Myanmar Grammar for Foreign Students
January 18, 2017 | Author: Dr Ko Lay | Category: N/A
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Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tajccHpum;ajym
jrefrmo'´g (q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf)
a'gufwmudak v; (Ph.D)
jyKpkonf/
2 10? 9? 2004 wGif pwifjyKpkonf/ 15? 7? 2005 wGif a&;om;jyKpk NyD;pD;onf/
Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tajccHpum;ajym
jrefrmo'´g (q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf)
a'gufwmudak v; (Ph.D)
jyKpkonf/
3 ed'gef; Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmpmESihf bmompum;udk oif,Ml u&mü wuú ov dk f tqifh a&mufrSom oif,lMuonfudk trsm;qk;H awGU&ygonf/ xdYak Mumifh jrefrm o'´ gudk
EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
jyKpk&mü todOmPf
&ifu h sufNyD;aom
ausmif;om; t½G,frsm;twGufom txl;&nf½G,fí jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpfaMumif; OD;pGm azmfjyvdyk gonf/ pmoifjyolwpfO;D taejzifh rdrd\ tawGUtBuKHt& ajym&ygu Ekid if jH cm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmbmompum;xuf jrefrmhordkif;ESihf jrefrmEdik fiH taMumif;udk odcsifolu trsm;pk jzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ odYt k wGufaMumifh ,if; ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pkonf jrefrmo'´ gudk wul;wu oif,l&ef 0efav; wwfMuonfudk awGU&onf/ o'´g[lonf oif,l&onfh bmom&yfrsm;wGif oif,l&ef ysif;&dz, G f&m taumif;qkH;vnf; jzpfaewwfjyef&m jrefrmo'´ gudk oif,l&rnfh Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;tzdYk ydkí yif pdwfyg0ifpm;rI enf;aewwfonfudk awGY&ygonf/ jrefrmbmompum;onf Oa&myrS t*Fvdyfbmompum;? jyifopfbmom pum;? pydefbmompum;? *smrefbmompum; ponfwYdak vmuf vnf;aumif;? tm&SrS *syefbmompum;? w½kwfbmompum;? ud&k ;D ,m;bmompum; ponfwYdak vmuf vnf;aumif; vkyfief;tokH;jyKrI rsm;jym;jcif; r&Sad y&m jrefrmo'´ gudk oif,l vdak om Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm enf;oxuf enf;aeayawmhonf/ bmomaA'udk pdw0f if pm;aom ausmif;om;tcsKdUomvQif jrefrmo'´ gudk pepfwus avhvmMuonfudk awGU& ygonf/ odYjk zpf&m þ jrefrmo'´gpmtkyfi,fwGif jrefrmo'´ gudk trsm; em;vnfvG,f atmif ynm&SifwYdk avhvmykrH sKd; r[kwfbJ? jrefrmbmompum;udk oif,l&if; c&D;oGm; [efvGJ owdjyKoifhonfwYdu k dk o½kyfazmfxm;onfh o'´ gqdik &f mtcsuftvufrsm; yg0if aeonf[k ajymxm;cJhcsifygonf/
4 tcef; 1 jrefrmo&rsm; 1? 1/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif tajccHo& 7 vk;H &Sdonf/ ,if;wdYrk Sm tD ( -D ) at
(a- )
t,f ( -,f ) tm ( -m ) atmf ( a-mf ) tdk ( -dk ) tl ( -l ) wdYk jzpfygonf/ 1? 2/ ,if;tajccHo& 7vk;H udk wufusoH 3 oH (oH&Snf (-)? oHwdk ( -h ^ -d )? oHav; (-; ^ -J ^ a-m )) jzifh ½Gwfqydk gu wpfrsKd;vQif ok;H oHpD jzpfvmum pkpak ygif; tajccHo&oH 21 oH &onf/ ,if;wdkYudk atmufygtwdik ;f jyEdkifonf/ tD ( -D )^þ
td ( -d ) ^\^£
tD; ( -D; )
at ( a- )^ {
ath ( a-h )
at; ( a-; )
t,f ( -,f )
t,f^h tJh ( -,f^h -Jh )
tJ ( -J )
tm ( -m )
tmh^t ( -mh ^ - )
tm; ( -m; )
atmf ( a-mf ) ^aMomf
atmh ( a-mh )
atm ( a-m )^ Mo
tdk ( -dk )
tdYk ( -dYk )
td;k ( -d;k )
tl ( -l )^ OD
tk ( -k )^ O
tl; ( -l; )^ OD;
5 1? 3/ tD? tm? tl o& 3 vk;H udk ESmoHjzifh ½Gwfqydk gu tif? tef? tGef [lí ESmoHygo&rsm; jzpfvmonf/ jrefrmpum;vk;H rsm;udk pmvk;H aygif;&mwGif tif ^ tOf tef ^ trf ^ tH tGef ^ tGrf ^ tGH [lí a&;xm;aom pmvk;H aygif;rsm;onf tqdyk g ESmoHygo&rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk vnf; oH&Snf? oHwdk? oHav;[laom wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqydk gu ESmoHygo&½d;k ½dk; 9 oH &onf/ ,if;wdYu k dk atmufygtwdik ;f jyEdik o f nf/ tif^tOf (-if^ -Of ) tef^ trf ^ tH (-ef ^ -rf ^ -H ) tGef ^ tGrf ^ tGH ( -Gef ^ -Grf ^ -GH )
tifh^tOfh ( -if ^ -Ofh ) tefY ^ trfh ^ tHh (-efY ^ -rfh ^ -Hh ) tGefY ( -GeYf )
tif;^ tOf; ( -if;^ -Of;) tef; ^ trf; (-ef; ^-rf; ) tGef; ^ tGrf; ( -Gef; ^ -Grf; )
1? 4/ ESmoHygo&ESifh tjcm;o& ESpcf u k dk wGpJ yfí ½Gwfq&dk aom ESmoHygo&wGJ 4 ck &Sdonf/ ,if;wdrkY mS atmufygtwdkif; jrefrmpmvkH; aygif;xm;aom ta&;ykHpHrsm; jzpf onf/ (a- + -if) = tdef ^ tdrf ^ tð( -def ^ -drf ^ - ð) ( -dk + -Gef ) = tkef ^ tkrf ^ tkH ( -kef ^ -krf ^ -kH ) ( -m + -if ) = tdik f ( -dik f ) ( -m + -Gef ) = atmif ( a-mif ) ,if;wdYkuv dk nf; oH&Snf? oHwdk? oHav;[laom wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqydk gu ESmoHygo&wGJ 12 oH &onf/ tdef ^ tdrf ^ tð( -def ^ tdef; ^ tdrf; ( -def; ^ tdefY ^ tdrfh ( -defY ^ -drhf ) -drf ^ - ð) -drf; ) tkef ^ tkrf ^ tkH ( -kef ^ tkefY ^ tkrfh ^ tkYH ( -kefY ^ tkef; ^ tkrf; ^ tk;H ( -kef; -krf ^ -kH ) -krfh ^ -kYH ) ^ -krf; ^ -k;H )
6 tdik f ( -dik f )
tdik hf ( -dik hf )
tdik ;f ( -dik ;f )
atmif ( a-mif )
atmifh ( a-mifh )
atmif; ( a-mif; )
1? 5/ tD? t,f? tm? tl o& 4 vk;H udk vnfacsmif;twGif; &yfí ½Gwfqydk gu &yfoH o&rsm; jzpfvmonf/ jrefrmpmvk;H aygif;&mwGif tpf ( -pf ) tuf ( -uf ) twf ( -wf ) tGwf ^ tG#f ^ tGyf ( -Gwf ^ -G#f ^ -Gyf ) [lí a&;xm;aom pmvk;H aygif;rsm;onf tqdyk g &yfoHo&rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdYu k dk wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqdkí r&ay/ 1? 6/ &yfoHo&ESifh tjcm;o& ESpcf kudk wGpJ yfí ½Gwfq&dk aom &yfoHo&wGJ 4 ck &Sdonf/ ,if;wdYrk Sm atmufygtwdik ;f jrefrmpmvkH;aygif;xm;aom ta&;ykHpHrsm; jzpf onf/ (a- + -pf ) = tdwf ( -dwf ) ( -dk + -Gwf ^ -G#f ^-Gyf ) = tkwf ^ tk#f ^ tkyf ( -kwf ^ -k#f ^ -kyf ) ( -m + -pf ) = tdu k f ( -dkuf ) ( -m + -Gwf ^ -G#f ^-Gyf) = atmuf ( a-muf ) avhusifh&ef 1/ atmufygwdYu k dk ½Gwfqydk g/ tD? at? tm? atmf? td?k t,f? tl/ t? at;? tk? atm? td?kY tm;? td/ atmh? tm? tD;? td;k ? tmh? t,f?h tJ/
7 2/ atmufygwdYu k dk oH&Snf? oHw?dk oHav; tpOftwdik ;f jznfhí ½Gwfqydk g/ ---? td? tD; atmf? atmh? --t,f? ---? tJ tdef? ---? tdef; ---? ---? tk;H 3/ atmufyg &yfoHo&rsm;udk ½Gwfqydk g/ tpf? tdwf? tdkuf? tGwf? tky/f 4/ atmufyg ESmoHygo&rsm;udk ½Gwfqydk g/ tif? tdef? tkH? atmif? tef?Y tdik ;f /
8 tcef; 2 jrefrmAsnf;rsm; 2? 1/ jrefrmAsnf;rsm;wGif ta&;tu© &mtm;jzifh 33 vk;H &So d nf/ ,if;wdYu k dk atmufyg twdik ;f Z,m;jzifh jyEdik o f nf/ u p # w y ,
c q X x z & [
* Z ! ' A v V
C ps ¡ " b 0 t
i n P e r o
2? 2/ toHtm;jzifrh l jrefrmAsnf;rsm;udk wl&m pkí jyEdik o f nf/ ,if;udk Z,m;jzifh jyygu atmufygtwdik ;f 21 oH jzpfonf/ u p #^w y
(rSwfcsuf/
c q X^x z , ^ &Ä [
*^C Z ^ ps ! ^ ¡^ ' ^ " A^b v^V tÄ
i n P^ e r o
/ (1) &Ä ^r^ oHudk EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;rsm;rS pum;vk;H rsm;udk arG;pm;
onft h cg rl&if;oHwGif ^r^oH yg ygu jrefrmpum;wGifvnf; &Ä ^r^ oHjzifh ajymavh &Sdygonf/ (2) tÄ - ]t} udk ta&;wGif vG,fulap&eftwGufomvQif Asnf;[k azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ pifppf ]t} onf o&om jzpfonf/)
9 2? 3/ ta&;ü Asnf;wGjJ zifh a&;aomfvnf; tajymwGif Asnf;wpfcw k nf; toHxGufaom Asnf;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/ iS ( i + -S ) n§( n + -S ) ES ( e + -S ) rS ( r + -S ) vS ( v + -S ) ,S ( , + -S ^ & + -S ) us ( u + -s ^ u + M - ) cs ( c + -s ^ c + M - ) *s ( * + -s ^ * + M - ) tqdyk gAsnf;wdYt k jyif o^θ^ Asnf; \ oHjyif;Asnf; jzpfaom oS^^ vnf; &Sdonf/ odYk&mwGif ta&;ü o jzifo h m a&;onf/ 2? 4/ jrefrmpm ta&;ü awGU&aom Asnf;wGrJ sm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f Z,m;jzifh jyEdik f onf/ us
cs
*s
ws
Es
ys
zs
As
rs
,s
vs
Mu
jc
j*
ji
Mw
j'
jy
jz
jA
jr
uG
cG
*G
iG
pG
qG
ZG
ñG
wG
xG
'G
"G
EG
yG
10 zG
AG
bG
rG
,G
½G
vG
oG
[G
tG
iS
O§
ñS
ES
rS
,S
&S
vS
0S
V§
uR
cR
*R
c
>y
>r
rQ
jr§
vQ
oQ
ET
rT
&T
vT
jrT ,if;wdYkudk toHxGuf wl&mpkí jy&aomf atmufygtwdik ;f jyí &onf/
us ^ Mu cs ^ jc
*s ^ j*
ws
Es
ys ^ jy zs ^ jz
As ^ jA
rs ^ jr
,s
vs
ji
Mw
j'
uG
cG
*G
iG
pG
qG
ZG
ñG
wG
xG
'G ^ "G
EG
yG
zG
AG ^ bG
rG
,G ^ ½G
vG
oG
[G ^ 0S
tG
iS
O§^ ñ S
ES
rS
,S ^ &S uR ^ ^oQ ^ vS ^ V§ c
*R
>y
>r
rQ ^ jr§
rT
&T
vT
jrT
vQ
ET
11 txufyg Asnf;wGrJ sm;udk aocsmpGm avhvmNyD; avhusifhygu jrefrmpm ta&;twGuf vkaH vmufygonf/
12 tcef; 3 jrefrmpmta&;pepf tac:ta0:rsm; 3? 1/ jrefrmpmta&;pepfwGif a&;om;onfh tu© &mwdY\ k vu© Pmudk ac:a0: onfh tac:ta0:rsm;&Sdonf/ a&S;OD;pGm o&ta&;vu© Pmrsm;\ tac:ta0:rsm;udk wifjyygrnf/ vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef toHxGuf
tac:^½Gwfqydk kH
-
t^ tmh
a&;
-m
tm
a&;cs
-m;
tm;
a&;cs 0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf
-d^ £
td
vk;H BuD;wif
-D^ þ
tD
vk;H BuD;wif qHcwf
-D;
tD;
vk;H BuD;wif qHcwf 0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf
-k^ O
tk
wpfacsmif;iif
-l^ OD
tl
ESpaf csmif;iif
-l;^ OD;
tl;
ESpaf csmif;iif0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf
a-^ {
at
oa0xd;k
a-h
ath
oa0xd;k atmufujrpf
a-;
at;
oa0xd;k 0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf
-J
tJ
aemufypf
-Jh
tJh
aemufypf atmufujrpf
a-m^ Mo
atm
oa0xd;k a&;cs
a-mh
atmh
oa0xd;k a&;cs atmufujrpf
13 a-mf^ aMomf
atmf
oa0xd;k a&;cs a&SUxd;k
-H
tH
ao;ao;wif
-Hh
tHh
ao;ao;wif atmufujrpf
-dk
tdk
vk;H (BuD;)wif acsmif;iif
-dYk
tdYk
vk;H (BuD;)wif acsmif;iif atmufujrpf
-d;k
td;k
vk;H (BuD;)wif acsmif;iif 0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf
3? 2/ qufvufí jrefrmoifyek ;f BuD; oif½dk;Asnf; tu© &m 33 vk;H wdk\ Y tac:ta0: rsm;udk azmfjy xm;ygonf/ vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef toHxGuf
trnf
trnf½Gwfqydk kH
u
umh
uBuD;
umh*sD;
c
cgh
cacG;
cgha*G;
*
*gh
*i,f
*ghi,f
C
*gh
*BuD;
*gh*sD;
i
igh
i
igh
p
pmh
pvk;H
pmhv;kH
q
qmh
qvdrf
qmhvdrf
Z
Zmh
ZuGJ
Zmh*JG
ps
Zmh
psrsOf;qGJ
ZmhjrifZJG
n
Omh
n
Omh
O
Omh
Ouav;
Omhav;
#
wmh
#oefvsif;csdwf wmhwvif;csdwf
X
xmh
X0rf;bJ
xmh0efbJ
!
'gh
!&ifaumuf
'gh,ifa*guf
14 ¡
'gh
¡a&rIwf
'gh,rIwf
P
emh
PBuD;
emh*sD;
w
wmh
w0rf;yl
wmh0ef;Al
x
xmh
xqifxl;
xmhqif';l
'
'gh
'a'G;
'gha'G;
"
'gh
"atmufcsKdifh
'gh0csKduf
e
emh
ei,f
emhi,f
y
ygh
yapmuf
yghaZmuf
z
zmh
zOD;xkyf
zmh0xkwf
A
Amh
AxufcsKdifh
AmhvcsKduf
b
Amh
bukef;
Amh*ek ;f
r
rmh
r
rmh
,
,mh
,yufvuf
,mhyvuf
&
,mh
&aumuf
,mha*guf
v
vmh
v
vmh
0
0gh
0(vkH;)
0gh(vk;kH )
o
omh
o
omh
[
[mh
[
[mh
V
vmh
VBuD;
vmh*sD;
t
tmh
t
tmh
3? 3/ þ tcef;wGif jrefrmta&;pepfü tygt0ifjzpfaom towfrsm;udkvnf; jynfph HkrI &Sdatmif wpfygwnf; xnfo h Gif;ay;vdu k fygonf/ towfrsm;udk azmfjy&mü ta&;udk zwfwwfap&ef Oyrmrsm;jzifh jyxm;ygonf/
15 jrefrmta&;wGif txufyg jrefrmoifyek ;f BuD; oif½;dk o& trsm;pkrmS towf jzpfEdik o f nf/ towf ykHoP²mefESifh towf ac:a0:ykHrsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyxm; ygonf/ towfyo kH P²mef
trnf½Gwfqydk kH
uf
umh*sD;owf^umhowf
cf
cgha*G;owf^cghowf
*f
*ghi,fowf^*ghowf
Cf
*gh*sD;owf
if
ighowf
pf
pmhv;kH owf^pmhowf
Zf
Zmh*o GJ wf^ Zmhowf
nf
Omhowf
Of
Omhav;owf
#f
wmhwvif;csdwfowf
!f
'gh,ifa*gufowf
Pf
emh*sD;owf
wf
wmh0ef;Alowf^wmhowf
'f
'gha'G;owf^'ghowf
ef
emhi,fowf^ emhowf
yf
yghaZmufowf^ yghowf
Af
AmhvcsKdufowf
bf
Amh*ek ;f owf^Amhowf
rf
rmhowf
,f
,mhyvufowf^ ,mhowf
16 &f
,mha*gufowf
vf
vmhowf
0f
0gh(vk;kH )owf
of
omhowf
[f
[mhowf
Vf
vmh*sD;owf
tf
tmhowf
tok;H rsm;aom towfrsm;rSm ]]uf? if? pf? Of? nf? Pf? wf? ef? yf? rf? ,f}} wdYk jzpfonf/ useftowfrsm;rSm txl;ojzifh arG;pm;pum;vk;H rsm; (Oyrm? ygVd? ouú w? rGe?f t*Fvdyf)udk a&;om;&müom wpfcgwpf&H awGU&rnf/ ta&;wGif (o&+Asnf;+towf)wGJí pmvk;H aygif;½Gwfqydk Hu k dk Oyrmrsm;jzifh atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ om"uta&;yko H P²mef
pmvk;H aygif;½Gwfqydk Hk
uuf
umh*sD;a&;umhowf uuf
aumuf
oa0xd;k umh*sD;a&;csumhowf aumuf
udu k f
umh*sD;vk;H wifacsmif;iifumhowf udu k f
uif
umh*sD;a&;ighowf uif
aumif
oa0xd;k umh*sD;a&;csighowf aumif
udik f
umh*sD;vk;H wifacsmif;iifighowf udik f
{nfh
tu©&m{a&;Omhowft,f atmufujrpf tJh
onf
omha&;Omhowf oD
17 wkwf
wmh0ef;Alwpfacsmif;iif wmhowf wkwf
rde;f
rmhv h ;kH wifemhowfrdef 0pö EpS v f ;kH ayguf rde;f
vdrfh
vmhv;kH wifrmhowfvdef atmufujrpf vdefY
3? 4/ jrefrmpmta&;wGif awGU&rnf jzpfaom Asnf;wGw J Ydk\ oauFwESihf tac: ta0:wdYu k v dk nf; wpfqufwnf; azmfjyvdkufygonf/ vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef trnf
½Gwfqydk Hk
-s
,yifh
,mhyifh
M-
&&pf
,mh,pf
-G
0qGJ
0ghqGJ
-S
[xd;k
[mhx;dk
-R
,yifh 0qGJ
,mhyifh 0ghqGJ
>- ^ < -
&&pf 0qGJ
,mh,pf 0ghqGJ
-Q
,yifh [xd;k
,mhyifh [mhx;dk
M -§
&&pf [xd;k
,mh,pf [mhx;dk
-T
0qGJ [xd;k
0ghqGJ [mhx;dk
-Ts
,yifh 0qGJ [xd;k
,mhyifh 0ghqGJ [mhxdk;
< -§
&&pf 0qGJ [xd;k
,mh,pf 0ghqGJ [mhxdk;
18 3? 5/ atmufyg pmvk;H aygif;rsm;udk avhusifh ½GwfqMdk unfyh g/ ouf? vGwf? vyf? ppf? 'Pf? rke;f ? cspf? &Sp?f ½Iyf? wke?fY armif;? oD;? awG;? jrif?h ausmif;? oGef? aoG;? BudKuf? arT;? &rf;? pef;? wdwf? rSuf? rId? rsKd;? ysuf? a[h? zGHU/
19
tcef; 4 jrefrm pum;oHrsm; 4? 1/ jrefrmpum;oHrsm;qdo k nfrSm jrefrmAsnf;ESihf o&rsm;udk aygif;í ½Gwfqadk om toHrsm;udk qdv k ydk gonf/ o&csnf;oufoufvnf; toH jzpfEidk fygonf/ odY&k mwGif o&rsm;\ tac:ESifh ½Gwfqydk Hw k Gif azmfjyNyD; jzpf&m þ ae&mwGif xyfrH razmfjy awmhyg/ 4? 2/ OD;pGm ½d;k ½d;k o& 22 vk;H ESihf Asnf;rsm;udk aygif;pyfxm;onfh pum;oHrsm;udk jyrnf/ Asnf;
o&
pum;oH
u
-
u^ umh
u
-m
um
u
-m;
um;
r
-d
rd
r
-D
rD
r
-D;
rD;
y
-k
yk
y
-l
yl
y
-l;
yl;
0
a-
a0
0
a-h
a0h
0
a-;
a0;
v
-J
vJ
v
-Jh
vJh
20 w
a-m
awm
w
a-mh
awmh
w
a-mf
awmf
n
-H
nH
n
-Hh
nHh
z
-dk
zdk
z
-dYk
zdYk
z
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