Natural Science 4º prim TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK
Short Description
Descripción: Natural Science 4º primaria Santillana 2015 TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK...
Description
TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK Natural Science 4 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz. WRITER Belén Garrido MANAGING EDITOR Sheila Tourle PROJECT EDITOR Geona Edwards EDITOR Beatriz García Hipólito PROOFREADING Saffron Frankland James Price
PRIMARY
Natural Science
Contents Nombre
Fecha
Introduction ...................................................................................................... III
Worksheets Life processes .................................................................................................... 6 Your senses ........................................................................................................ 14 The circulatory system ........................................................................................ 22 Respiration and excretion ................................................................................... 30 Reproduction ...................................................................................................... 38 People and health ............................................................................................... 46 Classifying living things ....................................................................................... 54 Animals .............................................................................................................. 62 Plants ................................................................................................................. 70 Wild plants and crops ......................................................................................... 78 Matter and materials ........................................................................................... 86 Forces and energy .............................................................................................. 94 Forces and movement ........................................................................................ 102 Heat and light ..................................................................................................... 110 Machines ............................................................................................................ 118
Introduction
Natural Science 4 Teacher’s Resource Book provides a wide variety of photocopiable worksheets designed to complement Natural Science 4 Student’s Book and Natural Science 4 Teacher’s Book. It is divided into 15 topics in order to cover the main concepts of both the National Curriculum and the curriculum established by the Community of Madrid. These worksheets facilitate a flexible approach in the classroom. Students in the same class can be given different worksheets. They can expand on the material learnt in class. Or, students can use the worksheets to revise. These worksheets can also be assigned as homework. There are four categories of worksheets: Reinforcement, Extension, Assessment and tests, and Investigate. Answer keys are provided in the Aula Virtual and on the website: http://www.evocacion.es
Worksheets Reinforcement worksheets There are two pages of Reinforcement worksheets for each topic. These worksheets are designed to provide additional support for students in need of further practice. They can be used after the relevant section in the Student’s Book, before the Final activities sections, or as extra preparation for the Unit assessment. Students can complete the worksheets with or without consulting their Student’s Books, in the classroom or at home, individually or in pairs.
Extension worksheets There are two pages of Extension worksheets for each topic. These worksheets can be used for fast finishers or to expand on the material covered in class.
IV
Assessment worksheets There are two pages of Assessment worksheets for each topic. They can be given out once the topic has been completed, as a revision test, or to check progress during the year.
Tests and Investigate There is a multiple-choice test for each topic. The tests provide students with the opportunity to revise the main concepts of each topic and to assess the knowledge they have acquired. There is an Investigate worksheet for each topic. These worksheets provide opportunities for students to carry out simple investigative tasks, either in the classroom or at home.
V
Life processes
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Colour the correct word. Then, write the sentence.
electricity
• Nutrition provides your body with
energy
and nutrients.
2 Match each process involved in nutrition to its body system.
a. digestion
circulatory sytem
b. respiration
digestive sytem
c. circulation
excretory sytem
d. excretion
respiratory sytem
3 Put the words in order to complete the diagram.
locomotor system – sense organs – nervous system
• Sensitivity is a constant process. It involves different systems and organs in the body:
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REINFORCEMENT
4 Circle the parts of the locomotor system. Then, classify them.
femurp
al ector
vicle scla
humerusabdominalspelvis
skeletal system
bice
psqu
adriceps
muscular system
5 Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. The process of reproduction allows us to have offspring similar to ourselves. b. People have sexual reproduction. c. People are oviparous. d. Male reproductive organs and female reproductive organs are different. e. Reproductive organs develop during adulthood. 6 Unscramble the letters and complete the sentences with the correct words.
cegnyparn
a.
resutu
dofo
arce
klim
lasts about nine months.
b. During this period, the baby develops and grows inside the c. The baby receives
and oxygen from the mother.
d. Newborn babies need constant attention and e. Newborn babies drink their mother’s Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
.
from their parents. . Natural Science 4
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Life processes Name
EXTENSION
Date
Broken bones Bones are hard, strong and rigid, but they can sometimes break or fracture. However, broken bones can repair themselves. There are many different types of fractures. The most common type is a simple fracture, which happens when a bone breaks cleanly. In order to help bones heal correctly, it is important that they are realigned. Broken bones can be put back into position by a doctor. The bones are then immobilized with a plaster cast, so they can start to heal. Simple fractures usually take about 6 to 8 weeks to heal, although large bones take longer.
1 Write T (true) or F (false).
a. Bones break because they are rigid. b. Bones can repair themselves. c. The most common fracture is when a bone breaks into fragments. d. Broken bones need to be realigned, then immobilized. e. All fractures take about 6 to 8 weeks to heal. f. A fracture of the femur takes the same time to heal as a fracture of the radius.
2 Have you ever broken a bone or do you know someone who has? Complete the medical card.
medical card Who broke a bone? Which bone was it? How did they break it? How many weeks did it take to heal?
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Life processes
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Breast milk After a baby is born, the mother’s breasts start producing milk. Breast milk is the most nutritious food for babies. The quantity of milk produced by the mother depends on how much the baby nurses. The more the baby nurses, the more milk the mother produces. The composition of breast milk changes. The first milk is called colostrum. It is thick and yellowish. It has many nutrients and substances to protect the newborn baby against infections. A few days later, breast milk becomes more creamy and white. It has all the nutrients the baby needs to grow. The composition of breast milk can change depending on what the mother eats.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Which is the most nutritious food for babies? b. What is the first milk called? c. What does this milk protect the baby against? d. What does breast milk contain? e. What can change the composition of breast milk? 2 Ask your parents. Then, complete the table.
you
your friend
Were you breastfed? How long for? Were you bottle-fed? How long for?
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9
Life processes
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Complete the sentences with the processes involved in nutrition.
a. During
, oxygen and nutrients are carried in the blood.
b. During
, you absorb the nutrients your body needs from food.
c. During
, you breathe in air and obtain the oxygen you need.
d. During
, you expel the waste materials that your body does not use.
2 Write the name of each system.
3 Match the organs of the nervous system to their functions.
interprets information received from the sense organs nerves
brain
carry information from the sense organs to the brain makes decisions and sends orders to the locomotor system carry orders from the brain to the locomotor system
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ASSESSMENT
4 Write the names of the systems. Then, label the systems. cranium clavicle vertebrae a
b ulna
pelvis
deltoid
pectorals
d
e
a. b. c.
radius
d. c f
fibula
e. f.
tibia
5 Use the groups of words to write three sentences about reproduction.
reproduction
people
male
offspring
sexual reproduction
female
similar
viviparous
reproductive organs
6 Match the two halves to make complete sentences about reproduction.
a. The baby develops
and oxygen from the mother.
b. Pregnancy lasts
about nine months.
c. The baby receives food
their mother’s milk or artificial milk.
d. Babies drink
inside the mother’s uterus.
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Natural Science 4
11
Life processes
TEST
Name
Date
1 Nutrition provides your body with...
a. air and nutrients. b. nutrients and energy. c. air and energy. 2 You absorb the nutrients your body needs during…
a. respiration.
b. excretion.
c. digestion.
3 You obtain the oxygen your body needs through…
a. digestion.
b. respiration.
c. circulation.
4 The main organ of the circulatory system is the…
a. heart.
b. brain
c. stomach.
5 The excretory system eliminates…
a. nutrients.
b. waste.
c. air.
6 The process of sensitivity involves the sense organs,…
a. the skeletal system and the muscular system. b. the nervous system and the locomotor system. c. the nervous system and the muscular system. 7 The locomotor system includes…
a. bones and muscles. b. bones, joints and muscles. c. bones, joints, muscles and tendons. 8 Reproduction allows us…
a. to have offspring similar to ourselves. b. to respond to changes in the environment. c. to obtain nutrients. 9 Reproductive organs develop during…
a. childhood.
b. adolescence.
c. adulthood.
10 During pregnancy, the baby develops…
a. in the mother’s uterus for three months. b. in the mother’s ovaries for nine months. c. in the mother’s uterus for nine months. 12
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Life processes
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 Which foods contain fat?
Instructions 1. In pairs, select five or six different foods, for example, an apple, chips, a banana, biscuits, a carrot, bread or cheese. Cut them into pieces. 2. Cut some brown wrapping paper into five 10 cm squares. 3. Rub a piece of each food on a square of paper until it leaves a mark. Label the squares and allow the marks to dry. 4. When dry, hold the squares against the light. If there is a grease spot, the food contains fat. Measure the diameter of each grease spot with a ruler. The size of the grease spot tells us how much fat there is in the food. 5. Complete the table. food
diameter of grease spot
fat
no fat
6. Analyse your results and answer the questions.
a. Which food leaves the biggest grease spot?
b. Which is the food with the least fat?
c. Which is the food with the most fat?
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13
Your senses
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Unscramble the words and label the diagram.
siir
taneri
anceor
uplip
cpoti erevn
nesl
2 Circle the five parts of the ear and complete the sentences.
audito
r ryne
arca e e v
nalcochleasmall
bo
nes
eardr
a. Sound vibrations go into the outer ear and along the b. The
.
vibrates.
c. The vibration of the eardrum moves the three d. The sound then goes to the e. The cochlea sends the sound through the 14
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um
. . to the brain. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
3 Read and complete the table.
smell
taste
touch
The sense organ is…
It allows you to capture or identify…
4 Match the parts of the organs to their function.
a. taste buds
captures light
b. epithelium
capture flavours of food
c. touch receptors
captures sound
d. retina
distinguish hot or cold
e. cochlea
captures smells
5 Label the diagram of the nose.
nostril
olfactory nerve
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olfactory bulb
nasal cavity
olfactory epithelium
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Your senses
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Guide dogs Guide dogs act as eyes for people who are blind. They help blind people move from one place to another. They can help a blind person cross the road, avoid obstacles or go to the shops. Guide dogs stay with their owners at all times. Most guide dogs are Labradors or Golden Retrievers. They receive special training starting when they are puppies. Then, they are assigned to a blind person. Guide dogs wear a harness to do their job. Guide dogs work for approximately six years before they retire.
1 Write T (true) or F (false).
a. Guide dogs help people who cannot see. b. They sometimes leave their owners alone. c. Their harness is just for decoration. d. All breeds of dogs can be guide dogs. e. They have a limited working life. 2 Complete the index card about guide dogs.
Guide dogs Job description: Most common breeds: Equipment: Years of service:
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Your senses Name
EXTENSION
Date
Sign language People with sight and hearing disabilities use different languages to communicate with other people. Sign language is a language that many deaf people use to communicate. Braille is a system of printing for blind people.
1 Use the sign alphabet. Learn to say your name with your hands. Take turns with a partner to spell out your name.
2 Use the Braille alphabet. Punch out your name on a piece of card with the tip of a ballpoint pen. Learn to read it with your fingers. Exchange names with a partner.
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Natural Science 4
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Your senses
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Write the five sense organs.
2 Label the parts of the eye.
3 Read and complete.
eyelids – optic nerve – pupil – brain – sight a. The eyes are the sense organs of
.
b. The
, eyelashes and eyebrows protect the eyes.
c. The
is the hole in the centre of the iris though which
light passes.
d. When we see an object, the information is sent to the
the
through
.
4 Label the parts of the ear.
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ASSESSMENT
5 Circle the correct word.
a. The pinna / cochlea captures the sound. b. The cochlea sends the sound through the ear canal / auditory nerve to the brain. c. The brain interprets / vibrates the information. 6 What part of your nose captures smells?
7 Complete the sentences.
a. Touch is the of the objects around you.
which allows you to identify characteristics
b. The sense organ of touch is the
.
8 Label the diagram of the skin.
9 Write the corresponding sense organ.
▶
d. iris
▶
b. nasal cavity ▶
e. pupil
▶
c. taste buds ▶
f. auditory nerve ▶
a. cochlea
10 Give advice to look after your eyes and ears.
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Your senses
TEST
Name
Date
1 We can only see if there is…
a. light. b. sound. c. colour. 2 The eyes are…
a. connected to the brain by the auditory nerve. b. protected by the eyelids, the eyelashes and the eyebrows. c. made up of three parts. 3 The part of the ear that vibrates is the…
a. eardrum. b. cochlea. c. pinna. 4 The auditory nerve takes the information to the…
a. outer ear.
b. inner ear.
c. brain.
5 The sense organ of touch is…
a. the finger.
b. the skin.
c. hair.
6 The smell receptors are in the…
a. olfactory epithelium.
b. olfactory bulb.
c. nostrils.
7 Umami is…
a. the most important taste bud. b. the fourth basic flavour. c. a flavour found in strong cheeses. 8 You should not touch your eyes…
a. in strong sunlight. b. in the swimming pool. c. with dirty hands. 9 When using headphones, you should…
a. keep the volume low. b. keep the volume high. c. turn off the sound. 10 Doctors for children are called…
a. podiatrists. b. paediatricians. c. physicians. 20
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Your senses
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 What happens when you can’t see what you are tasting? And when you can’t see or smell what you are tasting?
orange juice
mustard
mayonnaise
ketchup
yoghurt pineapple juice
Instructions 1. Work with a partner. 2. Your partner wears a blindfold. 3. Dip a plastic spoon in one of the foods and let your partner taste it. 4. Ask your partner to identify the food. 5. Repeat the experiment in a different order. This time your partner holds their nose. 6. Can you identify the food? Complete the table with the results. Take turns and compare the results. food
blindfolded
blindfolded and holding your nose
pineapple juice
yes
no
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The circulatory system
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Use the colour key to circle the words.
give us energy ▶ red
help us grow ▶ blue
keep us healthy ▶ green
fish – meat – grapes – eggs – rice – olive oil – pasta – bacon – pulses – carrots – bread – butter – strawberries – lettuce – cheese
2 Colour the parts of the circulatory system in red.
heart
mouth
lungs
blood
arteries
stomach
ears
veins
capillaries
3 Label the circulatory system with the correct words from Activity 2.
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REINFORCEMENT
4 Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. The respiratory system moves blood around our body. b. Blood transports nutrients, oxygen and waste substances. c. Blood is mainly made up of red blood cells. d. Arteries, veins and capillaries are blood vessels. e. The thorax pumps blood around the body. 5 Unscramble the words and complete the text.
nucalircito Blood
dobol
ygnoxe
tentusrin
satwe
is the constant movement of blood in the blood vessels. transports
of the body. It helps to eliminate
and
to all parts
substances.
6 Draw two healthy habits which are good for the circulatory system.
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The circulatory system
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Long live the hamburger! I bet you think hamburgers are a modern food. Believe it or not, the origin of the hamburger goes all the way back to ancient Egypt! The name ‘hamburger’ comes from the German city of Hamburg, where it was very popular in the 14th century. At this time, the hamburger began to look like the ones we see today: a flat cake of minced beef, placed between two slices of bread. The hamburger arrived in Britain in the 19th century. After that, the British introduced this food to the USA. Nowadays, the hamburger is one of the most popular meals in the world.
1 Read and answer the questions.
a. Who made the first hamburgers? b. Where does the name ‘hamburger’ come from? c. What were hamburgers like in the 14th century?
d. What country introduced hamburgers to the United States? 2 Draw and write about your favourite hamburger.
My favourite hamburger Name: Ingredients: Main nutrients:
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The circulatory system
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Our amazing heart The human heart is a small, but very powerful organ. A child’s heart is about the size of a fist. In an adult, it is about the size of two fists. The heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams. The heart’s strong muscles are constantly working, making it beat on average 72 times a minute. That’s 100,000 times a day and about 35 million times a year! All these heartbeats make the heart pump about 5 litres of blood per minute around the body. That’s about 7,200 litres of blood per day, which means over 2 million litres per year!
1 Read the text and complete the table about the heart of an adult.
weight
number of heartbeats a minute
a day
a year
2 Circle the correct words.
a. The human heart is a big / small, but very powerful organ. b. A child’s heart is about the size of a foot / fist. c. The heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams / kilograms. d. The heart’s muscles make the heart beat on average 72 / 84 times a minute. 3 What is a stethoscope? Search the Internet for information about stethoscopes and write a short definition of this instrument.
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The circulatory system
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Read the sentences and match.
a. These help our digestive system work correctly.
water
b. We need this to grow.
meat
c. These give us energy.
oranges
d. We need these to stay healthy.
green beans
e. We need to drink at least two litres a day.
sausages
2 Circle the main organs in the body. Then, classify them.
heartsto
h mac
digestive system
eyslu n d i k
ngsintestinesblood
respiratory system
ves
circulatory system
sels
trachea
excretory system
3 Read the sentences and write the words.
closed circuit – veins – capillaries – heart – blood – arteries – waste a. It transports nutrients, oxygen and waste substances. b. They carry blood from the heart to all other parts of the body. c. They carry blood back to the heart. d. They connect arteries to veins. e. It pumps blood around the body. f. Blood takes this to the excretory system. g. The heart and blood vessels make up this. 26
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ASSESSMENT
4 Label the diagram. Then, complete the text.
ribs – sternum – spinal column – heart
The thoracic cavity includes the . It protects the
, the
and the
.
5 Read the sentences and underline the mistakes. Then, write the correct sentences.
a. Nutrition involves the digestive, respiratory, circulatory and excretory organs.
b. Blood is a very important liquid mainly made up of nutrients.
c. The types of blood vessels are: veins, kidneys and arteries.
6 Match and write two healthy habits for the circulatory system.
a. We need to do
a healthy and balanced diet.
b. We should eat
exercise regularly.
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The circulatory system Name
TEST
Date
1 Nutrition provides your body with...
a. air and nutrients.
b. nutrients and energy.
c. air and energy.
2 The four processes of nutrition are…
a. digestion, respiration, sensitivity and excretion. b. digestion, reproduction, circulation and excretion. c. digestion, respiration, circulation and excretion. 3 Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals are…
a. nutrients.
b. energy.
c. food.
4 Each process of nutrition takes place in…
a. an organ.
b. a system.
c. the whole body.
5 The circulatory system is made up of…
a. blood, blood vessels and the heart. b. blood, arteries and veins. c. blood, capillaries and the heart. 6 Blood is mainly made up of…
a. nutrients.
b. red blood cells.
c. water.
7 Blood vessels include…
a. arteries, veins and tubes. b. arteries, veins and capillaries. c. arteries, tubes and capillaries. 8 The heart is a powerful organ made up of…
a. blood.
b. bones.
c. muscles.
9 Blood circulation is the constant movement of blood through the…
a. heart.
b. arteries.
c. blood vessels.
10 In order to keep our circulatory system healthy, we need…
a. to eat a diet high in carbohydrates and do regular exercise. b. to eat a healthy diet and do occasional exercise. c. to eat a healthy diet and do regular exercise. 28
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The circulatory system
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 How much exercise do you do every week?
Instructions 1. Record the types of exercise you do each day for a week. Include physical activity and/or sport. 2. Then, write down how long you spend doing each type of exercise. 3. At the end of the week, add up the number of hours you exercise per day to calculate the total number of hours you exercise per week.
type of exercise
hours and minutes
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday total time 4. In small groups, share your records and discuss the types of exercise you do, the time spend exercising, and the total time you exercise in a week. 5. Write a conclusion: I do Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
of exercise in a week. Natural Science 4
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Respiration and excretion
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Unscramble the letters and label the diagrams.
snugl
c a h a t e r s o n e n h i r b c o
2 Complete the sentences about respiration.
lungs – exhalation – inhalation – leaves – expands – contracts – enters – oxygen
a. Air reaches our lungs through respiration. When we breathe in, the thorax and air
is called
the lungs. This breathing movement .
b. When we breathe out, the thorax
and air
the body. This breathing movement is called c. Inhaled air reaches the
.
, and the
in this air
passes into the blood.
3 Read the clues and complete the parts of the excretory system. Then, put them in order.
a. It stores the urine until it is expelled from the body. b. It is the tube through which urine is expelled. c. They filter the blood and make urine. 30
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d r
d
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REINFORCEMENT
4 Label the diagram of the excretory system.
5 Read and complete the text about sweat.
mineral – skin – cool – clean – blood – waste Sweat keeps our body our blood
when it gets too hot, but it also helps to keep . It is made up of water,
salts and waste substances from the , these
. When we sweat through our substances are expelled.
6 Read the phrases about harmful substances and match.
a. Substances found in glue and cleaning products.
pollutants
b. A very harmful substance with toxic ingredients.
toxic substances
c. Substances produced by cars and factories.
cigarette smoke
7 Tick (✓) the photos of healthy habits.
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Respiration and excretion
EXTENSION
Name
Date
What is asthma? Asthma is a very common illness among children. The bronchi become inflamed, so air cannot travel freely to the lungs. Children who have asthma experience wheezing (a whistling sound in the chest), coughing and difficulty breathing. Asthmatic children usually carry an inhaler. This is a small tube with medicine in it. The medicine helps to open the bronchi. People with asthma also have to be careful about their environment. Many different things can cause an asthma attack: cold air, exercise, tobacco smoke, cat hairs and even swimming pools! But children with asthma can do everything other children can do. They just need to take precautions. In fact, many Olympic champions and other athletes have asthma, for example, David Beckham and Miguel Indurain.
1 Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. Asthma is a disease of the circulatory system. b. An inhaler helps asthmatic children to breathe. c. The environment affects asthma a lot. d. Children with asthma cannot play like other children. 2 Use the code and find a tip for asthma prevention.
• 5 A ♥ 5 K
∧ 5 B ♦ 5 M
• ≅ ♠ ⊃♣
≈ 5 C ♠ 5 O
♣ 5 D ∅ 5 S
∪ 5 E ∗ 5 T
∗ ♠ ∧ • ≈ ≈ ♠
⊃5I ≅ 5V
∅♦♠♥∪
!
3 Interview your classmates. Find out who has asthma and how they treat it. 32
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Respiration and excretion Name
EXTENSION
Date
Our natural cleaning machines The kidneys are part of the body’s waste disposal system. These little, but efficient cleaning machines are about the size of a computer mouse and weigh between 120 and 170 grams. Our kidneys filter about 200 litres of blood and make an average amount of 1.5 litres of urine every day. They filter all the blood in the body every thirty minutes, about forty times a day! In addition, kidneys adjust the volume of liquids in your body, so if you are sweating a lot, or you are not drinking enough liquids, they produce less urine. The kidneys also help to make red blood cells when needed. In order to look after our kidneys, we should drink between 6 to 8 glasses of water a day.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. How much do our kidneys weigh according to the text?
b. Why are kidneys considered cleaning machines?
c. What other important jobs do they perform?
d. How much water should we drink daily? 2 Do you drink enough water? Complete the table.
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Saturday Sunday
number of glasses
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Respiration and excretion Name
ASSESSMENT
Date
1 Read the sentences and write the organ or part of the respiratory system.
a. Two small tubes each connected to a lung. b. The part of the respiratory system where air enters the body. c. Two spongy, elastic organs that are protected by the thoracic cavity. d. A tube that connects the nose and the lungs. 2 Look at the diagram and circle the correct words.
a. When we inhale / exhale, the thorax expands / contracts and air enters the lungs. This is called inhalation / exhalation. b. When we inhale / exhale, the thorax expands / contracts and air is expelled from the body. This is called inhalation / exhalation.
3 Unscramble the letters and label the diagram. Then, write the name of the system.
indysek
rhature
berldad
• This is the 34
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system. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Complete the sentences with the correct words.
urethra – expelled – urine – filter – kidneys
a. The
are the main organs in the excretory system.
They
the blood and make urine.
b. The bladder is the organ where
until it is
is stored
from the body.
c. The
is a tube through which urine is expelled.
5 Tick (✓) the photo of a healthy habit for the respiratory system. Then, write three examples of harmful substances.
a. b. c. 6 Use the words to write two healthy habits.
skin
drink
keep
water
a. b. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
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Respiration and excretion Name
TEST
Date
1 To obtain energy from nutrients, we need...
a. oxygen.
b. nitrogen.
c. air.
2 The respiratory system is made up of…
a. the nasal cavity, the trachea, the bronchi and the lungs. b. the nose, the trachea, the bronchi and the lungs. c. the nose, the trachea, the bronchi and the kidneys. 3 In the lungs, oxygen from the air passes into the…
a. bronchi.
b. blood.
c. ribs.
4 The thorax contracts during…
a. inhalation.
b. exhalation.
c. respiration.
5 Blood travels through our body and collects…
a. oxygen.
b. nutrients.
c. waste substances.
6 The cleaning of blood takes place in the…
a. respiratory system.
b. circulatory system.
c. excretory system.
7 The production, storage and elimination of urine take place respectively in the…
a. kidneys, bladder and urethra. b. bladder, kidneys and urethra. c. kidneys, urethra and bladder. 8 Sweat is mostly made up of…
a. mineral salts.
b. water.
c. waste substances.
9 Harmful substances for our respiratory system include…
a. pollutants, toxic substances and cigarette smoke. b. pollutants from factories, paint and glue. c. pollutants from cars, cleaning products and cigarette smoke. 10 Drinking enough water helps to look after our…
a. circulatory system. b. excretory system. c. respiratory system. 36
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Respiration and excretion Name
INVESTIGATE
Date
1 How do your sweat glands work?
Instructions 1. We have around two million sweat glands in our skin, throughout the body. We are going to observe the sweat glands in the palms of our hands. 2. Work in pairs. You need a glass of water, 100 ml of starch, some iodine solution, a beaker, a spoon, small paper squares (6 cm x 6 cm) and some glue. 3. Mix the water and starch. Stir the solution with the spoon. Wet the paper squares with the solution. 4. Cover your partner’s palm with iodine solution (it is toxic, so do not drink or taste it). 5. Ask them to rub their hands together for a few minutes, until their palms are sweaty. 6. Press a paper square against your partner’s palm and observe what you see on the paper. 7. Switch roles and repeat the experiment. 8. Then, write a description of your observations and glue the paper square on the index card.
Sweat glands in your palm Observations:
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
37
Reproduction
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Read the sentences about changes during puberty and write girls or boys.
a. They have a lower voice. b. They have wider hips. c. They develop breasts. d. They develop an Adam’s apple. 2 Circle the organs of the reproductive system. Then, classify them.
ovarieste
vag stes
inavulvaprostateglan
female reproductive organs
dute
ruspenis
male reproductive organs
3 Read the sentences about the baby. Then, match them to the correct picture.
38
a. The head, limbs and heart are fully formed.
c. It is as small as a pea.
b. It moves a lot inside the mother’s uterus.
d. It is about fifty centimetres long.
Natural Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. The muscles of the mother’s uterus contract and push the baby out. b. The navel is the scar formed on the baby after cutting the umbilical cord. c. Pregnancy is the process by which a baby is born. d. The baby leaves the mother’s uterus through the vulva. 5 Copy the words in the correct order to make sentences about healthy habits for pregnant women.
a. should have
lots of fruit and vegetables
They
and eat
a varied diet
b. light exercise
and swim
should do
and walk
They
c. enough sleep
They
with their legs up
and rest
should get
6 Complete the sentences about babies.
skin – hair – head – navel – hands
a. Their
is thin and rosy.
b. Their
needs time and care to heal.
c. Their
are often closed in a fist shape.
d. Their
is soft and thin.
e. Their
is very delicate.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
39
Reproduction Name
EXTENSION
Date
The magic of ultrasound Have you ever seen an ultrasound image? Ultrasound scans are performed on women during pregnancy. They work by using sound to produce images of the baby. Ultrasound images show many details, for example, the baby’s heart, its brain, its arms and legs, and its eyes and mouth. If the baby is in the right position, they can even show if it is a boy or a girl. These images can also detect movement, including the baby’s heartbeat! Ultrasound scans are performed at different stages of pregnancy. In this way doctors can monitor the growth and development of the baby in the uterus. They can measure the body parts, such as the skull or the legs’ bones to see if growth is normal. These days, you can have your photo taken before you are born!
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. How do ultrasound images work? b. What can you see in them? c. What else can ultrasound images detect? d. When are ultrasound scans performed? e. What can doctors measure with ultrasound scans? 2 Look at an ultrasound image of a baby. Try to identify the different body parts.
In this ultrasound image, I can see…
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Reproduction
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Why do people have different skin colour? Human skin colour varies greatly around the world. It can range from very dark brown to yellow. Skin colour is controlled by genes, like other human characteristics such as eye colour and hair type. However, skin colour has also been influenced by the environment over thousands of years. There are many different skin colours today because people have adapted to different environments. The Sun gives us light and heat, but it also emits harmful rays. Some regions of the Earth receive more harmful sun rays than others. This difference directly affects skin colour. Skin colour depends on how much melanin we have in our skin. Melanin is a brown pigment that works as a natural sun cream, and protects skin from the harmful rays of sunlight. Over time, people who moved to areas of less sunlight developed lighter coloured skin, and people who lived closer to the Equator had darker skin with more melanin.
1 Read the text and complete the sentences.
a. Skin colour is controlled by b. The Sun
. harmful rays.
c. Skin colour depends on the d. Melanin
of melanin. the skin from the harmful rays of sunlight.
e. People with lighter skin have
melanin.
2 Search the Internet or magazines for photos of three famous people with different skin colour. Write their names and the continent they come from.
dark skin
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
medium skin
light skin
Natural Science 4
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Reproduction
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Match and write the sentences.
a. Reproduction allows
to mature during puberty.
b. People have sexual reproduction
and are viviparous.
c. Sexual organs begin
people to have offspring.
d. Physical changes during puberty are
different for men and women.
2 Look and label the diagrams. Then, write the name of each system.
uterus — testes — penis — vagina — ovaries — prostate gland — vulva
3 Read and circle the correct words.
a. The baby is ready to be born at six / nine months. b. The baby is as small as a pea after a few weeks / three months. c. The baby is about thirty centimetres long at three / six months. d. The baby has the head, heart and limbs fully formed at three / nine months. 42
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Write a sentence with each group of words.
birth
baby
process
born
a. baby
mother’s uterus
leaves
vagina
b. push
muscles
mother’s uterus
contract
c. scar
umbilical cord
navel
d.
5 Circle the words related to a healthy pregnancy. Then, write two healthy habits.
check-ups
fatty foods
fruit and vegetables
water ultrasound
lots of salt
swim cigarette smoke walk
paediatrician alcohol
a varied diet
6 Write a recommendation on how to care for a newborn baby’s...
a. head ▶ b. hair ▶ c. navel ▶ d. feeding ▶ Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
43
Reproduction
TEST
Name
Date
1 The process of reproduction allows people to have…
a. sons.
b. daughters.
c. offspring.
2 Babies develop in their mother’s…
a. uterus.
b. body.
c. belly.
3 Sexual organs mature during…
a. adulthood.
b. adolescence.
c. childhood.
4 The internal organs of the female reproductive system are…
a. the vulva, the vagina and the ovaries. b. the vulva, the uterus and the ovaries. c. the uterus, the vagina and the ovaries. 5 The external organs of the male reproductive system are…
a. the penis and the testes. b. the penis and the prostate gland. c. the testes and the prostate gland. 6 The baby receives nutrients and oxygen through the…
a. uterus.
b. umbilical cord.
c. ovaries.
b. a year.
c. 6 months.
7 Pregnancy lasts about…
a. 9 months.
8 At birth, the muscles of the mother’s uterus…
a. contract and push the baby out. b. relax and push the baby out. c. contract and relax. 9 Pregnant women should have a varied diet,…
a. do light exercise and get enough sleep. b. do intense exercise and get enough sleep. c. do light exercise and get little sleep. 10 Newborn babies drink…
a. their mother’s milk or fruit juice. b. water or artificial milk. c. their mother’s milk or artificial milk. 44
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Reproduction
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 How much does a mother’s weight increase during pregnancy?
During pregnancy, the weight of the future mother increases as the baby grows inside the uterus. Instructions 1. Work in pairs. 2. The following graph shows Natalie’s weight during her pregnancy. Weight in kg
Natalie’s weight during her pregnancy
68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 Initial weight Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9
3. Study the graph with your partner and answer the questions.
a. What was Natalie’s weight at the beginning of her pregnancy? b. What was her weight at the end of her pregnancy? c. How much weight did she gain throughout the pregnancy?
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
45
People and health
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Read and match.
a. Our emotions are not a problem in our daily activities.
physical health
b. We have good relationships with our family and friends.
mental health
c. Our body processes, such as respiration and digestion, occur normally.
social health
2 Colour in blue the words about prevention of illness.
medicines
vaccinations
healthy habits
symptoms
illness
medical specialists
treatment
check-ups fats
sugar
3 Circle the healthy habits.
A
D
46
Natural Science 4
B
C
E
F
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Tick (✓) the most common foods in a healthy diet.
5 Unscramble the letters and complete the sentences about healthy eating habits.
samel
gehiyne
a. Pay attention to food
vorespinerat
.
b. Eat five
a day.
c. Pay attention to food
.
6 Read the key about accident prevention and write the correct letter.
A = home accident prevention B = school accident prevention C = street accident prevention a. Use a booster seat and a seat belt when in a car. b. Use electrical devices and plugs safely. c. Don’t run in the classrooms or along the corridors. d. Handle sharp objects carefully. e. Walk carefully on stairs and never push classmates. f. Don’t run on the pavement. g. Wear a helmet when riding your bike. h. Don’t take other people's medicines.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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People and health
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Sleeping and dreaming Sleep is very important for keeping healthy. When we sleep enough we pay better attention at school. We will be in a better mood and solve problems more efficiently. Children need to sleep ten hours a night. Everybody dreams every night. In one night, we can have four to seven dreams. The things we dream about can be related to our friends and family, our favourite TV shows, or something we are happy about or worried about. We do not always remember our dreams. We forget most of them when we wake up. Animals dream too. Have you ever watched a dog while it is sleeping? Many dogs move their paws when they sleep as if they were running.
1 Put the words in order to make sentences.
hours
to sleep
need
a night
ten
Children
a. dreams
In one night,
four to seven
have
can
we
b. always
We
our
do
dreams
not
remember
c. 2 Koalas sleep 22 hours a day! Search the Internet and find out how many hours your favourite animal sleeps.
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
People and health Name
EXTENSION
Date
Living for over a hundred years The Japanese island of Okinawa has one of the largest populations of people over a hundred years old. The Italian island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean Sea also has a high number of centenarians. Doctors are trying to explain why Okinawa and Sardinia are so special. What helps people live to be over a hundred? There are several reasons for this. In Okinawa the climate is mild, people have a healthy diet and they do a lot of exercise in the fresh air. And they are always in a good mood! Apparently, the reasons in Sardinia are similar: mild weather, healthy lifestyle and strong social relationships.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Who are centenarians? b. Which two places in the world have a large centenarian population? Where are they?
c. Why do people live such long lives in Okinawa? d. What about in Sardinia? 2 Search the Internet to find out about the five oldest people in the world. Write their names, age and country of origin.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
49
People and health Name
ASSESSMENT
Date
1 Read and classify the words.
people – body – processes – emotions – relationships – pain – ourselves
physical health
mental health
social health
2 Tick (✓) the correct boxes.
prevention
health care
Getting vaccinations Taking medicine prescribed by the doctor Going to the doctor when you are ill Having healthy habits Going to the doctor for a check-up Visiting medical specialists
3 Read and match.
50
a. Keeping your back straight when you are sitting.
hygiene
b. Brushing your teeth after every meal.
sleep
c. Practising sports.
posture
d. Visiting an amusement park.
physical exercise
e. Sleeping ten hours a day.
leisure activities
Natural Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. Visiting a museum is a leisure activity. b. Good posture helps you to prevent hand pain. c. You should wash your hands once a day. d. Physical exercise makes you stronger and more flexible. e. Children need to sleep eight hours a day. 5 Match the two halves and write complete sentences.
a. Eat a variety of foods to get
fruit, vegetables and pulses.
b. Reduce fats of animal origin,
cakes, sweets and fizzy drinks.
c. Eat plenty of fibre found in
all the nutrients your body needs.
d. Reduce sugar found in
such as bacon and butter.
6 Look at the pictures and write an accident prevention recommendation for each.
A
B
C
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
51
People and health
TEST
Name
Date
1 Health is a state of complete physical, mental and…
a. emotional well-being. b. corporal well-being. c. social well-being. 2 We can feel many different emotions such as …
a. anger, happiness, sadness and love. b. anger, hunger, shyness and surprise. c. fear, love, thirst and happiness. 3 Conflicts should be…
a. avoided.
b. resolved properly.
c. ignored.
b. curing illness.
c. preventing illness.
4 Vaccinations are used for …
a. treating illness.
5 A children’s doctor is called…
a. a psychologist.
b. a paediatrician.
c. a physician.
6 You should brush your teeth…
a. before going to bed. b. when you get up in the morning. c. after every meal. 7 Children need to sleep…
a. ten hours a day.
b. seven hours a day.
c. six hours a day.
8 Physical exercise makes you …
a. stronger and more flexible. b. thinner and taller. c. happier and more relaxed. 9 A healthy diet includes…
a. lots of fats of animal origin. b. foods with lots of sugar. c. a variety of foods and plenty of fibre. 10 Accidents cannot be avoided, but they can often be…
a. predicted. 52
Natural Science 4
b. prevented.
c. expected. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
People and health Name
INVESTIGATE
Date
1 How many hours do you sleep a day?
Getting enough sleep is essential to stay healthy. Instructions 1. You are going to record how many hours you sleep per day for a week. 2. Write the time you go to bed and the time you wake up every day. Calculate the hours you sleep and record your results in the table. Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday hours of sleep 3. At the end of the week, look at the table and answer the questions. a. Did you sleep the same number of hours every day? b. Do you sleep the same number of hours on weekdays as at weekends? c. Which day did you sleep the most hours? d. Which day did you sleep the least hours? e. How many hours do you sleep on average? f. Do you think you are a good or a bad sleeper? Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
53
Classifying living things
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Find the five main groups of living things and label the photos.
A
B
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
n
l
s
t
y
a
i
n
s
g
t
f
u
n
g
i
t
a
d
p
a
b
g
m
g
e
s
u
l
s
a
a
h
l
z
x
q
e
r
l
o
n
p
l
a
n
t
s
E
D
C
2 Read the groups of animals and classify.
cnidarians – amphibians – echinoderms – mammals – sponges – molluscs – birds – worms – reptiles – arthropods – fish
vertebrate animals
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Natural Science 4
invertebrate animals
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
3 Read the sentences and write animals or plants.
a. Most of them can be seen with the naked eye. b. Most of them can move about. c. They make their own food. d. They cannot move about. e. They feed on other living things. 4 Unscramble the letters and write the words under the correct type of fungi.
estysa
A
smormhuso
B
duslom C
5 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. Fungi can make their own food. b. Yeasts are used to make bread and cheese. c. Bacteria are the smallest and simplest living things. d. Bacteria feed on other living things. e. Some bacteria are helpful and some cause illnesses. f. Algae have roots, leaves and stems. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Classifying living things Name
EXTENSION
Date
Algae: delicious and good for you! Marine algae, often called seaweed, are an important part of many people’s diet, particularly in east Asia. Nowadays, more Europeans are eating algae too. Algae, which some people refer to as sea vegetables, are very nutritious. They are rich in calcium, iron and minerals. In addition, algae can add flavour and texture to many raw dishes. Sushi, a traditional Japanese dish, is probably the most popular example. Sheets of nori, a red seaweed, are used to wrap sushi rolls. You can cut up sheets of nori and sprinkle them on salads, too. Kelp buds are also good in salads, but first you have to soak them in water. Marine algae are important for other reasons too. They are an essential source of food and shelter for marine life. Also, through photosynthesis, algae are a major source of the Earth’s oxygen supply.
1 Read the text and complete the sentences.
a. Marine algae can also be called
or
.
b. Algae are rich in
.
c. The most popular dish made with algae is
.
d. To make nutritious salads, you can add
.
e. Through photosynthesis, algae are a major source of
.
2 Search the Internet to find examples of algae and their uses. Write.
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Classifying living things Name
EXTENSION
Date
The world of microbes Do you really know why you have to wash your hands before eating? Even when they look clean, your palms are covered with millions of microscopic living things called microorganisms or microbes. These very tiny living things, invisible to the naked eye, can only be seen through a microscope. Microbes are everywhere in our bodies. We have trillions of them that cover us inside and out. However, microorganisms are very important for our health. For example, microbes in the digestive system help us to digest food. Some microbes may cause illnesses, but most of them are beneficial. In fact, we could not live without them!
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What are microbes? b. Which instrument do we need to see them? c. How many do we have in our body? d. Are they important to our health? e. Are they mostly beneficial or harmful? f. Why is it important to wash your hands? 2 Look at the pictures and put them in order.
3 Search the Internet to find an example of a beneficial microbe.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
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Classifying living things
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Unscramble the letters and use the words to label the photos related to each group of living things.
nugfi
misnala
A
cerabita
sltapn
B
legaa
C
D
E
2 Tick (✓) the correct groups.
animals
plants
algae
fungi
bacteria
They make their own food. They feed on other living things. They can move about. They cannot move about. They can be seen with the naked eye. They can only be seen with a microscope. 58
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
3 Colour the vertebrates in green and the invertebrates in orange.
reptiles
molluscs
cnidarians
worms
fish
birds
sponges
mammals
arthropods
amphibians
4 Read the sentences and write mushrooms, yeasts or moulds.
a. They grow on fruit, bread or cheese. b. They grow when the fungus is going to reproduce. c. They can only be seen through a microscope. d. They are the visible part of a fungus. e. They are used to make bread, wine or beer. 5 Match the two halves and write complete sentences about bacteria.
a. They are the smallest and
to observe them.
b. Some bacteria live
others can cause illnesses.
c. Some are very useful and
yoghurt, vinegar and medicines.
d. We use bacteria to make
simplest living things.
e. You need a microscope
inside other living things.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
59
Classifying living things Name
TEST
Date
1 Living things are classified into different groups if…
a. there are more differences than similarities between them. b. there are more similarities than differences between them. c. there are no differences between them. 2 All living things are classified into five main groups:
a. animals, plants, algae, mushrooms and bacteria. b. vertebrates, plants, algae, fungi and bacteria. c. animals, plants, algae, fungi and bacteria. 3 Animals are classified into…
a. vertebrates and invertebrates. b. mammals and invertebrates. c. vertebrates and echinoderms. 4 Amphibians and reptiles are…
a. invertebrates.
b. vertebrates.
c. cnidarians.
b. vertebrates.
c. fish.
5 Sponges and molluscs are…
a. invertebrates.
6 Living things that make their own food include…
a. plants, algae and some bacteria. b. animals, plants and algae. c. plants, fungi and algae. 7 Algae are…
a. terrestrial.
b. aquatic.
c. both.
8 Animals and fungi…
a. feed on other living things. b. cannot move about. c. live in water. 9 Mushrooms are the visible part of…
a. yeasts.
b. moulds.
c. fungi.
b. wine.
c. medicines.
10 Bacteria are used to make…
a. bread. 60
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Classifying living things
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 How does mould grow best?
Instructions 1. Work in groups. You need three slices of bread, three plastic bags, a permanent marker, a dropper, a magnifying glass and water. 2. You are going to observe how mould grows on bread at different temperatures. 3. Using the permanent marker, label the plastic bags as follows: C 5 cold
RT 5 room temperature
W 5 warm
4. Using the dropper, add 20 drops of water to each slice of bread. 5. Put each slice in a bag and place the bags in the following locations: • bag C in the refrigerator • bag RT in the classroom • bag W on the window sill 6. Observe the different pieces of bread with a magnifying glass. Write your observations in the table. after 1 day
after 3 days
after 1 week
bag C
bag RT
bag W
7. At the end of the week, write a conclusion. • Mould grows best on bread at Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
temperature. Natural Science 4
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Animals
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Use the colour key and circle the animals.
mammal ▶ red
bird ▶ yellow
amphibian ▶ orange
reptile ▶ green
fish ▶ blue
2 Complete the table about vertebrates.
mammals
birds
reptiles
amphibians
body covering
scales
reproduction breathing
fish
oviparous lungs
habitat
terrestrial
3 Complete the words using the clues.
a. Parts of the body that allow fish to move.
s
b. Carnivore birds with sharp claws and beak.
62
c. Aquatic mammals.
c
d. Process of changes in amphibians.
m
Natural Science 4
p
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Write the groups of invertebrates. Then, match them to the correct pictures.
a. They are simple aquatic invertebrates. They live attached to rocks. They have sac-like bodies full of pores. They are
.
b. They have got poisonous tentacles and jelly-like bodies. Jellyfish are in this group. They are
.
c. They have got long, soft bodies and no legs. They live in soil, in water or inside other bodies. They are
.
d. Mussels, octopuses, squids and snails are in this group of invertebrates. They are
.
e. They are marine animals. Their skeleton is made of hard plates. Starfish and sea urchins are in this group. They are
.
f. They have got an articulated exoskeleton made up of external plates. Insects, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods are in this group. They are
.
5 Circle the correct word.
• Invertebrates haven’t got a skeleton / spinal column. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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63
Animals
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Do animals sleep? Like humans, all animals need to sleep in order to restore their energy. When there is not much food available, animals save energy by sleeping. However, animals do not sleep when it is too cold or too hot, or when they feel threatened. The amount of sleep animals need varies. Koalas can sleep up to twenty hours a day, while giraffes only sleep for about two hours. In general, predators sleep longer than herbivores. Herbivores must be alert, so they cannot sleep for long periods of time. Some animals are diurnal, which means they are awake during the day. Others are nocturnal, which means they are awake all night. Each animal has a particular sleep routine. Many animals sleep lying down. Koalas curl around tree trunks, sloths hang from branches, rabbits hide in burrows, horses sleep standing up, bats sleep upside down, cows sleep with their eyes open, and seals sleep under water.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a Why do animals sleep when there is not much food? b. Do animals sleep when they sense danger? c. Can you name three diurnal animals? d. Can you name three nocturnal animals? e. How do rabbits protect themselves while they sleep? 2 Search the Internet for information about animal sleeping habits and complete.
animal
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when they sleep
how they sleep
how many hours they sleep
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Animals
EXTENSION
Name
Date
How do dolphins communicate? Dolphins can emit many different sounds. These sounds produce echoes when they hit objects around them. Dolphins use the echoes to locate objects and living things around them. This process is known as echolocation. Dolphins estimate the distance from an object based on the time the echo takes to return to them. The farther away an object is, the longer it takes to hear the echo. Echolocation also allows dolphins to communicate. In an experiment performed with two dolphins in two separate water tanks, the dolphins took turns communicating with taps and whistles through an intercom. In fact, they had a real conversation!
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What do dolphins emit? b. What is echolocation? c. How does echolocation help dolphins to navigate? d. What else do dolphins use echolocation for? e. Have you ever heard sounds emitted by a dolphin? Where? 2 Search the Internet for information about another animal that uses echolocation. Complete the index card, including a picture.
Echolocation Animal: Animal group: Use of echolocation:
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
65
Animals
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Unscramble the letters and write the correct animal group for each photo.
scadinirna shif
erpistel
sgosnpe
smowr closmuls
samlamm rosphardot
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
2 Tick (✓) the correct groups.
mammals
birds
reptiles
amphibians
fish
They are viviparous. They are oviparous. They breathe through lungs. They breathe through gills. They breathe through the skin. They have hair or fur. They have scales. They have feathers. They have bare skin. 66
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
3 Match.
arthropods Their jelly-like bodies have poisonous tentacles. sponges They have an articulated exoskeleton made of hard plates. molluscs
They have long, soft bodies with no legs.
cnidarians
Their sac-like bodies are full of pores.
echinoderms
Their skeleton is made of hard plates and spines.
worms
They have soft bodies and may have one or two shells.
4 Read the sentences about arthropods and write the correct letter.
I = insects
A = arachnids
C = crustaceans
M = myriapods
a. They have many identical segments. b. Most of them produce silk. c. They have eight legs and no antennae. d. They change through metamorphosis. e. They are the most abundant arthropods. f. Many have ten legs. 5 Find six parts of the insect.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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67
Animals
TEST
Name
Date
1 The main groups of vertebrates are:
a. primates, birds, crocodiles, amphibians and fish. b. mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. c. cetaceans, songbirds, lizards, amphibians and fish. 2 Cetaceans are…
a. fish.
b. reptiles.
c. aquatic mammals.
3 Birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish are all…
a. oviparous.
b. viviparous.
c. primates.
4 Tadpoles are…
a. baby reptiles.
b. baby fish. c. baby amphibians.
5 Fish and baby amphibians breathe through…
a. lungs.
b. the skin.
c. gills.
6 The main groups of invertebrates are:
a. sponges, cnidarians, worms, snails, starfish and insects. b. sponges, cnidarians, worms, molluscs, echinoderms and arthropods. c. sponges, jellyfish, worms, octopuses, echinoderms and arachnids. 7 Mussels, snails and squids are all…
a. molluscs.
b. echinoderms.
c. arthropods.
b. terrestrial animals.
c. marine animals.
8 Echinoderms are…
a. vertebrates.
9 Arthropods include the following groups:
a. insects, spiders, crustaceans and millipedes. b. insects, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods. c. insects, scorpions, crabs and myriapods. 10 An insect’s body is divided into…
a. head, segments and legs. b. antenna, thorax and legs. c. head, thorax and abdomen. 68
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Animals
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 How do you build a terrarium?
Instructions 1. Work in groups. You need a clear plastic container, gravel, potting soil, small plants, snails, worms, ladybirds, ants or any other small animals collected in a nearby park, a magnifying glass and water. 2. Cover the bottom of the container with some gravel. Add some potting soil and put the plants in the soil. 3. Add enough water to the terrarium to make it moist. 4. Add the small animals you have collected and place the terrarium in a warm location with indirect sunlight. 5. Observe the terrarium over several weeks. Use the magnifying glass to look at the plants and animals. Record your observations and draw a picture every week in the table:
week 1
week 2
week 3
week 4
observations
picture
Note: Make sure you add some water to your terrarium every week, but do not overwater! Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
69
Plants Name
REINFORCEMENT
Date
1 Label the parts of the plant. Then, match each part to its function.
• They fix the plant to the ground and absorb water and other substances.
• It supports the plant and transports water and other substances.
• They make food for the plant.
2 Match the sentence halves about plant nutrition. Then, put them in order.
a. Leaves take in
water and mineral salts.
b. Raw sap travels up
and turns into elaborated sap.
c. Elaborated sap is distributed
carbon dioxide from the air.
d. Oxygen is released
the stem to the leaves.
e. Roots absorb
through the leaves.
f. Raw sap mixes with carbon dioxide
to all parts of the plant.
3 Colour the arrows red for oxygen and blue for carbon dioxide.
photosynthesis 70
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respiration Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Find the parts of the flower and label the diagram. Then, colour the female parts blue and the male parts red. g
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5 Unscramble the letters and label the pictures about asexual reproduction.
retbu
A
ziremho
B
C
nolsot
lubb D
6 Read and match.
mosses gymnosperms ferns angiosperms Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
flowering plants non-flowering plants
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Plants
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Aquatic plants Most plants we know are terrestrial, in other words, they grow on land. However, there are also plants that grow in water. One of the most common aquatic plants is the water lily. This plant is found in calm freshwater habitats, such as ponds and lakes. Its large leaves and beautiful flowers float on the water. These are attached to underwater stems rooted to the bottom. Other aquatic plants, like the posidonia grow completely submerged in water. These plants with long, flat leaves are found in saltwater habitats. They cover large areas of the seabed, forming dense underwater meadows. They give food and shelter to many animals. 1 Read the text and complete the Venn diagram.
water lily
aquatic plants
posidonia
2 Search the Internet for information about another aquatic plant. Complete the index card. Draw a picture.
Aquatic plants Name: Description: Habitat:
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Plants
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Natural medicines For thousands of years, people have used plants for food, wood, clothes, perfumes and medicines. For example, hundreds of years ago, native American Indians used the bark of the willow tree to relieve pain. Nowadays, a substance is taken from the bark of this tree to make the well-known medicine called aspirin. There are many other examples of medicinal plants, but not many of them are used today because most medicines are made artificially in laboratories. However, we can still find natural medicines in people’s kitchens. For example, ginger and chamomile can help with digestion. Garlic and onions can help to fight infections. Peppermint can provide relief for colds, asthma and allergies.
1 Read the text and complete the sentences.
a. Plants can be used for food, wood, clothes, perfumes and b. A substance from the
.
can relieve pain.
c. Most modern medicines are made in
.
d. Some natural medicines are underground parts of the plant, such as ginger, garlic and . e. When you have an upset stomach, drinking f. When you have a cold, drinking
tea can help. tea can provide relief.
2 Write the names and properties of natural medicines you have at home.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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73
Plants Name
ASSESSMENT
Date
1 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. Roots always grow underground. b. Stems can be herbaceous or woody. c. Trees and bushes have herbaceous stems. d. The petiole is the part of the leaf connected to the stem. e. Leaves are classified by the width of the leaf blade. f. Evergreen plants lose their leaves in autumn. 2 Circle the words about photosynthesis and label the diagram.
carbondioxidewateroxygenmineralsaltssunlight
3 Write oxygen or carbon dioxide to complete the sentences.
• During photosynthesis, plants take in during the day. • During respiration, plants take in during the day and at night. 74
Natural Science 4
and release and release
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Complete the sentences about the reproduction of plants. Then, write a, b, c or d next to the drawings.
germinates – seeds – pistil – stamens a. Pollen is formed in the
.
b. A grain of pollen reaches
the flower.
of another
c. The ovary matures and turns into fruit. The fruit contains
the
.
d. When a seed falls to the ground,
it plant grows.
and a new
5 Use the clues to complete the words about asexual reproduction.
a. Specialized stems that grow horizontally underground.
m
b. Underground stems with leaves that store food.
l
c. Underground stems that develop roots.
r
d. Specialized stems that grow horizontally above the ground.
t
6 Look at the photos and label the types of plants.
mosses – angiosperms – ferns – gymnosperms A
B
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
C
D
Natural Science 4
75
Plants
TEST
Name
Date
1 The main parts of a plant are…
a. roots, stems and flowers. b. roots, stems and leaves. c. roots, branches and leaves. 2 Stems support the plant and…
a. absorb water and other substances from the soil. b. perform photosynthesis. c. transport water and other substances to all parts of the plant. 3 Raw sap turns into elaborated sap with the help of…
a. wind.
b. sunlight.
c. air.
4 The process described above is called…
a. respiration.
b. nutrition.
c. photosynthesis.
5 During respiration, plants…
a. take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide day and night. b. take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen day and night. c. take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide during the day. 6 The female part of a flower is the…
a. stamen.
b. corolla.
c. pistil.
7 Pollen is produced in the…
a. ovary.
b. stamens.
c. calyx.
8 After pollination, the ovary matures and turns into a…
a. bulb.
b. new plant.
c. fruit.
9 Asexual reproduction uses structures such as stolons…
a. rhizomes, bulbs and tubers. b. seeds, bulbs and tubers. c. rhizomes, flowers and tubers. 10 Plants are classified into two main groups…
a. angiosperms and gymnosperms. b. flowering plants and non-flowering plants. c. mosses and ferns. 76
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Plants
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 Can you make a leaf collection?
Instructions 1. Work in groups. You need some newspaper, large pieces of card, some glue and a magnifying glass. 2. Collect leaves from the playground, a nearby park or the countryside. 3. Press and dry the leaves by placing them in between pieces of newspaper with a heavy weight on top. Leave them for a week. 4. Once dried, classify the leaves by their edges and the shape of their leaf blades. Use the magnifying glass to look at the edges. Use this chart to classify them. simple leaves edge
shape
linear smooth lance-shaped jagged
lobed
needle-shaped
heart-shaped
round
ovate
palmate
5. Glue the different groups of leaves to the card and label them with their type of edge and their leaf shape.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
77
Wild plants and crops
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. Plants need to grow in the right habitat to survive. b. All plants need the same amount of water. c. With no sense organs, plants cannot respond to changes in the environment. d. Most responses from plants are related to growth. e. Roots grow down towards water. f. Most plants can respond to touch. 2 Read and write annual or perennial.
a. They have a long life cycle. b. Poppies and sunflowers are examples of these plants. c. They can be grasses, bushes or trees. d. They have a life cycle of one year. e. They can be deciduous or evergreen. 3 Unscramble the letters and label the photos of the different areas.
setfro
A
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B
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busndrahl
tedres
salrsdang
C
D
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Read the sentences and complete.
desert – shrubland – forest – grassland a. A
is an area where many trees grow close together.
b. A
is an area dominated by grasses.
c. A
is an area dominated by bushes.
d. A
is an area with very few plants.
5 Find five stages of crop farming. g
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6 Cross the odd one out and write the type of crop.
a. tomatoes
lettuce
olive trees
potatoes
b. wheat
tomatoes
barley
olive trees
c. fruit trees
olive trees
corn
vines
d. corn
barley
tomatoes
rice
e. vines
plum trees
rice
pear trees
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Wild plants and crops
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Seasonal fruits Some fruit trees produce fruit all year round, like banana trees. However, other fruit trees produce fruit at different times of the year. These trees need a particular temperature and humidity to grow and produce fruit. Therefore, some fruits are only produced in certain seasons, for example, melons are only produced in summer and grapes in autumn. Eating seasonal fruits has many advantages. Fruits in season taste better. They are cheaper and fresher since they travel directly from the fields to the markets. In addition, since they do not need to be stored or refrigerated, less energy is used. Therefore, eating fruits in season is better for the planet!
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
cherries pomegranates apples peaches melons oranges loquats bananas grapefruits grapes
1 Read the text and the fruit calendar. Then, answer the questions.
a. What are seasonal fruits? b. What are the advantages of eating fruits in season? c. Which fruits have the shortest season? d. Which fruits have the longest season? e. Why is eating fruits in season better for the planet? 2 Using the seasonal fruit calendar above, write two fruits you can eat for each of these months.
March April May June
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Wild plants and crops
EXTENSION
Name
Date
The flowering desert The Atacama Desert is located along the Pacific coast in South America. It is the driest non-polar desert in the world. In some areas of this desert, it only rains every 5, 20 or even 400 years! So it is almost impossible for living things to survive. However, when it rains, an extraordinary event takes place between September and November, known as the flowering desert. Water from rainfall reaches the seeds and bulbs that have been underground for years. The seeds then germinate, grow and bloom at an incredibly fast rate. As a result, the desert gets covered with a beautiful carpet of flowers!
1 Put the words in order to make correct sentences.
is
South
America
the
Desert
Atacama
in
a. almost
is
living
things
survive
to
for
impossible
it
b. 2 Complete the index card about the flowering desert.
The flowering desert Description of the event: Location: Time of the year:
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
81
Wild plants and crops
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Write a sentence with each group of words.
light
leaves
stem
towards
grow
a. respond
changes
environment
plants
b. plants
growth
water
light
need
c. humidity
roots
in search of
grow
d. 2 Tick (✓) the correct boxes.
annual plants
perennial plants grasses
trees and bushes
Their trunks and roots grow throughout their life cycle. Their visible part disappears every year. Their seeds remain in the soil and grow new plants. Some of their organs remain underground. They grow in the spring and die in the summer. Their leaves can be deciduous or evergreen. 82
They grow flowers and seeds in the spring.
Natural Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
3 Complete the sentences with the types of areas.
a.
can have many different types of trees.
b. Cactuses grow in
because they need very little water.
c. Trees and bushes are scarce in d. After a very long time,
. can grow into forests.
4 Write a definition of crop farming.
5 Read the descriptions and write the corresponding stage in the process of farming.
ploughing – sowing – harvesting – pruning – irrigation – fumigation – fertilizing a. Placing seeds carefully in the soil.
b. Spraying plants with pesticides to fight pests. c. Adding mineral salts to help plants grow.
d. Collecting mature crops from fields.
e. Turning the soil to make it ready for planting.
f. Watering crops when rainfall is not enough.
g. Cutting some branches from trees and bushes. 6 Write two examples of each type of crop.
dry crops irrigated crops herbaceous crops trees and bushes
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
83
Wild plants and crops Name
TEST
Date
1 To carry out photosynthesis, plants need…
a. sunlight, humidity, mineral salts and oxygen. b. heat, water, salt and carbon dioxide. c. sunlight, water, mineral salts and carbon dioxide. 2 Like animals, plants can…
a. make their own food. b. respond to changes in the environment. c. move from place to place. 3 Depending on their life cycle, plants can be…
a. trees or bushes. b. deciduous or evergreen. c. annual or perennial. 4 All the plants in an area, region or country are known as the…
a. habitat.
b. vegetation.
c. fauna.
5 Forests need…
a. high humidity and fertile soil. b. low humidity and arid soil. c. medium humidity and poor soil. 6 Grasslands are found in places with long periods of…
a. rainfall.
b. sunshine. c. drought.
7 Most crops are used for…
a. raw materials.
b. food.
c. animals.
8 The first and last stages in the process of farming are…
a. irrigation and pruning. b. sowing and fertilizing. c. ploughing and harvesting. 9 Dry crops only need…
a. rainfall.
b. water.
c. irrigation.
10 Corn, tomatoes and rice are…
a. irrigated crops. 84
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b. herbaceous crops.
c. dry crops. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Wild plants and crops
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 What types of plants grow near your school?
Instructions 1. Take a walk around your school and look for different plants growing there. 2. Use a magnifying glass to examine the different parts of each plant. 3. Complete the table with your observations. Use words and drawings. 4. Share your observations with the class.
plant 1
plant 2
plant 3
tree, bush or grass
deciduous or evergreen
stem
leaves
flowers
fruits
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
85
Matter and materials
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Write G (general properties) or S (specific properties) for each property of matter.
colour
taste
mass
hardness
density
volume
2 Read and match.
mass volume
amount of space an object occupies amount of matter in an object
cubic metres (m3) cubic centimetres (cm3) litres (l) and millilitres (ml) kilograms (kg) and grams (g)
3 Look at the picture and tick (✓) the correct answers.
a. What is the volume of this substance? 1 litre
1 kilogram
1 millilitre
1 kilogram
1 millilitre
1 g/l
1 g/cm3
water
orange juice
b. What is its mass? 1 litre c. What is its density? 1 cm3/g d. What substance is it? milk 4 Answer the questions.
a. What instrument do we use to measure mass?
b. What do we use to measure the volume of liquids? 86
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
5 Look at the photos and read the sentences. Write higher than or lower than, and circle the correct word.
A
a. The density of the brick is than the density of water. So it sinks / floats in water.
B
b. The density of the leaf is than the density of water. So it sinks / floats in water.
6 Circle the materials. Then, write each material next to its properties.
lass metalsg
plasticswoodtextilesoptica
lfibre
a. They are flexible, resistant and easy to work with. b. It is flexible and transparent. c. It is hard, transparent and fragile. d. They are heavy, ductile and malleable. e. They are light, cheap and easy to mould. f. It is light and easy to work with. 7 Write two properties of each material.
A
B
C
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
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Matter and materials Name
EXTENSION
Date
Quiviut: the best wool in the world In the coldest regions of the Arctic lives an animal that looks almost prehistoric. Despite its name, the musk ox is more closely related to a sheep or a goat, than an ox. Musk oxen live in herds in the wild. Their bodies are covered with two thick layers of wool. The outer layer consists of long thick hair which reaches almost to the ground. The inner layer is made up of fine, soft, greyish-brown wool, called quiviut. Every spring, musk oxen lose their quiviut layer and grow a new one, so there is no need to shear them. Quiviut is considered one of the softest and warmest fibres in the world. In addition, it does not shrink like sheep’s wool when you wash it in hot water.
1 Read the text. Then, answer the questions.
a. Where do musk oxen live? b. Which animals are considered their closest relatives? c. How do musk oxen survive in their extremely cold habitat? d. What is their outer wool coat like? e. What are the properties of quiviut? f. Why is quiviut considered better than sheep’s wool? 2 Search the Internet for information about four other animal fibres and complete.
animal
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fibre
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Matter and materials
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Amazing materials Nowadays, there are many new materials with amazing properties. Fibreglass is one of them. It is made of very thin threads, or fibres, of glass. When these glass fibres are woven together, they make a light, but strong and versatile material. Fibreglass is used to make many different objects, such as boats, surfboards and poles for pole vaulting. Fibreglass is also used to make optical fibre. This material is made of very fine fibres of pure glass. Light travels easily through them. Cables made of optical fibre can send information in the form of light from one side of our planet to the other.
1 Read the text and complete the index card.
Fibreglass Composition: Properties: Uses:
2 Search the Internet for information about two new materials. Then, complete.
name
composition
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
properties
uses
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Matter and materials
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Complete the text about matter.
general – mass – volume – matter – space – substances – specific – density
is everything around us that takes up
. Objects
are made of different types of matter called Matter has
.
properties that are common to all matter, like and
. Matter also has
that are different for each substance, like
properties .
2 Complete the table about matter.
definition mass
is measured in
the amount of matter in an object
is measured with scales
litres l or millilitres ml
volume
3 Circle on the scales the ball with the highest density. Explain how you know.
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Calculate the density of these objects. Then, answer the question.
object A
mass = 60 g volume = 30 cm3
object B
mass = 30 g volume = 60 cm3
• Which of these two objects floats in water? Explain. 5 Find and write five properties of materials.
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6 Cross the odd one out in each group. Then, write the new material.
solar shade clothing fragile fire-resistant clothing waterproof breathable clothing a. bakelite concrete PVC neoprene
b. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
91
Matter and materials
TEST
Name
Date
1 Matter is everything around us that takes up…
a. space.
b. volume.
c. mass.
b. different for each substance.
c. always the same.
b. scales.
c. a measuring cylinder.
2 Mass and volume are…
a. common to all matter. 3 Mass is measured using…
a. a thermometer.
4 There are 1,000 ml or 1,000 cm3 in a…
a. litre.
b. cubic metre.
c. kilogram.
5 The concentration of matter in an object is the…
a. volume.
b. mass.
c. density.
6 To calculate the density of an object, we need to…
a. divide its volume by its mass. b. divide its mass by its volume. c. multiply its mass by its volume. 7 Objects float because their density…
a. is equal to the density of water. b. is lower than the density of water. c. is higher than the density of water. 8 Wood, glass and pottery are not…
a. good conductors of heat. b. good conductors of electricity. c. good conductors of heat and electricity. 9 Most plastics are made from…
a. petroleum.
b. minerals.
c. sand.
10 Smart clothing for outdoor activities include…
a. solar shade clothing and fire-resistant clothing. b. solar shade clothing and waterproof breathable clothing. c. waterproof breathable clothing and fire-resistant clothing. 92
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Matter and materials
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 Does it sink or float?
Instructions 1. Work in groups. You need a large plastic container, a collection of small objects, such as a rock, an apple, an orange, a leaf, a metal spoon, a plastic spoon, a wooden spoon, a coin and some water. 2. You are going to test whether these objects sink or float. 3. First, write your predictions in the table: F (floats) or S (sinks). rock
apple orange
leaf
metal spoon
plastic spoon
wooden spoon
coin
prediction
result 4. Then, take turns placing the objects in the water. Record the results in the table. 5. Compare your predictions and results. 6. Classify the objects in this table. objects that float
objects that sink
7. Write your conclusion. Circle. • The density of the objects that float is higher / lower than the density of water. • The density of the objects that sink is higher / lower than the density of water. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Forces and energy
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Look at the pictures and write the effect of each force. Then, answer the question.
A
B
C
D
• Are these forces acting through contact or from a distance? 2 Read the sentences about gravity and circle the correct words.
a. Gravity pulls objects upwards / downwards. b. This force attracts / repels all objects towards the centre of the Earth. c. It acts by contact / from a distance. d. It cause the Moon / Mars to orbit around the Earth. 3 Circle the energy sources and classify them. Then, answer the question.
oaluran c m u le naturalgaspetro
iumsunlightwindflowingwater plant remains
renewable energy sources
non-renewable energy sources
• What is the main difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources? 94
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Read the descriptions about energy sources and write renewable or non-renewable.
a. They are available at any moment. b. They contribute to global warming. c. They will run out one day. d. They are continually produced in nature. e. They cause less pollution than fossil fuels. f. Some are easy to use in different machines, like fuel from petroleum. 5 Look at the photos and complete the table about the power plants.
A
B
type of power plant A
C
energy source
energy transformation
wind farm
natural gas, coal, petroleum fuels
B
energy from sunlight into electrical energy
C
6 Use the colour key to circle the words about uses of energy.
electrical energy ▶ red
energy from fossil fuels ▶ blue
both ▶ green
lamp car air conditioning refrigerator computer aeroplane industries train radiator lorry Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Forces and energy
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Sir Isaac Newton The great British mathematician and physicist, Sir Isaac Newton, was born in England in 1624. He was often ill during his childhood and was not a good student at school. However, he studied at Cambridge University, and made many important discoveries in Mathematics. One of his greatest achievements was the discovery of the force of gravity. He made this discovery when he was sitting under an apple tree and an apple fell to the ground. He used Mathematics to explain his law of universal gravitation. He also studied the properties of light, and carried out many experiments about light and colours.
1 Read the text and complete the index card.
Sir Isaac Newton Year and place of birth: University education: Main discovery:
2 Search the Internet for information about another famous scientist. Write an index card and include a picture.
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Forces and energy Name
EXTENSION
Date
Energy from forests Forests need to be cleared in spring, before the arrival of summer. Forest maintenance includes removing fallen branches, pine cones, bark, tree trunks and any other dry vegetation. This helps to prevent forest fires. All this forest debris can be used to make biomass. Biomass is organic matter, especially from plants, that can be converted into fuel. Biomass is a renewable source of energy that can be used to heat water and homes. In addition, it can also be used to produce electrical energy. In Spain, for example, the large amounts of olive stones discarded from olive oil production are used for biomass to produce thermal energy.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Why is it important to clear forests? b. At what time of year are forests cleared? Why this season? c. What can forest debris be used for? d. Is biomass a renewable or non-renewable energy source? e. Which forms of energy can be obtained from biomass? f. Which plant debris is used as biomass in Spain? 2 Search the Internet for more information about biomass. Write two advantages and two disadvantages.
• Advantages: • Disadvantages: Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Forces and energy
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 How is the force acting in each situation? Match.
a. A girl riding a bike b. A pencil falling to the ground
from a distance
c. A woman pushing a pushchair
through contact
d. A magnet attracting a metal ball 2 Look at the picture. Complete the text about the force acting on each person.
The force acting on these people is
.
This force attracts all objects towards the of the
. It acts from a
.
3 Circle six energy sources. Then, complete the sentences with the words.
g
p
e
t
r
o
l
e
u
m
p
l
i
p
c
y
h
h
s
l
s
u
n
l
i
g
h
t
i
o
d
t
t
o
m
e
r
w
d
w
b
o
q
n
t
i
v
i
z
i
e
n
u
r
v
c
e
r
t
n
f
i
r
e
w
o
o
d
v
d
j
u
e
g
v
a
t
i
r
n
a
m
b
h
d
l
i
g
b
g
a. This fossil fuel is used to produce petrol, oil and plastics.
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b. This renewable energy source comes from plants.
c. This non-renewable energy source is a nuclear fuel.
d. This renewable energy source is not available at night.
e. This fossil fuel is used directly as fuel.
f. This renewable energy source makes machines work.
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Read the sentences about energy sources and tick (✓) the correct boxes.
renewable energy sources advantage
disadvantage
non-renewable energy sources advantage
disadvantage
They will never run out. They can be easily stored and transported. They cause lots of pollution. They are not continually available. They will run out one day. They are difficult to use directly.
5 Match.
power plant
energy source energy transformed into electricity
wind farm
fossil fuels
mechanical energy
nuclear power plant
flowing water
chemical energy
hydroelectric power plant
nuclear fuels
light energy
thermal power plant
sunlight
nuclear energy
solar power plant
wind
6 Write two uses for each form of energy.
• Electrical energy: • Chemical energy from fossil fuels: Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Forces and energy
TEST
Name
Date
1 When pushing or pulling on an object, we apply…
a. movement.
b. force.
c. energy.
2 Forces can change…
a. the shape of an object. b. gravity acting on an object. c. the composition of an object. 3 We stay on the ground because of…
a. magnetism.
b. weight.
c. gravity.
4 Non-renewable energy sources include…
a. fossil fuels and nuclear fuels. b. petroleum and plant remains. c. coal, sunlight and plutonium. 5 Non-renewable energy sources can be easily stored and…
a. transformed.
b. produced.
c. transported.
6 Renewable energy sources are…
a. continually produced in nature. b. only sometimes available. c. running out very quickly. 7 Firewood is a…
a. renewable energy source. b. non-renewable energy source. c. a very polluting energy source. 8 Aeroplanes and cars transform chemical energy from fuels into…
a. light energy.
b. electrical energy.
c. mechanical energy.
9 Hydroelectric power plants use mechanical energy from…
a. wind.
b. sunlight.
c. flowing water.
10 The most common forms of energy we use are…
a. electrical energy and chemical energy. b. light energy and mechanical energy. c. thermal energy and nuclear energy. 100
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Forces and energy
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 How much energy do you use?
Instructions 1. Work in pairs to complete this survey. 2. Ask a partner the questions and circle their answers. Then, exchange roles and answer your partner’s questions. Survey 1. Do you turn off the lights when not in use? a. Always.
b. Almost always.
c. Hardly ever.
2. Do you turn off the tap while brushing your teeth? a. Always.
b. Almost always.
c. Hardly ever.
3. What do you do with an appliance that does not work? a. I bring it to the shop to be repaired. b. I bring it to the recycling centre. c. I throw it away. 4. What objects do you recycle? a. Plastic, paper and glass.
b. Plastic and paper.
c. None.
5. At which temperature do you set the thermostat at home? a. 22 ºC.
b. 15 ºC.
c. 30 ºC.
6. Do you have a daily bath or a shower? a. A shower.
b. It depends.
c. A bath.
2 Count the number of ‘A’ answers in your survey. Give your partner a score.
1 to 2 ‘A’ answers = You need to take action! 3 – 4 ‘A’ answers = There is room for improvement. 5 – 6 ‘A’ answers = Well done!!!!
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Forces and movement Name
REINFORCEMENT
Date
1 Look at the photos and write the effects of the forces.
changes the shape – makes the object break – makes the object start/stop moving
A
B
C
2 Read and complete the text.
An object at rest will not move unless a
acts upon it. In contrast, when
an object is in motion it will continue to move until a force makes it or
.
3 Calculate the speed. Answer the questions.
a. How many km will he travel in one hour?
Sam cycles 8 km in 30 minutes.
b. At what speed is he travelling?
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8 km/h
4 km/h
16 km/h
32 km/h
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0 km
8 km
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REINFORCEMENT
4 Read the sentences and tick (✓) the correct boxes.
friction
gravity
It is a contact force. It pulls objects downwards. It causes the Moon to orbit the Earth. It slows down moving objects. It acts from a distance. It attracts all objects towards the centre of the Earth. It happens when two objects rub against each other.
5 Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
A
B
C
a. In picture A, what makes the ball start moving? b. What do the arrows represent? c. Why do the arrows get smaller in each picture? 6 Read and write T (true) or F (false).
a. Speed tells us how fast something moves. b. Gravity only affects objects moving downwards. c. Friction makes objects slow down. d. Gravity decreases the speed of a falling object. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Forces and movement Name
EXTENSION
Date
Friction in sports Friction is the force that slows down the movement of an object when it is in contact with a surface or another object. Surface friction affects sports which involve a ball, a wheel or skis sliding across a surface. Friction differs depending on the surface: the smoother the surface, the less friction there is. In some sports, such as skiing or ice skating, it is an advantage to reduce friction as much as possible. Skis are treated with wax so they slide faster. Skate blades are very sharp in order to reduce friction. However, in some sports it is an advantage to increase friction. For example, in football and in golf, players wear shoes with studs so they do not slip.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. When does friction occur? b. Is friction greater on ice or on a football pitch? c. Why do skiers put wax on their skis? d. When friction is reduced, does a skier go faster or slower? e. Write some sports where it is an advantage for the players to have increased friction. 2 Search the Internet to find out how friction affects another sport. In your notebook, write a short text about whether friction is increased or reduced to gain advantage. 104
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Forces and movement
EXTENSION
Name
Date
The Maglev In April 2015, the Japanese Maglev train reached a record speed of 590 km/h! The name Maglev comes from the combination of two words, magnetism and levitation. Levitation is the hovering of an object in the air, and magnetism is the force of attraction and repulsion between magnets. These two forces help the Maglev train to reach maximum speed in the following way: Magnets have two different poles. Opposite poles attract each other and like poles repel each other. The Maglev train has powerful magnets instead of wheels. It sits on a track with magnets. Like poles are facing each other, therefore the magnets repel each other. The train levitates about 10 cm above the track. In this way, friction against the track is eliminated and the train reaches record speeds.
1 Read the text. Then, answer the questions.
a. Which force acts against the movement of a normal train? b. Does this force completely disappear in a Maglev train? Explain. c. What makes the train levitate? d. Does magnetic force work through contact or from a distance? 2 Draw arrows showing the forces between the magnets and circle the picture of the magnets corresponding to a Maglev train. Then, answer the question.
• What would happen to the Maglev train if opposite poles were facing each other? Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Forces and movement
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Draw a picture for each effect of forces.
A
Forces make objects change their shape.
B
C
Forces make objects break.
Forces make objects start moving.
2 Look at the picture and draw arrows to show the forces acting on the rope. Then, complete the sentence.
• When the same
is applied in
directions,
the objects do not move.
3 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. Forces can act through contact or from a distance. b. Magnets attract metal objects when they are in contact. c. Friction is a force which acts from a distance. d. Friction always slows down moving objects. e. Water resistance is the friction of an object against water. f. When objects move through the air, there is air resistance. 106
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ASSESSMENT
4 How do objects change shape when a force acts on them? Write permanent change, temporary change or breaks.
5 Colour the words related to friction in blue, and the words related to gravity in red.
contact centre of the Earth fall slow down distance downwards resistance rub 6 Draw arrows to show movement and the force of friction. Then, solve the problem.
If the car travels 300 kilometres in 4 hours, what is its speed?
7 Draw red arrows to show the force of gravity and blue arrows to show the movement.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Forces and movement
TEST
Name
Date
1 Forces can make objects…
a. change shape or break.
b. start or stop moving.
c. both A and B.
2 When applying enough force to rigid objects…
a. they change their shape temporarily. b. they change their shape permanently. c. they bend. 3 When a force acts upon a moving object,…
a. it always makes the object stop. b. it always makes the object change direction. c. it makes the object stop or change direction. 4 Most forces are…
a. contact forces.
b. non-contact forces.
c. magnetic forces.
5 The force that slows down a moving object is called…
a. magnetism.
b. friction.
c. gravity.
6 When an object moves against a liquid or a gas, there is…
a. gravity.
b. resistance.
c. friction.
7 To calculate speed, we…
a. divide the time it took to travel a distance by the distance. b. multiply the distance travelled by the time it took to travel this distance. c. divide the distance travelled by the time it took to travel this distance. 8 If a car travels at 120 km/h, how long will it take to travel 240 km?
a. three hours
b. two hours c. four hours
9 When the force of pedalling is greater than the force of friction, the speed of a bike…
a. increases.
b. remains the same.
c. decreases.
10 Gravity affects…
a. only objects moving downwards. b. only objects moving upwards. c. objects moving downwards and upwards. 108
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Forces and movement Name
INVESTIGATE
Date
1 How is friction affected by different surfaces?
Instructions 1. Work in groups. 2. You need a shoe box, a towel, a sheet of bubble wrap, a sheet of wax paper, a pencil, tape and glue. 3. Make a ramp using the lid of the shoe box.
4. Place the pencil at the top of the cardboard ramp. Observe how fast it rolls down. 5. Put the towel on the ramp and repeat the experiment. 6. Repeat the experiment twice more: first with the wax paper placed on the ramp, and then with the bubble wrap placed on the ramp. 7. Now, complete the sentences. a. The pencil rolls down faster on
.
b. The pencil rolls down slower on
.
c. Friction is greater on a surface made of
.
d. Friction is reduced on a surface made of
.
8. Make your conclusions. Circle.
• The smoother the surface, the more reduced / greater the friction.
• The rougher the surface the more reduced / greater the friction.
9. Compare your conclusions as a class. 10. Think of other different surfaces you can try out on your ramp. Try them out with your group. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Heat and light
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 How does heat transfer from one object to another? Colour the correct arrows in red.
2 Circle the materials and classify them. Then, answer the question.
irong
la lassp
s
gold s c i t
woodwaterceram
conductor
ics
alum
inium
insulator
• Which materials can you use to make a saucepan? 3 Write transparent, translucent or opaque for each container.
A
B
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C
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Read and write refraction or reflection.
a. Light passes from one material to another. b. Light can make objects appear to change size and shape. c. Light bends and changes direction. d. Light bounces off and changes direction. e. This allows us to see everything. f. This happens best on smooth, shiny surfaces. 5 Write T (true) or F (false).
a. White light can be separated into six colours. b. The primary colours of light are red, green and yellow. c. When we mix red, green and blue light, we can make many colours. 6 Colour each object in its corresponding colour.
a. It absorbs all colours of light, but reflects red light.
b. It does not absorb any colour of light, but reflects all of them.
c. It absorbs all colours of light, but reflects yellow light.
d. It absorbs all colours of light.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Heat and light
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Our Sun: a natural source of light and heat Like other stars, our Sun shines so brightly because it is extremely hot. The centre of the Sun can reach up to 15 million degrees Celsius. It produces energy in the form of light energy and thermal energy. This energy takes between 10,000 and 150,000 years to reach the surface of the Sun from its core. This enormous star is made up of mainly two gases, hydrogen and helium. When hydrogen combines to make helium, huge amounts of light and heat are released. As a result, the mass of the Sun is being consumed at a very slow rate. In about 5 billion years, our Sun will start to die. 1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. How hot is the centre of the Sun? b. What forms of energy does the Sun produce? c. How long do they take to reach the surface of the Sun? d. What gases is the Sun made up of? e. How does the Sun produce light and heat? f. Is the Sun going to last forever? Explain 2 Search the Internet for more information and pictures of our Sun. Print out two photos, cut them out, paste them in the boxes and write a sentence under each photo.
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Heat and light Name
EXTENSION
Date
Shadows People are fascinated by shadows because we can never catch them nor touch them. But what is a shadow? It is the dark area caused when an object blocks light. To make a shadow, an object must be opaque or translucent. Shadows from opaque objects are darker than shadows from translucent ones. Transparent objects do not make shadows because they allow all the light to pass through. Shadows can change size and shape. Indoors, they get bigger as you move closer to a light source, and they get smaller when you move away from the light source. Outdoors, shadows change as the position of the Sun in the sky changes.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What is a shadow? b. Do all objects produce shadows? Explain. c. Which objects produce the darkest shadows? d. How do shadows change indoors? e. How do shadows change outdoors? 2 Search the Internet for images of hand shadows. Practise them and teach your classmates. Draw your favourite hand shadow.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Heat and light Name
ASSESSMENT
Date
1 Read and write heat or temperature.
a. It is measured with a thermometer. b. It causes changes in materials. c. It refers to how cold or hot an object is. d. It is measured in degrees centigrade. e. It is the transfer of thermal energy between objects. 2 Read the sentences and circle the correct word. Then, match the pictures to the correct sentences.
a. Conductors / insulators transmit heat very well. b. Heat makes the shape / temperature of an object increase. c. When the temperature of an object decreases / increases, it can cause dilatation. d. Expansion joints allow bridges to expand / contract when their temperature increases. e. Substances can change state when they transfer / change temperature.
3 Tick (✓) the properties of light.
a. Light allows us to see everything around us. b. Light travels very slowly. c. Light comes from man-made sources. d. Light travels in all directions. e. Light is a form of energy. f. Light travels in a curved line. 114
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Use the words to write a sentence about each picture.
refraction
bends
direction
A
light
reflection
bounces off
B
a. b. 5 Colour and complete the diagram of the primary colours of light. Then, answer the question. • Which are the primary colours of light? Explain.
GREEN
RED
BLUE
6 Write and draw an example for each case.
a. An object that absorbs all colours of light: b. An object that reflects all colours of light:
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Heat and light
TEST
Name
Date
1 Ice cubes in a jug with water melt because the water transfers…
a. heat.
b. thermal energy.
c. temperature.
2 Temperature is measured in…
a. degrees.
b. kilograms.
c. degrees centigrade.
3 Examples of insulators are plastic, glass and…
a. wood.
b. water.
c. iron.
b. plastic bowl.
c. metal bowl.
4 Ice melts faster in a…
a. glass bowl.
5 Shadows form because light travels…
a. in all directions.
b. very fast.
c. in a straight line.
6 Objects appear blurry when seen through…
a. transparent objects. b. translucent objects. c. opaque objects. 7 Refraction happens when…
a. light bends as it passes from one material to another. b. light reflects and changes direction. c. light travels in a straight line. 8 The primary colours of light are…
a. red, yellow and blue. b. green, yellow and blue. c. red, green and blue. 9 Objects can be seen because of the…
a. dispersion of light. b. reflection of light. c. refraction of light. 10 An object that absorbs all the colours of light appears…
a. white. 116
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b. transparent.
c. black. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Heat and light Name
INVESTIGATE
Date
1 Does light travel in a straight line?
Instructions 1. Work in groups. You need card, some plasticine, a hole puncher, some scissors and a torch. 2. Cut out four squares of card. Use the hole puncher to make a hole in the centre of three of the squares. 3. Use the plasticine to make four bases to stand the squares of card in. 4. Place the cards in a straight line with the holes aligned. Put the card with no hole at the end. Your experiment will look similar to the photograph. 5. Shine the torch through the hole in the first card and observe the last card. 6. Now, move the second or third card slightly out of line. 7. Shine the torch again through the hole in the first card and observe the last card. 8. Write a conclusion.
• When the holes in the cards are aligned / not aligned…
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Machines
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Unscramble the letters. Then, label the pictures.
necdilninepal
revel
lylupe
2 Write the type of lever in each picture.
A
B
C
3 Circle the complex machines. Then, tick (✓) the ones that work with electricity.
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REINFORCEMENT
4 Look and write the components of these complex machines.
operating part – switch – control component – indicator
5 Match the words to the definitions.
a. belts and chains
It is a rotating disc with or without teeth.
b. levers
They transmit movement from one wheel to another.
c. wheel
It is a rod used to support wheels or gears.
d. axle
They produce movement.
e. gears
They transmit force.
6 Use the correct words from activity 5 to label the picture.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Natural Science 4
119
Machines
EXTENSION
Name
Date
Levers over time Did you know that our arms are levers? Yes, these simple machines are as old as human beings. However, animals were the first to make use of levers. Sea otters use rocks to open seashells, and orangutans use sticks to open fruit. Human beings also used objects as levers for these simple tasks. Later, they started to use trees as levers to move heavy rocks. Ancient Egyptians used levers to build pyramids and to draw water from rivers. Later in Ancient Greece, Archimedes wrote the Law of the Lever, which explains how levers work. Ancient Rome found new uses for levers: Romans used scissors to make clothing, and catapults to fight enemy armies. Nowadays, we use objects as levers in many different ways, for example, a hammer to bang in a nail, a bottle-opener to open a bottle, or a screwdriver to take the lid off a tin of paint.
1 Complete the timeline to show the history of levers.
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
2 Search the Internet for examples of how we use levers nowadays.
at school
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at home
in the playground
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Machines
EXTENSION
Name
Date
A dizzy race A Formula 1 car is a very complex machine. It is made up of thousands of pieces. A fuel engine moves the gears, belts and chains. These parts transmit the movement from the engine to the wheels. The wheels then move the car. In addition, electric and electronic circuits allow the driver to check the car’s functions, for example, how much fuel is left. Driving a Formula 1 car is not easy. The driver of the car has to face intense forces that push him against the seat, or shake him about when he drives very fast round corners. Most Formula 1 drivers wear a neck protector to soften the effect of these forces.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What type of machine is a Formula 1 car? b. Which operating parts transmit the movement from the engine to the wheels? c. What types of components allow the driver to know how much fuel is left? d. What protection do most drivers use? Why? 2 Search the Internet for information about three Formula 1 Grands Prix. Complete the table.
Formula 1 Grand Prix
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
country
dates held
number of races
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Machines
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Use the key to colour the words about simple machines. Then, write a sentence about each machine.
pulley ▶ red wheel
axle
pulley
lever
inclined plane
inclined plane ▶ blue rope
ramp
lever ▶ green
rigid bar
fulcrum
2 Draw and label pictures of a pulley, a lever and an inclined plane.
3 Write more or less to complete the sentences.
a. Lifting an object with a pulley requires
without it.
b. Lifting an object straight up requires
effort than lifting the object
force than pushing it up
a ramp.
c. When a force is applied to the long end of a lever, the short end moves 122
distance, but it exercises Natural Science 4
force on the object. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Use the clues to complete the components of complex machines.
a. It protects the machine.
v
b. They control how the machine works.
t
m
n
c. It supports the other components.
c
d. They transmit movement.
r
t
e. They give information about the functions.
n
and
c
f. It produces movement.
t 4
5 Complete the crossword about types of operating parts. Then, answer the questions.
3
ACROSS 2
1. They transmit force and can multiply it or reduce it. DOWN 2. Rods used to support wheels or gears. 3. Rotating discs with or without teeth.
1
4. They transmit movement from one wheel to another wheel. • What are wheels and axles working together called? 6 Draw arrows on the gears to show in which direction they will turn.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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123
Machines
TEST
Name
Date
1 Pulleys, inclined planes and levers are…
a. old machines.
b. complex machines.
c. simple machines.
2 We use our body weight when using…
a. a lever.
b. a pulley.
c. an inclined plane.
3 The force required to move an object up a ramp depends on…
a. the length of the ramp. b. the height of the ramp. c. the shape of the ramp. 4 A seesaw is a…
a. first-class lever.
b. second-class lever.
c. third-class lever.
5 Complex machines are different from simple machines because…
a. they need electricity or fuel to work. b. they are made up of a single complex part. c. they perform more complex tasks than simple machines. 6 The components of a complex machine involved with movement are…
a. the operating parts and the motor. b. the screens and indicators. c. the cover and the control components. 7 Switches are used to…
a. give information about the machine. b. control the machine. c. protect the machine. 8 The operating parts of a complex machine are the…
a. rotating pieces.
b. moving pieces.
c. electronic pieces.
b. levers.
c. belts.
9 Gears are examples of…
a. mechanisms.
10 Two wheels on the same axle or two wheels and a belt…
a. turn in different directions. b. turn at different speeds. c. turn in the same direction. 124
Natural Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Machines
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 How do gears work?
5 cm 5 cm
1. Work in groups. You need: a cardboard box 15 - 20 cm wide, some card, two barbecue skewers, a ruler, a compass, some scissors and glue. Cut out 6 wheels: two 8 cm diameter, two 5 cm diameter and two 2 cm diameter. 2. Push each skewer through the centre of three wheels. The first skewer represents the motor axle. Leave 5 cm between each wheel. Leave 4 cm between each wheel on the secondary axle.
2 cm
Instructions
5 cm
8 cm
Make a model of a gearbox to see how gears work.
motor axle 4 cm 4 cm
3. Fix the wheels to the axles with a drop of glue. Then, glue a strip of card to one end of each axle. 4. Cut the sides of the box as shown in the picture. Push the axles through the sides of the box and fix with a piece of card.
secondary axle
5. Move the axles to make two wheels coincide. In this way, a wheel from the motor axle will turn the secondary axle. You now have a gearbox with three gears. 5c
m
5c
m
3 cm
First gear. The small wheel of the motor axle engages with the large wheel of the secondary axle.
Second gear.The medium wheels of each axle engage.
Third gear. The large wheel of the motor axle engages with the small wheel of the secondary axle.
6. Try out the gears. Decide if the secondary axle moves faster or slower than the motor axle for each gear. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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NOTES
NOTES
Art director: José Crespo Design coordinator: Rosa Marín Design team: Cover design: Estudio Pep Carrió Cover photograph: Leila Méndez Design development coordinator: Javier Tejeda Design development: Raúl de Andrés and Jorge Gómez Art coordination: Carlos Aguilera Technical director: Jorge Mira Technical coordinators: Marisa Valbuena Layout: Eva Hernández and Sandra Fernández Photo research: Nieves Marinas and Marilé Rodrigálvarez Photographs: ARCHIVO SANTILLANA
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© 2015 by Santillana Educación, S. L. / Richmond Publishing Avda. de los Artesanos, 6 Tres Cantos. 28760 Madrid Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S. L. Printed in Spain CP: 660744 ISBN: 978-84-680-2898-9 D.L.: M-39245-2015
Richmond Publishing 58 St Aldates Oxford OX1 1ST United Kingdom
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