is probably also transmitted by intimate person to person contact. Methods of control are good sanitation with particular attention to the disposal of human excrement, and good personal hygiene. Treatment: rest and good diet. Shock. You· should try to maintain body heat, without using artificial heat. Give fluids if the person is conscious. If .there. is an injury, treat it and play down the seriousness of the injury. ·Position for treatment of shock. 64

Following any injury. If the pain is severe, use morphine if it is available. However, do not confuse delirium with true pain.

Burns. Immerse in snow, ice water or cold water if possible. This helps prevent scarring and lessens the pain as fast as morphine in some cases. Dress with dry sterile dressing and do not probe burn for foreign bodies, or break blisters.- If sterile dressings are not available, boil ' cloth in water.

THIRO·DEGA BURN

FIRST·DEGF BURN

Immersion Foot. The principle cause of this disease is wet or damp feet. The symptows of immersion foot are tingling, numbness, redness, and swelling. If curative measures are-not taken, blotchy red areas, blisters, and ulcers may eventually appear. To prevent this disease carry a couple of pairs of dry socks and rotate wearing them. Exercise your foes and try to move around as much as possible. Loosen your shoelaces and any clothing that could interfere with the circulation of blood to your feet. 65

Lice. Lice transmits many diseases. Wash your body and clothing frequently. Pick off lice from seams of clothing and expose clothing to sunlight as often as possible. Intestinal Parasites (Worm) Parasites co~e from poor sanitation and improperly prepared foods. Symptoms will appear in your v6mit or stool as worms.· To treat them take one tablespoon of gasoline or kerosene per day for a period of three to four days. If you have tobac~o, chew and swallow the juice or eat hot peppers if available. Betel nut is used by Southeast Asia natives. Chewing the nut will provide ~nough juice to combat worms. Leeches. There are two types, land and water. They can extract enormous amounts of blood and the ma1n danger is that they lower your resistance to diseases. T6 remove them use tobacco juice, cigarettes, salt, gas, alcohol, or smother them by cutting off the oxygen. To treat the.wound use a styptic pencil to stcip the bleeding and bacitracin ointrr•ent to prevent infection. Then cover with a ster1le dressing. Infection. To treat use antibiotics until the infection is completely cleared up or until your supply is exhausted. Apply hot compresses to the infected area, lance pus pockets, and scrape dead tissue from wounds. If the wound is too painful to scrape, use maggots. They are not painful and eat only dead tissue. · Almost one hundred percent of survivors are injured or develop illnesa prior to being rescued. The majority of people can treat most minor injuries and ailments, but few know how to t.reat s,uch problems when they occur to themselves.

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Try thinking of survival medicine with these thoughts i~ mind.

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WATER PROCUREMENT

All animals within the animal kingdom need water to continue their metabolism and to carry on bodily . functions. You are not different. Water will be one of your first and most important needs. Man can get along for weeks without food, but he can't live very ~ long without water, especially in hot areas. '

Purify all water before drinking by one of three ~ethods. You may boil it for at least three mintues ~ (depending upon altitude), or use water purification tablets, or add eight drops of . tvw-and-one half solution of iodine to a quart of water and let it stand for ten minutes before drinking it. When no surface water is available, you may tap the earth's supply of ground water. However, don't waste your time digging for water unless you have some sign that water is present. You may find wet mud ~ the lowest point of rrtud. flats during the winter month

Dry stream beds often have water just below the .c;:...c2·face. "In a Set··~! .::une belt, water will usually be ~~.:22 beneath the original valley floor at the edge of ~he dunes, rather than in the_middle where the diggin~ ls easier. 69

In tropical areas water may be found within the center of certain plants. Sap is chiefly water and it is both readily available· and fit to drink in many plants. Some tropical lianas and palms have a flow of water' in their ~terns. Fruits, growing tips, leaves, ~terns, and buds of many plants contain small quantities of water. Many large vine& in tropical rain forests contain a pure watery sap

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" with a slightly acid flavor. Reach as _hi-gh as possible and cut a vine off, keeping the severed end elevated. Then cut the vine off close to the ground; this should give you a water tube about six to seven feet long. v-7hen water stops dripping from the lower end, cut another section off the top and more water will drain down.

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If water can't be obtained from plants by the above methods, remember this. During the early'morning hours and late evening hours, moisture can be collected off plants by sponging it off. ·

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RESCUE' DEVICES

As a survivor you will be able to help your rescuers if you know and use the latest rescue techniques. Rescues may become difficult and dangerous when improper techniques are used. There are numerous rescue devices available to helicopter forces and almos-t a:ny helicopter can be used as a rescue vehicle. However, the rescue equipment carried by any helicopter will vary somewhat from service to service, unit to un'it, and mission to mission. The following items listed are frequently used by hoistequipped helicopters: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Navy Two Prong Hook Air Force Single Prong Hook Rescue Sling (horsecollar) Forest Penetrator Coast Guard Basket Stokes Litter Knotted- Rope Rope Ladder

The following is a list of things to do when being rescued': 1. Stay calm and think of what you are to do 2.

Conserve your signaling equipment.

3.

Know what to use at the right time.

4. Allow the rescue device to touch the ground (or water) to remove static electricity. 5. When being hoisted; keep your hands away from the hoist cable swivel. 6. Always allow the crewman to pull you into the helicopter and take you out of the rescue device. Just hang on until you are told how you can help. 7.

Be ready for a speedy recovery.

By adhering to the above procedures and techniques, rescue by helicopter can be successful, simple, and rewarding.

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Re$CUe Sling. I

Allow rescue sling to contact the surface before you touch it. The sling goes around your back under your arms so that the two prong hook · is in front. Give a signal to indicate that you are ready to be hoisted and cross your arms under the sling .

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Rescue Sling

Air Force Hook. The Air Force hook has pnly a single prong. It has a spring loaded gate with a safety pin to keep the gate closed. To use with torso harness V-ring you must remove safety pin. 74

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'Without Floatation Collar

Forest Pcnetrator

Kaman Forest Penetrator. Let the penetrator contact the surface before you touch it. If over land, go to a kneeling position, pull retaining strap out, release ejector snap, and pass retaining strap around your body. Connect ejector snap and adjust strap. Pull.one seat down and signal when ready for pick-up. It works the same way with the floatation collar

With Floatation Collar

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Stokes Litter. Allow the litter to "touch surface before you touch it. Unhook the litter from the hoist cable hook. Lay the suspension cables on the deck alongside the litter. Place the patient in the litter, and secure_the safety straps. Then attach the lifting rings to the hoist cable hook. Now signal the hoist operator that the patient is ready for pick-up, Steady the litter until it is out of reach. A steadying _1.i:ne_ is recoinme~de_d so that ground personneL tan' ';>tka~i: the l.i.t::ter d1li"i'ng ascent. ~-(__ -~--- -----~---------~-

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Coast Guard Basket

Coast Guard Basket. Allow the basket to contact the surface before you touch it. Sit in the basket. When ready to be hoisted, signal~e hoist operator, and remain seated until the basket is in the helicopter. Hold on to the inside of the basket.

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Two Prong Navy Rescue Hook. This is a device with an attachment on one end which can be hooked to the "V"-Ring on a torso harness of the rescuee. In fhis aanner a pilot or rescue creWman who goes into the water to assist a pilot can be retrieved in one operation.

Knotted Rope. Used on helicopters that are not equipped with a hoist. Knots are tied in the rope every 18 inches and a 36-inch loop tied'at the end of the rope. Sit in the rope with the rope under the meaty portion of the buttocks. Do not use as a horsecollar~

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