Nanotechnology

 NANOTECHNOLOGY K.Vijayaragavan,K.Sivashanmugam Dept of ECE, Indra Ganesan College of Engg, Trichy.

ABSTRACT: This paper begins by d discussing iscussing nanotechnology which has potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications app lications such as in medical, electronics etc. The fundamental concept of nanotechnology, current research in nanomaterials, biomaterials, tools and techniques used for for fabrication fabrication of  nanowires, those used for fabrication of  nanowires, those used in semiconductors fabrication such as deep ultravi u ltraviolet olet lithography, focus ion beam machining, atomic layer deposition and further  including molecular self- assembly techniques such as those employing e mploying di-block  di-block  copolymers, their applications and implications. The paper¶s focus then change to nanorobotics which encompasses the design, fabrication and programming of  robots with overall dimensions in the submicron range, and the manipulation fo nanoscale objects with micro or microscopic robots and its applications in cancer therapy. t herapy. To illustrate illustrate the proposal approach, we applied advanced 3D simulation techniques

as a practical choice on methodology for  medical nanorobotics integrated system analyses and instrumentation prototyping. In addition to a precise explanat ion of surgeons of tomorrow i.e. the miniature robots that go inside human body is also d iscussed. iscussed.

INTRODUCTION: Nanotechnology, shortened to "nanotech", is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. molecular  scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.  Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device  physics to completely new approaches appro aches based upon molecular self-assembly, self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the t he atomic scale.. scale

Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanophotonics have evolved during the last few decades to  provide a basic scientific foundation of  actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator.

nanoparticles to be used in the next generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar  cells and biological imaging; see quantum dots. y

Current research

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Graphical representation of a rotaxane, useful as a molecular switch. y

Nanomaterials

This includes subfields which develop or  study materials having unique properties [13] arising from their nanoscale dimensions. y

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Interface and colloid science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other  fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and nanorods.  Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of  nanotechnology are of this flavor. Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications; see Nanomedicine.  Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells which combats the cost of traditional Silicon solar cells Development of applications incorporating semiconductor 

Tools

Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or   NEMS, which are related to microelectromechanical systems or  MEMS. Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography. This fits into the larger subfield of  nanolithography. Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable pre-cursor  gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in Transmission electron microscopy.

and techniques

Typical AFM setup. A microfabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is deflected by

features on a sample surface, much like in a  phonograph but on a much smaller scale. A laser beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of  photodetectors, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface. Various techniques of nanolithography such as optical lithography ,X-ray lithography dip  pen nanolithography, electron beam lithography or nanoimprint lithography were also developed. Lithography is a top-down fabrication technique where a bulk material is reduced in size to nanoscale pattern.  NANOROBOTICS:  Nanorobots are expected to provide advances in medicine through the miniaturization from microelectronics to nanoelectronics. This work presents a nanorobot architecture  based on nanobioelectronics for the gradual development and future use of nanorobots to combat cancer  Cancer can be successfully treated with current stages of  medical technologies and therapy too ls.

II. MEDICAL NANOROBOT ARCHITECTURE The main parameters used for the medical nanorobot architecture and its control activation, as well as the required technology background that may lead to manufacturing hardware for molecular machines, are described next.

 A. Manufacturing Technology

The ability to manufacture nanorobots may result from current trends and new methodologies in fabrication, computation, transducers and manipulation. Depending on the case, different gradients on temperature, concentration of  chemicals in the bloodstream, and electromagnetic signature are some of relevant parameters for  diagnostic purposes CMOS VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Systems design using deep ultraviolet lithography provides high precision and a commercial way for manufacturing early nanodevices and nanoelectronics systems.

 B. Chemical Sensor  Manufacturing silicon-based chemical- and motion-sensor  arrays using a two-level system architecture hierarchy has  been successfully conducted in the last 15 years. Applications range from autmotive and chemical industry with detection of  air to water element pattern recognition through embedded software programming, and biomedical uses. Through the use of nanowires, existing significant costs of  energy demand for  data transfer and circuit operation can be decreased by up to 60% CMOS-based biosensors using nanowires as material for circuit assembly can achieve maximal efficiency for applications regarding chemical changes, enabling new medical treatments Chemical nanosensors can be

embedded in the nanorobot to monitor Ecadherin gradients. Thus, nanorobots programmed for such task  can make a detailed screening of the patient whole body. In our medical nanorobotic architecture, the mobile phone is applied to retrieve information about the patient conditions. For  that, it uses electromagnetic waves to command and detect the current status of nanorobots inside the  patient.  New materials such as strained channel with relaxed SiGe layer can reduce self-heating and improve  performance Recent developments in 3D circuits and FinFETs double-gates have achieved astonishing results and according to the semiconductor roadmap should improve even more. To further  advance manufacturing techniques, SiliconOn-Insulator (SOI) technology has been used to assemble high performance logic sub 90nm circuits. Circuit design approaches to solve  problems with bipolar effect and hysteretic variations based on SOI structures has been demonstrated successfully. Thus, already-feasible 90nm and 45nm CMOS devices represent  breakthrough technology devices that are already being utilized in products.

human body to transmit data about the health of patients can  provide great advantages in continuous medical monitoring .

The surgeons of tomorrow:Miniaturized robots that go inside you. 8 Before the advent of laparoscopic or keyhole surgery in the 70¶s, operations such as a stomach bypass or gall bladder removal required large incisions and long periods for  recovery. The next chapter further  minimizes the invasiveness of surgical  procedures via robots that are millimeters in size that infiltrate our bodies through the ears, eyes and lungs, to t ake tissue samples, deliver drugs, or install medical devices. Brad Nelson, a roboticist at the Swiss Federal

Institute of Technology (EHT) in

Zurich, recently told New Scientist ; ³It¶s not impossible to think of this happening in five years. I¶m convinced it¶s going to get there.´ Hurdles to overcome include the development of new mechanisms for   propulsion and power supply on a miniature scale, which are also prerequisites to the loftier idea of nanoscale medical robots

C. Data Transmission The application of devices and sensors implanted inside the

swimming in our bloodstream.

A capsule camera driven by t iny propellors used to explore the digestive system (Credit: The Royal College of Surgeons / Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna)

The ophthalmic robot is designed to treat  blocked veins in the eye (Credit: ETH Zurich)

Health

and environmental concerns

 Main articles: Health implications of  nanotechnology and  Environmental  implications of nanotechnology Some of the recently developed nanoparticle  products may have unintended consequences. Researchers have discovered that silver nanoparticles used in socks only to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash with possible negative [52] consequences. Silver nanoparticles, which are bacteriostatic, may then destroy  beneficial bacteria which are important for   breaking down organic matter in waste [53] treatment plants or farms. A study at the University of Rochester found that when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the  particles settled in the brain and lungs, which led to significant increases in  biomarkers for inflammation and stress [54] response. A major study published more recently in  Nature Nanotechnology suggests some forms of carbon nanotubes ± a poster child for the ³nanotechnology revolution´ ± could  be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in sufficient quantities. Anthony Seaton of the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Edinburgh, Scotland, who contributed to the article on carbon nanotubes said "We know that some of them probably have the  potential to cause mesothelioma. So those sorts of materials need to be handled very [55] carefully.". In the absence of specific nano-regulation forthcoming from governments, Paull and Lyons (2008) have called for an exclusion of engineered [56] nanoparticles from organic food. A newspaper article reports that workers in a  paint factory developed serious lung disease and nanoparticles were found in their lungs

CONCLUSION: In our study Nanotechnology is definitely a medical boon for diagnosis, treatment and  prevention of cancer disease. It will radically change the way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer to help meet the goal of  eliminating suffering and death from cancer. The integration of nanotechnology into cancer diagnostics and therapeutics is a rapidly advancing field, and there is a need for wide understanding of these emerging concepts. The development of new nanoscale platforms offers great potential for improvements in the care of cancer   patients in the near future.

REFERENCES: www.google.com. www.crnano.org www.taebcnetbase.com  Nanotechnology by -John mongillo.