Nachura COMPLETE Political Law

Constitutional*Law! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Preamble! •

•

• •

“preambulare”11 o to1walk1ahead1 o not1a1source1of1right1 o intention1of1the1framers1of1the1 Constitution1 1 Countries1whose1preambles1have1prayers:1 o Venezuela1 o Argentina1 o Iran1 o Papua1New1Guinea1 1 The1preamble1is1the1prayer1of1the1Filipino1people1 Based1on1the1social1contract1theory1KKK1a1contract1 between1the1people1and1the1government1to1 promote1the1common1good1

We,$the$Sovereign$Filipino$People,$imploring$the$aid$ of$Almighty$God$inorder$to$build$a$just$and$humane$ society,$and$establish$a$government$that$shall$ embody$our$ideals$and$aspirations,$promote$the$ common$good,$conserve$and$develop$our$ patrimony,$and$secure$to$ourselves$and$our$ posterity,$the$blessings$of$independence$and$ democracy,$under$the$rule$of$law$and$a$regime$of$ truth,$justice,$freedom,$peace$and$equality,$do$ ordain$and$promulgate$this$Constitution.$  Under1the119351and119731Constitution1“WE”1did1 not1appear1because1we1were1not1Sovereign1 ADDITIONS1TO1THE1PREAMBLE1 1) our1aspirations1  refers1to1unrealized1dreams1  Jose1Nolledo1 2) common1good1  Bernardo1Villegas1 2! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

3) Love1  from1Teodoro1Bacani1(Bishop)1  Lino1Brocka1reacted1 Why1was1love1introduced?1 Because1of1the119861EDSA1Revolution1“in1the1 name1of1love”1 4) Independence1  Edmundo1Garcia1 5) Build1a1just1and1humane1society1  Commissioner1R.1Sarmiento1  Opposition:1the1purpose1of1the1Constitution1 is1to1establish1a1government1not1build1a1just1 and1humane1society1 6) Freedom1  By1Jose1Nolledo1 1 1

General'Principles! POLITICAL!LAW1–1branch1of1public1law1which1deals1 with1the1organization$and$operation$of1the1 governmental1organs1of1the1State11and1defines1the1 relationship$of$the$State$with$the$inhabitants$of1its1 territory.1 1 SCOPE1 1. CONSTITUTIONAL!LAW1–1study1of1maintenance1 of1the1proper!balance1between1authority1as1 represented1by1the1three1inherent1powers1of1 the1state1and!liberty1as1guaranteed1by1the1Bill1 of1Rights.1 2. ADMINISTRATIVE!LAW1–1branch1of1public1law1 which1fixes1the1organization1of1government,1 determines1the1competence1of1the1 administrative1authorities1who1execute1the1law,1 and1indicates1to1the1individual1remedies1for1the1 violation1of1his1rights.11 3. Law1on1Municipal1corporations1 4. Law1of1Public1Officers1 5. Election1Laws1 6. Human1Rights1Law1 7. Public1International1Law1 1 BASIS1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BiakKnaKBato1Constitution1 Malolos1Constitution1 Japanese1Occupation1Constitution1(1943)1 19731and119351Constitution1 Freedom1Constitution1 3! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1

6. 19871Constitution1 7. Other1organic1Laws1made1to1apply1to1the1 Philippines1such1as:1 a. Philippine1Bill1of119021 b. Jones1Law11 c. Tydings1Mcduffie1Law1of119341 8. Statutes,1EO1and1Decrees1and1judicial1 decisions1 9. International1Instruments1 1. U.S.1Constitution1 2. UN1Charter1 3. International1Peace1Treaties1 Notes:11 Significance1of1the1Biak1na1Bato?11 K

first1revolutionary1government1in1Asia1

What1is1the1Malolos1Constitution1 K

first1republican1constitution1in1Asia1

Who1are1the1proponents/1framers?1 1) Apolinario1Mabini1–1Constitutional1 Programme1 2) Pedro1Paterno1 3) Felipe1Calderon*1 1 1

Philippine( Constitution! CONSTITUTION1K11body1of1rules1and1maxims1in1 accordance1with1which1the1powers1of1sovereignty1 are1habitually1exercised1(Cooley)1 1. Written1Instrument1 2. Enacted1by1Direct1Action1of1the1People1 3. Where1Fundamental1powers1of1the1 Government1are1established,1limited1and1 defined1 4. By1which1those1Powers1are1distributed1 among1the1several1departments1 5. For1safe1and1useful1exercise11 6. For1the1benefit1of1the1Body1Politic1 (Malcolm)1 Purpose1(PEA)1

Classification1 Unwritten1 Not1integrated1into1a1single,1 concrete1form,1scattered1in1 various1sources.1Such1as:1 1. Statutes1 2. Judicial1Decisions1 3. Commentaries11

1 Enacted1(Conventional)1 Formally1struck1off1at1a1 definite1time1and1place1 following1a1conscious1or1 deliberate1effort1

Evolved1(Cumulative)1 Result1of1political1 Evolution,1not1 inaugurated1at1any1 specific1time,1changes1

4! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Rigid1 Amended1only1by1a1 formal1and1usually1 difficult1process1 1

Flexible1 Changed1by1Ordinary1 Legislation1

Qualities1 Broad1–1Not1only1that1it1covers1all1persons1and1 things1within1the1territory1but1comprehensive1 enough1to1provide1for1every1contingency.1 Brief1–1Confine1itself1to1basic1principles.1More1 adjustable1to1change1 Definite1–1Prevent1ambiguity1which1could1result1in1 confusion1and1divisiveness1 1 Essential1Parts1

1. Prescribe1the1Framework1of1a1system1of1 the1Government1 2. Assign1respective1powers1and1duties1 3. Establish1Certain1First1Principles1on1 which1the1Government1is1Founded1

Written1 Precepts1are1 embodied1in1one1 document1

by1accretion1 1

1. Constitution(of(Liberty1–1sets1forth1 fundamental1and1political1rights1and1 imposing1limitations1on1the1powers1of1 government1as1means1of1securing1 enjoyment1of1those1rights.1(Bill1of1Rights)1 2. Constitution(of(Government1–1Outlines1 organization1of1Government,1Enumerating1 its1Powers,1laying1down1certain1rules1 relative1to1its1administration1and1defining1 the1electorate.1(Arts.1VI,1VII,1VIII1and1IX)1 3. Constitution(of(Sovereignty1–1points1out1the1 mode1or1procedure1in1accordance1with1 which1formal1changes1in1the1fundamental1 law1may1be1brought1about.1(Art.1XVII)1 4. Social(Justice(and(human(Rights1–1 Economic,1Social1and1Cultural.1(Art.1XIII)1 5. Constitution(of(Accountability1

1

to1a1balanced1and1healthful1ecology1in1 accord1with1the1rhythm1and1harmony1of1 nature.11The1SC1coined1this1as1an1 “Intergenerational1Responsibility”1(Oposa1 vs.1FActoran)1

Interpretation/1Construction1 1. Verba(Legis1–1Words1in1the1Constitution1 must1be1given1their1ordinary1meaning1 except1where1technical1terms1are1employed1 2. Ratio(legis(et(anima1–1where1there1is1 ambiguity,1words1must1be1interpreted1in1 accordance1with1the1intent1of1the1Framers.1 Bear1in1mind1object1sought1to1be1 accomplished1and1evils1sought1to1be1 prevented1or1remedied.1 3. Ut(magis(valeat(quam(pereat1–1interpreted1 as1a1whole.1(Francisco1v.1House1of1Rep1

The1provisions1of1the1constitution1are1 presumed1to1be1SELFKEXECUTING1rather1 than1nonKself1executing1as1was1held1in1the1 case1of1Manila1Prince1Hotel1vs.1GSIS.1Thus1 Sec.110(2),1Art.1121of1the1Constitution1is1SelfK Executing.1 1 !

Amendment!vs.!Revision!

1 •

In1case1of1Doubt,1Provisions1should1be1 considered1selfKexecuting,1mandatory1 rather1than1directory,1and1prospective1 rather1than1retroactive.1

•

Self1Executing1Provisions1–1A1provision1 which1is1complete1in1itself1and1becomes1 operative1without1the1aid1of1supplementary1 or1enabling1legislation,1or1that1which1 supplies1a1sufficient1rule1by1means1of1which1 the1right1it1grants1may1be1enjoyed1or1 protected,1is1selfKexecuting.1

1

Example:1Bill1of1Rights1 •

NonKself1executing1K11Provision1which1lays1 down1a1general1principle1is1usually1not1selfK executing.1 Example:1Art.12.1Declaration1of1Principles1 and1State1Policies1 Exception:1Sec.116,1Art.12K1The1state1shall1 protect1and1advance1the1right1of1the1peole1 5! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1

•

Amendment1 Adds,1reduces,1deletes,1 without1altering1the1 basic1principle1involved.11

Revision1 A1change1that1alters1a1 basic1principle1of1the1 Constitution1like1altering1 the1principle1of1 separation1of1powers1or1 system1of1checks1and1 balances.1 1 Change1alters1the1 substantial1entirety1of1 the1Constitution.1 Several1Provisions1 (Overhaul)1

Specific1Provision1 (Piecemeal)1 1 1 Tests1to1determine1amendment1or1revision1 (Lambino1vs.1COMELEC)1 Quantitative1 Qualitative1 Whether1the1proposed1 Whether1the1change1will1 change1is1so1extensive1 accomplish1such1farK in1its1provisions1as1to1 reaching1changes1in1the1 change1directly1the1 nature1of1our1basic1 substance1entirety1 governmental1plan1 1 Steps1in1Amendatory1Process1 1

1. Proposal1Art.1XVII,1Sec.11K3K11A1proposed1 amendment1may1come1from:1 a. Congress!by!a!vote!of!¾!of!all!its! members.!! K Congress1acts1as1a1“constituent$ assembly”1directly1for1the1purpose1 of1amendment1or1revision.1! K Not1a1legislative1act! b. Constitutional!Convention!–1called1into1 existence1either1by:1 i. 2/31vote1of1all1the1 members1of1the1 Congress;1 ii. Calling1of1People1K1 Majority1vote1of1all1 members1of1Congress1 with1the1question1of1 whether1or1not1to1call1a1 convention1to1be1 resolved1by1the1people1in1 a1plebiscite;1 c. People,!through!the!power!of!initiativeK11 1. Petition;11 2. Signed1by:1 K 1At1least112%1of1the1total1number1of1 registered1voter11 K Every1legislative1district1must1be1 represented1by1at1least13%11 1 • Sandoval:1Not1a1SelfKexecuting1provisionK1 Requires1an1Implementing1Law.1 Defensor1Santiago1vs.1COMELEC:1 RA167351provides1for131types1of1People’s1 Initiative:1 1. On1the1Constitution;1 2. Statutes;1 3. Ordinances1 The1supposedly1implementing1law,1RA167351 was1declared1as1unconstitutional1as1it1 covers1BOTH1amendment1AND1REVISIONS,1 6! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

contrary1to1the1provision1of1Art.117,1Sec.12.1 However,1the1law1as1found1to1be1 incomplete1as1regards1amendment,1so1the1 constitutional1provision1remains1non1selfK executing1(But1See1Lambino1vs.1COMELEC1 where1it1was1held1that1RA167351was1 constitutional).11 d. Constitutional(Commission((Note(that( there(is(no(mention(of(a(Constitutional( Commission(in(Art.(XVII)(*( Brief1Background:1 19351

Constitutional1 Convention1

19731

Constitutional1 Convention1

19871

Constitutional1 Commission1

Members1 Elected1by1 the1people1 Members1 Elected1by1 the1people1 Members1 appointed1by1 the1 President1

1 2. Ratification.1(Art.1XVII,1Sec.14).1Proposed1 amendment1shall1become1part1of1the1 Constitution1when1ratified1by1a1majority1if1 the1votes1cast1in1a!plebiscite1held1not1 earlier1than1601nor1later1than1901days1after1 the1approval1of1the1proposal1by1congress1or1 the1Constitutional1Convention.1Or1after1the1 certification1by1the1COMELEC1of1the1 Sufficiency1of1the1petition1or1initiatie1under1 Sec.12,1Art.1XVII.1 1 Power!of!Judicial!Review! 1. Judicial(Review1–1Power1of1the1courts1to1 test1the1validity1of1executive1and1legislative1 acts1in1light1of1their1conformity1with1

Constitution.1This1is1not1an1assertion1of1 superiority1by1the1courts1over1the1other1 departments1but1merely1an1expression1of1 the1supremacy1of1the1Constitution1 1 2. Judicial(Power1–1includes1the1duty1of1the1 courts1of1justice1to1settle1actual1 controversies1involving1rights1which1are1 legally1demandable1and1enforceable1and1 determine1whether1or1not1there1has1been1a1 grave1abuse1of1discretion1amounting1to1lack1 or1excess1of1jurisdiction1on1the1part1of1any1 branch1or1instrumentality.1 Functions1 1. Checking1 2. Legitimating1 3. Symbolic1–1to1educate1the1bench1and1the1 bar1(Salonga1v1Paño)1 4. Teaching1 Requisites1 1. Actual!Case!or!controversy1–1conflict1of1 legal1rights,1an1assertion1of1opposite1legal1 claims1which1can1be1resolved1on1the1basis1of1 existing1law1and1jurisprudence.1 • A1request1for1advisory1opinion1is1not1an1 actual1case1or1controversy.11 • ICJ1may1render1advisory1opinions1 a. To1resolve1contention1cases1 b. Directed1to1General1Assembly,1Security1 Council,1other1organs1of1the1UN.1 • Must1not1be1moot1and1academic1K1One1that1 ceases1to1present1a1justiciable1controversy1 by1virtue1of1supervening1events1 Exceptions1to1the1rule1on1Mootness:1 a. Grave1violation1of1the1Constitution1 b. Exceptional1Character1of1the1situation1 and1paramount1public1interest1is1 involved1 7! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

c. Constitutional1issues1raised1require1 formulation1of1principles1to1guide1the1 bench,1the1bar1and1the1public1 d. Case1is1capable1of1repetition1yet1evasive1 of1review.11 1 2. Question!must!be!raised!by!a!proper!party! –1One1who1has1sustained1or1is1in1imminent1 danger1of1sustaining1an1injury1as1a1result1of1 the1act1complained1of.1“Locus1Standi”1 K Locus1Standi1–1a1right1of1 appearance1in1a1court1of1justice1 on1a1given1question.1 K Direct!Injury!Test1–1a1person1 who1impugns1the1validity1of1a1 statute1must1have1a1personal1 and1substantial1interest1in1the1 case1such1that1he1has1sustained1 or1will1sustain1direct1injury1as11a1 result.1 K Liberal1Approach:1 a. Constitutional1Issues1 b. Taxpayers1–1claim1of1illegal1 disbursement1of1public1funds1 c. Voters1–1obvious1interest1in1 the1validity1of1the1election1 law1 d. Concerned1citizens1–1 transcendental1importance1 e. Legislators1–1Official1action1 complained1of1infringes1their1 prerogatives1as1legislators1 K Facial!Challenge1–1exception1to1 the1rule1that1a1party1can1 question1the1validity1of1a1statute1 only1if1as1applied1to1him1is1 unconstitutional.1May1be1 invoked1only1to1challenge1a1

statue1when1it1operates1in1the1 area1of1freedom1of1expression.1 K Overbreadth1Doctrine1–1permits1 a1party1to1challenge1the1validity1 of1a1statue1even1though,1as1 applied1to1him,1it1is1not1 unconstitutional1but1may1be1to1 others.11 K VoidKforKVagueness1–1a1law1is1 facially1invalid1if1men1of1common1 intelligence1must1necessarily1 guess1at1its1meaning1and1differ1 as1to1its1application.1 3. Raised!at!the!earliest!opportunity1–1 Pleadings1 4. Decision!of!Constitutional!question!is! determinative!of!the!case!itself1–1on1the1 basis1of1Separation1of1Powers.1 Effects1of1Declaration1of1unconstitutionality1 Orthodox1 Unconstitutional1 Act1is1not1a1law,1 confers1no1rights,1 imposes1no1duties,1 affords1no1 protection,1creates1 office,1inoperative,1 as1if1it1had1not1been1 passed1at1all1

Modern1 Refuse1to1recognize1 the1law1and1 determine1the1rights1 of1the1parties1as1if1the1 statue1had1no1 existence.1Certain1 legal1effects1prior1to1 its1declaration1of1 unconstitutionality1 may1be1recognized.1

1 ! Partial!Unconstitutionality! 1 1. Legislature1must1be1willing1to1retain1the1 valid1portions1usually1shown1by1the1 presence1of1a1separability1clause1 2. Valid1portion1can1stand1independently1 1 8! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Philippines#as#a#State!

inequities1 by1 equitably1 diffusing1 wealth1 and1 political1power1for1the1common1good.1 Citizens!

State+ ,+ 1 a1 community1 of1 persons,1 more1 or1 less1 numerous,1 permanently1 occupying1 a1 definite1 portion1 of1 territory,1 independent1 of1 external1 control1 and1 possessing1 a1 government1 to1 which1 a1 great1 body1 of1 inhabitants1 render1 habitual1 obedience.1 State1 Nation1 Government1 legal1 and1 Ethnic1 or1 Instrumentality1 of1 juristic1 racial1concept1 the1 State1 through1 concept1 which1 the1 will1 of1 the1 State1 is1 implemented1 and1 realized1 1

Elements+of+State:+ 1. People(( Inhabitants1K1 1ARTICLE1III.1Section12.1The1right1of1the1people1to1be1 secure1in1their1persons,1houses,1papers,1and1effects1 against1 unreasonable1 searches1 and1 seizures1 of1 whatever1 nature1 and1 for1 any1 purpose1 shall1 be1 inviolable,1 and1 no1 search1 warrant1 of1 arrest1 shall1 issue1 except1 upon1 probable1 cause1 to1 be1 determined1 personally1 by1 the1 judge1 after1 examination1 under1 oath1 or1 affirmation1 of1 the1 complainant1 and1 the1 witnesses1 he1 may1 produce,1 and1particularly1describing1the1place1to1be1searched1 and1the1persons1or1things1to1be1seized.1 ARTICLE1 XIII.1 Section1 1.1 The1 Congress1 shall1 give1highest1priority1to1the1enactment1of1measures1 that1protect1and1enhance1the1right1of1all1the1people1 to1 human1 dignity,1 reduce1 social,1 economic,1 and1 political1 inequalities,1 and1 remove1 cultural1 9! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1PREAMBLE1 1ARTICLE1II.1Section12.1The1Philippine1renounces1war1 as1 an1 instrument1 of1 national1 policy,1 adopts1 the1 generally1 accepted1 principles1 of1 international1 law1 as1part1of1the1law1of1the1land1and1adheres1too1the1 policy1 of1 peace,1 equality,1 justice,1 freedom,1 cooperation,1and1amity1with1all1nations.1 Section14.1The1prime1duty1of1the1Government1is1to1 serve1 and1 protect1 the1 people.1 The1 Government1 may1call1upon1the1people1to1defend1the1State1and,1 in1 the1 fulfillment1 thereof,1 all1 citizens1 may1 be1 required,1 under1 conditions1 provided1 by1 law,1 to1 render1personally,1military1or1civil1service.1 1ARTICLE1 III.1 Section1 7.1 The1 right1 of1 the1 people1 to1 information1 on1 matters1 of1 public1 concern1 shall1 be1 recognized.1 Access1 to1 official1 records,1 and1 to1 documents,1 and1 papers1 pertaining1 to1 official1 acts,1 transactions,1or1decisions,1as1well1as1to1government1 research1data1used1as1basis1for1policy1development,1 shall1 be1 afforded1 the1 citizen,1 subject1 to1 such1 limitations1as1may1be1provided1by1law.1 ELECTORS1 1ARTICLE1VII.1Section14.1The1President1and1the1ViceK President1shall1be1elected1by1the1direct1vote1of1the1 people1for1a1terms1of1six1years1which1shall1begin1at1 noon1on1the1thirtieth1day1of1June1following1the1next1 day1 of1 the1 election1 and1 shall1 end1 at1 noon1 of1 the1 same1 six1 years1 thereafter.1 The1 President1 shall1 not1 be1 eligible1 for1 any1 reelection.1 No1 person1 who1 has1 succeeded1as1President1and1has1served1as1such1for1 more1than1four1years1shall1be1qualified1for1election1 for1the1same1office1at1any1time.1

1

2. Territory(Art.!1!RA!3046;!RA!5446! 1 a. The1 national1 territory1 comprises1 the1 Philippine1 archipelago1 with1 all1 the1 islands1 and1 waters1 embraced1 therein,1 and1all1opther1territories1over1which1the1 Philipoines1 has1 sovereignty1 or1 jurisdiction,1 consisting1 of1 its1 terrestrial,1 fluvial1and1aeraila1domains,1including1its1 territorial1 sea,1 the1 seabed,1 the1 subsoil,1 the1 insular1 shelves,1 and1 other1 submarine1areas”1(sec.1,1Art1II)1 b. Components:1 Terestrial,1 Fluvial,1 Maritime1and1Aerial1domains1 c. The1Philipine1Archipelago:11 1. Treaty1 of1 Paris1 –1 Cession1 of1 Philippine1Islands1by1Spain1to1US1 2. Treaty1 between1 Spain1 and1 US1 at1 Washington1–1Cagayan,1Sulu1and1 Sibuto1 3. Treaty1 between1 US1 and1 Great1 Britain1 –1 Turtle1 and1 Mangsee1 Islands1 d. Other1territoties:1 1. 19351Constitution1–1Batanes1 2. 19731 Constitution,1 Art.1 11 –1 Belonging1 to1 the1 Philippines1 by1 historic1right1or1legal1title1 e. Archipelago1 Doctrine1 –1 The1 waters1 around,! between! and! connecting1 the1 islands1of1the1archipelago,1regardless1of1 their1 breadth1 and1 dimension1 form1 part1 of1 the1 internal1 waterls1 of1 the1 Philippines.1 • Archipelago,1 which1 consists1 of1 a1 number1 of1 islands1 separated1 by1 bodies1 of1 water1 should1 be1 treated1as1one1integral1unit.1 • Straight1baseline1method11 10! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1

1 1 UN1 Convention1 on1 the1 Law1 of1 the1Sea1–(April130,11982):1 a. Contiguous1Zone1of1121miles1and1 Exclusive1 Economic1 Zone1 of1 2001 miles1 KNot1 technically1 part1 of11 the1 territory1 of1 the1 State1 but1 coastal1 state1 enjoys1 preferential1 right1 over1 marine1 resources1 found1within1these1zones.1 1 •

3. Government( 1 Government!–1The1agency1or1instrumentality1 through1which1the1will1of1the1state1is1formulated,1 expressed1and1realized.1 Government! of! the! Philippines! K1 1 the1 corporate1 government1 entity1 thorugh1 which1 the1 functions1 of1 the1 government1 are1 exercised1 throughout1 the1 Philippines,1including,1save1as1the1contrary1appears1 from1 the1 context,1 the1 various1 arms1 thorugh1 which1 political1 authority1 is1 made1 effective1 in1 the1

Philippines,1whether1pertaining1to1the1autonomous1 regions,1the1provincial,1city,1municipal1or1barangay1 subdivisions1 or1 other1 forms1 of1 local1 government.(Sec.1 21 (1)1 Administrative1 Code1 of1 1987)1 Functions:+ !CONSTITUENT1 –1 mandatory,1 constituting1 the1 very1 bonds1of1society1such1as1maintenace1of1peace1and1 order,1regulation1of1property1and1property1rights.1 !MINISTRANTK1 discretionary,1 intended1 to1 promote1 the1welfare,1progress1and1prosperity1of1the1people.1 NB:1 Is1 ‘promotion1 of1 the1 welfare1 of1 the1 people’1a1ministrant1function?1 1Acc1to1Sir,1because1of1the1preamble1(common1 good)1there1is1no1longer1a1ministrant1function1 1

Parens+ Patriae1 –1 the1 parent1 of1 the1 state.1 The1 government1 may1 act1 as1 guardian1 of1 the1 rights1 of1 the1people1who1may1be1disadvantaged1or1suffering1 from1some1disability1or1misfortune.1 1

Classification+ De+jure+vs.+De+Facto++

Note1 that1 under1 the1 present1 Constitution,1 ‘insurrection’1 is1 no1 longer1 a1 ground1 for1 the1 exercise1 of1 emergency1 functions1 since1 this1 referred1 to1 apprisal1 of1 the1 natives1 when1we1were1colonized1 3. Which1 is1 established1 by1 invading1 forces1 of1 an1 enemy1 who1 occupy1 a1 territory1 in1 the1 course1 of1 war1 –1 de1 facto1 government1of1paramount1force.1 1 Presidential+ Parliamentary+ Separation1of1executive1 Fusion1 of1 both1 executive1 and1legislative1powers1 and1 legislative1 powers1 in1 Parliament,1 although1 the1 actual1 exercise1 of1 the1 executive1 powers1 is1 vested1 in1 a1 Prime1 minister1 who1 is1 chosen1 by,1 and1 accountable1 to,1 the1Parliament1 1 Unitary+ Single,1 centralized1 government1 exercising1 powers1 over1 both1 internal1 and1 external1 affairs1of1the1State1

Kinds1of1De1facto:1 1. Takes1 possession1 or1 control1 of,1 or1 usurps1 by1 force1 or1 by1 the1 voice1 of1 the1 majority1 the1 rightful1 legal1 government1 and1 maintains1 itself1 against1 the1 will1 of1 the1latter1 2. Established1 by1 the1 inhabitants1 of1 a1 territory1who1rise1in1insurrection1against1 the1parent1state1

11! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Federal+ Consists1 of1 autonomous1 state1 government1 units1 merged1 into1 a1 single1 state,1 with1 the1 national1 government1exercising1a1 limited1 degree1 of1 power1 over1 the1 domestic1 affairs1 but1 generally1 full1 direction1of1the1external1 affairs1of1the1State.1

1 1 Note:1 Sen.1 Aquilino1 Pimentel1 suggests1 that1 federalism1 is1 the1 key1 to1 resolving1 the1 insurgency1 problems1 1

Do1you1agree1that1the1NPA1has1its1own1government1 and1its1own1state?11 1No.1 Sovereignty1 is1 indivisible;1 it1 cannot1 be1 shared1 4. Sovereignty( 1

Sovereignty+ –1 the1 supreme1 and1 uncontrollable1 power1 inherent1 in1 the1 State1 by1 which1 the1 State1 is1 governed.1 1 (Kinds:((LIPE)( 1 1. Legal1 –1 power1 to1 issue1 final1 commands1 2. Political1 –1 Sum1 total1 of1 all1 the1 influences1 which1 lie1 behind1 the1 law1 3. Internal1 –1 Supreme1 power1 over1 everything1within1its1territory1 4. External1 –1 Independence1 from1 external1control1 (Characteristics:(PECAIII( 1. Permanence1 2. Exclusiveness1 3. Comprehensiveness1 4. Absoluteness1 5. Indivisibility1 6. Inalienability1 7. Imprescriptibility1 1 • Effects1of1Change1in1sovereignty11 o Political1laws1are1abrogated.1 • Effects1of1Belligerent1Occupation1 o No1Change1in1Sovereignty.1 • Political1 laws1 except1 the1 law1 on1 treason1 are1 suspended1(Laurel1vs.1Misa)1 1 12! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Dominium(v(Imperium( Dominium1 Capacity1 to1 own1 or1 acquire1 property1 including1 lands1 held1 by1 the1 State1 in1 its1 proprietary1capacity1 1

Imperium1 Authority1 possessed1 by1 the1 State1 embraced1 in1 the1 concept1 of1 sovereignty1

Jurisdiction:( 1. Territorial++ K power1of1the1State1over1persons1and1things1 within1its1territory1 1 • Exempted1are:1 a. Foreign1 states1 and1 head1 of1 States,1 dimplomatic1 representatives1 and1 consuls1 to1a1certain1degree;1 b. Foreign1 State1 property1 including1 embassies,1 consulates1 and1 public1 vessels1 engaged1in1nonK1commercial1activities;1 c. Acts1of1State;1 d. Foreign1merchant1vessels1exercising:1 e. Rights1of1innocent1passage1 f. Involuntary1entry1 g. Arrival1under1stress1 h. Foreign1 armies1 passing1 through1 or1 stationed;1 i. Such1other1persons1including1UN.1 1 2. Personal1 –1 power1 of1 the1 state1 over( its( nationals( which1 may1 be1 exercised1 even1 if1 the1 individual1is1outside1the1territory1 3. Extraterritorial:+ a. Assertion1 of1 personal1 jurisdiction1 over1 its1 nationals1 abroad;1 punish1 certain1 offenses1 committed1 outside1 the1 territory1 against1 its1 national1 interests1 even1 if1 offenders1 are1 resident1aliens;1

b. Relations1 with1 other1 states1 or1 territories1 when1 it1 establishes1 a1 colonial1 protectorate,1 condominium,1or1administers1a1trust1territory1 or1 occupies1 enemy1 territory1 in1 the1 course1 of1 war;1 c. When1 local1 state1 waives1 its1 jurisdiction1 over1 persons1 and1 things1 within1 its1 territory1 as1 when1 a1 foreign1 army1 stationed1 therein1 remains1under1the1jurisdiction1of1the1sending1 state;1 d. Principle1 of1 extraKterritoriality1 as1 illustrated1 by1 immunities1 of1 the1 head1 of1 state1 in1 a1 foreign1country;1 e. Enjoyment1of1easements1and1servitudes;1 f. Jurisdiction1 in1 the1 high1 seas,1 pirates1 right1 to1 visit1and1search1and1doctrine1of1hot1pursuit;1 g. Limited1jurisdiction1over1the1contiguous1zone1 and1patrimonial1sea,1to1prevent1infringement1 of1its1customs,1fiscal,1immigration1or1sanitary1 regulations.1 1

“Royal1 Prerogative1 of1 Dishonesty”K1 it1 grants1 the1 state1the1prerogative1to1defeat1any1legitimate1claim1 against1it1by1simply1invoking1its1nonKsuability.1 Immunity1 is1 enjoyed1 by1 other1 states1 –1 “par$ in$ parem$ non$ habet$ imperium”1 Head1 of1 state1 is1 a1 presonofication1 of1 the1 State1 and1 is1 inviolable1 and1 thus1enjoys1immunity1from1suit.1 Foreign1 Agent1 –1 immune1 if1 it1 can1 be1 established1 that1 he1 is1 acting1 within1 the1 directives1 of1 the1 sending1 state.1 It1 is1 removed1 once1 agent1 is1 sued1 in1 his1individual1capacity.1Such1as1when1act1was1done1 with1malice1or1in1bad1faith1or1beyond1his1authority1 or1jurisdiction.1(Minucher1v.1Court1of1Appeals)1 Even1other1international1organizations1or1 international1agencies1may1be1immune1from1the1 jurisdiction1of1local1courts1

Suits+against+the+Government+

1

STATE+IMMUNITY+FROM+SUIT+ “The1state1cannot1be1sued1without1its1consent”11 (Sec.13,1Art.1XVII)1 •

Even1 if1 the1 constitution1 provide1 no1 such1 provision,1the1state1shall1still1be1immune1from1 suit1by1virtue1of1Sec.12,1Art.1II.1“xxx1and1adopts1 the1 generally1 accepted1 principles1 of1 international1 law1 as1 part1 of1 the1 law1 of1 the1 land1 and1 adheres1 to1 the1 policy1 of1 peace,1 equality,1 justice,1 freedom,1 cooperation1 and1 amity1with1all1nations.11(US1vs.1Guinto)1

13! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Justice1Holmes:1There$can$be$no$legal$right$against$ the$ authority$ which$ makes$ the$ law$ on$ which$ the$ right$ depends.1 However1 may1 be1 sued1 if1 it1 gives1 its1 consent1whether1express1of1implied.11

1. Incorporated1 –1 If1 charter1 provides1 that1 agency1can1sue1and1be1sued,1the1suit1will1lie,1 including1 one1 for1 tort.1 The1 provision1 in1 the1 charter1 constitutes1 express1 consent1 on1 the1 part1of1the1State.1 2. Unincorporated1K11Inquire1into1the1principal1 functions1of1the1agency1 a. Governmental1 –1 No1 suit1 without1 consent1 b. If1 Proprietary1 –1 Suit1 will1 lie.1 State1 descends1to1the1level1of1an1individual1 Test1 to1 determine1 if1 suit1 is1 against1 the1 State1 –1 If1 upon1 the1 decision,1 the1 enforcement1 of1 the1 same1 require1 an1 affirmative1 act1 from1 the1 State1 such1 as1

the1appropriation1of1the1needed1amount1to1satisfy1 the1judgment.1 Suit! against! Public! Officers! –1 doctrine1 of1 state1 immunity1 applies1 to1 complaints1 filed1 against1 officials1of1the1State1for1acts1performed1by1them1in1 the1 discharge1 of1 their1 duties1 within1 the1 scope1 of1 their1authority.11 Public1 Officers1 are1 PERSONALLY1 liable1 if1 act1 was1 unauthorized.1 As1 when1 Ultra1 Vires1 or1 attended1 by1 malice,1bad1faith1or1gross1negligence.11 ! Need!for!Consent!–!Consent1may1be1either1express1 or1implied.11 1Express!Consent1–1by1an1act1of1the1legislative1body,1 in1a1general1or1special1law.1 1. General1Law1 1 a. Act1 30831 –1 Money1 Claims1 of1 government1 arising1 from1 contract1 whether1 express1 or1 implied1 with1 the1 Philippine1Government.11 b. PD1 1445K1 General1 Auditing1 Law.1 Before1 suing1 the1 state,1 one1 must1 first1 file1 with1 the1Commission1on1Audit1 1 2. Special1law1–1embodied1 in1 a1statue1and1 cannot1be1given1by1a1mere1counsel1 a. Art.1 1280,1 Civil1 CodeK1 Damages1 when1 acting1through1a1special1agent1 b. Art.1 2189,1 Civil1 Code1 –1 Defective1 roads,1 bridges,1canals1etc.1 c. Sec.1 24,1 LGC1 –1 Death,1 Injury,1 damage1 caused1by1the1government1 d. Charters1of1GOCC1 !Implied!Consent!! 14! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1. When1the1State1commences1litigation,1it1 becomes1vulnerable1to1counterclaim1 • Speaks1 of1 a1 compulsory1 counterclaim1only1 2. When1 the1 State1 enters1 into1 a1 business1 contract,1 in1 Jus1 gestionis1 (Commercial/proprietary1 acts).1 If1 Jus1 Imperii1 (sovereign1 acts)1 no1 implied1 consent.1 1 • USA1vs.1Ruiz1K1Not1every1contract1 is1 deemed1 to1 be1 a1 waiver.1 Only1 those1 falling1 under1 ACTA1 JURE1 GESTIONIS1 may1 subject1 the1 Sate1 to1suits.11 1 1 Scope! of! Consent! ! \! Consent1 to1 be1 sued1 does1 not1 include1 consent1 to1 execution1 of1 judgment1 against1 it.11 •

Such1 execution1 will1 require1 another1 waiver1 since1 the1 government1 funds1 or1 properties1 may1not1be1seized1under1writs1of1 execution1or1garnishment1unless1 such1disbursement1is1covered1by1 the1 corresponding1 appropriation1 as1required1by1law.1

Suitability! vs.! Liability1 –1 Liability1 will1 have1 to1 be1 determined1 by1 the1 Court1 on1 the1 basis1 of1 the1 evidence1and1the1applicable1law.11 •

•

Execution1will1require1another1 waiver1because1the1power1of1the1 courts1end1when1the1judgment1is1 rendered1(Republic1vs.1Villasor)1 But1funds1belonging1to1GOCC1 whose1charters1provide1that1they1 can1sue1and1be1sued1are1not1

•

1 • !

exempt1from1garnishment1(PNB1 vs.1Pabalan)1 Municipality1funds1are1public1in1 character1and1even1though1the1 carter1provides1that1it1can1sue1 and1be1sued,1such1funds1may1not1 be1garnished1unless1by1a1 corresponding1appropriation1 ordinance1duly1passed1by1the1 Sanggunian1Bayan.11(Mun.1Of1San1 Miguel,11Bulacam1vs.1Fernandez)1 Damnum1Absque1Injuria1may1be1 a1lawful1defense1(Mun.1Of1La1 Union1vs.1Firme)1

1

15! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Fundamental*Powers* of#the#State! Inherent!powers!of!the!State:! 1. Police1Power;1 2. Eminent1domain;1 3. Taxation.1

taken1

improvement s1instituted1by1 the1 government1

1 1 Limitation1–1Bill1of1rights.1Courts1may1annul1 improvident1exercise1of1Police1Power1 (Quezon1City1vs.1Ericta)11 1

Similarities! 1. Inherent1in1the1State,1even1without1need1of1 express1grant1 2. Necessary1and1indispensable,1state1cannot1 be1effective1without1them1 3. Methods1by1which1the1State11interferes1with1 private1property1 4. Presuppose1equivalent1compensation1 5. Exercised1primarily1by1the1legislature1 Distinction! Police! Power! Both1liberty1 and1 property1

Eminent! Domain! Regulation! Property1

Taxation!

Property1

Who!Exercises?! Governmen Government1 t1and1 1 Private1 entities1 Property!taken! Noxious1or1 Wholesome1 Wholesome1 intended1for1 and1devoted1 and1devoted1 noxious1 to1public1 to1public1use1 purpose1 use1or1 or1purpose1 purpose1 Compensation! Intangible,1 Full1and1fair1 Protection1 altruistic1 equivalent1 given1and/or1 feeling1 of1property1 public1 Governmen t1

16! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

POLICE+POWER+ The1power1of1promoting1public1welfare1by1 restraining1and1regulating1the1use1of1liberty1and1 property.1 Sabi1ni1sir:1now1its1for1the1common1good1 1 Scope:1The1most1pervasive,1least1limitable1and1 most1demanding1of1the1three1powers.1 “Salus1Populi1est1suprema1lex”1“sic1uteretuo1 ut1aliuenum1non1laedas”1 1 • Cannot1be1bargained1away1through1 treaty1or1contract1(Stone1vs.1Mississippi)1 • Taxing1power1may1be1used1as1 implement1of1police1power1 1 • Eminent1domain1may1be1used1as1an1 implement1of1police1power.1(Association1 of1Small1Landowners1vs.1Sec.1Of1Agrarian1 Reform)1 • Retroactive1application1of1Police1power1 may1reasonably1impair1vested1rights1or1 contracts.1Applicable1not1only1to1future1 contracts1but1also1to1those1already1in1 existence.1 • Like1all1rights1and1freedoms1guaranteed1 by1the1Charter,1their1exercise1may1be1so1

3. Additional+Limitations+ i. Express1Grant1by1Law1 ii. Within1Territorial1Limits1 iii. Must1not1be1contrary1to1law1 (act1may1be1regulated1not1 prohibited)1 1

regulated1 pursuant1 to1 the1 police1 power1 of1the1State1to1safeguard1health,1morals,1 peace,1 education,1 order,1 safety1 and1 the1 general1welfare1of1the1people.11 1 1 Who1exercises1Police1Power?1 • •

Inherently1vested1in1the1legislature.1 May1be1delegated1to:1 K President1 K Administrative1Bodies1 K LawKmaking1bodies1of1local1 Government1units1(Sec.116,1RA17160)1

•

RA169391and1PD12691do1not1authorize1 the1President1or1any1administrative1 body1to1take1over1the1internal1 management1of1a1cooperative.11 Unlike1legislative1bodies1of1LGU,1RA1 72941does1not1empower1the1MMDA1to1 enact1ordinances1for1the1inhabitants1of1 Manila.11 1

•

Limitations+(Test+for+Valid+exercise)++ 1 1. Lawful+Subject1–1Interest1of1public1 in1general1as1distinguished1from1 those1of1a1particular1class,1require1 the1exercise1of1the1power.1Activity1or1 property11sought1to1be1regulated1 affects1the1general1welfare.1(Taxicab1 Operators1vs.1BOT)1 1 2. Lawful+means+–1Means1employed1 are1reasonably1necessary1to1the1 accomplishment1of1the1purpose11and1 not1duly1oppressive1on1the1 individual.1(Ynot1vs.1IAC)1 1 17! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Requisites+for+a+valid+ordinance++ (CUPPUG)+ 1. Must1 not1 contravene1 the1 Constitution1or1any1statute1 2. Must1not1be1unfair1or1oppressive1 3. Must1not1be1partial1or1discriminatory1 4. Must1 not1 prohibit,1 rather1 regulate1 trade1 5. Must1not1be1unreasonable1 6. Must1 be1 general1 in1 application1 and1 consistent1with1Public1Policy1 1(Tatel1vs.1Municipality1of1Virac)1

+ POWER+OF+EMINENT+DOMAIN+ Also1known1as1the1power1of1expropriation1

•

•

1 ART.1III1Sec.19:1Private1property1shall1not1 be1 taken1 for1 public1 use1 without1 just1 compensation.1 ART.1 XII.1 Section1 18.1 The1 State1 may,1 in1 the1 interest1 of1 national1 welfare1 or1 defense,1 establish1 and1 operate1 vital1 industries1 and,1 upon1 payment1 of1 just1 compensation,1 transfer1 to1 public1 ownership1 utilities1 and1 other1 private1 enterprises1 to1 be1 operated1 by1 the1 Government.1

•

•

ART.1XIII.1Sec.14.1The1State1shall,1by1law,1 undertake1 an1 agrarian1 reform1 program1 founded1 on1 the1 right1 of1 farmers1 and1 regular1 farmworkers,1 who1 are1 landless,1 to1own1directly1or1collectively1the1lands1 they1 till1 or,1 in1 the1 case1 of1 other1 farmworkers,1 to1 receive1 a1 just1 share1 of1 the1fruits1thereof.1To1this1end,1the1State1 shall1 encourage1 and1 undertake1 the1 just1 distribution1 of1 all1 agricultural1 lands,1 subject1to1such1priorities1and1reasonable1 retention1 limits1 as1 the1 Congress1 may1 prescribe,1 taking1 into1 account1 ecological,1 developmental,1 or1 equity1 considerations,1 and1 subject1 to1 the1 payment1 of1 just1 compensation.1 In1 determining1 retention1 limits,1 the1 State1 shall1 respect1 the1 right1 of1 small1 land1 owners.1 The1 State1 shall1 further1 provide1 incentives1for1voluntary1landKsharing.1 ART.1XII.1Sec.19.1The1State1shall,1by1law,1 and1 for1 the1 common1 good,1 undertake,1 in1cooperation1with1the1private1sector,1a1 continuing1 program1 of1 urban1 land1 reform1 and1 housing1 which1 will1 make1 available1 at1 affordable1 cost1 decent1 housing1 and1 basic1 services1 to1 underprivileged1 and1 homeless1 citizens1 in1 urban1 centers1 and1 resettlement1 areas.1 It1 shall1 also1 promote1 adequate1 employment1 opportunities1 to1 such1 citizens.1 In1 the1 implementation1 of1 such1 program1 the1 State1 shall1 respect1 the1 rights1of1small1property1owners.1 1 Police1Power1 Eminent1Domain1 Promote1 Public1 Inherent1 right1 of1 welfare1 by1 the1 state1 to1 restraining1 and1 condemn1 private1 regulating1 the1 use1 property1 to1 public1 of1 liberty1 and1 use1 upon1 payment1

18! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

property1

•

•

•

of1 1 just1 compensation1 Property1 Private1property1to1 condemned1 is1 be1 used1 for1 some1 noxious1 or1 public1purpose1 intended1 for1 a1 noxious1purpose1 No1compensation1 Just1Compensation1 1 An1 ejectment1 suit1 should1 not1 ordinarily1 prevail1 over1 the1 State’s1 power1 of1 eminent1Domain.1(Republic1vs.1Tagle)1 Jurisdiction1 over1 a1 complaint1 for1 eminent1 domain1 is1 with1 the1 RTC.1 Determination1 of1 amount1 of1 just1 Compensation1 is1 merely1 incidental1 1 to1 the1expropriation1suit.1(Bgy.1San1Roque,1 Talisay,1 Cebu1 vs.1 Heirs1 of1 Francisco1 Pastor)1 No1 such1 thing1 as1 Plaintiff’s1 matter1 of1 right1to1dismiss1because1landowner1may1 have1already1suffered1damages1as1of1the1 time1 of1 the1 taking.1 Always1 subject1 to1 court1approval.1(NAPOCOR1vs.1Pobre)1

Who1Exercises1power1of1Eminent1Domain?1 •

•

•

Congress,1may1be1delegated1to:1 K President1 K Administrative1Bodies1 K LGU1 K Private1 Enterprises1 performing1 public1service1 LGU1have1no1inherent1power1of1eminent1 domain;1 the1 can1 exercise1 only1 when1 expressly1 authorized1 by1 Legislature.1 (Sec.1 191 of1 LGC1 confers1 such1 power1 to1 local1governments1but1the1power1is1not1 absolute;1 it1 is1 subject1 to1 statutory1 requirements1(Masikip1vs.1City1of1Pasig)11 RP1 vs.1 CA:1 Power1 of1 Eminent1 domain1 must1 by1 enabling1 law,1 be1 delegated1 to1

•

local1 governments1 by1 the1 national1 legislature1 and1 thus,1 can1 only1 be1 as1 broad1 or1 confined1 as1 the1 real1 authority1 would1want1to1be.1 Exercise1 of1 right1 of1 Eminent1 Domain,1 whether1directly1by1the1state1or1agents.1 Necessarily1 in1 derogation1 of1 private1 rights.1 STRICT1 CONSTRUCTION1 will1 be1 made1 against1 the1 agency1 exercising1 the1 power.1 Respondent1 failed1 to1 prove1 the1 written,1 definite1 and1 valid1 offer1 to1 acquire1property1under1RA17610.11

1

expropriated!except!money!and!choses! of!action.!Even!services!may!be!subject! to!eminent!domain.11 1 3. Taking+ • May1include1trespass1without1actual1 eviction;1 • Material1impairment1of1the1value1of1the1 property;1 • Prevention1of1the1ordinary1uses1for1 which1the1property1was1intended1 1 1

Requisites+for+Exercise:+

Requisites!for!valid!taking!(Republic!vs.! Castelvi):!

1. Necessity+ •

•

•

Munic.1Of1Meycauayan1Bulacan1vs.1IAC:1 When1 power1 is1 exercised1 by1 the1 Legislature,1 the1 question1 of1 necessity1 is1 generally1a1political1question.11 Republic1 vs.1 La1 Orden:1 When1 exercised1 by1 a1 delegate,1 the1 determination1 of1 whether1 there1 is1 genuine1 necessity1 for1 the1exercise1is1a1justiciable1question.1 RTC1 has1 the1 power1 to1 inquire1 into1 the1 legality1 of1 the1 exercise1 of1 the1 right1 of1 eminent1 domain1 and1 determine1 whether1there1is1a1genuine1necessity1for1 it.1(BARDILLON1VS.1LAGUNA)1 1 1

2. Private+Property+ •

•

City1 of1 Manila1 vs.1 Chinese1 Community:1 Private1 property1 already1 devoted1 to1 public1 use1 cannot1 be1 expropriated1 by1 delegated1 of1 legislature1 acting1 under1 a1 general1grant1of1authority.1 RP! vs.! PLDT:! All! private! property! capable! of! ownership! may! be!

19! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1. Expropriator!enters!property;! 2. Entry!must!not!be!for!more!than!a! momentary!period;! 3. Under!warrant!or!color!of! authority;! 4. Property!devoted!to!public!use!or! otherwise!informally!appropriated! or!injuriously!affected;! 5. Utilization!must!be!in!such!a!way!as! to!oust!the!owner!and!deprive!him! of!beneficial!enjoyment!of! property.!!1 1 4. Public+Use+ • Public!use!is!the!general!concept!of! meeting!public!need!or!public!exigency.! It!is!not!confined!to!actual!use!by!the! public!in!its!traditional!sence.! ! • Public!use!includes!broader!notion!of! indirect!public!benefit!or!advantage,!

•

including,!in!particular,!urban!land! reform!and!housing.!(Filstream!vs,!CA)! ! Condemnation!of!private!lands!in!a! piecemeal!fashion,!or!the!random! expropriation!of!small!lots!to! accommodate!no!more!than!a!few! tenants!or!squatters,!is!certainly!not! the!condemnation!for!public!use! contemplated!by!the!constitution.!This! results!to!deprivation!without! perceptible!benefit!to!the!public.!!Prior! to!passage!of!Ordinance!1843,!there! was!no!evidence!of!a!valid!and!definite! offer!to!buy!petitioner’s!property!as! required!by!RA!7160.!(Lagcao!vs.!Judge! Labra)!

! 5. Just+Compensation1 • The1full1and1fair1equivalent1of1the1 property1taken;1 • Fair1market1value1of1property;1 • That!sum!of!money!which!a!person,! desirous!but!not!compelled!to!buy!and! an!owner,!willing!but!not!compelled!to! sell,!would!agree!on!as!a!price!to!be! given!and!received!therefor.! • Just!compensation!means!not!only!the! correct!amount!to!be!paid!to!the!owner! of!the!land!but!also!payment!within!a! reasonable!time!from!its!taking.! (Eslaban!vs.!De!Onorio)! ! ! Judicial!Prerogative!–!ascertainment1of1 what1constitutes1just1compensation1is1a1 judicial1prerogative1which1fixes1payment1on1 the1basis1of1the1assessment1by1assessor1or1 the1declared1valuation1by1the1owner1is1 unconstitutional.1 20! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1 Need1to1Appoint1commissioners1–1 Indispensable1in1order1to1give1the1parties1 the1opportunity1ot1present1evidence1on1the1 issue1of1just1compensation.11Trial1with1aid1of1 commissioners1is1a1substantial1right.1 1 1But1courts1are1not1bound1by1the1 commissioner’s1findings,1they1may1 substitute1their1own1estimate1if:1 1. Commissioners1applied1illegal1 principles1to1the1evidence1 submitted1to1them1 2. Disregarded1a1clear1 preponderance1of1evidence1 3. Amount1allowed1is1grossly1 inadequate1or1excessive1 1Compensation1may1be1in1the1form1of:1 1. Money1 2. Bonds1(ASLP1vs.1Sec.1Of1Agrarian1 Reform)1 1 1Reckoning1point1of1market1value1–1either1as1of1the1 date$of$the$taking$or$filing$of$the$complaint,1 whichever1comes1first.1 1Who1may1be1entitled1to1just1Compensation:1 1. 2. 3. 4.

Owner1 Mortgagee1 Lessee1 Vendee1in1possession1of1an1 executory1contract1

1When1does1title1pass?1After1payment1 1Right1of1landowner1in1case1of1nonKpayment1of1Just1 Compensation:1

K K

Cannot1recover1land1but1only1 demand1payment1 But1in1RP1vs.1Lim,1571years1has1 passed,1it1is1a1deliberate1refusal1to1 pay1hence,1owner1has1a1right1to1 recover1possession.1

2. Local1Legislative1Bodies1 3. President1when1granted1 delegated1tariff1powers1 1Limitations:1

Writ1of1Possession1–1issuance1is1ministerial1upon:1 1. Filing1of1a1complaint1for1expropriation1 sufficient1in1form1and1substance1 2. Deposit1made1by1the1government1of1the1 amount1equivalent1to115%1of1fair1 market1value.11 K Determination1of1public1purpose1is1 not1a1condition1precedent1before1 the1court1may1issue1a1writ1of1 possession.1

TAXATION+ The1power1by1which1the1sovereign,1through1 its1lawKmaking1body1to1levy1enforced1proportional1 contributions1from1persons1and1properties1to1raise1 revenue1to1defray1the1necessary1expenses1of1the1 government.11 1Nature1and1Scope:1Attribute1of1sovereignty.1 Inherent1in1the1State.1Power1to1tax1is1unlimited1in1 its1range,1acknowledging1in1its1very1nature1no1 limits,1so1that1security1against1its1abuse1is1to1be1 found1only1in1the1responsibility1of1the1legislature1 which1imposes1the1tax1on1the1constituency1who1are1 to1pay1it.1Must1onot1be1exercised1arbitrarily.11 K

Taxation1is1a1power1emanating1from1 necessity.1

1 1Who1may1exercise:1 1. Legislature1 21! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

K

1. Due1Process1of1law1–1Tax1should1 not1be1confiscatory1 2. Equal1Protection1–1Uniform1and1 equitable1 3. Public1Purpose1 1 Tax1for1special1purpose1is1treated1as1 a1special1fund1so1that1when1purpose1 it1already1fulfilled,1any1balance1shall1 be1transferred1to1the1general1funds1 of1the1Government1

1Double1Taxation1 1. 2. 3. 4.

Same1subject1 Same1Jurisdiction1 Same1Period1 Same1Purpose1

1Tax1Exemptions1–1No1law1granting1any1tax1 exemptions1shall1be1passed1without1the1 concurrence11of1a1majority1of1all1the1Members1of1 the1Congress1 1. Charitable1institutions,1churches,1 parsonages,1convents,1mosques1 non1profit1cemeteries1and1all1 lands1and1buildings1and1 improvements1ADE1use1for1 religious,1charitable1or1 educational1purposes1shall1be1 exempt1from1taxation.1 2. All1revenues1and1assets1of1nonK stock,1nonKprofit1educational1 institutions1used1ADE1for1 educational1purposes1shall1be1 exempt1from1taxes1and1duties.11

3. Donations1or1contributions1used1 ADE1for1educational1purposes1 shall1be1exempt1from1tax1 4. Where1tax1is1granted1 gratuitously,1it1may1be1revoked1 at1will1but1not1if1granted1for1a1 valuable1consideration.1 Police1Power1 Regulation1is1primary1 purpose1and1revenue1is1 incidental;1

Tax1 Generation1of1revenue1is1 primary1purpose1and1 regulation1is1merely1 incidental1

1 License1fee1 Police1measure1 Amount1collected1is1 limited1to1the1cost1of1 permit1and1reasonable1 police1regulation1 1

Tax1 Revenue1Measure1 Unlimited1provided1it1is1 not1confiscatory1

Kinds1of1License1Fee:1 1. Useful1occupations1or1enterprises1 2. NonKuseful,1as1when1license1fee1is1 imposed1in1order1to1discourage1nonK useful1occupations1or1enterprises,1 amount1may1be1exorbitant.1 Supremacy1of1national1government1over1local1 government1 K

When1local1government1invoke1the1 power1to1tax1on1national1 government,1the1exercise1of1the1 power1is1construed1against1local1 governments.1

1 1 1 22! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1

!

Principles*and*State* Policies! NOTE:11

e. Legislature1cannot1pass1irrepealable1 laws1 f. Separation1of1powers1 g. Delegation1of1Powers1 h. Social1Justice1

The1119351Constitution1had151State1Principles1

1The119871Constitution1included1“democratic”1in1 Section11,1Article1II1

The1119731Constitution1had1101State1Principles1and1 Policies1

1Deliberately1added1by1CJ1Puno;1people1power;1 initiative,1recall1and1referendum1

The1119871Constitution1has1281State1Principles1and1 Policies1

DEMOCRACY1–1comes1from1the1Greek1work1 ‘demokratia’11(demo1–1people;1kratia1–1rule)1

Preamble!

REPUBLICAN1–1from1‘Republikos’1(Res1–1concern;1 publikos1–1people)1

1. Does1not1confer1rights1nor1impose1 duties1 2. Indicates1authorship!of1the1constitution1 K1enumerates1the1primary1aims1and1 aspirations1of1the1framers;1and1serves1as1 an1aid1in1the1construction1o1f1the1 constitution.1

REPUBLICANISM+ $“The$Philippines$is$a$democratic$and$republican$ State.$Sovereignty$resides$in$the$people$and$all$ government$authority$emanates$from$them”$(Sec.$ 1,$Art.$II)$ 1. Essential1Features:1 a. Representation1 b. Renovation1 2. Manifestations:1GRABISKDS1 a. Government1of1laws1and1not1of1men1 (Villavicencio1vs.1Lucban)1 b. Rule1of1Majority1(Plurality1in1 Elections)1 c. Accountability1of1public1officials1 d. Bill1of1Rights1

23! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

What1are1the1manifestations1of1Republicanism1 1The1separation1of1powers11KKK1James1Madison1 who1was1friends1with1Thomas1Jefferson1 Separation1of1powers1 1) Principle1of1Blending1of1Powers1 2) Delegation1of1powers1 1 Four1iconic1Statements1in1Villavicencio1v1Lukban:1 1) Always1a1law!11 2) Law1defines1power.1 3) a1government1of1laws1and1not1a1 government1of1men1 4) No1official,1no1matter1how1high,1is1above1 the1law1

Separation+of+Powers+ •

Purpose:1Prevent1concentration1of1authority1in1 one1person1or1group1of1persons1that1might1 lead1to1an1irreversible11error1or1abuse1in1its1 exercise1to1the1detriment1of1republican1 institutions.111

•

• K

K

To1secure1action,1forestall1overaction,1prevent1 despotism1and1to1obtain1efficiency.1(Tuason1vs.1 ROD)1 Application:1Not1doctrinaire1not1with1pedantic1 rigor;1independence1but1interdependence1 Witness1protection1law1does1not1violate1 separation1of1powers.1Executive1power1 includes1the1power1to1enforce1and1prosecute1 the1offenders1giving1the1executive1department1 the1latitude.11

Dissent:11

Pimentel1vs.1Exec.1Secretary1–1President1has1 not1transmitted1the1treaty1(Rome1statute)1 Pimentel1filed1for1mandamus1against1the1 president.1Transmission1is1discretionary.1 President1may1not1be1compelled1by1 mandamus.1

Checks+and+balances+ 1Allows1one1department1to1resist1encroachments1 upon1its1prerogatives1or1to1rectify1mistakes1or1 excesses1committed1by1the1other1deparments1–1 Veto1power1of1the1president1as1check1on1 improvident1legislation1

Principle+of+Blending+Powers:+ 1 1Powers1are1not1confined1exclusively1within1one1 department1but1are1assigned1to1or1shared1by1 several1departmentsK1i.e.1Enactment1of1General1 Appropriations1Law1

Delegation+of+Powers+ “Potestas$delegata$non$potest$delegare”$what$ has$been$delegated$cannot$be$further$delegated.$$ +Permissible+Delegation+ 1. President(( a. Tariff1powers1 b. Emergency1Powers11 1 1 24! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Declaration! Exercise!of! of! Emergency! Emergency! Power! No1legitimate1 Constitutional1 constitutional1 Issue1Arises1 objection1can1 be1made1 Does1the1president1enjoy1residual1 powers?1Yes1it1is1inherent…1(Marcos1v1 Manglapus)1

Sarmiento:1cannot1find1‘residual1 powers1in1the1constitution”1 Isagani1Cruz:1El1Sid;1dead,1Marcos1 cannot1rally1the1people1behind1him1 Padilla:1He1is1a1Filipino1and1has1a1right1 to1die1in1the1Philippines1 1 2. People( a. b.

Referendum1 Plebiscite1

1Referendum1 Power1of1the1electorate1to1 approve1or1reject1legislation1 through1an1election1called1 for1the1purpose.1 1 2 Classes:1 a. Referendum1on1 statutes1–1petition1to1 approve1or1reject1an1 act1or1law1passed1by1 Congress.11 b. Referendum1on1local1 law1–1petition1to1 approve1or1reject1a1 law,1resolution1or1 ordinance1enacted1 by1regional1

Plebiscite1 Electoral1process1by1 which1an1initiative1 on1the1Constitution1 is1approved1or1 rejected1by1the1 people1

assemblies1and1local1 legislative1bodies.11 1 3. Delegation(to(local(government(units(–11 not1regarded1as1a1transfer1of1general1 legislative1power1but1a1grant1of1authority1to1 prescribe1local1regulations1according1to1 immemorial1practice1subject1to1interposition1 of1the1superior1in1cases1of1necessity.1Local1 legislature1are1more1knowledgeable1on1 matters1of1local1concern.1 1 4. Delegation(to(Administrative(Bodies(–(( Power1of1Subordinate1legislation1 K Must1conform1to1a1the1sufficient1 and1valid1standard1of1fair1and1 equitable1employment1practices.1 Tests!for!Valid!Delegation!–!must!concur! 1. Completeness(Test(–1law1must1be1complete1 in1all1its1essential1terms1when1it1leaves1the1 legislature1so1that1there1will1be1nothing1left1 for1the1delegate1to1do1when1it1reaches1him1 except1to1enforce1it.1 1 2. Sufficient(Standard(Test1–1Map1out1 boundaries1of1the1delegate’s1authority1by1 defining1legislative1police1and1indicate1 circumstances1under1which1it1is1to1be1 pursued1and1effected.11 K To1prevent1total1transference1of1 legislative1power.1 Role!of!the!Judiciary:!! 1Art.1VIIIK1includes1the1duty1of1the1courts1of1justice1 to1settle1actual1controversies1involving1rights1which1 are1legally1demandable1and1enforceable1and1to1 determine1whether1or1not1there1has1been1a1grave1 25! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

abuse1of1discretion1amounting1to1lack1or1exces1of1 jurisdiction1on1the1part1of1any1branch1or1 instrumentality1of1the1Government.”1 •

When1courts1mediate1to1allocate1constitutional1 boundaries1or1invalidates1the1acts1of1a1 coordinate1body,1what1it1upholds1is1not1its1own1 superiority1but1the1supremacy1of1the1 Constitution.1(Angara1vs.1Electoral1 Commission)11

Tests1to1determine1valid1exercise1of1given1power:1 1. Whether1or1not1the1power1has1been1 constitutionally1conferred1upon1the1 department1claiming1its1exercise.1(Expressed)1 2. Doctrine1of1necessary1implicationK1grant1of1 express1power1carries1with1it1all1powers1that1 may1be1reasonable1inferred1from1it.1 3. Inherent1or1Incidental1–1not1expressly1 conferred1nor1implied.1Ex.1President’s1power1to1 deport1undesirable1aliens1which1may1be1 exercised1independently1of1constitutional1or1 statutory1authority.1“Act1of1State”1(Marcos1vs.1 Manglapus)1 1Justiciable1Question1 Implies:1 1. A1given1right,1legally1 demandable1and1 enforceable1 2. An1act1or1omission1 violative1of1such1 right1 3. Remedy1granted1by1 law1for1such1breach1

Concerned1with1legality1 1

Political1question1 Question1of1Policy.11 Questions1which1under1 the1constitution1are1to1 be1decided1by1the1 people1in1their1 sovereign1capacity,1or1in1 regard1to1which1full1 discretionary1authority1 has1been1delegated1to1 the1legislative1or1 executive1branch1of11 government.11 Concerned1with1wisdom1

1

!

The+Incorporation+Clause+ The$Philippines$renounces$war$as$an$instrument$of$ national$policy,$adopts$the$generally$accepted$ principles$of$international$law$as$part$of$the$aw$of$ the$land,$and$adheres$to$the$policy$of$peace,$ equality,$justice,$freedom,$cooperation,$and$amity$ with$all$nations.$ 1

Transformation1 International1law1 principle1be1transformed1 into1domestic1law1 through1a1constitutional1 mechanism1such1as1local1 legislation1 1 •

Renunciation!of!War!! 1Historical1Development1 a. Covenant1of1the1League1of1Nations1–1 provided1the1right1to1go1to1war.1 b. KelloggKBriand1Pact1of119281–1General1 Treaty1for1the1Renunciation1of1War.1 Ratified1by1621States1 c. Charter1of1UN1–1Prohibits1threat1or1use1 of1force1against1the1territorial1integrity1 or1political1independence1of1State.1 Doctrine!of!Incorporation! 1Applies1rules1of1international1law1in1a1number1of1 cases1even1if1such1rules1had1not1previously1been1 subject1of1statutory1enactments1because1these1 generally1accepted1principles1of1international1law1 are1automatically1part1of1our1own1laws.11 K K K K

Renunciation1of1war1 Sovereign1immunity1 Person’s1right1to1life,1liberty1and1due1 process1 Pacta1Sunt1ServandaK1agreements1must1 be1kept1

26! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Incorporation1 By1mere1constitutional1 declaration,1 international1law1is1 deemed1to1have1the1 force1of1domestic1law1

The1doctrine1of1incorporation11is1applied1 whenever1municipal1tribunals1or1courts1are1 confronted1with1situations1in1which1there1 appears1to1be1a1conflict1between1a1rule1of1 international1law1and1the1provisions1of1the1 constitution1or1statute1of1the1local1state.1 1. Efforts1must1be1exerted1to1harmonize1 them1 2. If1irreconcilable,1and1a1choice1has1to1be1 made1between1International1law1and1 municipal1law,1MUNICIPAL1law1should1be1 upheld.1

•

In1cases1were1international1law1is1given1an1equal1 footing1to1municipal1law,1the1doctrine1of1Lex1 posterior1derogate1priori1takes1effect.11 1

Civilian+Supremacy,+At$all$times$supreme$ over$the$military.$The$AFP$is$the$protector$of$the$ people$and$the$state$its$goal$is$to$secure$the$ sovereignty$of$the$State$and$the$integrity$of$the$ national$territory.1

Duty+of+Government+to+defend+the+ State1–1The$prime$duty$of$the$government$is$to$ serve$and$protect$the$people.$The$government$may$ call$upon$the$people$to$defend$the$state$and$in$the$ fulfilment$thereof$all$citizens$may$be$required,$ under$conditions$provided$by$law$to$render$ personal,$military$or$civil$service.$1

Separation+of+Church+and+State!\! Inviolable1 Independent'foreign'policy'and'nuclear2free' Philippines!–!Consistent1with1national1interest,1 adopts1and1pursues1a1policy1of1freedom1from1 nuclear1weapons1in1its1territory.1 •

Prohibition1applies1only1to1 NUCLEAR1WEAPONS,1does1not1 extend1to1Nuclear1plants.11

Just'and'dynamic'social'order2!1that1will1ensure1the1 prosperity1and1independence1of1the1nation1and1 free1the1people1from1poverty1through1policies1that1 will1provide1adequate1social1service,1promote1full1 employment,1a1rising1standard1of1living1and1an1 improved1quality1of1life1for1all1

Promotion+of+Social+justice!–!in1all1phases1 of1national1development.1 “Social1justice1is1neither1despotism,1nor1 communism,1nor1atomism,1nor1anarchy,1but1the1 humanization1of1laws1and1equalization1of1social1and1 economic1forces1by1the1State1so1that1justice1in1its1 rational1and1objective1conceptualization1may1at1 least1be1approximated”1(Calalang1v1Williams)1

anarchy.(Neither(should(authority(be(made(to( prevail(over(liberty(because(then(the(individual( will(fall(into(slavery.(The(citizen(should(achieve(the( required(balance(of(liberty(and(authority(in(his( mind(through(education(and(personal(discipline,( so(that(there(may(be(established(the(resultant( equilibrium,(which(means(peace(and(order(and( happiness(for(all.((Calalang(v(Williams)! Respect!for!human!dignity!and!human!rights!1 Family!and!Youth! Fundamental!equality!of!men!and!women! Why1is1‘women’1ahead1of1‘men’?1 Because1the1Chairman1of1the1ConCom1is1a1 Chairwoman1in1the1person1of1Justice1Cecilia1MuñozK Palma1who1formally1instructed1the1Committee1on1 Style1 Promotion!of!health!and!ecology!–!The1state1shall1 protect1and1advance1the1right1of1the1people1to1a1 balanced1and1healthful1ecology1in1accord1with1the1 rhythm1and1harmony1of1nature.11 Oposa1v.1Factoran1

Laurel’s(Formula(for(Constitutional(Harmony:1

The1right1to1a1balanced1and1healthful1ecology1 includes1the1duty1to1protect1the1environment1

Life1without1liberty1=1misery1

Priority!to!education,!Science,!technology!

Life1with1liberty1=1blessing1 Liberty1over1authority1=1anarchy1

Protection!to!Labor\!1The1state1affirms1labor1as1a1 pimary1social1economic1force.1It1shall1protect1the1 rights1of1workers1and1promote1their1welfare.1

Authority1over1liberty1=1slavery1

Self\Reliant!and!independent!economic!order!

Balance1of1life1and1liberty1–1peace,1order1and1 happiness1

Land!Reform!

Liberty(is(a(blessing(without(which(life(is(a(misery,( but(liberty(should(not(be(made(to(prevail(over( authority(because(then(society(will(fall(into( 27! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Indigenous!cultural!communites! Independent!people’s!organizations!1

Communication!and!information!in!nation\ building! Autonomy!of!local!governments! Equal!access!of!opportunities!for!public!service!–! guarantee1equal1access1to1opportunities1for1public1 service1and1prohibit1political1dynasties1as1may1be1 defined1by1law.1 Pamatong1v.1COMELEC1 1What1is1a1nuisance1candidate?1 K K

K

COC1is1filed1to1put1the1election1process1in1 mockery1or1disrepute1or11 to1cause1confusion1among1the1voters1by1the1 similarity1of1the1names1of1the1registered1 candidates1or11 by1other1circumstances1or1acts1which1clearly1 demonstrate1that1the1candidate1has1no1bona1 fide1intention1to1run1for1the1office1for1which1 the1certificate1of1candidacy1has1been1filed11

Honest!public!service!and!full!public!disclosure!–1 Subject1to1reasonable1conditions1prescribed1by1law,1 the1state1adopts1and1implements1a1policy1of1full1 public1disclosure1of1all1its1transactions1involving1 public1interest.11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Human&Rights! WHAT!ARE!HUMAN!RIGHTS?! They1are1privileges,1entitlements1and1claims1that1 man1and1woman1enjoy1because1of1his1or1her1 humanity1 THREE!PRINCIPLES!OF!HUMAN!RIGHTS:! 1. indivisibility1–1social,1economic,1civil1and1 political1rights1cannot1be1separated1(e.g.1you1 cannot1learn1when1your1stomach1is1empty)1 2. interdependence! 3. universality1–1all1human1beings1are1entitled! KINDS! 1. First!generation!of!rights! a. Civil1 b. political1 2. Second!generation!of!rights! a. Economic! b. Social1! c. Cultural! 3. Third!generation!of!rights! a. Emerging1rights1 CHARACTERISTICS:!(IAI)1 1. Inherent1 2. Inalienable1 3. Universal1 COMPONENTS! 1. 2. 3. 4.

Subject1–1the1rights1owner1 Object1–1the1right1 DutyKholder1 Implementation1

THREE!STATE!OBLIGATION! 1. Respect1 29! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

2. Protect11 3. Fulfill1 1 1 1

Bill$of$Rights! The1 set1 of1 presecriptions1 setting1 forth1 the1 fundamental! civil! and! political! rights1 of1 the1 individual1and1imposing!limitations1on1the1powers1 of1 government1 as1 a1 means1 of1 securing1 the1 enjoyment1of1those1rights.11 K

Designed1 to1 preserve1 the1 ideals1 of1 liberty,1 equality1 and1 security1 against1 the1 assaults1 of1 opportunism,1 expediency1 of1 the1 passing1 hour,1 the1 erosion1 of1 small1 encroachments,1 and1 the1 scorn1 and1 derision1 of1 those1 who1 have1 no1 patience1with1general1principles.11

K

Any1governmental1action1in1violation1of1the1Bill1 of1rights1is1void1

K

SelfKexecuting1

Civil!Rights!

Political!Rights!! 1 Rights1that1belong1to1 Right1to1participate1 every(citizen(of(the( directly1or1indirectly1in1 state1or1country1and1are1 the1establishment1or1 not1connected1with1the1 administration1of1the1 organization1or1 government.1 administration1of1the1 government.1Rights1 appertaining1to1a1person1 by(virtue(of(his( citizenship1in1a1state1or1 community.1Rights1 capable1of1being1 enforced1or1redressed1in1

K K K K

a1civil1action.1 Property1 Marriage1 Equal1Protection1 Freedom1of1Contract1 1

K K K K

Right1of1Suffrage1 Right1 to1 hold1 public1 office1 Right1to1petition11 Rights1 appurtenant1 to1citizenship1visKavis1 the1 management1 of1 government1

it1 should1 be1 elastic1 and1 flexible1 and1 to1 define1it1would1be1a1limitation1

Protects:+ 1. All1persons11 2. Artificial1 persons1 only1 insofar1 as1 their1 property1is1concerned1

NOTE:!in1the1original1US1Constitution1there1was1NO1 Bill1of1Rights.1

Life1 –1 right1 of1 the1 individual1 to1 his1 body1 in1 its1 completeness,1 free1 from1 dismemberment1 and1 extends1 to1 the1 use1 of1 godKgiven1 faculties1 which1 make1life1enjoyable1

During1 the1 EDSA1 takeKover1 the1 19731 Constitution1 was1 not1 effective1 KKKK1 what1 governed1 was1 the1 International1Covenant1on1Civil1and1Political1Rights,1 Human1Rights1

Liberty1 –1 right1 to1 exist1 and1 the1 right1 to1 be1 free1 from1 arbitrary1 personal1 restraint1 or1 servitude.1 Includes1 the1 right1 of1 the1 citizens1 to1 be1 free1 to1 use1his1faculties1in1all1lawful1ways1

!

DUE+PROCESS+OF+LAW+ Origin1 Book1of1Susana,1Old1Testament1

Property+ –1 anything1 that1 can1 come1 under1 the1 right1 of1 ownership1 and1 be1 the1 subject1 of1 contract.1 Represents1 more1 than1 the1 things1 a1 person1owns.1It1includes1the1right1to1secure,1use1 and1dispose1of1them1

By1 the1 39th1 chapter1 of1 Magna1 Carta1 wrung1 by1 the1 barons1 from1 King1 John,1 the1 despot1 promised1 that1 “no1man1shall1be1take1or1imprisoned1or1disseized1or1 outlawed1or1in1any1manner1destroyed;1nor1shall1we1 go1upon1him,1nor1send1upon1him,1but1by1the1lawful1 judgment1of1his1peers1or1by1the1law1of1the1land.1

K

Public1 office1 is1 not1 property,1 but1 one1 unlawfully1 ousted1 from1 it1 may1 institute1 an1action1to1recover1the1same1

K

Mining1license1is1a1privilege1that1may1be1 revoked1by1the1one1giving1it1

Definition+

K

License1 to1 carry1 firearm1 is1 neither1 1 a1 property1nor1a1property1right1

1. A1law1that1hears1before1it1condemns,1which1 proceeds1 upon1 inquiry1 and1 renders1 judgment1only1after1trial.11 2. Responsiveness1 to1 the1 supremacy1 of1 reason,1obedience1to1the1dictates1of1justice.1 3. The1embodiment1of1the1sporting1idea1of1fair1 play1 NOTE:1there1is1no1exact1definition1of1due1 process1and1this1was1intentional1because1 30! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Aspects+ Substantive1 –1 this1 serves1 as1 1 a1 restriction1 on1 government’s1law1and1ruleKmaking1powers.1 +Requisites:+

1. Interests1 of1 public1 in1 general1 as1 distinguished1from1those1of1a1particular1 class1 2. Means1 employed1 are1 reasonably1 necessary1 for1 the1 accomplishment1 of1

the1 purpose1 and1 not1 unduly1 oppressive1 on1individuals1 Procedural(–1restriction1on1actions1of1judicial1and1 quasi1judicial1bodies.11 Requisites:(

1. Impartial1 court1 or1 tribunal1 clothed1 with1 judicial1 power1 to1 hear1 and1 determine1 the1 matter1before1it.1 2. Jurisdiction1 1 must1 be1 lawfully1 acquired1 over1 the1person11 K

Summons1

K

Voluntary1appearance1

3. Defendant1 must1 be1 given1 an1 opportunity1 to1 be1heard1 K

Not1all1cases1require1a1trialKtype1hearing.1 Due1 process1 in1 labor1 cases1 before1 a1 labor1 arbiter1 is1 satisfied1 when1 the1 parties1 are1 given1 the1 opportunity1 to1 submit1 their1 position1 papers1 (Mariveles1 vs.1CA)1

4. Judgment1 must1 be1 rendered1 upon1 lawful1 hearing1

Publication+as+part+of+due+process+ Publication1is1imperative1to1the1validity1of1laws,1PDs1 and1Eos,1administrative1rules1and1regulations1and1is1 an1indispensable1part1of1due1process.11 1 Appeal1is1not1a1constitutional1right1it1is1but1a1mere1 statutory1right1allowed1or1denied1by1the1legislature1 in1its1discretion.1 Preliminary(investigation1is1not1a1constitutional1 right,1 but1 is1 merely1 a1 right1 conferred1 by1 statute.1 The1absence1of1a1preliminary1investigation1does1not1 impair1the1validity1of1the1information1or1otherwise1 render1the1same1defective.11 31! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

K

But1 when1 there1 is1 a1 statutory1 grant1 of1 P.I.,1 denial1 of1 the1 same1 is1 an1 infringement1of1the1due1process1clause.1 In1 such1 case,1 the1 right1 to1 preliminary1 investigation1 is1 substantive,1 not1 merely1 formal1 or1 technical.1 Denial1 of1 the1 same1 is1denial1of1due1process.1

Preliminary(investigation( 1Held1before1an1accused1is1placed1on1trial1to1secure1 the1 innocent1 against1 hasty,1 malicious1 and1 oppressive1 prosecution1 and1 to1 protect1 him1 from1 the1trouble,1expenses1and1anxiety1of1a1public1trial.1 It1is1also1intended1to1protect1the1state1from1having1 to1conduct1useless1and1expensive1trials.11 1Preliminary1 investigation1 is1 required1 to1 be1 conducted1 before1 the1 filing1 of1 a1 complaint1 or1 information1 for1 an1 offense1 where1 the1 penalty1 prescribed1by1law1is1at1least141years,121months1and1 11day,1without1regard1to1the1fine.1 1If1 an1 accused1 is1 lawfully1 arrested1 WITHOUT1 A1 WARRANT1 involving1 an1 offense1 which1 requires1 a1 preliminary1 investigation,1 the1 complaint1 or1 information1 may1 be1 filed1 by1 a1 prosecutor1 without1 need1of1such1investigation1provided1an1inquest1has1 been1conducted1in1accordance1with1existing1rules.11 1Lack1 of1 preliminary1 investigation1 is1 1 not1 a1 ground1 for1a1motion1to1quash.1The1case1must1be1suspended1 with1 respect1 to1 the1 petitioner1 even1 if1 the1 case1 is1 already1undergoing1trial.1The1right1is1not1waived1by1 the1filing1of1the1motion1to1be1admitted1to1bail.1But1 the1right1is1waived1when1the1accused1fails1to1invoke1 it1 before1 or1 at1 the1 time1 of1 entering1 a1 plea1 at1 arraignment.1 1Preliminary1 investigation1 conducted1 by1 the1 DOJ1 is1 merely1 inquisitorial,1 it1 is1 not1 a1 trial1 on1 the1 merits,1 and1 its1 sole1 purpose1 is1 to1 determine1 whether1 a1 crime1 has1 been1 committed1 and1 whether1 the1

respondent1therein1is1probably1guilty1of1the1crime.1 It1 is1 not1 the1 occasion1 for1 the1 full1 and1 exhaustive1 display1of1the1parties’1evidence.1

EQUAL+PROTECTION+OF+THE+LAWS+

1Preliminary1investigation1is1an1inquiry1whether:1

It1 was1 only1 after1 the1 14th1 amendment1 that1 the1 US1 Constitution1had1the1equal1protection1clause1

1. A1crime1has1been1committed1 2. Whether1 there1 is1 probable1 cause1 that1 the1accused1is1guilty1thereof1 1

Administrative+due+process+ Ang1Tibay1vs.1CIR1 1. Right1 to1 a1 hearing1 which1 includes1 the1 right1 to1 present1 one’s1 case1 and1 submit1 evidence1 in1support1thereof;1 2. The1 tribunal1 must1 consider1 the1 evidence1 presented;1

Persons1 protected:1 All1 persons1 or1 things1 similarly1 situated1 should1 be1 treated1 alike1 both1 as1 to1 rights1 conferred1and1responsibilities1imposed.1 1. Natural1Persons1 2. Juridical1 persons1 only1 insofar1 as1 their1 property1is1concerned.11 Scope1of1Equality1 1. Economic1 2. Political11 3. Social1

3. The1 decision1 must1 have1 something1 to1 support1itself1

Is1equal1protection1absolute?1No.1Exception:1when1 there1is1a1valid1classification1

4. The1evidence1must1be1substantial1

Valid1 Classification1 –1 persons1 or1 things1 ostensibly1 similarly1 situated1 may1 nonetheless1 be1 treated1 differently1if1there1is1a1basis1for1valid1classification.1

5. Decision1must1be1rendered1on1the1evidence1 presented1 at1 the1 hearing1 or1 at1 least1 contained1in1the1record1and1disclosed1to1the1 parties1 6. The1tribunal1or1any1of1its1judges1must1act1on1 its1 own1 independent1 consideration1 of1 the1 facts1and1the1law1of1the1controversy1and1not1 simply1accept1the1views1of1a1subordinate1in1 arriving1at1a1decision1 7. The1 board1 or1 body1 should,1 in1 all1 controversial1 questions,1 render1 its1 decision1 in1 such1 a1 manner1 that1 the1 parties1 to1 the1 proceeding1 will1 know1 the1 various1 issues1 involved1and1the1reasons1for1the1decision.1 Due1 process1 in1 quasiKjudicial1 proceedings1 before1 the1COMELEC1requires1notice1and1hearing.11 32! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

“1 x1 x1 x1 nor1 shall1 any1 person1 be1 denied1 the1 equal1 protection1of1the1laws”.1

1Requisites:1 1. 2. 3. 4.

Substantial1distinction1 Germane1to1the1purpose1of1the1law1 Not1limited1to1existing1conditions1only1 Must1apply1to1all1members1of1the1same1 class1

SEARCHES+AND+SEIZURES+ Note:1under1the119731Constitution,1probable1cause1 may1be1determined1by1a1responsible1officer1

Scope+ Applies1 to1 all1 persons1 including1 aliens1 whether1 accused1of1a1crime1or1not.11

The1right1is1personal,1it1may1be1invoked1only1by1the1 person1entitled1to1it.11

obtention1 of1 such1 search1 warrant1 is1 necessitated1and1justified1by1compelling1 consideration1 of1 urgency,1 subject,1 time1 and1place.1 1 3. Only1a1judge1may1validly1issue1a1warrant.11 Exception:1 Orders1 of1 arrest1 may1 be1 issued1 by1administrative11authoritites,1but1only1for1 the1purpose1of1carrying1out1final11finding1of1 a1 violation1 of1 law,1 for1 example1 a1 order1 of1 deportation1 or1 an1 order1 of1 contempt1 but1 not1for1the1sole1purpose1of1investigation1or1 prosecution.1 1 See1 also1 Harvey1 vs.1 Santiago1 where1 the1 court1 upheld1 the1 validity1 of1 the1 arrest1 of1 pedophiles1 on1 orders1 by1 then1 Immigration1 Commissioner1Miriam1Santiago.1

The1right1applies1as1a1distraint1directed1only1against1 the1 government1 and1 its1 agencies1 tasked1 with1 the1 enforcement1 of1 the1 law.1 The1 protection1 cannot1 extend1to1acts1committed1by1private1individuals1so1 as1 to1 bring1 them1 within1 the1 ambit1 of1 alleged1 unlawful1intrusion1by1the1government.1 What1 constitutes1 a1 reasonable1 1 or1 unreasonable1 search1is1purely1a1judicial1question.1 Objections1to1the1warrant1of1arrest1must1be1made1 before1the1accused1enters1his1plea1 The1 issuance1 of1 the1 warrant1 of1 arrest1 against1 the1 person1 invalidly1 detained1 will1 cure1 the1 defect1 of1 that1detention1or1at1least1deny1him1the1right1to1be1 released.11 The1 conspicuous1 illegality1 of1 the1 arrest1 cannot1 affect1 the1 jurisdiction1 of1 the1 trial1 court,1 because1 even1in1instances1not1allowed1by1law,1a1warrantless1 arrest1 is1 not1 a1 jurisdictional1 defect1 and1 any1 objection1 thereto1 is1 waived1 when1 the1 person1 arrested1 submits1 to1 arraignment1 without1 any1 objection.1 1. Where1a1criminal1case1is1pending,1the1court1 wherein1 it1 is1 filed1 or1 the1 assigned1 branch1 thereof1has1primary1jurisdiction1to1issue1the1 search1warrant1 2. Where1no1such1criminal1case1has1been1filed,1 the1 executive1 judge1 or1 their1 lawful1 substitutes,1in1the1areas1and1for1the1offense1 contemplated1 in1 Circular1 1K91,1 shall1 have1 primary1jurisdiction.11 1 K This1does1not1mean1that1a1Court1whose1 territorial1jurisdiction1does1not1embrace1 the1place1to1be1searched1cannot1issue1a1 search1 warrant1 therefor,1 where1 the1 33! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1

Requisites+of+a+Valid+Warrant+ 1. Probable1 cause1 K1 1 Such1 facts1 and1 circumstances1 antecedent1 to1 the1 issuance1 of1 the1 warrant1 that1 in1 themselves1 are1 sufficient1 to1 induce1 a1 cautious1 man1 to1 rely1 on1them1and1act1in1pursuance1thereof.11 a. Must1refer1to1one1specific1offense11 1 2. Determination1of1probable1cause1personally1 by1a1judge1

+Warrant+of+arrest+ K

It1 is1 sufficient1 that1 the1 judge1 personally1 determine1 the1 probable1 cause.1 It1 is1 not1 necessary1 that1 he1 should1 personally1 examine1 the1 complainant1 and1 his1 witnesses.1 Hearing1 is1 not1 necessary1 for1 the1 determination1 of1 the1 existence1 of1

K

probable1 cause1 for1 the1 issuance1 of1 a1 warrant1of1arrest.1 Need1not1conduct1a1de1novo1hearing,1it1 is1 sufficient1 that1 the1 judge1 should1 personally1 evaluate1 the1 report1 and1 supporting1documents1submitted1by1the1 prosecution.1 i. The1 judge1 personally1 evaluates1 the1 report1 and1 supporting1 documents1 submitted1 byt1 he1 fiscal1 regarding1 the1 existence1 of1 probable1cause1and,1on1the1basis1 thereof1issue1a1warrant1of1arrest;1 ii. If1 on1 the1 basis1 thereof,1 he1 finds1 no1 probable1 cause,1 he1 may1 disregard1 the1 prosecutor’s1 report1 and1 require1 the1 submission1 of1 supporting1 affidavits1of1witnesses1to1aid1him1 in1 arriving1 at1 a1 conclusion1 as1 to1 the1existence1of1probable1cause.11

+Search+warrant+ 1Sec.1 4,1 Rule1 126.1 The1 judge1 must1 personally1 examine1 in1 the1 form1 of1 searching1 questions1 and1 answers1 in1 writing1 and1 under1 oath,1 the1 complainants1 and1 nay1 witnesses1 he1 may1 produce1 on1 facts1 personally1 known1 to1 them,1 and1 attach1 to1 the1 record1 their1 sworn1 statements1 together1 with1 any1affidavits1submitted.11 3. After1examination1under1oath1or1affirmation1 of1 the1 complainant1 and1 the1 witnesses1 he1 may1produce.1 4. Particularity1of1description11 a. Readily1 identify1 the1 properties1 to1 be1 seized1 and1 thus1 prevent1 them1 from1 seizing1the1wrong1items1 b. Leave1 said1 peace1 officers1 with1 no1 discretion1 regarding1 the1 articles1 to1 be1 seized1 34! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1 •

General1 warrants1 warrant1is1void1

or1

scatterKshot1

Warrant1of1Arrest1 If1 it1 contains1 the1 names1 of1 the1 persons1 to1 be1 arrested.11

Search1Warrant1 K1 Description1 is1 as1 specific1 as1 the1 circumstances1 will1 ordinarily1allow;1 K1Description1expresses1a1 conclusion1of1fact1not1of1 law;1 K1 Things1 described1 are1 limited1 to1 those1 which1 bear1 direct1 relation1 to1 the1 offense1 for1 which1 the1 warrant1 is1 being1 issued1 A1John1Doe1warrant1will1 No1general1warrant1 satisfy1 the1 constitutional1 requirement1 of1 particularity1 of1 description1 if1 there1 is1 some1 description1 persona1 which1 will1 enable1 the1 officer1 to1 identify1the1accused1 1

Properties+subject+to+seizure++ 1. Subject1of1the1offense1 2. Stolen1or1embezzled1property1and1other1 proceeds1or1fruits1of1the1offense1 3. Property1used1or1intended1to1be1used1as1 means1for1the1commission1of1an1offense1

Conduct+of+the+search++ 1. In1 the1 presence1 of1 the1 lawful1 occupant1 thereof1or1any1member1of1his1family;1or1 in1the1absence1 2. In1 the1 presence1 of1 two1 witnesses1 of1 sufficient1age1and1discretion,1residing1in1 the1same1locality.1

3. The1 officers1 may1 use1 force1 in1 entering1 the1premises1provided1it1is1justified.11

Warrantless+Arrests+ 1. When1the1person1to1be1arrested1has1committed,1 is1 actually1 committing1 or1 is1 attempting1 to1 commit1an1offense1in1his1presence1

+

i.

Continuing1offense1

ii.

Sees/hears1 is1 equivalent1 to1 presence1

iii.

Hot1pursuit1

+Requisites+of+Flagrante+Delicto+ a. The1person1to1be1arrested1must1execute1 an1 overt1 act1 indicating1 that1 he1 had1 just1 committed,1is1actually1committing,1or1is1 attempting1to1commit1a1crime;1and1 b. Such1 overt1 act1 is1 done1 in1 the1 presence1 or1 within1 the1 view1 of1 the1 arresting1 officer1

2. When1the1offense1had1just1been1committed1and1 there1is1probable1cause1to1believe,1based1on1his1 personal1 knowledge1 of1 facts1 or1 of1 other1 circumstances,1 that1 the1 person1 to1 be1 arrested1 has1committed1the1offense1 a. Immediacy1K1Offense1has1just1been1 committed1 b. Personal+ knowledge+ K1 Person1 making1 the1 arrest1 has1 probable1 cause1 to1 believe,1 based1 on1 his1 personal1 knowledge1 of1 facts1 or1 of1 other1circumstances1that1the1person1 to1be1arrested1had1committed1it.11 3. When1 the1 person1 to1 be1 arrested1 is1 a1 prisoner1 who1has1escaped1from1a1penal1establishment1or1 place1 where1 he1 is1 serving1 final1 judgment1 or1 35! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

temporarily1 confined1 while1 his1 case1 is1 pending1 or1has1escaped1while1being1transferred1from1one1 confinement1to1another.1 4. When1the1right1is1voluntarily1waived.11 K

K

K

Appellant1 is1 stopped1 from1 questioning1 the1 illegality1 of1 his1 arrest1 when1 he1 voluntarily1 submitted1 himself1 to1 the1 jurisdiction1 of1 the1 court1 by1 entering1 a1 plea1of1not1guilty1and1by1participating1in1 the1trial1 But1 the1 waiver1 extends1 only1 to1 the1 illegal1arrest1and1not1to1the1search1made1 incident1thereto.1 But,1when1the1arrest1is1incipiently1illegal.1 Any1 subsequent1 search1 is1 similarly1 illegal.1 1

Warrantless+Searches+ 1. Voluntarily+waived.++ a. The1right1exists1 b. Person1 involved1 had1 knowledge1 either1 actual1 or1 constructive1 1 of1 the1 existence1 of1 such1right1 c. Said1 person1 had1 an1 actual1 intention1 to1 relinquish1the1right.1 K

Consent1 must1 be1 unequivocal,1 specific1 and1 intelligently1 given,1 uncontaminated1 by1any1duress1or1coercion.11

K

Mere1silence1and1failure1to1object1is1not1 a1waiver1

K

Waiver1 must1 be1 given1 by1 the1 person1 whose1right1is1violated.11

2. Stop,and,frisk+ 1Must1 precede1 the1 arrest1 for1 the1 principle1 to1 apply1

K

Apprehending1 officer1 must1 have1 a1 genuine1 reason1 in1 accordance1 withhis11 experience1 and1 the1 surrounding1 conditions1to1warrant1the1belief1that1the1 person1 searched1 has1 weapons1 or1 contraband1concealed1about1him.1 1

3. When+the+search+is+an+incident+to+a+lawful+ arrest+ 1The1 arrest1 must1 precede1 the1 search.1 The1 process1cannot1be1reversed.1 K

Officer1 must1 have1 been1 spurred1 by1 probable1cause1in1effecting1the1arrest11

1But1take1note1of1the1case1of1People1vs.1Sucro,1 where1 the1 search1 not1 preceded1 by1 an1 arrest1 was1 held1 valid1 because1 said1 search1 was1 effected1on1the1basis1of1probable1cause.11And1 also1 the1 case1 of1 People1 vs.1 Tangliben1 where1 the1 court1 held1 the1 warrantless1 search1 valid1 because1 the1 officers,1 faced1 with1 onKtheKspot1 information,1had1to1act1quickly.1 1Search1 must1 be1 made1 only1 within1 the1 area1 where1he1has1immediate1control.1 4. Search+of+vessels+and+aircraft+ 1Why?1 1. Equipped1 with1 powerful1 motors1 that1 enable1 them1to1elude1pursuit1 2. Seizure1 would1 be1 an1 incident1 to1 a1 lawful1 arrest1 5. Moving+vehicles+ 1Why?1 1Not1 practical1 to1 secure1 a1 warrant1 because1 vehicle1 can1 be1 moved1 quickly1 out1 of1 the1 locality1 or1 jurisdiction1in1which1the1warrant1may1be1sought.111 1Checkpoint1may1either1be:1 36! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

a. Routine(inspectionW1permissible1when1it1 is1limited1to1a1mere1visual1search1where1 the1 occupants1 are1 not1 subjected1 to1 a1 physical1or1body1search.11 b. Extensive( search1 –constitutionally1 permissible1 only1 if1 the1 officers1 conducting1 the1 search1 had1 reasonable1 or1 probable1 cause1 to1 believe1 that1 the1 motorist1is1an1offender1or1they1will1filnd1 the1 instrumentality1 or1 evidence1 pertaining1to1a1crime1in1the1vehicle1to1be1 searched.11 6. Inspection+of+buildings+and+other+premises+ for+the+enforcement+of+fire,+sanitary+and+ building+regulations+ 7. When+prohibited+articles+are+in+plain+view+ Requisites1(People1vs.1Musa)1 a. Prior1 valid1 intrusion1 based1 on1 the1 valid1 warrantless1 arrest1 in1 which1 the1 police1 are1 legally1 present1 in1 the1 pursuit1 of1 their1 official1duties1 b. Evidence1 was1 inadvertently1 discovered1 by1 the1police1who1have1the1right1to1be1where1 they1are1 c. Evidence1 must1 be1 immediate1 and1 apparent1 d. Plain1view1justified1the1seizure1 (Plain(view1–1if1the1object1itself1is1plainly1exposed1to1 sight.11 1Where1the1object1seized1is1inside1a1closed1package,1 the1 object1 is1 not1 in1 plain1 view1 and,1 therefore,1 cannot1 be1 seized1 without1 a1 warrant.1 However,1 if1 the1package1proclaims1its1contents,1whether1by1its1 distinctive1 configuration,1 its1 transparency,1 or1 if1 its1 contents1 are1 obvious1 to1 an1 observer,1 then1 the1

contents1are1in1plain1view1and1may1be1seized.1If1the1 package1is1such1that1an1experienced1observer1could1 infer1 from1 its1 appearance1 that1 it1 contains1 prohibited1 articles,1 then1 the1 article1 is1 deemed1 in1 plain1view.11 1People1vs.1Slanguit1–1When1the1valid1portion1of1the1 search1 warrant1 has1 been1 executed,1 the1 palin1 view1 doctrine1 can1 no1 longer1 provide1 any1 basis1 for1 admitting1the1other1items1subsequently1found.11 “Immediately1 apparent”1 –1 does1 not1 require1 an1 unduy1 high1 degree1 of1 certainty1 as1 to1 the1 incriminating1 character1 of1 evidence.1 It1 requires1 merely1 that1 the1 seizure1 be1 presumptively1 reasonable1 assuming1 that1 there1 is1 probable1 cause1 to1 associate1 the1 property1 with1 criminal1 activity.1 That1 a1 NEXUS1 exists1 between1 the1 viewed1 object1 and1criminal1activity1 1 8. Search+under+exigent+and+emergency+ circumstances+ 1 Guanzon1vs.1De1Villa1upheld1the1validity1of1“areal1 target1 oning”1 or1 “saturation1 drives”1 as1 valid1 exercise1of1the1military1powers1of1the1President.1 1 Exclusionary1rule:1Evidence1obtained1in1violation1of1 Sec.1 2,1 Article1 III1 shall1 be1 inadmissible1 for1 any1 purpose1in1any1proceeding1because1it1is1the1fruit1of1 the1poisonous1tree.1(Sec.131(2),1Art.1III)1

PRIVACY+OF+COMMUNICATION+AND+ CORRESPONDENCE+ The$privacy$of$communication$and$correspondence$ shall$be$inviolable$except$upon$lawful$order$of$the$ court,$or$when$public$safety$or$order$requires$ otherwise$as$prescribed$by$law.$Any$evidence$ 37! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

obtained$in$violation$of$this$or$the$preceding$ section$shall$be$inadmissible$for$any$purpose$or$ proceeding.$ Exceptions:11 1. Lawful1order1of1the1court1 2. When1 public1 safety1 or1 order1 requires1 otherwise1

FREEDOM+OF+EXPRESSION+ No$ law$ shall$ be$ passed$ abridging$ the$ freedom$ of$ speech,$of$expression$or$of$the$press,$or$the$right$of$ the$people$peaceably$to$assemble$and$petition$the$ government$for$redress$of$grievances.$

Aspects:+ A. Freedom+ from+ censorship+ or+ prior+ restraint1–1need1not1be1total1suppression.1 Even1 restriction1 of1 circulation1 constitutes1 censorship.1 B. Freedom+from+subsequent+punishment1 –1individual1would1hesitate1to1speak1for1fear1 that1 he1 might1 be1 held1 to1 account1 for1 his1 speech.1 a. Libel1 –1 Public1 and1 malicious1 imputation1 of1 a1 crime,1 vice1 or1 defect,1 real1 or1 imaginary,1 or1 any1 act,1 omission,1 condition,1 status1 or1circumstance1tending1to1cause1 the1 dishonour,1 discredit,1 or1 contempt1of1a1natural1or1juridical1 person.1 b. Obscenity1–1guidelines:11 1. Whether1the1average1person,1 applying1 contemporary1 standards,1 would1 find1 that1 the1 work,1 taken1 as1 a1 whole,1 appeals1 to1 the1 prurient1 interest1

2. Whether1the1work1depicts1or1 describes1 in1 a1 patently1 offensive1 way,1 sexual1 conduct1 specifically1 defined1 by1the1applicable1state1law1 3. Whether1 the1 work,1 taken1 as1 a1 whole,1 lacks1 serious1 literary,1 artistic,1 political,1 or1 scientific1value.1

Tests+of+Valid+Government+Interference+ A. Clear+ and+ Present+ Danger+ Rule1 –1 Whether1 the1 words1 are1 used1 in1 such1 circumstances1 and1 of1 such1 a1 nature1 as1 to1 create1a1clear1and1present1danger1that1they1 will1 bring1 about1 substantive1 evils1 that1 the1 State1has1the1right1to1prevent.1 B. Dangerous+Tendency+Rule+–1If1the1words1 uttered1create1a1dangerous1tendency1of1a1n1 evil1 which1 the1 State1 has1 the1 right1 to1 prevent,1then1such1words1are1punishable.1It1 is1sufficient1if1the1natural1tendency1and1the1 probable1 effects1 of1 the1 utterance1 were1 to1 bring1 about1 the1 substantive1 evil1 that1 the1 legislative1body1seeks1to1prevent.1 C. Balancing+ of+ Interests+ Test1 –1 When1 particular1 conduct1 is1 regulated1 in1 the1 interest1 of1 public1 order,1 and1 the1 regulation1 results1 in1 an1 indirect,1 conditional1 or1 partial1 abridgement1 of1 speech,1 the1 duty1 of1 the1 courts1 is1 to1 determine1 which1 of1 the1 two1 conflicting1 interests1 demands1 the1 greater1 protection1 under1 the1 particular1 circumstances1presented.1 1

ASSEMBLE+ AND+ PETITION1 –1 The1 right1 to1 assemble1 is1 not1 subject1 to1 prior1 restraint.1 It1 may1 not1 be1 conditioned1 upon1 the1 prior1 issuance1 of1 a1 38! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

permit1 or1 authorization1 from1 government1 authorities.1Such1right1must1be1exercised1in1such1a1 way1as1will1not1prejudice1the1public1welfare.1

FREEDOM+OF+RELIGION+ No$law$shall$be$made$respecting$an$establishment$ of$ religion$ or$ prohibiting$ the$ free$ exercise$ thereof.$ The$ free$ exercise$ and$ enjoyment$ of$ religious$ profession$ and$ worship,$ without$ discrimination$ or$ preference,$ shall$ forever$ be$ allowed.$ No$ religious$ test$ shall$ be$ required$ for$ the$ exercise$ of$ civil$ or$ political$rights.$

Two+guarantees:+ 1. Non\establishment! Clause! –1 reinforces1 separation1of1Church1and1State.11 2. Freedom! of! religious! profession! and! worship! Free1Exercise1Clause1 Is1the1giving1of1thisthes1a1violation?1 Why1 is1 it1 (acting1 on1 one’s1 belief)1 subject1 to1 regulation?1

+Aspects+of+freedom+of+religious+profession+ and+worship+ 1. Right1to1Believe1–1Absolute1 2. Right1to1act1on1one’s1belief1–1subject1to1 regulation1 3. Compelling1State1interest1test11 a. First1inquiry1–1Whether1respondent’s1 right1 to1 religious1 freedom1 has1 been1 burdened1 b. Second1 Inquiry1 –1 Ascertain1 respondent’s1 sincerity1 in1 her1 religious1belief1 Ebralinag1 v1 .1 Dir1 of1 Schools1 KKK1 the1 moment1 they1 compel1 others1 to1 defy1 the1 State1 the1 exercise1 of1 religion1shall1be1subject1to1regulation1

LIBERTY+OF+ABODE+AND+TRAVEL+

RIGHT+TO+FORM+ASSOCIATIONS+

1

1

The$ liberty$ of$ abode$ and$ of$ changing$ the$ same$ within$ the$ limits$ prescribed$ by$ law$ shall$ not$ be$ impaired$ except$ upon$ lawful$ order$ of$ the$ court.$ Neither$shall$the$right$to$travel$be$impaired$except$ in$the$interest$of$national$security,$public$safety$or$ public$health,$as$may$be$provided$by$law.1

The1right1of1the1people1including1those1employed1in1 the1 public1 and1 private1 sectors,1 to1 form1 unions,1 associations1or1societies1for1purposes1not1contrary1 to1law1shall1not1be1abridged.11

Limitations1 1. Abode:1Lawful1order1of1the1court11 2. Travel:1 Interest1 of1 national1 security,1 public1 safety1 and1 public1 health;1 lawful1 order1of1the1court1

1Scope1–1Includes1right1not1to1join1or,1to1disaffiliate1 from1the1association.11 1The1 right1 to1 strike1 –1 Even1 if1 the1 right1 expressly1 guarantees1 the1 right1 to1 form1 unions1 in1 public1 and1 private1 sectors,1 members1 of1 the1 civil1 service1 may1 not1declare1a1strike1to1enforce1economic1demands.1

NON,IMPAIRMENT+CLAUSE+ RIGHT+TO+INFORMATION++ The1 right1 of1 the1 people1 to1 information1 on1 matters1 of1 public1 concern1 shall1 be1 recognized.1 Access1 to1 official1 records,1 and1 to1 documents1 and1 papers1 pertaining1to1official1acts,1transactions1or1decisions,1 as1 well1 as1 to1 government1 research1 data1 used1 as1 basis1for1policy1development1shall1be1afforded1the1 citizen,1 subject1 to1 such1 limitations1 as1 may1 be1 provided1by1law.11 1Scope1K111inclusions1 of1 negotiations1 leading1 to1 the1 consummation1of1the1transaction.11

No1 law1 impairing1 the1 obligation1 of1 contracts1 shall1 be1passed1 1Impairment1–1anything1that1diminishes1the1efficacy1 of1 the1 contract.1 There1 is1 substantial1 impairment1 when1the1law1charges1the1terms1of1a1legal1contract1 between1the1parties,1either1in1the1time1or1mode1of1 performance,1 or1 imposes1 new1 conditions,1 or1 dispenses1 with1 those1 expressed,1 or1 authorizes1 for1 its1 satisfaction1 something1 different1 from1 that1 provided1in1its1terms1 Limitations:1

1Exceptions1–1does1not1extend1to:1 a. Matters1 recognized1 as1 privileged1 information1rooted1in1separation1of1powers11 b. Information1 on1 military1 and1 diplomatic1 secrets1 c. Information1affecting1national1security1 d. Information1 of1 investigations1 of1 crimes1 by1 law1 enforcement1 agencies1 before1 the1 prosecution1of1the1accused1 e. Trade1and1Industrial1Secrets1

1. Police1 Power1 –1 Public1 Welfare1 is1 superior1to1private1rights.1 2. Eminent1Domain1 3. Taxation1

FREE+ACCESS+TO+COURTS+ Free1access1to1the1courts1and1quasiKjudicial1bodies1 and1 adequate1 legal1 assistance1 shall1 not1 be1 denied1 to1any1person1by1reason1of1poverty.1 1

39! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

MIRANDA+DOCTRINE+ First1institutionalized1in1the119731constitution1 Any$person$under$investigation$for$the$commission$ of$an$offense$shall$have$the$right$to$be$informed$of$ his$ right$ to$ remain$ silent$ and$ to$ have$ competent$ and$ independent$ counsel$ preferably$ of$ his$ own$ choice.$ If$ the$ person$ cannot$ afford$ the$ services$ of$ counsel,$ he$ must$ be$ provided$ with$ one.$ These$ Rights$cannot$be$waive$except$in$writing$and$in$the$ presence$ of$ counsel.$ No$ torture,$ force,$ violence,$ threat,$ intimidation,$ or$ any$ other$ means$ which$ vitiates$ the$ free$ will$ shall$ be$ used$ against$ him.$ Secret$detention$places,$solitary$incommunicado$or$ other$similar$forms$of$detention$are$prohibited.$Any$ confession$or$admission$obtained$in$violation$of$this$ or$ Seciton$ 17$ hereof$ shall$ be$ inadmissible$ in$ evidence$ against$ him.$ The$ law$ shall$ provide$ for$ penal$ and$ civil$ sanctions$ for$ violations$ of$ this$ section$ as$ well$ as$ compensation$ to$ and$ rehabilitation$ of$ victims$ of$ torture$ or$ similar$ practice,$and$their$families.$

Not1considered1as1custodial1investigation:1 1. Normal1audit1investigation1 2. Inestigation1 conducted1 by1 Court1 Administrator1 3. Investigation1conducted1by1an1employer1 4. Investigation1 conducted1 by1 civil1 service1 commission1 5. Counter1 affidavit1 submitted1 during1 preliminary1investigation1 6. A1 person1 signs1 a1 booking1 sheet1 and1 an1 arrest1report1 1

1 Rights1 are1 available1 only1 during1 custodial1 investigation1 Custodial+Investigation1–1Any1questioning1 initiated1by1law1enforcement1officers1after1a1person1 has1been1taken1into1custody1or1otherwise1deprived1 of1his1freedom1of1action1in1any1significant1way.1The1 rule1begins1to1operate1as1soon1as1the1investigation1 ceases1to1be1a1general1inquiry1into1an1unsolved1 crime1and1direction1is1then1aimed1upon1a1particular1 suspect1who1has1been1taken1into1custody1and1to1 whom1the1police1would1then1direct1interrogatory1 questions1which1tend1to1elicit1incriminating1 statements.1 •

RA1 74381 –1 Custodial1 Investigation1 shall1 include1 the1 practice1 of1 issuing1 an1 40! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1

•

“invitation”1to1a1person1who1is1investigated1 in1 connection1 with1 an1 offense1 he1 is1 suspected1 to1 have1 committed,1 without1 prejudice1 to1 the1 liability1 of1 the1 inviting1 officer1for1any1violation1of1the1law.11 Police1 LineKup1 –1 not1 considered1 1 a1 part1 of1 custodial1 inquest1 (Subject1 to1 some1 exceptions1 laid1 by1 the1 court)1 because1 it1 is1 conducted1before1the1state1of1investigation.1

Rights1 guaranteed1 by1 this1 provision1 refer1 to1 testimonial1compulsion1only.1 Are1lineups1included?1No.11 NB:1The1case1of1Gamboa1v1Cruz1(case1ni1Sir)1 Rights1Available:1 1. Right1to1Remain1Silent1 2. Competent!and!independent!counsel! –! must! be! willing! to! safeguard! the! constitutional! rights! of! the! accused,! as! distinguished! from! one! who! would! merely! be! giving! a! routine,! preremptory!and!meaningless!recital!of! the! individual! constitutional! rights! (PP! vs.!Bagnate)!

!The1 mere1 pro1 forma1 appointment1 of1 a1 counsel1 de1 officio1 who1 fails1 to1 genuinely1 protect1 the1 interests1 of1the1accused1merits1disapprobation.11

5. No1torture,1force,1etc.1Which1vitiates1the1 free1will1shall1be1used1 6. Secret1 detention1 places1 etc.1 Are1 prohibited1 7. Confessions/admissions1 obtained1 in1 violation1 of1 rights1 are1 inadmissible1 in1 evidence1 Two1kinds:1 a. Coerced1 confessions,1 the1 product1of1third1degree1methods1 such1 as1 torture,1 force,1 violence,1 threat1and1intimidation1 b. Uncounselled1 statements1 given1 without1 the1 benefit1 of1 Miranda1 warning1 The1 alleged1 constitutional1 infringement1 during1 the1 custodial1 investigation1 is1 relevant1 and1 material1 only1 where1 an1 extrajudicial1 confession1 or1 admission1 from1 the1 accused1 becomes1 the1 basis1 of1conviction.1 1

1Critical1 PreKtrial1 stages1 –1 custodial1 investigation1 before1 or1 after1 charges1 have1 been1 filed,1 and1 nonK custodial1interrogation1after1the1accused1has1been1 formally1 charged1 are1 considered1 critical1 preKtrial1 stages1in1the1criminal1process1which1would1require1 the1assistance1of1a1counsel1 Can1 a1 public1 prosecutor1 be1 a1 competent1 and1 independent1counsel?1 Ang1 sabi1 ni1 sir1 it1 all1 started1 with1 Carl1 Gaspar1 (paki1 double1 check1 name)1 who1 sought1 the1 services1 of1 a1 lawyer1 and1 was1 not1 granted1 his1 own1 counsel1 but1 was1assigned1one1 3. To1 be1 informed1 of1 such1 rights1 K11 transmission1 of1 meaningful1 information1 than1 just1 the1 ceremonial1 and1 perfunctory1 recitation1 of1 an1 abstract1 constitutional1principle.11 4. Rights1 cannot1 be1 waived1 except1 in1 writing1and1signed1by1his1counsel1 1 Sec..1 21 (d),1 RA1 74381 provides1 that1 any1 extraKjudicial1 confession1 made1 by1 a1 person1 arrested,1 detained1 or1 under1 custodial1investigation1shall1be:1 a. In1writing1 b. Signed1 by1 such1 person1 in1 the1 presence1of1his1counsel1or1in1the1 latter’s1 absence,1 upon1 a1 valid1 waiver,1 and1 in1 the1 presence1 of1 any1 of1 the1 parents,1 older1 brothers1 and1 sisters,1 his1 spouse,1 the1 municipal1 mayor,1 the1 municipal1 judge,1 district1 school1 supervisor,1 priest/minister1 as1 chosen1by1him.1 41! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

People1vs.1Samolde1–1Even1as1the1extrajudicial1 confession1was1in1writing1and1signed1by1counsel,1 because1the1accused1was1not1given1the1Miranda1 warnings,1the1confession1was1held1inadmissible1in1 evidence.1 People1vs.1Andan1–1Voluntary1but1uncounselled1 confession1of1accused1to1the1Mayor1and1to1the1 media1was1admissible1in1evidence.1Constitutional1 procedures1on1custodial1investigation1do1not1apply1 to1the1spontaneous1statements1not1elicited1 through1questioning1by1the1authorities,1but1given1in1 an1ordinary1manner1whereby1the1accused1orally1 admitted1having1committed1the1crime.1 1

Waiver:1 1. Must1 be1 writing1 and1 made1 in1 the1 presence1of1counsel1 2. No1retroactive1effect1 3. Burden1 of1 proof1 –1 on1 the1 prosecution.1 The1 presumption1 that1 official1 duty1 has1 been1regularly1performed1cannot1prevail1 over1the1presumption1of1innocence1 4. What1may1be1waived:1 1. Right1to1remain1silent1 2. Right1to1counsel1 K But1not1the1right1to1be1informed1 of1these1rights.1 Exclusionary1 rule1 –1 confession1 or1 admission1 obtained1in1violation1of1Sec.1121and1Sec.117,1Art.1III1 shall1be1inadmissible1in1evidence.11 Confession1 –1 declaration1 made1 voluntarily1 and1 without1 compulsion1 or1 inducement1 by1 a1 person1 acknowledging1 that1 he1 has1 committed1 or1 participated1 in1 the1 commission1 of1 a1 crime.1 But1 before1 it1 can1 be1 admitted1 in1 evidence,1 the1 constitution1 demands1 strict1 compliance1 with1 the1 requirements1of1the1Bill1of1rights.11 a. Fruit1 of1 the1 Poisonous1 tree1 –1 once1 the1 primary1 source1 is1 shown1 to1 have1 been1 unlawfully1 obtained,1 any1 secondary1 or1 derivative1 evidence1 derived1 from1 it1 is1 inadmissible.1Evidence1illegally1obtained1 by1the1state1should1not1be1used1to1gain1 other1evidence.11 b. Receipt1of1seized1property1inadmissible1 c. ReKenactment1 d. Res1Gestae1–1declaration1of1the1accused1 acknowledging1 guilt1 made1 to1 the1 police1 desk1 officer1 after1 the1 crime1 was1 committed1 may1 be1 given1 in1 evidence1 against1 him1 by1 the1 police1 officer1 to1 42! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

whom1 the1 admission1 was1 made1 as1 part1 of1res1gestae1 e. Waiver1 of1 the1 exclusionary1 rule1 K1 1 for1 failure1 of1 the1 accused1 to1 object1 to1 the1 offer1 in1 evidence,1 the1 uncounselled1 confession1was1admitted1in1evidence.1 1

Right+to+Bail+ All1 persons1 except1 those1 charged1 with1 offenses1 punishable1by1reclusion1perpetua1when1evidence1of1 guilt1is1strong,1shall,1before1conviction,1be1bailable1 by1 sufficient1 sureties,1 or1 be1 released1 on1 recognizance1as1may1be1provided1by1law.1The1right1 to1 bail1 shall1 not1 be1 impaired1 even1 when1 the1 privilege1of1the1writ1of1habeas1corpus1is1suspended.1 Excessive1bail1shall1not1be1required.11 Bail1 –1 security1 given1 for1 the1 release1 of1 a1 person1 in1 custody1 of1 the1 law,1 furnished1 1 by1 him1 or1 a1 bondsman,1 conditioned1 upon1 his1 appearance1 before1 the1 court1 as1 may1 be1 required.1 The1 right1 to1 bail1 emanates1 form1 the1 right1 to1 be1 presumed1 innocent.1 1 Who1 may1 invoke1 –1 a1 person1 in1 custody1 of1 the1 law1 who1 may1 by1 reason1 of1 the1 presumption1 of1 innocence1he1enjoys,1be1allowed1provisional1liberty1 upon1filing1a1security1to1guarantee1his1appearance1 before1any1court,1as1required1have1yet1been1filed.11 K

Exceptions:1

May1 be1 invoked1 by1 a1 person1 under1 detention,1 even1 if1 no1 formal1 charges1 have1 yet1 been1 filed.11

1. When1 charged1 with1 an1 offense1 punishable1 by1 reclusion1 perpetua1 and1 evidence1of1guilt1is1strong.1 2. Not1available1to1military1

shall1 be1 denied1 bail.1 Or1 bail1 previously1 granted1 be1 cancelled,1 upon1 a1 showing1 by1 the1 prosecution,1 with1 notice1 to1 the1 accused,1 of1 the1 following1 or1 similar1 circumstances:1 a. Accused1 is1 a1 recidivist,1 quasi1 recidivist1or1habitual1delinquent,1 hanituality1 b. Accused1 is1 found1 to1 have1 previously1 escaped1 from1 legal1 confinement,1 evaded1 sentence1 or1has1violated1the1conditions1of1 his1bail1without1valid1justification1 c. Accused1 committed1 the1 offense1 while1 on1 probation,1 parole,1 or1 under1conditional1pardon1 d. Circumstances1of1the1accused1or1 his1 case1 indicate1 the1 probability1 of1flight1if1released1on1bail1 e. Undue1 risk1 that1 during1 the1 pendency1 of1 the1 appeal,1 the1 accused1 may1 commit1 another1 crime1

Duty1of1the1Court1 1When1 the1 accused1 is1 charged1 with1 an1 offense1 punished1 by1 reclusion1 perpetua,1 a1 hearing1 on1 the1 motion1for1bail1shall1be1conducted1by1the1judge1to1 determine1 whther1 or1 not1 the1 evidence1 of1 quilt1 is1 strong,11 Bail1 as1 a1 matter1 of1 right1 –1 All1 persons1 in1 custody1 shall:1 1. Before1 conviction1 by1 the1 MeTC,1 MTC,1 MCTC1and11 2. Before1 conviction1 by1 RTC1 of1 an1 offense1 not1 punishable1 by1 death,1 RP1 or1 Life1 Imprisonment1 1Be1 admitted1 to1 bail1 as1 a1 matter1 of1 right1 with1 sufficient1 sureties1 or1 be1 released1 on1 recognizance1 as1prescribed1by1law.1 1

1

Bail1when1discretionary11 1. Upon1 conviction1 by1 the1 RTC1 of1 an1 offense1 not1 punishable1 by1 death,1 RP1 or1 life1 imprisonment,1 the1 court1 ,1 on1 application,1 may1 admit1 the1 accused1 to1 bail.11 2. The1 court,1 in1 its1 discretion,1 may1 allow1 the1 accused1 to1 continue1 on1 provisional1 liberty1under1the1same1bail1bond1during1 the1 period1 to1 appeal1 subject1 to1 the1 consent1of1the1bondsman.1 3. If1 the1 court1 imposed1 a1 penalty1 of1 imprisonment1 1 exceeding1 six1 years1 but1 not1 more1 than1 201 years,1 the1 accused1 43! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

•

Whether1as1a1matter1of1right1or1discretion,1a1 hearing1 has1 to1 be1 made1 because,1 in1 fixing1 the1 amount,1 the1 judge1 is1 required1 to1 take1 into1account1a1number1of1factors1such1as:1 1. Character1and1reputation1 2. Forfeiture1of1other1bonds.1

•

When1bail1shall1be1denied:1 1. Accused1 is1 charged1 with1 a1 capital1 offense1 or1 offense1 punishable1 by1 reclusion1 perpetua1 or1 higher1 when1 evidence1of1guilt1is1strong.1

1

1

Standards1for1fixing1bail:1 a. Financial1ability1of1the1accused1 b. Nature1 and1 circumstances1 of1 the1 offense1 c. Penalty1for1the1offense1charged1 d. Character1and1reputation1of1the1accused1 e. Age1and1health1 f. Weight1of1the1evidence1against1him1 g. Probability1of1his1appearing1at1the1trial1 h. Forfeiture1of1the1bonds1by1him1 i. Fact1 that1 he1 was1 a1 fugitive1 from1 justice1 when1arrested1 j. Pendency1 of1 other1 cases1 in1 which1 he1 is1 under1bond1 1 Constitutional+rights+of+the+accused+ 1 1. No1person1shall1be1held1to1answer1for1a1 criminal1offense1without1due1process1of1 law1 2. In1all1criminal1prosecutions,1the1accused1 shal:1 a. Be1 presumed1 innocent1 until1 the1 contrary1is1proved1 b. Shall1 enjoy1 the1 right1 to1 be1 heard1 by1 himself1and1counsel1 c. To1 be1 informed1 of1 the1 nature1 and1 cause1of1the1accusation1against1him1 d. To1 have1 a1 speedy1 impartial1 and1 public1trial1 e. To1meet1the1witnesses1face1to1face1 f. To1 have1 compulsory1 process1 to1 secure1 the1 attendance1 of1 witnesses1 and1 the1 production1 of1 evidence1 in1 his1behalf.11 g. However,1 after1 arraignment,1 trial1 may1 proceed1 notwithstanding1 the1 absence1 of1 the1 accused,1 provided1 44! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

that1 he1 has1 been1 duly1 notified1 and1 his1failure1to1appear1is1unjustifiable.1 Criminal!Due!process! 1. Accused1 has1 been1 heard1 in1 a1 court1 of1 competent1jurisdiction1 2. Accused1is1proceeded1against1under1the1 orderly1process1of1law1 3. Accused1 has1 been1 given1 notice1 and1 the1 opportunity1to1be1heard1and1 4. Judgment1 rendered1 was1 within1 the1 authority1of1a1constitutional1law.11 1 Habeas!Corpus! The1privilege1of1the1writ1of1habeas1corpus1shall1not1 be1 suspended1 except1 in1 cases1 of1 invasion1 or1 rebellion1when1public1safety1requires1it.1 Writ1 of1 Habeas1 Corpus1 –1 A1 writ1 issued1 by1 a1 court1 directed1 to1 a1 person1 detaining1 another,1 commanding1 him1 to1 produce1 the1 body1 of1 the1 prisoner1 at1 a1 designated1 time1 and1 place1 with1 the1 day1and1cause1of1his1caption1and1detention,1to1do,1 to1submit1to,1and1to1receive1whatever1the1court1or1 judge1awarding1the1writ1shall1consider1in1his1behalf.1 •

Available1to1restore1an1individual1subjected1 to1physical1Restraint.1

1 601 481 241

Duration1 Submit1 a1 Report1 in1 person1 and1 in1 writing1 to1 Congress1 Convene,1 voting1 jointly1 by1 vote1 of1 at1 least1 majority1 may1 revoke1 such1 proclamation1 or1 suspension1

1 301

Supreme1 court1 may1 review1 in1 appropriate1 proceeding1 filed1 by1 any1 citizen1 the1

31

sufficiency1 of1 the1 factual1 basis1 for1 the1 proclamation1 of1 martial1 law1 or1 the1 suspension1 of1 the1 privilege1 of1 the1 writ1 and1 promulgate1thirty1days1from1filing1 Any1 person1 arrested1 during1 the1 suspension1 of1 the1 writ1 shall1 be1 judicially1 charged1 other1 wise1released.11

Non,detention+by+reason+of+political+ beliefs+or+aspirations+ No1person1shall1be1detained1solely1by1reason1of1his1 political1or1religious1beliefs.1

1

Can1 you1 be1 punished1 for1 expressing/1 beliving1 in1 “Marxism”?11

Speedy+Disposition+of+Cases+

This1 is1 a1 new1 provision1 adapted1 from1 the1 French1 Constitution1

All1 persons1 shall1 have1 the1 right1 to1 a1 speedy1 disposition1 of1 cases1 before1 all1 judicial,1 quasiK judicial,1or1administrative1bodies.11

Self+Incrimination+ No1 person1 shall1 be1 compelled1 to1 be1 a1 witness1 against1himself.11

Involuntary+Servitude+ No1involuntary1servitude1in1any1from1shall1exist1 axcept1as1punishment1for1a1crim1whereof1the1party1 shall1have1been1duly1convicted.11 1Exceptions:1 1. Punishement1for1a1crime1whereof1one1 has1been1duly1convicted1 2. Service1in1defense1of1State1 3. Naval1Enlistment1 4. Posse1Comitatus1 5. Return1to1work1order1in1industries1 affected1with1public1interest1 6. Patria1potestas1

Availability1 –1 not1 only1 in1 criminal1 prosecution1 but1 also1in1all1other1government1proceedings1including1 civil1 actions1 and1 administrative1 or1 legislative1 investigations.1Claimed1not1only1by1the1accused1but1 also1by1any1witness1to1whom1a1question1calling1for1 an1incriminating1answer1is1addressed.1 1 1

Rule1 1Ordinary1 witness1 –may1 be1 invoked1 only1 when1 incriminating1question1is1asked1 1Accused/Respondent1 –1 may1 not1 be1 compelled1 to1 take1the1witness1stand1altogether1 1 Scope1 –1 only1 testimonial1 compulsion.1 Does1 not1 apply1where1the1evidence1sought1to1be1excluded1is1 not1 an1 incriminating1 statement1 but1 an1 object1 evidence.1 1 45! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Prohibited+Punishments+ 1 1. Excessive1fines1shall1not1be1imposed,1 nor1cruel,1degrading1or1inhuman1 punishment1inflicted.1Neither1shall1the1 death1penalty1be1imposed,1unless1for1 compelling1reasons1involving1heinous1 crimes,1the1Congress1hereafter1provides1 for1it.1Any1death1penalty1already1 imposed1shall1be1reduced1to1RP1

2. The1employment1of1physical,1 psychological,1or1degrading1punishment1 against1any1prisoner1or1detainee,1or1the1 use1of1substandard1or1inadequate1penal1 facilities1under1subhuman1conditions1 shall1be1dealt1with1by1law.1 Non,Imprisonment+for+debt+ No1person1shall1be1imprisoned1for1debt1or1nonK payment1of1a1poll1tax1 Double+Jeopardy+ No1person1shall1be1twice1put1in1jeopardy1of1 punishment1for1the1same1offense.1If1an1act1is1 punished1by1a1law1and1an1ordinance,1conviction1or1 acquittal1under1either1shall1constitute1a1bar1to1 another1prosecution1for1the1same1act.1 Requisites:1 1. 2. 3. 4.

Valid1complaint1or1information1 Filed1before1a1competent1court1 To1which1he1had1pleaded1 Defendant1was1previously1acquitted1or1 convicted1or1the1cases1dismissed1or1 otherwise1terminated1without1his1 express1consent1

SC:1Filing1of1an1MR1after1acquittal1is1a1violation1of1 Double1Jeopardy.11 Galman1case1is1Pro1Hac1Vice1 1

1. Every1law1that1makes1criminal1an1action1 done1before1the1passage1of1the1law1and1 which1was1innocent1when1done1and1 punishes1such1action1 2. Every1law1that1aggravates1a1crime,1or1 makes1it1greater1than1it1was1when1 committed1 3. Every1law1that1changes1punishment1and1 inflicts1a1greater1punishment1than1the1 law1annexed1to1the1crime1when1 committed1 4. Every1law1that1alters1the1legal1rules1of1 evidence1and1receives1less1or1different1 testimony1than1the1law1required1at1the1 time1of1the1commission1of1the1offense1in1 order1to1convict1the1offender1 5. Every1law1which,1assuming1to1regulate1 civil1rights1and1remedies1only,1in1effect1 imposes1a1penalty1or1the1deprivation1of1 a1right1for1something1which1when1done1 was1lawful1 6. Every1law1which1deprives1persons1 accused1of1a1crime1of1some1lawful1 protection1to1which1they1have1become1 entitled,1such1as1the1protection1of1a1 former1conviction1or1acquittal1or1of1a1 proclamation1of1amnesty1 Characteristics1 1. Refers1to1criminal1matters1 2. Retroactive1 3. Prejudicial1to1the1accused1 Bill!of!Attainder!

Ex+Post+Facto+Law+and+Bill+of+Attainder+ No1ex1post1facto1law1or1bill1of1attainder1shall1be1 enacted1 Kinds1of1Ex1post1facto1laws:1

46! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

K K

A1legislative1act1that1inflicts1 punishment1without1trial1 Substitutes1legislative1fiat1for1a1 judicial1determination1of1guilt1

Citizenship! 1 What1is1Citizenship?11 1Membership1in1a1political1community1which1is1 personal1and1more1or1less1permanent1in1character.1

Natural1Born1citizens1–1Those1who1are1citizens1of1 the1Philippines1from1birth1without1having1to1 perform1any1act1to1acquire1or1perfect1their1 Philippine1Citizenship.1Those1who1elect1Philippine1 Citizenship1shall1be1deemed1naturalKborn1citizens.1 (Sec.12,1Art.1IV)1 Types1of1Natural1Born1Citizens:1 1. Those1without1having1to1perform1any1act1

What1is1Nationality?11 1Membership1in1any1class1or1form1of1political1 community.1Does1not1include1right1or1privilege1of1 exercising1political1and1civil1rights.1 1Nationals1–1democratic1 1Subject1–1monarchical1 1 What1are1the1Modes1of1Acquiring1citizenship?1 1. By1Birth1 a. Jus1sanguinis1 b. Jus1Soli1 2. Naturalization1 3. Marriage1 Before1adoption1of119351Constitution1 1Jus1Sanguinis1–1all1inhabitants1who1were1Spanish1 subjects1on1Aprill111,11899,1residing1in1the1islands1 who1did1not1declare1intention1of1preserving1 Spanish1nationality1 1Jus1Soli1–1Res1judicata1 1 After1Adoption1of119351Constitution1 1Only1jus1sanguinis1 1 47! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

2. Born1before1January117,119731of1Filipino1 Mothers1who1elect1Phiippine1Citizenship1 Marriage1–1Citizens1of1the1Philippines1who1marry1 aliens1shall1retain1their1citizenship,1unless1by1their1 act1or1omission1they1are1deemed1under1the1law,1to1 have1renounced1it.1(Sec.14.1Art.1IV)1 Dual1Allegiance1–1Dual1allegiance1of1citizens1is1 inimical1to1the1national1interest1and1shall1be1dealt1 with1by1law.1(Sec.151Article1IV)1 K

Not1a1selfKexecuting1provision1

1 Attack1on1citizenship1must1be1made1through1a1 direct1and1not1collateral1proceeding.1 Res1judicata1does1not1ordinarily1apply1to1questions1 of1citizenship.1Except:1 1. Resolved1by1the1court1or1administrative1 body1as1a1material1issue1in1the1 controversy1after1a1fullKblown1hearing1 2. Active1participation1of11SolKGen1or1 representative1 3. Finding1of1citizenship1is1affirmed1by1the1 SC.1 1 Citizens1of1the1Philippines1

1. Those1citizens1of1the1Philippines1at1the1 time1of1the1adoption1of1the119871 Constitution1 2. Those1whose1fathers1or1mothers1are1 citizens1of1the1Philippines1 3. Those1born1before1January117,119731of1 Filipino1mothers1who1elect1Philippine1 citizenship1upon1reaching1the1age1of1 majority1 4. Those1who1are1naturalized1in1 accordance1with1law.11 1 Naturalization++ 1Act1of1Formally1adopting1a1foreigner1into1the1 political1body1of1a1nation1by1clothing1him1with1 privileges1of1a1citizen.1 A. Modes1of1naturalization1 1. Direct:1 a. Individual1through1administrative1 proceedings1 b. Special1Act1of1legislature1 c. Collective1nationality1as1a1result1of1 cession1or1subjugation1 d. Adoption1of1orphan1minors1as1 nationals1of1the1State1where1they1 are1born1 2. Derivative:1 a. Wife1of1naturalized1husband1 b. Minor1children1of1naturalized1person1 c. Alien1women1upon1marriage1to1 Filipino1 B. Doctrine1of1indelible1Allegiance1–1individual1 is1compelled1to1retain1original1nationality1 even1if1he1has1already1renounced1or1 forfeited1it1under1the1laws1of1the1state1 whose1nationality1he1has1acquired1 C. Direct1Naturalization1under1Philippine1Laws:1 1. Judicial1(CA1473)1 48! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

2. Administrative1(RA19139)1 3. Legislative11 1 1 1 De1Guzman1

Manzano1

De1Guzman1is1a1dual1 citizen1by1virue1of1RA1 92251on1Naturalization1

Manzano1is1a1dual1 citizen1by1virtue1of1the1 interplay1of1Jus1Soli1 and1Jus1Sanguinis1

Therefore1de1Guzman1 must1perform1a1separate1 act1of1renounciation1by1a1 Personal1and1Sworn1 Renounciation1

It1is1enough1that1 MAnzano1files1his1 C.O.C.1 1

1 CA14731 Qualifications:1 1. Not1less1than1211years1old1on1the1date1of1 the1hearing1of1the1petition1 2. Resided1in1the1Philippines1for1a1continuous1 period1of1not1less1than1101years.1May1be1 reduced1to151if:1 a. Honorably1held1office1in1the1 Government1 b. Established1new1industry1or1introduced1 new1invention11 c. Married1to1a1Filipino1woman1 d. Been1engaged1as1a1teacher1in1the1 Philippines1public1or1private1not1 established1for1particular1nationality1or1 race1or1any1of1the1branches1of1education1 or1industry1for1a1period1of1not1less1than1 two1years1

e. Good1moral1character,1believes1in1the1 principle1underlying1the1Philippine1 Constitution,1conducted1himself1in1a1 proper1and1irreproachable1manner1in1 relation1with1the1government1and1 community1 f. Own1real1estate1worth1not1less1than1 P5,000.001or1must1have1some1known1 lucrative1trade,1profession1or1lawful1 occupation1 g. Speak1and1write1English1or1Spanish1and1 any1of1the1principal1Philippine1languages1 h. Enrolled1minor1children11of1school1age1in1 any1public1or1private1schools1where1 phlippine1history,1government1and1civics1 are1taight1 1 Disqualifications1 1. Opposed1to1organized1government1or1 affiliated1with1those1opposed1 2. Defending1or1teaching1necessity1or1 propriety1of1violence,1personal1assault1or1 assassination1for1the1success1or1 predominance1of1their1ideas1 3. Polygamists1or1believers1in1polygamy1 4. Convicted1of1a1crime1involving1moral1 turpitude11 5. Suffering1from1mental1alienation1or1 incurable1contagious1disease1 6. Not1mingled1socially1with1Filipinos,1who1 have1not1envinced1a1sincere1desire1to1learn1 and1embrace1the1customs,1traditions1and1 ideals1of1the1Filipinos1 7. Citizens1or1subjects1or1nations1at1war1with1 Philippines,1during1such1war1 8. Home1country1does1not1grant1the1same1 right1to1Filipinos1to1become1naturalized1 1 49! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Procedure1 1. File1a1declaration1of1intention111year1before1 petition.1 Except:1 1. Born1in1Philippines1AND1received1 primary1and1secondary1education1in1 public1or1private1schools1 2. Resided1in1the1Philippines1for1301years1 or1more1before1filing1the1petition1and1 enrolled1children1in1elementary1and1 high1schools1recognized1by1the1 Government11 3. Widow1and1minor1children1of1an1alien1 who1has1declared1his1intention1but1dies1 before1naturalization1 2. File1petition.1 K Accompanied1by1affidavit1of121credible,1 citizens1of1the1Philippines1who1 personally1know1the1petitioner1as1 character1witnesses.1 3. Publication1of1Petition1 a. Petition1and1Notice1of1hearing1 b. Once1a1week1for131consecutive1weeks1in1 the1O.G.1and1in1a1newspaper1of1general1 circulation1in1the1province1where1the1 applicant1resides1 c. Copies1posted1in1the1office1of1Clerk1of1 Court1or1in1the1building1where1the1same1 is1located1 d. Indicate1names1of1witnesses11 K Publication1is1a1jurisdictional1 requirement.1NonKcompliance1whether1 it1be1the1fault1of1the1applicant1or1clerk1of1 court1is1fatal.1 K Contents1of1notice1of1hearing1and1 petition1must1be1complete,1copied1 verbatim.1Incompleteness1is1no1 publication1at1all.1 4. Actual1residence1during1proceedings1 5. Hearing1of1Petition1

6. Promulgation1of1decision1 7. Hearing1after1two1years1proving:1 a. Applicant1has1not1left1the1Philippines1 b. Dedicated1himself1continuously1to1a1 lawful1calling1or1profession1 c. Not1convicted1of1any1offense1or1 violation1of1rules1 d. Not1committed1an1act1prejudicial1to1the1 interest1of1the1nation1or1contrary1to1any1 Government1announced1policies1 8. Oath1taking1and1issuance1of1Certificate1of1 Naturalization1

1. Naturalization1certificate1is1obtained1 fraudulently1or1illegally1 2. If1within151years,1he1returns1to1his1native1 country1or1to1some1foreign1country1and1 establishes1residence1there.1 K 11year1stay1in1the1native1country,1or121 year1stay1in1a1foreign1country1shall1be1 prima1facie1evidence1of1intent1to1take1 up1residence1in1the1same1 3. Invalid1declaration1of1intent1 4. Minor1children1failed1to1graduate1through1 the1fault1of1parent1either1by1neglecting1to1 support1or1transferring1them1 5. Allowed1himself1to1be1used1as1a1dummy1

1 What1are1the1Effects1of1Naturalization?1 1. Vests1citizenship1on1wife1if1she1may1be1 lawfully1naturalized1 2. Minor1children1born1IN1the1Philippines1 before1naturalization1are1considered1 citizens1of1the1Philippines1 3. Minor1child1born1OUTSIDE1the1Philippines1 who1as1RESIDING1in1the1Philippines1at1the1 time1of1naturalization1is1considered1a1 Filipino1Citizen1 4. Minor1child1born1OUTSIDE1the1Philippines1 before1naturalization1shall1be1considered1 Filipino1ONLY1during1minority1unless1he1 begins1to1reside1permanently1in1the1 Philippines1 5. Child1born1OUTSIDE1the1Philippines1after1 naturalization1shall1be1considered1a1Filipino1 provided1that1he1registers1as1such1before1 any1Philippine1consulate1within1one1year1 after1attaining1majority1age1and1takes1his1 oath1of1allegiance.1 1 What1are1the1grounds1for1denaturalization?1

50! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

What1are1the1effects1of1denaturalization?1 1. If1the1ground1affects1the1intrinsic1validity1of1 proceedings1–1divests1wife1and1children1of1 their1derivative1naturalization1 2. If1personal1to1denaturalized1–1wife1and1 children1shall1retain1 1 When1is1there1naturalization1by1direct1legislative1 action?11 1It1is1discretionary1and1usually1conferred1on1an1alien1 who1has1made1outstanding1contributions1to1the1 country.1 1 What1is1Administrative1Naturalization?1 1It1is1a1law1granting1Philippine1Citizenship1by1 administrative1proceedings1to1aliens1BORN1and1 RESIDING1in1the1Philippines.1 CA14731 Judicial1 Cognized1by1Courts1

RA191391 Administrative1 Cognized1by1Special1 Committee1on1

Aliens1of1any1class1 Lived1in1Philippines1 continuously1for110/51 years1 1

Naturalization1 NativeKborn1aliens1who1 lived1in1the1Philippines1 all1their1lives1 Lived1in1the1Philippines1 all1throughout1their1lives1

Intention1of1the1legislature1was1to1make1the1 process1of1acquiring1Philippine1Citizenship1less1 tedious,1less1technical1and1more1encouraging.1 Nonetheless,1nativeKborn1aliens1have1the1choice1to1 apply1for1judicial1or1administrative1naturalization.1 1 What1is1the1Special1Committee1on1naturalization?1 1It1is1the1committee1which1has1the1power1to1 approve,1deny1or1reject1applications1for1 naturalization1under1RA19139.1It1is1composed1of:1

Good1moral1Character,1 believes1in1constitution,1 conducted1himself1in1 proper1and1 irreproachable1manner1 in1relation1with1 government1and1 community1 Have1received1primary1or1 secondary1education1in1 any1public1or1private1 institution1which1teaches1 history,1government1and1 civics.1As1well1as1minor1 childred1 Known1lucrative1 business,1profession1or1 occupation1 Able1to1read,1write1and1 speak1Filipino1AND1any1 of1the1dialects1of1the1 Philippines1

Mingled1with1Filipinos1 and1envinced1a1desire1to1 learn1and1embrace1the1 Solicitor1General1 (Chairman)1 customs1and1traditions1 and1ideals1of1the1Filipino1 people1 Secretary1of1Foreign1 1 Nauonal1Security1

1 1 1 1

Affairs1or1 Representauve1 (Member)1

1

Adviser11 (member)1

1Same1as1CA14731

Qualifications1visKaKvis1CA14751

1

1

Procedure1

CA14731 Need1not1be1born1here,1 resided1continuously1 for110/51years1 Not1less1than1181years1of1 Not1less1than1211years1 age1at1the1time1of1FILING1 at1the1time1of1HEARING1 petition1 of1the1petition1 51! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Same1

Same1 Able1to1read,1write1and1 speak1English1or1 Spanish1and1any1 principal1Filipino1 languages1 Same1

Disqualifications1

1

RA191391 Born1in1the1Philippines1 and1residing1since1birth1

Same1

1. File1petition1with1Special1Committee1 2. Publication1of1pertinent1portions1of1petition1 once1a1week1for131consecutive1weeks1in1a1 newspaper1of1general1circulation.1 3. Copies1posted1in1any1public1or1conspicuous1 area1

4. Copies1furnished1to1DFA,1Bureau1of1 Immigration1and1Deportation1and1Civil1 registrar,1NBI1who1shall1post1copies1of1 petition1in1any1public1or1conspicuous1areas.1 5. Within1301days1from1posting,1submit1to1 Committee1a1report1stating1whether1 applicant1has1derogatory1record1on1file1or1 any1information1adverse1to1petitioner’s1 application1 6. Within1601days,1committee1shall1review1 information1and1allow1applicant1to1explain,1 answer1or1refute1the1information1 7. Committee1approves1or1denies1the1 0petition1 8. Within1301days,1applicant1shall1pay1 P100,0001to1committee1 9. Applicant1takes1the1oath1of1allegiance1and1a1 certificate1of1naturalization1shall1issue1 10. Within151days1after1the1applicant1has1taken1 the1oath,1Bureau1of1Immigration1shall1 forward1a1copy1of1the1oath1to1the1proper1 local1civil1registrar1and1thereafter1cancel1the1 petitioner’s1alien1certificate1of1registration1 1 Status1of1Alien1wife1and1Children1 1They1may1file1a1petition1for1cancellation1of1their1 alien1certificates1of1registration1with1the1 Committee1subject1to1payment1of1fees.11 1But1if1the1applicant1is1a1married1WOMAN,1her1 husband1does1not1benefit1from1naturalization.1But1 her1minor1children1may1still1file1a1petition1for1 cancellation1of1their1alien1registration1certificate.1 1 Cancellation1of1Certificate1of1Naturalization1 1 Special1Committee1may1cancel1certificates1 of1naturalization1in1the1following1cases:1 52! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1. False1statement1or1misrepresentation1or1 any1violation1of1law,1rules1and1 regulations1in1connection1with1the1 petition1or1if1he1obtains1Philippine1 citizenship1fraudulently1or1illegally1 2. If1within151years,1he1shall1establish1 permanent1residence1in1foreign1country.1 K Remaining1for111year1in1his1country1of1 origin1or121years1in1any1foreign1country1 is1prima1facie1evidence1of1intent1to1 permanently1reside1therein1 3. If1allowed1himself1or1his1wife1or1child1to1 be1used1as1a1dummy1 4. If1he,1wife,1child,1commits1any1act1 inimical1to1national1security1 Loss1and1Reacquisition1of1Philippine1Citizenship1 Loss1of1Citizenship1 1. Naturalization1in1foreign1country.1 K Take1note1of1RA192251which1declares1 that1all1Philippine1citizens1who1become1 citizens1of1another1country1shall1not1be1 deemed1to1have1lost1their1Philippine1 Citizenship1 K NaturalKborn1citizens1who1lost1 citizenship1may1reKacquire1citizenship1 upon1taking1an1oath1of1allegiance.1 1 2. Express1renunciation1of1citizenship1 K Must1be1expressly1made1 1 3. Subscribing1to1an1oath1of1allegiance1to1 support1the1constitution1of1a1foreign1 country1upon1attaining1the1age1of121.1 Except1when1the1Philippines1is1at1war1 with1that1country.1(Principle1of1indelible1 allegiance)1

4. Rendering1service1to1or1accepting1 commission1in1the1armed1forces1of1a1 foreign1country.1Except:1 a. Philippines1has1a1defensive1or1 offensive1pact1of1alliance1with1the1 said1foreign1country;1OR1 b. Said1foreign1country1maintains1 armed1forces1in1Philippines1with1the1 consent1of11Philippines1 5. Cancellation1of1certificate1of1 naturalization1 6. Having1been1declared1by1competent1 authority1as1a1deserter1of1the1Armed1 forces1in1time1of1war.1 1 1

53! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Legislative* Department! The1Legislative1Power1 1. The1Power1to1propose,1enact,1amend1and1 repeal1laws1 2. Vested1in1the1Congress,1except1to1the1extent1 reserved1to1the1people1by1the1provision1on1 initiative1and1referendum.1 1 “Reserved1to1the1People”1K11is1not1a1selfKexecuting1 provision,1but1is1a1mandate1by1the1constitution.1 • In1this1light,1Congress1has1enacted1RA167351 which1is1limited1only1to1Initiatives1on1 Statutes.1(DefensorKSantiago1vs.1COMELEC)1 1 Initiative! Referendum! Propose1amendments1 Power1of1the1electorate1 to1Constitution1or1to1 to1approve1or1reject1 propose1and1enact1 legislation1through1an1 legislation1through1an1 election1called1for1the1 election1called1for1the1 purpose1 purpose1 K Initiative1on1 K Referendum1on1 Statute1 Statutes1 K Initiative1on1 K Referendum1on1 Local1 Local1Laws1 Legislation1 K Indirect1 initiative1–1 exercise1of1 initiative1by1the1 people1through1 a1proposition1 sent1to1 Congress1or1 local1legislative1 body1for1action1 Cannot1be1subject1to1both1I1and1R:1 1. Petition1embracing1more1than1one1 subject11 2. Statutes1involving1emergency1measures1 1

1 1 Local1Initiative:1 1. Not1less1than12,0001registered1voters1in1 case1of1autonomous1regions1 2. Not1less1than11,0001in1case1of1provinces1 and1cities1 3. 1001in1municipalities1 4. 501in1case1of1barangays1 • File1a1petition1with1the1Regional1Assembly1 or1local1legislative1body,1respectively,1 proposing1the1adoption,1enactment,1repeal,1 or1amendment1of1any1law,1ordinance1or1 resolution.1 Limitations1 1. Shall1not1be1exercised1more1than1once1a1 year1 2. Shall1extend1only1to1subjects1or1matters1 which1are1within1the1legal1powers1of1the1 local1legislative1bodies1to1enact1 3. At1any1time,1before1initiative1is1held,1the1 local1legislative1body1shall1adopt1in1toto1the1 proposition1presented.1 1 1 1 1 Congress1 1The1legislative1power1shall1be1vested1in1the1 Congress1of1the1Philippines1which1shall1consist1of1a1 senate!and!a!house!of!representatives,1except1to1 the1extent1reserved1to1the1people1by1the1provision1 on1initiative1and1referendum.1(Section11.1Article1VI)1 1 • Shows1a1BiKcameral1Congress.1 BiKCameral1Conference1Committee1–1 Compromises1differences1between1the1 senate1and1the1HR.1Members1of1which1 come1from1both1houses.1As1such,1it1can1go1 beyond1the1mandate1of1both1houses.1 (Philippine1Judges1Assoc.1Vs.1Prado)1 1 1 1 1 House!of!Rep.! Senate! Party\List! 54! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Nominees! Qualifications1 Natural1Born1 Natural1Born1 Citizen1 Citizen1 At1least1251years1 At1least1351 old1 years1old1

Read1and1Write1 (except1party1list1 representative)1 Registered1voter1 in1the1district1in1 which1he1shall1be1 elected1

Read1and1 Write1 Registered1 Voter1

Natural1Born1 citizen1 At1least1251 years1old1 Youth1sector:1 cannot1be1 older1than1301 1

Bona1fide1 member1of1 the1party1or1 organization1 which1he1 seeks1to1 represent1for1 at1least1901 days1 preceding1the1 day1of1the1 election1 Resident1in1the1 Resident1of1the1 1 district1for1a1 Philippines1for1 period1of1not1less1 not1less1than121 than1one1year1 years1 preceding1the1 immediately1 day1of1the1 preceding1the1 election1 day1of1the1 election.1 Term1 Three1years1 Six1years,1 31years11 commencing1at1 commencing1 noon1on1the130th1 at1noon1on1the1 day1of1June1next1 30th1day1of1 following1their1 June1next1 election1 following1their1 elections1 Limitation1 Shall1not1serve1 No1senator1 1 for1more1than131 shall1serve1for1 consecutive1 more1than121 terms.1 consecutive1 terms.1

Voluntary1 renunciation1 of1office1for1 any1length1of1 time1shall1not1 be1considered1 as1an1 interruption1in1 the1continuity1 of1his1service1 for1the1full1 term1for1which1 elected.1

1 •

1

•

+ Composition++ 1 Senate!! 1The1Senate1shall1be1composed1of1twenty\four! Senators1who1shall1be1elected1at1the1large1by1the1 qualified1voters1of1the1Philippines,1as1may1be1 provided1by1law.1(Section12.1Article1VI)1 1 House!of!Representatives! 1Not1more1than12501members,1unless!otherwise! provided!by!law1consisting1of:1 1 1 District1 PartyKlist1 Sectoral1 Representativ representatives1 Representativ es1 es1 Elected1from1 Shall1constitute1 (For131 legislative1 20%!of!the!total! consecutive1 districts1 number!of! terms1after1 apportioned1 representatives,1 the1 among1the1 elected1through1a1 ratification1of1 provinces,1 partyKlist1system1 the1 cities,1and1 of1registered1 Constitution)1 metropolitan1 national,1 One1hald1of1 Manila1area1 regional,1and1 the1seats1 sectoral1parties1 allocated1to1 or1organizations1 partyKlist1 55! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

• •

20%!of! the!total! number! of! represent atives!–! INCLUDIN G!THOSE! UNDER! THE! PARTY! LIST.!1 So:1 District! HR!=!200! Party\List! =!!20! =!220! 220!x!20%! =!44.1!1 Simply! put:!4:11

representativ es1shall1be1 filled1as1 provided1by1 law,1by1 selection1or1 election1from1 labor,1 peasant,1 urban1poor,1 indigenous1 cultural1 communities,1 women,1youth1 and1such1 other1sectors1 as1may1be1 provided1by1 law.1Except1 the1religious1 sector.1

! Veteran’s! Federation!vs.! COMELEC!–!NO! ROUND\OFF! • If!will! violate! 20%! threshold.1 1 1 1 1 1 •

“unless1otherwise1provided1by1law”1–1taken1 in1relation1with1Sec.151(4)1Art.1VI1on1 Reapportionment1of1Legislative1districts.1So1 strictly1speaking,1may1be1less1may1be1more.1

•

The1creation1of1a1new1province1by1a1 Regional1Assembly1of1ARMM1is1 unconstitutional1as1it1is1not1within1its1 powers.1Its1power1to1create1government1

1

units1extends1only1to1Barangays1and1 Municipalities.1Only1congress1has1the1power1 to1create1provinces.,1and1consequently1 another1position1for1a1representative.11 (SEMA1vs.1COMELEC)1 Requisites:1 1. In1accordance1with1the1LGC1 2. Plebiscite1 3. Not1contrary1to1the1Constitution1

! Apportionment!of!legislative!districts! 1 1A1justiciable1question.1 1Apportionment1shall1be1made1in1accordance1with1 the1number1of1respective1inhabitants,1on1the1basisi1 of1a1uniform1and1progressive1ratio:1 i. Each1city1with1not1less1than1250,0001 inhabitants1shall1be1entitled1to1at1 least1one1representative11 ii. Each1province,1irrespective1or1 number1of1inhabitants1is1entitled1to1 at1least1one1representative1 iii. Each1legis.1District1shall1comprise1 contiguous,1compact1and1adjacent1 territory.1To1prevent1 Gerrymandering1 • GerrymanderingO$is1a1practice1that1attempts1 to1establish1a1political1advantage1for1a1 particular1party1or1group1by1manipulating1 geographic1boundaries1to1create1partisan,1 incumbentKprotected1districts.11 1 The!Party\list!System!(RA!7941)! 1A1mechanism1of1proportional1representation1in1the1 election1of1representatives1to1the1HR1from1national,1 regional1and1sectoral1parties1or1organizations1or1 coalitions1thereof1registered1with1the1COMELEC.1 1 1Definition1of1Terms1 1. Party1–1either1a1political1party1or1a1 sectoral1party1or1a1coalition1of1parties11 2. Political1party1–1organized1group1of1 citizens1advocating1an1ideology1or1 platform,1principles1and1policies1for1the1 general1conduct1of1government1and1 which,1as1the1most1immediate1means1of1 56! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

•

•

•

•

•

1 •

securing1their1adoption,1regularly1 nominates1and1supports1certain1of1its1 leaders1and1members1as1candidates1for1 public1office.11 National1–1constituency1is1spread1over1the1 geographical1territory1of1at1least1a1majority1 of1the1regions1 Regional1–1Its1constituency1is1spread1over1 the1geographical1territory1of1at1least1a1 majority1of1the1cities1and1provinces1 comprising1the1region1 Sectoral1–1organized1group1of1citizens1 belonging1to1any1of1the1following1sectors:1 a. Labor1 b. Peasant1 c. Fisherfolk1 d. Urban1poor1 e. Indigenous1cultural1communities1 f. Elderly1 g. Handicapped1 h. Women1 i. Youth1 j. Veterans1 k. Overseas1workers1and1professionals1 Sectoral1organization1–1group1of1citizens1or1 a1coalition1of1groups1of1citizens1who1share1 similar1physical1attributes1or1characteristics,1 employment,1interests1or1concerns1 Coalition1–1an1aggrupation1of1duly1 registered1national,1regional,1sectoral1 parties1or1organizations1for1political1and/or1 election1purposes.1 ANG1BAGONG1BAYANI1vs.1COMELEC1–1 PartyKlist1system1is1a1borrowed1concept1 from1the1Parliamentary1form1of1 government.1It1opens1up1our1political1 system1to1those1not1yet1part1of1the1system.1 It1is1a1Social1justice1tool1to1give1more1law1to1 those1who1have1less1in1life.1“SO1that1Justice1 may1at1least1be1approximated.”11

1 Registration;!Manifestation!to!Participate!in!the! Party\List!System!

1Any1organized1group1of1persons1may1register1as1a1 party,1organization1or1coalition1for1purposes1of1the1 partyKlist1system1by:1 1. Filing1a1petition1with1the1COMELEC1 2. Not1later1than1901days1before1the1 election1 3. Petition1must1be1verified1by1its1 president1or1secretary1stating1its1desire1 to1participate1in1the1partyKlist1system1as1 a1national,1regional1or1sectoral1party,1 organization1or1coalition1 • Any1party1already1registered,1need1not1 register1anew,1but1must1file1within1901days1 before1the1election1a1manifestation1of1its1 desire1to1participate1in1the1partyKlist1system.1 1 Refusal!and/or!Cancellation!! 1. Motu1proprio1or1upon1verified1 complaint.1 2. Refuse,1cancel1after1due1notice1and1 hearing,1the1registration1of1any1national,1 regional1or1sectoral1party1on1the1ff.1 Grounds:1 a. Religious1sect/1denomination1 b. Advocates1violence1or1unlawful1 means1to1seek1its1goal1 c. Foreign1party1or1organization1 d. Receiving1support1from1any1foreign1 gov’t,1foreign1political1party1whether1 directly1or1indirectly1for1partisan1 election1purposes1 e. Violates1or1fails1to1comply1with1 election1rules1and1regulations1 f. Declares1untruthful1statements1in1its1 petition1 g. Ceased1to1exist1for1at1least1one1year1 h. Fails1to1participate1in1the1last1two1 preceding1elections1or1fails1to1obtain1 at1least12%1of1the1votes1cast1under1 the1partyKlist1system1in1the1two1 preceding1elections1for1the1 constituency1in1which1it1has1 registered.1 1 Nomination!of!party\list!representatives! 57! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1. Each1party1shall1submit1to1COMELEC1not1 later1than1451days1before1the1election1 2. List1of1names,1not1less1than151from1 which1partyKlist1representatives1shall1be1 chosen1in1case1it1obtains1the1required1 number1of1votes.11 Limitations:1 a. Person1may1be1nominated1in1one1list1 only1 b. Consent1of1such1person1must1be1 obtained1 c. No1candidate1for1elective1office1or1a1 person1who1has1lost1his1bid1for1an1 elective1office11 d. No1change1allowed1unless1submitted1 to1COMELEC1except:1 K Nominee1dies1 K Withdraws1in1writing1 his1nomination1 K Incapacitated1 K In1which1case,1the1 name1of1the1 substitute1nominee1 shall1be1replaced11

1 Manner!of!Voting! 1. Every1voter1entitled1to1two1votes1 i. Candidate1for1HR1in1his1legislative1 district1 ii. Vote1for1the1party,1organization1 or1coalition1he1wants1 represented1in1HR1 Number! 1PartyKlist1representatives1shall1constitute120%1of1 the1total1number1of1the1members1of1HR1including1 those1under1partyKlist.1 1Procedure1for1allocating1votes:1 a. Parties,1organizations1and1 coalitions1shall1be1ranked1from1 the1highest1to1the1lowest1based1 on1the1number1of1votes1they1 garnered1during1the1elections1 b. Parties,1organizations1and1 coalitions1receiving1at1least12%1 of1the1total1votes1cast1for1the1

partyKlist1system1shall1be1entitled1 to1oneKseat1each1 K Provided1that1those1 garnering1more1than1 2%1of1the1votes1shall1 be1entitled1to1 additional1seats1in1 proportion1to1their1 total1number1of1votes1 K Provided1further1that1 each1party,1 organization1or1 coalitions1shall1be1 entitled1to1not1more1 than131seats.1 1 Four!Inviolable!parameters!(Veterans!Federation! Party!vs.!COMELEC)! a. The120%1allocation1–1the1combined1 number1of1all1partyKlist1congressmen1 shall1not1exceed120%1of1the1total1 membership1of1the1HR1(INCLUDING1THE1 PARTY1LIST)1 1 b. The12%1threshold1–1Only1those1parties1 garnering1at1least12%1of1total1valid!votes! cast1for1the1partyKlist1system1are1 qualified1to1have1a1seat1in1the1house1 o Example:11  10M1votes1cast1  2%1x110M1=1200k1  For1every1200k1=111seat1  But1only1to1the1extent1of131 seats.1 o What1do1you1do1with1remaining1 seats:1 COMELEC:1Give1it1to1unqualified,1as1 is1expected1in1a1democratic1society.1 SC:1NO!1The1issue1of1democracy1lies1 with1congress,1not1with1COMELEC.11 The1201%11allocation1is1merely1a1 ceiling,1not1mandatory.1 1 c. The13Kseat1limit1–1each1qualified1party,1 regardless1of1the1number1of1votes1it1 58! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

actually1obtained,1is1entitled1to1a1 maximum1of131seats1 K 11qualifying1 K 21additional1 o To1avoid1one1partyKlist1getting1all1the1 seats1 1 d. Proportional1representation1–1 Additional1seats1which1a1qualified1party1 is1entitled1to1shall1be1computed1in1 “proportion1to1their1total1number1of1 votes”1 o Formula1for1additional1seats=1111 1Votes1cast1for1Qualified1Party111111111111111111 x1111111Alloted1seats1for1First1P11 Votes1cast1for1First1Party1

1 1 •

2nd1ANG1BAGONG1BAYANI1CASE1vs.1 COMELEC1 Issue:1What1do1you1do1with1the1votes1cast1 for1the1unqualified1party,1are1the1VALID1or1 STRAY1VOTES?1 HELD:1STRAY1VOTES.11 1. RA179411expressly1provides1that1votes1 cast1for1an1Unqualified1Party1shall1NOT1 be1counted.11 2. The1Labo1Doctrine1is1not1applicable1on1 disenfranchisement1is1not1applicable1 because1the1doctrine1involves1SINGLE1 elective1positions.11

1 1 Guidelines!for!entitlement!of!seats! 1. Represent1marginalized1and1underK represented1sectors1 2. Major1political1parties1must1comply1with1 this1statutory1policy1 3. Party1must1be1subject1to1the1express1 constitutional1prohibition1against1religious1 sects1 o Religious1denominations1cannot1be1 registered1as1a1political1party.1But,1a1 religious1individual1may1run1in1an1 elective1position.11

4. Party1must1not1be1disqualified1under1RA1 74911 5. Party1must1not1be1an1adjunct1of1an1entity1or1 project1funded1by1the1government1 6. Party1and1nominees1must1comply1with1the1 requirements1of1the1law1 7. Nominee1must1also1represent1a1 marginalized1or1underKrepresented1sector1 8. Nominee1must1be1able1to1contribute1to1the1 formulation1and1enactment1of1appropriate1 legislation1that1will1benefit1the1nation1 (Ang1Bagong1Bayani1–1OFW1Labor1Party1vs.1 COMELEC)1 ! Choosing!Party\list!Representatives! 1Proclaimed1by1the1COMELEC1based1on1the1list1of1 names1submitted1by1the1respective1parties,1 according1to1their1raking1 Effect1of1change1of1affiliation1 1Forfeit1his1seat.1Provided1that1if1changes1political1 party1or1sectoral1affiliation1within161months1before1 an1election,1he1shall1not1be1eligible1for1nomination1 as1partyKlist1representative1under1his1new1party1or1 organization.1 ! Vacancy! 1Shall1be1automatically1filled1by1the1next1 representative1from1the1list1of1nominees1in1the1 order1submitted1to1the1COMELEC1by1the1same1 party1who1shall1serve1the1unexpired1term.1If1list1is1 exhausted,1the1party1shall1submit1additional1 nominees.1 ! Election! 1. Regular11 2. Special1–1elected1member1shall1serve1 only1for1the1unexpired1portion1of1the1 term1 Salaries! 1. Determined1by1law1 2. No1increase1until1after1the1expiration1of1 the1full1term1of1all1member1of1Congress.11 ! Privileges! 1. Freedom1from1arrest1 59! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

K

In11all1offenses1punishable1by1 not!more!that!6!years! imprisonment1 K While1Congress1is1in1Session1 1Under1the1RPCK1VIOLATION1OF1PARLIAMENTARY1 IMMUNITY1 1 1Penalty1of1Prision11mayor1shall1be1imposed1upon1 any1person1who1shall1use1force,1intimidation,1 threats1or1fraud1to1prevent1any1member1of1 National1Assembly1from1attending1the1meetings1of1 the1Assembly1or1of1any1of1its1committees...1from1 expressing1his1opinions1or1casting1his1vote.1 1Penalty1of1Prision1correccional1shall1be1imposed1 upon1any1public1officer1or1employee1who1shall,1 while1the1Assembly1is1in1regular1or1special1session:1 a. Arrest1or1search1any1member1thereof1 except:1 K Such1member1has1committed1 a1crime1punished1by1a1 penalty1higher!than!prision! mayor.!(6!years!and!1!day!to! 12!years)! • To!reconcile,!it!must!be!“a!penalty!of! prision!mayor!or!Higher”! 2. Privilege1of1Speech1and1of1debate11 No1member1shall1be1questioned1nor1be1 held1liable1in1any!other!place!for1any1 speech1or1debate1in1the1congress1or1in1 any1committee1thereof.1 • Any!other!place!–!Even1in1Courts1 • But!if!delivered!in!the!Senate!or!HR,!he! may!be!subject!to!Disciplinary!actions.1 (Osmena!vs.!Pendaton)1 • Member1of1Congress1may1be1held1to1 account1for1such1speech1or1debate1by1the1 HR1to1which1it1belongs1 ! Disqualifications! ! 1. Incompatible1Office1 “1No1Senator1or1Member1of1the1HR1may1 hold1any1other1office1or1employment1in1the1 Government1or1any1subdivision,1agency,1or1 instrumentality1thereof1including1GOCC1or1

1

their1subsidiaries1during1his1term1without1 forfeiting1his1seat.”1 • Forfeiture1of1the1seat1shall1be1automatic1 • Except1when1member1holds1office1in1exK officio1capacity.1 2. Forbidden1Office1 “Neither1shall1he1be1appointed1to1any1office1 which1may1have1been1created1or1the1 emoluments1thereof1increased1during1the1 term1for1which1he1was1elected.”1 • The1ban1shall1last1only1for1the1duration1of1 the1term1for1which1the1member1of1Congress1 was1elected.1

Incompatible1Seat1 Forbidden1Office1 Member1of1Congress1 Even1if1he1is1willing1 may1be1validly1 to1forfeit1his1office,1 appointed1to1an1 he1may1NOT1be1 incompatible1office.1 appointed.11 But1if1he1accepts,1he1 automatically1forfeits1 his1seat.1 1 Other!Inhibitions! 1. Cannot1appear1as1counsel1before1any:1 a. Court1of1justice1 b. Electoral1Tribunal11 c. QuasiKjudicial1or1administrative1 Bodies1 2. Directly1or1Indirectly1be1interested1 financially1in1any:1 a. Contract11 b. Franchise1 c. Privilege1 Granted1by1the1Government,1during1 his1term1of1office1 • He1shall1not1intervene1in1any1matter1before1 any1office1of1the1Government1for1his1 pecuniary1benefit1or1where1he1may1be1 called1upon1to1act1on1account1of1his1office.1 • What1is1prohibited1is1PERSONALLY1 appearing1as1counsel1 • Upon1assumption1of1Office,1must1make1a1 full1disclosure1of1financial1and1business1 interest.1 60! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

•

Notify1the1house1of1any1potential1conflict1of1 interest1that1may1arise1from1the1filing1of1a1 proposed1legislation1of1which1they1are1 authors.1

1 Sessions! ! Regular! Special! Once1a1year1on1the1 Called1by1the1 th 4 1Monday1of1July,1 President1at1any1 unless1a1different1 time,1usually1to1 date1is1fixed1by1law,1 consider1legislative1 and1shall1continue1 measures1which1the1 for1such1number1of1 president1may1 days1as1it1may1 designate1in1his1call1 determine1until1301 1 days1before1the1 opening1of1its1next1 regular1session,1 exclusive1of1 Saturdays,1Sundays1 and1legal1Holidays.1 1 ! Joint!Sessions! ! Voting!Separately! Voting!Jointly! 1. Choosing1the1 Revoke1or1extend1 president1 proclamation1 2. Determine1 suspending1the1 President’s1disability1 privilege1of1the1Writ1 3. Confirming1 of1Habeas1Corpus1or1 nomination1of1the1 placing1the1 VP1 Philippines1under1 4. Declaring1the1 martial1Law1 existence1of1state1of1 1 war1 5. Proposing1 constitutional1 amendments1 1 ! Adjournment! !Neither1House1during1the1sessions1of1Congress1 shall,1without1the1consent1of1the1other1adjourn1for1

more1than131days,1nor1to1any1other1place1than1that1 in1which1the121Houses1shall1be1Sitting.1 ! Officers! 1. Senate1President1 2. Speaker1of1the1House1 • Majority1vote1of1all1its1respective1members1 • Each1house1shall1choose1such1other1officers1 as1it1may1deem1necessary1 ! Quorum! !Majority1of1each1House,1but1a1smaller1number1may1 adjourn1from1day1to1day1and1may1compel1the1 attendance1of1absent1members1in1such1manner1and1 under1such1penalties1as1such1House1may1 determine.1 • The1basis1in1determining1the1existence1of1a1 quorum1in1the1Senate1shall1be1the1total1 number1of1senators1who1are1in1the1country1 and1within1the1coercive1jurisdiction1of1the1 Senate.1 Discipline!of!members! !House1may1punish1members1for1disorderly1 behaviour.1 1Suspend1a1member1with1concurrence1of12/31of1all1 its1members1for1not1more1than1601days1or1expel1a1 member.1 • Grounds1for1disorderly1behaviour1is1a1 Political1question.1 ! Records!and!books!of!account! 1Preserved1and1open1to1the1public1in1accordance1 with1law.1 1Audited1by1COA1which1shall1publish1annually1an1 itemized1list1of1amounts1paid1to1and1expenses1 incurred1for1each1member.1 ! Legislative!journal!and!Congressional!Record! Matters1which,1under1the1constitution1are1to1be1 entered1into1the1journal1 1. Yeas1and1nays1on13rd1and1final1reading1of1a1 bill1 2. Veto1message1of1the1President1 3. Yeas1and1Nays1on1the1repassing1of1a1bill1 vetoed1by1the1President1 61! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1

4. Yeas1and1Nays1on1any1question1at1the1 request1of11/51of1members1present1

These1will1prevail1over1enrolled1Bill1 1 Enrolled!Bill!Theory!! 1. Duly1introduced1and1finally1passed1by1both1 Houses1 2. Authenticated1by1the1proper1officers1of1 each1 3. Approved1by1the1President1 • Conclusive!upon!the!courts!as!regards! tenor!of!measure!passed!by!Congress!and! approved!by!the!President.! • No1nee1d1to1look1into1whether1the1bill1was1 duly1or1regularly1enacted,1by1virtue1of1 Separation1of1Powers.1! • Court1is1bound1under1the1doctrine1of1Sep.1 Of1powers1by1the1contents1of1a1duly1 authenticated1measure1of1the1legislature1 • Enrolled1Bill1prevails1over1Journal1Entry,1 except!to!matters!which,!under!the! Constitution!are!required!to!be!entered!in! the!Journal\such!as!those!enumerated! above.!(Arroyo1vs.1De1Venecia)! ! Congressional1Record1–1Each1House1shall1 also1keep1a1Record1of1its1proceedings.1 •

Bodies+Attached+to+Congress+ 1. Electoral!Tribunals! • 2!Electoral!Tribunals,!SET!and!HRET!–!9! members!each! 1Composition1 K 31SC1justices1–1designated1by1 the1Chief1Justice1(1Judicial1 Component)1 K 61members1of1House1 concernedK1chosen1on1the1 basis1of1proportional1 representation1from1political1 parties1registered1under1the1 partyKlist1system1represented1 therein.1(Legislative1 Component)1

•

•

K Senior1justice1–1Chairman1 HRET1is1a1non1partisanKcourt1–1independent1 of1Congress1and1devoid1of1partisan1 influence1and1consideration.1 Disloyalty1to1the1party1and1breach1of1party1 discipline1are1not1valid1grounds1for1 expulsion1 Members1of1HRET1enjoy1security1of1tenure1

• 1 1Power1 1Sole1judge1of1all1contests1relating1to1the1election,1 returns1and1qualifications1of1their1respective1 members.1 • HRET1may1assume1jurisdiction1only1after1the1 winning1candidate1shall1have1been1duly1 proclaimed,1taken1his1oath,1and1assumed1 functions1of1office1 • Decision!of!HRET!reviewable!by!Certiorari! under!Rule!65! ! 2. Commission!on!Appointments! 25!Members! 1Composition1 K Senate1president1–1ex1officio1 Chairman1 K 121senators11 K 121members1of1HR11 • Only1LEGISLATIVE1COMPONENTS1 • A1tool1for1CHECKS1and1BALANCES1 • Elected11by1each1house1on1the1basis1or1 proportional1representation1from1the1 political1parties1registered1under1the1partyK list1system1represented1therein.1 • Chairman1shall1not1vote1except1in1case1of1a1 tie1 1 1Powers1 • Act1on1all1appointments1submitted1to1it1 within1301days1of1Congress1from1their1 submission.11 • Commission1shall1rule1by1a1majority1vote1of1 its1members1 • Shall1meet1only1while1congress1is1in1session1 at1the1call1of1chairman1or1a1majority1of1all1its1 members1 1 62! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

•

•

!

The1COA1is1independent1of1the1two1Houses1 of1Congress.1Its1employuees1are1not1 technically1employees1of1Congress.1 1 Has1the1power1to1promulgate1its1own1rules1 and1regulations1 1

1 Powers!of!Congress! I. General!Legislative!Power1–1 power1to1propose,1enact,1amend1 and1repeal1laws.1 a. Limitations1 Substantive1 Express1 K Bill1of1Rights1 K On1Taxation1 K Constitutional1appellate1 jurisdiction1of1the1SC1 K No1law1granting1a1title1of1 royalty1or1nobility1shall1be1 passé1 1Implied1 K NonKdelegation1of1powers1 K Prohibition1against1passage1 of1irrepealable1laws.1 1Procedural1 1. Only1one1subject1to1be1expressed1 in1the1title1thereof1 • Liberal1Interpretation1on1TitlesK1Need1not1be1 an1Index,1otherwise1a1Kilometric1Title1will1 result.11 • Purpose1of1Titles:11 o Prevents1Riders1 o Prevents1Hodge1podge1or1Log1Rolling1 o Apprise1People1of1Subject1of1 Legislation1 1 2. Three1readings1on1separate1days1 –1except1when1president1 certifies1to1its1immediate1 enactment1to1meet1a1public1 calamity1or1emergency1 b. Legislative1Process1

•

A. Requirements1as1to1bills1 1. Only1one1subject1to1be1expressed1 in1the1title1thereof1 2. The1following1shall1always1 originate1from1HR1 K Appropriation1 K Revenue/1Tariff1Bills1 K Bills1authorizing1increase1of1 public1debt1 K Bills1of1local1application1 K Private1Bills1 Tolentiono1vs.1Secretary1of1Finance1–1Senate1 has1the1power1to1concur1with1amendments.1 Even1Amendments1by1substitution.1Only1the1 BILL1must1originate1from1the1HR.11 B. 31readings1 K No1Bill1shall1become1a1law1 unless1it1has1passed131 readings1on1separate1days1 and1printed1copies1thereof1in1 its1final1form1have1been1 distributed1to1its1members131 days1before1its1passage.1 Except1when1president1 certifies1to1its1immediate1 eneactment1to1meet1a1public! calamity!or!emergency.!  Bi\Cameral!Conference! Committee! o Results!may!go! beyond!its!mandate.!! o From!the!Bi\Cameral! Committee,!send!the! bill!back!to!Both! Houses.!! o No!need!to!undergo! 3!readings! o Subject!to!votation! ! o If!Yeas!Prevail!  Signed!by:! o Senate! Presid ent! o Speake r!of! 63! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1

the! House! o Certified! o Transmitted! to!the! President! which!then! becomes!an! Enrolled!Bill!

! •

! ! !

If!Nays!Prevail! o Bill!is!not! Killed! o Another!Bi\ cameral! Committee!is! convened!to! come!up!with! the!version! applicable!to! Both!Houses.!

C. Approval1of1Bills11 K Bill1becomes1a1law1in1any1of1 the1following1cases:1 1. President1approves1and1signs1 the1Bill1 2. President1Vetoes1the1Bill11  21Kinds1of1Veto1 a. General1Veto1 b. Line1Veto1–1line1veto1or1 partial1veto1is1invalid.1It1is1 allowed1only1for1 particular1items1in1an1 appropriation,1revenue1 or1tariff1bill.1(Bengzon1vs.1 Drilon)1  Effects1of1Veto1 a. Does1not1Become1a1Law1 b. Send1Back1to1original1 House1with1Objections1

Veto1is1Overriden1by1 vote1of12/31of1all1its1 Members.11  Doctrine1of1Inappropriate1 Provision1 • Concerns1General1 Appropriation1Bill1 • This1is1a1result1of1 vetoing1an1 appropriate1provision1 otherwise,1the1 doctrine1applies.11 • Such1vetoed1 Inappropriate1 provision1does1not1 affect1those1which1 the1President1does1 not1veto1or1object1to.1 Such1provision1then1 becomes1an1“ITEM”1 3. President1fails1to1act1upon1 the1Bill1301days1from1receipt1  The1Bill1automatically1 becomes1a1Law1  There1is1no1Pocket1Veto11 • Pocket1VetoK11 Available1in1American1 Government1where1 the1President1does1 not1act1and1congress1 adjourns,1in1which1 case1the1bill1does1not1 become1a1law.11 1 ! Power!of!Appropriation! K The1power1of1the1purse1 belongs1to1congress,1subject1 only1to1the1veto1power1of1the1 president.! K Power1of1appropriation1 carries1with1it1the1power1to1 specify1the1project1or1activity1 to1be1funded1under1the1 appropriation1law.1It1can1be1 •

II.

64! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

as1broad1as1Congress1wants1it1 to1be.! A. Need1for1appropriation1 No1money1shall1be1paid1 out1of1the1Treasure1 except1in1pursuance1of1an1 appropriation1made1by1 law.1 B. Appropriation1Law1 Statute,1the1primary1and1 specific1purpose1of1which1 is1to1authorize1the1 release1of1public1funds1 from1the1Treasury1 C. Classification1 a. General1 Appropriation1Law1–1 Passed1annually1to1 provide1for11the1 financial1operations1 of1the1entire1 government1during1 one1fiscal1period1 b. Special1appropriation1 law1–1designed1for1a1 specific1purpose1 D. Implied1limitations1on1 appropriation1measures1 a. Devoted1to1Public1 Purpose1 b. Sum1must1be1 determinate1or1at1 least1determinable1 E. Constitutional1limitations1 on1Special1Appropriation1 measures1 a. Specify1public1 purpose11 b. Supported1by1funds1 actually1available1as1 certified1by1National1 Treasurer1 F. Constitutional1Rules1on1 General1Appropriations1 Law1

III.

a. Congress1may1not1 increase1the1 appropriations1 recommended1by1the1 President11 b. The1form,1content1 and1manner1of1 preparation1of1the1 budget1shall1be1 prescribed1by1law1 c. No1provision1or1 enactment1shall1be1 embraced1unless1it1 relates1specifically1to1 some1particular1 appropriation1 d. Strictly1follow1the1 procedure1for1 approving1 appropriations1for1 other1departments1 and1agencies1 e. Prohibition1against1 transfer1of1 appropriation1 f. Prohibition1against1 appropriation1for1 sectarian1benefit1 g. Automatic1 appropriation1 G. Impoundment1–1refusal1 by1the1president1for1 whatever1reason1to1 spend1funds1made1 available1by1congress.1 Failure1to1spend1or1 obligate1budget1authority1 of1any1type.1 1 Power!of!Taxation! Limitations1 1. Uniform1and1equitable.1 Progressive1system1of1 Taxation.1 2. Charitable1institutions1etc.1All1 lands,1buildings1ADE1used1for1

65! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

IV.

religious,1charitable,1or1 educational1purposes1 exempt1from1taxation1 3. All1revenues,1assets1on1nonK stock,1nonKprofit1educational1 institutions1used1ADE1for1 educational1purposes1 exempt1from1taxes1and1 duties1 4. Law1granting1tax1exemption1 shall1be1passed1only1with1the1 concurrence1of1the1majority1 of1all1the1members1of1 congress.! 1 Congressional!Oversight!Power! 1. Legislative!Scrutiny! a. Budget1Hearing! b. Question1Hour1! • Heads1of1department1 may1upon1their1own! initiative,1with1the1 consent1of1the1 President1or1upon1 request1of1either1 House,1appear1before11 and1be1heard1by1such1 House1on1any1matter1 pertaining1to1their1 departments.1 o Own1initiative1 –1Borrowed1 from1the1 Parliamentary1 form1of1 Government11 • Executive1Officers1or1 Cabinet1Members1 may1validly1refuse1to1 appear1if1called1 without1the1consent1 of1the1president.1This1 is1not1Mandatory.1 ! c. Confirmation1of1 Appointments!

•

1

Nomination1made1by1 the1President1in1the1 event1of1a1vacancy1in1 the1office1of1VP,1from1 among1the1members1 of1Congress1 confirmed1by1a1 majority1vote1of1all1 the1members1of1both1 houses1of1Congress,1 separately.1

! 2. Power!of!Legislative! investigation.!! K Congress1may1conduct1 inquiries1in1aid1of1legislation,1 in1accordance1with1duly1 published1rules1of1procedure.! K Rights1of1persons1appearing1 therein1or1affected1by1such1 inquiry1shall1be1respected.! K You1cannot1expect1congress1 to1enact1good1laws1if1you1 deny1it1the1power1to1 investigate.1! K Even1if1this1is1not1found1in1 the1Constitution,1the1power1 still1exists1as1it1is1Inherent! (Arnault!vs.!Nazareno)! 11Limitations:11 a. In1aid1of1legislation1 b. In1accordance1with1duly1 published1rules1of1procedure1 c. Rights1of1persons1appearing1 in1or1affected1by1such,1 inquiry1shall1be1respected1 ! ! 3. Legislative!Supervision! K Scrutinize1exercise1of1 delegated1lawKmaking1and1 permits1the1congress1to1 retain1such1power.1! K Excercised1through:! 66! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1



1

o Legislative1Veto1–1the1 legislature1can1block1 or1modify1 administrative1action1 taken1under1a1 statute.1May1be1 negative1or1 affirmative.1Subject1 to1serious1questions1 involving1the1principle1 of1separation1of1 powers.1 Power1to1Punish1contempt1 • May1include1 imprisonment,1for1the1 duration1of1the1 session.1Senate1being1 a1continuing1body,1 may1order1 imprisonment1for1an1 indefinite1period.1But1 always1consider1due1 process.1 • Cannot1be1pardoned1 –1by1virtue1of1 separation1of1powers1

4. War!Powers! Vote1of12/31of1both1Houses1in1 joint1session1assembled,1voting1 separately,1may1declare1 existence1of1a1state1of1war.1 ! 5. Board!of!Canvassers!in! election!of!President! K Congress1may1validly1 delegate1the1initial1 determination1of1the1 authenticity1and1due1 execution1of1the1certificates1 of1canvass1to1a1joint1 Congressional1Committee1 composed1of1The1HR1and1of1 the1Senate.11 1

!

! ! !

1 1 1 1 1

6. Power!to!call!special! election!for!President!and! Vice!president! ! 7. Power!to!judge!President’s! physical!fitness!to!discharge! the!functions!of!the! presidency! ! 8. Power!to!revoke!or!extend! suspension!of!the!privilege! of!the!Writ!of!Habeas! Corpus!or!declaration!of! martial!law! ! 9. Power!to!concur!in! presidential!amnesties.! Concurrence!of!majority!of! all!the!members!of!congress.! 10. Power!to!concur!in!treaties! or!international!agreements.! Concurrence!of!at!least!2/3! of!all!the!members!of!the! Senate! 11. Power!of!Impeachment! 12. Power!relative!to!natural! resources!

Executive)Department! 1“Section11.1The1executive1power1shall1be1vested1in1 the1President1of1the1Philippines.”1 Sec.111is1the1most1powerful1provision1because:1 •

It1is1a1source1of1all1inherent1powers1

•

Political1Authority1of1the1president1is1the1 People1

U.S .1

Biak KnaK Bat o1

Malolo s1

193511

197 31

198 71

A1

The1

The1

A11 The1 (Commonwealt h1government1 eh)1

The1

1 1 The+President+ 1 Qualifications:11 1. 2. 3. 4.

NaturalKborn1citizen1of1the1Philippines1 Registered1voter1 Able1to1read1and1write1 At1 least1 401 years1 old1 on1 the1 day1 of1 the1 election1 5. Resident1 of1 the1 Philippines1 for1 at1 least1 ten1 years1immediately1preceding1such1election1

13. Power!to!propose! amendments!to!the! constitution1

1 Election1 a. Regular1ElectionK1Second1Monday1of1May1 b. Congress1as1canvassing1board1 67! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

c. Supreme1 court1 as1 Presidential1 Electoral1 Tribunal1 Term1of1Office1 a. No1 reKelectionK1 No1 person1 who1 has1 succeeded1 as1 President1 and1 has1 served1 as1 such1 for1 more1 than1 four1 years1 1 shall1 be1 qualified1 for1 election1 to1 the1 same1 office1 at1 any1time.11 b. The1 61 year1 term1 of1 President1 and1 Vice1 President1is1for1purposes1of1synchronization1 of1elections.1 1 Oath1of1Office1 1“1 I1 do1 solemnly1 swear1 9or1 affirm)1 that1 I1 will1 faithfully1 and1 conscientiously1 fulfil1 my1 duties1 as1 President1(or1Vice1President1or1Acting1President)1of1 the1 Philippines,1 preserve1 and1 defend1 its1 Constitution,1 execute1 its1 laws,1 do1 justice1 to1 every1 man,1 and1 consecrate1 myself1 to1 the1 service1 of1 the1 Nation.1 So1 help1 me1 GOD.”1 (In1 case1 of1 affirmation,1 last1sentence1will1be1omitted)1 •

Borrowed1from1the1US1

•

“So1 help1 me1 God”1 –1 was1 introduced1 by1 George1Washington1

•

Clinton1 vs.1 Jones1 –1 A1 suit1 can1 be1 filed1 against1 the1 president1 if1 the1 conduct1 is1 not1 related1 to1 the1 office’s1 official1 functions1

•

Benjamin1 Franklin1 introduced1 prayer1 in1 Congress1 in1 the1 17871 Constitutional1 Convention.1

Privileges1 a. Official1residence1

68! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

b. Salary1 –1 determined1 by1 law,1 shall1 not1 be1 decreased1 during1 tenure.1 No1 increase1 until1 after1 the1 expiration1 of1 the1 term1 of1 the1 incumbent1 during1 which1 such1 increase1 was1 approved.1 c. Immunity1 from1 suit1 –1 while1 immune1 from1 suit,1president1may1still1institute1suit1 • Immune1from1civil1liability1 • After1 tenure,1 President1 cannot1 invoke1 immunity1 from1 suit1 fro1 civil1 damages1 arising1out1of1acts1done1by1him1while1he1 was1 president1 which1 were1 not1 performed1 in1 the1 exervcise1 of1 official1 duties1 • Alter1 ego1 of1 president1 cannot1 invoke1 immunity1 from1 suit1 because1 the1 questioned1 acts1 are1 not1 the1 acts1 of1 the1 President1 but1 merely1 those1 of1 a1 department1secretary1 1 d. Executive1 PrivilegeK1 1 the1 right1 of1 the1 president1 and1 highKlevel1 executive1 branch1 officials1 to1 withhold1 information1 from1 Congress,1 the1 courts1 and1 ultimately1 the1 public.11 • Does1 not1 Attach1 to1 the1 Person,1 but1 to1 the1Act1or1Information1 1 1What1it1covers:1 1. State1Secrets1 K Disclosure1 would1 subvert1 military1 affairs1 2. Informer1 K NonKdisclosure1 of1 identities1 of1 persons1who1give1information1 3. Generic1 Principles1 for1 Internal1 Deliberation1

K

• •

Recommendations,1 intraKgovernment1 advisory1opinions1

deliberations,1 documents,1

1 Cannot1 be1 pried1 open1 by1 a1 coKequal1 branch1of1the1government1 Being1an1exemption1from1the1obligation1 to1 disclose1 information,1 the1 necessity1 for1withholding1the1information1must1be1 of1 such1 a1 high1 degree1 as1 to1 outweigh1 public1 interest1 –1 an1 indication1 of1 a1 DEMOCRATIC1AND1REPUBLICAN1STATE1 1

Prohibitions/Inhibitions11 a. Shall1 not1 receive1 any1 other1 emoluments1 from1the1government1or1any1other1source1 b. Unless1 otherwise1 provided1 in1 this1 Constitution,1shall1not1hold1any1other1office1 or1employment1 • The1VP1may1be1appointed1to1the1Cabinet1 without1the1need1of1confirmation1by1the1 Commission1on1Appointments1 • EO12841which1allowed1cabinet1members1 to1hold1two1other1offices1in1government1 is1 unconstitutional1 ,1 in1 direct1 contravention1of1Sec.113,1Art.1VII.1 • Executive1 official1 s1 may1 occupy1 posts1 in1 an1exKofficio1capacity1without1additional1 compensation1 and1 as1 required1 by1 the1 primary1 functions1 of1 the1 said1 official’s1 office.1 c. Shall1not1directly1or1indirectly:1 K Practice1any1other1profession1 K Participate1in1any1business1 K Be1financially1interested1in1any1contract1 with1 or1 in1 any1 franchise1 or1 special1 privilege1granted1by1the1government11 d. Strictly1 avoid1 conflict1 of1 interest1 in1 the1 conduct1of1their1office1 69! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

e. May1 not1 appoint1 spouse1 or1 relatives1 by1 consanguinity1 or1 affinity1 within1 the1 4th1 civil1 degree1as1members1of:1 K Constitutional1Commissions1 K Office1of1the1Ombudsman1 K Secretaries1 K Under1Secretaries1 K Chairmen1 or1 heads1 of1 bureaus1 or1 offices,1 including1 GOCC1 and1 their1 subsidiaries1 1 Succession1 a. Vacancy1at1the1beginning1of1the1term:1 Cause! Succession! Death1 or1 Vice1President1elect1 permanent1 • Not1 merely1 disability1 ACTING1 but1 AS1president1 Fails1to1qualify1 Vice1President1elect1shall1 act1 as1 president1 until1 PresidentKelect1 shall1 have1qualified1 Not1chosen1 Vice1President1elect1shall1 act1 as1 president1 until1 a1 president1 shall1 have1 been1 chosen1 and1 qualified1 No1 President1 President1 of1 the1 Senate,1 and1 vice1 or1in1case1of1his1inability,1 president1 the1 Speaker1 of1 the1 HR1 chosen1 nor1 shall1 shall1 act1 as1 president1 have1qualified1or1 until1 a1 president1 and1 both1 shall1 have1 vice1president1shall1have1 died1 or1 become1 been1 chosen1 and1 permanently1 qualified.1In1the1event1of1 disabled1 inability1 of1 the1 officials1 mentioned,1 congress1 by1 law1 shall1 provide1 for1 a1 manner1 in1 which1 one1 who1 is1 to1 act1 president1 shall1 be1 selected1 until1 a1 president1 or1 VP1 shall1

have1qualified.1 11 b. Vacancy1during1the1term1

1

1

Within151days,1majority1of1the1members1 of1 the1 Cabinet1 transmit1 to1 the1 Senate1 president1 and1 Speaker1 their1 written1 Cause! Succession! declaration1that1the1president1is1unable1 Death,1 permanent1 disability,1 removal1 from1 Vice1 President1 shall1 become1 the1 to1 discharge1 the1 powers1 and1 duties1 of1 office,1resignation1 president1 his1 office,1 shall1 decide1 the1 Death,1 permanent1 disability,1 removal1 from1 Senate1 President,1 in1 case1Congress1 o1 inability,1 issue.11 office,1or1resignation1of1P1and1VP1 Speaker1 of1 HR1 shall1 act1 as1 President1 until1 a1 P1 or1 1 VP1 shall1 be1 elected1 and1 qualified.1Congress1by1law,1shall1provide1 • For1 this1 purpose,1 the1 Congress1 shall1 for1the1manner1in1which1one1is1to1act1as1 convene,1 if1 1 not1 in1 session,1 within1 481 President1in1the1event1of1inability1of1the1 hours.11 officials1mentioned1above.1 1 • If1within1101days1from1receipt1of1the1last1 c. Temporary1disability1 written1declaration1or;1 • President1 transmits1 to1 the1 Senate1 1 President1and1the1Speaker1his1WRITTEN1 • If1 not1 in1 session,1 within1 121 days1 after1 it1 DECLARATION1 that1 he1 is1 unable1 to1 is1 required1 to1 assemble,1 Congress1 discharge1 the1 powers1 and1 duties1 of1 his1 determines1 by1 a1 2/31 vote1 of1 both1 office.11 Houses,1 voting1 separately1 that1 the1 • Until1 he1 transmits1 to1 them1 written1 president1 is1 unable1 to1 discharge1 the1 declaration1 to1 the1 contrary,1 such1 powers1 and1 duties1 of1 his1 office,1 the1 VP1 powers1 and1 duties1 shall1 be1 discharged1 shall1act1as1President.11 by1the1VP1as1acting1President1 1 • Otherwise1 the1 president1 shall1 continue1 exercising1 the1 powers1 and1 duties1 of1 his1 office1 • Majority1 of1 all1 the1 members1 of1 the1 1 Cabinet1 transmits1 to1 the1 Senate1 d. Constitutional1 duty1 of1 Congress1 in1 case1 of1 president1and1the1Speaker1their1written1 vacancy1in1the1offices1of1President1and1VP1 declaration1that1the1president1is1unable1 1. At1 10:001 AM1 of1 the1 3rd1 day1 after1 the1 to1 discharge1 the1 powers1 and1 duties1 of1 vacancy1occurs1 his1 office,1 VP1 shall1 immediately1 assume1 2. Congress1 shall1 convene1 without! the! powers1 and1 duties1 of1 the1 office1 as1 need!of!a!call1 ACTING1PRESIDENT1 3. Within1 71 days1 enact1 a1 law1 calling1 for1 a1 1 special1election1to1elect1a1president1and1 • When1president1transmits1to1the1Senate1 VP1 President1 and1 Speaker1 his1 written1 4. To1be1held1not1earlier1than1451nor1later1 declaration1 that1 no1 inability1 exists,1 he1 than1601days1from1the1time1of1such1call1 shall1reassume1the1powers1and1duties1of1 his1office.11 70! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1

1 •

5. The1 Bill1 shall1 be1 deemed1 certified1 and1 shall1 become1 law1 upon1 its1 approval1 on1 third1reading1by1Congress1 6. Convening1 of1 Congress1 cannot1 be1 suspended1 nor1 the1 special1 election1 postponed1 7. No1special1election1shall1be1called1if1the1 vacancy1 occyrs1 within1 181 month1 before1 the1 date1 of1 the1 next1 presidential1 election.11 ! Removal!of!the!President! 1Impeachment1 Article1XI1 1 Sec.121 1 Who1may1be1impeached?11 1. President1 2. VP1 3. Members1of1SC1 4. Members1of1Constitutional1Commissions1 5. Ombudsman1 1 On1what1ground?1 1. Culpable1violation1of1the1Constitution1 2. Treason1 3. Bribery1 4. Graft1and1Corruption11 5. Other1high1crimes1 6. Betrayal1of1public1trust1 Sec.131 1 Who1may1initiate1case1of1impeachment?1 1 • Only1 the1 House1 of1 Representatives/citizen1 upon1 resolution1 or1 endorsement1 by1 any1 member1 of1 the1 HR1 1 What1is1the1process1of1impeachment?1 71! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 Inquiry!of!Impeachment!!!Direct!Resolution! !Resolution! 1 Any1member1of1the1 HR1or1Citizen1of1the1 Philippines1upon1 resolution1or1 endorsement1by1any1 member1of1the1HR1 FILES1A1VERIFIED1 COMPLAINT1

1 1 Include1in1the1order1 1 of1business1of1HR1 1 1 within1101session1 Referred1to1 1 1 JUDICIARY1 1 COMMITTEE1within131 1 session1days1 1 1 Judiciary1committee1 1 HOLDS1HEARINGS1 1 1 and1INVESTIGATES1 1 CHARGES1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 COMMITTEE1after1 1 hearing1and1 1 1 MAJORITY1VOTE1of1all1 1 its1members1 1 SUBMITS1REPORT1to1 1 HR1within1601session1 1 1 1 CALENDARED1for1 CONSIDERATION1by1 HR1within1101session1 days1

1 b. As1 the1 administrative1 head1 of1 the1 1 Government,1 the1 President1 is1 vested1 1 with1 the1 power1 to1 execute,1 administer1 1 and1 carry1 out1 laws1 into1 practical1 1 operation.1 1 At1least11/31of1all1 c. Power1 of1 carrying1 out1 the1 laws1 into1 1 members1of1HR1 practical1 operation1 and1 enforcing1 their1 1 AFFIRMS1or1 1 due1observance1 1 OVERRIDES1Article1of1 • Authority1to1reorganize1the1Office1of1the1 1 President1 by1 virtue1 of1 Administrative1 ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT is SENT to the SENATE 1 which have the sole power to try and decide all cases of Code1of119871(EO1292).11 1 impeachment. Sec.!31!(1)! ! Sec.! 31! (2)! (3)! 1 Outside! of! the! 1 Prosecutors: Fixed number of members of HR President!Proper! Office! of! 1 Jurors: FULL SENATE President!Proper! 1 Abolishing,1 Limited1 to1 merely1 1 When the President of the Philippines is on trial, the Chief consolidating1 or1 transferring1 1 Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote.1 merging1 units1 or1 functions1 or1 1 by1 transferring1 agencies1 from1 the1 1 functions1from1one1 Office1 of1 the1 1 unit1to1another1 President1 to1 1 Departments1 or1 1 Agencies1 and1 vice1 1 SENATE VOTES in OPEN SESSION on each Articles of versa1 1 Impeachment1 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 CONVICTION upon concurrence of 2/3 vote of ALL the 1 MEMBERS OF THE SENATE1 2. Appointments! 1 1 Appointment1–1selection,1by1authority1vested1with1 1 the1 power,1 of1 an1 individual1 who1 is1 to1 exercise1 the1 1 functions1of1a1given1office.11 Powers+of+the+President+ • Not1 limited1 merely1 to1 the1 provisions1 of1 the1Constitution.11 1. Executive!Power! a. Power1 to1 enforce1 and1 administer1 the1 laws.111

72! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Designation1 –1 the1 imposition1 of1 additional1 duties,1 usually1 by1 law,1 on1 a1 person1 already1 in1 the1 public1 service.11 Commission1–1written1evidence1of1appointment1 Classifications1of1Appointments1 Permanent! Temporary! Extended1 to1 persons1 Given1 to1

persons1

possessing1 the1 qualifications1 and1 requisite1 eligibility1 and1 are1 thus1 protected1 by1 Security1of1Tenure1

without1 such1 eligibility,1 revocable1 at1 will1 and1 without1 the1 necessity1 of1 just1 cause1 or1 a1 valid1 investigation1 made1 on1 the1 understanding1 that1 the1 appointing1 power1 has1not1yet1decided1on1a1 permanent1 appointee1 and1 that1 the1 temporary1 appointee1 maybe1 replaced1 at1 any1 time1 a1 permanent1 choice1 is1 made.11

cannot1 be1 withdrawn1 once1 qualified.1 Ad1 interim1 appointments1 are1 permanent1 until1 disapproved1 during1 the1 next1 session1 of1 congress.11 APPLICABLE!ONLY!WHEN!APPOINTMENT! REQUIRES!CONFIRMATION! Such1as:1 1. Provided1by1Constitution:11 a. Heads1of1Executive1Departments1 • Except1Vice1President11 b. Ambassadors1or1other1public1 ministers1and1consuls1 c. Officers1of1the1armed1forces1 from1the1rank1or1colonel1or1naval1 captain1 • Not1applicable1to1PNP,1as1the1same1is1 under1the1DILG1 d. Those1other1officers1whose1 appointments1are1vested1in1him1 in1the1Constitution.1(Sarmiento1 vs.1Mison)K1Such1as:1 i. Members1of1the1 Constitutional1 Commission1 ii. 41regular1members1 of1the1JBC1 • Calderon1vs.1Carale1–1The1enumeration1 is1exclusive,1congress1may1not1amend1to1 add/1reduce.11 2. Officers1whose1appointments1are1not1 provided1by1law1 3. Vested1by1Congress11

1 Regular! One1 made1 by1 the1 president1 while1 Congress1 is1 in1 session1 takes1 effect1 only1 after1 confirmation1 by1 the1 Commission1 on1 Appointments.1 Once1 approved1 continues1 until1the1end1of1term1 of1the1appointee1 NOMINATES1 not1 appoint1 Appointment1 is1 not1 immediately1 executoryK1 awaits1 the1 confirmation1 of1 the1 Commission1 on1 Appointments.11

Ad! Interim! “In! the! mean! time”! One1 made1 by1 the1 president1 while1 congress1 is1 not1 in1 session,1 takes1 effect1 immediately,1 but1 ceases1 to1 be1 valid1 if1 disapproved1 by1 the1 Commission1 on1 Appointments1 or1 upon1 the1 next1 adjournment1 of1 Congress.11 Appoints1 Appointment1 is1 Immediately1 executoryK1 but1 RESOLUTORY.1 1 • Summers1 vs.1 Ozaeta1 –1 Ad1 interim1 appointments1 are1 permanent.1 But1 conditional,1 subject1 to1 disapproval.11 • Matibag1 vs.1 Benipayo1 –1 appointment1

73! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1 Steps1in1appointing1process1 1. Nomination1by1the1President1 2. Confirmation1 by1 the1 Commission1 on1 Appointments1

3. Issuance1of1the1commission11 4. Acceptance1by1the1appointee1 1 Discretion1of1Appointing1Authority1 1Appointment1 is1 essentially1 a1 discretionary1 power1 and1must1be1performed1by1the1officer1in1which1it1is1 vested1 according1 to1 his1 best1 lights,1 the1 only1 condition1being1that1the1appointee1should1possess1 the1minimum1qualifications.11

•

1Discretion1 also1 includes1 determination1 of1 the1 nature1or1character1of1the1appointment.11 1 Special1 Constitutional1 Limitations1 President’s1appointing1power:1

on1

the1

1. Nepotism1K1May1not1appoint1his1spouse1and1 relatives1by1consanguinity1or1affinity1within1 the1 fourth1 civil1 degree1 as1 Members1 of1 the1 Constitutional1 Commissions,1 as1 ombudsman,1 or1 as1 Secretaries,1 undersecretaries,1 chairmen1 or1 heads1 or1 bureaus1or1offices,1including1GOCC1 2. Appointments1 by1 ACTING1 president1 shall1 remain1 effective1 unless1 revoked1 by1 the1 ELECTED1 president1 within1 901 days1 from1 his1 assumption1of1office1 3. 21 months1 immediately1 before1 the1 next1 presidential1elections,1and1up1to1the1end1of1 his1 term,1 a1 President1 or1 acting1 President1 shall1 NOT1 make1 appointments1 except! temporary! appointments! to! executive! positions! when! continued! vacancies! will! prejudice!public!service!or!endanger!public! safety! • IN1 RE:1 Valenzuela/1 Vallerta1 –1 The1 prohibition1 is1 directed1 against1 21 appointments:1 74! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1. Buying1 Votes1 –1 The1 soK called1 Midnight1 Appointments1 2. Partisan1 Consideration11 K1 preKempting1 the1 president1 of1 prerogative1of1incoming1 president1 De1 Castro1 vs.1 JBC1 –1 Will1 not1 apply1 to1 Judicial1 Appointments.1 BUT1 take1 note,1 this1does1not1fall1under1the1EXCEPTIONS.1 ! 3. The!power!of!removal!

1General1 Rule:1 Implied1 from1 the1 power1 of1 appointment.1 For1 cause1 and1 in1 accordance1 with1 prescribed1administrative1procedure.1 1Exception:1 When1 constitution1 prescribes1 certain1 methods1for1separation1of1such1officers1from1public1 service.1 1 4. The!power!of!control! 1Control1–1power1of1an1officer1to1alter1or1modify1or1 nullify1 or1 set1 aside1 what1 a1 subordinate1 officer1 had1 done1 in1 the1 performance1 of1 his1 duties1 and1 to1 substitute1his1judgement1for1that1of1the1latter’s.1 1Supervision1–1overseeing,1or1the1power1or1authority1 of1 an1 officer1 to1 see1 that1 subordinate1 officers1 perform1their1duties1and1if1the1latter1fail1or1neglect1 to1 fulfil1 them,1 then1 the1 former1 may1 take1 such1 action1or1steps1as1prescribed1by1law1to1make1them1 perform1these1duties.1 Power! of! General! Supervision! over! local! governments!\!Can1only1interfere1in1the1affairs1and1 activities1 of1 a1 local1 government1 unit1 if1 he1 or1 she1 finds1that1the1latter1had1acted1contrary1to1law.1!

•

Ganzon1 vs.1 CA1 –1 Investigation1 s1 not1 inconsistent1with1General1Supervision1

Alter!Ego!Principle! •

Headed!by!Cabinet!Secretaries!!

1“Doctrine1of1qualified1political1agency”1 1Recognizes:1 1. The1 establishment1 of1 a1 single1 executive1 and1 administrative1 organizations1 are1 adjuncts1of1the1Executive1Department;1 2. The1 heads1 of1 the1 various1 executive1 departments1 are1 assistants1 and1 agents1 of1the1Chief1Executive1 3. Except1in1cases1where1Chief1executive1is1 required1 by1 the1 constitution1 or1 law1 to1 act1 in1 person1 or1 the1 exigencies1 of1 the1 situation1demand1that1he1act1personally,1 the1 administrative1 functions1 are1 performed1 by1 and1 through1 the1 executive1 departments1 and1 the1 acts1 of1 the1 Secretaries1 of1 such1 departments1 performed1 and1 promulgated1 in1 the1 regular1 course1 of1 business1 are,1 unless1 disapproved1or1reprobated1by1the1Chief1 Executive1 presumptively1 the1 acts1 of1 the1 Chief1executive.1 ! Administrative!Code!of!1987! Executive1 Bureau1 Office1 Department1 Any1 Principal1 Major1 Executive1 Subdivision1 Functional1 Department of1 Unit1 of1 s1created1by1 Departmen Department Law1 t1 /1Bureau1 Ex.1DILG1 Ex.1PNP1 Ex.1 Regional1 Offices1 of1 PNP1 ! 75! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Appeal! 1Decisions1 of1 subordinate1 executive1 officers1 are1 appealable1 to1 the1 President.1 This1 completes1 the1 exhaustion1of1administrative1remedies.11 1Except1 when1 the1 doctrine1 of1 qualified1 political1 agency1 applies1 in1 which1 case1 the1 decision1 of1 the1 cabinet1secretary1carries1the1presumptive1approval1 of1 the1 president1 then1 there1 is1 no1 need1 to1 appeal1 the1decision1to1the1president1in1order1to1complete1 exhaustion1of1administrative1remedies.1 1 5. Military!Powers! 1The1 President1 shall1 be1 the1 commander1 in1 chief1 of1 all1armed1forces1of1the1Philippines1and1whenever1it1 becomes1 necessary,1 he1 may1 call1 out1 such1 armed1 forces1 to1 prevent1 or1 suppress1 lawless1 violence,1 invasion1 or1 rebellion.1 In1 cases1 of1 invasion1 or1 rebellion,1 when1 the1 public1 safety1 requires1 is,1 he1 may,1 for1 a1 period1 not1 exceeding1 601 days,1 suspend1 the1privilege1of1the1writ1of1habeas1corpus1or1palce1 the1 Philippines1 or1 any1 part1 thereof1 under1 martial1 law.1 Calling\out! powers!

Grounds:11 a. Lawle ss! violen ce!1 b. Invasi on1 c. rebelli on1 • IB

Suspension! of! Martial!Law! the! Privilege! of! the! Writ! of! Habeas! Corpus! Grounds:11 Grounds:11 1 1 a. Invasio a. Invasio n,1 n,1 when1 when1 public1 public1 safety1 safety1 requir require es1it1 s1it1 b. Rebelli b. Rebelli on,1 on,1 when1 when1

P1 vs.1 Za m or a1–1 Th e1 cal lin g1 ou t1 po we r1is1 a1 po liti cal1 qu est io n.1 Th e1 dis cr eti on1 sol ely1 ve ste d1 in1 th e1 Pr esi

public1 safety1 requir es1it1

1 Duration:1 601 days,1 following1 which,1 it1 shall1 be1 lifted1 by1 congress.11 1 Procedure:1 1. Presid ent1 Report s1 action1 to1 congre ss1 PERSO NALLY1 or1 in1 WRITI NG1 within1 481 hours.1 2. Congre ss1 may1 revoke1 or1 extend1 effecti vity11of1 procla mation1 by1 a1 MAJO RITY1 VOTE1 of1 ALL1 its1 memb ers1

1 Duration:1601days,1 following1which,1it1 shall1 be1 lifted1 by1 congress.11 1 Procedure:1 1. President1 Reports1 action1 to1 congress1 PERSONAL LY1 or1 in1 WRITING1 within1 481 hours.1 2. Congress1 may1 revoke1 or1 extend1 effectivity11 of1 proclamati on1 by1 a1 MAJORITY1 VOTE1 of1 ALL1 its1 members1 VOTING1 JOINTLY.1 3. SC1 may1 review1 in1 an1 appropriat e1 proceedin g1 filed1 by1 ANY1 citizen1 the1 sufficiency1 of1 the1 factual1

76! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

public1 safety1 require s1it1

de nt.1 1 3.

4.

5.

6.

VOTIN G1 JOINTL Y.1 SC1 may1 review1 in1 an1 appro priate1 procee ding1 filed1 by1ANY1 citizen1 the1 sufficie ncy1 of1 the1 factual1 basis1 of1 the1 suspen sion.1 SC1 must1 promu lgate1 decisio n1 within1 301 days1 from1 filing.1 Does1 not1 impair1 the1 right1 to1bail1 Suspen sion1 applies11 to1 those1

4.

5.

6.

7.

basis1 of1 the1 proclamati on1 SC1 must1 promulgat e1 decision1 within1 301 days1 from1 filing.1 Does1 not1 impair1 the1 right1 to1 bail1 Suspensio n1 applies11 to1 those1 JUDICIALLY1 charged1 for1 rebellion1 or1 offenses1 inherent1in1 or1 directly1 connected1 with1 invasion.1 Any1 person1 arrested1 shall1 be1 judicially1 charged1 within1 31 days,1 otherwise1 released.1

Political1 Question1 1 •

JUDICI ALLY1 charge d1 for1 rebelli on1 or1 offens es1 inhere nt1 in1 or1 directl y1 connec ted1 with1 invasio n.11 7. Any1 person1 arreste d1 shall1 be1 judicial ly1 charge d1 within1 31days,1 other wise1 releas ed.11 Justiciable1 Justiciable1 Question1 Question1 Olaguer!Doctrine!–!Even1during1!Martial1 Law,1military1courts1cannot1try1civilians1 when1civil1courts1are1able1to1function.1!

Commander\in!chief!Clause! 1 a. The1 president1 shall1 be1 the1 commander1 in1 chief1of1the1Philippines.1 77! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Ability1 of1 the1 President1 to1 require1 a1 military1 official1 to1 secure1 prior1 consent1 before1appearing1in1congress1 • Most1 crucial1 to1 the1 democratic1 way1 of1 life,1to1civil1supremacy1over1the1military,1 and1 to1 the1 general1 stability1 of1 our1 representative1system1of1government.11 b. To1call1out1such1armed1forces1to1prevent1or1 suppress1 lawless1 violence,1 invasion1 or1 rebellion1 c. The1 power1 to1 organize1 courts1 martial1 for1 the1discipline1of1the1members1of1the1armed1 forces,1 create1 military1 commissions1 for1 the1 punishment1of1war1criminals.1 •

! ! 6. Pardoning!Power! 1Except1 in1 cases1 of1 impeachment,1 or1 as1 otherwise1 provided1 in1 the1 constitution,1 the1 president1 may1 grant1 reprieves,1 commutations,1 and1 pardons,1 and1 remit1fines1and1forfeitures,1after1conviction1by1final1 judgment.1 He1 shall1 also1 have1 the1 power1 to1 grant1 amnesty1 with1 the1 concurrence1 of1 a1 majority1 of1 all1 the1members1of1the1Congress.1 1 Pardon!

Commu tation! Act1 of1 Reducti grace1 on1 or1 which1 Mitigati exempts1 on1 of1 the1 the1 individu penalty1 al1 on1 whom1 it1 is1 bestowe d1 from1

Reprieve! Parole!

Amne sty! Postpon Release1 Act1 of1 ement1 from1 grace1 of1 imprison concur executio ment,1 red! in! n1 of1 the1 but1 by! the! DEATH1 without1 legisla penalty.1 full1 ture,1 restorati usually1 on1 of1 extend liberty.1 ed1 to1 1 groups1

punishm ents11 1 Presiden t1 cannot1 grant1 pardon1 on1 disciplin ed1 judges1 as1 this1 is1 an1 encroac hment1 on1 the1 power1 of1 the1 SC.11

Remit1 FInes1

of1 person s1 who1 commi tted1 politic al1 offens es,1 which1 puts1 into1 oblivio n1 the1 offens e1itself11 1 No1 need1 for1 Convic tion1by1 Final1 Juedg ment1

1 •

Discretionary1 upon1 the1 president1 and1 may1not1be1controlled1by1the1legislature,1 reversed1by1the1courts1unless1there1is1a1 constitutional1violation.11

Limitations1on1Exercise1 1. Cannot1 be1 granted1 in1 cases1 of1 impeachment11 2. Cannot1 be1 granted1 in1 cases1 of1 violation1 of1 election1 laws1 without1 the1 favourable1 recommendation1of1the1COMELEC1 3. Can1be1granted1only1after1conviction1by1 final1judgment1 4. Cannot1be1granted1in1cases1of1legislative1 contempt1or1civil1contemot1 78! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

5. Cannot1 absolve1 the1 convict1 of1 civil1 liability1 6. Cannot1restore1public1offices1forfeited1 1 Classifications1of1Pardon1 1. Plenary1or1Partial1 2. Absolute1or1Conditional1 Amnesty1 • •

Totally1extinguishes1criminal1liability1 One1must1admit1his1guilt1of1the1offense1 covered1by1the1proclamation1

1 Amnesty! Political1Offenses1

Pardon! Infractions1 of1 peace1 of1 the1State1 Classes1of1Persons1 Individuals1 No1need1for1distinct1acts1 Acceptance1necessary1 of1acceptance1 Requires1 concurrence1 of1 Does1Not1 Congress1 Public1 Act1 which1 the1 Private1 Act1 which1 must1 courts1 may1 take1 judicial! be1pleaded1and1proved1 notice!of!–!because!this! is! the! official! act! of! the! president1 Looks1 backward1 and1 Looks1 forward1 and1 puts1 into1 oblivion1 the1 relieves1 the1 pardonee1 offense1 of1 the1 consequences1 of1 the1offense1 Monsanto! vs.! Factoran:1 Llamas! vs.! Orbos:! Pardonee1 is1 not1 entitled1 Pardon1 is1 also1 available1 to1 reinstatement/1 to1 one1 1 guilty1 of1 backwages1 because1 the1 administrative1 offense,1 pardon1 only1 there1 is1 no1 distinction1 extinguishes1the1penalty,1 by1the1constitution.11 but1she1is1still1a1convict.111 1 !

7. Borrowing!Power! 1The1 president1 may1 contract1 or1 guarantee1 foreign1 loans1on1behalf1of1the1Republic.1

A1quagmire1was1faced1as1to1which1 constitutional1provision1should1govern:1 Art.1XVIII,1Sec.1251–1“1After1the1 expiraration1in119911of1the1Agreement1 between1the1RP1and1the1US1concerning1 military1bases,1foreign1military1troops,1 bases,1facilities1shall1not1be1allowed1in1 the1Philippines1except1under1a1treaty! duly!concurred!in!by!the!senate1and1 when1the1congress!so!requires,!ratified! by!a!majority!of!the!votes!cast!by!the! people!in!a!national!referendum1held1 for1that1purpose,1and1recognized1as1 treaty1by1the1other1contracting1state.1

1. Prior1concurrence1of1Monetary1Board1 2. Subject1to1limitations1under1the1law1 3. MB1shall1within1301days1from1the1end1of1 every1quarter,1submit1to1the1congress1a1 complete1 report1 of1 its1 decisions1 on1 applications1for1loans1which1would1have1 the1effect1of1increasing1the1foreign1debt.1 8. Diplomatic!Power! •

Treaty\making!power.!

1No1treaty1or1international1agreement1shall1be1valid1 and1effective1unless1concurred1in1by1at1least12/31of1 all1the1members1of1the1SENATE.1 Treaty!

International! Agreement! Involves1 political1 issues1 Adjustment1 of1 details1 or1 changes1 of1 national1 carrying1 out1 well1 policy11 established1 national1 policies1and1traditions11 Involving1 international1 Involving1 international1 agreements1 of1 a1 agreements1of1a1more1or1 permanent1character1 less1temporary1nature1 Formal1documents1 Binding1 through1 require1ratification1 executive1action1 Ratified1by1the1SENATE1 Not1 subject1 to1 concurrence1 of1 the1 SENATE1 Same1Binding1Effects1(BAYAN1vs.1ZAMORA)1 ! •

Exchange!of!Notes!–!Form1of1Executive1 agreement.1So1it1is1binding1without1the1 need1of1the1vote1of1senate.11!

Art.1VII,1Sec.1211–1“No1treaty1or1international1 agreement1 shall1 be1 valid1 and1 effective1 unless1concurred1in1by1at1least12/31of1all1the1 members1of1the1SENATE.”! Art.! XVIII,! Sec.! 25! is1 applicable1 as1 it1 is1 a1 special1 provision1 applicable1 to1 treaties1 involving1military1bases.1 ! 9. Budgetary!Power! 1. President1 shall1 submit1 to1 congress1 within1 301 days1 from1 the1 opening1 of1 every1 regular1 session1 as1 the1 basis1 of1 General1Appropriations1Act1 2. A1 budget1 expenditures1 and1 sources1 of1 financing,1 including1 receipts1 from1 existing1 and1 proposed1 revenue1 measures1 ! •

•

BAYAN1vs.1Zamora1–1VFA1is1a1treaty1not1 a1mere1executive1agreement!

79! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Congress1cannot1increase,1only1reduce1 budget.1! 10. Informing!Powers!

1The1 president1 shall1 address1 the1 congress1 at1 the1 opening1of1its1regular!session.1He1may1also1appear1 before1it1at1any!other!time.1 •

SONA1–14th1Monday1of1July1

•

Instances1when1the1congress1may1 convene1without1the1call1of1the1 president:! 1. Martial1Law! 2. Suspension1of1privilege1of1writ1of1 Habeas1Corpus! 3. Impeachment1cases! 4. Canvassing1elections1for1President1 and1Vice1President! 5. Schedule1Special1elections1for1 President1and1Vice1President.1! ! Other!Powers!

1. Call1congress1to1a1special1session1 2. Power1to1approve1or1veto1bills1 3. Consent1 to1 deputation1 of1 government1 personnel1by1the1COMELEC1 4. Discipline1such1deputies1 5. Emergency1 powers,1 tariff1 powers1 delegated1by1the1Congress1 6. Genereal1 supervision1 over1 LGU1 and1 autonomous1regional1governments1 7. Unstated1 Residual1 Powers1 (Marcos1 vs.1 Manglapus)1 8. Power1of1Impoundment1–1refusal1of1the1 president1for1whatever1reason1to1spend1 funds1appropriated1by1congress.1 Vice+President+ 1 Qualifications:11 1. NaturalKborn1citizen1of1the1Philippines1 2. Registered1voter1 80! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

3. Able1to1read1and1write1 4. At1 least1 401 years1 old1 on1 the1 day1 of1 the1 election1 5. Resident1 of1 the1 Philippines1 for1 at1 least1 ten1 years1 immediately1 preceding1 such1 election1 1 Election1 a. Regular1 ElectionK1 Second1 Monday1 of1 May1 b. Congress1as1canvassing1board1 c. Supreme1 court1 as1 Presidential1 Electoral1 Tribunal1 Term1of1Office1 161 years.1 But1 no1 VP1 shall1 server1 for1 more1 than1 21 successive1terms.1 •

!

In1 case1 of1 vacancy,1 President1 shall1 nominate1 a1 Vice1 president1 from1 among1 the1members1of1the1Senate1and1the1HR1 who1 shall1 assume1 office1 upon1 confirmation1 by1 a1 majority1 vote1 of1 all1 the1 members1 of1 both1 Houses1 of1 Congress1voting1separately.1

Judicial(Department! •

The1 Least1 Dangerous1 Branch1 of1 the1 Government1–1because1it1possesses1neither1 the1power1of1purse1nor1the1sword.11

•

Yet,1 is1 important1 because1 of1 the1 power1 of1 Education1and1Judgment.11

1. Traditional1 –1 settle1 actual1 controversies1 involving1 rights1 which1 are1 legally1 demandable1and1enforceable1 2. ExpandedK1 determine1 whether1 or1 not1 there1 has1 been1 a1 grave1 abuse1 of1 discretion1 amounting1 to1 lack1 or1 excess1 of1jurisdiction1on1the1part1of1any1branch1 or1instrumentality1of1the1government.1

1

•

Sec.1 11 –1 Judicial1 Power1 shall1 be1 vested1 in1 ONE1 supreme1 court1 and1 in1 such1 lower1 courts1as1may1be1established1by1law.11 Constitutional1Court1–1Supreme1Court1 Statutory1Courts:1 1. CA1 2. RTC1

• 1

Where1Vested1 1In1one1Supreme1Court1and1in1such1lower1courts1as1 may1be1established1by1law1

3. MTC,1MeTC,1MCTC1

•

SC1 was1 called1 “Supreme1 Council1 of1 Grace1 and1Justice1in1the1BiaKnaKBato1Constitution1

•

Called1 the1 “Supreme1 Court”1 in1 Malolos1 Constitution1

4. Sandiganbayan1 5. Sharia1 1

Powers1to1amend1and1control1its1processes1 and1 orders1 includes1 the1 right1 to1 reverse1 itself.1 SC1can1look1into1factual1basis1 1

1

Judicial1Power1

Jurisdiction!

1Includes1 the1 duty1 of1 the1 courts1 of1 justice1 to1 settle1 actual1 controversies1 involving1 rights1 which1 are1 legally1 demandable1 and1 enforceable,1 and1 to1 determine1 whether1 or1 not1 there1 has1 been1 a1 grave1 abuse1of1discretion1amounting1to1lack1or1excess1of1 jurisdiction1 on1 the1 part1 of1 any1 branch1 or1 instrumentality1of1the1government.1(Introduced1by1 Robert1Concepcion)11

1The1power1to1hear1and1decide1a1case1

•

21types1of1Judicial1Power1

81! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

•

Congress1has1the1power1to1define,1prescribe1 and1apportion1the1jurisdiction1of1the1various1 courts,1 but1 may1 not1 deprive1 the1 SC1 of1 its1 jurisdictions1over1cases11

Section1 5.1 The1 Supreme1 Court1 shall1 have1 the1 following1powers:1 1.1 Exercise1 original1 jurisdiction1 over1 cases1 affecting1 ambassadors1 other1 public1 ministers1 and1

consuls,1 and1 over1 petitions1 for1 certiorari,1 prohibition,1mandamus,1quo1warranto,1and1habeas1 corpus.1 12.1 Review,1 revise,1 reverse,1 modify,1 or1 affirm1 on1 appeal1or1certiorari1as1the1law1of1the1Rules1of1Court1 may1 provide,1 final1 judgments1 and1 orders1 of1 lower1 courts1in:1

1

a. All1 cases1 in1 which1 the1 constitutionality1 or1 validity1 of1 any1 treaty,1 international1 or1 executive1 agreement,1 law,1 presidential1 decree,1 proclamation,1 order,1 instruction,1 ordinance,1 or1 regulation1 is1 in1 question.1 b. All1cases1involving1the1legality1of1 any1 tax,1 impost,1 assessment,1 or1 toll,1 or1 any1 penalty1 imposed1 in1 relation1thereto.1 c. All1cases1in1which1the1jurisdiction1 of1any1lower1court1is1in1issue.1 d. All1 criminal1 cases1 in1 which1 the1 penalty1 imposed1 is1 reclusion1 perpetua1or1higher.1 e. All1 cases1 in1 which1 only1 an1 error1 or1question1of1law1is1involved.1

3. Assign1 temporarily1 judges1 of1 lower1 courts1 to1 other1 stations1 as1 public1 interest1 may1 require.1 Such1 temporary1 assignment1shall1not1exceed1six1months1 without1 the1 consent1 of1 the1 judge1 concerned.1 1 4.11Order1a1change1of1venue1or1place1of1trial1 to1avoid1a1miscarriage1of1justice.1 5.1 Promulgate1 rules1 concerning1 the1 protection1 and1 enforcement1 of1 constitutional1 rights,1 pleading1 practice,1 and1 procedure1 in1 all1 courts,1 the1 admission1 to1 the1 practice1 of1 law,1 the1 82! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Integrated1 Bar,1 the1 legal1 assistance1 to1 the1 underprivileged.1 Such1 rules1 shall1 provide1 a1 simplified1 and1 inexpensive1 procedure1 for1 the1 speedy1disposition1of1cases,1shall1be1uniform1for1all1 courts1 of1 the1 same1 grade,1 and1 shall1 not1 diminish,1 increase,1 or1 modify1 substantive1 rights.1 Rules1 of1 procedure1 of1 special1 courts1 and1 quasiKjudicial1 bodies1shall1remain1effective1unless1disapproved1by1 the1Supreme1Court.1 6.1 1 Appoint1 all1 officials1 and1 employees1 of1 the1 Judiciary1 in1 accordance1 with1 the1 Civil1 Service1 Law.1 1 •

No1 law1 shall1 be1 passed1 increasing1 the1 appellate1 jurisdiction1 of1 the1 SC1 as1 provided1 in1 the1 Constitution1 without1 its1 advice1 and1 concurrence1 1

Constitutional!Safeguards! 1. SC1 is1 a1 constitutional1 body,1 it1 may1 not1 be1 abolished1by1the1legislature1 2. Members1 of1 the1 SC1 are1 removable1 only1 by1 impeachment1 3. SC1 may1 not1 be1 deprived1 of1 its1 minimum1 original1 and1 appellate1 jurisdiction.1 While1 appellate1jurisdiction1may1not1be1increased1 without1its1advice1and1concurrence.1 4. Supreme1 Court1 has1 administrative1 supervision1 over1 all1 inferior1 courts1 and1 personnel1 5. SC1 has1 the1 exclusive1 power1 to1 discipline1 judges/justices1of1inferior1courts1 6. Members1 of1 the1 Judiciary1 have1 security1 of1 tenure1 7. Members1 of1 the1 Judiciary1 may1 not1 be1 designated1to1any1agency1performing1quasiK judicial1or1administrative1functions1

8. Salaries1 of1 judges1 may1 not1 be1 reduced,1 the1 judiciary1enjoys1fiscal1autonomy1 • Fiscal1Autonomy1–1Full1flexibility1to1allocate1 and1utilize1their1resources1with1the1wisdom1 and1dispatch1that1their1needs1require.1 9. The1 SC1 alone1 may1 initiate1 and1 promulgate1 the1Rules1of1Court1 10. The1SC1alone1may1order1temporary1detail1of1 judges1 11. The1 SC1 can1 appoint1 all1 officials1 and1 employees1of1the1judiciary1 Power!of!Judicial!Review! 3. Judicial1Review1–1Power1of1the1courts1to1test1 the1validity1of1executive1and1legislative1acts1 in1 light1 of1 their1 conformity1 with1 Constitution.1 This1 is1 not1 an1 assertion1 of1 superiority1 by1 the1 courts1 over1 the1 other1 departments1 but1 merely1 an1 expression1 of1 the1supremacy1of1the1Constitution1 4. Judicial1 Power1 –1 includes1 the1 duty1 of1 the1 courts1 of1 justice1 to1 settle1 actual1 controversies1 involving1 rights1 which1 are1 legally1 demandable1 and1 enforceable1 and1 determine1whether1or1not1there1has1been1a1 grave1abuse1of1discretion1amounting1to1lack1 or1 excess1 of1 jurisdiction1 on1 the1 part1 of1 any1 branch1or1instrumentality.1 Functions! 5. Checking1 6. Legitimating1 7. Symbolic1 Requisites! 5. Actual! Case! or! controversy1 –1 conflict1 of1 legal1 rights,1 an1 assertion1 of1 opposite1 legal1 claims1which1can1be1resolved1on1the1basis1of1 existing1law1and1jurisprudence.1 83! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

• •

•

A1 request1 for1 advisory1 opinion1 is1 not1 an1 actual1case1or1controversy.11 ICJ1may1render1advisory1opinions1 c. To1resolve1contention1cases1 d. Directed1 to1 General1 Assembly,1 Security1 Council,1other1organs1of1the1UN.1 Must1not1be1moot1and1academic1K1One1that1 ceases1 to1 present1 a1 justiciable1 controversy1 by1virtue1of1supervening1events1 Exceptions1to1the1rule1on1Mootness:1 e. Grave1violation1of1the1Constitution1 f. Exceptional1 Character1 of1 the1 situation1 and1 paramount1 public1 interest1 is1 involved1 g. Constitutional1 issues1 raised1 require1 formulation1 of1 principles1 to1 guide1 the1 bench,1the1bar1and1the1public1 h. Case1is1capable1of1repetition1yet1evasive1 of1review.11

1 6. Question!must!be!raised!by!a!proper!party! –1One1who1has1sustained1or1is1in1imminent1 danger1of1sustaining1an1injury1as1a1result1of1 the1act1complained1of.1“Locus1Standi”1 K Locus1 Standi1 –1 a1 right1 of1 appearance1 in1 a1 court1 of1 justice1 on1a1given1question.1 K Direct1Injury1Test1–1a1person1who1 impugns1the1validity1of1a1statute1 must1 have1 a1 personal1 and1 substantial1 interest1 in1 the1 case1 such1that1he1has1sustained1or1will1 sustain1direct1injury1as11a1result.1 K Liberal1Approach:1 f. Constitutional1Issues1 g. Taxpayers1 –1 claim1 of1 illegal1 disbursement1of1public1funds1

h. Voters1 –1 obvious1 interest1 in1 the1 validity1 of1 the1 election1 law1 i. Concerned1 citizens1 –1 transcendental1importance1 j. Legislators1 –1 Official1 action1 complained1of1infringes1their1 prerogatives1as1legislators1 K Facial1 Challenge1 –1 exception1 to1 the1 rule1 that1 a1 party1 can1 question1the1validity1of1a1statute1 only1 if1 as1 applied1 to1 him1 is1 unconstitutional.1 May1 be1 invoked1 only1 to1 challenge1 a1 statue1 when1 it1 operates1 in1 the1 area1of1freedom1of1expression.1 K Overbreadth1 Doctrine1 –1 permits1 a1 party1 to1 challenge1 the1 validity1 of1 a1 statue1 even1 though,1 as1 applied1 to1 him,1 it1 is1 not1 unconstitutional1 but1 may1 be1 to1 others.11 K VoidKforKVagueness1 –1 a1 law1 is1 facially1invalid1if1men1of1common1 intelligence1 must1 necessarily1 guess1 at1 its1 meaning1 and1 differ1 as1to1its1application.1 7. Raised! at! the! earliest! opportunity1 –1 Pleadings1 8. Decision! of! Constitutional! question! is! determinative! of! the! case! itself1 –1 on1 the1 basis1of1Separation1of1Powers.1 1 Political!Questions! Types! 1. Decided! by! the! People! in! their! Sovereign! Capacity! 84! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

a. LGC,1 the1 power1 of1 Recall1 –1 Political1 question1of1the1first1type.1(Evardone1vs.1 COMELEC)1 b. People’s1Revolution1–1 •

Lawyer’s1 League1 of1 the1 Philippines1 vs.1 Cory1 Aquino1 –1 SC1 no1 longer1 has1 the1 power1 to1 inquire1 into1 the1 motives1 of1 the1 people1 in1 going1 to1 EDSA1 as1 the1 international1 community1 has1 already1 given1 it1 a1 de1 jure1 status1and1Cory1government1took1control1of1 the1government1without1resistance1

•

Estrada1 vs.1 Desierto1 –1 Lawyer’s1 league1 ruling1is1not1applicable1because:1 Lawyer’s! league! Estrada! vs.!Cory!Aquino! Desierto!

vs.!

Cory1 Government1 GMA1 took1 her1 was1 established1 in1 oath1 under1 the1 defiance1 of1 19731 19871constitution1 constitution1 Revolutionary1 Not1 GovernmentK1 it1 revolutionary1 orbits1 out1 of1 the1 government1 constitutional1loop1

a1

EDSA1111was1extraK EDSA1 21 was1 intraK constitutional1 constitutional1 Political1Question1

Legal1Question1

Not1 subject1 to1 Subject1 to1 judicial1 judicial1review1 review1 1 2. Full! discretion! is! delegated! to! the! Executive/Congress!

a. CallingKout1power1–1unclouded1intent1of1 the1constitution1to1delegate1such1power1 to1the1president.1

4. Lower1Courts1 a. Citizen1of1the1Philippines1 b. Member1of1Philippine1Bar1 c. Congress1 may1 prescribe1 other1 qualifications1

1. Does1 not1 tie1 the1 hands1 of1 the1 president1 2. Unless1 it1 can1 be1 shown1 that1 such1 power1 was1 gravely1 abused,1 it1 shall1 not1be1subject1to1judicial1review.11 •

Randy1 David1 vs.1 GMA1 –1 GMA1 used1 the1 “calling1 out1 power”1 to1 suppress1 lawless1 violence.1Now1generally,1this1should1remain1 as1 a1 Political1 question.1 However1 it1 fell1 into1 the1 ambit1 of1 expanded1 jurisdiction1 of1 the1 Supreme1Court1because1the1acts1prohibited1 by1 GMA1 clearly1 showed1 grave1 abuse1 of1 discretion.1 HOWEVER,1 the1 blunder1 of1 the1 petitioners1is1that1the1FAILED1to1show1such1 grave1abuse1of1discretion.11

Appointment!to!Judiciary! Qualifications1 1. Of1 proven1 competence,! integrity,! probity!and!independence1 2. SC1 a. Natural1Born1citizen1 b. At1least1401years1of1age1 c. 151years1or1more1a1judge1of1a1lower1 court1 or1 engaged1 in1 the1 practice1 of1 law1in1the1Philippines1 1 3. Lower1Collegiate1Courts1 a. Natural1Born1citizen1 b. Member1of1the1Philippine1Bar1 c. Congress1 may1 prescribe1 other1 qualifications1

Procedure1for1Appointment1 1. Appointed1 by1 the1 President1 of1 the1 Philippines1 from1 among1 a1 list1 of1 at1 least1 three1nominees1prepared1by1the1Judicial1Bar1 Council1 for1 every1 vacancy1 the1 appointment1 shall1need1no1confirmation1 2. 1Any1vacancy1in1the1SC1shall1be1filled1within1 901days1from1the1occurrence1thereof1 3. For1 lower1 courts,1 the1 President1 shall1 issue1 the1 appointment1 within1 901 days1 from1 submission1by1the1JBS1of1such1list1 1 Judicial!and!Bar!Council! •

Recommend1and1Screen1Judges1

•

In1 19351 and1 19731 constitutions,1 the1 role1 belonged1to1Commission1on1Appointments1

Composition1

•

1 • 85! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1. ExKofficio1members1 a. Chief1justice1–1Chairman1 b. Secretary1of1Justice1 c. Representative1of1Congress1 1 Does1not1require1confirmation1 1 2. Regular1members1 a. Representative1of1the1IBP11 b. Professor1of1Law1 c. Retired1Justice1of1SC1 d. Representative1of1private1Sector1 Requires1confirmation1

Appointment!

case1 without1 the1 concurrence1 of1 at1 least1 31 such1members.1 1 1

1Regular1members1–1appointed1by1the1President1for1 a1term1of141years1with1the1consent1of1Commission1 on1Appointments.1 Powers/Functions!!

Powers! 1. Adjudicative!Power!

1. Principal1 function1 of1 recommending1 appointees1to1the1judiciary1 2. May1 exercise1 such1 other1 functions1 and1 duties1as1the1SC1may1assign1it1

Original1Jurisdiction1 1. Cases1 affecting1 ambassadors,1 other1 public1ministers1and1consuls1 2. Petitions1 for1 certiorari,1 prohibition,1 mandamus,1 quo1 warranto1 and1 habeas1corpus1

The!Supreme!Court! Composition1

• •

1. A1chief1justice1 2. 141Associate1Justices1 1 May1 sit1 en1 banc1 or1 in1 its1 discretion,1 in1 divisions1of13,151or171members1 Any1 vacancy1 shall1 be1 filled1 within1 901 days1 from1occurrence1thereof1

1Appellate1Jurisdiction1 1. All1 cases1 in1 which1 the1 constitutionality1 or1 validity1 of1 any1 treaty,1 international1 or1 executive1 agreement,1law,1presidential1decree,1 proclamation,1 order,1 instruction,1 ordinance1 or1 regulation1 is1 in1 question1 2. All1cases1involving1the1legality1of1any1 tax,1 impost,1 assessment1 or1 toll,1 or1 any1 penalty1 imposed1 in1 relation1 thereto1 3. All1cases1in1which1the1jurisdiction1of1 any1lower1court1is1in1issue1 4. All1 criminal1 cases1 in1 which1 the1 penalty1 imposed1 is1 reclusion1 perpetua1or1higher1 5. All1 cases1 in1 which1 only1 an1 error1 or1 question1of1law1is1involved1

En!banc/division!cases! En1banc1 1. All1 cases1 involving1 the1 constitutionality1 of1 treaty,1 international1 or1 executive1 agreement1or1law1 2. Constitutionality,1 application1 or1 operation1 of1 presidential1 decrees,1 proclamations,1 orders,1 instructions,,1 ordinances1 and1 other1 egulations1 1 Division1 •

Other1 cases1 or1 matters1 may1 be1 heard1 in1 division1 and1 decided1 or1 resolved1 with1 the1 concurrence1 of1 a1 majority1 of1 the1 members1 who1 actually1 took1 part1 in1 the1 deliberations1 on1the1issues1and1voted1thereon,1but1in1no1 86! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1

1 2. Temporary!assignment!of!judges! 1Assignment1 shall1 not1 exceed1 six1 months1 without1 the1consent1of1the1judge1concerned1

Order!change!of!venue! 1To1avoid1miscarriage1of1justice1 1 3. Rule!Making!Power! 1Promulgate1 rules1 concerning1 the1 protection1 and1 enforcement1 of1 constitutional1 rights1 pleading,1 practice1and1procedure1in1all1courts,1the1admission1 to1 the1 practice1 of1 law1 the1 IBP1 and1 legal1 assistance1 to1the1underprivileged1 •

Rules1of1Court1

•

Legal1Ethics1

•

Writs1

•

MCLE1

1Limitations1 1. Provide1 a1 simplified1 and1 inexpensive1 procedure1for1the1speedy1disposition1of1 cases1 2. Must1 be1 uniform1 for1 all1 courts1 of1 the1 same1grade1 3. Must1 not1 diminish,1 increase1 or1 modify1 substantial1rights1 1Integrated1 Bar1 –1 StateKorganized1 Bar,1 to1 which1 every1 lawyer1 must1 belong1 as1 distinguished1 from1 a1 bar1 association1 organized1 by1 individual1 lawyers1 themselves,1membership1In1which1is1voluntary.1 1

1Available1to1 any1 person1 whose1 right1 to1 life,1liberty1 and1security1is1violated1or1threatened1with1violation1 by1an1unlawful1act1or1omission1of1a1public1official1or1 employee,1or1of1a1private1individual1or1entity.1 1Sec.1141of1the1Rule1allows1the1grant1by1the1court1of1 interim1 reliefs,1 which1 may1 either1 be1 a1 temporary1 protection1 order,1 inspection1 order,1 production1 order1or1a1witness1protection1order1 1No1writ1of1amparo1may1be1issued1unless1there1is1a1 clear1 allegation1 of1 the1 supposed1 factual1 and1 legal1 basis1of1the1right1sought1to1be1protected.11 1Shall1not1issue1when1applied1for1as1a1substitute1for1 the1 appeal1 or1 certiorari1 process1 or1 when1 it1 will1 inordinately1interfere1with1these1processes.1 5. Writ!of!Habeas!Data! 1Independent1 remedy1 to1 protect1 the1 right1 to1 privacy,1 especially1 the1 right1 to1 informational1 privacy.11 1Remedy1 available1 to1 any1 person1 whose1 right1 to1 privacy1 in1 life,1 liberty1 or1 security1 is1 violated1 or1 threatened1 with1 violation1 by1 an1 unlawful1 act1 or1 omission1 1 of1 a1 public1 official1 or1 employee,1 or1 of1 a1 private1 individual1 or1 entity1 engaged1 in1 the1 gathering,1 collecting,1 or1 storing1 of1 data1 or1 information1 regarding1 the1 person,1 family,1 honor1 and1correspondence1of1the1aggrieved1party.1 !

4. Writ!of!Amparo!! 1Effective1 and1 inexpensive1 instrument1 for1 the1 protection1 of1 constitutional1 rights.1 Of1 Mexican1 Origin1 and1 spread1 throughout1 the1 Western1 Hemisphere1where1it1gradually1evolved1into1various1 87! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

forms,1 depending1 on1 the1 particular1 needs1 of1 each1 country.1

! 6. Power!of!Appointment! 1SC1 appoints1 all1 officials1 and1 employees1 of1 the1 Judiciary1in1accordance1with1the1Civil1Service1Law1

7. Power!of!Administrative!Supervision!

1On1 the1 ground1 of1 expediency,1 practicality,1 convenience1 and1 docket1 status1 of1 the1 courts.1 1 1It1 cannot1 incorporate1 findings1 of1 fact1 and1 the1 conclusions1 of1 the1 law1 by1 lower1 courts1 only1by1means1of1remote1reference1which1is1 to1 say1 that1 the1 challenged1 decision1 is1 not1 easily1 and1 immediately1 available1 to1 the1 person1reading1the1memo1decision.11 1Memorandum1 should1 actually1 embody1 the1 findings1 of1 facts1 and1 conclusions1 of1 law1 of1 the1lower1court1in1an1annex1attached1to1and1 made1an1indispensable1part1of1the1decision.1 1 c. No1 petition1 for1 review1 or1 motion1 for1 reconsideration1 shall1 be1 refused1 due1 course1 or1 denied1 without1 stating1 the1 legal1basis1therefor.1

1SC1 shall1 have1 administrative1 supervision1 over1 all1 courts1and1the1personnel1thereof1 8. Annual!Report! 1SC1shall1submit1within1301days1from1the1opening1of1 each1 regular1 session1 of1 Congress,1 to1 the1 President1 and1 to1 Congress1 an1 annual1 report1 on1 the1 operations1and1activities1of1the1Judiciary1 1 Consultations/Decisions!of!SC! a. Conclusion1 is1 any1 case1 submitted1 to1 it1 for1 decision1 shall1 be1 reached1 in1 consultation1before1the1case1is1assigned1 to1 a1 member1 for1 the1 writing1 of1 the1 opinion1of1the1court.11 1A1 certification1 to1 this1 effect1 signed1 by1 the1 Chief1 Justice1shall1be1issued.11 1This1 requirement1 is1 also1 applicable1 to1 lower1 collegiate1courts1 •

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Not1applicable1to1administrative1cases1 1 b. Decision1shall1state1clearly1and1distinctly1 the1 facts1 and1 the1 law1 on1 which1 it1 is1 based1 Not1 applicable1 to1 minute1 resolution1 dismissing1 a1 petition1 for1 habeas1 corpus,1 certiori1or1mandamus,1provided1a1legal1basis1 is1given1 Not1applicable1to1administrative1cases.1 1 Memorandum1decisions1 1 1Valid1as1it1adopts1by1reference1the1findings1 of1 fact1 and1 conclusions1 of1 law1 contained1 in1 the1decisions1of1inferior1tribunals.11 88! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1

1 Tenure!of!Judges/!Justices! 1. SC1 justices1 may1 be1 removed1 only1 be1 impeachment1 2. Lower1 court1 judges1 shall1 hold1 office1 during1 good1 behaviour1 until1 they1 reach1 the1 age1 of1 701 years1 or1 become1 incapacitated1to1discharge1the1duties1of1 their1office.1 a. SC1 en1 banc1 shall1 have1 the1 power1 to1 discipline1 judges1 of1 lower1 courts,1 or1 order1 their1 dismissal1 by1 a1 vote1 of1 a1 majority1 of1 the1 members1 who1 actually1 took1 part1 in1 the1 deliberations1 on1 the1 issues1and1voted1thereon.1 b. No1law1shall1be1passed1reorganizing1the1 judiciary1 when1 it1 undermines1 the1 security1of1tenure1of1its1members.1 Salaries!

1Fixed1 by1 law,1 may1 not1 be1 decreased1 during1 their1 continuance1in1office.1 Periods!for!Decision! 1. All1 cases1 filed1 after1 the1 effectivity1 of1 the1 Constitution1 must1 be1 decided1 or1 resolved1 from1date1of1submission1within:1 K SC:1241months1 K Lower1Collegiate1Courts1121months1 K All1lover1courts:131months1 2. Despite1expiration1of1the1mandatory1period,1 the1 court,1 without1 prejudice1 to1 such1 responsibility1as1may1have1been1incurred1in1 consequence1 thereof,1 shall1 decide1 or1 resolve1 the1 case1 or1 matter1 submitted1 to1 it1 without1further1delay.11 K The1court1does1not1lose1jurisdiction1over1 the1 case1 despite1 the1 lapse1 of1 the1 mandatory1 period,1 but1 the1 erring1 judge1 or1 justice1 may1 be1 subjected1 to1 administrative1sanctions1for1the1delay1 1 1

89! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Constitutional* Commissions! 1935! 1973! 1987! • COMEL • COMEL • COMEL EC1 EC1 EC1 • General1 • COA1 • COA11 Auditin • CSC1 • CSC1 g1Office1 1 General!Provisions! $ The1independent1constitutional1commissions1are:1 1 1. Civil1Service1Comm11 2. COMELEC11 3. Commission1on1Audit1 1 Safeguards! ensuring! the! independence! of! Commissions:! 1 1. They1 are1 constitutionally! created;1 may1 not1be1abolished1by1statute1 2. Independent!! 3. Conferred1 w/1 powers1 which1 cannot1 be1 reduced1by1statute11 4. Chairmen1&1mem.1may1not1be1removed1 (except1by1impeachment)11 5. Fairly1long!termK171yrs11 6. Chairmen1 and1 mem.1 May1 not! be! reappointed! or! appointed! in! an! acting! capacity!! 7. Salaries\1 relatively1 high,1 may1 not1 be1 decreased1during1continuance1in1office11 8. Fiscal!autonomy!! 9. May1 promulgate1 its1 own1 procedural! rules,1 provided1 they1 do1 not1 diminish,1 increase,1 modify1 substantive1 rights1 (though1subject1to1disapproval1by1SC)11 10. Chairmen1 &1 memK1 subject1 to1 certain1 disqualifications111

11. May1 appoint! their! own! officials/1 employees1 in1 accordance1 w/1 Civil1 Service1Laws1

1 INHIBITIONS/1DISQUALIFICATIONS1 Shall1not,1during1tenure:1 1. Hold1any1other1office/1employment1 2. Engage1in1practice1of1any1profession11 3. Engage1 in1 active1 management/1 ctrl1 of1 any1 business1 w/c1 in1 any1 way1 may1 be1 affected1by1the1functions1of1his1office11 4. Be1financially1interested1in1any1contract1 w/,1 or1 in1 any1 franchise/1 privilege1 granted1 by1 the1 gov’t/1 subdivisions/agencies1 1 1 1 1 Rotational1scheme1of1Appointments:1 1First1 appointees1 shall1 serve1 terms1 of1 7,1 5,1 and1 31 years.1 After1 1st1 commish1 are1 appointed,1 the1 rotational1 scheme1 is1 intended1 to1 prevent1 the1 possibility1 of1 11 President1 appointing1 all1 the1 Commissioners1 1 1 Decisions1 1 a. Shall1 be1 by1 majority1 vote1 of1 ALL1 its1 members1 &1 decided1 w/in1 601 days1 from1 the1 date1 of1 submission1 for1 decision1 (if1 it’s1a1case)1or1resolution1(if1it’s1a1matter)1 b. Any1 decision,1 order1 or1 ruling1 of1 each1 Commission1 may1 be1 brought1 to1 SC1 on1 certiorari1by1the1aggrieved1party1w/in1301 days1from1receipt1of1a1copy1thereof.1 1 Enforcement1Of1Decision1 1Final1decisions1of1the1CSC1are1enforceable1by1a1writ1 of1execution1that1the1CSC1may1itself1issue1 ! !

90! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

CIVIL+SERVICE+COMMISSION+ 1 Composition:! Chairman1+121CommissionersK1 1. Natural1born1citizens1 2. At1least1351y/o1at1the1time1of1appointment1 3. Proven1capacity1for1public1administration1 4. Must1 not1 have1 been1 candidates1 for1 any1 elective1 position1 in1 the1 election1 immediately1preceding1appointment1 5. Appointed1 by1 the1 President1 w/1 consent1 of1 Commission1on1Appointments1for1a1term1of1 71yrs1w/o1reappointment1 6. In1 no1 case1 shall1 any1 member1 be1 appointed1 or1 designated1 ina1 temporary1 or1 acting1 capacity1 1 Constitutional!Objectives/!Functions! 1As1the1central1personnel1agency1of1the1Gov’t:1 1. To1 establish1 a1 career1 service1 &1 adopt1 measures1 to1 promote1 morale,1 efficiency,1 integrity,1 responsiveness,1 progressiveness,1 and1courtesy1in1the1civil1service.11 2. To1strengthen1the1merit1&1rewards1system,1 integrate1all1human1resources1development1 programs1 for1 all1 levels1 and1 ranks1 and1 to1 institutionalize1 a1 management1 climate1 conducive1 to1 public1 accountability1 [Sec.1 3,1 Art.1IXK1B]11 1 • Enjoys1 a1 wide1 latitude1 of1 Discretion1 and1 may1 not1 be1 compelled1 by1 mandamus1 to1 issue1such1eligibility.11 • Under1the1Administrative1Code1of11987,1the1 CSC1 has1 the1 power1 to1 hear1 &1 decide1 administrative1 cases1 instituted1 before1 it1 directly1 or1 on1 appeal,1 including1 contested1 appointments.1 The1 Omnibus1 Rules1 implementing1 the1 Administrative1 Code1 provides,1 among1 others,1 that1 notwithstanding1 the1 initial1 approval1 of1 an1 appointment,1the1same1may1be1recalled1for1 violation1of1other1existing1Civil1Service1laws,1 rules1 and1 regulations.1 The1 power1 of1 CSC1 includes1 the1 authority1 to1 recall1 an1 appointment1 initially1 approved1 in1 disregard1

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of1 applicable1 provisions1 of1 the1 CS1 law1 &1 regulations1[Mathay1v.1CSC]1 Commission1 has1 orig1 jurisdiction1 to1 hear1 &1 decide1 a1 complaint1 for1 cheating1 in1 the1 Civil1 Service1 examinations1 committed1 by1 gov’t1 employees.1The1fact1that1the1complaint1was1 filed1by1the1CSC1itself1does1not1mean1that1it1 cannot1be1an1impartial1judge.1[Cruz1v.1CSC]1 No1 appellate1 jurisdiction1 incase1 of1 separation1from1government1service11

1 Scope!Of!Civil!Service! 1All1 branches,1 subdivisions,1 instrumentalities1 and1 agencies1 of1 the1 Gov’t1 including1 GOCC1 w/1 original1 charters.1[Sec.121(1)1Art.1IX1B]1 1 Classes!Of!Service! 1 A. Career!Service! 1 • Characterized1 by1 entrance1 based1 on1 merit1 and1 fitness1 to1 be1 determined,1 as1 far1 as1 practicable1by1competitive1examinations,1or1 based1on1highly1technical1qualifications;11 • Opportunity1 for1 advancement1 to1 higher1 career1positions;1and1security1of1tenure.1 111 Positions1Included1in1Career1Service:1 a. Open1 career1 positions1 where1 prior1 qualification1 in1 an1 appropriate1 examination1 is1required1 b. 1Closed1 career1 positions,1 e.g.,1 scientific1 or1 highly1technical1in1nature1 c. Career1 Executive1 Service,1 e.g.,1 undersecretaries,1bureau1directors,1etc1 d. Career1Officers1(other1than1those1belonging1 to1 the1 Career1 Executive1 Service)1 who1 are1 appointed1 by1 the1 President,1 e.g.,1 those1 in1 foreign1office1 e. Positions1 in1 the1 AFP,1 although1 governed1 by1 separate1merit1system1 f. Personnel1of1GOCC1w/1orig1charters1 g. Permanent1 laborers1 whether1 skilled,1 semiK skilled,1or1unskilled1 1 91! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Security1of1Tenure1in1the1Career1Executive1Service,1 requisites:1 1. Career1executive1service1eligibility11 2. Appointment1 to1 the1 appropriate1 career1 executive1service1rank11 1 • It1 must1 be1 stressed1 that1 the1 security1 of1 tenure1of1employees1in1the1career1executive1 service1 (except1 first1 &1 second1 level1 employees1in1the1civil1service)1pertains1only1 to1 rank1 and1 not1 to1 the1 office1 or1 to1 the1 position1 to1 which1 they1 may1 be1 appointed.1 Thus,1 a1 career1 executive1 officer1 may1 be1 transferred1or1reassigned1from111position1to1 another1 w/out1 losing1 his1 rank1 w/c1 follows1 him1 wherever1 he1 is1 transferred1 or1 reassigned.11 1 B.!Non\Career!Service!(NCS)! 1 Characterized1by1 1. Entrance1 on1 bases1 other1 than1 those1 of1 the1 usual1tests1utilized1for1the1career1service1 2. Tenure1 limited1 to1 that1 specified1 by1 law1 or1 which1 is1 coterminous1 with1 that1 of1 the1 appointing1 authority1 or1 subject1 to1 his1 pleasure,1or1 3. Which1is1limited1to1duration1of1a1project1for1 w/c1purpose1the1employment1was1made.1 1 Officers1&1Employees1Embraced1in1NCS:1 1. Elective1officials1 2. Department1 1 heads1 and1 officials1 of1 Cabinet1 rank1who1hold1office1at1the1pleasure1of1the1 President,1 &1 their1 personal1 &1 confidential1 stuff1 3. Chair1 &1 mem.1 Of1 commissions1 and1 boards1 w/1fixed1terms1of1office11 4. Contractual1 personnel1 or1 those1 whose1 employment1 in1 the1 government1 is1 in1 accordance1 w/1 a1 special1 contract1 to1 undertake1 a1 specific1 work1 or1 job1 requiring1 special1or1technical1skills1not1available1in1the1 employing1agency,1to1be1accomplished1w/in1 a1 specific1 period1 not1 exceeding1 11 year,1

under1 their1 own1 responsibility,1 w/1 the1 minimum1direction1&1supervision11 5. Emergency1&1seasonal1personnel111

1 Appointments!In!The!Civil!Service! 1Made1 only1 according1 to1 merit1 &1 fitness1 to1 be1 determined1 as1 far1 as1 practicable,1 and1 except1 to1 positions1 w/c1 are1 policy1 determining,1 primarily1 confidential,1 or1 highly1 technical,1 by1 competitive1 examination1[Sec.121(2)1Art.1IXKB]1 1 • Permanent1appointment1can1issue1only1to1a1 person1who1possesses1all1the1requirements1 for1 the1 position1 to1 which1 he1 is1 appointed.1 An1 exception1 to1 this1 rule1 is1 where,1 in1 the1 absence1 of1 appropriate1 eligibles,1 he1 or1 she1 may1 be1 appointed1 temporarily1 for1 a1 period1 of1121months.11 1 1Exempt!from!competitive!examination! 1. Policy1determining1K11where1 officer1 lays1 down1 principal1 or1 fundamental1 guidelines1 or1 rules1 or1 formulates1 method1of1action1for1gov’t1or1any1of1its1 subdivisions1e.g.1department1head1 2. Primarily1 Confidential1 K1 1 1 1 denoting1 not1 only1 confidence1 in1 the1 aptitude1 of1 the1 appointee1 for1 the1 duties1 of1 the1 office1 but1primarily1close1intimacy1w/c1ensures1 freedom1 of1 intercourse1 w/out1 embarrassment1 or1 freedom1 from1 misgivings1 or1 betrayals1 on1 confidential1 matters1of1the1state;1or1one1declared1to1 be1 so1 by1 the1 President1 upon1 recommendation1of1CSC1 3. Highly1TechnicalK1requires1possession1of1 technical1 skills1 or1 training1 in1 a1 superior1 degree.1e.g.1PNB1legal1counsel1 1 Discretion!Of!Appointing!Authority! 1Appointing1authority1has1the1right1of1choice1w/c1he1 may1exercise1freely1according1to1his1best1judgment,1 deciding1 for1 himself1 who1 is1 best1 qualified1 among1 those1 “eligibles”.1 Final1 choice1 of1 appointing1 authority1 should1 be1 respected1 and1 left1 undisturbed.1 92! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1 Role!of!Csc! 1Check1if1the1appointee1possesses1the1qualifications1 and1 appropriate1 eligibility.1 If1 he1 does,1 his1 appointment1 is1 approved;1 it1 is1 not,1 if1 disapproved.1 The1committees1work1is1recommendatory1and1does1 not1 fix1 a1 stringent1 formula1 regarding1 the1 mode1 of1 choosing1from1among1thee1candidates.111 11 1 Disqualifications! a. No1 candidate1 who1 has1 lost1 in1 any1 election1 shall,1w/in111yr1after1such,1be1appointed1to1 any1office1in1the1GOV’T/1gocc1[Sec16,1Art1IX1 B]1 b. No1 elective1 official1 shall1 be1 eligible1 for1 appointment1or1designation1in1any1capacity1 to1 any1 public1 office1 or1 position1 during1 his1 tenure1[Sec171(1)1Art.1IX1B]1 c. Unless1 otherwise1 allowed1 by1 law1 or1 by1 the1 primary1 functions1 of1 his1 position,1 no1 appointive1 official1 shall1 hold1 any1 other1 office1 or1 employment1 in1 the1 Gov’t1 or1 any1 subdivision,1 agency,1 instrumentality,1 including1GOCC/1subsidiary1[Sec171(2)1Art1IXK B]1 1 Security!Of!Tenure! • No1 officer1 or1 employee1 of1 the1 CS1 shall1 be1 removed1 or1 suspended1 except1 for1 cause1 provided1by1law1[Sec121(3)1Art1IX1B]1 • Unconsented1 transfer1 of1 the1 officer,1 resulting1in1demolition1in1rank1or1salary,1is1a1 violation1of1the1security1of1tenure1clause1in1 the1Constitution.11 • When1an1employee1is1illegally1dismissed,1&1 his1 reinstatement1 is1 later1 ordered1 by1 the1 Court,1for1all1legal1intents1&1purposes1he1is1 considered1as1not1having1left1his1office,1and1 notwithstanding1the1silence1of1the1decision,1 he1 is1 entitled1 to1 backwages1 [Del1 Castillo1 v.1 CSC]1 • Security1 of1 tenure1 in1 Career1 Executive1 Service1pertains1to1rank,1not1to1the1position1 to1 which1 the1 employee1 may1 be1 appointed1 [General1v.1Roco]1

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Reorganization1 of1 office1 does1 not1 necessarily1 result1 in1 abolition1 of1 the1 office,1 and1 does1 not1 justify1 the1 replacement1 of1 permanent1 officers1 &1 employees.1 But1 where,1 as1 a1 result1 of1 the1 reorganization,1 employees1 were1 effectively1 demoted1 by1 their1 assignment1 to1 positions1 lower1 than1 those1 they1 previously1 held,1 there1 is1 violation1of1security1of1tenure,1and1CSC1may1 order1reinstatement.1 Under1 ROC,1 a1 career1 service1 officer1 or1 ee1 unlawfully1ousted1from1his1office1has111yr1to1 file1 an1 action1 in1 court1 to1 recover1 his1 office,1 otherwise1it1prescribes.1

1 1 1 Partisan!political!Activity! 1No1 officer1 or1 employee1 in1 the1 CS1 shall1 engage,1 in1 any1 electioneering1 or1 partisan1 political1 campaign1 [Sec121(4)1Art1IX1B]1 • The1 CS1 Law1 prohibits1 engaging1 directly1 or1 indirectly1in1any1partisan1political1activity1or1 taking1part1in1any1election1except1to1vote,1or1 use1official1authority1to1coerce1the1political1 activity1of1any1person1or1body.1But1this1does1 not1prevent1expression1of1views1on1current1 political1 issues,1 or1 mention1 the1 names1 of1 candidates1 for1 public1 office1 whom1 the1 public1officer1supports.1 • Military1is1covered1by1this1provision1 • Exempt1from1this1provision1are1the1mem1of1 the1Cabinet1and1public1officers1&1employees1 holding1political1offices1(who1are1allowed1to1 take1 part1 in1 political1 &1 electoral1 activities,1 except1 to1 solicit1 contributions1 from1 their1 subordinates1 or1 commit1 acts1 prohibited1 under1Election1Code)1 1 Right!To!Self\!Organization! 1This1 right1 shall1 not1 be1 denied1 to1 gov’t1 employees1 [Sec.121(5)1Art1IX1B]1 • But1 they1 may1 not1 engage1 in1 strikes1 to1 demand1changes1in1the1terms1&1conditions1 of1their1employment1 1 93! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Protection!to!temporary!employees!(TE)! • TE1shall1be1given1such1protection1as1may1be1 provided1by1the1law1[Sec121(6)1Art1IX1B]1 1 Standardization!Of!Compensation! 1Congress1 shall1 provide1 for1 standardization1 of1 compensation1of1government1official1&1employees,1 including1 those1 in1 GOCC1 w/1 orig1 charters,1 taking1 into1 account1 the1 nature1 of1 responsibilities1 pertaining1 to1 and1 the1 qualifications1 required1 for1 their1positions.1[Sec151Art1IX1B]1 ! DOUBLE!COMPENSATION! 1No1 elective1 or1 appointive1 public1 officer1 or1 employee1 shall1 receive1 additional,1 double,1 or1 indirect1 compensation1 unless1 specifically1 authorized1by1law,1nor1accept1w/out1the1consent1of1 Congress,1 any1 present1 emoluments,1 office1 or1 title1 of1any1kind1from1any1foreign1government.1Pensions1 and1gratuities1shall1not1be1considered1as1additional,1 double1or1indirect1compensation.1[Sec181Art19B]1 1 Oath!Of!Allegiance! 1All1pub.1Off/1ee1shall1take1an1oath1or1affirmation1to1 uphold1&1defend1the1Constitution1 ( ! ! ! ! ! ! !

COMELEC+ Composition1 a. Chairman1+161Commisioners:11 1. Natural1born1Fil1cit.1 2. At1least1351yo1 3. Holders1of1college1degree1 4. Have1 not1 been1 candidates1 in1 the1 immediately1preceding1election1 5. Majority,1 including1 the1 Chairmen,1 must1 be1mem.1Of1the1Phil1Bar1who1have1been1

engaged1 in1 the1 practice1 of1 law1 for1 at1 least1101yrs.1 6. They1shall1be1appointed1by1the1Pres.1w/1 the1 consent1 of1 the1 CoA1 for1 a1 term1 of1 7yrs1 w/o1 reappointment.1 No1 member1 shall1 be1 appointed1 or1 designated1 in1 a1 temporary1or1acting1capacity.1 1 En1Banc1&1Division1Cases1 1It1 may1 sit1 en1 banc1 or1 in1 21 divisions,1 &1 shall1 promulgate1 its1 rules1 of1 procedure1 in1 order1 to1 expedite1disposition1of1election1cases,1including1pre1 proclamation1controversies.1All1such1election1cases1 shall1be1heard1&1decided1in1division,1provided1that1 motions1 for1 reconsideration1 shall1 be1 decided1 en1 banc1 1 1Division1 Cases1 (QuasiKJudicial1 or1 adjudicatory1 functions)1 a. All1 election1 cases1 including1 preK1 proclamation1 contests,1 originally1 cognizable1 by1 the1 Commission1 in1 the1 exercise1 of1 its1 powers1 under1 sec.1 21 (2)1 Art1IX1C1of1the1Constitution.1 b. Over1 petition1 to1 cancel1 a1 certificate1 of1 candidacy1 c. Cases1appealed1from1RTC1or1MTC1 d. Petition1 for1 certiorari1 filed1 w/1 the1 commission1 from1 a1 decision1 of1 the1 RTC1 or1MTC11 1 1 1EN1BANC1(Administrative)1 1. Promulgation1 of1 rules1 concerning1 pleadings1 &1 practice1 before1 it1 but1 they1 must1 not1 diminish,1 increase1 or1 modify1 substantive1rights.1 2. Petition1 for1 correction1 of1 manifest1 errors1 since1 it1 alleges1 an1 erroneous1 copying1 of1 figures1 from1 the1 election1 return1 to1 the1 Statement1 of1 Votes1 by1 precinct.1 Such1 error1 which1 merely1 requires1 a1 clerical1 correction1 without1 opening1 the1 ballot1 boxes1 or1 examining1 the1ballots1demands1only1the1exercise1of1 administrative1power1of1the1COMELEC1 94! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

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3. Manifest1 errors1 in1 tabulation1 or1 tallying1 of1results.1 4. Prosecution1of1violation1of1election1laws1 5. Power1to1declare1Failure1of1Elections1 1 Only1 decisions1 of1 COMELEC1 en1 banc1 are1 reviewable1by1the1SC1 K File1 motion1 for1 Reconsideration1 firstK1 Doctrine1 of1 Exhaustive1 Administrative1 Remedies1

1 Constitutional!Powers!And!Functions! A. Enforce1 and1 administer1 all1 laws1 &1 regulations1 relative1 to1 the1 conduct1 of1 an1 election,1 plebiscite,1 initiative,1 referendum1 or1recall1 1 1InitiativeK1 power1 of1 people1 to1 propose1 amendments1 to1 the1 Constitution1 or1 to1 propose1 and1 enact1 legislation1 through1 an1 election.1 1. Initiative1on1the1Constitution1 2. Initiative1on1Statutes1 3. Initiative1on1local1legislation1 1 ReferendumK1 power1 of1 electorate1 to1 approve1 or1 reject1 legislation1 through1 an1 election1called1for1the1purpose1 (referendum1 on1 statutes1 &1 ref.1 on1 local1 laws)1 1 RecallK1termination1of1official1relationship1of1 a1local1elective1official1for1loss1of1confidence1 prior1 to1 the1 expiration1 of1 his1 term1 through1 the1will1of1the1electorate.11 1 PlebisciteK1 submission1 of1 Constitutional1 amendments1 or1 impt1 legislative1 measures1 to1the1people1for1ratification1 1 B. Exclusive1 Original1 jurisdiction1 over1 all1 contests1 relating1 to1 the1 election,1 returns1 &1 qualifications1 of1 all1 elective1 regional,1 provincial1 and1 city1 officials.1 Exclusive1 appellate1 jurisdiction1 over1 all1 contests1 involving1elective1barangay1officials1decided1

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G.

H.

by1 the1 MTC,1 and1 decisions1 therein1 shall1 be1 final,1executor1and1unappealable.1 1 Decide,1 save1 those1 involving1 the1 right1 to1 vote,1 all1 questions1 affecting1 elections,1 including1 determination1 of1 the1 number1 &1 location1 of1 polling1 places,1 appointment1 of1 election1 officials1 and1 inspectors,1 &1 registration1of1voters.1 1 Deputize,1w/1concurrence1of1President,1law1 enforcement1 agencies1 &1 instrumentalities1 for1 the1 exclusive1 purpose1 of1 ensuring1 free,1 orderly,1 honest,1 peaceful1 and1 credible1 elections.1 1 Register,1 after1 sufficient1 publication,1 political1parties,1organizations,1or1coalitions1 w/c1must1present1their1platform1or1program1 of1govt;1accredited1citizen’s1arms1 1 File,1 upon1 a1 verified1 complaint,1 or1 on1 its1 own1 initiative,1 petitions1 in1 court1 for1 the1 inclusion1or1exclusion1of1voters;1investigate,1 and1 where1 appropriate,1 prosecute1 cases1 of1 violations1of1election1laws1 1 Recommend1 to1 Congress1 effective1 measures1 to1 minimize1 election1 spending,1 including1 limitation1 of1 places1 where1 propaganda1 materials1 shall1 be1 posted,1 and1 to1prevent1and1penalize1all1forms1of1election1 frauds,1 offenses,1 malpractice,1 and1 nuisance1 candidates.11 1 Submit1 to1 the1 President1 and1 Congress1 a1 comprehensive1 report1 on1 the1 conduct1 of1 each1 election,1 plebiscite,1 ref.,1 initiative1 or1 recall1

1 ! Statutory!Powers! 1 1 BP1881K1Exercise1supervision1&1ctrl1over1officials1 required1to1perform1duties1relative1to1the1conduct1 of1 elections,1 promulgate1 rules1 &1 regulations,1 95! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

punish1 contempt1 inquire1 into1 financial1 records1 of1 candidates,1 groups,1 etc.,1 prescribe1 forms1 to1 be1 used1 in1 elections,1 procure1 supplies1 and1 materials1 needed1for1the1election,1enlist1nonK1partisan1groups1 to1assist1it,1fix1period1for1preKelection1requirements,1 etc.1 a. Power1to1declare1failure1of1election;1call1for1 special1elections1 b. Exclusive1 orig1 juris1 over1 all1 preK1 proclamation1controversies1 1 Party!List!System! 1 A1 free1 and1 open1 party1 list1 system1 shall1 be1 allowed1 to1 evolve1 according1 to1 the1 free1 choice1 of1 the1people.11 1 1 Election!Period! 1 Unless1 otherwise1 fixed1 by1 the1 Commission1 in1 special1 cases,1 shall1 commence1 901 days1 before1 the1 day1of1the1election1&1shall1end1301days1thereafter.1 1 Judicial!Review!Of!Comelec!Decisions!! 1 A1 petition1 for1 certiorari1 under1 Rule1 651 of1 the1 RoC,1filed1w/1the1SC1w/in1301days1from1receipt1of1a1 copy1of1final1order,1or1decision1of1the1Commission1 en1banc.1

COMMISSION+ON+AUDIT+ $ Composition,!Appointment! 1 Chairman1&121Commissioners,1who1shall1be1 a. Natural1born1Filipino1citizens1 b. At1least1351 c. CPAs1 w/1 not1 less1 than1 101 yrs1 of1 auditing1 experience1 OR1 mem1 of1 the1 Phil1 bar1 w/1 at1 least1101yr1practice1of1law1 d. Must1 not1 have1 been1 candidates1 in1 the1 election1 immediately1 preceding1 the1 appointment1 e. At1no1time1shall1all1mem1belong1to1the1same1 profession1 f. Appointed1by1the1Pres1w/1CoA1consent1for1a1 term1of171yrs1w/o1reappointment1

1 Powers,!Duties! a. Examine,1 audit,1 &1 settle1 all1 accounts1 pertaining1to1the1revenue1and1receipts1of,1&1 expenditures1or1uses1of1funds1and1property1 owned1or1held1in1trust1or1pertaining1to,1the1 Gov’t1 b. Keep1 the1 gen.1 accts1 of1 the1 govt1 and1 preserve1 vouchers1 and1 supporting1 papers1 for1such1period1as1provided1by1law1 c. Authority1 to1 define1 the1 scope1 of1 its1 audit1 and1 examination,1 establish1 techniques1 and1 methods1required1therefor.1 d. Promulgate1accounting1and1auditing1rules1&1 regulations1 including1 those1 for1 the1 prevention1 &1 disallowance1 of1 irregular,1 unnecessary,1 expensive,1 extravagant,1 or1 unscionable1 expenditures1 or1 uses1 of1 government1funds1or1property.1 1 Jurisdiction!of!the!commission! 1 No1law1shall1be1passed1exempting1any1entity1of1 Gov’t,1or1any1investment1of1public1funds,1from1the1 jurisdiction1of1the1CoA.1 • CoA1 has1 the1 authority1 to1 investigate1 whether1directors,1officials1or1employees1of1 governmentKowned1 and1 contro0lled1 corporations,1 receiving1 additional1 allowances1and1bonuses1are1entitled1to1such1 benefits1under1applicable1laws.11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

96! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Accountability,of, Public'Officers! 1 19351 None1

Grounds:1 • Culp able1 violat ion1 of1 the1 const itutio n1 • Treas on1 • Bribe ry1 • Othe r1 High1 crim es1 Who:1 • Presi dent1 • Chief1 Justic e1 • Audit

19731

19871 VIRTUES1 • Highest1 • Utmost1 Degree1 Responsibi of1 lity1 Respons • Integrity1 ibility1 • Loyalty1 • Integrit • Efficiency1 y1 • Patriotism1 • Loyalty1 • Justice1 • Efficienc • Modest1 y1 lives1 IMPEACHMENT1 Grounds:1 Grounds:1 • Culpabl • Culpable1 e1 violation11 violatio of1the1 n1of1the1 constitutio constitu n1 tion1 • Treason1 • Treason1 • Bribery1 • Bribery1 • Graft1and1 • Other1 Corruption1 High1 • Other1High1 crimes1 Crimes1 • Graft1 • Betrayal1of1 and1 Public1 Corrupti trust1 on1 Who:1 Who:1 • President1 • Preside • Vice1 nt1 President1 • Chief1 • Chief1 Justice1 justice1and1 and1 associate1 associat justices1of1 e1 the1SC1 justices1 • Chair1and1 of1SC1 members1

or1 Gene ral1

(am1not1 sure)1 • Chair1 and1 membe rs1of1 ConK Com1 TANOD1BAYAN1 Yes1 Yes1

of:1 K ConK Com1 K Ombu dsman1

None1 1 1 Statement!of!Policy! $ Public$office$is$public$trust.$Public$Officers$and$ employees$must$at$all$times$be$accountable$to$the$ people,$serve$them$with$utmost$responsibility,$ integrity,$loyalty,$and$efficiency,$act$w/$patriotism$ and$justice$and$lead$modest$lives$ $ Impeachment$ 1 A1national1inquest1into1the1conduct1of1public1 men1 1 Impeachable!officers:! 1. Pres1 2. VP1 3. CJ1and1assoc1justices1of1SC1 4. Chair1&1mem1of:1 a. 1ConCom1 b. 1Ombudsman1 1 • Exclusive11 1 Grounds1for1impeachment1(exclusive1enumeration)1 1. Culpable1violation1of1the1Consti1 2. Treason1 3. Bribery1 4. Graft1&1corruption1 5. Other1high1crimes1 6. Betrayal1of1pub.1Trust1 1 Who1may1initiate1case1of1impeachment?1 1Only1the1House1of1Representatives/citizen1upon1 resolution1or1endorsement1by1any1member1of1the1 HR.1 1 97! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

What1 is1 the1 process1 impeachment?1 1 Inquiry!of!Impeachment!!!Direct! Resolution! !Resolution! 1 Any1member1of1the1 HR1or1Citizen1of1the1 Philippines1upon1 resolution1or1 endorsement1by1any1 member1of1the1HR1 1 1 FILES1A1VERIFIED1 Include1in1the1order1 1 COMPLAINT1 of1business1of1HR1 1 1 within1101session1 1 1 1 1 Referred1to1 1 JUDICIARY1 1 COMMITTEE1within131 Judiciary1committee1 1 session1days1 HOLDS1HEARINGS1 1 1 and1INVESTIGATES1 1 CHARGES1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 COMMITTEE1after1 1 1hearing1and1 MAJORITY1VOTE1of1all1 1 1 its1members1 1 SUBMITS1REPORT1to1 1 HR1within1601session1 1 1 1 CALENDARED1for1 1 CONSIDERATION1by1 1 HR1within1101session1 days1

of1

1 1 1 EFFECT1OF1CONVICTION1 1 • Removal1from1office1&1disqualification1 1 to1hold1any1office1under1Republic1of1the1 At1least11/31of1all1 1 Philippines.1But1the1party1convicted1 members1of1HR1 1 shall1be1liable1&1subject1to1prosecution,1 1AFFIRMS1or1 trial1&1punishment1accdg1to1law1 1 $ OVERRIDES1Article1of1 1 ! 1 SANDIGANBAYAN! 1 ! ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT is SENT to the SENATE 1 1The1present1antiK1graft1court1known1as1the1 which have the sole power to try and decide all cases of 1 sandiganbayan1shall1continue1to1function1and1 impeachment. 1 exercise1its1jurisdiction1as1now1or1hereafter1may1be1 1 Prosecutors: Fixed number of members of HR provided1by1law1 1 ! Jurors: FULL SENATE 1 Composition! 1 When the President of the Philippines is Presiding1justice1+1141Assoc1Justices,1w/1the1rank1of1 on trial, the Chief 1 Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside,Justice1of1CA.1it1sits1in131divisions1of131mem1each1 but shall not vote.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SENATE VOTES in OPEN SESSION on each Articles of 1 Jurisdiction1 Impeachment1 1 a. Offense1committed1is1violation1of1RA13019,1 1 RA11379,1Chap121Sec121Title171Book121of1RPC,1 1 EO11,12,1141and1141A1issued1in11986,1or1other1 1 CONVICTION upon concurrence of 2/3 vote of offenses1or1felonies1whether1simple1or1 ALL the 1 complexed1w/1other1crimes1 MEMBERS OF THE SENATE1 1 b. Offender1committing1abovementioned1 1 offenses1is1a1public1official1or1employee1 LIMITATION1ON1INITIATING1OF1IMPEACHMENT1 holding1any1of1the1positions1enumerated1in1 CASE1 par.1A1sec141RA182491 1 Not1more1than1once1w/in1a1period1of111yr1 c. Offense1committed1is1in1relation1to1the1 against1the1same1official1 office1 1 1 TRIAL1&1DECISION111 Decisions/1Review1 • SenateK1sole1power1to1try1&1decide1all1 1Unanimous1vote1of1all1the131mem1shall1be1required.1 cases1of1impeachment1 Reviewable1by1SC1by1certiorari1 1 • When1sitting1for1that1purpose,1the1 ! Senators1shall1be1on1oath1or1affirmation.1 OMBUDSMAN( When1Pres1of1the1Phil1is1on1trial,1the1CJ1 $ of1the1SC1shall1preside,1but1shall1not1 a. Composition1 vote.1A1decision1of1conviction1must1be1 1. Ombudsman1to1be1known1as1 concurred1by1at1least12/31of1all1the1 Tanodbayan1 members1of1the1Senate1 98! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1

2. One1overall1deputy1and;11 3. At1least111deputy1each1for1Luzon,1 Visayas1and1Mindanao.11 4. A1separate1deputy1for1the1military1 establishment1may1likewise1be1 appointed1

b. Qualifications:1 Ombudsman1and1Deputies1must1be1:1 1. Natural1born1citizens1of1the1RP1 2. 1At1least1401years1old1 3. Of1recognized1probity1and1independence1 4. Member1of1Philippine1Bar1 5. Must1not1have1been1candidates1for1any1 elective1office1in1the1immediately1preceding1 election1 6. Ombudsman1must1have1been1a1judge1or1 engaged1in1the1practice1of1law1for11at1least1 101yrs1 1 c. Appointment1of1the1Ombudsman1&1his1 deputies1 1By1the1President1from1a1list1of1at1least161nominees1 prepared1by1the1JBC,1&1from1a1list1of1at1least131 nominees1for1every1vacancy1thereafter.1All1 vacancies1to1be1filled1in131mos.1 1 d. Term1of1Office1 • 71yrs1w/o1reappointment1 e. Rank1&1Salary1 • That1of1Chair1&1mem1of1the1ConCom.1 SalaryK1not1be1decreased1during1their1 term1of1office1 1 f. W/Fiscal1Autonomy1 1 g. 1Disqualifications/1Inhibitions1 1During1tenure,11 1. Shall1not1hold1any1other1office1or1 employment;11 2. Shall1not1engage1in1the1practice1of1any1 profession1or1in1the1active1management1 or1ctrl1of1any1business1w/c1in1any1way1 may1be1affected1by1the1functions1of1his1 office;11 99! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1

3. Shall1not1be1financially1interested1in1any1 contract1w/1or1in1any1franchise1or1 privilege1granted1by1the1government11 4. Not1be1qualified1to1run1for1any1office1in1 the1election1immediately1succeeding1 their1cessation1from1office1 1 h. Powers1and1duties1

1Section1 121 The1 Ombudsman1 and1 his1 Deputies,1 as1 protectors1 of1 the1 people,1 shall1 act1 promptly1 on1 complaints1 filed1 in1 any1 form1 or1 manner1against1public1officials1or1employees1of1the1 Government,1 or1 any1 subdivision,1 agency1 or1 instrumentality1 thereof,1 including1 government1 owned1 or1 controlled1 corporation,1 and1 shall,1 in1 appropriate1 cases,1 notify1 the1 complainants1 of1 the1 action1taken1and1the1result1thereof.1 1 1Section1 131 The1 office1 of1 the1 Ombudsman1 shall1 have1 the1 following1 powers,1 functions1 and1 duties:1 1 1.1Investigate1 on1 its1 own,1 or1 on1 complaint1 by1 any1 p1 1 erson,1 any1 act1 or1 omission1 of1 any1 public1 official,1 employee,1 office1 or1 agency,1 when1 such1 action1or1omission1appears1to1be1illegal,1 unjust,1improper,1or1inefficient.1 2.Direct,1 upon1 complaint1 or1 at1 its1 own1 instance,1any1public1official1or1employee1 of1 the1 government,1 or1 any1 subdivisions1 agency1 or1 instrumentality1 thereof,1 as1 well1 as1 of1 any1 government1 owned1 or1 controlled1 corporation1 with1 original1 charter,1 to1 perform1 and1 expedite1 any1 act1 or1 duty1 required1 by1 law,1 or1 to1 stop,1 prevent,1 and1 correct1 any1 abuse1 or1 impropriety1 in1 the1 performance1 of1 duties.1 3.Direct1 the1 officer1 concerned1 to1 take1 appropriate1 action1 against1 a1 public1 official1 or1 employee1 at1 fault,1 and1 recommend1 his1 removal,1 suspension,1 demotion,1fine1censure,1or1prosecution,1 and1ensure1compliance1therewith.1

4.Direct1 the1 officer1 concerned,1 in1 any1 appropriate1 case,1 and1 subject1 to1 such1 limitations1 as1 may1 be1 provided1 by1 law,1 to1 furnish1 it1 with1 copies1 of1 documents1 relating1 to1 contracts1 or1 transactions1 entered1 into1 by1 his1 office1 involving1 the1 disbursement1 or1 use1 of1 public1 funds1 or1 properties,1 and1 report1 any1 irregularity1 to1 the1 Commission1 on1 Audit1 for1 appropriate1action.1 5.Request1 any1 government1 agency1 for1 assistance1and1information1necessary1in1 the1 discharge1 of1 its1 responsibilities1 and1 to1 examine,1 if1 necessary,1 pertinent1 records1and1documents.1 6.Publicize1 matters1 covered1 by1 its1 investigation1 when1 circumstances1 so1 warrant1and1with1due1prudence.1 7.Determine1 the1 causes1 of1 inefficiency,1 red1 tape,1 mismanagement,1 fraud1 and1 corruption1in1the1Government1and1make1 recommendations1 for1 their1 elimination1 and1the1observance1of1high1standards1of1 ethics1and1efficiency.1 8.Promulgate1its1rules1of1procedure1and1 exercise1 such1 other1 powers1 or1 perform1 such1 functions1 or1 duties1 as1 may1 be1 provided1by1law.1

1 Ill\Gotten!Wealth! 1The1 Right1 of1 the1 state1 to1 recover1 properties1 unlawfully1 acquired1 by1 Public1 officials1 or1 employees,1 from1 them1 or1 from1 their1 nominees1 or1 transferees,1 shall1 not1 be1 barred1 by1 prescription,1 laches1or1estoppel.1 1 • Applies1only1to1civil1actions1for1recovery1 and1not1to1criminal1cases1 1 Restriction!on!Loans! 1No1 loan,1 quaranty1 or1 other1 form1 of1 financial1 accommodation1 for1 any1 business1 purpose1 may1 be1 granted1 directly1 or1 indirectly1 by1 any1 governmentK owned1or1controlled1bank1or1financial1institution1to1 the1 P,1 VP,1 members1 of1 the1 Cabinet,1 Congress,1 SC1 and1ConKCom,1Ombudsman1or1to1any1firm1or1entity1 100! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

in1which1they1have1controlling1interest1during1their1 tenure1 1 ! ! Statement!of!assets,!liabilities!and!net!worth! 1A1public1officer1or1employee1shall1upon1assumption1 of1 office1 and1 as1 often1 as1 thereafter1 as1 may1 be1 required1by1law,1submit1a1declaration1of1oath1of1his1 assets,1liabilities1and1net1worth.1 1In1 the1 case1 of1 P,1 VP,1 Cabinet,1 ConKCom,1 SC1 Congress,1 and1 other1 constitutional1 offices1 and1 officers1 of1 AFP1 of1 general1 or1 flag1 rank,1 the1 declaration1 shall1 be1 disclosed1 to1 the1 public1 in1 the1 manner1provided1by1law.1 1 Allegiance!to!the!State!and!to!the!Constitution! 1Public1 officers1 and1 employees1 owe1 the1 State1 and1 this1 Constitution1 allegiance1 at1 all1 times,1 and1 any1 public1 officer1 or1 employee1 who1 seeks1 to1 change1 citizenship1or1acquire1the1status1of1an1immigrant1of1 another1 country1 during1 his1 tenure1 shall1 be1 dealt1 with1by1law.11 1

National(Economy( and$Patrimony! Goals! 1. More1equitable1distribution1of1 opportunities,1income1and1wealth1 2. Sustained1increase1in1amount1of1goods1and1 services1produced1by1the1nation1for1the1 benefit1of1the1people1 3. Expanding1production1as1the1key1to1raising1 the1quality1of1life1for1all,1especially1the1 under1privileged.1 • Full1industrialization1 Natural!resources! 1. Regalian1Doctrine1–1“The1universal1feudal1 theory1that1all1lands1were1held1from1the1 crown.”1Ownership1is1vested1in1the1State1as1 such1rather1than1in1the1head1thereof.1 1 a. Sec.121All1lands1of1the1public1domain,1 waters,1minerals,1coal,1petroleum1and1other1 mineral1oils,1all1forces1of1potential1energy,1 fisheries,1forests1or1timber,1wildlife,1flora1or1 fauna,1and1other1natural1resources1are1 owned1by1the1state.1With1the1exception1of1 agricultural1lands,1all1other1natural1 resources1shall1not1be1alienated.1 1 2. Imperium1and1Dominium11 Imperium1 Dominium1 Government1authority1 Capacity1to1own1or1 possessed1by1the1State1 acquire1property.1With1 which1is1appropriately1 reference1to1lands1held1 embraced1in1sovereignty1 by1the1state1in1its1 proprietary1character.11 May1provide1for1the1 exploitation1and1use1of1 lands1and1other1natural1 resources1including1 their1disposition,1except1 as1limited1by1the1 constitution.1 1 101! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

3. Citizenship1requirements1 Nature1 Citizenship1

Other1 Requirements1 1.1CoK Filipino1Citizens1 Agreements1 production,1 or1 shall1not1 joint1venture1or1 Corporations1 exceed1a1 production1 or1Associations1 period1of1251 sharing1 at1least160%1of1 years,1 agreements1for1 whose1capital1 renewable1for1 exploration,1 is1Filipino1 another1251 development1 owned.11 years1 and1utilization1 of1natural1 resources1 2.1Use1and1 Exclusively1for1 1 enjoyment1of1 Filipino1Citizens1 the1nation’s1 marine1wealth1 in1its1 archipelagic1 waters,1 territorial1sea1 and1EEZ1 Alienable1lands1 Filipino1 FC:1not1more1 of1the1public1 Citizens,1 than1121 domain1 Private1 hectares1by1 (agricultural1 Corporations1 purchase,1 lands)1 homestead1or1 grant1or1lease1 not1more1than1 5001hectares.1 1 PC:1lease1not1 more1than1 1,0001hectares1 for1251years,1 renewable1for1 another1251 years.1 Certain1Areas1 Filipino1citizens1 Congress1may1 of1investment1 or1corporations1 prescribe1a1 (determined1by1 60%1of1whose1 higher1 the1Congress)11 capital1is1 percentage1of1 Filipino1owned1 Filipino1 ownership1 Franchise,1 Filipino1Citizens1 Franchise1shall1

certificate1or1 authorization1 for1the1 operation1of1 public1utility1

1

or1corporations1 at1least160%1of1 whose1capital1 is1FilipinoK owned1

4. Classification1of1lands1of11the1Public1Domain.1 a. Agricultural1 b. Forest1 c. Timber1 d. Mineral1 e. National1Parks1 • Classification1is1a1function1of1the1executive1 branch1of1government,1specifically1the1 Director1of1Land1Management1Bureau.1The1 decision,1when1approved1by1the1Secretary1 of1DENR1as1to1questions1of1fact1is1conclusive1 upon1the1courts.11 • Congress1shall1determine1the1specific1limits1 of1forest1lands1and1national1parks,1marking1 clearly1their1boundaries1on1the1ground.1 1 19351 19731 19871 K1 K1Agricultural1 K1 Agricultural1 K1Timber1 Agricultural1 K1Timber1 K1Mineral1 K1Forest1 K1Mineral1 K1Industrial/1 K1Timber1 Commercial1 K1Mineral1 K1Residential11 K1National1 Resettlement1 Parks1 Grazing1Lands1 1 1 5. Stewardship1Concept1–1The1use1of1property1 bears1a1social1function,1and1all1economic1 agents1shall1contribute1to1the1common1 good.1Individuals1and1private1groups,1shall1 have1the1right1ot1own,1establish1and1 operate1economic1enterprises1subject1to1 the1duty1of1the1State1to1promote1 102! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1

not1be1 exclusive1for1a1 period1more1 than1501years1 and1shall1hbe1 subject1to1 amendment,1 alteration1or1 repeal1by1 Congress.11

distributive1justice1and1to1intervene1when1 the1common1good1so1demands.1

1 Private!Lands! 1Rule:1No1private1lands1shall1be1transferred1or1 conveyed1except1to1individuals,1corporations1or1 associations1qualified1to1acquire1or1hold1lands1of1 the1public1domain.1 1Reason1for1the1rule:1Conservation1of1the1national1 economy1and1patrimony1 • Any1sale1in1violation1of1such1provision1is1null1 and1void1 1 Two1exceptions1 1. Hereditary1Succession1–1Does1not1apply1 to1testamentary1succession1 2. Natural1Born1citizen1of1the1Philippines1 who1has1lost1his1Philippine1citizenship1 may1be1a1transferee1of1private1lands,1 subject1to1limitations1provided1by1law.1 • RA8179.11Former1natural1born1Filipino1 Citizens1may1acquire15,0001sq.1m.1For1urban1 land1and131hectares1for1rural1land.1Such1land1 may1now1be1used1for1business1and1for1other1 purposes1 K The1previous1law1was1BP11851which1 granted:1 10001sq.1m1for1urban1and111hectare1for1 Rural1which1can1be1used1for1residential1 purposes1only1 Remedies!to!recover!private!land!from! disqualified!alien! 1. Escheat1proceedings1 2. Action1for1reversion1 3. Action1for1recovery1filed1by1the1former1 Filipino1owner,1the1pari1delicto1doctrine1 having1been1abandoned,1unless1the1land1is1 sold1to1an1American1citizen1prior1to1July13,1 19741and1the1amreican1citizen1obtained1title1 thereto.1 Preference!for!Filipino!Labor!! 1The1state1shall1promote1the1preferential1use1of1 Filipino1labor,1domestic1materials1and1locally1 produced1goods,1and1adopt1measures1that1help1 make1them1competitive.1 1

Practice!of!Profession! 1The1practice1of1all1professions1in1the1Philippines1 shall1be1limited1to1Filipino1Citizens,1save1in1cases1 prescribed1by1law.1 1 Cooperatives! 1The1congress1shall1create1an1agency1to1promote1the1 viability1and1growth1of1cooperatives1as1instruments1 for1social1justice1and1economic1development.1 1 1 Monopolies! 1Policy:1the1state1shall1regulate1or1prohibit1 monopolies1when1the1public1interest1so1requires.1 No1combinations1in1restraint1of1trade1or1unfair1 competition1shall1be1allowed.11 1MonopolyK1privilege1or1peculiar1advantage1vested1 in1one1or1more1persons1or1companies,1consisting1in1 the1exclusive1right1to1carry1on1a1particular1business1 or1trade,1manufacture1a1particular1article,1or1 control1the1sale1of1a1particular1commodity.11 • Not1per1se1prohibited1by1only1regulated1 with1a1higher1level1of1State1regulation.11 Central!Monetary!Authority! 1CENTRAL1BANK1OF1THE1PHILIPPINES1 1The1congress1shall1establish1an1independent1central1 monetary1authority,1the1members1of1whose1 governing1board1must1be:1 1. NaturalKborn1Filipino1citizens;1 2. Known1probity,1integrity1and1patriotism;1 3. Majority1of1whom1shall1come1from1the1 private1sector.1 1Authority/Power:1 1. Provide1direction1in1the1areas1of1money,1 banking1and1credit1 2. Supervision1over1the1operations1of1 banks1and1exercise1such1regulatory1 powers1

Education,+Science+ And$Technology,(Arts,( Culture'And'Sports! 103! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

•

What1is1education:1Not1merely1knowledge1 but1development1of:1 K

Critical1

K

Artistic1

K

Moral1Sensitivity1to1the1needs1of1others1

State!Policy! 1The1state1shall1give1priority1to1education,1science1 and1technology,1arts,1culture1and1sports1to1foster1 patriotism1and1nationalism,1accelerate1social1 progress,1and1promote1total1human1liberation1and1 development.1 1 1. The1State1shall1protect1and1promote1the1 right1of1all1citizens1to1quality1education1 at1all1levels1and1shall1take1appropriate1 steps1to1make1such1education1accessible1 to1all.1 • Includes:1NMAT1examinations,1 licensure1examinations1and1other1 regulations.1Also,1Government1 authorization1for1school1operation.1 1 2. Constitutional1mandate1for1the1State1to1 esteablish1adequate1and1relevant1 education,1free1public1elementary1and1 high1school1education,1scholarship1 grants1and1loan1programs,1outKofKschool1 study1programs,1and1adult1education.1 3. Constitutional1objectives1of1Education:1 a. Inculcate1patriotism1and1nationalism1 b. Foster1love1for1humanity1 c. Respect1for1human1rights1 d. Appreciation1of1the1role1of1national1 heroes1in1the1historical1development1 of1the1country1 e. Teach1the1rights1and1duties1of1 Citizenshio1

f. Strengthen1ethical1and1spiritual1 values1 g. Develop1moral1character1and1 personal1discipline1 h. Encourage1critical1and1creative1 thinking1 i. Broaden1scientific1and1technological1 knowledge1 j. Promote1Vocational1Efficiency1 4. Optional1Religious1instruction1 a. Expressed1in1writing1by1parent1or1 guardian1 b. Public1elementary1and1high1Schools1 c. Within1regular1class1hours1 d. Instructors1designated1or1approved1 by1religious1authorities11 e. Without1additional1cost1to1the1 government1

mission1 boards,1 but1 Congre ss1may1 increas e1 require d1 Filipino1 equity1 particip ation1

1 5. Educational1Institutions1 Owners Control1 Alien1 hip1 and1 School Administ s1 ration1 Solely1 Citizens1 None1 by1 of1the1 shall1 Filipino1 Philippin be1 Citizens1 es.1 establi or1 shed1 corpor exclusi ations1 vely1 60%1 for1 Filipino1 aliens,1 owned.1 and1no1 Except1 group1 those1 of1 establis aliens1 hed1by1 shall1 religiou compri s1 se1 groups1 more1 or1 than1 104! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Tax1 Exemptio ns1 All1 revenue1 and1asses1 of11 K N o n1 st oc k1 K N o nK pr of it1 As1well1as1 grants,1

1/31of1 the1 enrolm ent1in1 any1 school.1 Except1 school s1for1 foreign1 diplom atic1 person nel1 and1 their1 depen dents1 and1for1 other1 foreign1 tempo rary1 reside nts1

endowm ents,1 donation s1and1 contribut ions.1 Used1ADE1 for1 educatio nal1 purposes1

1 6. Highest1budgetary1priority1to1education1 –1Merely1directory.1 1 Academic!Freedom! 1Enjoyed1in1all1institutions1of1higher1learning.1 121views:1 1 Educational1Institution1 Freedom1of1the1university1 to1determine:1 K Who1may1teach1 K What1to1teach1 K How1to1teach1 K Who1may1be1 admitted1

Members1of1Academe1 Freedom1of1the1 teacher1to1investigate1 and1discuss11the1 problems1of1his1science1 and1to1express1his1 conclusions1whether1 through1publication1or1

in1the1instruction1of1 students1without1 interference1from1 political1or1 ecclesiastical1authority1 or1from1admin.1 Officials1of1the1 institution1in1which1he1 is1employed1unless1 methods1are1found1by1 qualified1bodies1to1be1 completely1 incompetent1or1 contrary1to1 professional1ethics.11 1 1Limitation1 a. Police1Power1 b. Social1interests1of1the1community1 1 K

K

K

K

The1school1may1not1be1forced1to1reopen1at1 the1instance1of1the1striking1students.1 (Capitol1Medical1Center1vs.1cA1 UP1Baguio1was1setup1as1tertiary1institution1 and1the1High1School1was1set1up1only1as1an1 incident1to1its1tertiary1functions.1(UP1vs.1 Judge1Ayson)1 Termination1of1contract1can1no1longer1be1 used1as1a1valid1ground1to1deny1readmission1 or1reKenrolment1to1students1who1had1led1or1 participated1in1student1mass1actions1against1 the1school.1(Non1vs.1Dames)1 Minimum1standards1of1procedural1due1 process1in1schools:1 a. Students1informed1in1writing1of1the1 nature1and1cause1of1the1accusation1 against1them;1 b. Right1to1answer1the1charges1with1the1 assistance1of1counsel1if1desired;1 c. Informed1of1the1evidence;1 105! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1

1

K

K

d. Right1to1adduce1evidence1in1their1own1 behalf;1 e. Evidence1duly1considered1by1 investigating1committee1or1official1 designated1by1the1school1authorities.1 (Ateneo1vs.1Capulong)1 PRC1cannot1interfere1with1the1conduct1of1 review1that1review1schools1and1centers1 believe1would1best1enable1their1enrolees1to1 meet1the1standards1required1before1 becoming1fullKfledged1public1accountants.1 (Lupangco1vs.1CA)1 While1DECS1regulations1prescribe1a1 maximum1of1three1years1probation1period1 for1teachers,1the1termination1of1the1threeK year1period1does1not1result1in1the1automatic1 permanent1status1for1the1teacher.1It1must1 be1conditioned1on1a1showing1that1the1 teacher’s1services1during1the1probationary1 period1was1satisfactory1in1accordance1with1 the1employer’s1standards.1(Cagayan1Capitol1 College1vs.1NLRC)1

Language! 1. Filipino1 2. For1purposes1of1communication1and1 instruction:1Filipino1and1English1(unless1 otherwise1provided1by1law).1 3. Regional1languages:1auxiliary1official1 languages1in1the1regions1and1shall1serve1 as1ancillary1media1of1instruction1 4. Spanish1and1Arabic:1voluntary1and1 optional1 5. Constitution1shall1be1promulgated1in1 Filipino1and1English1and1shall1be1 translated1into1major1regional1 languages.1

Science!and!Technology! 1 1Section1 10.1 Science1 and1 technology1 are1 essential1 for1 national1 development1 and1 progress.1 The1 State1 shall1 give1 priority1 to1 research1 and1 development,1 invention,1 innovation,1 and1 their1 utilization;1and1to1support1indigenous,1appropriate1 and1 selfKreliant1 scientific1 and1 technological1 capabilities,1 and1 their1 application1 to1 the1 country’s1 productive1systems1and1national1life.1 1 1Section1 11.1 1 The1 Congress1 may1 provide1 for1 incentives,1 including1 tax1 deductions,1 to1 encourage1 private1 participation1 in1 programs1 of1 basic1 and1 applied1 scientific1 research.1 Scholarships,1 grantsKinK aid1 or1 other1 forms1 of1 incentives1 shall1 be1 provided1 to1 deserving1 science1 students,1 researchers,1 scientists,1 inventors,1 technologists,1 and1 specially1 gifted1citizens.1 1 1Section1 12.1 The1 State1 shall1 regulate1 the1 transfer1and1promote1the1adaptation1of1technology1 from1 all1 sources1 for1 the1 national1 bebefit.1 It1 shall1 encourage1 the1 widest1 participation1 of1 private1 groups,1 local1 governments,1 and1 community1 based1 organizations1 in1 the1 generation1 and1 utilization1 of1 science1and1technology.1 1 1Section1 13.1 The1 State1 shall1 protect1 and1 secure1 the1 exclusive1 rights1 of1 scientists,1 inventors,1 artists,1and1other1gifted1citizens1to1their1intellectual1 property1 and1 creations,1 particularly1 when1 beneficial1to1the1people,1for1such1period1as1may1be1 provided1by1law.1 1 Arts!and!Culture! 1Section1 14]1 The1 State1 shall1 foster1 the1 preservation,1 enrichment,1 and1 dynamic1 evolution1 of1a1Filipino1national1culture1based1on1the1principle1 of1unity1in1diversity1in1a1climate1for1free1artistic1and1 intellectual1expression.1 1 106! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

1Section115.11Arts1and1letters1shall1enjoy1the1 patronage1 of1 the1 State.1 The1 State1 shall1 conserve,1 promote1 and1 popularize1 the1 nations1 historical1 and1 cultural1 heritage1 and1 resources,1 as1 well1 as1 artistic1 creations.1 1 1Section116.1All1country’s1artistic1and1historic1 wealth1 constitutes1 the1 cultural1 treasure1 of1 the1 nation1 and1 shall1 be1 under1 the1 protection1 of1 the1 State,1which1may1regulate1its1disposition.1 1 1Section1 17.1 The1 State1 shall1 recognize,1 respect,1 and1 protect1 the1 rights1 of1 indigenous1 cultural1communities1to1preserve1and1develop1their1 cultures,1 traditions,1 and1 institutions.1 It1 shall1 consider1these1rights1in1the1formulation1of1national1 plans1and1policies.1 1 1Section1 18.1 The1 State1 shall1 ensure1 equal1 access1 to1 cultural1 opportunities1 through1 the1 educational1 system,1 public1 or1 private1 cultural1 entities,1 scholarships,1 grants1 and1 other1 incentives,1 and1 community1 cultural1 centers,1 and1 other1 public1 venues.1 1 Sports! 1Section119.1The1State1shall1promote1physical1 education1 and1 encourage1 sports1 programs,1 leagues,1 competitions,1 to1 foster1 selfKdiscipline,1 teamwork,1 and1 excellence1 for1 the1 development1 of1 a1healthy1and1alert1citizenry.1 1All1 educational1 institutions1 shall1 undertake1 regular1 sports1 activities1 throughout1 the1 country1 in1 cooperation1with1athletic1clubs1and1other1sectors.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4. The1right1of1families1or1family1 association1to1participate1in1the1 planning1and1implementation1of1policies1 and1programs1that1affect1them.1 1 1Section1 4.1 The1 family1 has1 the1 duty1 to1 care1 for1 its1 elderly1 members1 but1 the1 State1 may1 also1 do1 so1through1just1programs1of1social1security.1

The$Family!

! General'Provisions!

1 1Section1 1.1 The1 State1 recognizes1 the1 Filipino1 family1a1the1foundation1of1the1nation.1Accordingly,1 it1 shall1 strengthen1 its1 solidarity1 and1 actively1 promote1its1total1development.1 1 1Section1 2.1 Marriage,1 as1 an1 inviolable1 social1 institution,1is1the1foundation1of1the1family1and1shall1 be1protected1by1the1State.1 1 1Section13.1The1State1shall1defend:1 1 1. The1right1of1spouses1to1found1a1family1in1 accordance1with1their1religious1 convictions1and1the1demands1of1 responsible1parenthood;1 1 2. The1right1of1children1to1assistance,1 including1proper1care1and1nutrition,1and1 special1protection1from1all1forms1of1 neglect,1abuse,1cruelty,1exploitation,1 and1other1conditions1prejudicial1to1their1 development;1 1 3. The1right1of1the1family1to1a1family1living1 wage1and1income;1and1 1 107! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Flag1 1Red1white1and1Blue,1with1a1sun1and1three1stars1as1 consecrated1and1honoured1by1the1people1and1 recognized1by1law.1 Name1 1Congress1may,1by1law,1adopt1a1new1name1for1the1 country,1a1national1anthem1or1a1national1seal1which1 shall1be1truly1reflective1and1symbolic1of1the1ideals1 history1and1traditions1of1the1people.11 1Such1law1shall1take1effect1only1upon1its1ratification1 by1the1people1in1a1national1referendum.1 AFP1 1The1AFP11shall1be1composed1of1a1citizen1armed1 force1which1shall1undergo1military1training1and1 serve1as1may1be1provided1by1law.1 1. Oath1or1affirmation1to1uphold1and1 defend1Constitution1 2. Professionalism1and1adequate1 remuneration1shall1be1a1prime1concern1 of1the1State.1 3. Shall1not1at1any1time1be1appointed1or1 designated1in1any1capacity1to1any1

civilian1position1in1the1government1 including1GOCC1 4. Laws1on1retirement1shall1not1allow1 extension1of1their1services1 5. Officers1and1men1of1the1regular1force11of1 the1armed1forces1shall1be1recruited1 proportionately1from1all1provinces1and1 cities1as1far1as1practicable.1 National1Police1Force1 1One1Police1Force1which1shall1be1national1in1scope1 and1civilian1in1character.11

1First1elections1of1Congress:1Second1Monday1of1May1 19871 1First1Local1Elections:1Determined1by1President1 1 1Synchronization:1Members1of1Congress1and1Local1 Officials1first1elected1shall1serve1until1noon1June130,1 1982.1The1six1year1term1of1incumbent1President1 and1VP1in1the1Feb.17,119861elections1is1extended1 until1noon1of1June130,11992.1 Existing1Laws1and1Treaties1

1Administered1and1controlled1by1National1Police1 Commission..1

1. If1not1inconsistent1with1the1Constitution,1 shall1remain1operative1until1amended,1 repealed1or1revoked.1 2. All1treaties1or1international1agreements1 which1have1not1been1ratified1shall1not1be1 renewed1or1extended1without1the1 concurrence1of1at1least12/31of1all1the1 members1of1the1Senate.1

1Authority1of1local1executives1over1the1police1units1 in1their1jurisdiction1shall1be1provided1by1law.1 1 Mass1Media1and1Advertising1Industry1 1. Mass1media1–1Ownership1limited1to1 citizens1of1the1Philippines.1Or1 corporations1whollyKowned1and1 managed1by1citizens.1Congress1shall1 regulate1or1prohibit1monopolies.1 2. Advertising1Industry1–1Filipino1citizens1or1 corporations1or1associations1at1least1 70%1FilipinoKowned1shall1be1allowed1to1 engage1in1the1advertising1industry.1All1 executives1and1managing1officers1of1 such1entities1must1be1citizens1of1the1 Philippines.1 1

Transitory*Provisions! Elections1

108! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

Reserved1Executive1Powers1 1President1may1fill1by1appointment1from1a1list1of1 nominees1by1the1repective1sectors,1the1seats1 reserved1for1sectoral1representatives.1 1President1may1constitute1the1Metropolitan1 authority1to1be1composed1of1the1heads1of1all1local1 government1units1comprising1the1Metropolitan1 Manila1Area.1 1 Career1Civil1Service1 1. Those1separated1from1service1not1for1 cause1but1as1a1result1of1the1 reorganization1pursuant1to1 Proclamation1No.131dated1March125,1 19861and1the1reorganization1following1 the1ratification1of1the1Constitution1shall1

be1entitled1to1appropriate1separation1 pay1and1to1retirement1and1other1 benefits.1 Sequestration1 1. Sequestration1or1freeze1orders1relative1 to1the1recovery1of1illKgotten1wealth1shall1 remain1operative1for1not1more1than1181 months1after1the1ratification1of1this1 Constitution.1Congress1may1extend1such1 period.1 K Issued1upon1showing1of1prima1facie1 case.11 K Filed1within161months1from1ratification1 or1if1issued1after1ratification,1within161 months1from1such1issue1 K Order1deemed1automatically1lifter1if1no1 judicial1action1or1proceeding1is1 commenced1as1provided1herein.1 1 • Failure1of1PCGG1to1commence1the1 proper1judicial1action1or1to1implead1 respondents1therein1within1the1 period1prescribed1by1the1 Constitution,1the1sequestration1 orders1issued1were1deemed1 automatically1lifter.1But1the1lifting1of1 sequestration1orders1does1not1ipso1 facto1mean1that1sequestered1 property1are1not1illKgotten.1The1 effect1of1the1lifting1will1merely1ne1 the1termination1of1the1role1of1 government1as1conservator1of1the1 property.1(PCGG1vs.1Sandiganbayan).1 • PCGG1cannot1perform1acts1of1strict1 ownership1of1sequestered1property.1 It1is1a1mere1conservator.1It1may1not1 vote1the1shares1in1a1corporation1and1 elect1the1members1of1the1BOD.1The1 only1conceivable1exception1is1in1a1 109! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

•

•

case1of1takeKover1of1a1business1 belonging1to1the1government1or1 whose1capitalization1comes1from1 public1funds1but1which1landed1in1 private1hands.1(Cojuangco1vs.1Roxas)1 Two1tiered1test:11 a. Whether1there1is1a1prima1facie1 evidence1showing1that1the1said1 shares1are1illKgotten1and1thus1 belong1to1the1state1 b. Immediate1danger1of1dissipation1 thus1necessitating1their1 continued1sequestration1(PCGG1 vs.1Cojuangco)11 Exceptions1to1twoKtiered1test:1 a. Government1shares1are1taken1 over1by1private1persons1or1 entities1which1registered1them1in1 their1own1names.11 b. Capitalization1or1shares1that1 were1acquired1by1public1funds1 somehow1landed1in1private1 hands1(Republic1vs.1 Sandiganbayan)1

1 2. In1the1absence1of1express1prohibition,1 the1rule1on1amicable1settlements1or1 compromise1agreements1in1the1Civil1 Code1is1applicable1to1PCGG1cases1 pending1before1Sandiganbayan.1 3. PCGG1may1investigate1and1file1 corresponding1information1provided:1 a. It1must1relate1to1illKgotten1wealth1 b. Of1the1late1President1Marcos,1 immediate1family,1relatives,1 subordinates1and1close1associates1 c. Who1took1advantage1of1their1public1 office1or1power.1(Romualdez1vs.1 Sandiganbayan)1

An1invalid1P.I.1does1not1impair1 validity1of1criminal1information.1It1 merely1suspends.1 1 4. While1Philippine1Casino1Operators1 Corporation1was1sequestered,1the1fact1 of1sequestration1alone1did1not1 automatically1oust1RTC1of1its1jurisdiction1 to1decide1the1question1of1ownership1to1 be1recovered1by1PAGCOR.1In1order1to1 invoke1Sandiganbayan,1the1PCGG1must1 be1a1party1to1the1suit.1The1instant1case1 involves1only1PAGCOR,1PCOC1and1 Marcelo.11(PAGCOR1vs.1CA)1 5. The1office1of1the1SolKGen1may1validly1call1 the1PCGG1for1assistance1and1ask1it1to1 respond1to1a1motion1for1a1bill1of1 particulars,1considering1that1PCGG1has1 the1complete1records1of1the1case1and1in1 being1charge1of1the1investigation,1is1 more1knowledgeable1and1better1 informed1of1the1facts1of1the1case.1(Virata1 vs.1Sandiganbayan)1 •

110! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor1 1

General'Principles' A.

ADMINISTRATIVE,LAW, ,

1 Branch1of1public1law1which:1 1 :1 fixes1 organization1 &1 determines1 the1 competence1 of1 administrative1authorities1 1 :1indicates1to1the1individual1remedies1for1violation1of1rights1 1 • Branch1 of1 modern1 law1 under1 which1 the1 executive1 department1 of1 the1 government1 acting1 in1 a1 quasi1 legislative1 or1 quasi1 judicial1 capacity1 interferes1 with1 the1 conduct1 of1 the1 individual1 for1 the1 purpose1 of1 promoting1the1well1being1of1the1community.11 1 KINDS:'' 1 a) statutes1setting1up1administrative1authorities1 b) rules,1regulations1or1orders1of1such1admin1authorities1 promulgated1pursuant1to1purposes1for1which1created1 c) 1determinations,1 decisions1 &1 orders1 of1 such1 administrative1 authorities1 made1 in1 the1 settlement1 of1 controversies1arising1in1their1particular1fields1 d) body1 of1 doctrines1 &1 decisions1 dealing1 w/1 creation,1 effect1&1operation1of1determinations1&1regulations1of1 such1administrative1authorities1 1 ADMINISTRATION:, , a)1Meaning1(21Senses)1 1.!As!function:! 2.!As!an!organization! Execution1 in1 non:1 judicial1 That1 group1 of1 persons1 in1 whose1 matters1of1the1law1&1will1of1the1 hands1 the1 reins1 of1 the1 gov’t1 are1 State1 as1 expressed1 by1 for1the1time1being1 competent1authority1 1 b)1Kinds1 Internal! External! Legal1side1of1Public1admin.1 Problems1of1gov’t1regulations1 E.g.1 Matters1 concerning1 :regulation1 of1 lawful1 calling1 or1 personnel,1 fiscal1 &1 planning1 profession,1industries/1business1 activities1 1 B. ADMINISTRATIVE,BODIES,OR,AGENCIES, , 1 Organ1 of1 gov’t1 other1 than1 a1 court1 &1 other1 than1 a1 legislature1 w/c1 affects1 the1 rights1 of1 private1 parties1 either1 through1 adjudication1or1rule:making.11 1 Definition( 1 Organ1 of1 government1 other1 than1 a1 court1 &1 other1 than1 a1 legislature1 w/c1 affects1 the1 rights1 of1 private1 parties1 either1 through1 adjudication1or1rule:making.1

1! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

Manner(of(Creation( 1 1.

2. 3.

Constitutional1 provision1 –1 ombudsman,1 CHR,1 NEDA,1 NAPOLCOM1 • The1most1powerful1administrative1agency1is1lodged1in1 one1person,1the1President.11 Legislative1 enactment1 –1 Administrative1 Code,1 Special1 Charters1 Authority1 of1 law1 –1 delegation1 by1 the1 legislature1 to1 president1through1reorganization.11 • Reorganization1 –1 process1 of1 restructuring1 to1 make1 it1 more1 viable1 in1 terms1 of1 economy,1 efficiency1 and1 effectiveness1 and1 to1 make1 it1 more1 responsive1 to1 the1 needs1of1the1clientele.1 1 • Presidential1 power1 to1 create1 an1 office1 outside1 the1 legislature1is1problematic1especially1if1what1is1created1 is1not1a1part1of1the1office1of1the1creating1officer.11 1 Reasons:1 a. Unclogging1court1dockets1 b. Meet1the1growing1complexities1of1the1modern1world1 c. Help1regulation1 d. Specialization1 1 1 • All1offices1created1by1the1legislature1are1wholly1under1 the1legislature’s1power.1 • If1 created1 by1 constitution,1 only1 amendment1 may1 abolish1it.11

Weaknesses:1 • • • • •

Arbitrariness1 Lack1of1aptitude1 Susceptibility1to1pressure1 Disregard1to1safeguards1 Absence/lack1of1uniformity1of1rules11

1 CRITERION, A1body/1agency1is1administrative1where:1 :1its1function1is1primarily!regulatory!even!if!it!conducts!hearings!&! determines!controversies!to1carry1out1its1regulatory1duty.1 :1 as1 to1 rule:making1 authority,1 when1 it1 does! not! have! discretion! to! determine! what! the! law! shall! be! but1 merely1 prescribes1 details1 for1 the1enforcement1of1law1 1 Types:!! Bodies1set1up1to1function1in1situations:1 a.1where1the1gov’t1offers1some1gratuity,1grant1of1spcl,privilege1(e.g.1 Bureau1of1Lands)1 b.1 wherein1 the1 gov’t1 is1 seeking1 to1 carry1 on1 certain1 of1 the1 actual1 business1of1gov’t1(e.g.1BIR)11 c.1 wherein1 the1 gov’t1 is1 performing1 some1 business1 service1 for1 the1 public1(e.g.1MWSS)1

d.1 wherein1 the1 gov’t1 is1 seeking1 to1 regulate1 businesses1 affected1 w/1 public1interest1(e.g.1LTFRB)1 e.1 wherein1 the1 gov’t1 is1 seeking1 under1 the1 police1 power1 to1 regulate1 private1business1&1individuals1(e.g.1SEC)1 f.1 wherein1 the1 gov’t1 is1 seeking1 to1 adjust1 individual1 controversies1 because1of1a1strong1social1policy1involved1(e.g.1ECC)1 g.1to1make1the1gov’t1a1private1party1(e.g.1GSIS)1

' Powers'of'Administrative' Bodies' Quasi&legislative, •

•

Exercise1of1delegated1power1involving1no1discretion1as1 to1what1the1law1shall1be,1but:1 o Merely1 the1 authority1 to1 fix1 the1 details1 in1 the1 enforcement1of1a1policy1set1out1in1the1law1itself.1 1 Power1 to1 make1 rules1 &1 regulations1 w/c1 results1 in1 delegated1 legislation1 that1 is1 w/in1 the1 confines1 of1 the1 granting1statute1&1the1doctrine1of1non:1delegability1&1 separation1of1powers1 1 Cannot1be1delegated:1

1 a. b. c.

Whether1or1not1there1should1be1a1law1 Policy1or1purpose1to1be1served1by1the1law1 Fixing1 of1 limits1 within1 which1 the1 law1 should1 operate1

1 Tests1of1Validty1in1delegation1 1. Completeness1 –1 law1 is1 complete1 when1 it1 leaves1 the1 legislature1(US1vs.1Ang1Tang1Ho)1 1 2. Sufficiency1 of1 standards1 test1 –1 criterion,1 limits,1 boundaries,1 circumstances,1 framework,1 guideposts,11 intelligible1principles1 o Have1 been1 merged1 into1 one1 in1 the1 Philippine1 scene1(Pelaez1vs.1Auditor1General)1 1 •

•

Rules1 &1 regulations1 issued1 by1 administrative1 authorities1pursuant1to1the1powers1delegated1to1them1 have! the! force! &! effect! of! law.1 They1 are1 binding1 on1 all1 persons1 subject1 to1 them1 &1 the1 courts1 will1 take1 judicial1notice1of1them.1 1 The1function1of1promulgating1rules1&1regulations1may1 be1 legitimately1 exercised1 only1 for1 the1 purpose1 of1 carrying1 out1 the1 law1 into1 effect.1 Hence,1 Admin1 regulations1 cannot1 extend1 the1 law1 or1 amend1 the1 legislative1 enactment,1 for1 settled! is! the! rule! that! administrative! regulations! must! be! in! harmony! w/!

2! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

the!provisions!of!the!law!so1it1must1not1override1but1 must1 remain1 consistent1 with1 the1 law1 they1 seek1 to1 apply1&1implement.111111 1 1 1 1 a.

Kinds!of!Administrative!rules!or!regulations!

a.! supplementary! or!detailed! fixes1 the1 details1 in1 the1 execution1 &1 enforcement1 of1 a1 policy1 set1 out1 in1 the1law,1e.g.,1Rules1 &1 regulations1 implementing1 the1 Labor1Code1 1 b.

b.!interpretative!

c.!contingent!

construes1 /1 interprets1 the1 provisions1 of1 a1 statute1 to1 be1enforced1 • Need1not1be1 published.11

made1 on1 the1 existence1 of1 certain1 facts1 or1 things1 upon1 w/c1 the1 enforcement1 of1 the1law1depends1 1

Requisites!for!Validity!! ! (RAPS)1

a. b. c. d.

Issued1under1the1authority1of1the1law1 Within1the1scope1of1the1law1 Reasonable1 Publication1 in1 the1 Official1 Gazette1 or1 in1 a1 newspaper1 of1general1circulation1 HOWEVER,1interpretative1rules1&1regulations1or1those11 • Non:publication1makes1the1regulation1unenforceable1 •

Non1 necessary1 in1 interpretative1 regulations1 –1 applicability1 needs1 nothing1 further1 than1 its1 bare1 issuance.111

Administrative, Rules, With, Penal, Sanctions,, Additional, Requirements,, 1 a) the1 law1 must1 itself1 declare1 as1 punishable1 the1 violation1 of1 the1administrative1rule1or1regulation1 b) law1 must1 define1 or1 fix! the! penalty1 for1 violation1 of1 the1 administrative1rule1or1regulation1 (US.1vs.1Panlilio)1 1 1 Notice!&!Hearing! 1 • Generally1not1needed1unless1the1statute1itself1requires1it.11 o If1law1is1silent,1and1if1practicable1then1notice1and1 hearing1is1encouraged.1 1 Note:11 o Hearing1 not1 necessary1 in1 the1 promulgation1 of1 a1 general1regulation1by1an1administrative1body.1

Notice1 not1 necessary1 where1 the1 rule1 is1 procedural1or1merely1a1legal1opinion1 o Notice1 not1 necessary1 in1 the1 preparation1 of1 substantive1rules1where1the1class1to1be1affected! is! large! &! the! questions! to! be! resolved! involve! the! use! of! discretion! committed! to! the! rulemaking!body.! • Administrative1rule1in1the1nature1of1subordinate1legislation1 is1designed1to1implement1a1law1by1providing1its1details,1&1 before1it1is1adopted1there1must1be1a1hearing.1 • When1 an1 administrative1 rule1 substantially! adds! to! the! burden! of! those! concerned,! an! administrative! agency! must!accord!those!directly!affected!a!chance!to!be!heard! before!its!issuance.! Rule! !Interpretation! Has1 the1 force1 and1 legal1 effect1 No1statutory1force1 of1law1 Makes1a1new1law1 Renders1 an1 Opinion1 or1 statement1 of1policy1 Binding1to1courts1 Merely1advisory1 ! o

Rate!Fixing!Power1 •

Essentially1legislative.11

•

In1 delegating,1 the1 only1 standard1 is1 that1 the1 rate1 must1 be1 reasonable1and1not1confiscatory.1

•

On1Notice1and1hearing:1

QuasiNLegislative! Rates1 are1 meant1 to1 apply1 to1 enterprises1of1given1kind11 Notice1and1hearing1not1required1 Prohibition1will1not1lie1 (Maceda1vs.1ERB)1 1

QuasiNJudicial!(Adjudicative!)! Rates1 are1 meant1 to1 apply1 to1 a1 particular1party11 Required1 Prohibition1will1lie1

•

Provisional/Temporary1 Rates1 –1 No1 need1 for1 notice1 and1 hearing1 because1 they1 are1 necessarily1 temporary.1 But1 subject1to1final1disposition.1

•

But1in1Philcomsat1vs.1Alcoas1

Maceda! Made1applicable1to1all1

Alcoas! Provisional1 Rate1 applicable1 to1 particular1 telecommunications1 company1

1 •

Discretionary1authority1cannot1be1subject1to1delegation.1 1

3! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

Quasi&judicial,power,, Proceedings1 partake1 of1 the1 character1 of1 judicial1 proceedings.1 1 Administrative1 body:1 normally1 granted1 authority1 to1 promulgate1its1own1rules1of1procedure,1provided:1they1do1 not1 increase,1 diminish1 or1 modify1 substantive1 rights,1 &1 subject1 to1 disapproval1 by1 SC.1 [Sec1 51 (5),1 Art1 VII1 Constitution].1 The1 requisites1 of1 procedural1 due1 process1 must1be1complied1with.1 1 QuasiNJudicial!power! Judicial!Power! Power1 to1 hear1 and1 Power1 to1 hear1 try1 and1 determine1 and1 ascertain1 determine1 cases,1 receiving1 facts1 and1 decide1 by1 the1 of1 evidence,1 ascertainment1 application1 of1 rules1 of1 law1 of1 facts,1 determining1 what1 to1 the1 facts1 ascertained1 in1 law1 is1 and1 legal1 rights1 and1 the1enforcement1of1law1 decided1 controversy1 and1 render1judgment1 Judicial1Exercised1by1person1 By1the1Judge1 other1than1the1judge1 Incidental1 to1 power1 of1 Not1merely1incidental1 regulation1 but1 is1 expressly1 conferred1 by1 law1 or1 constitution1 Function1 is1 primarily1 Duty1 is1 primary1 not1 administrative,1 and1 power1 incidental1 to1 hear1 is1 granted1 only1 as1 incident1 Limited1 by1 expertise1 on1 Expertise1 is1 determination1 decisive1facts1 of1legal1questions1 1 QuasiNLegislative! QuasiNJudicial! Prospective1 Retrospective1 Unnamed,1 or1 is1 of1 general1 Applies1 to1 named1 or1 specified1 applicability1 parties1or1situations1 Notice1 and1 hearing1 not1 Necessary1 necessary1 Reviewable1before1the1RTC1 Reviewable1 before1 the1 Appellate1 courts1 Exhaustion1does1not1apply1 Exhaustion1applies1 1 2! Basic! Conditions! of! proper! exercise! of! QuasiNJudicial! Power! 1 1. Jurisdiction1 –1 1 Power1 or1 capacity1 to1 entertain,1 hear,1 and1 determine1 certain1 controversies1 and1 render1 judgment1thereon.1 1 o Quasi:1Judicial1tribunals1have1limited1jurisdiction.1 Interpreted1strictly1  Must1be1limited1to1what1is1incidental1to1 the1 performance1 of1 administrative1 duties.11  No1 uniform1 rules1 across1 the1 board.1 Each1has1their1own1unique1rules.1 1 Investigative! power! is! a! tool! in! the! exercise! of! QuasiNJudicial! Power.!

!

! Important!Components!of!Investigative!Power! ! o Power!to!issue!subpoena!! Not1inherent.1Only1when1the1law1allows1it.1 : Requisites! o Inquiry! is! within! the! authority! of! agency! o Demand!is!not!too!indefinite! o Information! is! reasonably! relevant! ! o

! Rule!of!Procedure!

•

Power!To!Punish!Contempt! May1be1exercised1only1if1expressly!conferred!by1 law,1 &1 when1 admin1 body1 is1 engaged1 in1 the1 performance1of1its1quasi:judicial1powers1 : Used1 only1 in1 connection1 of1 Quasi:Judicial1 Power.11 : Not1vindictive1but1on1preservative1principle1 1 • : :

Implied1 power1 to1 prescribe1 own1 rules1 of1 procedure.1No1need1for1express1conferment1 by1law.11 If1statute1is1silent,1admin1agency1adopts1any1 REASONABLE1 method1 to1 carry1 out1 its1 functions.1

Denial!of!Notice!and!hearing!renders!proceedings!void.!! ! Exceptions:! ! 1. Urgency1of1Administrative1action1 2. Tentativeness1of1action1 3. Right1is1offered1but1not1claimed1 4. Exercise1of1Police1power1 a. Grant1 of1 provisional1 authority1 for1 increased! rates,1 or1 to1 engage1 in1 a1 particular1 line1 of1 business;1 b. Summary1 proceedings1 of1 distraint! &! levy1 upon1 the1property1of1a1delinquent1taxpayer;1 c. Cancellation! of! a! passport1 where1 no1 abuse1 of1 discretion1is1committed1by1Sec1of1Foreign1Affairs;1 d. Summary1 abatement! of! a! nuisance! per! se1 w/c1 affects1immediate1safety1of1persons1&1prop;1 e. Preventive! suspension1 of1 pub1 officer1 or1 employee1 pending1 investigation1 of1 admin1 charges1filed1against1him.1 1 No! requirement! of! strict! adherence! to! technical! rules! of! procedure.! Nonetheless,! must! comply! with:! ! (Ang1 Tibay1 vs.1CIR)1 (HED:SHIP)1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1 1 2.

Due!Process!! ! a. Administrative!Due!Process! Not1a1statutory1right1but1constitutional1right.11 1 ! Notice1 How1effected?1 • Summons1 • Constructive1notice1by1publication1 : If1there1is1no1previous1notice,1not1a1violation1 of1 due1 process.1 What1 is1 prohibited1 is1 the1 absolute1absence1and1lack1of1opportunity1to1 be1heard.1If1party1was1shown1to1be1given1an1 opportunity1to1explain1his1side,1then1there1is1 compliance1with1due1process.1For1example,1 Motion1for1Reconsideration1is1curative.1 Hearing! Elements:1 1. Full1and1fair11 o Right1to1present1case1and1submit1evidence;1 o Right1to1know1claims1and1meet1opposing1party;1 o Right1 to1 cross1 examine1 and1 full1 disclosure1 of1 facts;1 o Right1to1submit1rebuttal1evidence.1 2. No1need1to1be1adversarial1 o Only1when1there1are1issues1of1facts1when1a1trial: type1hearing1is1done1 !

4! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

6.

7.

Right1to1a1hearing1 Tribunal1must1consider1evidence1presented1 Decision1must1have1something1to1support1itself1 Evidence1must1be1substantial1 Decision1 must1 be1 based1 on1 the1 evidence1 adduced1at1the1hearing,1or1at!least!contained!in! the!record!&!disclosed!to!the!parties.1 Board1 or1 its1 judges1 must1 act1 on1 its1 or1 their1 independent1consideration1of1the1facts1&1the1law1 of1 the1 case1 &1 not1 simply1 accept1 the1 views1 of1 a1 subordinate1in1arriving1at1a1decision1 Decision1 must1 be1 rendered1 in1 such1 a1 manner1 that1the1parties1to1the1controversy1can1know1the1 various1 issues1 involved1 &1 the1 reasons1 for1 the1 decision1rendered1

1 1 1 ! Air!Manila!Inc.!vs.!Balatbat!(DON’T)1 ! 1. Right1to1notice1be1it1actual1or1constructive1of1institution1of1 proceedings1which1affect1legal1right;1 2. Reasonable1 opportunity1 to1 appear1 and1 defend1 his1 rights1 and1 to1 introduce1 witnesses1 and1 relevant1 witnesses1 in1 his1 favor;1 3. Right1to1a1tribunal1so1constituted1to1give1them1reasonable1 awareness1of1honesty1and1impartiality;1

4.

Right1 to1 a1 finding1 or1 decision1 supported1 by1 substantial1 evidence1 presented1 in1 the1 hearing1 or1 contained1 in1 the1 record1disclosed1to1the1parties.11

! ! Right!Against!SelfN!Incrimination! 1 May1 be1 invoked1 by1 respondent1 when1 called1 by1 complainant1as1witness;1but1if1he1voluntarily1takes1the1witness1stand,1 he1 can1 be1 cross1 examined;1 but1 he1 may1 still1 invoke1 the1 right1 at1 the1 time1the1question1w/c1calls1for1an1answer1w/c1incriminates1him1of1an1 offense1other1than1that1w/c1is1charged1is1asked11 ! 1 b. •

•

•

•

Administrative!Appeal!and!Review!

Appeal1 from1 administrative1 determination1 may1 be1 made1 to1 a1 higher1 or1 superior1 admin1 officer1 or1 body,1 where1 provided1by1law1 By1 virtue1 of1 power1 of1 control1 w/c1 the1 President1 exercises1 over1all1exec1depts.,1the1President:1by1himself:1or1through1 the1 Department1 secretaries1 (pursuant1 to1 the1 Alter1 Ego1 doctrine),1may1affirm,1modify,1alter,1or1reverse1the1admin1 decision1of1subordinate1officials1&1employees1 Appellate1 admin1 agency1 may1 conduct1 additional1 hearings1 in1the1appealed1case,1if1necessary1 1 Guidelines:1 1. Authority1 of1 the1 higher1 administrative1 office1 to1 reverse1must1be1exercised1sparingly;1 2. Review1must1not1be1arbitrary;1 3. Administrative1review1is1a1review1de1novo;1 4. Reviewing1officer1must1be1other1than1the1officer1 whose1decision1is1reviewed1 5. Final1 and1 executory1 decisions1 shall1 not1 be1 subject1to1review1 : Unless1the1statute1so1provides.11 1 Appeals1to1the1President1 : Period1 is1 not1 merely1 mandatory1 but1 is1 jurisdictional1

1 Does1 not1 apply1 in1 administrative1 adjudication1 relative1 to1 citizenship1 1 1 On1 questions1 of1 citizenship,1 the1 doctrine1 of1 res1 judicata1 can1apply1only1when1the1ff.1conditions1obtain:1 1. Question1 of1 citizenship1 is1 resolved1 by1 a1 court1 or1 an1 admin1body1as1material1issue1in1the1controversy1after1 a1full:blown1hearing1 2. With1active1participation1of1Sol1Gen1and1 3. Finding1made1by1admin1body1on1the1citizenship1issue1 is1affirmed1by1SC1 1 •

Fact&finding,,investigative,and,rate&fixing,powers, 1

ENABLING! To1 permit! or! allow! something1 w/c1 the1 law1 undertakes1 to1 regulate,1 Business1 1 E.g.1 grant1 or1 denial1 of1 licenses1 to1 engage1 in1 a1 particular1 !

Administrative!DecisionsN!Not1Part1of1the1Legal1System! 1 c. Administrative!Res!Judicata! o

1 o

Decisions1 &1 orders1 of1 administrative1 agencies1 have1 upon1 their1 finality:1 the! force! and! binding! effect! of! a! final! judgment;1 they1 are1 conclusive1 upon1the1rights1of1the1affected1parties11 Forbids1 the1 reopening1 of1 a1 matter1 once1 determined1 by1 competent1 authority1 acting1 w/in1 their1exclusive1jurisdiction1

1

1 1

o

Applies1to1adversary1admin1proceedings1

5! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

1

1

DIRECTING!POWERS! CORRECTIVE,1ordering1of1an1act1to1be1done1 1 E.g.1 NLRC1 compels1 reinstatement1 of1 dismissed1 employees! DISPENSING! EXAMINING! SUMMARY! To1 exempt! Investigatory! Power1 to1 from!a!general! power;! apply! force! or! prohibition,1 or1 consists1 in1 compulsion! relieve1 an1 requiring1 against1 individual1 or1 production1 of1 persons1 or1 corporation1 books,1 papers,1 property1 to1 from1 an1 etc.,1 effectuate1 affirmative1 attendance1 of1 legal1 purpose1 duty;1 witnesses1 &1 w/o1 a1 judicial1 1 compelling1 warrant1 to1 1 their1testimony1 authorize1such1 1 action1 1 E.g.1 authority1 ! E.g.1 in1 the1 of1 zoning1 fields1 of1 boards1 to1 vary1 health1 provisions1 of1 inspections,1 zoning1 abatement1 of1 ordinances,1 or1 nuisances,1etc.1 the1 authority1 of1 the1 Acceptance1 Board1 of1 the1 Phil1 Army1 to1 relieve1 certain1 persons1 from1 military1 training111

Exhaustion'of' Administrative'Remedies' Doctrine, of, jurisdiction, •

•

•

primary,

administrative,

Also1 known1 as1 the1 doctrine1 of1 primary1 admin1 jurisdiction:1 Where1 there1 is1 competence1 or1 jurisdiction1 vested1 upon1 an1 admin1 body1 to1 act1 upon1 a1 matter,1 no1 resort1 to1 the1 courts1 may1 be1 made1 before1 such1 admin1 body1 shall1 have1 acted1 upon1the1matter.1 Calls1 for1 determination1 of1 administrative1 questions1 which1 ordinarily1 are1 questions1 of1 FACT.11 Only1Quasi:Judicial11

,Doctrine, of, Exhaustion, of, administrative, remedies, Whenever1 there1 is1 an1 available1 admin1 remedy1 provided1by1law,1no1judicial1recourse1can1be1made1until1all1 such1remedies1have1been1availed1of1and1exhausted.1 • Administrative1 decisions1 must1 first1 be1 appealed1 to1 administrative1 superiors1 up1 to1 the1 highest1 level.11 • Give1 administrative1 agency1 the1 opportunity1 to1 correct1itself1 • Only1Quasi:Judicial1

1 REASONS! 1 1. Relieves1Delay1 2. Review1 is1 normally1 in1 the1 nature! of! a! Special! Civil! action1 which1 commonly1 provides1 that:1 “There1 is1 no1 appeal1 or1 plain,1 speedy1 or1 adequate1 remedies1 available1 to1 the1 aggrieved1party.”1 3. Admin1agency1should1be1given1a1chance!to!correct!its!error1 4. Principle1of1comity!&!convenience1require1that1courts1stay1 their1 hand1 until1 the1 administrative1 processes1 are1 completed1 1 • It! must! be! noted! however,! that! only! those! decisions! of! administrative! agencies! made! in! the!exercise!of!quasiNjudicial!powers!are!subject! to! the! rule! on! exhaustion! of! admin! remedies.! Thus,! where! what! is! assailed! is! the! validity! or! constitutionality! of! a! rule! or! regulation! issued! by! the! admin! agency! in! the! performance! of! its! quasiNlegislative! function,! the! regular! courts! have!jurisdiction!to!pass!upon!the!same.! 1 ! Effect!Of!Failure!To!Exhaust!Admin!Remedies! !

6! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

Jurisdiction1 of1 the1 court1 is1 not1 affected,1 but1 the1 complainant1is1deprived1of1a1cause1of1action1which1is1a1ground1for1a1 motion1to1dismiss.1However,1if1no!motion!to!dismiss!is!filed!on!this! ground,!there!is!deemed!to!be!a!waiver.! ! ! Exceptions!to!the!Doctrine! ! (PLACQUE:FLINS:JAD)1 1. Doctrine1of1Qualified!Political1agency1 • Decision1of1the1Department1head1is1presumed1to1 be1the1act1of1the1president1UNLESS1disapproved1 by1him.11 • But1appeal1should1still1be1observed1if1APPEAL1to1 the1PRESIDENT1is1RECOGNIZED1by1the1statute.11 2. Where1admin1remedy1is1fruitless1 3. Estoppels1on1part1of1admin1agency1 4. Issue1involved1is1purely1a1legal!question1 • Awarding1 damages1 is1 not1 within1 the1 power1 of1 Administrative1Agencies.1 5. Administrative1action1is1patently!illegal1amounting1to1lack1 or1excess1of1jurisdiction1 6. Unreasonable!delay1or1official1inaction1 7. Irreparable! injury1 or1 threat1 thereof,1 unless1 judicial1 recourse1is1immediately1made1 8. In1land1cases,1where1the1subject1matter1is1private!land1 • Lands1of1the1Public1Domain1 9. Where1 the1 law1 does1 not1 make1 exhaustion1 a1 condition1 precedent1to1judicial1recourse1 10. Where1 observance1 of1 the1 doctrine1 will1 result1 in1 the1 nullification1of1the1claim.1 11. Special! reasons1 or1 circumstances1 demand1 immediate1 court1action1 12. Due!process1of1law1is1clearly1violated1 13. Rule1does!not!provide1a1plain,1speedy1&1adequate1remedy1 14. Writ1of1Amparo1 15. Arbitrary1Action1

Doctrine,of,Finality,of,administrative,action, 1 No1 resort1 to1 the1 courts1 allowed1 unless1 the1 admin1 action1 has1been1completed1&1there1is1nothing1left1to1be1done1in1the1admin1 structure.1 1 • Courts1 are1 averse1 to1 review1 interim1 steps,1 preliminary1or1procedural1orders1as1such1review1 would1afford1opportunities1of1constant1delay.1 1 1 1

Judicial'Review'of' Administrative'Decisions' Review:1reconsideration1or1re:examination1for1purposes1of1 correction1

•

2.

Judicial1Review1Administrative1Law1:1Any1form1of1scrutiny1 which1arises1when1an1action1is1brought1before1the1court.1

General1–1in1the1absence1of1specific1rules1 :

Modes1–1depends1on1the1nature1of1the1act1 1.

Administrative1or1executive1capacity1or1rulemaking1or1 quasi1legislative:1To1court1of1General1Jurisdiction1

2.

Adjudicatory1–1Appellate1Courts1

•

Judicial1review11–1re:examination1or1determination1of1the1 courts1in1the1exercise1of1judicial1power1in1appropriated1 cases1instituted1by1a1party1aggrieved1as1to1whether1the1 questioned1act1rule1or1decision1has1been1validly1or1invalidly1 issued1or1whether1the1same1should1be1nullified1affirmed1or1 modified.11

Sources:! 1.

•

3.

•

Depends1on1the1Statute1

•

If1silent:1CA1has1jurisdiction1by1virtue1of1Rules1of1Court1

Scope! •

Does1not1import1a1trial1de1novo1

•

Decision1can1only1be1set1aside1by1GADALEJ,1so1long1as1 supported1by1substantial1Evidence1

Constitution1

1.

Sec.171Art.19:A1–1Decisions1of1Con1Com1brought1 to1SC1within1301days.11

Questions!of!Law1–1appealable1even1without1 permission1from1the1law1or1even1against1the1 law’s1express1prohibition1 

Statutes1 o

Charters1of1Administrative1agencies11

o

BP11291–1CA1may1review1resolutions1of1RTC1AND1 all1Quasi:Judicial1Bodies1except1those1 mentioned.1

o

RA1112511:Creating1court1of1tax1appeals:1 Decisions1of1Commissioner1of1BIR1is1appealable1 to1CTA.11

If1congress1by1law1provides1that1the1determination1of1 Admin1agency1shall1be1final1and1not1reviewable,1there1is1no1 deprivation1of1due1process.1Because1it1is1not1one1of1the1 requisites1under1the1Ang1Tibay1Doctrine.1

2.

Not1subject1to1same1inhibitions1in1the1 factual1questions1context.1Because1 courts1are1better1prepared1to1 determine1questions1of1law.11

Questions!of!Fact1–1depends1on1the1law1creating1 the1agency1or1the1remedy1 •

Findings1of1fact1of1Admin1agency1are1 binding1upon1the1courts1because1of1 specialization.11

Guidelines!in!Exercise!of!Judicial!Review!of!Finding!of! Fact:! 1.

May1be1expressly1allowed1by1statute,1if1authorized1by1 law,1Court1may1weigh1the1conflicting1evidence1and1 substitute1its1own1finding1of1fact1

General1Principles1of1Law1 •

Even1if1no1right1is1given1by1statute1

2.

•

Power1is1inherent1and1cannot1be1withdrawn1by1the1 legislature.1Administrative1actions1are1reviewable1by1 courts1only1when1provided1by1Law,1Constitutions1or1 the1questions1involve1pure1questions1of1law.111

In1the1absence1of1a1law,1finding1of1fact1of1Admin1 agency1is1conclusive1if1supported1by1substantial1 evidence1

3.

Even1when1courts1are1precluded1courts1may1make1 judicial1review1when1there1is1fraud,1arbitrariness,1 collusion1or1grave1abuse1of1discretion1

4.

Even1when1courts1are1allowed1to1review,1courts1 should1generally1defer.1

5.

Determination1of1legal1questions1is1essentially1a1 judicial1power1and1may1not1be1withheld1by1legislation1

Methods! 1.

Specific:11when1the1individual1charter1provides1 :

As1stated1in1the1Administrative1Code11

7! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

Jurisdiction!

Questions!subject!to!Judicial!Review!

o

2.

Special1Civil1Actions1under1the1Rules1of1 Court.1

6.

Rulings1of1Administrative1Agency1on1questions1of1law1 are1persuasive1

7.

A1question1of1fact1is1necessarily1a1question1of1 evidence1

8.

Question1of1law1involves1the1application1and1proper1 interpretation1of1law1

9.

Where1one1person1purports1to1be1a1finding1of1fact1is1 so1involved1in1a1question1of1law,1court1may1examine1 entire1records1including1the1evidence1even1if1the1 question1of1fact1is1ordinarily1non:reviewable1:1 Brandeis1Doctrine1of1Assimilation1of1Facts.1

Conditions!before!Judicial!Review!may!be!had! 1.

2.

Doctrine1of1Finality1of1Administrative1Action1:1No1resort1to1the1 courts1allowed1unless1the1admin1action1has1been1completed1&1 there1is1nothing1left1to1be1done1in1the1admin1structure.1 1 Doctrine1of1Exhaustion1of1Administrative1Remedies1

8! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

1 Eligibility'&'Qualification'

General'Principles' A.##PUBLIC#OFFICE# # The1 right,1 authority1 or1 duty1 created1 &1 conferred1 by1 law1 by1 w/c1 for1 a1 given1 period,1either:1 1 1 a. fixed1by1law1or11 b. enduring1 at1 the1 pleasure1 of1 the1 creating1 power,1 an1 individual1 is1 invested1w/1some1sovereign1power1of1gov’t1to1be1exercised1by1him1 for1the1benefit1of1the1public1 1 1 Elements:) a. Created1by1law/1authority1of1law1 b. Possess1a1delegation1of1a1portion1of1the1sovereign1powers1of1the1 gov’t1to1be1exercised1for1the1benefit1of1the1public1 c. Powers1 conferred1 &1 duties1 imposed1 must1 be1 defined1 directly1 or1 impliedly1by1the1legislature1or1by1legislative1authority1 d. Duties1must1be1performed1independently1&1without1the1control1of1 a1 superior1 power1 other1 than1 the1 law,1 unless1 they1 be1 those1 of1 an1 inferior1 or1 subordinate1 office1 created1 or1 authorized1 by1 the1 legislature,1 and1 by1 it1 placed1 under1 the1 general1 control1 of1 a1 superior1office1or1body1and,1 e. Must1have1permanence1or1continuity1 1 1 Creation:) a. By1the1Consti1e.g.1office1of1the1President1 b. Valid1 statutory1 enactments,1 e.g.1 Office1 of1 the1 Insurance1 Commissioner1 c. By1authority1of1law,1e.g.1Davide1Commission1 # B. PUBLIC#OFFICER# # A1person1who1holds1public1office1(oo1nga1naman.)1 1. Distinguished1from1public1officer1as1understood1in1criminal1law1 a.

In1Art.1203,1RPCQ1any1person,1whoQ1 Qby1direct1provision1of1law,11 Qpopular1election1or11 Qappointment1of1competent1authority,1 shall1take1part1in1performance1of1public1functions1in1the1Gov’t1,1or1 shall1perform1in1said1gov’t1or1any1of1its1branches,1public1duties1as1 an1employee,1agent,1or1subordinate1official,1of1any1rank1or1class,1 shall1be1deemed1to1be1a1public1officer1

b.

Under1sec121RA13019Q1the1term1“public1officer”1includes1elective1&1 appointive1officials1&1employees1w/c1are:1

A.

QUALIFICATION## # UNDERSTOOD1IN121DIFFERENT1SENSES1 1.

When1 used1 in1 the1 sense1 of1 endowments,1 qualities1 or1 attributes,1 the1 individual1must1possess1the1qualifications1at1the1time1of1appointment1or1 election1&1continuously1for1as1long1as1the1official1relationship1continues1 2.

1 AUTHORITY!TO!PRESCRIBE!QUALIFICATIONS! ! 1.!When!qualific.!are!prescribed!by! 2.!by!statute! ConstiH! Generally1exclusive1unless1otherwise1 Congress1 has1 plenary1 powers1 to1 provided1by1Consti1 prescribe,1provided1that:1 1.1 qualific.1 are1 germane1 to1 the1 objectives1 for1 w/c1 the1 public1 office1 was1created1 2.1 qualific.1 are1 not1 too1 specific1 as1 to1 fit1 a1 particular,1 identifiable1 person,1 because1 that1 would1 deprive1 the1 appointing1 authority1 of1 discretion1 in1 the1selection1of1appointee11 1 B. DISQUALIFICATIONS# # Authority1to1prescribe:1Legislature.1Must1not1violate1Constitution1 1 GENERAL! SPECIFIC! a. No1 candidate1 who1 lost1 in1 a. The1 Pres,1 VP,1 Cabinet1 Mem1 &1 their1 an1 election1 shall,1 w/in1 11 deputies/1 asst1 shall1 not,1 unless1 yr1 after1 such,1 be1 otherwise1 provided1 in1 the1 Consti,1 appointed1 to1 any1 gov’t1 hold1 any1 other1 ofc1 or1 employment1 office1 during1their1tenure1 b.

Qclassified,1 unclassified1 or1 exempt1 service1 (now1 Career1 &1 Non1 Career1–PD807)1

2.

Distinguished1from1clerk1or1employee1 1 Officer1refers1to1a1person1whose1duties,1not1being1of1a1clerical1or1 manual1nature,1involve1the1exercise1of1discretion1in1the1performance1of1 the1functions1of1the1gov’t.11 1 When1 used1 w/1 reference1 to1 a1 person1 having1 authority1 to1 do1 a1 particular1 act1 or1 perform1 a1 function1 in1 exercise1 of1 gov’tal1 power,1 “officer”1includes1any1gov’t1employee,1agent1or1body1having1authority1 to1do1the1act1or1exercise1that1function1 !

1 1! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

May1refer1to1the1act1of1entering1into1the1performance1of1the1functions1 of1a1public1office,1e.g.,1taking1the1oath1of1office1 Failure1 of1 officer1 to1 perform1 an1 act1 required1 by1 law1 could1 affect1 the1 officer’s1title1to1the1given1office11

Qpermanent1or1temporary,11

Qreceiving1compensation,1even1nominal,1from1the1government1

May1 refer1 to1 endowments,1 qualities1 or1 attributes1 w/c1 make1 an1 individual1eligible1for1public1office1e.g.,1citizenship1

c.

No1 elective1 official1 shall1 be1 eligible1 for1 appointment1 or1 designation1 in1 any1 capacity1to1any1public1ofc1 or1 position1 during1 his1 tenure1 Unless1 otherwise1 provided1by1law1or1by1the1 primary1 functions1 of1 his1 position,1 no1 appointive1 official1 shall1 hold1 any1 other1position1in1the1gov’t1

b.

No1 Sen/1 Mem1 of1 HR1 may1 hold1 any1 other1 ofc1 or1 employment1 in1 the1 gov’t,1its1agency,1etc1

c.

SC1 mem1 &1 other1 courts1 established1 by1law1shall1not1be1designated1to1any1 agency1 performing1 quasiQjudicial1 or1 administrative1functions.1

d.

No1 mem1 of1 ConCom1 shall,1 during1 tenure,1 hold1 any1 other1 office1 or1 employment1

e.

Ombusman1 &1 deputies1 must1 not1 have1 been1 candidates1 for1 any1 elective1 position1 in1 the1 elec1 immediately1 preceding1 their1 appointment1

f.

Mem1 of1 Concom,1 Ombudsman1 &1 dep1 must1 not1 have1 been1 candidates1 for1 eny1 elective1 position1 in1 the1 elec1 immediately1preceding1appointment1

g.

Concom1 mem,1 Ombudsman1 &1 depQ1 appointed1 to1 7yr1 term,1 w/o1 reappointment1

h.

Spouse1 &1 rel1 by1 consanguinity1 &1 th affinity1 w/in1 4 1 civil1 degree1 of1 the1 Pres1 shall1 not1 during1 his1 tenure1 be1 appointed1as1 Qmembers1of1the1Concom1or1in1 QOffice1of1Ombudsman1or1as11 Qsec,1 undersec,1 chairmen1 or1 heads1 of1 bureaus1 or1 offices,1 including1GOCC1 1

11 1 1

De'Facto'Officers' A.

DEFINITION# # Has1the1reputation1of1being1the1officer1that1he1assumes1to1be,1&1yet1is1not1a1 good1ofcr1in1point1of1law.He1must’ve1acted1as1an1ofcr1for1such1length1of1time1 under1color1of1title1&1reputation1or1acquiescence1by1public1&1pub1authorities1 as1to1afford1a1presumption1of1election1or1appointment1&1induce1people1w/o1 inquiry1&1relying1on1the1supposition1that1he1is1the1officer1he1assumes1to1be,1 to1submit1to1or1invoke1his1action1 # B. LEGAL#EFFECT#OF#ACTS# # Valid,1binding,1w/full1legal1effect.1(For1the1protection1of1public1&1indiv.1who1 get1involved1in1the1official1acts1of1persons1discharging1the1duties1of1a1public1 office)1 111 C. ELEMENTS# # 1. validly1existing1public1ofc1 2. actual1phys1possession1of1said1ofc1 3. color1of1title1to1the1ofc1 1 D. ENTITLEMENT#TO#SALARIES# # GR:11 rightful1 incumbent1 may1 recover1 from1 de1 facto1 ofcr1 the1 salary1 rcvd1 by1 the1 latter1 during1 the1 time1 of1 his1 wrongful1 tenure,1 even1 though1 he1 entered1into1the1ofc1in1good1faith1&1under1color1of1title1 1 1 However,1where1there1is1no1de1jure1pub1ofcr,1the1ofcr1de1facto1is1legally1 entitled1to1the1emoluments1 1

Commencement'Of'Official'Relations' A.

HOW?## a. 1by1appointment1# b. by1election# # B. APPOINTMENT# # 1. Definition1of1terms:1 1 !APPOINTMENT! H! Selection,1 by1 the1 authority1 vested1 with1 the1 power1 of1 an1 indicidual1who1is1to1perform1the1functions1of1a1given1office1 COMMISSION!H!!Written1evidence1of1appointment1

2! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

DESIGNATION1 Q1 Imposition1 of1 additional1 duties,1 usually1 by1 law1 on1 a1 person1 already1in1public1service.1 2.

Classification1 1 Permanent! Extended1 to1 11 possessing1 the1 requisite1qualifications,1including1the1 eligibility1required1for1the1position1&1 thus1 protected1 by1 constitutional1 guaranty1of1security1of1tenure1 Regular! Made1 by1 Pres1 while1 Congress1 is1 in1 session1 after1 the1 nomination1 is1 confirmed1 by1 CoA1 &1 continues1 until1 the1end1of1the1term1

Temporary! Acting1 appointment1 to1 11 who1 may1 not1 posses1 required1 qualifications1 and1 is1 revocable1 at1 will1 w/o1 necessity1 of1 just1 cause1 or1 valid1 investigation1 Ad!Interim! Made1while1congress:1not1in1session,1 before1 confirmation1 by1 CoA.1 Immediately1 effective1 &1 ceases1 to1 be1 valid1 if1 disapproved1 or1 bypassed1 by1 CoA1 upon1 next1 adjournment1 of1 Congress1

1 1 3.

Steps1in1appointing1process1 1 Regular!appointment!! Appointments!w/c!do! Career!Service!of! not!need!confirmation! Civil!Service!! a. Nomination1by1Pres1 a. Appointment1by1 Attestation1 of1 CSC1 b. Confirmation1by1CoA1 appointing1authority1 required1 c. Issuance1of1 b. Issuance1of1 commission1 commission1 d. Acceptance1 c. Acceptance1by1 In1case1of1ad1interim1 appointee1 appointmentQ1the1 1 nomination,1issuance1&1 acceptance1precede1the1 confirmation1by1CoA1 11 For1appointment1to1be1valid,1the1position1must1be1vacant.1 1 • Discretion! of! Appointing! Authority! Qappointment1 is1 essentially1 a1 discretionary1power1&1must1be1performed1by1the1officer1in1whom1it1is1 vested1 accdg1 to1 his1 best1 lights,1 the1 only1 condition1 being1 that1 the1 appointee1 should1 possess1 the1 min.1 qualification1 requirements1 by1 law1 for1the1position1 1 C. APPOINTMENTS#TO#THE#CIVIL#SERVICE# # Scope:1 embraces1 all1 branches,1 subdivisions,1 instrumentalities1 &1 agencies1 of1 the1gov’t1including1GOCC1w/1original1charters.1 1 CLASSES:1 1 CAREER!SERVICE! NONHCAREER!SERVICE! Characterized1by1entrance1based1on1 Characterized1 by1 entrance1 on1 bases1 merit1&1fitness1to1be1determined,1as1 other1 than1 those1 of1 the1 usual1 tests1 far1 as1 practicable1 by1 competitive1 utilized1for1the1career1service,1tenure1 exams,1 or1 based1 on1 highly1 technical1 limited1 to1 a1 period1 specified1 by1 law,1 qualify.,1 opportunity1 for1 or1 coQterminous1 w/1 that1 of1 the1 advancement1 to1 higher1 career1 appointing1authority1or1subject1to1his1 positions,1&1security1of1tenure.1 pleasure,1 or1 limited1 to1 duration1 of1 Positions1include:1 particular1project.1 a. Open1career1positions1 Include:1 b. Closed1career1 a. Elective1officials1 c. Career1executive1service1 b. Dept1 heads1 &1 officials1 of1 d. Career1officers1 Cabinet1 rank1 who1 hold1 e. AFP1positions1 office1 at1 the1 pleasure1 of1 f. Personnel1 of1 GOCC1 w/1 the1 President1 &1 their1 orig1charter,1and1 personal1 &1 confidential1 g. Permanent1 laborers1 staff1 whether1 skilled,1 semiQ c. Chairmen1 &1 members1 of1 skilled1or1unskilled1 commissions1&1boards1w/1 fixed1terms1of1office1

d.

e.

Contractual1 personnel1 or1 whose1 employment1 in1 govt1is1in1accordance1w/a1 spcl1 contract1 to1 undertake1a1specific1work1 or1 job1 requiring1 spcl1 skills1 not1 available1 in1 the1 employing1agency1 Emergency1 or1 seasonal1 personnel1

1 Requisites:11 1 Made1only1according1to1merit1&1fitness1to1be1determined1as1far1as1 practicable,1and1except1to1positions1w/c1are1policy1determining,1primarily1 confidential,1or1highly1technical,1by1competitive1examination1[Sec.121(2)1Art.1 IXQB]1 1 Exempt1from1competitive1exam:1 1. Policy!determining! Q where1officer1lays1down1principal1or1fundamental1guidelines1 or1rules1or1formulates1method1of1action1for1gov’t1or1any1of1 its1subdivisions11 e.g.1department1head1 2. Primarily!Confidential! Q denoting1not1only1confidence1in1the1aptitude1of1the1 appointee1for1the1duties1of1the1office1but1primarily1close1 intimacy1w/c1ensures11 freedom1of1intercourse1w/out1 embarrassment1or1freedom1from1misgivings1or1betrayals1on1 confidential1matters1of1the1state;1or1one11 declared1 to1be1so1by1the1President1upon1recommendation1of1CSC1 3. Highly!Technical! Q requires1possession1of1technical1skills1or1training1in1a1 superior1degree.1e.g.1PNB1legal1counsel1 1 D.#OTHER#PERSONNEL#ACTIONS# # 1. Promotion! Q movement1 from1 one1 position1 to1 another1 w/1 increase1 in1 duties1 and1 responsibilities1 as1 authorized1 by1 law1 &1 usually1 accompanied1by1increase1in1pay1 a.

NextHinHrank!rule! Person1 next1 in1 rank1 shall1 be1 given1 preference1 in1 promotion1when1the1position1immediately1above1his1is1 vacated.1 But1 appointing1 authority1 still1 exercises1 discretion1 &1 is1 not1 bound1 by1 this1 rule,1 although1 he1 is1 required1 to1 specify1 the1 “special1 reason”1 for1 not1 appointing1the1officer1next1in1rank.1

b.

1 2.

1 3.

1 4.

Automatic!reversion!rule! Disapproval1of1the1appointment1of1a1person1proposed1 to1a1higher1position1invalidates1the1promotion1of1those1 in1the1lower1positions1&1automatically1restores1them1to1 their1former1positions.1

Appointment!through!Certification! Q Certification1 is1 issued1 to1 11 selected1 from1 a1 list1 of1 qualified1 persons1certified1by1the1CSC1from1an1appropriate1register1of1 eligibles,1 &1 who1 meets1 all1 the1 qualifications1 prescribed1 for1 the1position1 Transfer! • Movement1 from1 11 position1 to1 another1 w/c1 is1 of1 equivalent1 rank,1 level1or1salary1w/o1break1in1service.1Transfer1may1be1imposed1as1 an1administrative1penalty1 Reinstatement! Any1 11 permanently1 to1 a1 position1 in1 the1 career1 service1 &1 who1 has,1 through1no1delinquency1or1misconduct,1been1separated1therefrom,1may1 be1reinstated1to1a1position1in1the1same1level1for1w/c1he1is1qualified.1

3! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

1 5. Detail!! Mvmt1 of1 an1 employee1 from1 11 agency1 to1 another1 w/o1 issuance1 of1 an1 appointment,1 &1 shall1 be1 allowed1 only1 for1 a1 limited1 period1 in1 case1 of1 employees1occupying1professional,1technical1&1scientific1positions1 1 6. Reassignment! • QMust1not1involve1reduction1in1rank,1status1or1salary1 • QA1management1prerogative1vested1in1the1CSC1 • Qdoes1not1constitute1removal1w/o1cause1 1 7. Reemployment! • Names1 of1 persons1 who1 have1 been1 appointed1 permanently1 to1 positions1 in1 the1 career1 service1 &1 who1 have1 been1 separated1 as1 a1 result1 of1 reduction1 in1 force1 and/or1 reorganization,1 shall1 be1 entered1 in1 a1 list1 from1 w/c1 selection1 for1 reemployment1 shall1 be1 made1 1 !

Powers'&'Duties'Of'Public'Officers' A. AUTHORITY#OF#PUBLIC#OFFICERS# # Consists1of1the1ff1powers1 a. expressly1conferred1upon1him1by1the1act1appointing1him1 b. expressly1annexed1to1the1office1by1law1 c. attached1to1the1office1by1common1law1as1incidents1to1it.1 1 DOCTRINE!OF!NECESSARY!IMPLICATION! All1 powers1 necessary1 for1 the1 effective1 exercise1 of1 the1 express1 powers1 are1deemed1impliedly1granted1 ! B. POWERS1 # Ministerial# Discretionary# Discharge1 of1 w/c1 by1 the1 officer1 Imposed1by1law1upon11a1public1officer1 concerned1 is1 imperative1 &1 requires1 wherein1 the1 officer1 has1 the1 right1 to1 neither1judgment1nor1discretion1 decide1how1&1when1the1duty1shall1be1 performed1 # C. DUTIES# # # D. PROHIBITIONS# # 1. partisan1political1activity1 2. additional1or1double1compensation1 3. prohibition1 against1 loans1 (by1 Pres,1 VP,1 Cabinet1 members,1 Congress,1SC,1ConCom,1&1Ombudsman)1 4. limitation1on1laborers1 5. detail1or1reassignment1 6. NepotismQ1all1appointments1in1favor1of1a1relative1of1appointing1or1 recommending1authority1are1prohibited1 1 1

Liability'Of'Public'Officers' Public1officer1is1not1liable1for1injuries1sustained1by1another1as1a1consequence1 of1 official1 acts1 done1 within1 the1 scope1 of1 his1 official1 authority1 except1 at1 otherwise1provided1by1law.1 1 1. Public1officer1shall1not1be1civilly1liable1for1acts1done1in1the1performance1 of1his1official1duties1unless1there1is1a1clear1showing1of1bad1faith,1malice1 or1negligence1

2.

Liable1only1for1willful1or1negligent1acts1done1by1him1which1are1contrary1 to1 law,1 morals,1 public1 policy1 and1 good1 customs1 even1 if1 e1 acted1 under1 orders1or1instructions1of1his1superiors1

1 3.

Sec.1241of1LGC1–1LG1and1officials1are1not1exempt1from1liability1for1death1 or1injury1to1persons1or1damage1to1rpoerty.1 1

Statutory1Liability1 1. Art.127,1CC1–1any1person1suffering1moral1or1material1loss1because1a1 public1 officer1 refuses1 or1 neglesct,1 without1 just1 cause,1 to1 perform1 his1 official1 duty,1 may1 file1 an1 action1 for1 damages1 and1 other1 relief1 against1 the1 public1 officer.1 Without1 prejudice1 to1 administrative1 disciplinary1action1against1the1officer1 2.

Art.1 32,1 CC1 –1 Liability1 of1 Public1 Officer1 for1 violation1 of1 Constitutional1Rights1of1Individuals1

3.

Art.1 34,1 CC1 –1 Liability1 of1 peace1 officers1 who1 fail1 to1 respond1 or1 refuse1to1give1assistance1to1persons1in1danger1of1injuriy1to1life1or1 property.11

4.

Sec.1 38,1 Admin1 Code1 –1 Without1 just1 cause1 neglects1 to1 perform1 a1 duty1 within1 a1 period1 fixed1 by1 law1 or1 regulation,1 or1 within1 a1 reasonable1 period1 in1 none1 I1 fixed,1 shall1 be1 liable1 for1 damages1 to1 the1 private1 party1 concerned1 without1 prejudice1 to1 such1 other1 liability1as1may1be1prescribed1by1law.1

1 Liability1on1Contracts1 Q Personally1liable1if1he1enters1into1if1he1acted1without1or1exceeded1 his1authority.1 1 Liability1for1Tort1 Q Personally1 liable1 if1 he1 goes1 beyond1 the1 scope1 of1 his1 authority1 or1 exceeds1the1powers1conferred1upon1him1by1law1 1 Presidential1Immunity1from1Suit1 1. Chief1 executive1 cannot1 invoke1 immunity1 from1 suit1 for1 civil1 damages1 arising1 out1 of1 acts1 done1 by1 him1 while1 President1 which1 were1not1performed1in1the1exercise1of1official1duties1 2. President1may1instituted1suit.1Though1immune1from1civil1liability1 1 Threefold1Liability1Rule1 1. Criminal1 2. Civil1 3. Administrative1 1 • Can1proceed1independently1of1the1others1 • Dismissal1 of1 criminal1 action1 does1 not1 foreclose1 the1 institution1 of1 an1administrative1action1 • Relief1 from1 criminal1 liability1 does1 not1 carry1 with1 it1 relief1 from1 administrative1liability.11 1 Liability1of1Ministerial1Officers1 1. NonfeasanceQ1 Neglect1 or1 Refusal1 to1 perform1 an1 act1 which1 is1 the1 officer’s1legal1obligation1to1perform1 2.

MisfeasanceQ1Failure1to1use1that1degree1of1care,1skill1and1diligence1 required1in1the1performance1of1official1duty1

3.

Malfeasance1 –1 The1 doing,1 through1 ignorance,1 inattention1 or1 malice,1an1act1which1he1had1no1legal1right1to1perform1

1 Command1Responsibility1 Q Head1 of1 a1 department1 or1 a1 superior1 officer1 shall1 not1 be1 civilly1 liable1 for1 the1 wrongful1 acts,1 omissions1 of1 duty,1 negligence1 or1 misfeasance1of1his1subordinates,1unless1he1has1actually1authorized1 by1written1order1the1specific1act1or1misconduct1complained1of1 !

4! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

! !

1 Rights'Of'Public'Officers' ! Right!to!Office! ! ! Term! Tenure! Period1during1which1the1officer1may1 Period1during1which1the1officer1 claim1to1hold1the1office1as1of1right1 actually1hold1offie1 ! Right!to!Salary! Q Personal1compensation1to1be1paid1to1public1officer1for1his1services,1 generally1a1fixed1annual1or1periodical1payment1! ! Salary! Wage! Given1to1officers1of1higher1degree1of1 Lower1Degree1 employment11 Compensation1per1annum1 Day1by1Day1or1week1by1week1 ! • 1A1de1facto1officer1is1entitled1to1salary1if1he1possessed1the1office1in1 good1faith1and1has1discharged1duties1thereof! • Salary1cannot1by1garnishment,1attachment1or1order1of1execution1 be1seized1before1being1paid1and1appropriated1to1the1payment1of1 his1debts.1Assignment1of1unearned1salaries1or1fees1is1also1 prohibited1by1public1policy.! 1 Constitutional!Provisions!affecting!salaries! a.

b.

c. d. e. f.

NO1increase1in1the1salaries1of1Congress1until1after1the1expiration1of1 the1full1term1of1the1members1of1the1senate1and1HR1who1approved1 the1increase1 Salaries1of1P1and1VP1shall1be1fixed1by1law1and1shall1not1be1 decreased1during1their1tenure.11No1increase1shall1take1effect1until1 after1the1expiration1of1the1term1on1the1incumbent1during1which1 such1increase1was1approved.1 Salary1of1the1Members1of1the1judiciary1shall1not1be1decreased1 during1continuance1in1office.11 Additional,1double1or1indirect1compensation1are1prohibited1unless1 specifically1authorized1by1law.1 Standardization1of1Compensation.11 Separation1pay1to1be1given1to1career1civil1service1employees1who1 are1separated1from1the1service1not1for1cause1but1by1reason1of1 reorganization.1

Preventive!Suspension!and!the!right!to!Salary! 21kinds:1 1.

Preventive1suspension1pending1investigation1 Qno1right1to1compensation1even1if1exonerated1 Preventive1suspension1pending1appeal1!

2.

Right!to!Back!Salaries!of!illegally!dismissed!employee! Q Q

1Entitled1to1back1wages1and1other1monetary1benefits1from1the1 time1of1illegal1dismissal1up1to1his1reinstatement! No1workQno1pay1cannot1be1applied.1!

Right!to!Additional!Allowances!and!Benefits! Right!to!Preference!in!promotion!

Q

Does1not1prevail1over1the1discretion1of1the1appointing1authority!

Q

When1the1law1fixes1a1specific1date1for1the1end1of1the1term,1there1is1 an1implied1prohibition1against1holdQover1

Right!to!Vacation!and!Sick!Leave! 1 Right!to!Maternity!Leave! Reaching!the!Age!Limit! Right!to!Retirement!Pay! 1 Q

Q Q

Others! 1. 2. 3.

Right1to1reimbursement1for1expenses1incurred1in1the1due1 performance1of1his1duty1 Right1to1be1indemnified1against1any1liability1which1they1may1incur1 in1the1bona1fide1discharge1of1duties1 Right1to1longevity1pay.1

Q Q

1. 2.

Modes1of1terminating1official1relationship1 Expiration1of1term1or1tenure1 Reaching1the1age1limit1 Resignation1 Recall1 Removal1 Abandonment1 Acceptance1of1an1incompatible1office1 Abolition1of1Office1 Prescription1of1the1right1to1offie1 Impeachment1 Death1 Failure1to1assume1elective1office1within161months1from1 proclamation1 13. Conviction1of1a1crime1 14. Filing1of1a1certificate1of1candidacy1

3.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Expiration!of!Term!

Q

According1to1statute1 If1none,1from1date1of1appointment1or1election1 If1ambiguous,1the1one1that1fixes1the1term1at1the1shortest1period1 Person1elected1or1appointed1to1fill1vacancy1in1such1office1shall1 hold1the1same1only1for1unexpired1portion1if1duration1is1fixed1by1 constitution1or1law1 If1office1created1for1purposes1of1single1act,1the1accomplishment1of1 act1terminates1the1term1

1

Q

Q Q

In1the1absence1of1any1expressed1or1implied1constitutional1or1 statutory1provision1to1the1contrary,1the1public1officer1is1entitled1to1 hold1his1office1until1his1successor1shall1have1been1duly1chosen1and1 qualified.1 Purpose1is1to1prevent1hiatus1in1public1service1 During1the1holdQover1period,1public1officer1is1a1de1jure1officer1

5! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

Governor11 Sanggunian1 City1or1Municipal1Mayor1 Appointing1Authority1 Congress1 Respective1Houses1

Who! Governors,1VG,1M1and1VM1of1 Highly1urbanized1cities1and1 independent1component1 cities1 Municipal1M1and1VM1of1 component1cities1 Sanggunian1members1 Barangay1officials1 Appointive1officials1 P1and1VP1 Congress1

1 4.

Effective1date1of1resignation1:1 o Date1specified1in1tender1 o If1none,1when1public1officer1receives1notice1of1 acceptance11

Recall!! Termination1of1official1relationsjip1of1an1elective1official1for1loss1of1 confidence1prior1to1the1expiration1of1his1term1subject1to1such1recall1 belongs.11 1. 2. 3.

HoldQOver1

The1act1of1giving1up1or1the1act1of1a1public1officer1by1which1he1 declines1his1office1and1renounces1the1further1right1to1use1it.11 Expression1of1the1incumbent1in1some1form,1express1or1implied,1of1 the1intention1to1surrender,1renounce1and1relingquish1the1office1 and1the1acceptance1thereof1by1competent1and1lawful1authority.1 Voluntariness1–1may1be1repudiated1if1procured1by1fraud,1or1 duress.1A1courtesy1resignation1lacks1the1element1of1voluntariness1 Acceptance1–1Must1be1accepted1by1competent1authority,1 expressly1or1impliedly1 Accepting1Authority1–1Acceptance1shall1be1made1by1competent1 authority1 To!whom! President1

Commencement1of1term:1 Q Q Q Q

701–1Judiciary1 651–1Other1government1officers1and1employees1

Resignation!

Termination'Of'Official'Relationship'

1

Compulsory1retirement1age:1

Liberally1construed1in1favor1of1the1retiree!

By1whom1exercised1–1registered1voters1of1LGU1 Initiation1of1recall1process1–1By1the1registered1voters1of1LGU1 o No1more1Preparatory1Recall1Assembly1 Procedure1 Provincial,1City,1municipal1or1Barangay1 a. Initiated1upon1petition1by1at1least125%1of1total1number1of1 registered1voters1 o Written1petition1for1recall11 o Duly1signed1before1election1registrar1 o In1the1presences1of1representative1of1petitioner1and1 official1sought1to1be1recalled1 o Public1Place11

Filed1with1the1COMELEC1through1its1office1in1the1LGU1 COMELEC1shall1cause1the1publication1of1petition1in1a1 public1and1conspicuous1place1for1a1period1of1not1less1 than1101days1nor1more1than1201days1for1verification1of1 authenticity1and1genuineness1and1required1percentage1 of1voters1 b. Upon1lapse1of1the1period,1COMELEC1shall1announce1 acceptance1of1candidates1to1the1position1and1prepare1a1list1 of1candidates1which1shall1include1the1name1of1official1sought1 to1be1recalled1 Election1of1Recall11 o COMELEC1shall1set1the1date1for1the1election1on1recall1 which1shall1not1be1later1than1301days1after1the1filing1of1 resolution1(Barangay1and1Municipal)1451days1 (Provincial)1 o Official1or1officials1sought1to1be1recalled1shall1 automatically1be1considered1as1a1duly1registered1 candidate1to1pertinent1positions1and1shall1be1entitled1 to1be1voted1upon1 Effectivity1of1Recall1 o Effective1only1upon1the1election1and1proclamation1of1a1 successor1in1the1person1of1the1candidate1receiving1the1 higest1number1of1votes1cast1during1the1election1on1 recall1 o Confidence1is1affirmed1when1the1candidate1sought1to1 be1recalled1receives1the1highest1number1of1votes1 Prohibition1from1resignation1 Limitations1 o Once1only1during1term1of1office1for1loss1of1confidence1 o Shall1not1take1place1within1one1year1from1the1date1of1 the1assumption1to1office1or1one1year1preceding1a1 regular1local1election.1

11.11 Improper1 or1 unauthorized1 solicitation1 of1 contributions1 from1 subordinate1 employees1 and1 by1 teachers1or1school1officials1from11 school1children;11 12.11Violation1of1existing1Civil1Service1Law1and1rules1or1 reasonable1office1regulations;11 13.11Falsification1of1official1document;11 14.11 Frequent1 unauthorized1 absences1 or1 tardiness1 in1 reporting1 for1 duty,1 loafing1 or1 frequent1 unauthorized1 absences1from1duty1during1regular1office1hours;11 15.11Habitual1drunkenness;11 1 16.11Gambling1prohibited1by1law;11 17.11Refusal1to1perform1official1duty1or1render1overtime1 service;11 18.11Disgraceful,1immoral1or1dishonest1conduct1prior1to1 entering1the1service;11 19.11 Physical1 or1 mental1 incapacity1 or1 disability1 due1 to1 immoral1or1vicious1habits;11 20.11 Borrowing1 money1 by1 superior1 officers1 from1 subordinates1 or1 lending1 by1 subordinates1 to1 superior1 officers;11 21.11Lending1money1at1usurious1rates1of1interest;11 22.11Willful1failure1to1pay1just1debts1or1willful1failure1to1 pay1taxes1due1to1the1government;11 23.11Contracting1loans1of1money1or1other1property1from1 persons1 with1 whom1 the1 office1 of1 the1 employee1 concerned1has1business1relations;11 24.11Pursuit1of1private1business,1vocation1or1profession1 without1 the1 permission1 required1 by1 Civil1 Service1 rules1 and1regulations;11 25.11Insubordination;11 26.11 Engaging1 directly1 or1 indirectly1 in1 partisan1 political1 activities1by1one1holding1nonQpolitical1office;11 27.11 Conduct1 prejudicial1 to1 the1 best1 interest1 of1 the1 service;11 28.11Lobbying1for1personal1interest1or1gain1in1legislative1 halls1and1offices1without1authority;11 29.11 Promoting1 the1 sale1 of1 tickets1 in1 behalf1 of1 private1 enterprises1 that1 are1 not1 intended1 for1 charitable1 or1 public1welfare1purposes1and1even1in1the1latter1cases1if1 there1is1no1prior1authority;11 30.11Nepotism1as1defined1in1Section1491of1this1Decree.11

o o

4.

5.

6. 7.

Removal! 1 No1officer1of1the1Civil1Service1shall1be1removed1or1suspended1 except1for1cause1provided1by1law.1 1

Sec.136.1Discipline:)General)Provisions.)6)(a)1No1officer1or1employee1 in1 the1 Civil1 Service1 shall1 be1 suspended1 or1 dismissed1 except1 for1 cause1as1provided1by1law1and1after1due1process.1 1 The1following1shall1be1grounds1for1disciplinary1action:1 11 1.11Dishonesty;11 2.11Oppression;11 3.11Neglect1of1Duty;11 4.11Misconduct;11 5.11Disgraceful1and1immoral1conduct;11 6.11Being1notoriously1undesirable;11 7.11Discourtesy1in1the1course1of1official1duties;11 8.11 Inefficiency1 and1 incompetence1 in1 the1 performance1 of1official1duties;11 9.11 Receiving1 for1 personal1 use1 of1 a1 fee,1 gift1 or1 other1 valuable1 thing1 in1 the1 course1 of1 official1 duties1 or1 in1 connection1 therewith1 when1 such1 fee,1 gift,1 or1 other1 valuable1 thing1 is1 given1 by1 any1 person1 in1 the1 hope1 or1 expectation1 of1 receiving1 a1 favor1 or1 better1 treatment1 than1 that1 accorded1 other1 persons,1 or1 committing1 acts1 punishable1under1the1antiQgraft1laws;11 10.11Conviction1of1a1crime1involving1moral1turpitude;11

6! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

!

Grounds:1

Abandonment! 1 Voluntary1relinquishment1of1an1office1by1the1holder1with1the1 intention1of1terminating1his1possession1and1control1thereof1 Abandonment1 Resignation1 Species1of1Resignation1 Formal1Relinquishment1 Voluntary1Relinquishment1through1 1 nonQ1user1 • NonQuser1–1neglect1to1use1a1privilege1or1a1right1or1to1exercise1an1 easement1or1an1office.1 1 Acceptance!of!an!Incompatible!Office! 1.

Test1of1Incompatibility1Q11by1the1nature1and1relation1of1the1 two1offices1to1each1other,1they1ought1not1to1be1held1by1one1 person1from1the1contrariety1and1antagonism1which1would1 result1in1the1attempt1by1one1person1to1faithfully1and1 impartially1discharge1the1duties1of1one,1toward1the1 incumbent1of1another.1

2.

Acceptance1of1incompatible1office1ipso1facto1vacates1the1 other.1There1is1no1necessity1for1any1proceeding1to1declare1or1 complete1the1vacation1of1the1first1office.11 o Exception1–1where1the1public1officer1is1authorized1by1 law1to1accept1the1other1office1  The1Sec.1of1Justice1who1is,1by1express1 provision1of1the1Constitution,1a1member1of1 the1JBC1

Abolition!of!Office! 1 Congress1has1the1right1to1abolish1an1office,1even1during1the1term1 for1which1an1existing1incumbent1may1have1been1elected1 a. b.

c. d.

Constitutional1offices1cannot1be1abolished1by1 Congress1 No1law1shall1be1passed1reorganizing1the1Judiciary1 when1it1undermines1the1security1of1tenure1of1its1 members1 Valid1abolition1of1office1does1not1constitute1 removal1of1incumbent1 It1is1within1the1legal1competence1of1the1city1 council1to1create,1consolidate1and1reorganize1city1 offices1and1positions1wholly1supported1by1local1 funds.11

Requisites1 1. 2.

Good1Faith1 Clear1intent1to1do1away1with1the1office1not1for1 personal1or1political1reasons1and1cannot1be1 implemented1ina1manner1contrary1to1law1

1 Prescription!of!the!right!to!office! 1.

Instituted1within1one1year1from1the1date1the1petitioner1is1 unlawfully1ousted1from1his1office1 o Reason:1title1to1public1office1should1not1be1subjected1to1 continued1uncertainty1and1the1people’s1interest1 requires1that1such1right1should1be1determined1as1 speedily1as1possible1 o Filing1an1action1for1administrative1remedy1does1not1 suspend1the1period1for1filing1the1appropriate1judicial1 proceeding1(quo1warranto)1 o Unless1there1are1strong,1compelling1special1 Circumstances1to1warrant1a1different1course,1courts1 will1not1entertain1a1petition1for1reinstatement1filed1 beyond1the111year1period.1

Failure!to!assume!office!! 1 Office1of1any1official1elected1who1fails1or1refuses1to1take1his1oath1 of1office1within161months1from1his1proclamation1shall1be1considered1vacant,1 unless1said1failure1is1for1a1cause1or1causes1beyond1his1control.1 1 Conviction!of!a!Crime!

7! Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.1 1

1.

When1the1penalty1imposed1upon1conviction1carries1with1it1 the1accessory1penalty1of1disqualification,1conviction1by1final1 judgment1automatically1terminates1official1relationship1 o Plenary1pardon1will1not1restore1the1public1office1to1the1 officer1convicted.1He1must1be1given1a1new1 appointment1

Local&Government& General&Principles&

government+

C.

Principles!of!Local!Autonomy! A. Principles+ 1. Sec.+25,+Art+II:+The+State+shall+ensure+the+autonomy+of+local+governments+ Sec.+2,+Art+X:+The+territorial+and+political+subdivisions+shall+enjoy+local+autonomy+ 2.

Decentralization+ –+ does+ not+ make+ local+ governments+ sovereign+ within+ the+ state+ or+ an+ “imperium+in+imperio”+

3.

Exercise+of+local+autonomy+is+subject+to+the+power+of+control+by+congress,+and+the+power+of+ general+supervision+by+the+President.+ + • Only+if+president+finds+that+the+latter+had+acted+contrary+to+law.++

+

+ Municipal+Corporation+ 1. Elements+ a. Legal+Creation+or+Incorporation+ b. Corporate+Name+ c. Inhabitants+ d. Territory+

2.

+

+ B.

Corporation+ 1. Definition+ a. +Artificial+being+created+by+Operation+of+Law+ b. Having+ the+ right+ of+ succession+ and+ the+ powers+ and+ attributes+ and+ properties+ expressly+authorized+by+law+or+incident+to+its+existence+ 2. Classification+ Public+ Private+ QuasiUpublic+ Organized+for+the+ government+of+a+portion+of+ the+State+

Formed+for+some+private+ purpose,+benefit,+aim+or+ end+

Private+corporation+that+ renders+public+service+or+ supplies+public+wants+ +

3. 4.

+ Criterion+to+determine+ U Relationship+ of+ the+ corporation+ to+ the+ State,+ if+ created+ by+ the+ State+ as+ its+ own+ agency+to+help+the+State+in+carrying+out+its+governmental+functions,+then+it+is+public+ Classes+ QuasiUCorporation+ Municipal+Corporation+ Created+by+the+State+for+a+narrow+or+ limited+purpose+

Body+Politic+and+corporate+constituted+by+ the+incorporation+of+the+inhabitants+for+ the+purpose+for+the+purpose+of+local+

1! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +

Dual+ nature+ and+ functions:+ + Body+ Politic+ and+ corporate+ endowed+ with+ powers+ to+ be+ exercised+by+it+in+conformity+with+law.+ U It+shall+exercise+powers+as+a+political+subdivision+of+the+National+Government+and+a+ corporate+entity+representing+the+inhabitants+of+its+territory+ Public+or+Governmental+ Private+or+Proprietary+ Acts+as+an+agent+of+the+State+for+the+ government+of+the+territory+and++the+ inhabitants+

3. Province+

Composed+of+ cluster+of+ municipalities+ and+component+ cities,+as+a+ political+and+ corporate+unit+of+ the+government+ SERVES+AS+A+ DYNAMIC+ MECHANISM+ FOR+ DEVELOPMENTA L+PROCESSES+ AND+EFFECTIVE+ GOVERNANCE+

+ Municipal+Corporations++ City+ Municipality+

Composed+of+ more+ urbanized+and+ developed+ barangays.+ SERVES+AS+A+ GENERAL+ PURPOSE+ GOVERNMENT+ FOR+THE+ COORDINATIO N+AND+ DELIVERY+OF+ BASIC,+ REGULAR+AND+ DIRECT+

Composed+of+ group+of+ barangays.+ SERVES+AS+A+ GENERAL+ PURPOSE+ GOVERNMENT+ FOR+THE+ COORDINATIO N+AND+ DLEIVERY+OF+ BASIC,+ REGULAR+AND+ DIRECT+ SERVICES+AND+ EFFECTIVE+

Agent+of+the+community+in+the+ administration+of+local+affairs.+Separate+ entity,+for+its+own+purposes+and+not+as+ a+subdivision+of+the+State+

Barangay+

ARMM+

Special+ Metropolitan+ Subdivisions+

Basic+Political+ Unit.+SERVES+ AS+THE+ PRIMARY+ PLANNING+AND+ IMPLEMENTIN G+UNIT+OF+ GOVERNMENT+ POLICIS,+ PLANS,+ PROGRAMS,+ PROJECT+AND+ ACTIVITIES+IN+ THE+ COMMUNIT+ AND+AS+A+

Autonomy+may+ either+be+ Decentralizatio n+of+ administration+ or+ Decentralizatio n+of+Power.++

Congress+ may+create+ special+ metropolitan+ political+ subdivision+ subject+to+a+ plebiscite+but+ the+ component+ cities+and+ municipalitie s+shall+retain+ their+basic+ autonomy+ and+shall+be+

+ Dec.+of+Admin.+ To+broaden+the+ base+of+ governmental+

OF+LOCAL+ GOVERNMENT+ UNITS+WITHIN+ ITS+TERRITORIAL+ JURISDICTION+

SERVICES+AND+ EFFECTIVE+ GOVERNANCE+ OF+THE+ INHABITANTS+ WITHIN+ITS+ JURISDICTION+

GOVERNANCE+ OF+THE+ INHABITANTS+ WITHIN+ITS+ JURISDICTION.+

FORUM+ WHEREIN+THE+ COLLECTIVE+ VIEWS+OF+THE+ PEOPLE+MAY+ BE+EXPRESSED,+ CRYSTALLIZED+ AND+ CONSIDERED+ AND+WHERE+ DISPUTES+MAY+ BE+AMICABLY+ SETTLED.+

power.+ + Dec.+of+Power+ Abdication+by+ the+national+ government+of+ political+power+ in+favor+of+the+ Local+ Government.+ ARMM+is+an+ example+of+Dec.+ of+ Administration.+

+ Creation+and+Dissolution+ Authority+ to+ Create:+ “created,+ divided,+ merged,+ abolished+ or+ its+ boundaries+ substantially+ altered…”+ Law+ Ordinance+ D. 1.

Province,+City,+Municipality+or+any+other+ political+subdivision+

2.

IncomeU+sufficient,+based+on+acceptable+standards+to+provide+for+all+essential+ government+facilities+and+services+and+special+functions+commensurate+with+the+size+of+ the+population.+ + Population+–+determined+as+the+total+number+of+inhabitants+within+the+territorial+ jurisdiction++ + Land+AreaU+Contiguous,+unless+separated+comprises+two+islands+or+is+separated+by+a+local+ government+unit+independent+of+others.+Proprely+identified+by+metes+and+bounds+with+ technical+description+and+sufficient+to+provide+for+such+basic+services+and+facilities+to+ meet+the+requirements+of+its+populace.+ + +

entitled+to+ their+own+ local+ executives+ and+ legislative+ assemblies+

Barangay+located+within+its+territorial+ jurisdiction.+

+ Requisites/Limitations+on+creation+or+conversion+ + a. Sec.+10,+Art.+X.+In+accordance+with+the+criteria+established+in+the+local+government+code+ and+ subject+ to+ approval+ by+ a+ majority+ of+ the+ votes+ cast+ in+ a+ plebiscite+ in+ the+ political+ units+directly+affected.+ + Plebiscite+Requirement+ U Approved+by+a+majority+of+votes+cast+in+a+plebiscite+called+for+the+purpose+in+the+ Political+Unit+or+units+directly+affected.+ U Conducted+by+COMELE+within+120+days+from+the+date+of+effectivity+of+the+law+or+ ordinance+effecting+such+action,+unless+said+law+or+ordinance+fixes+another+date+

+ +

Barangay+

Municipality+

City+

Highly+ Urbanized+City+

Province+

Income+

+

P2.5M+

P100M+

P50M+

P20M+

Population++

2,000+ (5,000+in+ MM)+

25,000+

150,000+

200,000+

250,000+

Land+Area+

+

50km2+

100km2+

+

2,000km2+

+

+

3.

4.

+ b.

Sec.+ 7.+ RA+ 7160.+ Based+ on+ verifiable+ indicators+ of+ viability+ and+ projected+ capacity+ to+ provide+services.+ +

2! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +

5.

•

Attested+to+by+the+Department+of+Finance,+NSO,+Land+Management+Bureau+of+the+DENR.+

•

Other+ limitations+ may+ be+ found+ in+ the+ Bill+ of+ Rights+ affording+ protection+ to+ rights,+ property+and+contracts+of+inhabitants.+

+ Beginning+of+corporate+existence+ U Election+and+qualification+of+its+chief+executive+and+majority+of+the+members+of+its+ sanggunian,+ unless+ some+ other+ time+ is+ fixed+ therefor+ by+ the+ law+ or+ ordinance+ creating+it+ Abolition+ a. Division+and+Merger+–+same+requirements+provided+that+such+division+shall+not+reduce+ the+income,+population+or+land+area+to+less+than+the+minimum.+ b. Abolition+–+when+its+income,+population,+or+land+area+has+been+irreversibly+reduced+to+ less+than+the+minimum+standards+prescribed+for+its+creation+as+certified+by+the+national+ agencies+mentioned.+Law+shall+specify+the+province,+city+or+municipality+with+which+the+ local+government+unit+sought+to+be+abolished+will+be+incorporated+or+merged.++ De+facto+municipal+Corporations+

a. b. c. d.

Valid+law+authorizing+incorporation+ Attempt+in+good+faith+to+organize+under+it+ Colorable+compliance+with+the+law+ Assumption+of+corporate+powers+

A.

Powers+ 1. Sources+ a. Sec.+25,+Art.+II,+Sec+5,6,7+Art.+X+of+Constitution+ b. Statutes+ c. Charter+ d. Doctrine+of+the+right+of+selfUgovernment+but+applies+only+to+states+which+adhere+to+ the+doctrine+ 2. Classification+ a. Express,+implied,+inherent+ b. Public+or+Governmental,+private+or+proprietary+ c. Intramural,+extramural+ d. Mandatory,+Directory:+ministerial,+discretionary+ 3. Execution+of+Powers+ a. Prescribed+by+statute+ b. If+silent,+LGU+has+discretion+to+select+reasonable+means+and+methods+of+exercise.+

B.

Governmental+Powers+ 1. General+ Welfare+ –+ all+ LGU+ shall+ exercise+ powers+ expressly+ granted,+ implied+ and+ incidental+for+its+efficient+and+effective+governance+and+those+essential+to+promotion+of+ the+general+welfare.++ Ensure+and+support+

+ 6.

Attack+against+invalidity+ U Quo+Warranto+or+other+direct+proceeding+ U Reserved+to+the+State+ U No+collateral+attack+ U Applies+only+when+the+municipal+corporation+is,+at+least,+a+de+facto+corporation+

E. 1.

Local+Government+Code+ Effectivity:+January+1,+1992,+unless+otherwise+provided+herein,+after+its+complete+publication+ in+at+least+one+newspaper+of+general+circulation.+ Scope+ of+ Application+ –+ all+ provinces,+ cities,+ municipalities,+ barangays+ and+ other+ political+ subdivisions+as+may+be+created+by+law,+to+the+extent+herein+provided,+to+officials,+offices+or+ agencies+of+the+National+Government+ Declaration+of+Policy+ a. Territorial+and+political+subdivisions+shall+enjoy+ U Genuine+and+meaningful+autonomy++ U To+enable+them+to+attain+their+fullest+development+as+ U SelfUreliant+communities++ U And+make+them+more+effective+partners+in+the+attainment+of+national+goals+ b. Ensure+ accountability+ of+ local+ government+ units+ through+ the+ institution+ of+ effective+ mechanisms++of+recall,+initiative+and+referendum+and+ c. Require+ all+ national+ agencies+ and+ offices+ to+ conduct+ periodic+ consultations+ with+ appropriate+ LGU,+ nonUgovernmental+ and+ people’s+ organizations+ and+ other+ concerned+ sectors+ of+ the+ community+ before+ any+ project+ or+ program+ is+ implemented+ in+ their+ respective+jurisdictions+ Rules+of+Interpretation+ a. Liberally+interpreted+in+favor+of+LGU+and+in+case+of+doubt,+any+question+shall+be+resolved+ in+favor+of+devolution+of+powers+and+of+the+LGU+ b. Tax+ ordinance+ or+ revenue+ measureU+ construed+ strictly+ against+ LGU+ enacting+ it+ and+ liberally+in+favor+of+tax+payer.+ Tax+exemption+construed+strictly+against+the+person+claiming+ c. Rights+ and+ obligations+ existing+ on+ the+ date+ of+ effectivity+ of+ LGC+ and+ arising+ out+ of+ contracts+ or+ any+ other+ source+ of+ prestation+ involving+ LGYU+ governed+ by+ original+ terms+ and+conditions+of+said++contracts+or+the+law+in+force+at+the+time+such+rights+were+vested+ d. In+ resolution+ of+ controversies+ arising+ under+ the+ Code+ where+ no+ legal+ provision+ or+ jurisprudence+ applies,+ resort+ may+ be+ had+ to+ the+ customs+ and+ traditions+ in+ the+ place+ where+the+controversies+take+place.+

+

2. 3.

4.

+ +

a. b. c. d.

• •

+

General&Powers&and&Attributes&of&LGU& 3! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +

+

Preservation+and+enrichment+of+culture+ Promote+health+and+safety+ Enhance+the+right+of+the+people+to+a+balanced+ecology+ Encourage+and+support+development+of+appropriate+and+selfUreliant+scientific+and+ technological+capabilities+ e. Improve+public+morals+ f. Enhance+prosperity+and+social+justice+ g. Promote+employment+among+its+residents+ h. Maintain+peace+and+order+ i. Preserve+the+comfort+and+convenience+of+their+inhabitants+ General+welfare+clause+is+a+statutory+grant+of+Police+Power+ Limitations+ a. Exercisable+within+territorial+limits+of+LGU+except+for+protection+of+water+supply+ b. Equal+protection+clause+ c. Due+Process+Clause+ Valid+ordinance:+ 1. Must+not+contravene+Constitution+and+Statute+ 2. Not+be+unfair+and+oppressive+ 3. Not+be+partial+or+discriminatory+ 4. Not+prohibit+but+may+regulate+trade+ 5. Not+be+unreasonable++ 6. Must+be+general+in+application+and+consistent+with+public+policy+

+

water+supply+

+

Infrastructure+ facilities+ Information+and+ reading+center++ Satellite+or+public+ market+ +

2.

+

Basic+Services+and+facilities+ a. LGU+shall+endeavor+to+be+selfUreliant+and+shall+continue+exercising+the+powers+and+ discharging+the+duties+and+functions+currently+vested+upon+them+ b. They+ shall+ also+ discharge+ the+ functions+ and+ responsibilities+ of+ national+ agencies+ and+offices+devolved+to+them+to+this+Code.+They+shall+likewise+exercise+such+other+ powers+ and+ discharge+ such+ other+ functions+ as+ are+ necessary+ appropriate+ or+ incidental+ to+ efficient+ and+ effective+ provision+ of+ the+ basic+ services+ and+ facilities+ enumerated+therein+

SEC.+17.+Basic&Services&and&Facilities.+–++ (a)+Local+government+units+shall+endeavor+to+be+selfUreliant+and+shall+continue+exercising+the+ powers+and+discharging+the+duties+and+functions+currently+vested+upon+them.+They+shall+also+discharge+ the+functions+and+responsibilities+of+national+agencies+and++offices+devolved+to+them+pursuant+to+this+ Code.+Local+government+units+shall+likewise+exercise+such+other+powers+and+discharge+such+other+ functions+and+responsibilities+as+are+necessary,+appropriate,+or+incidental+to+efficient+and+effective+ provision+of+the+basic+services+and+facilities+enumerated+herein++

Health+and+social+ welfare+services+

Hygiene+and+ sanitation+ Maintenance+of+ Katarungan+ pambarangay+

Barangay+roads+and+

Municipality! Research+Services+and+ facilities+related+to+ agriculture,+fishery+and+ poultry+ Community+based+ forestry+projects+

Implementation+of+ programs+and+projects+ on+health+care+ Social+welfare+services+ which+include+ programs+and+projects+ on+child+an+youth+ welfare+ Solid+waste+disposal+

Province! Agricultural+extension+an+ research+facilities+

City! Same+as+Province++

Industrial+research+and+ development+services+as+ well+as+transfer+of+ appropriate+technology+ Forestry+projects+

Adequate+ communication+and+ transportation++

Hospitals+and+tertiary+ health+services+

Provincial+buildings+

Support+for+education,+ police+and+fire+services+ and+facilities+ +

Tourism+

+

Sites+for+police+and+fire+ stations+and+municipal+ jails+

4! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +

Infrastructure+

+

Low+cost+housing+

+

Investment+support+ services+ Modernization+of+tax+ information+and+ collection+services+ InterUmunicipal+ telecommunications+ Tourism+development+and+ promotion+programs+

+ +

+ +

•

Devolution+–+Act+by+which+the+National+Government+confers+powers+and+authority+upon+ the+various+local+government+units+to+perform+specific+function+and+responsibilities.++

3.

Power+to+Generate+and+Apply+Resources+ + Fundamental+Principles+of+Taxation+ a. Taxation+shall+be+uniform+in+each+LGU+ b. Equitable+and+based+as+far+as+practicable+on+the+taxpayer’s+ability+to+pay;+ U Levied+and+collected+for+public+purpose;++ U Not+unjust,+excessive,+oppressive+or+confiscatory;+ U Not+contrary+to+law,+public+policy,+national+economic+policy;+ U Or+in+restraint+of+trade+ c. Collection+cannot+be+left+to+any+private+person+ d. Revenue+collected+shall+inure+solely+to+the+benefit+of+and+subject+to+disposition+of+ LGU;+ e. Progressive+

+

+ Fundamental+Principles+of+Financial+Affairs+ a. b. c.

+

Public+markets,+ slautherhouses++ Cemetery+

+

(b)++Such+basic+services+and+facilities+include,+but+are+not++limited+to,+the+following:++ Barangay! Agricultural+support+ services+

and+general+hygiene+ and+sanitation+ Muicipal+buildings+and+ other+facilities+ Infrastructure+facilities+

d. e.

No+ money+ paid+ out+ of+ local+ treasury+ except+ in+ pursuance+ of+ an+ appropriation+ ordinance+or+law+ LG+funds+spent+solely+for+public+purposes+ Local+ Revenue+ generated+ only+ from+ sources+ expressly+ authorized+ by+ law+ or+ ordinance,+and+collection+be+acknowledged+properly+ All+money+received+by+LG+officer+shall+be+accounted+for+ Trust+fund+shall+not+be+paid+out+except+in+fulfillment+of+the+purpose+for+which+trust+ was+created+

f. g. h. i. j.

Bonds+ of+ LG+ officer+ whose+ duty+ permits+ or+ requires+ the+ possession+ or+ custody+ of+ local+funds++ LG+shall+formulate+sound+financial+plans+ Local+Budget+plans+harmonized+with+National+development+plans+ Local+budget+shall+operationalize+local+development+plans+ LGU+ensures+that+budgets+incorporate+the+requirements+of+their+units+and+provide+ equitable+allocation+ National+planning+shall+be+based+on+local+planning+ Fiscal+responsibility+shared+by+all+exercising+authority+over+financial+affairs+ Balanced+budget+in+each+fiscal+year+

k. l. m. + + 4. Eminent+Domain+ Limitation+

+

a. b. c.

Exercised+by+Local+chief+executive+acting+pursuant+to+a+valid+ordinance+ Public+use+or+purpose+or+welfare,+fro+the+benefit+of+the+poor+and+the+landless+ Only+after+a+valid+and+definite+offer+has+been+made+and+not+accepted+by+owner+

•

• 5.

Reclassification+of+Lands+ U Ordinance+passed+after+conducting+public+hearings.+ + a. When+ the+ land+ ceases+ to+ be+ economically+ feasible+ and+ sound+ for+ agricultural+ purposes+ b. Land+ has+ substantially+ greater+ economic+ value+ for+ residential,+ commercial,+ or+ industrial+purposes+as+determined++by+the+sanggunian.++ + + 6. Closure+and+opening+of+Raods+ U Ordinance+ U Approved+by+at+least+2/3+of+all+the+members+of+sangguian+ U Substitute+for+public+facility+shall+be+provided++ Limitation+ a. b.

+

1. Must+not+contravene+Constitution+and+Statute+ 2. Not+be+unfair+and+oppressive+ 3. Not+be+partial+or+discriminatory+ 4. Not+prohibit+but+may+regulate+trade+ 5. Not+be+unreasonable++ 6. Must+be+general+in+application+and+consistent+with+public+policy+ + + c. Approval+ U Ordinances+passed+by+SPL,+SPLU,+SB+shall+be+approved:+ 1. If+the+local+Chief+Executive+approves+the+same,+affixing+his+signature+on+each+ and+every+page+thereof+ 2. i.+Local+Chief+Executive+vetoes+the+same,+ ii.+Overridden+by+2/3+vote+of+all+members+of+the+sanggunian+ + Veto+shall+be+communicated+by+Local+Chief+Executive+to+the+sanggunian+within+15+days+ of+province+or+10+days+in+case+of+a+city+or+municipality,+otherwise,+the+ordinance+shall+be+ deemed+approved+as+if+he+signed+it+ Local+Chief+Executive+may+veto+the+ordinance+only+once+on+the+ground+that+ordinance+is+ ultra+vires+or+that+it+is+prejudicial+to+the+public+welfare.+

d. U U U U + + e. U U U

Adequate+provision+for+maintenance+of+public+safety+ Temporary+closure+may+be+made+during+an+actual+emergency,+fiesta+celebrations,+ public+rallies+

+ 7.

U

Local+Legislative+Power+–+Exercised+by+the+Local+Sanggunian+ + a. Products+of+Legislative+Action+ 1. Ordinance+–+Prescribes+a+permanent+rule+of+conduct+ 2. Resolution+–+Temporary+character,+or+expresses+sentiment+

+

b.

+

5! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +

Review+of+Barangay+Ordinances+ Witin+10+days+ Sangguniang+barangay+furnishes+sangguinang+bayan+or+lungsod+for+review+ Within+ 30+ days,+ return+ with+ comments+ and+ recommendations+ for+ adjustment,+ amendment+ or+ modicifaction+ if+ inconsistent+ with+ law+ or+ city+ or+ municipal+ ordinances+ If+no+action+is+taken+within+30+days,+it+is+deemed+approved.+

+ f. U

+ Requisites+

Review+by+Sangguniang+Panlalawigan+ Within+3+days+after+the+approval+ Secretary+ of+ sangguniang+ panlungsod+ or+ sangguinag+ bayan+ shall+ forward+ to+ Sanggunian+ panlalawigan+ for+ review,+ copies+ of+ approved+ oridnances+ and+ resolutions+approving+the+local+development+councils.+ Sanggunian+Pnalalawigan+shall+review+the+same+within+30+days+ Decree+as+invalid+or+valid.+If+no+action+is+taken+within+30+days,+valid.+

Enforcement+of+disapproved+ordinances/resolutions+ Attempt+ to+ enforce+ a+ disapproved+ ordinance+ or+ resolution+ after+ disapproval+ shall+ be+sufficient+ground+for+the+suspension+or+dismissal+of+official+or+employee+

+

+ g. U

8.

Effectivity+ 10+days+from+the+date+a+copy+thereof+is+posted+in+a+bulletin+board+at+the+entrance+ of+ the+ provincial+ capitol,+ or+ city,+ municipal+ or+ barangay+ hall,+ and+ in+ at+ least+ two+ other+conspicuous+places+in+the+local+government+unit+concerned.++ + + + Authority+over+Police+Units+

Local+Government+units+and+their+official+s+are+not+exempt+from+liability+for+death+or+injury+to+persons+or+ damage+to+property+ + 1.

Provisions+making+law+making+LGU+liable+ a. Article+2189+CC+–+LGU+is+liable+in+damages+for+death+or+injuries+suffered+by+reason+of+the+ defective+condition+of+roads,+streets,+bridges,+public+buildings,+and+other+public+works+ b. Art.+2180+(6)+CC+–+The+state+is+responsible+when+it+acts+through+a+special+agent+ c. Art.+34+CC+–+The+LGU+is+subsidiarily+liable+for+damages+suffered+by+a+person+by+reason+of+ the+ failure+ or+ refusal+ of+ a+ member+ of+ the+ police+ force+ to+ render+ aid+ and+ protection+ in+ case+of+danger+to+life+and+property+

2.

Liability+for+Tort+ a. If+the+LGU+is+engaged+in+governmental+functions,+it+is+not+liable+ b. If+engaged+in+proprietary+functions,+LGU+is+liable+

3. 4.

Liability+for+Violation+of+Law+ Liability+for+Contracts+ U Municipal+corporation,+like+an+ordinary+person,+is+liable+on+a+contract+it+enters+into+ provided+that+the+contract+is+intra+vires.+ U Private+individual+who+deals+with+a+municipal+corporation+is+imputed+constructive+ knowledge+of+the+extent+of+the+power+or+authority+of+the+municipal+corporation+to+ enter+into+contracts+ U Estoppel+does+not+lie+against+the+municipal+corporation+ U The+doctrine+of+implied+municipal+liability+–+A+municipality+may+become+obligated+ upon+an+implied+contract+to+pay+the+reasonable+value+of+the+benefits+accepted+or+ appropriated+by+it+as+to+which+it+has+the+general+power+to+contract.+

+ C.

+

Corporate+Powers+ U Full+ Autonomy+ in+ the+ exercise+ of+ their+ proprietary+ functions+ and+ in+ the+ management+of+economic+enterprises,+subject+to+limitations+provided+in+the+code+ and+other+applicable+laws.+ 1. Continuous+succession+in+its+corporate+name+ 2. Sue+and+be+Sued++ U Commenced+by+the+Local+Executive+upon+the+authority+of+the+Sanggunian+except+ when+the+City+Councilors+by+themselves+and+as+representatives+of+or+on+behalf+of+ the+City,+bring+the+action+to+prevent+unlawful+disbursement+of+City+funds.++ 3. Have+and+use+a+corporate+seal+ 4. Acquire+and+convey+real+or+personal+property+ 5. Power+to+enter+into+contracts+ + Requisites+ a. LGU+has+the+express,+implied+or+inherent+power+to+enter+into+the+particular+ contract+ b. Entered+into+by+the+proper+department,+board,+committee,+officer+or+agent.+ Unless+ provided+ by+ the+ Code,+ no+ contract+ may+ be+ entered+ into+ by+ the+ local+ chief+ executive+ on+ behalf+ of+ the+ local+ government+ unit+ without+ prior+ authorization+by+the+Sanggunian+concerned+ c. Comply+with+certain+substantial+requirements+ d. Comply+with+formal+requisites+

+

+

Local&Officials&

+ •

UltraUvires+ contract+ –+ entered+ into+ without+ compliance+ with+ the+ first+ and+ third+ requisites.+ Null+ and+ void.+ Cannot+ be+ ratified+ or+ validated.+ Ratification+ is+ possible+ only+ when+there+is+nonUcompliance+with+the+second+and/or+the+fourth+requirements+above.+ Ratification+may+either+be+express+or+implied.++

+

+ Provisions+applicable+to+elective+and+appointive+local+officials+ +

+

1.

Municipal&Liability& 6! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +

+

Prohibited+Business+and+Pecuniary+Interest+ a. Engage+ in+ any+ business+ transaction+ with+ the+ LGU+ in+ which+ he+ is+ an+ official+ or+ an+ employee+or+over+which+he+has+the+power+of+supervision+or+with+any+of+its+authorized,+

b. c. d. e. f.

+ 2.

3.

+

officials,+agents+or+attorneys+whereby+money+is+to+be+paid+or+property+or+any+other+thing+ of+value+is+to+be+transferred+ Hold+such+interests+in+any+cockpit+or+other+games+licensed+by+the+LGU+ Purchase+any+real+estate+or+other+property+foereited+in+favor+of+the+LGU+for+unpaid+taxes+ or+assessment+or+by+virtue+of+a+legal+process+at+the+instance+of+the+LGU+ Be+a+surety+for+any+person+contracting+or+doing+business+with+the+LGU+for+which+a+surety+ is+required+ Possess+or+use+any+public+property+of+the+LGU+for+private+purpose+ Prohibitions+and+inhibitions+prescribed+in+RA+6713+

Practice+of+Profession+ a. All+ governors,! city! and! municipal! mayors+ are+ prohibited+ + from+ practicing+ their+ profession+ or+ engaging+ in+ any+ occupation+ other+ than+ the+ exercise+ of+ their+ functions+ as+ local+chief+executive+ b. Sanggunian+members+may+practive+their+profession,+engage+in+any+occupation,+or+teach+ in+school+except+during+session+hours.+Provided,+if+members+of+the+bar:+ U Shall+not+appear+as+counsel+in+any+court+in+any+civil+case+wherein+the+LGU+or+any+ office+or+agency+of+government+is+the+adverse+party+ U Appear+ as+ counsel+ in+ any+ criminal+ case+ wherein+ an+ officer+ or+ employee+ of+ the+ national+LG+is+accused+of+an+offense+in+relation+to+his+office+ U Collect+ any+ fee+ for+ their+ appearance+ in+ administrative+ proceedings+ involving+ + the+ LGU+of+which+he+is+an+official+ U Use+property+and+personnel+of+government+except+when+the+sangguinan+member+ concerned+is+defending+the+interest+of+the+government.++ c. Doctors+ of+ medicine+ may+ practice+ their+ profession+ even+ during+ official+ horus+ of+ work+ only+ on+ occasions+ of+ emergency,+ provide+ they+ do+ not+ derive+ monetary+ compensation+ therefrom.+ Prohibition+against+appointment+ a. No+elective+or+appointive+local+official+shall+be+eligible+for+appointment+or+designation+in+ any+capacity+to+any+public+office+or+position+during+his+tenure+ b. Except+for+losing+candidates+in+barangay+elections,+no+candidate+who+lost+in+any+election+ shall+within+one+year+after+such+election+be+appointed+to+any+office+in+the+government+or+ any+governmentUowned+or+controlled+corporation+or+their+subsidiaries.+

2.

Elective+Local+Officials+ 1.

Qualifications+ a. Citizen+of+the+Phlippines+ b. Registered+voter+in+the+Barangay,+municipality,+city+or+province++ (if+Sanggunian,+in+the+district+where+he+intends+to+be+elected)+ c. Resident+therein+for+at+least+1+year+immediately+preceding+the+election+ d. Able+to+read+and+write+Filipino+or+any+other+local+language+or+dialect+ e. + Governor+

+

23+

7! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +

Vice+Governor+

23+

Sanggunian+Panlalawigan+

23+

Mayor+(Highly+urbanized+cities)+

23+

Vice+Mayor+(Highly+Urbanized+Cities)+

23+

Sangguniang+Panlunsod+(Highly+Urbanized+cities)++

23+

Mayor++

21+

Vice+Mayor+

21+

Sangguniang+Panlungsod+

18+

Sangguniang+Bayan+

18+

Punong+Barangay+

18+

Member+of+Sangguniang+Barangay+

18+

SK+

15U21+

++ + + Disqualifications+ a. Sentenced+by+final+judgment+for+an+offense+involving+moral+turpitude+or+for+an+offense+ punishable+ by+ one+ year+ or+ more+ of+ imprisonment+ within+ two+ years+ after+ serving+ sentence+ b. Removed+from+office+as+a+result+of+an+administrative+case+ c. Convicted+by+final+judgment+for+violating+the+oath+of+allegiance+to+the+Republic+ d. Dual+Citizenship+ e. Fugitives+from+justice+in+a+criminal+or+nonUpolitical+cases+here+or+abroad+ f. Permanent+residents+in+a+foreign+country+or+those+who+have+acquired+the+right+to+reside+ abroad+and+continue+to+avail+of+the+same+right+after+the+effectivity+of+the+Code+ g. Insane+or+feeble+minded+

3. +

Manner+of+Election+

a. b.

Elected+at+large.+ Sanggunian+Panlalawiga,+panlungsod+and+bayanU+elected+by+district+as+may+be+provided+by+law+

c. d. e.

Presidents+ of+ the+ leagues+ of+ Sanggunian+ members+ of+ component+ cities+ and+ municipalities+ shall+serve+ex+officio+members+of+the+sangguniang+panlalawigan+concerned+ Presidents+of+liga+ng+mga+barangay+and+pederasyon+ng+mga+sangguinang+kabataan+shall+serve+ as+ex+officio+members+of+the+sangguniang+panlalawiagan+panglungsod+or+bayan.+ Sectoral+representatives+ U Women+ U Workers+ U Urban+Poor+ U Indigenous+cultural+communities+ U Disabled+persons+ U Any+other+sector+

+

U

Physical+or+legal+reasons+

U U U

Leave+of+absence+ Travel+Abroad+ Suspension+from+office+

U

VG+and+VM+or+highest+ranking+sanggunian+member+automatically+exercises+powers+ and+performs+duties+and+functions+of+Local+chief+executive+except:+ a. Power+ to+ appoint,+ suspend+ or+ dismiss+ employees+ –+ such+ power+ can+ be+ exercised+if+the+period+of+incapacity+exceeds+30+working+days.+ + If+local+chief+executive+is+travelling+within+the+country+but+outside+his+jurisdiction+ for+a+period+not+exceeding+three+consecutive+days,+he+may+designate+in+writing+the+ officer+in+charge+of+the+said+office.+

+

+ 4. 5.

+

Date+of+Election+U++every+three+years+on+the+second+Monday+of+May+unless+provided+by+law+ Term+of+Office+ U 3+years++ U Cannot+serve+for+more+than+3+consecutive+terms+in+the+same+position+ U Barangay+officials+and+SKU++5+years++

U + 7.

•

•

It+ is+ not+ enough+ that+ an+ individual+ has+ served+ three+ consecutive+ terms+ in+ an+ elective+ local+office.+He+must+also+have+been+elected+to+the+same+position+for+the+same+number+ of+times+before+the+disqualification+can+apply.+ Requisites+for+three+term+limit+ a. Official+ concerned+ has+ been+ elected+ for+ 3+ consecutive+ terms+ in+ the+ same+ local+ government+post+ b. Served+3+consecutive+terms+

+ 8.

+ 6.

+

Succession+ a. Permanent+ Vacancies+ –+ arises+ when+ an+ elective+ official+ fills+ a+ higher+ vacant+ office,+ refuses+to+assume+office,+fails+to+qualify,+dies,+is+removed+from+office,+voluntarily+resigns+ or+is+permanently+incapacitated+to+discharge+the+functions+of+his+office.+

U U

Governor+succeeded+by+Vice+Governor+ Mayor+succeeded+by+Vice+Mayor+

U

Vice+ governor/+ Vice+ Mayor+ succeeded+ by+ highest+ ranking+ sangguinan+ member+ or+ second+highest+

Compensation+ U Determined+by+Sanggunian+concerned+subject+to+provisions+of+RA+6758+ U Not+less+than+1,000+for+punong+barangay+ U Not+less+than+600+for+sanggunian+barangay+member+

Resignation+ U Valid+only+if+accepted+ President+

Governors,+VG,+M+and+VM+of+Highly+ urbanized+cities+and+independent+ component+cities+

Governor++

Municipal+M+and+VM+of+component+cities+

Sanggunian+

Sanggunian+members+

City+or+Municipal+Mayor+

Barangay+officials+

+

+ •

b.

Ranking+shall+be+determined+on+the+basis+of++the+proportion+of+votes+obtained+by+each+ winning+ candidate+ to+ the+ total+ number+ of+ registered+ voters+ in+ each+ district+ in+ the+ immediately+preceding+election.+ + Temporary+Vacancies+

8! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +

+ U

9.

Resignation+ shall+ be+ deemed+ accepted+ if+ not+ acted+ upon+ by+ the+ authority+ concerned+within+15+working+days+from+receipt+thereof.++ U Irrevocable+resignations+by+sanggunian+members+shall+be+deemed+accepted+upon+ presentation+ before+ an+ open+ session+ of+ the+ sanggunian+ concerned+ and+ duly+ entered+in+its+records.++ Grievance+Procedure+ U Local+ chief+ executive+ shall+ establish+ a+ procedure+ to+ inquire+ into+ resolve+ or+ settle+ complaints+and+grievances+presented+by+local+government+employees+

10. Discipline+ Grounds+ a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

U Disloyalty+to+the+Philippines+ Culpable+violation+of+the+Constitution+ Dishonesty,+oppression,+misconduct+in+office,+gross+negligence,+or+Dereliction+ Commission+of+any+offense+involving+moral+turpitude+or+offense+punishable+by+at+ least+prision+mayor.+ Abuse+of+authority+ Unauthorized+ absence+ for+ 15+ consecutive+ working+ days+ except+ in+ the+ case+ of+ members+of+the+sangguniang+panlalawigan,+panlungsod+bayan+and+barangay+ Application+for,+or+acquisition+of,+foreign+citizenship+or+residence+or+the+status+of+ an+immigrant+of+another+country.+ Such+other+grounds+as+may+be+provided+in+this+Code+and+other+laws+

+ Complaints+ +

+

Who+

To+Whom+

Provincial,+Highly+urbanized+city+or+independent+ component+city+elective+official+

Office+of+the+President+

Elective+municipal+officials+

Sangguninang+panlalawigan,+appealed+to+Office+of+ President+

Elective+Barangay+officials+

Sangguniang+panlungsod+or+bayan.+Decision+shall+ be+final+and+executory+

+ + Administrative+Appeal+ U

Who+

To+Whom+

Decisions+of+Component+cities’+SPLU+and+SB+

Sangguniang+Panlalawigan+

Decisions+of+SPL+and+SPLU+of+Highly+Urbanized+ cities+and+independent+component+cities+

President.+Final+and+executor+

+ + Execution+pending+appeal+ U U

Preventive+Suspension+

U U +

9! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +

But+AO+18+so+long+as+not+repugnant+to+LGC,+authorizes+president+to+stay+the+execution+ pending+appeal+ +

Effect+of+ReUelection+ U +

Bars+ the+ continuance+ of+ the+ administrative+ case+ against+ him+ inasmuch+ as+ the+ reU election+is+tantamount+to+condonation+by+the+people.+

+ Appointive+Local+Official+ + +

Penalty+

Shall+not+prevent+a+decision+from+being+executed+ Respondent+ shall+ be+ considered+ as+ having+ been+ placed+ under+ preventive+ suspension+during+the+pendency+of+the+appeal+

+ •

Imposed+by+the+President,+Governor,+Mayor+ After+the+issues+are+joined+ When+the+evidence+of+guilt+is+strong,+gravity+of+the+offense+ Great+probability+that+the+continuance+in+office+of+the+respondent+could+influence+ the+witnesses+or+pose+a+threat+to+the+safety+and+integrity+of+the+records+and+other+ evidence+ Shall+not+extend+beyond+60+days+ If+several+are+filed,+he+cannot+be+suspended+for+more+than+90+days+within+a+single+ year+ on+ the+ same+ ground+ or+ grounds+ existing+ and+ known+ at+ the+ time+ of+the+ first+ suspension+

Within+30+days+

+

+

U U U U

Penalty+of+suspension+shall+not+exceed+his+unexpired+term,+or+a+period+of+6+months+ for+ every+ administrative+ offense+ nor+ shall+ be+ a+ bar+ to+ the+ candidacy+ of+ the+ respondent+as+long+as+he+needs+he+meets+the+qualifications+required.+

Responsibility+for+human+resources+and+development+

U U

Local+Chief+Executive+shall+be+responsible++ In+accordance+with+Constitution,+laws+including+policies,+guidelines+and+standards+ as+the+CSC+may+establish+ o Local+ Chief+ executive+ may+ employ+ emergency+ or+ casual+ employees+ or+ laborers+paid+on+a+daily+wage+or+piecework+basis+and+hired+through+job+ orders+for+local+projects+authorized+by+the+Sangguian+without+the+need+ of+approval+or+attestation+by+the+CSC+as+long+as+said+employment+shall+ not+exceed+6+months.+ Appointive+Officials+ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Secretary+to+Sangguinan+ Treasurer+ Assessor+ Accountant+ Budget+Officer+ Planning+and+Development+Coordinator+ Engineer+ Health+Officer+ Civil+Registrar+ Administrator+ Legal+Officer+ Agriculturist+ Social+Welfare+and+Development+Officer+ Environemnt+and+Natural+Resources+Officer+ Architect+ Information+Officer+ Cooperatives+Officer+ Population+Officer+ Veterinaria+ General+Sergices+Officer+ +

Administrative+Discipline+ U

Investigation+and+adjudication+of+administrative+complaints+as+well+as+suspension+ and+ rmoval+ shall+ be+ in+ accordance+ with+ the+ Civil+ Service+ law+ and+ rules+ and+ other+ pertinent+laws+ o Preventive+ Suspension+ –+ Local+ Chied+ executive+ may+ preventively+ suspend+for+a+period+not+exceeding+60+days+any+subordinate+official+or+ employee+under+his+authority+pending+investigation+if+the+chargeagainst+ such+ official+ or+ employee+ involves+ dishonesty,+ oppression+ or+ grave+ misconduct+ or+ neglect+ in+ the+ performance+ of+ the+ duty+ or+ if+ there+ is+ reason+to+believe+that+the+respondent+is+guilty+of+charges+which+would+ warrant+his+removal+from+the+service.+ o Disciplinary+Jursidiction+–+Removal,+demotion+in+rank+suspension+for+not+ more+ than+ 1+ year+ without+ pay,+ fine+ in+ an+ amount+ not+ exceeding+ 6+ months+salary+or+reprimand.++

10! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +



+

If+ penalty+ imposed+ is+ suspension+ without+ pay+ for+ not+ more+ than+ 30+ days+ his+ decision+ shall+ be+ final+ if+ the+ penalty+ imposed+ is+ heavier,+ the+ decision+ shall+ be+ appealable+ to+ the+ CSC+ which+ shall+ decide+ the+ appeal+ within+ 30+ days+ from+ receipt.+ +

11! Principles+of+Local+Autonomy+Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor.+ +

1.

Intergovernmental,Relations,

2. National,Government, 3.

,

@ @ @

@ @ @

1. Power,of,General,Supervision,, Vested,on,the,President,over,LGU, To, ensure, their, acts, are, within, the, scope, of, prescribed, powers, and,functions, Supervisory,authority,directly,over:, o Provinces, o Highly,urbanized,cities, o Independent,Component,cities,  Through, the, province, with, respect, to, component,cities,and,municipalities,,  Through, the, City, and, municipality, over, barangays, , 2. Coordination,with,national,agencies,, National, agencies, and, offices, with, project, implementation, functions, Coordinate,with,one,another,and,with,LGU,in,discharge,of,these, functions, Ensure,participation,of,LGU,both,in,planning,and,implementation, of,said,national,projects,

, Mandated,Local,Agencies, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

,

Settlement,of,Boundary,Disputes,

3. Consultation, Consultation,under,Sec.,2,and,26, Prior,approval,of,Sanggunian,, Occupants, in, areas, where, projects, are, to, be, implemented, shall, not, be, evicted, unless, appropriate, relocation, sites, have, been, provided,

PNP, @

Local,School,Board, Local,Health,Board, Local,Development,Council, Local,Development,Council, Local,Peace,and,Order,Council,

,

,

@ @ @

LGU,shall,promotre,establishment,and,operation,of,people’s, and, NGO, to, become, active, partners, in, the, pursuit, of, Local, Autonomy, LGU, may, enter, into, joint, ventures, and, such, other, cooperative, arrangements, in, the, delivery, of, certain, basic, services, LGU, through, Local, Chief, Executive, and, concurrence, of, sanggunian, concerned,, provide, assistance,, financial, or, otherwise,for,economic,,socially@oriented,,environmental,or, cultural, projects, to, be, implemented, within, its, territorial, jurisdiction,

Extent,of,Supervision,and,control,is,governed,by,RA,6795,,

,

1.

Between,LGU,shall,be,settled,amicably., , Rules, , , Involving, Resolved,by, Two,or,more,barangays,in, the,same,city,or,municipality,

Sanggunian,Panlungsod,or, Sangguniang,Bayan,

Two,or,more,municipalities,in, the,same,province,

Sangguian,Panlalawigan,

Municipalities,or,Component, cities,in,different,provinces,

Jointly,referred,to, sanggunians,of,the, provinces,concerned,

Component,city,or, municipality,on,one,hand,and, a,highly,urbanized,city,on,the, other,or,2,or,more,highly, urbanized,cities,

Jointly,referred,to, respective,sanggunians,,

Inter@Local,Government,Relations, , 1. @ 2. 3.

4.

Province, through, governor,, shall, ensure, every, component, city, and, municipality, within, its, territorial, jurisdiction, acts, within, the, scope,of,its,prescribed,powers,and,functions, Highly,urbanized,cities,and,independent,component,cities,shall,be, independent,of,the,province, In, the, absence, of, a, municipal, legal, officer,, the, municipal, government,may,secure,the,opinion,of,the,provincial,legal,officer, and,in,his,absence,,provincial,prosecutor, City, or, municipality, through, mayor, shall, exercise, general, supervision, over, component, barangays, to, ensure, that, said, barangays, act, within, the, scope, of, their, prescribed, powers, and, functions, LGU, may, through, ordinances, group, themselves,, consolidate, or, coordinate,efforts,,services,and,resourcesfor,purposes,commonly, beneficial,to,the.,,

,

3.

People’s,and,Non@Governmental,Organizations,

12! Principles,of,Local,Autonomy,Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor., ,

2.

, In, the, event, sanggunian, failt, to, effect, a, settlement, within, 60, days, from, , the, date, the, dispute,was,referred,to,it:,  Issue,a,certification,to,this,effect,  Dispute, formally, tried, by, the, sanggunian, concerned, which, shall, decide, within, 60, days, from, certification, Within, the, time, and, manner, prescribed, by, the, ROC,, any, party, may, elevate, the, decision, fo, proper,RTC,having,jurisdiction,over,the,area,and, decide,the,appeal,within,1,year,from,filing,

4.

Boundaries,must,be:,  Clear, for, they, define, the, limits, of, the, territorial,jurisdiction,  It, can, legitimately, exercise, its, powers, only, within, the, limits, of, its, territorial, jurisdiction,  Beyond,the,limits,,it,is,ULTRA,VIRES,

 



,

Local,Initiative,And, Referendum,

,

On,Sanggunian,  Any, proposition, or, ordinance, approved, through, an, initiative, and, referendum, shall, not, be, repealed,, modified, or, amended, by, the, sanggunian, within, 6, months, from, the, date,of,approval, • May,be,amended,,modified, or, repealed, within, 3, years, thereafter,by,a,vote,of,¾,of, all,its,members, • In, case, of, Barangays,, 18, months,after,approval,

, , Local!Initiative!–!The!legal!process!whereby!the!registered!voters! of!a!LGU!may!directly!propose,!enact!or!amend!any!ordinance.!!It!may!be! exercised!by!all!registered!voters!of!the!Provinces,!cities,!municipalities!and! barangays.! ,

Procedure, 1.

Not,less,than,2,000,registered,votes,in,the,region, o 1,000,–,Provinces,and,Cities, o 100,–,Municipalities, o 50,–,Barangays, o May, file, a, petition, with, the, sanggunian, concerned.,

, 2. 3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

If, no, favorable, action, is, taken, within, 30, days,, the, proponents, may, invoke, the, power, of, initiative, giving, notice,to,sanggunian, Proposition, numbered, serially, starting, from, Roman, numeral,I.,, Proponents, shall, have, the, following, periods, to, collect, required,number,of,signatures:, o 90,days,–,Provinces,and,Cities, o 60,days,–,Municipalities, o 30,das,–,Barangays,, Petition, signed, before, the, election, registrar, or, representatives, and, in, the, presence, of, the, proponent, and,a,representative,of,the,sangguninan,concerned,in, a,public,place, Upon, lapse, of, period,, COMELEC, shall, certify, whether, the, required, number, of, signatures, have, been, obtained., Failure, to, obtain, such, number, defeats, the, proposition, If, obtained,, COMELC, shall, set, a, date, for, initiative, during, which, the, proposition, is, submitted, to, the, registered,voters,inn,the,LGU,for,their,approval,within:, o 60,days,–,Provinces, o 45,days,–,Municipalities, o 30,days,–,Barangays, If, proposition, approved, by, majority, of, votes, cast, it, shall,take,effect,15,days,after,certification,by,COMELEC, as,if,affirnmative,action,had,been,taken,thereon,

, ,

Local!Referendum!–!Legal!process!whereby!the!registered!voters! of!LGU!may!approve,!amend!or!reject!any!ordinance!enacted!by!the! sanggunian.! ! @

@

,

Authority,of,Courts, , Proper,courts,may,declare,as,null,and,void,any,proposition, approved,pursuant,hereto,for,violation,of,the,Constitution,or,want,of, capacity,of,the,sanggunian,concerned,to,enact,said,measure.,

Local,Government,Units, Barangay, 1.

2. On,the,Initiative,

13! Principles,of,Local,Autonomy,Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor., ,

Held, under, the, control, and, direction, of, the, COMELEC, within:! o 90,days,–,Provinces! o 45,days,–,Muicipalities! o 30,days,–,Barangays! COMELEC, shall, certify, and, proclaim, the, results, of, the, said,referendum!

,

, Limitation, ,

Not, be, exercised, more, than, once, a, year, Extend, only, to, subjects, or, matters, which, are, within, the, legal, powers, of, the,sanggunian,to,enact, If,any,time,before,initiative,is,held,,the, sangguninan, adopts, in, toto, the, proposition, presented, and, the, local, chief, executive, approves, the, same,, the,initiative,shall,be,cancelled.,Those, against, it, may, apply, for, initiative, in, the,manner,herein,provided.,

Chief,Officials,and,Offices, a. 7,sanggunian,barangay,members, b. SK,chairman, c. Barangay,Secretary, d. Barangay,Treasurer, e. Lupong,Tagapamayapa, Barangay,Assembly, @ Composed,of,all,persons:, o Residents,of,Barangay,for,at,least,6,months,

15,years,of,age,or,over, Filipino,Citizens, Duly, registered, in, the, list, of, barangay, assembly,members, Shall, meet, twice, a, year, to, hear, and, discuss, semestral, report, of, Sanggunian, barangay, concerning, activities, and, finances, as, well, as, problems, affecting, the, barangay,

1.

o o o

@

2.

, 3.

, 4.

Katarungang,Pambarangay, a. Lupong,Tagapamayapa, @ Composed,of,Punong,Barangay,as,Chairman, @ 10,to,20,members, @ Constituted,every,3,years, @ Powers, o Exercise, administrative, supervision, over, conciliation,panels, o Meet, regularly, once, a, month, to, provide, a, forum, for, exchange, of, ideas, among, its, members,and,the,public,of,matters,relevant, to,the,amicable,settlement,of,disputes,,and, to, enable, various, conciliation, panel, members, to, share, with, one, another, their, observations, and, experiences, in, effecting, speedy,resolution,of,disputes, o Exercise, such, other, powers, and, perform, such, other, duties, functions, as, may, be, prescribed,by,law,or,ordinance, , b. Pangkat,Tagapagsudo, @ Constituted,for,each,dispute,brought,before,the,lupon, a, conciliation, panel, to, be, known, as, pangkat, tagapagsundo, @ 3, members, who, shall, be, chosen, by, the, parties, to, the, dispute,from,the,lsit,of,members,of,the,lupon, @ Should, they, fail, to, agree,, draw, lots, by, the, lupon, chairman,

, ,

Sangguninang,Kabataan, @ Chairman, @ Seven,Members, @ Secretary, @ Treasurer,

, •

Katipunan,ng,Kabataan, @ Filipino,Citizens, @ Actually,residing,for,at,least,6,months,in,the,barangay, @ 15,@21, @ Duly,registered,in,the,SK,or,official,barangay,list,, @ Meet, once, every, 3, months, or, at, the, call, of, the, SK, chairman, or, upon, written, petition, of, at, least, 1/20, of, its,members,

•

Pederasyon,ng,mga,SK, @ Municipalities,–,Pambayang,pederasyo, @ Cities,–,Pnlungsod,ng,pederasyo, @ Provinces,–,Panlalawigang,pederasyo, @ Special, Mertropolitan, political, subdivisions, –, pang, metropolitan,pedrasyon, @ National,Level,–Pambansang,pederasyon,

,

, Leagues,of,LGU,

14! Principles,of,Local,Autonomy,Loyola.Reyes.Vibandor., ,

3. 4. 5.

Liga,mg,mga,Barangay,, @ Primary,purpose,of,determining,representation,of,the, Liga,in,the,sanggunians,, @ Ventilating,articulating,and,crystallizing,issues,affecting, barangay,government,administration, @ Securing,solutions,through,proper,and,legal,means, League,of,Municipalities, @ Primary,purpose,of,determining,representation,of,the, Liga,in,the,sanggunians,, @ Ventilating,articulating,and,crystallizing,issues,affecting, municipal,government,administration, @ Securing,solutions,through,proper,and,legal,means, League,of,Cities, League,of,Provinces, League,and,Federation,of,Local,Elective,Officials,

PUBLIC'INTERNATIONAL'LAW' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' '

' General'Principles' A. International!Law!defined! ! Traditional1 Modern1 Branch1of1public1law1w/c:1 Law1w/c1deals1w/:1 Regulates1relations1of1States1&1of1other1entities1 D1Conduct1of1States1&1int’l1org1 granted1int’l1personality.11 D1Their1relations1w/1each1other1 [This1def’n1focuses1on1subjects1w/c1are1entities1 D1&1their1relations1w/1persons,1natural1or1juridical1 possessing:1 D1int’l1personality1&1 D1w/1rights1&1obligations1recognized1under1 international1law,1 As1against1objects)w/c1are1persons1or1things1in1w/c1 rights1are1held1&1oblig1assumed1by1the1subjects1of1int’l1 law]1111 1 1 B. Basis!of!Int’l!Law! ! Law!of!Nature!School! Possitivist!School! Ecletic!or!Groatian!School! Dnatural1 &1 universal1 principle1 of1 =Binding1force1of1int’l1law:1derived1 Dconforms1 to1 the1 dictates1 of1 right1 right1&1wrong1 from1agreement1of1States1to1be1 reason1 Dindependent1 of1 mutual1 bound1by1it.1 Dthe1 voluntary1 law1 may1 be1 said1 to1 intercourse/1 compact1 w/c1 can1 be1 Dint’l1 law1 is1 not1 a1 law1 of1 blend1 w/1 the1 natural1 law1 &1 be1 an1 discovered1 &1 recognized1 by1 every1 subordination)but)coordination! expression1of1it1 indiv.1through1the1use1of1his1reason1 Din1case1of1conflict,1the1natural1law1 &1conscience.1 prevails,1 being1 the1 more1 1111 fundamental1law! !! C. Public!International!Law!distinguished!from:! ! Private!In’t!Law! Int’l! Int’l!Comity! Int’l!Diplomacy! Int’l!Admin.!Law! Morality/Ethics! A.1As1to1nature:1 Govern1relations1of1 Rules1of1 Dobjects1of:1 Regulates1relations1 Int’l1vs.1municipal1 States1from1the1 politeness/courtesy1 a)1int’l1policy1&1 &1activities1of:1 B.1As1to1remedies:1 standpoint1of11 observed1by1States1 b)1conduct1of1 a)nat’l1&1 Int’l1modes1vs.1local1 a.1Conscience11 in1their1relations1 foreign1affairs1 b)int’l1agencies1 tribunals1 b.1Morality1 w/other1States1 w/respect1to1their:1 C.1As1to1parties:1 c.1Justice11 a)material1&1 Int’l1entities1vs.1 d.1Humanity1 b)intellectual1 private1persons1 interests1 D.1As1to1 w/c1have1received1 enforcement:1 int’l1recognition1 Int’l1sanctions1vs.1 sheriff/1police1 1

1 Although1it1may1not1comply1w/John1Austin’s1concept1of1law,1i.e.,1enforced1by1sovereign1political1 authority,1nonetheless1it1is1still1a1true1law1 1 Application,)enforcement,)&)compliance.) 1 Absence1of1a1central1lawDmaking1authority1&1the1jurisdictional1defects,weaken1the1expectation1of1 compliance1in1comparison1w/1the1situation1in1the1domestic1plane.11 1 These1considerations1are,1however,1balanced1by1the1risk1of1political/1economic1retaliation1&1other1 sanctions1such1as1 a. adverse1public1opinion1 b. retorsions1 c. reprisals1 d. the1UN1machinery1 e. conviction1that1obedience1will1redound1to1the1public1good1 1 E. Relationship!w/!Municipal!Law!(ML)! 1 Monist! No1substantial1distinction1between1int’l1law1&1 municipal1law.1 (oo1eto1lang1to)1

Dualist!

!

ML1 D1 issued1 by1 a1 political1 superior1 for1 observance1 by1 those1 under1 its1 authority1 D1consists1of1enactments1 of1lawDmaking1authority11 1 D1 regulates1 relations1 of1 indiv.1among1themselves1 Dviolations1are1redressed1 through1 local1 judicial1 &1 administrative1processes11 Dbreaches1 entail1 indiv1 responsibility1

IL1 D1 not1 imposed1 but1 adopted1 by1 states1 as1 a1 common1rule1of1action1 D1 derived1 from1 such1 sources1as1int’l1customs,1 conventions1 or1 gen.1 principles1of1law11 Drelations1 between1 states1&1int’l1persons1 Dredressed1 through1 stateDtoDstate1 transactions1 1 1Dcollective1responsibility1

! ! Doctrine!of!Incorporation! Expressed1in1S21Art21“The1Phils.1Renounces1war1as1an1 instrument1of1national1policy,1adopts1the1generally1 accepted1principles1of1international1law1as1part1of1the1 law1of1the1land1&1adheres1to1thepolicy1of1peace…”1 ! Conflict!between!International!Law!&!Municipal!Law! 1 On!the!domestic!sphere,!w/a!local!court!deciding! a) if1conflict1is1w/Consti:1 uphold1Consti1 b) if1conflict1is1w/statute:1 doctrine)of)incorporation)decrees1that1rules1of1 int’l1law1are1given1equal1standing1w/,1but1not1 superior1to1national1legislative1enactments.1

Doctrine!of!transformation! Requires1the1enactment1by1the1legislative1body1of1 such1int’l1law1principles1as1are1sought1to1be1part1of1 municipal1law1

International!sphere,!w/an!int’l!tribunal!deciding! International1law1is1superior1to1municipal1law,1 because1int’l1law1provides1the1standard1by1w/c1to1 determine1the1legality1of1a1State’s1conduct.1

in1time,1will1usually1be1upheld1by1the1 municipal1tribunal11 ! 1

F. Sources!of!Int’l!Law! !

Domestic!sphere! International!Plane! Constitution,1legislative1enactments,1&1case1law1(stare1 It’s1complicated1(hiyess!)1because1there1is1no1body1 decisis).1 likened1to1a1nat’l1legislature,1no1fundamental1law,1&1 the1doctrine1of1precedents1is1not1applicable.1 1 1 However,1most1authoritative1enumeration1is1found1in1Art.138,1Statute1of1the1Int’l1Court1of1Justice1w/c1 provides1that1the1Court,1whose1function1is1to1decide1in1accordance1w/1Int’l1Law1such1disputes1as1are1submitted1 to1it,1shall1apply:1 1 PRIMARY!SOURCES! 1. International1Treaties1&1conventions1 1 The1Rome1Statute1 D Signed1July117,119981 D Effective1July11,120021 D Based1on1the11principle1of1complementarity1 D Made1Philippines1part1of1the1International1Criminal1Court.1It1is1a1modern1initiative1and1rather1 ambitious1because1an1individual1can1be1tried1therein1and1he1cannot1invoke1immunity.1 D No1Retroactivity1 D Gives1primacy1to1local1courts1 D No1Death1Penalty1 1 2. International1Customs1 1 D Prevailing1practice1 D Repeated1over1considerable1period1of1time1 D Opinio1Juris1 1 3. General1Principles1of1law1 1 D Natural1Law1 D Observed1and1Organized1 1 • To1these1may1be1added1the1principle1of1ex)aequo)et)bono)(what1is1good1&1just),1provided1that1the1 parties1to1the1dispute1agree1thereto,1as1provided1in1Art.)38)(1))Statute)of)the)International)Court)of) Justice)

) ) ) ) Interpretation)of)Art.)38)D)Although1the1provision1is1silent1on1the1question1of1whether1the131primary1sources1 have1the1same1hierarchic1value,1by1practice,1treaties1take1precedence1over1customs,1&1customs1over1general1 principles1of1law,1except:1 ) ! The!principle!of!jus!cogens!–!1customary1int’l1law1w/c1w/c1has1a1status1of1peremptory1(absolute,1

! Peremptory!normD1accepted1&1recognized1by1int’l1community1of1states1as1a1rule1from1w/c1no1 derogation1is1permitted,1&1w/c1can1be1modified1only1by1a1subsequent1norm1having1the1same1character.1 1 1 Ex.1slave1trade,1piracy1&1terrorism1 11 SECONDARY!SOURCES! 1. Judicial1decisions1–1ICJ.1Whether1the1norm1has1been1accepted1as1a1rule1of1international1law.1 1 2. Writings1of1publicists1–1Fair1and1unbiased1representation1of1international1law1by1acknowledged1 authorities1in1the1field.1

Subjects'of'International'Law'

! A. Distinction!between!subject!&!object!of!international!law! ! Subject! Objects! An1entity1that1has1rights1&1responsibilities1under1int’l1 A1person1or1thing1in1respect1of1w/c1rights1are1held1&1 law;1 obligations1assumed1by1the1subject;1 Can1 be1 a1 proper1 party1 in1 transactions1 involving1 the1 Not1directly1governed1by1the1rules1of1int’l1law;1 application1of1the1law1of1nations1among1members1of1 It’s1rights1are1received,1&1its1responsibilities1imposed,1 the1int’l1community.1 indirectly1 through1 the1 instrumentality1 of1 an1 int’l! Includes:1 agency.! States,1 colonies,1 &1 dependencies,1 mandates1 &1 trust1 territories,1 the1 Holy1 See1 (Vatican1 City),1 the1 UN,1 belligerent1 communities,1 international1 administrative1 bodies,1&1to1a1certain1extent,1individuals.1 ! B. States! ! 1 Group1of1people1living1together1in1a1fixed1territory,1organized1for1political1ends1under1an1independent1 government,1&1capable1of1entering1into1int’l1relations1w/1other1states.! 1 ELEMENTS) ) a. PeopleD1both1sexes,1sufficient1in1number1to1maintain1&1perpetuate1themselves1 b. TerritoryD1fixed1portion1on1the1earth’s1surface11 c. GovtD1organized,1w/1ctrl1over1&1capable1of1maintaining1law1&1order1w/in1the1country1 d. Sovereignty/1independenceD1freedom1from1outside1ctrl1in1the1conduct1of1its1foreign1(&internal1affairs)1 1 Other1suggested1elements1of1a1state:1 1 a. civilization1 b. recognitionD1 wherein1 state1 acknowledges1 the1 existence1 of1 another1 state,1 gov’t,1 or1 belligerent1 community1&1indicates1its1willingness1to1deal1w/1the1entity1as1such1under1int’l1law.1 1 1 THEORIES1ON1RECOGNITION:1 A. Constitutive1(majority1view)1 D Recognition1is1the1act1w/c1constitutes1the1entity1into1an1int’l1person.11

1

1 1 Recognition1 merely1 affirms1 an1 existing1 fact,1 like1 the1 possession1 by1 the1 state1 of1 essential1 elements.1 1 It’s1discretionary1&1political1 1 1 BASIC1RULES1ON1RECOGNITION1 A. B. C. D.

It’s1a1political1act1 Discretionary1on1the1part1of1recognizing1authority1 Exercised1by1political1(executive)1department1of1state1 Legality1&1wisdomD1not1subject1to1judicial1review1

1 REQUIREMENTS1FOR1RECOGNITION1OF1GOV’T1 1. 2. 3. 4.

Gov’t)is)stable)&)effective,) )w/no)substantial)resistance)to)its)authority) Gov’t)must)show)willingness)&)ability)to)discharge)int’l)oblig.) Gov’t)must)enjoy)popular)consent)or)approval)of)the)people)) ) Tobar/'Wilson'Doctrine' Stimson'Doctrine' Precludes1 recognition1 of1 any1 gov’t1 No1 recognition1 of1 a1 gov’t1 established1 by1 revolutionary1 established1 through1 external1 means1 until1 constitutional1 aggression1 reorganization1 by1 free1 election1 of1 representatives1

Estrada'Doctrine' Since1 recognition1 has1 been1 construed1 as1 approval1 (&1 nonD recognition,1 disapproval)1 of1 gov’t1 established1 through1 judicial1 upheaval,1 a1 state1 may1 not1 issue1 a1 declaration1 giving1 recognition1 to1 such1 gov’t,1 but1 merely1 accept1 whatever1 gov’t1 is1 in1 effective1 control1 w/o1 raising1 the1 issue1 of1 recognition.11 Dealing1 or1 not1 dealing1 w/the1 gov’t1 is1 not1 a1 judgment1 of1 legitimacy1 of1 the1said1gov’t1

) 1 KINDS!OF!RECOGNITION! De)facto) 1 1 DExtended1by1the1recognizing1state1w/c1believes1that1some1of1requirements1for1recognition1are1absent.1 1 DRecognition1is1generally1provisional1and1limited1to1certain1juridical1relations.1 1 DDoes1 not1 bring1 about1 full1 diplomatic1 intercourse1 &1 does1 not1 give1 title1 to1 assets1 of1 the1 state1 held/1 situated1abroad1 1 De)Jure) ) DExtended1to1gov’t1fulfilling1requirements1for1recognition1 1 Dwhen1there’s1no1specific1indication,1recognition1is1generally1considered1de1jure1 1 Drelatively1permanent1 1 Dbrings1about1full1diplomatic1intercourse1&1observance1of1diplomatic1immunities,1&11 1 Dconfers1title1to1assets1abroad1 ))

1 Dright1to1sue1in1courts1of1recognizing1state1 1 Dimmunity1from1jurisdiction1 1 Dentitlement1to1property1w/in1the1recognizing1state11 1 Dretroactive1 validation1 of1 the1 acts1 of1 the1 recognized1 state/govt,1 such1 as1 acts1 of1 state1 and1 thus,1 sovereign1immunity1covers1past,1present1&1future1acts1 1 RECOGNITION1OF1BELLIGERENCY;1CONDITIONS1 1. 2. 3. 4.

Organized1civil1gov’t1having1ctrl1&1supervision1over1the1armed1struggle1 Serious1&1widespread1struggle1w/uncertain1outcome1 Occupation1of1substantial1portion1of1the1nat’l1territory1 Willingness1of1rebels1to1observe1to1observe1rules1of1war1

1 EFFECTS1OF1RECOGNITION1OF1BELLIGERENCY1

) Responsibility1for1acts1of1rebels1resulting1in1injury1to1nationals1of1the1recognizing1state1shall1be1shifted1 to1the1rebel1gov’t;1 1 Legitimate1gov’t1recognizing1the1rebels1shall1observe1the1laws1of1war1in1conducting1hostilities1 1 Third1states1recognizing1the1belligerency1shall1maintain1neutrality,1and1 1 Recognition1 is1 only1 provisional1 (for1 the1 duration1 of1 the1 armed1 struggle)1 &1 only1 for1 the1 purpose1 of1 hostilities1 1 CREATION1OF1STATES1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Revolution1 Unification1 1 Secession1 1 Assertion1of1independence1 Agreement1 Attainment1of1civilization1

) PRINCIPLE1OF1STATE1CONTINUITY1

1 StateD1 continues1 as1 a1 juristic1 being1 notwithstanding1 changes1 in1 its1 circumstances,1 provided1 only1 that1 such1changes1do1not1result1in1loss1of1any1of1its1essential1elements1 1 1 Succession1of1States1 Succession1of1Governments1 1 1 1 Consequences1 D1 Political1 laws1 are1 D1 Rights1 of1 predecessor1 abrogated1 while1 municipal1 government1 are1 inherited1 by1 laws1remain1in1force1 successor1 D1Treaties1are1discontinued,1 D1 Where1 the1 new1 government1 except1 those1 dealing1 with1 was1 organized1 by1 virtue1 of1 local1rights1and1duties1such1 constitutional1reform1ratified1in1a1 as1 those1 establishing1 plebiscite,1 all1 obligations1 of1 the1 easements1and1servitudes1 predecessor1 are1 likewise1 D1 All1 rights1 of1 predecessor1 assumed,1 however,1 where1 the1 state1 are1 inherited1 but1 new1 government1 established1 successor1 state1 can1 through1 violence,1 the1 new1 assume1 and1 reject1 government1 may1 lawfully1 reject1 liabilities1at1its1discretion1 purely1 personal1 or1 political1 obligations1 of1 the1 predecessor,1

) CLASSES1OF1STATES1

1 1

A. INDEPENDENT! 1 Has1freedom1to1direct1&1ctrl1foreign1relations1w/o1restraint1from1other1states.1May1be:1

Single1 Composite1 Single1central1gov’t,1w/power1over1internal1&1external1 2/1 more1 sovereign1 states1 joined1 together1 to1 affairs1 constitute111international1person,1w/c1may1be:1 Real1union1 Federal1union1 2/more1states1sre1 Combination1of12/more1 merged1under1a1unified1 states1w/c1uponmerger,1 authority1so1that1they1 cease1to1be1states,1 form1a1single1 resulting1in1the1creation1 international1person1 of1a1new1state1w/full1 through1w/c1they1act1as1 int’l1personality1to1 11entity.1 represent1them1in1their1 The1sy=tates1retain1their1 external1relations1as1 separate1identities,1but1 well1as1a1certain1degree1 their1respective1 of1power1over1their1 international1 domestic1affairs1&1their1 personalities1are1 inhabitants.1 extinguished1&1blended1 Authority1over1 in1the1new1int’l1person,1 international1affairs:1 e.g.,1the1former1United1 divided1between1federal1 Arab1Republic,1w/Egypt1 authorities11&1the1 &1Syria.1 memberDstates;1 Authority1over1external1 affairs:1handled1solely1 by1federal1authorities1 1 ! B. DEPENDENT! 1 1 An1entity1w/c1although1theoretically1a1state,1does1not1have1full1freedom1in1the1direction1of1its1external1 affairs,1 such1 as1 a1 protectorate1 (w/c1 is1 established1 at1 request1 of1 weaker1 state1 for1 the1 protection1 by1 a1 strong1 power)1or1a1suzerainty(result1of1a1concession1from1a1state1to1a1former1colony1that’s1allowed1to1be1independent1 subject1to1the1retention1by1the1former1sovereign1of1certain1powers1over1the1external1affairs1of1the1latter.1E.g.,1 Bulgaria1&1Rumania,1both1suzerainties1of1the1Sultan1of1Turkey1by1virtue1of1Treaty1of1Verlin)1 ! C. NEUTRALIZED! 1 1 Independence1&1integrity1are1guaranteed1by1an1int’l1treaty1on1the1condition1that1such1state1obligates1 itself1 never1 to1 take1 up1 arms1 against1 another1 (except1 selfDdefense),1 or1 to1 enter1 into1 an1 int’l1 obli.1 as1 would1 indirectly1involved1it1in1war,1e.g.,1Switzerland,1Austria1 1 ! ! ! 1

1 Holy1SeeD1has1all1constituent1elements1of1statehood1(people:1less1than110001individuals;1territory:1108.71 acres;1gov’t1w/the1Pope1as1head;1&1independence1by1virtue1of1Lateran1Treaty1of119291w/c1constituted1Vatican1 as1a1territory1under1sovereignty1of1Holy1See)1 1 It1has1all1the1rights1of1the1state,1including1diplomatic1intercourse,1immunity1from1foreign1jurisdiction,1 etc1 1 D. Colonies!&!Dependencies! ! COLONY1 DEPENDENCY1 Dependent1 political1 community1 consisting1 of1 a1 Territory1 distinct1 from1 the1 country1 in1 w/c1 supreme1 number1 of1 citizens1 of1 the1 same1 country1 who1 have1 sovereign1 power1 resides,1 but1 belongs1 rightfully1 to1 it,1 migrated1 therefrom1 to1 inhabit1 another1 country1 but1 &subject1 to1 laws1 &1 regulations1 w/c1 sovereign1 may1 remain1subj1of1mother1state1 prescribe.11 1 E. Territories!under!Int’l!court!/!supervision! ! ! 1 NonDselfDgoverning1 territories1 placed1 under1 int’l1 supervision/ctrl1 to1 insure1 their1 political,1 eco,1 soc1 &1 educ1advancement.1 1 1 Ex.1 mandates1 w/c1 are1 former1 territorial1 possessions1 of1 the1 states1 defeated1 in1 World1 War1 I1 &1 placed1 under1 the1 control1 of1 League1 of1 Nations.1 Many1 of1 these1 mandates)became1 trust1 territories1 placed1 under1 the1 trusteeship1council1of1the1UN1 1 F. The!United!Nations! 1 1. Historical1development.1 2. UN1charter1 1 1 1 D1Closest1to1Consti.1Governs1relations1of1int’l1persons.1 1 DTechnically1 a1 treaty,1 a1 contract1 under1 doctrine1 of1 pacta) sunct) servanda) although1 it1 actually1 applies1 even1to1nonDmember1states,1at1least1in1so1far1as1“may1be1necessary1for1maintenance1of1international1peace1&1 security”1 1 1 Amendment:11 1 a. 2/31vote1of1GA1mem1&1ratified1by12/31of1UN1members.1 b. General1conference1called1by1majority1vote1of1GA1&1any191members1of1Security1Council1(SC),1may1 propose1amendments1by1a12/31vote1of1the1conference1&1shall1take1effect1when1ratified1by12/31of1 UN1mem1 1 1 Purpose:1 Prevention1 of1 war,1 maintenance1 of1 int’l1 peace1 &1 security,1 dev’t1 of1 friendly1 relations1 among1 the1members1of1int’l1community,1int’l1cooperation,1harmony1of1actions1of1nation1 1 3. Membership:11 1 1 Classes1 Original1or1Elective1 Qualification1 Member1must1be1a1state,1peace1loving,1accept1the1obligation1under1the1charter1and1 be1able1and1willing1to1carry1out1these1obligations1 Admission1 Decision1of12/31of1those1present1and1voting1in1the1GA1upon1recommendation1of1at1 least191members1of1the1Security1Council1 Suspension1 Same1 vote1 as1 admission.1 Suspended1 member1 cannot1 participate1 in1 GA1 meetings.1 Can’t1be1elected1to1or1continue1to1serve1in1the1Security1council,1Economic1and1social1

Expulsion1 Withdrawal1 1

1 1

1 1 .1

1

2/31 vote1 of1 those1 present1 and1 voting1 in1 GA1 upon1 recommendation1 of1 qualified1 majority1of1SC1on1grounds1of1persistently1violating1principles1in1the1charter1 No1provision1on1withdrawal,1although1there1is1actually1no1compulsion1for1continued1 membership1 if1 the1 member1 feels1 constrained1 to1 withdraw1 due1 to1 exceptional1 circumstances1

4. Organs:1 1 A. General!AssemblyD1consists1of1all1members1of1organization,1each1of1w/c1is1entitled1to1send1not1more1 than151representatives1&151alternates.1Each1member1only1has111vote.11 Functions:1 1. Deliberative1 2. Supervisory1 3. Financial1 4. Elective1 5. Constituent1 ! B. Security!Council1D1key1organ1in1maintenance1of1int’l1peace1&1security.1 Functions:1 1. Maintain1in’t1peace1&1security1 2. Investigate1disputes1&1call1disputants1to1settle1their1differences1through1peaceful1means1 3. Recommend1methods1of1adjustment1of1disputes1 4. Determine1existence1of1threats1to1peace,1breach1of1peace,1acts1of1aggression,1&1make1appropriate1 recommendations1 5. Undertake1preventive1&1enforcement1actions11

Preventive!action! Enforcement!action! Provisional1measures1to1prevent1a1conflict1from1worsening1 Deployment1of1air,1sea,1and1land1forces,1or1in1the1 Institution1of1a1blockade.1 11 11111Domestic1jurisdiction1clause1D1SC1may1take1necessary1steps1for1settlement1of1disputes1including1preventive1 or1enforcement1action.1The1only1limitation1is1that1the1dispute11 must1be1international,1not1domestic1in1 character.1 !

C. Economic!&!Social!Council! ! ! ! Composed1of1541members1elected1by1GA1for1a13yr1term.1 1 1 1 Shall1exert1efforts1towards1higher1standards1of1living,1conditions1of1economic1&1social1progress1&1dev’t,1 solutions1of1int’l1economic,1soc,11 health1&1related1problems1 1 D. Trusteeship!Council! 1 1 1 1 Duty1of1assisting1SC1&1GA1in1administration1of1Int’l1Trusteeship1system.1 1 E. Secretariat! ! !

1

F. Int’l!Court!of!Justice! ! 1 1Principal1judicial1organ1of1UN.1Composed1of1151mem,19yr1term,1must1be1of1high1moral1char1&1possess1 qualify1required1in1their1respective11 countries1for1appointment1to1their1highest1judicial1offices1 1 1 1 Jurisdiction1 of1 the1 Court1 is1 based1 on1 the1 consent1 of1 the1 parties1 in1 accdce1 w/the1 optional1 jurisdiction1 clause,1&1the1court1may1decide1on1interpretation1of1treaties,1any1question1of1int’l1law,1the1existence1of1facts1 constituting1breach1of1int’l1oblig1 1 1 G. Belligerent!Communities! 1 H. International!Administrative!Bodies! ' ' ' Certain1admin1bodies1created1by1agreement1among1states,1may1be1vested1w/1int’l1personality1provided1 they1are1nonDpolitical1&1are1autonomous1&1not1subj1to1ctrl1by1any1state1 1 >Unlike1States1w/c1possess1gen1competence,1int’l1org1are1governed1by1the1principle)of)specialty,)that1is,1 they1are1invested1by1the1Stated11 w/c1create1them1w/powers,1the1limits1of1w/c1are1a1function1of1common1 interest1whose1promotion1those1states1entrust1to1them.1 1 I. Individuals! ! D Objects,1not1subjects1of1int’l1law1 D Granted1a1certain1degree1of1int’l1personality1under1a1number1of1int’l1agreements1like:1 D UN1 Charter1 provisions,1 Universal1 Declaration1 of1 Human1 Rights1 provision1 on1 “inherent1 dignity1 &1 equal1&1inalienable1rights1of1all1members1of1human1family,1some1treaties1like1Treaty1of1Versailles,1 w/c1confer1on1individual1the1right1to1bring1suit1against1States1before1National1or1int’l1tribunals1 ! !

Fundamental'Rights'of'State' !

A. Existence!&!Self=!preservation! ! 1 The1 most1 basic1 &1 impt1 right.1 UN1 Charter:1 rt1 of1 state1 to1 individual1 &1 collective1 SD1 if1 an1 armed1 attack1 occurs1 against1 such1 state,1 until1 the1 SC1 has1 taken1 measures1 to1 maintain1 int’l1 peace1 &1 security.1 Needs:1 clear1 showing1of1grave1&1actual1danger1and1must1be1limited1by1necessity1 1 ) Aggression:) use1 of1 armed1 force1 by1 a1 state1 agaist1 sovereignty,1 territorial1 integrity,1 or1 political1 independence1 of1 another1 state1 inconsistent1 w/1 UN1 charter.1 The1 1st1 use1 of1 armed1 force1 by1 a1 state1 in1 contravention1of1UN1charter1is1prima1facie1evidence1of1an1act1of1aggression.1 1 B. Right!to!sovereignty!&!independence! ! Sovereignty! Independence! Totality1of1powers,1legal1competence1&1privileges1of1a1 Freedom1to1conduct1foregn1relations1w/o1outside1ctrl.1 state1 arising1 from1 customary1 int’l1 law,1 &1 not1 Rt1to1independenceD1natural1aspiration1of1people1but1 dependent1on1the1consent1of1another1state1 not1an1absolute1freedom! ! ! !Intervention=!state1interferes1in1the1domestic1or1foreign1affairs1of1another1state1through1use1of1force/1

! 1 What1 is1 really1 guaranteed1 is1 legal1 or1 sovereign1 equality.1 “equal1 in1 law,1 rights1 of1 sovereignty,1 personality,1territorial1integrity1&1political1independence1respected1by1others”.1 1 Act)of)State)Doctrine) ) 1 Every1 sovereign1 state1 is1 bound1 to1 respect1 the1 independence1 of1 every1 other1 state,1 &1 the1 courts1 of1 11 country1 will1 not1 sit1 in1 judgment1 on1 the1 acts1 of1 the1 gov’t1 of1 another,1 done1 w/in1 its1 territory.1 Redress1 of1 grievances1 by1 reason1 of1 such1 acts1 must1 be1 obtained1 through1 the1 means1 open1 to1 be1 availed1 of1 by1 sovereign1 powers1as1between1themselves1 1 Doctrine)of)State)Immunity) 1 As1a1consequence1of1independence,1territorial1supremacy1&1equality,1a1state1enjoys1immunity1from1the1 exercise1of1jurisdiction1(legislative,1executive1or1judicial)1by1another1state,1unless1it1has1given1consent,1waived1 its1 immunity,1 or1 voluntarily1 submitted1 to1 the1 jurisdication1 of1 the1 court1 concerned.1 Neither1 may1 its1 public1 property1be1attached11or1taxed,1nor1its1public1vessels1be1boarded,1arrested1or1sued.1 1 Based1on1the1principle1of1par)in)parem)non)habet)imperium.) ) ) Restrictive)application)of)the)doctrine) ) This1immunity1however1is1recognized1only1w/respect1to1sovereign1or1public1acts1of1the1state,1&1cannot1 be1invoked1w/1respect1to1private1or1proprietary1acts.1 1 Immunity) extends) to) diplomatic) personnel) to) the) UN,) its) organs,) &) specialized) agencies,) &) to) int’l) organizations.) ) Waiver)of)immunity) 1. When1state1gives1consent1at1the1time1the1proceeding1is1instituted1 2. When1it1takes1steps1relating1to1the1merits1of1the1case1before1invoking1immunity11 3. When,1by1treaty1or1contract,1it1had1previously1given1consent1 4. When1 by1 law1 or1 regulation1 in1 force1 at1 the1 time1 the1 complaint1 arose,1 it1 has1 indicated1 that1 it1 will1 consent1to1the1institution1of1the1proceedings111 1 !

Right'To'Territorial'Integrity'&'Jurisdiction'

A. Territory! ! 1 Fixed1 portion1 on1 earth’s1 surface1 on1 w/c1 the1 State1 settles1 &1 over1 w/c1 it1 has1 supreme1 authority.1 The1 components1of1the1territory1of1the1State1are1the1terrestrial,1fluvial,1maritime1and1aerial1domains.1 ! B. Land!Territory! Modes!of!acquisition! 1 Discovery1&1 Prescription1 Cession1 conquest1 accretion1 occupation1 Territory1 not1 Acquired1 through1 May1 be1 voluntary1 No1 longer1 Increase1 in1 land1 belonging1 to1 any1 continuous1 &1 through1 a1 treaty1 of1 recognized1 mode,1 area1 of1 State1 either1 State1 or1 terria) uninterrupted1 sale,1e.g.,1the1sale1of1 as1 UN1 charter1 through1 natural1 nullius) is1 placed1 possession1 over1 a1 Alaska1 by1 Russia1 to1 prohibits1 use1 of1 means1 or1 artificially1 under1 sovereignty1 long1period1of1time,1 the1US,1or1through1a1 force1 or1 threat1 through1 human1 of1 the1 claiming1 just1 like1 in1 civil1 law.1 treaty1of1donation.1 against1 territorial1 labor1

right;1 Must1 be1 followed1 w/in1 a1 reasonable1 time1 by1 effective1 occupation1 &1 administration.1

to1 the1 length1 of1 time1needed.1 Grotius) doctrine) of) immemorial) prescription) –) speaks1 of1 uninterrupted1 possession1 going1 beyond1memory.1

[Stimson1Doctrine]1

1 ! C. Maritime!Territory!1 1 1.1Internal1(national)1waters1 1 1 D1Bodies1of1water1w/in1the1land1mass1such1as1rivers,1lakes1canals,1gulfs,1bays1&1straits1 1 1 D1RiversD1may1be1nat’l,1boundary,1or1international1 1 Thalweg1 doctrineD1 for1 boundary1 rivers,1 in1 the1 absence1 of1 an1 agreement1 between1 the1 riparian1 States,1 the1boundary1line1is1laid1on1the1middle1of1the1main1navigable1channel1 11 1Middle1of1the1bridge1doctrineD1if1there’s1a1bridge1over1a1boundary1river,1boundary1line1is1the1middle1or1 center1of1the1bridge1 1 2. Archipelagic1waters1 1 1 1 Vessels1may1be1allowed1innocent)passage)w/in1archipelagic1waters,1but1this1rt1may1be1suspended1after1 publication,1 in1 the1 interest1 of1 int’l1 security.1 The1 coastal1 state1 may1 also1 designate1 archipelagic) sea) lanes) for1 continuous,1unobstructed1transit1of1vessels.1 1 3. Territorial1Sea1 1 1 Belt1 of1 sea1 between1 coast1 &1 internal1 waters1 of1 coastal1 state1 on1 one1 hand1 &1 high1 seas1 on1 the1 other,1 extending1up1to1121nautical1miles1from1low1watermark1or1in1the1case1of1archipelagic1states,1from1baselines) 1 4. Contiguous1Zone1 1 1 Extends1up1to1121nautical1miles1from1territorial1sea.1Technically1not1part1of1territory1of1state.1Coastal1 state1 may1 exercise1 limited1 jurisdiction1 over1 contiguous1 zone,1 to1 prevent1 infringement1 of1 customs,1 fiscal,1 immigration1or1sanitary1laws.1 1 5. Exclusive1Economic1Zone1 1 1 Extends1up1to12001nautical1miles1from1low1watermark1or1baselines,1as1the1case1may1be.1 1 6. Continental1Shelf1 1 1 SeaDbed1 &1 subsoil1 of1 submarine1 areas1 that1 extend1 beyond1 its1 territorial1 sea1 throughout1 the1 natural1 prolongation1of1its1land1territory1to1the1outer1edge1of1the1continental1margin1does1not1extend1to1that1distance.1 The1coastal1state1also1enjoys1the1right1of1exploitation1of1oil1deposits1&1other1resources1in1the1continental1shelf.1 1 7. High1seas1 1 1 Treated1as1res)communes)or)res)nullius1&1thus,1are1not1territory1of1any1particular1State.11

1 1 1 Freedom1of1navigation1refers1to1the1right1to1sail1ships1on1the1high1seas,1subject1only1to1int’l1law1&1laws1 of1the1flag)state.1 ) Settlement)of)disputes)arising)from)the)UN)convention)on)the)Law)of)the)Sea) 1 “Failing1 a1 bilateral1 settlement,1 Art.1 2861 provides1 that1 any1 dispute1 shall1 be1 submitted1 for1 compulsory1 settlement1to111of1the1tribunals1having1jurisdiction.”)) ) D. Air!Territory! ! 1 Air1space1above1the1land1&1waters1of1the1state1 1 1 In1the1International)Convention)on)Civil)Aviation)(Chicago)convention)) ) 1 The1 contracting1 parties1 recognize1 that1 every1 State1 has1 complete1 &1 exclusive1 sovereignty1 over1 the1 airspace1 above1 its1 territory”1 but1 does1 NOT1 include1 outer1 space1 as1 it1 is1 considered1 as1 res) communes.) Other1 States1have1no1rt1of1innocent1passage1over1the1air1territory1of1another1State.1 1 1 5)Freedoms)(of)air)transportation)for)scheduled)International)services) 1. To1fly1across1the1territory1w/o1landing) 2. Land1for1nonDtraffic1purposes) 3. Land1to1put1down1passenger,1mail,1mail,1cargo1of1flag1territory) 4. Land1to1take1passenger,1mail,1mail,1cargo1of1flag1territory) 5. To1put1down1passenger,1mail,1&1cargo1from1these1territories) 1 Outer)space) 1 Rules1 governing1 high1 seas1 apply1 also1 to1 outer1 space,1 w/c1 is1 considered1 as1 res) communes.1 Under1 customary1int;l1law,1States1have1right1to1launch1satellites1in1orbit1over1the1territorial1air1space1of1other1states.1 Pursuant1to1Outer1Space1Treaty1of11967,1“outer1space1is1free1for1exploration1&1use1by1all1states;1it1cannot1be1 annexed1by1any1State;1&1may1be1used1exclusively1for1peaceful1purposes”1 1 1 Theories)of)where)outer)space)begins) ) Dlowest1 altitude1 for1 artificial1 earth1 satellites1 to1 orbit1 w/o1 being1 destroyed1 by1 friction1 (90kms1 above1 earth)1 1 Dtheoretical1limits1of1air1flights1(84kms)1 1 Dfunctional1approach,1i.e..1that1the1rules1shall1not1depend1on1the1boundaries1set1but1on1the1nature1of1 the1activity1undertaken1 E.!Jurisdiction! 1 1 1 Power/authority1exercised1by1State1over1land,1persons,1prop,1transactions1&1events.1 1 Bases1of1Jurisdiction1 ) Territorial'principle' Nationality' Protective'principle' Universality' Passive'personality' principle' State1 may1 exercise1 StateD1 w/juris1 over1 StateD1 w/juris1 over1 StateD1w/jurisdiction1 StateD1 jurisdiction1 juris1 only1 w/in1 its1 its1 nationals1 acts1 committed1 over1 offenses1 over1 crimes1 against1 territory.1 anywhere1 in1 the1 abroad1 (by1 considered1 as1 its1 own1 nationals1 Exceptionally,1 it1 world,1based1on1the1 nationals1 or1 universal1 crimes1 even1 if1 committed1 may1 have1 juris1 over1 theory1 that1 a1 foreigners)1 w/c1 are1 regardless1 of1 where1 outside1its1territory.1 persons1&1acts1done1 national1 is1 entitled1 prejudicial1 to1 its1 committed1 &1 who1 May1 be1 resorted1 to1

invokes.1 Applies1 to1 civil1 community1 as1 a1 No1 territorial1 limit1 matters.1 (art151 whole1 &1 are1 over1 civil1 matters,1 NCC)1 not1 to1 crim1 considered1 crim1 but1 the1 state,1 as1 a1 offenses1 offenses1 in1 all1 GR,1 has1 criminal1 countries,1 juris1 only1 over1 e.g.1 piracy,1 jure1 offenses1 committed1 gentium,1 genocide,1 w/in1 its1 territory1 white1 slave1 trade,1 except1over1 hiDjacking,1 a.1 Continuing1 terrorism,1 war1 offenses1 crimes.1 b.1acts1prejudicial1to1 the1 national1 security1of1state1 c.1universal1crimes1 d.1 offenses1 covered1 by1 special1 agreement1 (although1 this1 is1 now1obsolete)1 ) Exceptions)from)jurisdiction:) a. doctrine1of1state1immunity1 b. acts1of1state1doctrine1 c. diplomatic1immunity1 d. immunity1of1the1UN,1its1organs,1specialized1agencies,1other1int’l1org1&1its1officers1 e. foreign1merchant1vessels1exercising1the1rt1of1innocent1passage*1or1arrival1under1stress**1 • navigation1through1the1territorial1sea1of1the1state1for1purpose1of1traversing1that1sea1w/o1entering1 internal1 waters,1 or1 of1 proceeding1 to1 internal1 waters,1 or1 making1 for1 the1 high1 seas1 from1 internal1 waters,1as1long1as1it1is1not1prejudicial1to1the1peace,1good1order1or1security1of1the1coastal1state.1 • involuntary1 entrance,1 may1 be1 due1 to1 lack1 of1 provisions,1 unseaworthiness1 of1 vessel,1 inclement1 weather1or1other1force1majeure1such1as1pirate1pursuit1 1 f. foreign1armies1passing1through1or1stationed1in1the1territory1w/1permission1from1state1 g. warships1&1other1public1vessels1of1another1state1operated1for1nonDcommercial1purposes.1 1 1 They1are1generally1immune1from1local1jurisdiction1under1the1fiction1that1they1are1floating1territory1of1 the1flag1state.1Their1crew1mem1are1immune1from1jurisdiction1when1onshore1duty1but1this1immunity1will1not1 apply1if1the1crew1members1violate1local1laws1while1on1furlough1or1offDduty1 1 Jurisdiction)over)maritime)territory) 1 a. over1internal1waters1 1 1 Same1juris1as1over1the1land1area,1since1internal1waters1are1deemed1assimilated1in1land1mass.1In1case1of1 foreign1merchant1vessels1docked1in1a1local1port1or1bay,1the1coastal1State1exercises1jurisdiction1in1civil1matters,1 but1crim1juris1is1determined1accdg1to1the:1 1 1 I.1English1Rule1 1 Coastal1state1shall1have1jurisdiction1over1all1offenses1committed1on1board1vessel,1except1those1w/c1do1 not1compromise1the1peace1of1the11 port111

1 Flag1state1w/juris1over1all1offenses1committed1on1board1the1vessel,1except1those1which1compromise1the1 peace1of1the1port1 1 b. over1archipelagic1waters1 1 1 Same1rule1as1in1internal1waters,1save1for1innocent1passage1of1merchant1vessels1through1archipelagic1sea1 lanes1 1 1 c. over1territorial1sea1 1 1 Crim1juris1over1foreign1merchant1vessels1shall1be1determined1by1application1of1either1the1English1rule1or1 French1rule.1 Innocent1 passage1 &1 involuntary1 entrance1 are1 recognized1 exceptions,1 provided1 that1 in1 case1 of1 involuntary1 entrance,1the1distress1on1the1vessels1must1be1real.11 1 d. over1contiguous1zone1 1 1 Coastal1State1may1exercise1ctrl1necessary1to1prevent1infringement1of1its1customs,1fiscal,1immigration1&1 sanitary1regulations,1&1punish1the1said1infringement1 1 e. over1exclusive1economic1zone1 1 1 Coastal1State1has1sovereign1rts1over1EEZ1for1exploring1&1exploiting,1conserving1&1managing1the1natural1 resources,1whether1living1or1nonDliving,1of1the1seabed,1subsoil,1&1superjacent1waters,1as1well1as1production1of1 energy1 from1 water,1 current1 &1 wind.1 Other1 States1 shall1 have1 freedom1 of1 navigation1 &1 overDflight,1 to1 lay1 submarine1cables1&1pipes,1etc.111 1 f. over1continental1shelf1 1 1 State1enjoys1right1of1exploitation1of1oil1deposits1&1other1resources1in1such1 1 g. over1high1seas1 1 1 Juris1may1be1exercised1by1the1State1on1the1high1seas1over1the1ff:1 1 1.1Its1vessels1 1 2.1pirates1 1 3.1those1engaged1in1illicit1traffic1 1 4.1in1the1exercise1of1the1rt1to1visit1&1search1 1 5.1hot1pursuit1doctrine1 ) Jurisdiction)over)other)territories)(extraDterritorial)jurisdiction)) 1 A1state1may,1by1virtue1of1customary1or1conventional1law,1extend1its1jurisdiction1to1territory1not1w/in1its1 sovereignty1in1the1ff1cases:1 1 a.1assertion1of1personal1juris1 1 b.1through1relations1w/other1states1 1 c.1consequence1of1waiver1of1jurisdiction1 1 d.1through1principle1of1exterritoriality1 1 e.1through1enjoyment1of1easements1&1servitudes1 1 Rome'Statute'of'the'Int’l'Crim'Court'(ICC)' '

1 DAs1of11D4D00,11241countries1signed1the1statute1although1only1251have1ratified1the1same.1 1 DJurisdiction1of1the1court:1limited1to1most1serious1crimes1of1concern1to1the1international1community1as1 a1whole.1 1 1 1 :1genocide,1crimes1angst1humanity,1war1crimes,1crimes1of1aggression1 1 1 1

Right'of'Legation'

! A.!Right!of!legation! ! 1 A.k.a.1 “right1 of1 diplomatic1 intercourse”.1 This1 refers1 to1 the1 right1 of1 State1 to1 send1 &1 rcv1 diplomatic1 missions,1w/c1enables1the1States1to1carry1on1friendly1intercourse.1It1is1not1a1natural1or1inherent1right,1but1exists1 only1by1common1consent.1No1legal1liability1is1incurred1by1the1state1for1refusing1to1send1or1recv1diplomatic1rep.1 Governed1by1Vienna)Convention)on)Diplomatic)Relations) 1 1 Agents)of)diplomatic)intercourse) a. Head1of1state) b. Foreign1office) 1 1 Establishment)of)Resident)Missions) States1 carry1 on1 diplomatic1 intercourse1 through1 permanent1 missions1 established1 in1 capitals1 of1 other1 states.1 Mission1is1composed1of:1 a. Head1of1mission1 Dambassadors/1nuncios,1envoys/ministers/internuncios,1charges1d’affaires1 b. Diplomatic1staff1 c. Administrative1&1technical1staff1 d. Service1staff1 Dengaged1in1the1domestic1services1of1the1mission11 ) ) ) Diplomatic)corps) Doyen1 or1 head1 of1 this1 bodyD1 Papal1 Nuncio1 or1 oldest1 ambassador,1 or1 in1 absence1 of1 amb,1 the1 oldest1 minister1 plenipotentiary1 11 ) Appointment)of)envoys) In1Phils.,1it1is1the1President1who1appoints,1sends1&1instructs1the1diplomatic1&1consular1representatives,1&1his1 prerogative1to1determine1the1assignment1of1country’s1diplomatic1rep1can’t1be1questioned1 ) ) Functions)&)duties) a. Representing1the1sending1state1in1the1rcving1 b. Protecting1 in1 the1 receiving1 state1 the1 interests1 of1 the1 sending1 state1 &1 its1 nationals,1 w/in1 the1 limits1 allowed1by1int’l1law1 c. Negotiating1w/the1gov’t1of1the1rcving1state1 d. Ascertaining1 by1 all1 lawful1 means1 the1 conditions1 in1 the1 rcving1 state1 &1 reporting1 these1 to1 the1 sending1 state1 e. Promoting1 friendly1 relations1 bet.the1 sending1 state1 &1 rcvng1 state1 &1 developing1 their1 eco,1 cultural1 &1 scientific1rel1 1 ) Diplomatic)immunities)&)privileges)

d. Immunity1from1local1juris1 e. Exemption1from1taxes1&1customs1duties1 f. Other1 privileges1 w/c1 include1 the1 freedom1 of1 mvmt1 &1 travel1 in1 the1 territory1 of1 the1 receiving1 state;1 exemtion1from1all1personal1services1&1military1obli1

1 ) Duration)of)immunities)&)privileges) Enjoyed1from1the1moment1he1enters1the1territory1of1rcvng1state1&1shall1cease1only1the1moment1he1leaves1the1 country,1or1on1expiry1of1a1reasonable1time1in1w/c1to1do1so;1although1w/respect1to1official1acts,1immunity1shall1 continue1indefinitely.11 Available1even1in1transitu1when1traveling1through1a13rd1state1on1the1way1to1or1from1the1receiving1state1 1 ) Waiver)of)Immunities) made1only1by1the1gov’t1of1sending1state1if1it1concerns1the1immunities1of1the1head1of1mission;1in1other1cases,1 the1waiver1may1be1made1by1either1the1govt1or1by1the1chief1mission.1Waiver1of1this1privilege1does1not1include1 waiver1of1immunity1in1respect1of1execution1of1judgment;1a1separate1waiver1for1the1latter1is1necessary1 1 ) Termination)of)Diplomatic)mission) Death,1 resignation,1 removal1 or1 abolition1 of1 office,1 recall1 by1 sending1 state,1 dismissal1 by1 rcvng1 state,1 war1 between1rcvng1&1sending1state,1or1extinction1of1the1state1 1 B.!Consular!relations! ConsulsD1state1agents1residing1abroad1for1various1purposes1but1mainly1in1the1interest1of1commerce1&1 navigation1 KINDS1OF1CONSULS:1 a. Consules)missiD)) Professional1&1career1consuls,1&1nationals1of1appointing1state1 b. Consules)electiD) Selected1by1appointing1state1either1from1its1own1citizens1or1from1among1nationals1abroad1 ) RANKS1 a. Consul1general1 b. Consul1 c. Vice1consul1 d. Consular1agent1 1 APPOINTMENT1 Letters1patent1 Exequatur1 1 FUNCTIONS1 1 Commerce1&1navigation,1issuance1of1visa,1etc1 1 IMMUNITIES1&1PRIVILEGES1 • Freedom1of1communication1in1cipher1or1otherwise1 • Inviolability1 of1 archives1 but1 not1 of1 the1 premises1 where1 legal1 processes1 may1 be1 served1 &1 arrests1 made1 • Exempt1from1localjurisdiction1for1offenses1committed1in1the1discharge1of1official1functions1 • Exempt1from1testifying1on1official1communications1or1on1matters1pertaining1to1consular1functions1 • Exempt1from1taxes,1customs1duties,1military/jury1service1 • May1display1their1nat’l1flag1in1the1consulate1 1

Treaties' 1 ! Treaty!!acc.1to1the11969!Vienna!Convention!on!the!Law!of!Treaties!=!!an1international1agreement1concluded1 bet1States1in1written1form1and1governed1by1international1law,1whether1embodied1in1a1single1instrument1or1in1 two1or1more1instruments,1and1whatever1its1particular1designation.1 1 Other1names1for1international1agreements:1convention,1pact,1protocol,1agreement,1arrangement,1accord,1final1 act,1general1act,1exchange1of1notes.1 1 Municipal1Law1concept:1executive)agreement)is1not1a1treaty1(Commish1of1Customs1v.1Eastern1Sea1Trading).1 International1law1standpoint:1equally1binding1as1treaties.1! ! Form.!! Art.!2!of!the!Vienna!Convention:1treaties1should1be1in1writing.1 Art.!3:!an1unwritten1treaty1does1not1affect1its1legal1force.1 19691Vienna1Convention:1only1treaties1executed1bet1States1 19861Vienna1Convention1on1Treaties1for1Internatl1Orgs:1treaties1bet1States1and1Intl1Orgs1 1 Requisites!for!validity.! a. TreatyDmaking1capacity1 b. Competence1of1the1rep/organ1concluding1the1treaty1 c. Parties1must1freely1give1consent1 d. Object1and1subject1matter1must1be1lawful1 e. Ratification1in1accordance1with1constitutional1processes1of1the1parties1concerned1 ! Doctrine!of!Unequal!Treaties.11Treaties1which1have1been1imposed1thru1coercion1or1duress1of1an1unequal1 character1is1VOID.1 1 Doctrine!of!Jus!Cogens.!Customary1international1law1has1the1status1of1a1peremptory!norm1of1international1 law,1accepted1and1recognized1by1the1international1community1of1states1as1a1rule1from1which1no)derogation) is)permitted.)Treaty1that1contravenes1jus1cogens1norms1are1invalid.1 1 Treaties!and!Executive!Agreements.!Treaties1require1Senate1concurrence1for1validity.1They1refer1to1a)1basic1 political1issue,1b)1change1in1national1policy,1c)1permanent1international1arrangements.1Executive1Agreements1 do1not1require1concurrence1and1refer1to1a)1adjustment1of1detail1carrying1out1wellDestablished1national1policies1 and1b)1temporary1arrangements.! a. Bayan!v.!Exec!Sec.!We1cannot1require1the1US1to1submit1the1V.F.A.1to1the1US1Senate1for1concurrence.1It1 is1inconsequential1if1US1treats1the1VFA1as1a1mere1exec1agreement1bec.1under1international1law,1 executive1agreements1are1just1as1binding1as1treaties.! b. Memo!Circ!No.!89.!W/N1an1international1agreement1is1purely1an1executive1agreement1–1matter1 referred1to1DFA1Secretary1who1shall1make1the1appropriate1recommendation1to1the1President.! c. Exchange!of!Notes.!A1record1of1a1routine1agreement1similar1to1the1private1law1contract.1Agreement1 consists1of1the1exchange1of1two1documents,1each1of1them1signed1by1the1rep1of1the1other.1Signatories1 are1either1government1Ministers,1diplomats1or1department1heads.1This1technique1is1resorted1to1bec1of1 its1speedy1procedure1and1to1avoid1process1of1legislative1approval.! ! 2. Treaty=making!Process.! a. Negotiation!–!reps1usually1have1the1credentials1known1as1pleine)pouvoirs)(full1powers)1emanating1from1

b. Signing!of!the!treaty.!Principle1of1alternat)–)order1of1naming1the1plenipotentiary1is1varied.1Each1party1is1 named1and1its1plenipotentiary1signs1muna1his1own1copy.! c. Ratification.!State1expresses1its1willingness1to1be1bound1by1the1treaty1thru1confirmation.1Our1President1 ratifies1the1treaty,1subject1to1the1concurrence1of12/31of1all1the1members1of1the1Senate.1President1is1vested1 with1authority1to1a)1deal1with1foreign1states,1b)1extend1or1withhold1recognition,1c)1maintain1diplomatic1 relations,1d)1enter1into1treaties,1and1otherwise1e)1transact1the1business1of1foreign1relations.1Kahit1signed1na1 by1the1rep,1President1still1has1the1discretion1of1w/n1to1ratify1a1treaty.1Without1his1signature,1the1Exec1Sec1or1 DFA1Sec1may1not1be1compelled1by1mandamus1to1transmit1copy1of1the1treaty1for1Senate1concurrence.! d. Entry!into!force.!In1the1absence1of1a1provision1that1states1when1it1shall1take1force,1the1treaty1enters1into1 force1as1soon1as1the1consent1of1all1parties1to1bound1is1established.! ! Accession/Adhesion1–1nonDsignatory1State1becomes1a1party1to1a1treaty1upon1invitation1or1permission1of1 the1contracting1parties.1 1 Reservation!–!unilateral1statement1where1a1State1purports1to1exclude1or1modify1the1legal1effect1of1certain1 provisions1of1a1treaty.1If1the1reservation1is1compatible1with1the1object1and1purpose1of1the1treaty,1State1 remains1a1party.1 1 When!non=signatories!may!be!bound!by!a!treaty.!Pacta1tertiis1nocent1nec1prosunt.1Treaties1cannot1impose1 obligations1upon1States1not1parties1to1them.11Exceptions:1a)1Accession/Adhesion1and1b)1Most1Favored1Nation1 Clause1where1a1contracting1State1entitled1to1the1clause1may1claim1the1benefits1in1a1separate1agreement.1 1 Pacta!sunct!servanda,1treaties1must1be1observed1in1good1faith.1 State1may1even1modify1local1laws1to1make1them1conform1to1the1treaty1and1avoid1international1 embarrassment.1In1the1Philippines,1treaties1may1be1declared1invalid1if1contrary1to1the1Constitution.1 1 Rebus!sic!stantibus,!contracting1State’s1obligations1under1a1treaty1terminates1when1a1vital1or1fundamental1 change1of1circumstances1occurs.1State1is1allowed1to1unilaterally1withdraw1from1a1treaty1because1of1the1 “disappearance1of1the1foundation1upon1which1it1rests.”1RULE1DOES1NOT1OPERATE1AUTOMATICALLY.1 Requisites!for!valid!invocation:1 1) Change1is1so1substantial1that1foundation1of1the1treaty1has1altogether1disappeared1 2) Change1is1unforeseen1or1unforeseeable1at1the1time1of1the1perfection1of1the1treaty1 3) Change1was1not1caused1by1the1party1invoking1the1doctrine1 4) Doctrine1is1invoked1within1a1reasonable1time1 5) Duration1of1the1treaty1is1indefinite1 6) Doctrine1cannot1operate1retroactively,1i.e.1it1must1not1adversely1affect1provisions1already1complied1 with.1 1 Interpretation!of!Treaties!must1be1in1good1faith,1in1accordance1with1the1ordinary1meaning1given1to1the1terms1 in1their1context1and1in1light1of1its1objects1and1purposes.1 1 Amendment/Modification!require1the1consent1of1all1parties,1but1if1allowed1by1the1treaty1itself,1two1States1may1 modify1a1provision1only1insofar1as1they1are1concerned.1 1 Grounds!for!Termination!of!Treaties! a) Expiration1of1term1or1Withdrawal1of1a1party1 b) Extinction1of1one1of1the1parties1in1a1bipartite1treaty1when1the1rights1and1obligations1under1the1treaty1 would1not1devolve1upon1the1State1succeeding1the1extinct1State1 c) Mutual1agreement1of1all1parties1 d) Denunciation1or1desistance1by1one1of1the1parties1(Right1of1Denunciation)1 e) Supervening1impossibility1of1performance1

i) j) k) l) ! !

Rebus1sic1stantibus1 Outbreak1of1war1between1the1parties1UNLESS1the1treaty1precisely1relates1to1the1conduct1of1war1 Severance1of1diplomatic1relations1(only1if1indispensable1for1application)1 Doctrine1of1jus)cogens)or1the1emergence1of1a1new1peremptory1norm1

Nationality'and'Statelessness' ! Nationality.!Membership1in1a1political1community1with1its1concomitant1rights1and1duties.1 1 1930!Hague!Convention:! 1) State1determines1who1its1nationals1are1under1its1own1law.1 2) Any1question1as1to1w/n1a1person1is1a1national1of1a1State1shall1be1determined1in1accordance1with1the1law1of1 that1State.1 1 Modes!of!acquiring!nationality! 1) Birth1–1jus1sanguinis1(by1blood)1and1jus1soli1(by1place1of1birth)1 2) Naturalization!–1thru1a)1marriage,1b)1legitimation,1c)1option/election,1d)1acquisition1of1domicile,1e)1 appointment1to1govt1office,1f)1grant1on1application.1In!the!Philippines,1naturalization1is1thru11)1judicial1 process,12)1legislative1process,13)1election,1or14)1marriage.1However,1there1is1no1obligation1on1the1part1of1 the1State1to1recognize1a1person’s1newly1acquired1nationality.1Municipal1law1may1een1prohibit1the1 renunciation1of1one’s1nationality,1i.e.1the1doctrine)of)indelible)allegiance.1 3) Repatriation!–!recovery1of1nationality1by1individuals1who1were1naturalDborn1citizens1but1have1lost1their1 nationality.1RA!8171!on1repatriation1of1women1who1lost1Filipino1citizenship1by1marriage1to1aliens1and1repat1 of1former1NBDFilipinos1who1lost1their1Filipino1citizenship.! 4) Subjugation! 5) Cession! ! Loss!of!Nationality! 1)1Release1e.g.1German1nazis1 2)1Deprivation1e.g.1Filipinos1entering1into1military1service1of1another1State1 3)1Renunciation1e.g.1C.A.!No.!63! 4)1Substitution,1when1former1nationality1is1ipso1facto1lost1by1naturalization1abroad.1 1 Multiple!Nationality!–!more1than1one1nationality1because1of1concurrent1application1of1the1municipal1law1of1 two1or1more1States.1In1the1Philippines,1dual1allegiance1is1inimical1to1national1interest.1Sec.15,1Art.1IV.1 1 Solutions!to!multiple!nationality!in1the119301Hague1Convention1on1the1Conflict1of1Nationality1Laws1 a) Person1may1be1regarded1as1its1national1by1each1of1the1States1 b) In1a1third1State,1a1person1shall1be1treated1as1if1he1only1had1one1nationality.1Principle)of)effective) nationality:)either1where1he1habitually1and1principally1resides1or1where1he1appears1in1fact1to1be1most1 closely1connected.1 c) Person1may1renounce1one1of1them1with1the1permission1of1the1renounced1State.1Permission1shall1not1be1 refused1if1person1has1habitual1residence1abroad.1 1 Statelessness!=!status1of1having1no1nationality1as1a1consequence1of1being1born1without1it,1or1as1a1result1of1 deprivation1or1loss1of1nationality1 1 1954!Convention!Relating!to!the!Status!of!Stateless!Persons!

c) Rationing1of1products1in1short1supply1 d) Elementary1education1 e) Public1relief1and1assistance1 f) Labor1legislation1and1social1security1 Also1accorded1treatment1relative1to1 a) Acquisition1of1movable1and1immovable1property1 b) Right1of1association1in1nonDpoli1and1nonDprofit1associations1and1trade1unions1 c) Gainful1employment1and1practice1of1liberal1professions1 d) Housing1and1public1education1other1that1elementary1education1 e) Freedom1of1movement1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Treatment'of'Aliens'

! General!Rule,!no1State1is1under1obligation1to1admit1aliens1(flowing1from1its1right1of1existence1and1as1an1 attribute1of1sovereignty).1State1has1the1power1to1regulate1the1entry1and1stay1of1aliens.1 1 Expulsion!or!deportation!predicated1on1the1ground1that11)1the1stay1of1the1alien1is1a1menace1to1the1security1of1 the1State,12)1his1entry1was1illegal,13)1permission1to1stay1has1expired,1or14)1he1has1violated1any1limitation1or1 condition1prescribed1for1his1admission1and1continued1stay.1 1 Reconduction1is1the1forcible1conveying1of1aliens1back1to1their1home1State.1Destitute1aliens,1vagabonds,1aliens1 without1docs,1alien1criminals,1etc1may1be1reconducted1to1the1frontier1without1any1formalities.1 1 Doctrine!of!State!Responsibility.!State1is1under1obligation1to1make1reparations1to1another1State1for1the1failure1 to1fulfill1its1primary1obligation1to1afford,1in1accordance1with1international1law,1the1proper1protection1due1to1the1 alien1national1of1the1latter1State.1State1may1also1be1held1liable1for1injuries1and1damages1sustained1by1the1alien1 while1in1the1territory1of1the1State1if:1 1) The!act!or!omission!constitutes!an!international!delinquency!–1amounting1to1an1outrage,1to1bad1faith,1 willfull1neglect1of1duty1or1insufficiency1of1government1action*! 2) The!act!or!omission!is!directly!or!indirectly!imputable!to!the!State!–1State1does1not1make1reasonable1 efforts1to1prevent1injury,1or1having1done1so1unsuccessfully,1fails1to1repair1such1injury.! a. Acts!of!Government!Officials!–1acts1of1primary1agents1of1the1State1give1rise1to1direct)state) responsibility.1If1officer1acts1beyond1his1authority,1it1is1an1act1of1a1private1individual.! b. Acts!of!private!individuals!–1must1be1shown1that1there1was1an1actual1or1tacit1complicity1of1the1 government1in1the1act,1either1by1directly1approving1it1or1in1the1patent1negligence1in1taking1

*International!Standard!of!Justice!–1standard1of1the1“reasonable1State”1 Doctrine!of!Equality!of!Treatment!–1laws1are1applicable1not1only11to1aliens1but1to1nationals1as1well1 1 Enforcement!of!Alien’s!Claim! 1) Exhaustion!of!local!remedies!–!requirement1may1be1dispensed1with1if1there1are1no1remedies1to1 exhaust,1the1courts1are1corrupt,1there1is1no1adequate1machinery1for1the1administration1of1justice,1or1 the1international1delinquency1results1from1an1“act1of1State”.! a. Calvo!Clause!–1stipulation1by1which1an1alien1waives1or1restricts1his1right1to1appeal1to1his1own1 state1and1agrees1to1limit1himself1to1the1remedies1available1under1local1laws.! 2) Resort!to!diplomatic!protection1–1after1exhaustion,1alien1must1avail1of1assistance1of1his1state! a. Tie1of1nationality1must1exist1from1the1time1of1injury1until1the1time1claim1is1finally1settled.! b. UN1may1file1a1diplomatic1claim1on1behalf1of1its1officials! 1 Modes!of!Enforcement!of!Claims! Negotiation,1or1if1this1fails,1arbitration1or1judicial1settlement.1 When1responsibility1of1State1is1established,1he1must1make1reparation1thru1restitution,1satisfaction,1 compensation,1or1all1three1of1these1together.1 1 Extradition!is1the1surrender1of1a1person1by1one1state1to1another1state1where1he1is1wanted1for1prosecution1or,1if1 already1convicted,1for1punishment.1Surrender1is1made1at1the1request1of1the1latter1state1on1the1basis1of1an1 extradition!treaty.1Deportation1is1the1expulsion1of1an1alien1who1is1considered1undesirable1by1the1local1state.1 Deportation1is1the1unilateral1act1of1the1local1state1and1is1made1in1its1own1interests.1 1 In1the1absence1of1an1extradition1treaty,1the1local1state1may1grant1asylum1to1the1fugitive.1If1surrender1is1made,1 asylum1is1merely1a1gesture1of1comity.1 1 Fundamental!principles!of!Extraditon! a) Based1on1consent1–1in1a1treaty1or1as1an1act1of1goodwill1 b) Principle1of1speciality1–1extradited1fugitive1may1be1tried1only1for1the1crime1specified1in1the1request1for1 extradition1and1crime1is1included1in1the1list1of1offenses1in1the1extradit1treaty1 • “NonDlist”1type1of1extradition1treaties1–1offenses1punishable1under1both1states1by1imprisonment1 of1one1year1or1more1are1deemed1included1in1the1list1of1offenses.1 c) Any1person1may1be1extradited1–1whether1a1national1of1the1requesting1state1or1the1state1of1refuge1 d) Political1and1religious1offenders1are1generally1not1subject1to1extradition1 • Political1–121or1more1parties1in1the1state,1each1seeking1to1impose1the1government1of1their1own1 choice1on1the1other1 • Attentat)clause1–1the1murder1of1the1head1of1state1or1any1member1of1his1family1is1not1a1political1 offense.1Neither1is1genocide.1 e) Offense1must1have1been1committed1within1the1territory1or1against1the1interest1of1the1demanding1state1 f) Act1for1which1the1extradition1is1sought1must1be1punishable1in1both1the1requesting1and1requested1states1 (The1Rule1of1Double1Criminality)1 ! Procedure!for!Extradition! 2)!!JUDICIAL!INVESTIGATION! ! ! 1) REQUEST! State1of1refuge1to1conduct1investigation1to1 Made1thru1diplomatic1 ! ascertain1if1a)1crime1is1covered1by1the1treaty,1 Accompanied1with1necessary1 channels1to1the1state1of1refuge1 ! and1b)1there1is1a1prima1facie1case1against1the1 papers1to1determine1identity1of1 ! the1wanted1person1 fugitive1according1to1its1own1laws1 ! 1 ! Government!of!Hongkong!v.!Olalia1–1constitutional1right1to1bail1 1 3)!WARRANT!OF!SURRENDER!DRAWN!

proceedings1where1the1innocence1or1guilt1of1the1detainee1is1not1in1issue.! ! Standard!in!granting!bail!–1“clear1and1convincing1evidence”1that1he1is1not1a1flight1risk1and1will1abide1with1all1 the1orders1and1processes1of1the1extradition1court.1 1 Abduction!of!the!fugitive!in1the1state1of1refuge1is1not1allowed,1as1it1constitutes1a1violation1of1the1territorial1 integrity1of1the1state1of1refuge.1If1abduction1is1effected1with1the1help1of1the1nationals1of1the1state1of1refuge,1the1 state1of1refuge1cannot1later1demand1to1return1of1the1fugitive.1Savarkar!case.1 1 Extradition!treaties!of!the!Philippines! 19761–1Indonesia1 19881–1Australia1 19891–1Canada1 19891–1Switzerland1 19901–1Micronesia11 ! Letters!Rogatory!–1formal1communication1from1a1court1in1which1an1action1is1pending,1to1a1foreign1court,1 requesting1that1the1testimony1of1a1witness1residing1in1the1foreign1jurisdiction1be1taken1under1the1direction1of1 the1court,1addressed1and1transmitted1to1the1court1making1the1request.1Parang1international1bonggang1 deposition!1Sec.!12,!Rule!24.! ! Asylum!–1the1power1of1the1state1to1allow1an1alien1who1has1sought1refuge1from1prosecution1or1persecution1to1 remain1within1the1territory1and1under1its1protection.1HAS1NEVER1BEEN1RECOGNIZED1AS1A1PRINCIPLE1OF1 INTERNATIONAL1LAW.1 1 Principles1of1Asylum1 1) Territorial1–1exists1only1when1stipulated1in1a1treaty1or1justified1by1established1usage.1Depends1on1the1 liberal1attitude1of1the1receiving1state,1on1the1ground1of1“territorial1supremacy”1 2) Diplomatic1–1granted1within1“narrowest1limits”1or1when1life1or1liberty1of1person1is1threatened1by1 imminent1violence1 1 In1the1Philippines,1diplomatic1asylum1cannot1be1granted1EXCEPT1to1members1of1the1official1and1personal1 household11of1diplomatic1representatives.1Refuge1may1be1granted1however,1to1fugitives1whose1lives1are1in1 imminent1danger1from1mob1violence1(humanitarian1grounds)1 1 Refugees! Any1person1who1is1outside1the1country1of1his1nationality,1or1if1he1has1no1nationality,1the1country1of1his1former1 habitual1residence,1due1to1a1wellDfounded1fear1of1prosecution(??1Parang1typo)1by1reason1of1his1race,1religion,1 nationality,1political1opinion.1Because1of1such1fear,1he1is1unable1or1unwilling1to1avail1of1the1protection1of1his1 government1or1his1former1habitual1residence.1 1 Elements:1 1) Outside1the1country1of1his1nationality1OR1if1stateless,1outside1habitual1residence1 2) Lacks1national1protection1 3) Fears1persecution1 1 Refugee1is1de1jure/de1facto1a1stateless1individual.1 Refugee1Convention1of119511does1not1deal1with1admission1but1with1nonDfoulement:1no1contracting1state1shall1 expel1or1return1a1refugee1in1any1manner1whatsoever1to1the1frontiers1of1territories1where1his1life1or1freedom1is1 threatened.1 !!

International1dispute1–1actual1disagreement1between1States1regarding1the1conduct1to1be1taken1by1one1of1them1 for1the1protection1or1vindication1of1the1interests1of1the1other.1A1situation1is1the1initial1stage1of1a1dispute.1 1 A. Pacific1or1amicable1modes1–1(art.1311of1UN1charter)1Parties1to1any1dispute,1the1continuance1of1which1is1 likely1to1endanger1the1maintenance1of1international1peace1and1security,1shall1first1of1all1seek1a1solution1 by:1 1. Negotiation1 –1 states1 settle1 their1 differences1 through1 an1 exchange1 of1 views1 between1 diplomatic1 agencies1 2. Enquiry1–1Ascertainment1of1the1pertinent1facts1wand1issues1in1a1dispute1 3. Tender1 of1 good1 offices1 –1 where1 a1 third1 party1 either1 alone1 or1 with1 others1 offers1 to1 help1 in1 the1 settlement1of1a1dispute1and1accepted.1 4. Mediation1–1A1third1party1offers1to1help1with1a1solution1usually1based1on1a1compromise.1Offers1a1 solution1not1merely1bring1the1parties1together1as1in1good1offices.1 5. Conciliation1 –1 Active1 participation1 of1 a3rd1 party1 whose1 services1 are1 solicited1 by1 the1 disputants1 in1 the1effort1to1settle1the1conflict1but1the1conciliator’s1recommendations1are1not1binding.1 6. Arbitration1 –1 Solution1 of1 a1 dispute1 by1 an1 impartial1 third1 party1 usually1 a1 tribunal1 created1 by1 the1 parties1themselves1under1a1charter1known1as1a1compromis.1 7. Judicial1 settlement1 1 D1 Similar1 to1 arbitration1 in1 the1 nature1 of1 the1 proceedings1 and1 in1 the1 binding1 character1of1the1reward.11 1 Arbitration1 Judicial1Settlement1

1

Judicial1body1is1preDexisting1

Ad1hoc1

Jurisdiction1is1usually1compulsory1and1law1 applied1is1independent1of1the1will1of1the1 parties1 Lodged1in1the1ICJ1

Not1so1 1Any13rd1party1

1 8. Resort1to1regional1agencies1or1arrangements1–1parties1may,1on1their1own1volition,1or1at1the1instance1 of1the1organization1itself,1assume1the1obligation1of1settling1the1dispute1 9. Or1other1peaceful1means1of1their1own1choice1 B. Hostile1Methods1 1 1. Severance1of1diplomatic1relations1 2. Retorsion1–1unfriendly1by1lawful1coercive1acts1done1in1retaliation1for1unfair1treatment1and1acts1of1 discrimination1of1another1state1(1the1levy1of1high1discriminatory1tariffs1on1goods)1 3. Reprisal1 –1 unfriendly1 and1 unlawful1 acts1 in1 retaliation1 for1 the1 reciprocal1 unlawful1 acts1 of1 another1 state.1Reprisal1may1take1the1form1of1 a. Freezing1of1the1assets1of1the1nationals1of1the1other1state1 b. Embargo1 –1 forcible1 detention1 or1 rsequestration1 of1 the1 vessels1 and1 other1 property1 of1 the1 offending1state1 c. Pacific1Blockade1–1prevention1of1entry1to1or1exit1from1the1ports1of1the1offending1state1by1means1 of1communication1and1transportation1 d. NonDintercourse1 –1 (refraining1 to1 engage1 in1 coitus1 hehehe1 joke1 lang)1 suspension1 of1 all1 intercourse1with1the1offending1state1particularly1in1matters1of1trade1and1commerce1 e. Boycott1 –1 (less1 than1 30%1 of1 the1 students1 in1 a1 class1 attended1 joke1 lang1 1 ulit)1 –1 concerted1 suspension1 of1 commercial1 relations1 with1 the1 offending1 state1 with1 particular1 reference1 to1 a1 refusal1to1purchase1goods1

Addressed1 to1 the1 Security1 Council,1 but1 may1 be1 taken1 over1 by1 the1 General1 Assembly1 under1 certain1 conditions.1

1

1. Security1CouncilD1jurisdiction1to1intervene1in1all1disputes1affecting:11 a. International1peace1and1security;1 b. All1disputed,1which1although1coming1under1the1domestic1jurisdiaciton1clause1have1been1submitted1 to1it1by1the1parties1for1settlement1 • May1be1brought1to1Security1Council1itself,1General1Assembly,1Sectretary1General,1any1member1 of1the1UN1or1any1party1to1the1dispute.1 1 i. Security1 council1 will1 recommend1 appropriate1 measures1 considering1 any1 amicable1 measures1already1adopted1by1the1parties1or1that1the1dispute1be1referred1to1the1ICJ1 ii. If1 unsuccessful,1 Security1 Council1 itself1 may1 recommend1 such1 terms1 of1 settlement1 as1 it1 may1deem1appropriate1 iii. If1rejected,1the1Security1Council1may1take:1 a. Preventive1Action1 b. Enforcement1action1 2. General1Assembly1–1if1the1Security1Council,1because1of1lack1of1unanimity,1fails1to1exercise1its1primary1 responsibility1 to1 maintain1 peace1 and1 security,1 the1 General1 Assembly1 shall1 consider1 the1 matter1 immediately,1 with1 a1 view1 to1 making1 recommendations1 to1 the1 members1 for1 collective1 measure,1 including1the1use1of1armed1forces.1 1 1 1

War'and'Neutrality' 1 WarD11the1contention1between1two1states,1through1their1armed1forces1for1the1purpose1of1overpowering1the1 other1and1imposing1such1conditions1of1peace1as1the1victor1pleases.1War1does1not1mean1the1mere1employment1 of1force.11 1 If1a1nation1declares1war1against1another,1was1exists,1though1no1force1has1yet1been1used.1On1the1other1 hand,1in1case1of1reprisal,1force1may1already1be1used1but1no1state1of1war1may1yet1exist.1 1

1

1. Outlawry1of1War1–1condemnation1of1war1on1an1international1scale1 1 a. Covenant1of1the1League1of1the1Nations1–1provided1conditions1for1the1right1to1go1to1war1 b. KellogD1 Briand1 Pact1 of1 19021 –1 General1 Treaty1 for1 the1 Renunciation1 of1 War,1 ratified1 by1 621 states1 which1forbade1war1as1an1instrument1of1national1policy.11 c. Charter1 of1 UN1 –1 Article1 21 prohibits1 the1 threat1 or1 use1 of1 force1 against1 the1 territorial1 integrity1 or1 political1independence1of1a1state.11 2. Commencement1of1War11 a. Declaration1of1War1(Hague1Convention1of11907)1 b. With1the1rejection1of1an1ultimatum1(Hague1Convention)1 c. Commission1of1an1act1of1force1regarded1by1one1of1the1belligerents1as1an1act1of1war1

a. Laws1of1peace1cease1to1regulate1relations1between1the1belligerents1and1superseded1by1the1laws1of1 war1while1third1states1are1governed1by1the1laws1of1neutrality1in1their1dealings1with1the1belligerents1 b. Diplomatic1 and1 consular1 relations1 are1 terminated1 and1 respective1 representatives1 are1 allowed1 to1 return1to1their1own1countries1 c. Treaties1of1a1political1nature1are1automatically1cancelled1except1those1intended1to1operated1during1 the1 war.1 Multipartite1 treaties1 dealing1 with1 technical1 or1 administrative1 matters1 are1 merely1 suspended1as1between1the1belligerents.11 d. Individuals1are1impressed1with1enemy1character1 Activities1test1 Nationality1Test1 Domiciliary1test1 If1they1are1nationals1of1the1 other1belligerent,wherever1 they1may1be1

1

1

1

If1they1are1domiciled1aliens1 If1being1foreigners,1they1 in1the1territory1of1the1other1 participate1in1the1hostilities1 belligerent1on1the1 in1favor1of1the1other1 belligerent1 assumption1that1they1 contribute1to1its1economic1 resources1 e. Corporations1 and1 other1 juridical1 persons1 are1 considered1 enemies1 where1 the1 controlling1 stockholders1 are1 national1 of1 the1 other1 belligerent1 or1 if1 incorporated1 in1 the1 territory1 or1 under1 the1 laws1of1the1other1belligerent,1and1may1be1not1be1allowed1to1continue1operations.1 f. Enemy1public1property1found1in1the1territory1of1the1other1belligerent1at1the1outbreak1of1the1war1is1 subject1to1confiscation,1private1property1is1subject1to1requisition.1 4. Participants1in1War1 a. Combatants1–1those1who1engage1directly1in1the1hostilities1 1. NonDprivileged1 –1 spies,1 who1 under1 false1 pretenses1 try1 to1 obtain1 vital1 information1 from1 the1 enemy1ranks,1who1when1caught1are1not1considered1prisoners1of1war1 2. Privileged1–1when1captured,1enjoy1the1privileges11of1prisoners1of1war.11 a. Regular1Armed1Forces1 b. Ancillary1services1 c. Those1who1accompanied1armed1forces1 d. Levees1en1masse1 e. Franc1Tireurs/guerillas1 f. Officers1and1crew1of1merchant1vessels1who1forcibly1resist1attack1 • Rights1of1POW1–1treated1humanely,1no1torture,1allowed1to1communicate1with1families,1receive1 food,1clothing,1religious1articles,1etc.1 b. Spies1 c. Mercenaries1 i. Specially1recruited1to1fight1for1a1particular1armed1conflict1 ii. Takes1direct1part1in1the1hostilities1 iii. Motivated1by1desire1to1gain1 5. Conduct1of1Hostilities1 a. Principle1of1Military1Necessity1–1Belligerent1may1employ1any1amount1of1force1to1compel1the1 complete1submission1of1the1enemy1with1the1least1possible1loss1of1lives1and1money1 b. Principle1 of1 Humanity1 –1 Prohibits1 the1 use1 of1 any1 measure1 that1 is1 not1 absolutely1 necessary1 for1purposes1of1war1 c. Principle1 of1 Chivalry1 –1 Prohibits1 belligerents1 from1 the1 employment1 of1 perfidious1 or1 treacherous1methods,1such1as1the1illegal1use1of1Red1Cross1emblems.1

1

1

1. Effects1–1no1change1in1sovereignty1but1the1exercise1of1the1powers1of1sovereignty1is1suspended.11 2. Rights1and1duties1of1belligerent1occupant1 a. ReDestablish1or1continue1the1processes1of1orderly1administration1including1enactment1of1laws1 b. Adopt1measures1for1the1protection1of1the1inhabitants1 c. Requisition1goods1and1services1in1nonDmilitary1projects1 d. Demand1taxes1and1contributions1to1finance1military1and1local1administrative1needs.1 e. Issue1legal1currency1 f. Use1enemy1property,1whether1public1or1private,1but1private1property1is1subject1to1indemnification1 or1return1at1the1end1of1the1war.1 3. Right1of1Angary1–1right1of1a1belligerent1state,1in1cases1of1extreme1necessity1to1destroy1or1use1neutral1 property1on1its1own1or1on1enemy1territory,1or1on1the1high1seas.1

NonDhostile1intercourse11

1

1. Flag1 of1 truce1 –1 White1 in1 color,1 indicates1 the1 desire1 to1 communicate1 with1 the1 enemy,1 agent,1 called1 parlemetaire,1enjoys1inviolability1and1is1entrusted1with1the1duty1of1negotiating1with1the1enemy.1 2. Cartels1–1agreements1to1regulate1intercourse1during1the1war,1usually1on1the1exchange1of1prisoners1of1 war1 3. Passport1 –1 written1 permission1 given1 by1 the1 belligerent1 government1 to1 the1 subject1 of1 the1 enemy1 to1 travel1generally1in1belligerent1territory1 4. SafeDconduct1–1Permission1given1to1an1enemy1subject1or1to1an1enemy1vessel1allowing1passage1between1 defined1periods1 5. SafeguardD11protection1granted1by1a1commanding1officer1either1to1enemy1persons1or1property1within1 his1command,1usually1with1an1escort1or1convoy1of1soldiers1providing1the1needed1protection1 6. License1 to1 trade1 –1 permission1 given1 by1 competent1 authority1 to1 individuals1 to1 carry1 on1 trade1 though1 there1is1a1state1of1war1

Suspension1of1Hostilities1 1 1. Suspension1 of1 Terms1 –1 temporary1 cessation1 of1 hostilities1 by1 agreement1 of1 the1 local1 commanders1 for1 such1purposes1as1gathering1of1the1wounded1and1burial1of1the1dead1 2. Armstice1–1suspension1of1hostilities1within1a1certain1area1or1in1the1entire1region1of1war,1agreed1upon1by1 the1belligerents,1usually1for1the1purpose1of1arranging1the1terms1of1peace1 3. CeaseDfire1–1unconditional1stoppage1of1all1hostilities,1usually1ordered1by1an1international1body1 4. Truce1–1Conditional1ceaseDfire1for1political1purposes1 5. CapitulationD1surrender1of1military1forces,1places,1or1districts,1in1accordance1with1the1rules1of1military1 honor1 1 1 Termination1of1War1 1. Simple1 cessation1 of1 hostilities1 –1 Principle1 of1 uti1 possidetis,1 with1 respect1 to1 property1 and1 territoty1 possessed1by1the1belligerents,1is1applied1 2. Conclusion1of1a1negotiated1treaty1of1peace1 3. Defeat1of1one1of1the1belligerents1followed1by1a1dictated1treaty1of1peace1or1annexation1of1conquered1 territory1 1 Postliminium1–1the1revival1or1reversion1to1the1old1laws1and1sovereignty1of1territory1which1has1been1under1

1. Uti1 Possidetis1 –1 allows1 retention1 of1 property1 or1 territory1 in1 the1 belligerent’s1 actual1 possession1 at1 the1 time1of1the1cessation1of1hostilities.11 1 War1Crimes1–1acts1for1which1soldiers1or1other1individuals1may1be1punished1by1the1enemy1on1capture1of1the1 offender1 1. War1 Criminal1 –1 any1 person,1 whether1 a1 civilian1 or1 a1 member1 of1 the1 armed1 forces1 of1 the1 state,1 who1 commits1an1act1that1violates1a1rule1of1international1law1governing1armed1conflicts1 1 1Neutrality1and1Neutralization1 1 Neutrality1 NonDparticipation,1directly1or1indirectly,1in1a1 war1between1contending1belligerents1

Neutralization1 The1result1of1treaty1wherein1the1conditions1of1 the1status1are1agreed1upon1by1the1neutralized1 state1and1other1signatories.1 Exists1only1during1warD1governed1by1law1of1the1 Exists1both1in1times1of1peace1and1warD1 nations1 governed1by1the1agreement1into1by1and1 between1the1parties.1 1 • Non1belligerency1–1midway1between1Neutrality1and1Neutralization.1Sometimes1been1used1t1 describe1the1status1of1a1state1which1did1not1take1part1in1military1operations1but1which1did1not1 observe1the1duties1of1a1neutral.1Not1recognized1in1International1Law.1 1 Rules1of1Neutrality1–1Neutrals1have1the1right1and1duty1to:1 1. Abstain1from1taking1part1in1the1hostilities1and1from1giving1assistance1to1either1belligerent1by:1 D Sending1of1Troops1 D Official1grant1of1loans1 D Carriage1of1Contraband1 1 Contraband1–1goods,1although1neutral1property,1may1be1seized1by1a1belligerent1because1they1are1useful1for1 war1and1are1bound1for1a1hostile1destination.1They1can1be:1 D Absolute1–1guns1or1ammunition1 D Conditional1–1Food1and1clothing1 D FreeD1List1–1medicines1 1 Doctrine1of1ultimate1consumption1–1goods1intended1for1civilian1use1which1may1ultimately1find1their1way1to1and1 be1consumed1by1belligerent1forces1may1be1seized1on1the1way1 1 Doctrine1of1InfectionD1Innocent1goods1shipped1with1contraband1may1also1be1seized1 1 Doctrine1of1Continuous1voyage,1Transport1D11Goods1reloaded1at1an1intermediate1port1on1the1same1vessel,1or1 reloaded1on1another1vessel1or1other1forms1of1transportation1may1also1be1seized1on1the1basis1of1doctrine1of1 ultimate1consumption.1 1 2. Prevent1its1territory1and1other1resources1from1being1used1in1the1conduct1of1hostilities.1Allowing1 territory1to1be1used1as1the1base1of1operations1 1 3. To1acquiesence1to1certain1restrictions1and1limitations1which1the1belligerents1may1find1necessary1to1 impose1such1as:1 a. Blockade1–1hostile1operation1by1means1of1which1vessels1and1aircraft1of1one1belligerent1 prevent1all1other1vessels1including1those1of1neutral1states1from1leaving1or1entering1the1port1

1

4. Termination1of1Neutrality1–1terminates1upon1conclusion1of1a1treaty1of1peace1between1the1 belligerents,1or1when1the1neutral1state1itself1joins1the1war.1