NAT Reviewer Critical Thinking

121. Why is it likely that Karen was NOT angry with Jessa Saturday morning? A. Sometimes parents change children’s plans. B. Sometimes parties are more fun than movies. C. Sometimes friends don’t tell the truth. D. Sometimes friends change their minds. For 122-125, read the passage below: Mae planted lettuce in her back yard. One morning, the leaves of the plants were smaller than they had been the day before. The edges of the leaves were ragged. Mae concluded that her neighbor’s pet rabbit had been eating her lettuce. Her neighbor said that his rabbit had gotten out of its cage the night before. But, he said, the rabbit could not have eaten Mae’s lettuce because the rabbit was trained to eat only rabbit food. 122. Based on the story, what MUST be true? A. Some animal ate Mae’s lettuce. B. Mae’s lettuce was damaged before the rabbit got out. C. Something happened to Mae’s lettuce the night the rabbit got out. D. The lettuce leaves will grow back if the rabbit stays in its cage. 123. What new information would BEST show that the rabbit ate the lettuce? A. A neighbor with a fence around her garden has perfect lettuce. B. Mae’s cousin has a rabbit that loves lettuce and rabbit food. C. Mae’s neighbor has been wrong about his rabbit in the past. D. Mae finds ragged edges on her lettuce after the rabbit gets loose again. 124. Based on the story, what does the neighbor believe about his rabbit? A. His rabbit is smarter than other rabbits. B. His rabbit does not like to eat lettuce. C. His rabbit does what it has been trained to do. D. His rabbit will not get out of its cage again. 125. What new information, IF TRUE, would make it IMPOSSIBLE for the rabbit to have eaten Mae’s lettuce? A. Rabbits do not eat vegetables. B. Rabbits can be trained to eat only rabbit food. C. Rabbits do not go very far when they get loose. D. Rabbits cannot eat lettuce when it is covered up. Sources https://education.wm.edu/centers/cfge/_documents/resources/tctinstru.pdf http://www.majortests.com/gmat/critical_reasoning_mark.php https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/csu_content/courses/general_studies/lss/lss5100/14b/lesso ns/unitiii_criticalthinkingassessmentpracticequiz.pdf

Department of Education- Region X Division of Cagayan de Oro City

PUERTO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Puerto, Cagayan de Oro City

NAT REVIEWER CRITICAL THINKING 10 Compiled by: Maria Eleonor C. Banares

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C. Peace and prosperity are not experienced at present. D. Unless we have a superior army, we will always be at war. ____________________________________________ Name DIRECTIONS: The questions in this test will determine how well you understand complex written materials and derive correct conclusions from them. The test asks you to make critical conclusions based on the facts given. The conclusions to be derived should be based only on the facts you are given. Thus, answering requires careful and focused thoughts about what information is given and what is not given. In answering the questions, it is important that you accept every fact that is given as true. Keep in mind, however, that you are not being tested on your knowledge of the facts, but rather on your ability to reason on the basis of given facts. After reading the passage, choose the best answer for the item. 1. If a person is superstitious, he believes that he has to wear his lucky clothes to pass an exam. Some people do not believe in lucky clothes. Based on this, we can validly conclude that A. a superstitious person doubts that there are lucky clothes. B. if a person is superstitious he believes in lucky clothes. C. a superstitious person does not wear lucky clothes. D. if a person is not superstitious he will believe in lucky clothes. 2. All drug dependents who undergo rehabilitation eventually recover. Melvin who leads a healthy lifestyle, did not undergo rehabilitation. Therefore: A. Melvin will not recover. B. Melvin is not a drug dependent. C. Melvin is a drug dependent. D. Melvin will eventually recover. 3. Peace and prosperity can be achieved if we have respectable forces and a sensible economic development plan. Based on this, we can validly conclude that: A. A good economy and armed forces are needed to attain peace and prosperity. B. Peace and prosperity depend on the armed forces alone.

1 For 116-121, read the passage below: Karen and Jessa had planned to go to a movie Saturday evening. Jessa called Karen Saturday morning. She told Karen her parents would not allow her to go to the movie after all. When Karen called her friend later that evening, she was told Jessa had gone to a party. Karen was angry because her friend had gone to a party instead of a movie with her. She decided that she could not be friends with someone who did not tell the truth.

116. After talking with Jessa Saturday morning, what did Karen think Jessa would be doing that evening? A. Jessa would be going out with her parents. B. Jessa would be going to a party. C. Jessa would be watching TV with a friend. D. Jessa would be staying home. 117. What is most likely to happen next in the story? A. Karen will decide to end her friendship with Jessa. B. Jessa will call Karen to invite her to a movie. C. Jessa will decide to end her friendship with Karen. D. Karen will call Jessa to invite her to a movie. 118. What would show that Karen’s thoughts about Jessa were unfair? A. Jessa had not known that her parents wanted her to go to a party. B. Jessa had changed her mind about going out with Karen. C. Jessa had tried to call Karen Friday night to change their plans. D. Jessa had never lied to Karen in the past. 119. What BEST shows that the story is told from Karen’s point of view? A. Karen and Jessa planned to go to a movie together. B. Jessa called Saturday morning to tell Karen she could not go to the movie. C. Karen called Jessa and learned that Mollie was not home. D. Jessa went to a party instead of going to a movie with Karen. 120. What was the MOST LIKELY reason Karen called Jessa? A. To ask Jessa to go to a movie. B. To tell Jessa why she was angry.

C. To talk to Jessa about her day. D. To ask Jessa if she enjoyed the party. 111. Why did the students’ suggestion create a problem? 3 A. The nine-foot sun was too large to fit on the classroom wall. 0 B. Mr. Donghil’s directions were not clear when the project started. C. Earth and Mars were too small to be seen clearly on the classroom wall. D. The size of the model planets affected how far apart they should be placed. 112. Why did the students decide to make the sun and planets smaller? A. The students wanted to get a good grade. B. The students did not believe Miralyn. C. The students could not do the project as planned. D. The students thought Mr. Donghil smiled because they were right.

For 113-115, read the passage below: Charity’s friend Rich Mark usually talks and laughs a lot during lunch. On Tuesday, Rich Mark was very quiet during lunch. On the way to class, Charity asked Rich Mark if he was upset with her, and Paul said, “No.” Then Charity asked Rich Mark what was wrong, and Rich Mark said, “Nothing is wrong.” Charity thought Rich Mark might be angry because Charity had not chosen him for her dance team in PE class on Friday. Charity decided that if Rich Mark was not going to talk to her, she would not talk to Rich Mark either. 113. Based on the story, what is MOST LIKELY Charity’s point of view? A. She thinks Rich Mark should not be upset about PE class. B. She feels sad that Rich Mark is not talking as much as usual. C. She thinks something she did caused Rich Mark to be quiet. D. She feels bad about not choosing Rich Mark for her team. 114. What is the main question in this story? A. Why is Rich Mark angry with Charity? B. Why was Rich Mark quiet during lunch? C. Why didn’t Charity choose Rich Mark for her team? D. When will Charity talk to Rich Mark again?

115. What new information would BEST show that Charity was wrong about why Rich Mark was quiet? A. Rich Mark was quiet during lunch on Monday. B. Rich Mark and Charity have been best friends for a long time. C. Rich Mark got a bad grade on a math test before lunch. D. Rich Mark does not like to dance. 2 9

4. Marikina City is known for having a clean environment. We live in Marikina City. Therefore: A. We are content with our local government. B. We consider health and sanitation in deciding where to live. C. We have an efficient waste management system. D. We do not want to live in other cities. 5. Even if everyone were given equal opportunity some would succeed while others would fail. Based on this, we can validly conclude that: A. The real cause of success and failure go beyond equal opportunity. B. Failure is destined for some people. C. Most people are likely to succeed. D. Equal opportunity provides a window to success. 6. The history of the two hundred years shows that wars have become steadily more frequent and more destructive, the twentieth century being the bloodiest on record. Therefore, we can conclude that: A. Wars should be avoided by mankind at all cost. B. Mankind has not advanced much in the art of keeping peace, as it has in the science of waging wars. C. Increased industrialization, competitiveness and improved weapons bring on increasingly frequent wars. D. Wars are caused by basic traits of selfishness and greed. 7. A dollar is like a price. Escalation in the price equates with greater demand for export products. Thus, escalation in dollars A. does not lead to greater demand for export products. B. results in greater demand for export products.

C. leads to lower demand for export products. D. results in lower demand for export products. 8. Street beggars are usually given money by passerby. The government is trying to discourage this practice. Thus: A. It will help the poor to have money to buy things. B. It is better to give food than to give money. C. It helps the poor if they will be given livelihood projects to support themselves. D. It is better to give the money to organizations. 9. If the government takes over business and industry, people will have jobs and products will be sold at lower price. Therefore: 2 A. Giving economic power in the government would threaten private enterprise. B. The government should take over business and industry if it is for the good of the people. C. The government should not engage in business and public services. D. Eliminating competition results in much less production from private sector. 10. Rey and Mark are brothers. Rey is three times as old as Mark and their ages add up to 12. How old are Rey and Mark respectively? A. Mark is 5 while Rey is 7. B. Rey is 8 while Mark is 4. C. Mark is three while Rey is 9. D. Rey is 10 while Mark is 2. 11. Classes in all public schools were suspended due to typhoon Sendong. Puerto National High School is a public school. Therefore, A. classes in Puerto National High School were not suspended. B. classes in Puerto National High School were suspended. C. classes in private schools were not suspended. D. classes in private schools were also suspended. For no.12, read the passage below: In one of her classes the teacher showed the movie “Jose Rizal” and asked her students to read the book. The students in the other class were asked to read the book only. All classes were tested and given the same exam. The results showed that the class who read the book and saw the movie did better. 12. Based on the preceding passage, we can validly conclude that A. the teacher will prefer books to movies.

B. students learn more from movies than from the books. C. the teacher will now try to use movies as an aid to instruction. D. students who see the movie first before reading the book lose interest in reading. For no.13, read the passage below: The fast-paced life in sprawling urban centers has made many people ignore tradition and culture in the countryside or regard them as absurd or ridiculous. What they fail to understand is that not everything in this world can be explained easily by religion and science. 106. What BEST shows that Kim is careful? 3 A. He checked to see how long his work was taking. B. He asked his sister to watch him work. C. He checked every part of the clock. D. He was proud when he finished the clock. 107.If you expect Kim to be punished if his parents see him with the clock, what are you assuming? A. Kim was supposed to have been watching Alaiza. B. Kim was supposed to fix the clock before his parents arrived. C. Alaiza and Kim were not supposed to make a mess. D. Kim was not supposed to touch the clock without permission.

For 108-112, read the passage below: Mr. Donghil’s students were making paper models of the sun and planets to put on the classroom wall. They made Earth the size of a quarter and colored it blue and green. The students wanted the sun and the other planets to be just the right size compared to Earth. Mars was red and smaller than Earth. The bright yellow sun had to be nearly nine feet tall! Several students suggested that their planets and sun should be the right distance from each other, just as they are in space. One student, Miralyn, said that the planets and the sun could not fit in the same classroom. The other students didn’t believe Miralyn. She offered to explain. The students looked at Mr. Donghil, who smiled and nodded. The students decided to make the sun and planets smaller. 108. Why did Miralyn say the sun and planets would not fit in the same classroom? A. She wanted to make Mr. Donghil smile. B. She wanted to start an argument. C. She wanted to help the other students. D. She wanted the sun to be smaller.

109. What extra information did Miralyn use to make her conclusion? A. The sizes of all nine planets. B. The distance between the planets and the sun in space. C. The distance between Mars and Earth in space. D. The size of the sun. 110. What is the most likely reason Mr. Donghil smiled and nodded? A. He thought it was funny that he had tricked the class. B. He was happy a student understood the problem. C. He thought that Miralyn was being funny. D. He was happy that the class made the planets smaller. 162. Three speed cameras were installed at different points along an expressway. On a map drawn on a coordinate plane, the 101.What would2 Angeline MOST LIKELY tell her campers if they stopped making their beds? 8 A. They should behave better. B. She would tell Miss Elena about their behavior. C. She would give them popcorn if they made their beds. D. She would send them to bed early if they did not make their beds.

For 102-107, read the passage below: Kim took apart an old wooden clock, piece by piece. Kim’s sister, Alaiza, was happy to sit and watch him. After taking apart the old clock, Kim looked closely at each piece. He wiped each wheel and gear with an oily cloth. He put all of the pieces on a table. Kim rubbed his hands together and looked at his watch with concern. He worked to put all of the small pieces back together. Much later, when Kim looked out the window, he saw his parents get out of their car. He looked at his watch and smiled. 102. Why did Kim look at his watch with concern? A. He wasn’t sure his watch was working. B. He was afraid his parents would be angry. C. He hoped to finish before his parents arrived. D. He found the job was taking longer than he had hoped. 103. Why did Kim take the clock apart? A. He wanted to fix a broken part. B. He wanted to clean the clock.

C. He wanted to see inside the clock. D. He wanted to see how clocks work. 104. Why did Kim look at his watch and smile? A. He had finished the clock in time. B. His watch was working well. C. His parents had arrived on time. D. He had a surprise for his parents. 105. What would MOST LIKELY have happened if Kim had not finished the clock before his parents arrived? A. Alaiza would have been upset. B. Alaiza would have had to explain everything. C. Kim’s parents would have been angry. D. Kim would have been disappointed. 13. It can be validly concluded from the passage that 2 A. some people in urban centers ignore tradition and culture. B. most people in urban centers disregard7tradition and culture. C. all people in urban centers still value traditions and culture. D. all people living in urban centers no longer recognize traditions. For no.14, read the passage below: Efren Peñaflorida with his Kariton Classroom was recognized as CNN’s Hero of the Year and was also awarded the Lakandula Award. Guided by the philosophy that “No child is too poor or too damaged to change,” he was able to reach out and transform the lives of hundreds of out-of-school children and youth near dump sites and squatter areas. 14. From the information given, it can be validly concluded that A. some children can change no matter how poor or how damaged they are. B. some children are too poor and too damage to change. C. all children can change no matter how poor or how damaged they are. D. all children are transformed because of poverty. For no.15, read the passage below: Haiti, a Carribean country with a population of more than 10 million, shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic. Haiti has a very historical and ethnolinguistic background. It was the first independent nation in Latin America, the first post-colonial nation whose independence was won partly through rebellion by African slaves who had been brought in by Spanish and French colonizers.

15. Therefore, it can be validly concluded that: A. Haiti is an overpopulated country. B. Haiti is not overpopulated country. C. Rebellion by African slaves contributed to the freedom of Haiti from colonialism. D. Rebellion by African slaves freed Haiti from colonialism. For no.16, read the passage below: Adenisa and Shecel are both members of Dramatics Club, though they are not in good terms and refuse to work with each other. Nico, the Dramatics Club president, is appointing members to the fundraising committee, but he will not appoint anyone without that person’s consent. Adenisa tells Rico, “I will not consent to an appointment in that committee if Shecel will be a member of it.” And Shecel says, “I will not consent to be a member of that committee if Adenisa will also be appointed to it.” 16. Thus, it can be validly concluded from the given situation that 4 A. neither of them can be appointed to the committee. B. either one or the other will be appointed. C. the club president cannot determine what to do. D. both will be appointed to the committee. For no.17, read the passage below: According to the Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV), the Fair Election Act made it mandatory for actors, columnists and other mass media personalities endorsing candidates to resign or take a leave from their TV shows or media outfits during the election campaign period. 17. It can be validly concluded from the passage that all mass media people endorsing candidates can campaign A. only if they go on leave or resign from their jobs. B. even if they don’t resign or go on leave. C. even if they don’t have enough funds to support a candidate. D. only if they have enough funds to support a candidate. For no.18, read the passage below: If the electoral process is fair and the broader political system is reformed, the poor, despite their poverty, can make choices. But according to a certain study, the poor could only make good choices based on a flawed system. For our political problems, the voting poor who are much used and abused are not to be blamed.

18. The passage implies that if there is nothing wrong with our electoral and political system then the poor will A. get rich B. remain poor C. have options D. be powerful For no.19, read the passage below: An economist-diplomat once said, “If you feed enough oats to the horse, some will drop to the ground to feed the sparrows.” This skewered “trickledown” economics basically says that greed by the powerful would leave enough crumbs for the needy.

97. If all the popular kids in Jefrey’s class wear the same type of jeans jacket, what is MOST 5 LIKELY true? A. The jacket they wear is the best type of jeans jacket. B. Popular kids like the jeans jacket. C. Wearing the jeans jacket makes kids popular. D. Jefrey will be unpopular unless he has the jeans jacket.

For 98-101, read the passage below: Angeline works at a large summer camp. She is a counselor for ten campers who share a cabin. Many of Angeline’s campers were often late for dinner. Angeline told the campers she would take them to a movie if everyone came to dinner on time for a whole week. All of Angeline’s campers were on time for dinner that week. Angeline took them to a movie. Angeline told Miss Elena, the camp owner, how well the reward had worked. Miss Elena disagreed. She reminded Angeline that she had made a new rule for the whole camp last week. The new rule said anyone late for dinner would not get dessert. Miss Elena said her new rule had caused Angeline’s campers to come to dinner on time. Angeline did not argue with Miss Elena. But, she was sure that her reward, not the new rule, had gotten her campers to come to dinner on time. 98. What caused Angeline’s campers to come to dinner on time? A. Miss Elena’s rule B. Angeline’s reward

C. Neither the rule nor the reward D. There is no way to know 99. What do Angeline and Miss Elena each believe? A. Punishments work better than rewards. B. Her own action changed the campers’ behavior. C. Campers who are late for dinner are rude. D. Campers who are on time for dinner should be rewarded. 100. What is the main question in this story? A. Does reward work better than punishment? B. Does Angeline know more about campers’ behavior than Miss Elena? C. What can be done to make campers come to dinner on time? D. Why did Angeline’s campers come to dinner on time?

herself. She wanted a nice jacket to wear to a meeting about a new job. Jefrey told her that all his friends had jeans jackets. He was afraid that if he did not get one, no one would like him. His mother listened to Jefrey, but she disagreed with him. She bought the jacket for her meeting. Jefrey said, “You care more about your new job than about me.” 95. What did Jefrey and his mother both believe? A. Wearing the wrong clothes can make people dislike you. B. It is more important for adults to look good than children. C. What you wear affects what others think of you. D. Women’s jackets cost more than boys’ jackets. 96. Based on the story, what did Jefrey’s mother think? A. Her meeting was more important than Jefrey’s friendships. B. She needed a new jacket more than Jefrey did. C. A cheaper jeans jacket would be better for Jefrey. D. Jefrey’s friends should care more about him than about his clothes

92. Based on the story, how did Chena’s teacher feel? 2 A. She was proud of Chena. 6 B. She was angry that the students laughed. C. She felt sorry for Chena. D. She was sad that Chena’s parents were not there.

19. The passage says that if there is enough of something for some people, then 2 A. there will be some left for others 5 B. there will be none left for others C. all will not have enough of everything D. some will not benefit from it

93. What is the LEAST LIKELY reason why Chena sang louder? A. She wanted the students to be able to hear the song. B. She had reached the most important part of the song. C. She was ignoring the students who were making fun of her. D. She had become less nervous as she sang.

For no.20, read the passage below: Based on the commentary by Dr. Maria Diokno, a History professor, “There are twin dangers of any Social Studies textbook- to stereotype or to mythologize. Rather than to learn to analyze facts in order to arrive at a reasoned interpretation of our past and a collective interpretation of our identity- children are taught simply to memorize what textbooks say we Filipinos are and essentialize Filipinos as stereotype and myth.”

94. Which statement BEST shows that Chena was prepared for her performance? A. She kept singing while the students laughed. B. She was glad when she was done. C. She hugged her teacher to thank her. D. She smiled and bowed when she was done. For 95-97, read the passage below: Jefrey and his mother were shopping at the mall. Jefrey wanted a new jeans jacket like the one many of the popular kids in his class were wearing. He asked his mother to buy one for him. She said she could not afford one right then because she needed to buy a new jacket for

20. It can be validly concluded that textbooks in Social Studies tend A. to essentialize the identity of Filipinos B. to analyze facts C. to provide enough reasoned interpretation. D. to provide stereotypes and mythologies 21.It is often thought that our own modern age is unique in having a large number of people who live into old age. It has frequently been assumed that plagues, wars, and harsh

working conditions killed off most people in previous ages before they could reach old age. However, recent research shows that in 17th century Europe, for example, people over sixty comprised 10 percent of the population. The studies also revealed that although infant mortality remained high until the 20th century in Europe, people who survived to adulthood could expect to live to be old. The portions in boldface play which of the following roles in the argument above? A. The first is a conclusion that the author supports. The second is data that contradicts that conclusion. B. The first is a finding that the author contests. The second is a finding that the author accepts. C. The first is an assumption that the author thinks is invalid. The second is data that validates that assumption. D. The first is a position that the author opposes. The second is a finding that supports the author’s position.

C. Many people in happy marriages have occasional violent arguments. D. Recently divorced people rarely cite frequent arguments as a cause of marital disharmony

23. The Dean claimed that, as a result of continued cutbacks in the budget for pure science research, fewer students are choosing a career in physics, and therefore the number of postgraduate students studying physics is likely to decline. Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the Dean’s conclusion? A. The number of students majoring in physics at the undergraduate level has been increasing steadily over the years, a trend that is expected to continue. B. The number of students studying chemistry declined even before cutbacks in research funding were noted. C. Most postgraduate students of physics move to careers in computer science and engineering. D. The Dean’s own university has recently increased the number of staff members teaching physics.

A marriage counselor noted that couples who have6occasional violent arguments are less likely to divorce within the next six months than those who have frequent but less violent arguments. He concluded that frequent arguing is a major factor in the causation of severe marital disharmony. The counselor’s conclusion is most weakened by which of the following observations? A. Couples who have already come to the point of divorce argue continuously over small matters. B. People who have recently divorced are more likely to argue violently when they meet.

24. A nature conservancy expert found little support for his campaign to protect toads. He suggested that, even though the campaign highlighted the vital role the toads played in the ecology of the region, people were unenthusiastic about saving toads as these animals are perceived as unpleasant creatures, and people seldom feel passionate about animals with which they have no positive feelings. The experts’ opinion would be most strengthened by which of the following observations? A. Ecological conservation is an increasingly important concern in the region.

B. A recent campaign to save bats achieved a measure of success only after a cartoon bat was adopted as the mascot of the local football team. C. Snakes and lizards also need protection in this region as a result of human activity. D. The campaign to protect toads has been in existence for over five years and yet the toad population continues to decline.

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88. What did the ranger think when he asked, “Don’t you know that in the park you should take nothing but pictures and leave nothing but footprints”? A. He thought the boys should have known how to behave in the park. B. He thought the boys should have been taking pictures. C. He thought the boys were going to make a fire in the woods. D. He thought the boys were afraid of getting in trouble. 89. Why might the ranger tell other children this story? A. To teach them to pick up litter in the park. B. To teach them to obey their parents while camping. C. To teach them to protect the trees in the park. D. To teach them to be honest with park rangers. 90. Why did the ranger talk to the boys’ father ALONE? A. To complain about the boys’ behavior B. To tell the father the family had to leave the park C. To find out if the boys were really brothers D. To discuss the situation without embarrassing the father

For 90-94, read the passage below: Chena was nervous as she stood on the stage before her performance. As she sang, the students in the audience began to laugh. Chena heard the laughing and sang even louder. By

the time she had finished her song, almost everyone was laughing. The music stopped, and Chena smiled and bowed. As the curtain closed, Chena’s teacher wiped away tears and gave Chena a big hug. Chena was glad her song was finished. When she got home, Chena told her parents that the audience had loved her song. 90. Based on the story, what is MOST LIKELY to be true? A. Chena’s teacher felt sorry for her. B. Chena’s parents were proud of her. C. Chena is a bad singer. D. Chena sang a funny song. 91. Based on the story, what BEST shows that Chena may have told her parents the truth? A. She was nervous about singing. B. Her song made the students laugh. C. She was glad when her song was over. D. Her teacher gave her a big hug after her song. 83. What are Erika and Arbie disagreeing about? 2 A. Is it better to be a tall or short athlete? 4 B. Who should judge the best athlete? C. Can girls be better athletes than boys? D. What makes someone the best athlete? 84. What is LEAST likely to be true in this story? a. Erika and Arbie think short people are usually good athletes. b. Erika and Arbie think being the best athlete is important. c. Erika and Arbie think Gleen will make a fair decision. d. Erika and Arbie think Rowena is not a good judge of athletes. For 85-90, read the passage below: Ernie and Marjun went camping with their parents at a local park one weekend. The park was very crowded. On Saturday afternoon, their father asked them to pick up some litter and then to go into the woods to cut branches for cooking hot dogs. The two brothers did as their father asked. As they stepped out of the woods, a park ranger stopped them. He looked at their sticks and asked, “Don’t you know that in the park you should take nothing but pictures and leave nothing but footprints?” The boys were puzzled by what the ranger had said. They told him that their father had asked them to cut the branches for cooking hot dogs. The ranger walked the boys back to their campsite and talked to their father alone. That evening, the ranger joined the family for dinner. Early the next morning, the family packed up and went home.

85. Why were the boys puzzled? A. The boys had only done what they were asked to do. B. The boys had taken only a few branches from the woods. C. The boys did not understand the ranger’s question. D. The boys thought it was okay to cook hot dogs.

26. It is strange that in Sentacity there are so many corner shops selling food items. After all there are many supermarkets in the city which sell food at cheaper prices, and many of these supermarkets are open 24-hours. Which of the following, if true, would be of least help in explaining the paradoxical observation?

86. What is the most likely reason the ranger talked to the father? A. To explain that the boys had cut too many branches B. To explain proper park behavior C. To explain why boys should not be alone in the woods D. To explain why people should take pictures in the woods

A. The corner shops are selling specialist food items not available in the supermarkets.

87. What was the MOST LIKELY reason the family went home the day after the ranger visited? A. The ranger had told the family to leave. B. The family had planned to leave that day. C. The ranger had upset the family. D. The family had no more sticks for cooking hot dogs. 2 25. Many people report that exposure to certain foods such as cheese, red wine, and 3 chocolate, are associated with the onset of migraine headaches. Other people report that exposure to certain smells (especially strong perfumes) seems to trigger a migraine headache, and some note that exposure to bright and flickering lights can be followed by a migraine. It would seem that a person with a tendency to get migraines should try to find which of these situations is associated with the onset of the headache and then avoid this stimulus.All of the following, if true, would indicate potential problems with the recommendation above except

A. the time delay between the trigger and the onset of the headache can make it exceptionally difficult to identify the trigger B. the presence of a known trigger doesn’t always cause a migraine

B. The supermarkets are mostly located on the outskirts of the city and require residents to use cars or public transport to reach them. C. The corner shops are mainly family-owned businesses and have been there for much longer than the supermarkets and are perceived as an important feature of the community. D. The corner shops are willing to make home deliveries.

27. Photography is no longer an art form. Nowadays everyone has access to digital cameras that only need to be pointed at the subject in order to generate a perfect image. The writer of the argument apparently assumes that A. the selection of the subject is not an important artistic factor in photography B. digital cameras will continue to improve in quality C. digital cameras can never go wrong D. photography with all other types of camera is an art form

C. in many cases an internal hormonal change triggers a migraine D. in a high proportion of cases the patients report multiple triggers for their headaches

28. The enormous distances between stars are not spaces entirely devoid of matter. The interstellar spaces are filled with dust: very low density matter. This miniscule amount of matter, spread over almost infinite distances, acts like a curtain obscuring the stars that lie behind. If it

were not for this material we would see no dark patches in the sky at night: the sky would be entirely covered with stars. The two parts in boldface play what roles in the argument above? A. The first is a suggestion that the author wishes to dispute. The second is hypothesis that the author wishes to explain.

30. In a recent study of responses to visual images, researchers found that women most frequently gave the rating most attractive to images of male faces that were more feminine in contour, and rated more masculine faces, on average, less attractive. The researchers concluded that modern women prefer men who are less obviously masculine in their facial features. The conclusion would be most severely weakened if which of the following were true?

B. The first is the main point the author wishes to make. The second is a hypothetical result of 8 accepting that point.

A. Facial features are not the criterion that most women use to decide whether a man is attractive.

C. The first is a fact that the author thinks is important in explaining a certain phenomenon. The second is a result that the author would expect if that fact were not true.

B. The visual images were computer generated composites of photographs and not pictures of actual men.

D. The first is a speculation that the author wishes to justify. The second is a consequence that would result if that speculation is not true.

C. The rating scale was a ten point scale with most attractive scoring 1-2 and least attractive scoring 8-10. D. The faces with the more masculine features were all significantly older than those with the feminine features.

29. The number of people diagnosed with dengue fever (which is contracted from the bite of an infected mosquito) in North India this year is twice the number diagnosed last year. The authorities have concluded that measures to control the mosquito population have failed in this region. All of the following, if true, would cast doubt on the authorities’ conclusion except

31. Which is the following is an assumption that the researchers apparently made in this study?

A. more cases are now reported because of increases in administrative efficiency B. a very high proportion of the cases were in people who had recently returned from neighboring countries C. an effective diagnostic test was introduced about nine months ago D. the incidence (number of cases per thousand) of malaria, also contracted from mosquito bites, has increased

Questions 30-31 refer to the following:

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79. Which is an example of hyperbole? A. The deck of our boat was as slippery as melted butter! B. This bag of groceries weighs a ton! C. Onto each life some rain must fall. D. Kyla's lasagna is better than Jumel's.

For 80-81, read the passage below: Abegail and Grace were in the same math class. Their teacher returned the tests she had graded. When they saw their grades, Grace smiled, but Abegail looked unhappy. The teacher

said that many students had received low grades, and she hoped they would study more for the next test. 80. Based on this story, what is MOST LIKELY to be true? A. Grace received a better grade on the test than Abegail did. B. Grace usually receives better grades than Abegail in math. C. Abegail had expected to do better on the test than he did. D. Abegail did not do as well on the test as he would have liked. 81. What does the teacher believe? A. Studying helps students do well on math tests. B. Many students did not study for the test. C. None of the students studied enough for the test. D. Students cannot do well in math without studying.

For 82-84, read the passage below: Erika and Arbie are in the same gym class. Erika was the fastest runner in the class. Arbie did the most pull-ups. Each student claimed to be the best athlete in the class. Rowena said neither one could be the best because both students are short, and tall people are usually better athletes. After a lot of talking, the students agreed to let their friend Gleen decide who is the best. 82. Gleen knew Erika won second place in the pull-up contest, and Arbie was fourth in running. Arbie is taller than Erika. Why did Gleen MOST LIKELY choose Erika as best athlete? A. Overall, Erika did better than Arbie. B. Gleen likes Erika better than Arbie. C. Arbie is too slow to be the best athlete. D. Overall, Gleen thinks short people are better athletes. 74. You want to sell your three-year-old car and buy a new one. Which website would probably 2 give you the best information on how to sell a used car? A. Auto Trader: get the latest pricing and reviews for2new and used cars; tips on detailing for a higher price B. Better Business Bureau: provides free consumer and business education; consult us before you get started in your new business! C. New Wheels: research every make and model of Detroit's latest offerings

D. Car Buying Tips: everything you need to know before you shop for your new car 75. Which explanation is weakest? A. The steak was overcooked because I cooked it too long. B. Miko didn't drive his car today because it was in the shop for repairs. C. We don't belong to the country club anymore because we can't afford it. D. Merry Grace overslept because she stayed up very late last night. 76. Which of these problems is most severe? A. Your teacher is sick and misses class on the morning you are supposed to take a big exam. B. You lose track of your schedule and forget to study for a big exam. C. You can't find one of the books you need to study for a big exam. D. The big exam is harder than you thought it would be and includes a section you did not study. 77. Which is the most important reason for evaluating information found on the Internet? A. Authors who publish on the Internet are typically less skilled than those who publish in print. B. Web writers are usually biased. C. Anyone can publish on the Internet; there is no guarantee that what you are reading is truthful or objective. D. Information found in print is almost always more accurate than that found on the Internet. 78. What is the real problem, as opposed to being an offshoot of that problem? A. Your bank charges a Php 2000.00 fee for overdrafts. B. You wrote a check at the grocery store, but did not have the money to cover it. C. Every month, you spend more money than you earn. D. Last month, you paid Php 8,000.00 in overdraft charges to your bank.

A. The women who participated in the study were sufficiently representative of modern women 2 in general. 1 B. Male faces are, in general, attractive to women. C. Visual images are important to women.

D. It is impossible to predict what features an ideal face would have.

32. Red is a color which has powerful effects on human beings as well as animals. A group of psychologists carried out an experiment which confirms the subconscious effects of this color on human behavior. They provided selected sports teams at school and college level with either red or blue shorts and recorded the outcome of the games. The teams wearing red won in a disproportionate number of matches. The psychologists suggested that either the teams wearing red subconsciously felt themselves more powerful, or that the non-red teams were subconsciously intimidated by the red color. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the psychologists’ suggestion? A. Each team wore red in some matches and blue in others. B. The color blue has the subconscious effect of making human beings less competitive. C. The effect was only observed if all the team members wore white shirts. D. Red signifies danger in some cultures whereas it signifies happiness in others.

34. In research designed to investigate the possibility of animals developing friendship with other, unrelated, members of their species, a group of 29 chimpanzees were reared together for 15 years. At the end of that time the chimps were presented with two options for obtaining food: press a lever and feed themselves, or press another identical lever and feed themselves, and at the same time deliver food to the chimp next door. (The chimps were able to see each other). The researchers found that the chimps were no more likely to choose the lever that fed a neighbor. The researchers concluded that the chimps had no concept of friendship. However, one critic has suggested that the animals were in an artificial environment from which little can be concluded, and that, at the least, the test ought to have involved the animals being able to touch. What role do the parts in boldface play in the argument above? 1 0

A. The first is a position that the critic opposes. The second is a position that the critic supports. B. The first is an observation that supports the researchers’ position. The second is an observation that opposes the researchers’ position. C. The first is a finding on which the researchers base their conclusion. The second is a suggestion that might cast doubt on that finding.

33. Scientists investigating a rare metabolic disorder hypothesized that obesity was a predisposing factor in the development of the disease. A study of twenty patients found that, on average, the patients were close to the normal weight for their height. Before concluding that obesity is not a predisposing factor, the researchers would find the answer to which of the following questions most useful?

D. The first is an observation that supports the critic’s conclusion. The second is the critic’s conclusion.

Questions 35-36 refer to the following: A. Are the patients above or below normal height? B. Were any of the patients underweight when the disorder was diagnosed? C. Does weight loss reduce the severity of the symptoms? D. Have the patients always been close to the normal weight for their heights?

Gilmer: We have too many people working on each of our computers in the office. The high frequency of breakdowns is due to too many people handling the same hardware. Catherine: We have just as many people working in our office, yet we hardly need any repairs to our systems. Our systems must be more robust than yours.

C. the number of cases reported this year represents the same fraction of the population as reported in all of the last five years 35. Catherine’s argument would be most strengthened by providing data on the D. a committee of experts reviewed the funding four years ago A. actual number of people in the two offices B. type of computers that are in both offices C. ratio of computers to users in her office D. number of visits by computer engineers to service the computers in Jay’s office

36. Gilmer apparently believes that A. he has the best available hardware B. the frequency of breakdowns in his office is above average C. software specifications are not important in his office D. no other office has a similar ratio of computers to users

37. A rare disease, malicitis, is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. The number of cases reported this year is more than double the number reported four years ago. The government should now allocate more funds for treatment and prevention of malicitis. All of the following, if true, would weaken the conclusion except A. funds already available for research in malicitis are currently under-utilized B. a new test employed for the first time this year detects malicitis at a considerably earlier stage in the development of the disease

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71. Which of the following is a sound argument? 1 A. Rain was predicted yesterday, so I took my umbrella to our outdoor rehearsal of Romeo & Juliet. It didn't rain. To make sure it doesn't rain during today's rehearsal, I'll take my umbrella with me. B. You and Nanoh broke up the night you had dinner at 7/11, so don't worry; you and Weldred won't break up as long as you never go to 7/11! C. My science teacher bases a lot of our grade on class participation. Last quarter, he said I needed to participate more. If I want a better grade this quarter, I need to take part in more class discussions. D. Our washing machine is broken. The last time we had trouble with it, we hired a new repairman. He's probably the reason the machine broke! Read the following paragraph and answer questions 72 and 73. I always knew I wanted to be a marine biologist. When I was six, my parents took me to an aquarium, and I was hooked. But it was in college, when I got to work on an ocean research cruise that I decided to specialize in oceanography. The trip was sponsored by the Plankton Investigative Service, and our goal was to collect as many different types of the microscopic plants and animals as we could, in order to see what, if any, impact the increased number of people fishing there had on the marine ecosystem. Our group was divided into two teams, each responsible for gathering a different type of plankton. Working with the phytoplankton, especially the blue-green algae, was fascinating. We measured the chlorophyll in the water to determine where, and in what quantity, the phytoplankton was. This worked well because the water was so clear, free of sediment and contaminants. 72. What is phytoplankton? A. another name for chlorophyll B. a microscopic plant C. a microscopic animal

D. a type of fish 73. The goal of the study group was to investigate whether more people fishing in the area had A. a positive impact on the local economy. B. depleted the supply of fish. C. made more work for marine biologists. D. a negative impact on the health of the surrounding waters.

66. Which of these situations does NOT require problem solving? 2 A. After you get your new computer home, you find there is no mouse in the box. 0 B. When you get your pictures back from being developed, you realize they are someone else's. C. Everyone on your team wants to celebrate at the Seafood Island, but you just ate there last night. D. You've been assigned to finish a report for tomorrow morning, but it is your son's birthday, and you promised you would take him to the ball game tonight. 67. Which type of website most likely provides the most objective information about Abraham Lincoln? A. the home page of a history professor who wrote a book on Lincoln's presidency B. a Confederate group's site on famous assassinations, with the most pages devoted to Lincoln C. the site of a historical preservation group that archives Lincoln's correspondence D. the official site of the presidential library in Springfield, Illinois, devoted to telling the life story of the 16th president 68. Which is NOT a likely cause of this situation? "I can't turn on the lamp in the family room!" A. The lamp isn't plugged into an electrical outlet. B. We just bought a new couch in a color that matches the lamp. C. There's a power outage in the neighborhood. D. The light bulb in the lamp has burned out. 69. What is wrong with the logic of the following statement? "How can you believe his testimony? He is a convicted felon!" A. The fact that the person testifying was convicted of a crime does not mean he is lying. B. A convicted felon cannot testify in court.

C. The person speaking has a bias against criminals. D. The person speaking obviously did not attend law school. 70. Evidence shows that people who live in the Antarctic score higher on happiness surveys than those who live in Florida. Which is the best conclusion that can be drawn from this data? A. Floridians would be happier if they moved to the Antarctic. B. People in colder climates are happier than those in warmer climates. C. There are only happy people in the Antarctic. D. Those in the Antarctic who scored high on a happiness survey probably like snow.

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38. Thousands of people have tonsillectomies every year and all live normal lives after the 9 operation. We can conclude, from this observation, that the tonsils have no function in the body. The argument would be most weakened by which of the following, if it were true? A. People live normal lives after appendectomies but the appendix is known to be part of the digestive system. B. Another part of the body can take over the function of the tonsils if they are removed. C. The tonsils have been shown to have a vital role to play in the physiology of laboratory rabbits and guinea pigs. D. The human tonsil develops as part of the immune system, a system of vital importance in defense against disease.

39. Recent studies have highlighted the harmful effects of additives in food (colors, preservatives, flavor enhancers etc.). There are no synthetic substances in the foods we produce at Munchon Foods, we use only natural ingredients. Hence you can be sure you are safeguarding your family’s health when you buy our products. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the contention of Munchon Foods? A. Some synthetic substances are not harmful

B. Some natural substances found in foods can be harmful C. Food without additives is unlikely to taste good D. Munchon Foods produces only breakfast cereals

40. A fruit known as amla in certain parts of Asia is an excellent source of vitamin C. A small quantity of the fruit grated and added to salads provides almost all the daily requirement of this vitamin. However, the fruit is very sour. A new process designed to remove most of the sour taste will make the fruit acceptable to American tastes. We are therefore starting to grow this fruit for sale in the United States. The argument above assumes all of the following except

the old categories and there are no funds specifically for research that overlaps different subject areas. The two parts in bold-face are related to each other in which of the following ways? A. The first is a finding that the author finds unacceptable; the second is the author’s own position B. The first is a finding that the author attempts to account for; the second is a finding that contradicts the author’s main conclusion. C. The first is a fact that the author attempts to account for. The second is data that explicitly supports the author’s main conclusion. D. The first is a position that the author opposes; the second is the author’s main position

A. Americans generally won’t eat very sour foods B. The new process does not remove a significant part of the vitamin content C. That a market exists for a new source of vitamin C D. The fruit can be used only in salads

41. Most scientists agree that new lines of interdisciplinary research are the need of the hour. Even government committees on science have stressed the need for more interdisciplinary projects. Yet, of ten proposals for new interdisciplinary projects last year, only one was successfully funded. Some have suggested that this means that as yet researchers are not coming up with sufficiently persuasive projects, or that their proposals are not of high enough quality, or even that the reputations of these researchers is not high enough. However, the real reason probably lies in the way funding is organized. Funding is still allocated according to 1 2

42. James: I sold my house on an internet site last year and was happy with the price. I got a speedy sale and the cost of advertising was insignificant. I would advise you to avoid real estate agents. Shenderelle: It is in the interest of the real estate agent to get me the best price for my property because he gets a commission based on the selling price. Therefore, when selling my house I will certainly use an agent rather than trying to sell the house by word of mouth, or by advertising in newspapers or on the internet. Shenderelle could strengthen her position by pointing out all of the following except A. Houses of comparable value often obtain a lower price when sold on the internet B. Very few houses are sold on the internet at the moment an so a valid comparison is difficult C. The agent’s service includes many add-on benefits in terms of legal fees, surveyor’s reports and advice that are not available on internet sites

D. Some buyers pay the agent to find them a cheap house

43. Early data on seat-belt use showed that seat-belt wearers were less likely to be killed in road accidents. Hence, it was initially believed that wearing a seat-belt increased survival chances in an accident. But what the early analysts had failed to see was that cautious drivers were more likely to wear the belts and were also less likely to cause big accidents, while reckless drivers were more likely to be involved in big accidents and were less likely to wear the belts. Which of the following, if true, could an opponent of the view presented above best cite as a reason for recommending continued use of seat-belts? A. Careful drivers who are involved in accidents caused by reckless drivers, would be more likely to survive if wearing a belt B. All drivers should be required by law to wear a belt C. The ratio of big to small road accidents is very small D. In fatal accidents seat-belt wearers in the front seat are less likely to survive than those wearing seat belts in the back seat

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A. The person speaking doesn't care about the environment. 3 B. The person speaking has changed the subject. C. The person speaking is running for political office. D. The person speaking does not understand pollution. 61. What should you NOT rely on when making a judgment call? A. intuition B. common sense C. gossip D. past experience 62. Which is NOT a valid argument?

A. There are six cans of tomatoes in Moanna's pantry and 14 in his basement. There are no other cans of tomatoes in her house. Therefore, she has 20 cans of tomatoes in her house. B. Everyone northbound on the Iligan City yesterday was late to work. Regine was northbound on the Iligan City. regine was late to work. C. Lance lives in either Cagayan de Oro City, CDO, or CDeo City, Misamis Oriental. If he lives in CDO, then he is a Filipino. D. No one who eats in the cafeteria likes the pizza. Roxan eats in the cafeteria. Therefore, Roxan does not like the pizza. 63. Which statement represents a judgment instead of a fact? A. My presentation was excellent. I am sure my boss will promote me now. B. My presentation was excellent. The clients all told me they liked it. C. My presentation was excellent. It won an award from management. D. My presentation was excellent. It was cited as such on my peer evaluation. 64. Which is a judgment, not a fact? A. That production of Bonifacio play was first-rate; you'll never see it done better. B. That production of Bonifacio play was first-rate; it was cited as such in the 24 Oras. C. That production of Bonifacio play was first-rate; it won an award this year. D. That production of Bonifacio play was first-rate; 94% of audience members interviewed after the show agreed. 65. What is wrong with the following argument? Philippines —love it, or leave it! A. There is nothing wrong with the argument. B. It implies that if you leave the country on vacation, you do not love it. C. It does not tell you how to love it. D. It presents only two options, when in fact there are many more. C. We had a storm last night with hurricane-strength winds, and many trees were downed. 1 There was a citywide power outage. 8 from my house. If it's clear tomorrow, I'll D. On a clear day, I can see the top of Rizal Monument be able to see the monument. 56. You are trying to decide what kind of car to buy. You make a chart to compare a two-seater sports car, a two-door sedan, and a minivan in three categories. Which would NOT be a suitable category? A. price B. gas mileage C. tire pressure D. storage capacity

C. Junk food is actually has high nutritional value when eaten in moderation 57. Which scenario best represents a situation that has been decided by emotion alone? A. Cindy hates the winter, so even though she can't afford it, she takes a vacation to the Bahamas. B. The school shuts down after a bomb threat. C. Third-quarter earnings for Sheila's company were much higher than predicted. D. Jerwine needs a new mixer, so she watches the newspaper ads and buys one when it goes on sale. 58. When would it be better to do research in the library rather than on the Internet? A. You are writing a report on recent Philippines Supreme Court decisions. B. You want to know the historical performance of a stock you are considering purchasing. C. You need to compare credit card interest rates. D. You want to find out more about the old trails through the forest in your town. 59. You read a story in the newspaper about salary negotiations with public transportation workers. The workers are threatening to go on strike tomorrow if their demands for higher wages and better benefits are not met. What can you infer from this news story? A. Health insurance premiums are very expensive. B. The cost of gas will make ticket prices increase in the next few weeks. C. People who ride the bus should look for possible alternative transportation. D. Employers never like to meet salary demands. 60. What is wrong with this argument? "You think we need a new regulation to control air pollution? I think we already have too many regulations. Politicians just love to pass new ones, and control us even more than they already do. It is suffocating. We definitely do not need any new regulations!" 1 world. Yet in Paris there are more American 44. French cuisine is highly regarded all over the 7 people now class as junk food) than there restaurants selling burgers and fries (which many are in any other European capital city. Obviously the French are very fond of junk food, and are not too proud to eat it. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author ’s contention?

A. There are also a larger number of Lebanese restaurants in Paris than there are in other European capital cities B. The number of French tourists eating in New York burger restaurants is very low

D. There are an unusually large number of American tourists in Paris who eat at burger joints

45. Kathe: Commercial flights currently contribute more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in one year than does the whole of Africa. If we want to reduce global warming we need to restrict the number of flights we take. Nilo: Did you know that by taking one inter-continental flight you cause more pollution than you would in twelve months of car travel? Nilo’s response to Sue’s comment serves to A. reinforce Sue’s contention that flights are a major contributor to increased carbon dioxide levels B. add more weight to her contention that we should reduce the number of flights we take C. mitigate the force of her argument by suggesting that there is an alternative approach D. suggest an alternative that will reduce the effect of pollution

46. It is not unusual to see the ball fall into a black slot on a roulette wheel four times in a row. But for it to fall five or six times in a row into the same color is very unusual. Therefore you can win money by waiting for a run of five of the same color and then betting against that color. If the roulette wheel in question is a fair wheel, which of the following observations or facts, if it were true, would best reveal a fallacy in the logic? A. If there were a reliable way to win at roulette it would be well-known by now.

B. It is hard for a player to keep track of what went before for the time required.

A. male and female executives at the same level have the same qualifications

C. The probability of getting a particular color decreases with the number of times the color has appeared.

B. they pay the same salary to senior men and senior women C. ten times more men than women apply for jobs with the company

D. The probability of getting a particular color is always the same no matter what has gone before.

47. On the basis of the Big Bang theory scientists predicted levels of Helium-3 in the universe that are ten times greater than the levels actually observed. According to the original model, Helium-3 is produced when low-mass stars burn up hydrogen and become red 1 itself. Researchers have now produced a giants, as well as being produced in the Big Bang 4 giant is pushed to the star’s interior and new model in which the Helium-3 produced by a red burnt up. Hence the Big Bang theory is no longer undermined by Helium-3 data. The two portions in bold-face are related to each other in which of the following ways?

A. The first highlights an observation that tends to undermine a particular theory. The second is that theory.

D. all job applicants who were rejected had fewer qualifications than those accepted

49. Enrique has twenty years of typing experience behind him; therefore, if you are looking for an efficient typist to enter your data into the new system, you need look no further. The speaker assumes that A. Twenty years of practice ensures typing efficiency B. The type of typing required for the new system is identical to what Enrique has been doing C. Enrique’s job profile is the best that the new employer is going to get D. Enrique is an outstandingly fast and accurate typist

B. The first is a fact that undermines a theory. The second is context for accepting that theory. C. The first points to an inconsistency in a particular model; the second is the author ’s main conclusion. D. The first is a challenge to a classic theory; the second resolves that challenge.

48. The committee on sexual discrimination in the workplace has highlighted Supremo Company as a chief offender. Of the twenty senior executives in the firm, only one is a woman. And of the forty junior executives, only five are female. Supremo could best defend itself against the charges by showing that

50. It has been suggested that long-term prisoners, on release from jail, be given a reasonable state pension to reduce the likelihood of their resorting to crime. Most people instinctively reject the suggestion as they feel it would be like rewarding criminal activity. The supporters of the prisoners’ pension scheme have criticized those who reject this possibility, by claiming that for the critics...... Which of the following is the most logical completion of the sentence above? A. emotion is more important than justice B. punishment for criminals is more important than crime prevention C. crime prevention is not an important issue

D. money has too high a value

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51. What is wrong with the following argument? 5 "We should not change our grading system to numbers instead of letters. The next thing you know, they will take away our names and refer to us by numbers, too!" A. The conclusion is too extreme. B. There is nothing wrong with the argument. C. Students should not have a say in the type of grading system used in their schools. D. It does not explain why they want to get rid of letter grades. 52. Which is NOT an example of a persuasion technique? A. "If you care about the environment, and who doesn't, give generously to our Save the Environment Fund today!" B. "I've been drinking Alaska powdered milk since I was a kid," says super-active performer Gary V. "They give me energy to achieve … and they'll do the same for you!" C. Barbie Sneakers for toddlers are available at SM Discount Store. D. "Send me to House of the Senate as your senator if you want things done. I'll stop all the government waste!"

53. Choose the best conclusion for an argument that begins, "The other members of Chadie's swim team …" A. won their events, so Chadie will win his event, too. B. have been swimming for at least six years, so Chadie has been swimming for six years, too. C. prefer to swim in outdoor pools, so Chadie prefers outdoor pools, too. D. wear swim trunks with the school logo on them, so Chadie wears them, too. 54. Meme’s Literature teacher gives a quiz every Monday on the 50 pages of reading he assigns on Fridays. His quizzes are becoming harder as the semester progresses, and Meme hasn't been doing very well on them. What can she do to troubleshoot the problem and hopefully get better grades on the quizzes? A. plan to get to class early on Monday to skim the pages B. look for a new outfit to wear on Monday so she'll be relaxed C. set aside time on Sunday to read and review the new material D. spend an hour on Saturday looking over what she missed on past quizzes 55. Which is NOT a sound argument? A. Sherrilyn wanted to be a better figure skater, so she took extra lessons and practiced every day. Her skating improved so much that she entered a competition. B. Yesterday, a black cat ran in front of me, and later, I lost my wallet. If I don't see that black cat today, I won't have any bad luck. 1 6