Myanmar Grammar for Foreign Students

Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tajccHpum;ajym

jrefrmo'´g (q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf)

a'gufwmudak v; (Ph.D)

jyKpkonf/

2 10? 9? 2004 wGif pwifjyKpkonf/ 15? 7? 2005 wGif a&;om;jyKpk NyD;pD;onf/

Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tajccHpum;ajym

jrefrmo'´g (q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf)

a'gufwmudak v; (Ph.D)

jyKpkonf/

3 ed'gef; Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmpmESihf bmompum;udk oif,Ml u&mü wuú ov dk f tqifh a&mufrSom oif,lMuonfudk trsm;qk;H awGU&ygonf/ xdYak Mumifh jrefrm o'´ gudk

EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf

jyKpk&mü todOmPf

&ifu h sufNyD;aom

ausmif;om; t½G,frsm;twGufom txl;&nf½G,fí jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpfaMumif; OD;pGm azmfjyvdyk gonf/ pmoifjyolwpfO;D taejzifh rdrd\ tawGUtBuKHt& ajym&ygu Ekid if jH cm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmbmompum;xuf jrefrmhordkif;ESihf jrefrmEdik fiH taMumif;udk odcsifolu trsm;pk jzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ odYt k wGufaMumifh ,if; ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pkonf jrefrmo'´ gudk wul;wu oif,l&ef 0efav; wwfMuonfudk awGU&onf/ o'´g[lonf oif,l&onfh bmom&yfrsm;wGif oif,l&ef ysif;&dz, G f&m taumif;qkH;vnf; jzpfaewwfjyef&m jrefrmo'´ gudk oif,l&rnfh Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;tzdYk ydkí yif pdwfyg0ifpm;rI enf;aewwfonfudk awGY&ygonf/ jrefrmbmompum;onf Oa&myrS t*Fvdyfbmompum;? jyifopfbmom pum;? pydefbmompum;? *smrefbmompum; ponfwYdak vmuf vnf;aumif;? tm&SrS *syefbmompum;? w½kwfbmompum;? ud&k ;D ,m;bmompum; ponfwYdak vmuf vnf;aumif; vkyfief;tokH;jyKrI rsm;jym;jcif; r&Sad y&m jrefrmo'´ gudk oif,l vdak om Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm enf;oxuf enf;aeayawmhonf/ bmomaA'udk pdw0f if pm;aom ausmif;om;tcsKdUomvQif jrefrmo'´ gudk pepfwus avhvmMuonfudk awGU& ygonf/ odYjk zpf&m þ jrefrmo'´gpmtkyfi,fwGif jrefrmo'´ gudk trsm; em;vnfvG,f atmif ynm&SifwYdk avhvmykrH sKd; r[kwfbJ? jrefrmbmompum;udk oif,l&if; c&D;oGm; [efvGJ owdjyKoifhonfwYdu k dk o½kyfazmfxm;onfh o'´ gqdik &f mtcsuftvufrsm; yg0if aeonf[k ajymxm;cJhcsifygonf/

4 tcef; 1 jrefrmo&rsm; 1? 1/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif tajccHo& 7 vk;H &Sdonf/ ,if;wdYrk Sm tD ( -D ) at

(a- )

t,f ( -,f ) tm ( -m ) atmf ( a-mf ) tdk ( -dk ) tl ( -l ) wdYk jzpfygonf/ 1? 2/ ,if;tajccHo& 7vk;H udk wufusoH 3 oH (oH&Snf (-)? oHwdk ( -h ^ -d )? oHav; (-; ^ -J ^ a-m )) jzifh ½Gwfqydk gu wpfrsKd;vQif ok;H oHpD jzpfvmum pkpak ygif; tajccHo&oH 21 oH &onf/ ,if;wdkYudk atmufygtwdik ;f jyEdkifonf/ tD ( -D )^þ

td ( -d ) ^\^£

tD; ( -D; )

at ( a- )^ {

ath ( a-h )

at; ( a-; )

t,f ( -,f )

t,f^h tJh ( -,f^h -Jh )

tJ ( -J )

tm ( -m )

tmh^t ( -mh ^ - )

tm; ( -m; )

atmf ( a-mf ) ^aMomf

atmh ( a-mh )

atm ( a-m )^ Mo

tdk ( -dk )

tdYk ( -dYk )

td;k ( -d;k )

tl ( -l )^ OD

tk ( -k )^ O

tl; ( -l; )^ OD;

5 1? 3/ tD? tm? tl o& 3 vk;H udk ESmoHjzifh ½Gwfqydk gu tif? tef? tGef [lí ESmoHygo&rsm; jzpfvmonf/ jrefrmpum;vk;H rsm;udk pmvk;H aygif;&mwGif tif ^ tOf tef ^ trf ^ tH tGef ^ tGrf ^ tGH [lí a&;xm;aom pmvk;H aygif;rsm;onf tqdyk g ESmoHygo&rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk vnf; oH&Snf? oHwdk? oHav;[laom wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqydk gu ESmoHygo&½d;k ½dk; 9 oH &onf/ ,if;wdYu k dk atmufygtwdik ;f jyEdik o f nf/ tif^tOf (-if^ -Of ) tef^ trf ^ tH (-ef ^ -rf ^ -H ) tGef ^ tGrf ^ tGH ( -Gef ^ -Grf ^ -GH )

tifh^tOfh ( -if ^ -Ofh ) tefY ^ trfh ^ tHh (-efY ^ -rfh ^ -Hh ) tGefY ( -GeYf )

tif;^ tOf; ( -if;^ -Of;) tef; ^ trf; (-ef; ^-rf; ) tGef; ^ tGrf; ( -Gef; ^ -Grf; )

1? 4/ ESmoHygo&ESifh tjcm;o& ESpcf u k dk wGpJ yfí ½Gwfq&dk aom ESmoHygo&wGJ 4 ck &Sdonf/ ,if;wdrkY mS atmufygtwdkif; jrefrmpmvkH; aygif;xm;aom ta&;ykHpHrsm; jzpf onf/ (a- + -if) = tdef ^ tdrf ^ tð( -def ^ -drf ^ - ð) ( -dk + -Gef ) = tkef ^ tkrf ^ tkH ( -kef ^ -krf ^ -kH ) ( -m + -if ) = tdik f ( -dik f ) ( -m + -Gef ) = atmif ( a-mif ) ,if;wdYkuv dk nf; oH&Snf? oHwdk? oHav;[laom wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqydk gu ESmoHygo&wGJ 12 oH &onf/ tdef ^ tdrf ^ tð( -def ^ tdef; ^ tdrf; ( -def; ^ tdefY ^ tdrfh ( -defY ^ -drhf ) -drf ^ - ð) -drf; ) tkef ^ tkrf ^ tkH ( -kef ^ tkefY ^ tkrfh ^ tkYH ( -kefY ^ tkef; ^ tkrf; ^ tk;H ( -kef; -krf ^ -kH ) -krfh ^ -kYH ) ^ -krf; ^ -k;H )

6 tdik f ( -dik f )

tdik hf ( -dik hf )

tdik ;f ( -dik ;f )

atmif ( a-mif )

atmifh ( a-mifh )

atmif; ( a-mif; )

1? 5/ tD? t,f? tm? tl o& 4 vk;H udk vnfacsmif;twGif; &yfí ½Gwfqydk gu &yfoH o&rsm; jzpfvmonf/ jrefrmpmvk;H aygif;&mwGif tpf ( -pf ) tuf ( -uf ) twf ( -wf ) tGwf ^ tG#f ^ tGyf ( -Gwf ^ -G#f ^ -Gyf ) [lí a&;xm;aom pmvk;H aygif;rsm;onf tqdyk g &yfoHo&rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdYu k dk wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqdkí r&ay/ 1? 6/ &yfoHo&ESifh tjcm;o& ESpcf kudk wGpJ yfí ½Gwfq&dk aom &yfoHo&wGJ 4 ck &Sdonf/ ,if;wdYrk Sm atmufygtwdik ;f jrefrmpmvkH;aygif;xm;aom ta&;ykHpHrsm; jzpf onf/ (a- + -pf ) = tdwf ( -dwf ) ( -dk + -Gwf ^ -G#f ^-Gyf ) = tkwf ^ tk#f ^ tkyf ( -kwf ^ -k#f ^ -kyf ) ( -m + -pf ) = tdu k f ( -dkuf ) ( -m + -Gwf ^ -G#f ^-Gyf) = atmuf ( a-muf ) avhusifh&ef 1/ atmufygwdYu k dk ½Gwfqydk g/ tD? at? tm? atmf? td?k t,f? tl/ t? at;? tk? atm? td?kY tm;? td/ atmh? tm? tD;? td;k ? tmh? t,f?h tJ/

7 2/ atmufygwdYu k dk oH&Snf? oHw?dk oHav; tpOftwdik ;f jznfhí ½Gwfqydk g/ ---? td? tD; atmf? atmh? --t,f? ---? tJ tdef? ---? tdef; ---? ---? tk;H 3/ atmufyg &yfoHo&rsm;udk ½Gwfqydk g/ tpf? tdwf? tdkuf? tGwf? tky/f 4/ atmufyg ESmoHygo&rsm;udk ½Gwfqydk g/ tif? tdef? tkH? atmif? tef?Y tdik ;f /

8 tcef; 2 jrefrmAsnf;rsm; 2? 1/ jrefrmAsnf;rsm;wGif ta&;tu© &mtm;jzifh 33 vk;H &So d nf/ ,if;wdYu k dk atmufyg twdik ;f Z,m;jzifh jyEdik o f nf/ u p # w y ,

c q X x z & [

* Z ! ' A v V

C ps ¡ " b 0 t

i n P e r o

2? 2/ toHtm;jzifrh l jrefrmAsnf;rsm;udk wl&m pkí jyEdik o f nf/ ,if;udk Z,m;jzifh jyygu atmufygtwdik ;f 21 oH jzpfonf/ u p #^w y

(rSwfcsuf/

c q X^x z , ^ &Ä [

*^C Z ^ ps ! ^ ¡^ ' ^ " A^b v^V tÄ

i n P^ e r o

/ (1) &Ä ^r^ oHudk EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;rsm;rS pum;vk;H rsm;udk arG;pm;

onft h cg rl&if;oHwGif ^r^oH yg ygu jrefrmpum;wGifvnf; &Ä ^r^ oHjzifh ajymavh &Sdygonf/ (2) tÄ - ]t} udk ta&;wGif vG,fulap&eftwGufomvQif Asnf;[k azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ pifppf ]t} onf o&om jzpfonf/)

9 2? 3/ ta&;ü Asnf;wGjJ zifh a&;aomfvnf; tajymwGif Asnf;wpfcw k nf; toHxGufaom Asnf;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/ iS ( i + -S ) n§( n + -S ) ES ( e + -S ) rS ( r + -S ) vS ( v + -S ) ,S ( , + -S ^ & + -S ) us ( u + -s ^ u + M - ) cs ( c + -s ^ c + M - ) *s ( * + -s ^ * + M - ) tqdyk gAsnf;wdYt k jyif o^θ^ Asnf; \ oHjyif;Asnf; jzpfaom oS^^ vnf; &Sdonf/ odYk&mwGif ta&;ü o jzifo h m a&;onf/ 2? 4/ jrefrmpm ta&;ü awGU&aom Asnf;wGrJ sm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f Z,m;jzifh jyEdik f onf/ us

cs

*s

ws

Es

ys

zs

As

rs

,s

vs

Mu

jc

j*

ji

Mw

j'

jy

jz

jA

jr

uG

cG

*G

iG

pG

qG

ZG

ñG

wG

xG

'G

"G

EG

yG

10 zG

AG

bG

rG

,G

½G

vG

oG

[G

tG

iS

O§

ñS

ES

rS

,S

&S

vS

0S

V§

uR

cR

*R

c

>y

>r

rQ

jr§

vQ

oQ

ET

rT

&T

vT

jrT ,if;wdYkudk toHxGuf wl&mpkí jy&aomf atmufygtwdik ;f jyí &onf/

us ^ Mu cs ^ jc

*s ^ j*

ws

Es

ys ^ jy zs ^ jz

As ^ jA

rs ^ jr

,s

vs

ji

Mw

j'

uG

cG

*G

iG

pG

qG

ZG

ñG

wG

xG

'G ^ "G

EG

yG

zG

AG ^ bG

rG

,G ^ ½G

vG

oG

[G ^ 0S

tG

iS

O§^ ñ S

ES

rS

,S ^ &S uR ^ ^oQ ^ vS ^ V§ c

*R

>y

>r

rQ ^ jr§

rT

&T

vT

jrT

vQ

ET

11 txufyg Asnf;wGrJ sm;udk aocsmpGm avhvmNyD; avhusifhygu jrefrmpm ta&;twGuf vkaH vmufygonf/

12 tcef; 3 jrefrmpmta&;pepf tac:ta0:rsm; 3? 1/ jrefrmpmta&;pepfwGif a&;om;onfh tu© &mwdY\ k vu© Pmudk ac:a0: onfh tac:ta0:rsm;&Sdonf/ a&S;OD;pGm o&ta&;vu© Pmrsm;\ tac:ta0:rsm;udk wifjyygrnf/ vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef toHxGuf

tac:^½Gwfqydk kH

-

t^ tmh

a&;

-m

tm

a&;cs

-m;

tm;

a&;cs 0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf

-d^ £

td

vk;H BuD;wif

-D^ þ

tD

vk;H BuD;wif qHcwf

-D;

tD;

vk;H BuD;wif qHcwf 0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf

-k^ O

tk

wpfacsmif;iif

-l^ OD

tl

ESpaf csmif;iif

-l;^ OD;

tl;

ESpaf csmif;iif0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf

a-^ {

at

oa0xd;k

a-h

ath

oa0xd;k atmufujrpf

a-;

at;

oa0xd;k 0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf

-J

tJ

aemufypf

-Jh

tJh

aemufypf atmufujrpf

a-m^ Mo

atm

oa0xd;k a&;cs

a-mh

atmh

oa0xd;k a&;cs atmufujrpf

13 a-mf^ aMomf

atmf

oa0xd;k a&;cs a&SUxd;k

-H

tH

ao;ao;wif

-Hh

tHh

ao;ao;wif atmufujrpf

-dk

tdk

vk;H (BuD;)wif acsmif;iif

-dYk

tdYk

vk;H (BuD;)wif acsmif;iif atmufujrpf

-d;k

td;k

vk;H (BuD;)wif acsmif;iif 0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf

3? 2/ qufvufí jrefrmoifyek ;f BuD; oif½dk;Asnf; tu© &m 33 vk;H wdk\ Y tac:ta0: rsm;udk azmfjy xm;ygonf/ vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef toHxGuf

trnf

trnf½Gwfqydk kH

u

umh

uBuD;

umh*sD;

c

cgh

cacG;

cgha*G;

*

*gh

*i,f

*ghi,f

C

*gh

*BuD;

*gh*sD;

i

igh

i

igh

p

pmh

pvk;H

pmhv;kH

q

qmh

qvdrf

qmhvdrf

Z

Zmh

ZuGJ

Zmh*JG

ps

Zmh

psrsOf;qGJ

ZmhjrifZJG

n

Omh

n

Omh

O

Omh

Ouav;

Omhav;

#

wmh

#oefvsif;csdwf wmhwvif;csdwf

X

xmh

X0rf;bJ

xmh0efbJ

!

'gh

!&ifaumuf

'gh,ifa*guf

14 ¡

'gh

¡a&rIwf

'gh,rIwf

P

emh

PBuD;

emh*sD;

w

wmh

w0rf;yl

wmh0ef;Al

x

xmh

xqifxl;

xmhqif';l

'

'gh

'a'G;

'gha'G;

"

'gh

"atmufcsKdifh

'gh0csKduf

e

emh

ei,f

emhi,f

y

ygh

yapmuf

yghaZmuf

z

zmh

zOD;xkyf

zmh0xkwf

A

Amh

AxufcsKdifh

AmhvcsKduf

b

Amh

bukef;

Amh*ek ;f

r

rmh

r

rmh

,

,mh

,yufvuf

,mhyvuf

&

,mh

&aumuf

,mha*guf

v

vmh

v

vmh

0

0gh

0(vkH;)

0gh(vk;kH )

o

omh

o

omh

[

[mh

[

[mh

V

vmh

VBuD;

vmh*sD;

t

tmh

t

tmh

3? 3/ þ tcef;wGif jrefrmta&;pepfü tygt0ifjzpfaom towfrsm;udkvnf; jynfph HkrI &Sdatmif wpfygwnf; xnfo h Gif;ay;vdu k fygonf/ towfrsm;udk azmfjy&mü ta&;udk zwfwwfap&ef Oyrmrsm;jzifh jyxm;ygonf/

15 jrefrmta&;wGif txufyg jrefrmoifyek ;f BuD; oif½;dk o& trsm;pkrmS towf jzpfEdik o f nf/ towf ykHoP²mefESifh towf ac:a0:ykHrsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyxm; ygonf/ towfyo kH P²mef

trnf½Gwfqydk kH

uf

umh*sD;owf^umhowf

cf

cgha*G;owf^cghowf

*f

*ghi,fowf^*ghowf

Cf

*gh*sD;owf

if

ighowf

pf

pmhv;kH owf^pmhowf

Zf

Zmh*o GJ wf^ Zmhowf

nf

Omhowf

Of

Omhav;owf

#f

wmhwvif;csdwfowf

!f

'gh,ifa*gufowf

Pf

emh*sD;owf

wf

wmh0ef;Alowf^wmhowf

'f

'gha'G;owf^'ghowf

ef

emhi,fowf^ emhowf

yf

yghaZmufowf^ yghowf

Af

AmhvcsKdufowf

bf

Amh*ek ;f owf^Amhowf

rf

rmhowf

,f

,mhyvufowf^ ,mhowf

16 &f

,mha*gufowf

vf

vmhowf

0f

0gh(vk;kH )owf

of

omhowf

[f

[mhowf

Vf

vmh*sD;owf

tf

tmhowf

tok;H rsm;aom towfrsm;rSm ]]uf? if? pf? Of? nf? Pf? wf? ef? yf? rf? ,f}} wdYk jzpfonf/ useftowfrsm;rSm txl;ojzifh arG;pm;pum;vk;H rsm; (Oyrm? ygVd? ouú w? rGe?f t*Fvdyf)udk a&;om;&müom wpfcgwpf&H awGU&rnf/ ta&;wGif (o&+Asnf;+towf)wGJí pmvk;H aygif;½Gwfqydk Hu k dk Oyrmrsm;jzifh atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ om"uta&;yko H P²mef

pmvk;H aygif;½Gwfqydk Hk

uuf

umh*sD;a&;umhowf uuf

aumuf

oa0xd;k umh*sD;a&;csumhowf aumuf

udu k f

umh*sD;vk;H wifacsmif;iifumhowf udu k f

uif

umh*sD;a&;ighowf uif

aumif

oa0xd;k umh*sD;a&;csighowf aumif

udik f

umh*sD;vk;H wifacsmif;iifighowf udik f

{nfh

tu©&m{a&;Omhowft,f atmufujrpf tJh

onf

omha&;Omhowf oD

17 wkwf

wmh0ef;Alwpfacsmif;iif wmhowf wkwf

rde;f

rmhv h ;kH wifemhowfrdef 0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf rde;f

vdrfh

vmhv;kH wifrmhowfvdef atmufujrpf vdefY

3? 4/ jrefrmpmta&;wGif awGU&rnf jzpfaom Asnf;wGw J Ydk\ oauFwESihf tac: ta0:wdYu k v dk nf; wpfqufwnf; azmfjyvdkufygonf/ vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef trnf

½Gwfqydk Hk

-s

,yifh

,mhyifh

M-

&&pf

,mh,pf

-G

0qGJ

0ghqGJ

-S

[xd;k

[mhx;dk

-R

,yifh 0qGJ

,mhyifh 0ghqGJ

>- ^ < -

&&pf 0qGJ

,mh,pf 0ghqGJ

-Q

,yifh [xd;k

,mhyifh [mhx;dk

M -§

&&pf [xd;k

,mh,pf [mhx;dk

-T

0qGJ [xd;k

0ghqGJ [mhx;dk

-Ts

,yifh 0qGJ [xd;k

,mhyifh 0ghqGJ [mhxdk;

< -§

&&pf 0qGJ [xd;k

,mh,pf 0ghqGJ [mhxdk;

18 3? 5/ atmufyg pmvk;H aygif;rsm;udk avhusifh ½GwfqMdk unfyh g/ ouf? vGwf? vyf? ppf? 'Pf? rke;f ? cspf? &Sp?f ½Iyf? wke?fY armif;? oD;? awG;? jrif?h ausmif;? oGef? aoG;? BudKuf? arT;? &rf;? pef;? wdwf? rSuf? rId? rsKd;? ysuf? a[h? zGHU/

19

tcef; 4 jrefrm pum;oHrsm; 4? 1/ jrefrmpum;oHrsm;qdo k nfrSm jrefrmAsnf;ESihf o&rsm;udk aygif;í ½Gwfqadk om toHrsm;udk qdv k ydk gonf/ o&csnf;oufoufvnf; toH jzpfEidk fygonf/ odY&k mwGif o&rsm;\ tac:ESifh ½Gwfqydk Hw k Gif azmfjyNyD; jzpf&m þ ae&mwGif xyfrH razmfjy awmhyg/ 4? 2/ OD;pGm ½d;k ½d;k o& 22 vk;H ESihf Asnf;rsm;udk aygif;pyfxm;onfh pum;oHrsm;udk jyrnf/ Asnf;

o&

pum;oH

u

-

u^ umh

u

-m

um

u

-m;

um;

r

-d

rd

r

-D

rD

r

-D;

rD;

y

-k

yk

y

-l

yl

y

-l;

yl;

0

a-

a0

0

a-h

a0h

0

a-;

a0;

v

-J

vJ

v

-Jh

vJh

20 w

a-m

awm

w

a-mh

awmh

w

a-mf

awmf

n

-H

nH

n

-Hh

nHh

z

-dk

zdk

z

-dYk

zdYk

z

-d;k

zd;k

4? 2/ atmufyg pum;oHrsm;udk ½Gwfqdk avhusifh Munfyh g/ jym? usm;? aomf? rdk;? ½Gm? ZG?J zGUJ ? aEG? axG;? BudK;? ysHU? wH? arsm? wD;? usL;/ 4? 3/ qufvufí (Asnf;+o&+towf) aygif;pyfxm;onfh pum;oHrsm;udk jyrnf/ Asnf;

o&

towf

0PÖ oHoauFw a&;xk;H ^pum;oH

u

-

uf

uuf

u

a-m

uf

aumuf

u

-dk

uf

udu k f

r

-k

cf

rkcf ^rkwf^

r

-

*f

r*f ^ruf^

y

-k

*f

yk*f ^ykwf^

r

-dk

Cf

r

-

if

r

-

if

-h

rifh

r

-

if

-;

rif;

-;

rdkCf; ^rdk;^ rif

21 r

-

Zf

rZf ^rpf^

o

-

pf

opf

p

-

Of

pOf ^pif^

p

-

Of

-h

pOfh ^pif^h

p

-

Of

-;

pOf; ^pif;^

w

-

nf

w

-

nf

-h

wnfh ^wd^

w

-

nf

-;

wnf; ^wD;^

0

-

#f

0#f ^0wf^

"

-d

#f

"d#f ^'dwf^

o

a-

#f

ao#f ^opf^

0

-

Pf

0Pf ^0ef^

w

-

wf

wwf

c

a-

wf

acwf ^cpf^

u

-

'f

u'f ^uwf^

y

-k

'f

yk'f ^ykwf^

w

-

ef

wef

w

-

ef

-h

wefY

w

-

ef

-;

wef;

r

-d

ef

r

-d

ef

-h

rdeYf

r

-d

ef

-;

rde;f

w

-k

ef

w

-k

ef

-h

wkefY

w

-k

ef

-;

wkef;

u

-

yf

wnf ^wD^

rdef

wkef

uyf ^uwf^

22 t

-d

yf

pdyf ^pdwf^

u

-k

yf

ukyf ^ukwf^

'

-d

Af

'dAf ^'dwf^

v

-m

bf

vmbf ^vwf^

u

-

rf

urf ^uef^

u

-

rf

-h

urfh ^uefY^

u

-

rf

-;

urf; ^uef;^

v

-d

rf

v

-d

rf

-h

vdrfh ^vde^fY

v

-d

rf

-;

vdrf; ^vdef;^

u

-k

rf

ukrf ^ukef^

v

-

-Hk

vkH ^vkef^

v

-

-kH

-h

vkYH ^vke^fY

v

-

-kH

-;

vk;H ^vkef;^

w

-

-ð

wð^wdef^

r

-

,f

r,f

r

-

,f

x

a-

&f

ax&f ^ax^

*

-dk

&f

*dk&f ^*dk^

z

-

vf

zvf ^zef^

O

-

vf

Ovf ^tkef^

o

a-mf

0f

aomf0f ^aomf^

y

-

of

yof ^ywf^

jA

-

[f

jA[f ^jAef^

vdrf ^vdef^

-h

r,fh ^rJh^

23 rSwfcsuf/

/ txufyg towfrsm;ESihf wGv J sufpum;oHrsm;udk avhusifh ½GwfqEdk idk f

ygu jrefrmtu©&mjzifh a&;xm;aom jrefrmpmtm;vk;H udk zwf&Ieidk yf gvdrfhrnf/ xyfrH avhusifh&eftwGuf Asnf;rsm;udk tpmxd;k ½Gwfqdkjcif; jyKvkyfEidk yf gonf/

24 tcef; 5 jrefrm emrfpum;vk;H rsm; 5? 1/ jrefrm emrfpum;vk;H rsm;udk azmfjy&mü tok;H rsm;aom emrfpum;vk;H rsm;udo k m a½G;cs,fxm;ygonf/ ,if;odakY ½G;cs,f&mü avhvmolwYdk tcef;csif; qufpyfr&I daS tmif o&csnf;&Sdaeaom emrfpum;vk;H rsm;? o&ESifh Asnf; wGaJ eaom emrfpum;vk;H rsm;[lí cGJjcm; pkpnf;xm;ygonf/ 5? 2/ o&csnf;om &Sdaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;ygonf/ jrefrmemrfpum;vk;H

t"dyÜ m,f

tt ttdk tm tD; O tl OD; tH td;k 5? 3/ qufvufí jrefrmpum;&Sd o&ESifh Asnf; wGaJ eaom emrfpum;vk;H rsm;udk pkpnf;&mü toHwpfoHom &Sdaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;ESihf toHwpfoHxuf ydkaom emrf pum;vk;H rsm;[lí cGJjcm; pkpnf;jyxm;ygonf/

25 5? 3? 1/ atmufwGif azmfjypkpnf;xm;aom emrfpum;vk;H rsm;rSm toHwpfoHom &Sd aom emrfpum;vk;H rsm; jzpfygonf/ om"uum;

aumf

uH

uif;

udik ;f

uef

ukef

urf;

usm;

ausmuf

ausmif;

usrf;

Muuf

aMumif

ywf

z

zvS,f

zm;

zd

zdp;D

zdEydS f

zDqef

zD;

zk

zl;

az;r

zJ½u dk f

zJao

zJh

azm

azmh

azmf

zdk

zdYk

zuf

zufpyf

azmuf

azmufjyef

zifaygh

zifNrJ

zifav;

azmif

azmif;

azmif;yG

zwf

zdwfMum;

zdwfpOf

zkwf

zefqif;

zefwD;

zk;H

zkH;zd

zkH;tkyf

42 z,f

z,f&Sm;

zsm;

azsmh

zsuf

zsufodrf;

azsmuf

azsmufzsuf

zsif

zsif;

azsmif;zs

zspf

zsOf

zsefajz

zsef;

jzm

jzm;a,mif;

NzD;

jzL

jzL;

ajz

ajzazsmf

ajz&Sif;

ajzodrfh

NzJ

ajzm

NzdK

ajzmif

ajzmifh

ajzmifjh zL;

ajzmifrh wf

jzpf

jzpfajrmuf

jznfh

jzwf

jzwfoef;

jzKwf

jzefY

jzefcY sd

jzef;

jzKef;

NzKH

zGm

zGm;

zGJ

zGUJ

zGHUNzdK;

zGihf

zGyf

zG,f

Avuúm&jyK

Aavmifql

Aavmifqef

Al;rIwf

aA'ifMunfh

aA'ifwGuf

AdkufBuD;

Adkufem

Adkufatmifh

Aef;jy

Ake;f

Adkvfus

Asmrsm;

ajAmifwu dk f

ajAmif;qef

aAGqd;k

aAGazmuf

aAG,l

b0em

b0arh

b0ifus

b0ifjrifh

bmomjyef

bdodufajr§ muf

bDvl;pD;

bkus

bk&m;zl;

bk&m;&Sdc;dk

bl;uG,f

bl;cH

ab;csif;wdu k f

ab;csdwf

ab;rJhay;

bufyJh

bufvu dk f

abmifcwf

abmif0if

bdik u f s

bkOf;ay;

bkef;BuD;

bGmcwf

r

rp

rw&m;

remvdk

rowD

rm

rd

rD

rD;uif

43 rD;xGuf

rD;em

rD;ae

rD;arT;

rD;avmif&m avyifh

rl

rl;

arh

ar;

rJ

rJh

arm

rH

rdk;½Gm

ruf

rdkuf

rdkufaMu;cGJ

rif;jyK

armif;

rnf;

rwf

rdwfquf

rdwfvu dk f

ref;rIwf

rmef

rde;f arm

rke, f pf

rkew f idk ;f wdu k f

rke;f

rsm;

arsm

rsKd

rsuf

rsufacsmifus

rsufpv d nf

rsufapmif;xd;k

rsufEmS yl

rsufEmS ysuf

rsufEmS &

jrL;

ajrawmifajr§ muf ajrrsKd

NrJ

ajrm

ajrmh

ajrmuf

jrif;avmif;

jrpf (wm; ~)

jrnf

jrnf;

jrwf

Nrdef

jrKyf

NrKH

NrKHU

rG

arGU

arG;

arG;jrL

rGJ

rGwf

rGejf rwf

rGr;f rH

rSm

rDcS kd

rSL; (BuD; ~)

arS;

rIdwuf

arSmuf

rSiaf o

arSmif

rIikd f

rSnfh

rSwf

rSdwf

rIwf

rSe;f

rSed f

rIef

rIeYf

rIe;f (acs ~)

rIe;f (jc,f ~)

>rufMum;

>ruf[

rQw

rQm;

arQm

arQmf

rQif

jr§ L

ajr§muf

ajr§mufyifh

Nr§ dKuf (rD; ~)

ajr§ mif

jr§ Kyf

44 jr§ KyfEHS

arT

arT;

rTef

jrTm

,Mwmacs

,m (uGrf; ~)

,m;

,D;wdu k f

,l

,dk

,d;k pGyf

,uf

a,muf,ufcwf a,mif,rf;

,dik f

,pf

,Of

,Ofaus;

,Ofyg;

,yfcwf

,rf;

,drf;

,drf;u

,kH

,krH mS ;

,Suf

,SOf

,SOfwGJ

,SOfNydKif

&

&r,f&Sm

&d

&Da0

a&csKd;

a&csdefuu dk f

a&pufcs

a&pkeaf rsm

a&wGuf

a&yef;pm;

a&;

&J

&J&ifh

a&m

½du k sKd;

½dak o

½d;k om;

&uf

a&muf

½du k f

&ifqm

&ifyl

&ifh

&if;

a&mif

a&mifh

a&mif;

½dik ;f

½dik ;f pdkif;

½dik ;f yif;

&pf

&nfpl;

&nf½G,f

&dwf

&efawGU

&efjzpf

&efvdk

½kef;

½kef;uef

&yf

&yfem;

&dyf

½kyfodrf;

½kyfysuf

½kyfzsuf

½kyfvk;H azmf

&rf;

½kH

&,f

½G

a½GU

a½G;

½GJ

½GUJ

½G&H mS

½Guf

½Gwfqdk

½Gyf

½G,f

&S

&Sm

&Sm;yg;

&dS

&Scd ;kd

½I

&SL

&SL;wdu k f

a&S;us

a&S;½I

½IUd

45 &Suf

&Si;f

a&Smif

½Iwfcs

&Sed f

&Syf

½Iyf

½IUH

½I;H

a½TU

½TJ

½Tifys

½Tifvef;

½Trf; (t&nf ~)

viykyfzrf;

vm

vk

vl

vlpOfrD

vlvm;ajrmuf

avusifx h ;dk

avBuD;

avcRef

avjzwf

avvGifh

av0if

avhusifh

avhvm

av;

av;pm;

av;euf

vJ

vJvS,f

avm

avmBuD;

avmaqmf

avmuGwfacsmf vdk

vdw k &

vuf

vufcH

vufacgufrIwf vufckyfwD;

vufpm;acs

avmuf

vdu k f

vdu k fpm;

vif,l

vif;

avmif

avmif;

vpf

vnf

vwf

vef

vefY

vef;

vyf

vdyf

vkyf

vrf;nTef

vdrf

vdr® m

vdrfh

vdrf;

vkH

vk;H

vk;H csmvdu k f

v,fwD

avG;

vGJ

vGef

vGefY

vGef;

vGrf;

vG,f

vS

vSD

vS;D

avSU

vSJ

avSmf

vIid f

vSnfh

vSnf;

vSefY

vSef;

vSyf

vIyf

vSrf;

vSrd hf

vIH

vS,f

avQmcs

avQmh

avQmf

vQKd

vQKdU0Suf

avQmuf

vTm

46 vTm;

vTJ

vTaJ jymif;

vTwf

vTrf;

vTrf;rdk;

0

0ajym

0g

0gBuD;

0goemyg

0g;

0dnmOfcsKyf

0dnmOfwG,f

a0

a0iS

a0qm

a0zef

a0h

a0;

a0;uGm

0J

0Jpm;

0JysH

0Hh (&J ~ )

0uf½l;jyef

0dkuf

0if