Musicoterapia Na Gerontologia

 

D\WOGHZLRNSON FN MLRHFZHEHMON1 RLENGOHFNJH N JHLFÍN JL NEQ@LODLR

Ynejor Nevls Gnrvne`h> Dnurh Slrlorn Ndhrhsh Nfnstîgoh Añfohr2 RLW\DH1  Lstl trnbne`h tld ghdh hbaltovh n lxphsoíçh l rlielxçh n rlsploth jl ghfgloths qul iufjndlftnd n prîtogn jn dusoghtlrnpon aufth n ojhshs ghd jonmf÷stogh jn jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr. Josgutl-sl tndbïd lstrntïmon tlrnpáutogn pnrn eojnr fh ghtojonfh ghd lssns plsshns fh jlghrrlr jn lvheuíçh jh qunjrh jldlfgone, l busgn, hilrlglr nh elothr ghftlñjhs qul phssoboeotld n ghdprllfsçh jh trnbne`h dusoghtlrnpáutogh fn nbhrjnmld jn plsshn qul sl lfghftrn ld prhglssh jl plrjn jn dld÷ron l jn gnpngojnjl g npngojnjl jl oftlrníçh shgone. Nssod iofneoznfjh lstçh rlengohfnjhs jnjhs jl udn plsquosn rlneoznjn aufth n ojhshs guahs sofnos geäfoghs nphftnvnd pnrn ud prhvîvle jonmf÷stogh jl jldáfgon l qul vovlfgonrnd ud prhglssh jl Dusoghtlrnpon.

 ojhsh ‗  jhlfín  jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr. SNENYRNW-G@NYL1 dusoghtlrnpon ‗  ojhsh

OFZRHJ\ÍÇH  Flstn plsquosn lstçh lxphsths tldns rlilrlftls ã nbhrjnmld nbhrjnmld dusoghtlrnpáu dusoghtlrnpáutogn togn fn mlrhfthehmon qul dhstrn qul n dñsogn phjl slr udn ÷todn neonjn pnrn pngolftls jonmfhstognjhs ghd Nez`lodlr. H ghf`lgodlfth ghd ns phssoboeojnjls ghdufogntovns qul lssn prîtogn phjl trnzlr pnrn ãqulels qul lstçh plrjlfjh slu pntrodúfoh niltovh, ghmfotovh l gueturne l qul pnssn pleh lftlfjodlfth jh somfoiognjh jn dñsogn l jn dusoghtlrnpon, l tne lftlfjodlfth hilrlgl-sl ghdh ilrrndlftns gnpnzls jl ndlfoznr qunjrhs jl oshendlfth l jl jlshrolftníçh lstnblelgojns fh prhglssh lvheutovh jlssn jhlfín. Snrn tnfth, busghu-sl nrtoguenr nssufths qul trntnd jn dñsogn l jn dusoghtlrnpon ãs lsplgoiogojnjls jn jhlfín l jn oftlrníçh shgone ghd n plsshn qul lxplrodlftn n ineáfgon jn sun gnpngojnjl jl oftlmrnr-sl nh dloh shgone, phos n dñsogn lxlrgl udn lfhrdl ofieuáfgon ofie uáfgon fn vojn `udnfn, l fh gnsh jh ojhsh, ns gnfíüls lstoduend slftodlfths, slfto dlfths, slfsníüls l rldltl n ïphgns, plsshns, eumnrls l lxplroáfgons vovojns, trnzlfjh ldhíüls munrjnjns ld sun dld÷ron. Flssl slftojh, n prntogn ghd gnfíüls ld dusoghtlrnpon  phjlron slr ofjognjh ghdh udn ilrrndlftn gnpnz jl hilrlglr blfliägohs pnrn hs ojhshs ghd jldáfgon l slus guojnjhrls, ofgeuofjh n quneojnjl jns rleníüls shgohindoeonrls.

 

DÑWOGN N dñsogn ï udn ihrdn jl lxprlssçh eomnjn nh slr `udnfh, susgltävle jl pnrtoe`n jl ldhíüls hu nilths, udn oftlrníçh qul prhdhvl l ihrtnelgl ns rleníüls `udnfns, nudlftnfjh n ldpnton l h prnzlr flssl rlengohfndlfth. Invhrlgl nofjn n lvhgníçh jl dld÷rons ldhgohfnos, slfjh, nssod, ud vlägueh pnrn slftodlfths ofntofmävlos jl hutrh dhjh. H ghf`lgodlfth jl qul n dñsogn niltn n snñjl l h bld-lstnr aî lxoston fh tldph jl Nrost÷tlels l Sentçh, fh lftnfth, s÷ ld dlnjhs jh sïgueh pnssnjh iho phssävle nhs  prhiossohfnos jn snñjl lstnblelglr udn rleníçh lftrl n dñsogn l n rlguplrníçh jhs jhlftls. U Ns ofhvníüls rlglftls ld tlgfhehmon jn snñjl tád rlielxh fçh s÷ fn jurníçh jn vojn, ghdh tndbïd fn sun quneojnjl, nssod, prhgurn-sl qul lssns tlgfhehmons phssnd jnr hphrtufojnjl n thjhs hs qul prhgurnd nudlftnr h prnzlr, ns lxplroáfgons shgonos, hu qunequlr hutrn lxprlssçh plsshne, dns pnrn ossh, hs lxlgutnftls jns fhvns tlgfhehmons qul prltlfjld dle`hrnr n snñjl l h bld-lstnr phjlrçh slr ljugnjhrls, tlrnplutns, dñsoghs hu prhiossohfnos jl qunequlr hutrn nrtl hu goáfgon. Hs liloths jn dñsogn fh slr `udnfh sçh ghf`lgojhs `î doe`nrls jl nfhs. Ghftujh, n rlglptovojnjl ï subaltovn, jlplfjlfjh jh lstnjh ldhgohfne jl gnjn ud, ldbhrn ns bnsls iosohe÷mogns jn dusoghtlrnpon fçh sland nofjn bld ghf`lgojns, snbl-sl qul n dñsogn dle`hrn n quneojnjl jl vojn, tlfjh ofieuáfgon ld glrtns vnroîvlos jn snñjl, ghdh phjld slr ns gnrjängns l glrlbrhvnsguenrls. glrlbrhvnsguenrls. N liogîgon jn dusoghtlrnpon tld sojh jlsgrotn, shbrltujh qunfjh sl lsghe`l dñsogn geîssogn hu hutrn rlenxnftl. Yîrohs lstujhs sumlrld qul lstl toph jl dñsogn tld liloths fh sostldn gnrjohvnsguenr, ofieulfgonfjh n irlquáfgon gnrjängn l n sun vnronboeojnjl, bld ghdh n prlssçh nrtlrone, l mrníns ã penstogojnjl glrlbrne, n dñsogn ï udn phjlrhsn ilrrndlftn tlrnpáutogn jl bnoxh gusth l rosgh, ghd oflquävhghs liloths phsotovhs fn dld÷ron, ntlfíçh, iufíüls dhthrns l ldhíçh, l tndbïd tld ud liloth duoth phsotovh fn jodofuoíçh jn oftlfsojnjl hu irlquáfgon jn jhr l fn dljogofn, pnrn neïd ne ïd jl prnzlr l bld lstnr qul n thjhs f÷s phjl tndbïd prhphrgohfnr jodofuoíçh jh strlss hu jlsmnstl joîroh, ghftrobuofjh somfoiogntovndlftl pnrn udn liognz rlmueníçh ldhgohfne, l ï jlssn ihrdn qul n dñsogn phjl sl ghehgnr ghdh ud leldlfth qul prhjuz l lxprlssn somfoiognjhs l lssn phssoboeojnjl jl lfvhevlr h slr `udnfh ld jofâdogns psoghe÷mogns l iosohe÷mogns, jl

 

lstruturnr l ghdufognr plfsndlfths l ldhíüls fhs âdboths jn vojn ofjovojune l gheltovn, ï qul tld jhtnjh n dñsogn jl gnpngojnjls tlrnpáutog tlrnpáutogns. ns.

D\WOGHZLRNSON Dusoghtlrnpon, ghdh h fhdl aî joz, ï udn ihrdn jl trntnr hs pngolftls ntrnvïs jn dñsogn. Ï udn tïgfogn qul trnbne`n t rnbne`n ghd n snñjl nh utoeoznr uto eoznr ihrdns jovlrsns jl nprlfjoznjh, lxprlssüls l nrtl, udn vlz qul phjl ghftrobuor pnrn dle`hrn jl ghfjoíüls iäsogns, shgonos l ghdufogntovns jh ofjoväjuh (]HRJ ILJLRNZOHF HI D\WOG Z@LRNS_, 23>>). Hs liloths tlrnpáutoghs jn dñsogn pnssnrnd n slr sostldntoznjhs jl ihrdn golftäiogn np÷s n OO Mulrrn Dufjone. Srhiossohfnos jn snñjl, fhs Lstnjhs \fojhs, plrglblrnd netlrníüls invhrîvlos fhs prhglsshs jl trntndlfth jl jhlftls, dutoenjhs l flur÷toghs jn mulrrn, qunfjh ld ghftnth ghd n nrtl jhs shfs, lels nvneonvnd, lftçh, n flglssojnjl jl sl lstnblelglr ud penfh pnrn n ihrdníçh jl prhiossohfnos lsplgoneoznjhs fn npeogníçh golftäiogn jn dñsogn l slus leldlfths1 rotdh, neturn, net urn, oftlfsojnjl l todbrl. H prodlorh gursh ngnjádogh jl Dusoghtlrnpon iho gronjh ld >?>?, fhs Lstnjhs \fojhs.  Fh Roh jl Anflorh, ld >?90, iho iufjnjn n prodlorn nsshgoníçh jl Dusoghtlrnp Dusoghtlrnpon on  brnsoelorn. Fh nfh jl >?9?, n lftçh Inguejnjl jl Ljugníçh Dusogne jh Snrnfî odpeldlfthu h gursh jl Dusoghtlrnpon ghdh lsplgoneozníçh Enth Wlfsu. Ld >?07, h gursh pnsshu phr rlihrdueníüls l, phrtnfth, iho trnfsihrdnjh t rnfsihrdnjh ld mrnjuníçh (DLWWNMO, >??=). @hal, neïd jh Snrnfî, hutrhs lstnjhs brnsoelorhs hilrlgld ihrdníçh flstn îrln, lftrl lels1 Wçh Snueh, Roh jl Anflorh, Roh Mrnfjl jh Wue, Mhoîs l Bn`on. Jlftrh jn nbhrjnmld dusoghtlrnpáutogn, thjn l qunequlr prhjuíçh shfhrn, fçh vlrbne l jl dhvodlfth ghrphrne, ï ghfsojlrnjn lxprlssçh jh rlplrt÷roh jl somfoiogníüls ofjovojunos jn plsshn, l jlplfjlfjh jhs hbaltovhs l jhs nfslohs jhs pnrtogopnftls, phjlsl lvheuor pnrn n prhjuíçh jlftrh jhs pnrâdltrhs jn lstïtogn ghfvlfgohfne. N dñsogn l ns ntovojnjls dusognos sl npeognd ghdh dlohs liogolftls pnrn lstoduenr n ldlrmáfgon jl fhvhs ghdphrtndlfths qunfjh sçh utoeoznjns ghdh dljonjhrns jl lxplroáfgons qul odpeoquld n nprhproníçh jn ghfsgoáfgon jl so l jn rlneojnjl vovojn, phos flssn ihrdn, n dñsogn, nh sl rlghrjnr hs slftodlfths, phjl ihrflglr dlohs pnrn n lxprlssçh l lstoduenr n vlrbneozníçh, phssoboeotnfjh n oftlrníçh jn plsshn ghd n pr pr÷pron ÷pron rlneojnjl ld qul sl lfgnoxn (G\F@N, 2337).

 

Ghdh ï udn goáfgon oftlrlssnjn ld ofvlstomnr hs slftojhs ofjovojunos l mrupnos, n Dusoghtlrnpon jlvl ntlfjlr ã rleníçh lftrl vováfgon dusogne l ghftlxth shgohgueturn shgohgueturne.e. N  bohmrnion jns plsshns plsshns ï ndpendlftl dnrgnjn dnrgnjn l dntoznjn plehs leldlfths jn gueturn l jh dloh shgone phr hfjl sl plrghrrl. N rlsphstn somfoiogntovn pnrn n dñsogn phjlrî lstnr ghftojn flssn bohmrnion dusogne, ghfsojlrnfjh tndbïd qul hs somfoiognjhs l slftojhs njlftrnd fns  fns bohmrnions dusognos jns plsshns, tld-sl tld -sl njhtnjh fn ntrobuäjhs ã dñsogn sl njlftrnd  prîtogn dusoghtlrnpáutogn dusoghtlrnpáutogn n nbhrjnmld nbhrjnmld fnrrntovn dusogne jl `ost÷ron jl vojn, phr sl ngrljotnr qul ns plsshns sl nprhprond, fh jlghrrlr jl suns trnalt÷rons `ost÷rogns, jl shfhrojnjls thrfnfjh somfoiogntovns ld suns trhgns shgonos, phos jlssn ihrdn, nh lxprlssnrld lssns shfhrojnjls, lens lstnrçh ghdufognfjh slftojhs l somfoiognjhs somfoiogn jhs plsshnos qul lxprodld suns grlfíns l vováfgons, nssod, n fnrrntovn dusogne sl ghfstotuo fn fnrrntovn jns suns lxostáfgons. Lstujhs tndbïd rlentnd qul n dñsogn phjl nuxoeonr fh guojnjh ld hutrns lstnfgons, ghdh phr lxldpeh1 jurnftl rliloíüls hu bnf`hs, ld hutrns tlrnpons, ghdh pnrtl jl ud  prhmrndn nrtästogh hu ld oftlrvlfíüls oftlrvlfíüls psoghsshgonos psoghsshgonos (YNF JLR WZLLF, 23>0). 23>0). Ld mlrne, n dñsogn ï utoeoznjn ghdh rlgursh plehs dnos jovlrshs prhiossohfnos ghd hbaltovhs sldle`nftls, phrïd, pnrn slr ghfsojlrnjn dusoghtlrnpon, ï flglssîroh qul sl iufjndlftl ld sun tlhron lsplgoiogn, slfjh npeognjn phr ud dusoghtlrnpáutn ihrdnedlftl gnpngotnjh.

MLRHFZHEHMON N mlrhfthehmon surmou ghdh prîtogn prhiossohfne fh ofägoh jh sïgueh PP, prlhgupnjn ld ghdprllfjlr h prhglssh jl lfvle`lgodlfth l ntlfjlr nhs prhbeldns ghdufs jhs ojhshs, trntnr l guojnr jns jhlfíns täpogns jlstls (IRLOZNW, (IRLOZNW, 2332). Snrn Nekldn l Neely (2339), n Mlrhfthehmon lstujn hs prhglsshs nsshgonjhs ã ojnjl, nh lfvle`lgodlfth l ã vle`ogl, slfjh udn îrln jl ghfvlrmáfgon lftrl n bohehmon, n shgohehmon l n psoghehmon jh lfvle`lgodlfth. H lfvle`lgodlfth rlprlslftn n jofâdogn jl pnssnmld jh tldph l n vle`ogl ofgeuo ghdh n shgoljnjl jliofl ns plsshns ojhsns. N bohehmon jh lfvle`lgodlfth lstujn h odpngth jn pnssnmld jh tldph fhs prhglsshs iosohe÷moghs nh ehfmh jh gursh jl vojn l fn vle`ogl, aî n psoghehmon jh lfvle`lgodlfth, phr sun vlz, sl ghfglftrn fhs nsplgths ghmfotovhs, niltovhs l ldhgohfnos rlengohfnjhs ã ojnjl l nh lfvle`lgodlfth, ghd áfinsl fh prhglssh jl jlslfvhevodlfth `udnfh, l n shgohehmon

 

 bnslon-sl ld plrähjhs lsplgäioghs jh gogeh jl vojn l ghfglftrn-sl fns gorgufstâfgons shgohgueturnos qul niltnd h lfvle`lgodlfth lfvle`lgodlfth l ns plsshns ojhsns.  Fh Brnsoe, n Mlrhfthehmon tld nvnfínjh fhs ñetodhs nfhs mrníns nh grlsgodlfth jn  prhbeldntozníçh jl quls qulstüls tüls rlengohfnjns rlengohfnjns nh lfvle`lgodlfth, lfvle`lgodlfth, bld bld ghdh nh nudlf nudlfth th jhs jhs gurshs jl p÷s-mrnjuníçh l ã ntuníçh jl shgoljnjls golftäiogns ghdh n Whgoljnjl Brnsoelorn jl Mlrontron l Mlrhfthehmon (WBMM) (Ehpls, 2333). Mrnjntovndlftl n Mlrhfthehmon Mlrhfthehm on vld sheojoiognfjh-sl sheojoio gnfjh-sl lfqunfth îrln jh snblr l ofspornfjh n groníçh jl fhvhs dhjlehs jl ntlfíçh fn îrln jh lfvle`lgodlfth.

H ojhsh Snrn Ynrmns (>?07), h ofjoväjuh lfvle`lgl iosogndlftl, shgonedlftl l psoghehmogndlftl.  Fh âdboth psoghe÷mogh hghrrld trnfsihrdníüls l, slmufjh h nuthr, jî-sl áfinsl ãs gnpngojnjls prlslrvnjns, l qunfth ã plrglpíçh, n plsshn ojhsn tlfjl n slr dnos elftn,  phrïd `î mnf`hs fn lxntojçh ghd qul rlneozn ns tnrlins. @î jodofuoíçh jn dld÷ron dlgâfogn1 h vle`h eldbrn h lsslfgone, lsqulgl h qul e`l ghfvïd, phos ld mlrne, hs ojhshs tád ingoeojnjl jl nprlfjoznjh nprlfjoznjh ld sotuníüls sotuníüls prîtogns, ï dnos pngolftl, jldhfstrn nudlfth jl prlgosçh, jn hbaltovojnjl l jn rleomohsojnjl l fhtn-sl jodofuoíçh fhs eodonrls jl ghfglftrníçh l jn dld÷ron rlglftl, ns n s fhíüls nbstrntns sçh substotuäjns plens ghfgrltns l nprlslftnd-sl ld jlgeäfoh hs slftojhs jn vosçh l nujoíçh. H lquoeäbroh psäquogh jh ojhsh jlplfjl bnsogndlftl jl sun gnpngojnjl jl njnptníçh l nglotníçh jn rlneojnjl qul h glrgn. ^unfjh lssn njnptníçh fçh ï sntosint÷ron, surmld ghfieoths qul prhvhgnd rlníüls qul phjld jlslfgnjlnr h jlslquoeäbroh psoghe÷mogh, jnfjh hromld ãs rlníüls r lníüls psoghpnthe÷mogns jh lfvle`lgodlfth lfvle`lgodlfth (YNRMNW, >?07).

JHLFÍN JL NEQ@LODLR N jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr (JN) ï n gnusn dnos ghdud jl jldáfgon ld ojhshs l ghdprhdltl iufjndlftnedlftl ns îrlns jh gïrlbrh rlsphfsîvlos plen dld÷ron,  plfsndlfth l eofmunmld. eofmunmld. Wuns gnusns gnusns sçh jlsghf`lgojns jlsghf`lgojns l fçh `î `î trntndlfth lsp lsplgäiogh. lgäiogh. Lssn jhlfín iho jlsgrotn pleh dïjogh Nehos Nez`lodlr, ld >?3=, lel hbslrvhu n prlslfín jl jlp÷soths nfhrdnos, `hal ghf`lgojhs ghdh pengns flurätogns hu fhvlehs

 

flurhiobroenrls, fh gïrlbrh nghdltojh. Hs ehbhs tldphrne l irhftne sçh hs dnos nghdltojhs, lsplgonedlftl lsplgonedlftl h `ophgndph (WN_LM L MHRQHFO, >??7). Hs softhdns sçh vnronjhs l ofgeuld n jlshrolftníçh lspngohtldphrne l n ofnboeojnjl pnrn rlneoznr ns tnrlins jh ghtojonfh, l fhs slus lstîmohs ofogonos, phjl lstnr ghdprhdltojn nplfns n dld÷ron, fhs lstîmohs dnos njonftnjhs n jhlfín lvheuo pnrn dujnfíns fn  plrshfneojnjl, netlrníüls jl ghdphrtndlfth ghdphrtndlfth ghdh vnmâfgon l nmrlssovojnjl. nmrlssovojnjl. Hs dïjoghs mlrontrns Wnylm l Mhrzhfo lenbhrnrnd jl ihrdn jojîtogn n prhmrlssçh jn JN, jovojojn jovoj ojn ld trás insls1 N insl ofogone qul jurn ld dïjon jl jhos n quntrh nfhs, l ï dnrgnjn plen plrjn elftn l mrnjune jn dld÷ron rlglftl, l ns netlrníüls ghdphrtndlftnos nghdpnf`nd lstn lvheuíçh, `nvlfjh `nvlfjh jhos tophs jl ghdphrtndlfth1 npnton, pnssovojnjl, pnssovojnjl, jlsoftlrlssl, jlsoft lrlssl, l hutrh dnrgnjh plen nmrlssovojnjl, nmrlssovojnjl, n orrotnboeojnjl, o rrotnboeojnjl, h lmhäsdh, n ofthelrâfgon l n nmrlssovojnjl. nmrlssovojnjl.  Fhs gnshs jl npnton ï odphrtnftl h jonmf÷stogh jonmf÷stogh joilrlfgone ghd n jlprlssçh. Netlrníüls jn dld÷ron l jlshrolftníçh lspngone lspngone phjld gnusnr lstnjhs jlprlssovhs jlprl ssovhs l jlsoftlrlssl phr ntovojnjls ntï lftçh fhrdnedlftl prntognjns. N slmufjn insl lvheuo lftrl trás n gofgh nfhs, slfjh qul sl nmrnvnd hs softhdns jn insl nftlrohr l sl rlengohfn ghd h ghdprhdltodlfth jns îrlns ghrtognos jh ehbh tldphrne, niltnfjh ntovojnjls ofstrudlftnos l hplrntovns. Ofogond-sl ns joioguejnjls dhthrns, ofstnend-sl ninsons, nprnxons l ns nmfhsons. nmfhsons. N dnrg`n  phjl sl nprlslftnr prlaujognjn, prlaujognjn, hs dhvodlfths elftoiognjhs, nudlfth jh túfus dusguenrls l ldnmrlgodlfth. Ns quloxns jl rhubhs jl hb hbalths alths plsshnos, n jlshrolftníçh fh lspníh l tldph l n joioguejnjl ld rlghf`lglr indoeonrls, thrfnd-sl ghdufs, l n  prlslfín jl jl jleärohs, neugofníüls neugofníüls l nmotníç nmotníçhh psoghdhthrns sçh sçh dnos irlqulftls. irlqulftls. Hs jhlftls plrjld n gnpngojnjl jl elr l lftlfjlr h qul e`ls ï sheogotnjh. Dnfoilstnd n rlpltoíçh jl pnenvrns hu irnsls gurtns l jlshrjlfnjns. jlshrjlfnjns. N ofogontovn sl thrfn qunsl nuslftl, h vhgnbueîroh rlstroth, h plfsndlfth nbstrnth nuslftl, l ï ghdud plrjlrld-sl dlsdh jlftrh jl gnsn l sl ofstnen o fstnen ud thtne lstnjh jl jlplfjáfgon. \dn tlrglorn insl ï gnrngtlroznjn plen dld÷ron jl ehfmh prnzh bld prlaujognjn, gnpngojnjl oftlelgtune oftlelgtune l ofogontovn jltlrohrnjn, phos h jhlftl thrfn thrfn-sl -sl ofjoilrlftl nh dloh l sl lstnblelgl ld ud lstnjh jl npnton, jl prhstrníçh nh eloth hu ã phetrhfn. @î  phssoboeojnjl jh surmodlfth jl lsgnrns jl jlgñboth jlvojh nh ghfiofndlfth nh eloth. H jhlftl njhtn n phsoíçh iltne, nmrnvnfjh-sl ns ghftrnturns l h dutosdh l h lstnjh vlmltntovh sl ghfgrltoznd. N neodlftníçh sl jî phr sugíçh hu phr shfjn. Ï phssävle qul

 

n dhrtl shbrlvlf`n ld ud nfh, ld vortujl jh surmodlfth jl prhglsshs ofilggohshs (WN_LM L MHRQHFO, >??7).

D\WOGHZLRNSON FN JHLFÍN JL NEQ@LODLR Wlmufjh Irlotns (2333), h `hdld s÷ tld lxostáfgon fh shgone, phr lssn ÷togn, n  pnrtogopníçh fhs trnbne`hs dusoghtlrnpáutoghs dusoghtlrnpáutoghs ofjovojunos ofjovojunos hu ld mruph phjl hilrlglr ãs  plsshns phrtnjhrns jn jhlfín jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr Nez`lodlr hphrtufojnjls jl ghfvävoh shgone, jl oftlrnmor ghd n rlneojnjl rlelvnftl, fudn jodlfsçh jn ghdufogníçh dusogne. Wlssüls jl Dusoghtlrnpon phjl somfoiognr ud tldph l ud lspníh jl rlhrmnfozníçh ghmfotovn, niltovn l ghrphrne pnrn h phrtnjhr jn jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr, phos fh jlghrrlr jn oftlrníçh n plsshn tld n hphrtufojnjl jl lxprlssnr-sl, jl ghdufognr-sl ghd h hutrh, ntrnvïs jns gnfíüls, jhs dhvodlfths l jn plrgussçh plrg ussçh ld ghfaufth, jnfjh ud plrähjh jl tldph n plsshn nssod phjlfjh lftrnr ld ghftnth ghd suns eldbrnfíns l ldhíüls,  plrglblfjh-sl l dnfoilstnfjh-sl, jlftrh jn sun phssoboeojnjl dhthrn l ghmfotovn ntune  plrglblfjh-sl (G\F@N, >???). N dusoghtlrnpon fn prîtogn utoeozn-sl ghdh rlgurshs h npnrle`h jl shd, GJs, ofstrudlfths dusognos ghdh tlgenjh, pnfjlorhs, nmhmús, g`hgne`hs, dnrngns, nt ntnbnqul nbnquls, s, muozhs l hutrhs qul ihrld jh nmrnjh jhs pngolftls. \snd-sl hbalths qul ingoeotld n dhvodlftníçh rätdogn, ghdh bnstüls, nrghs, bhens, l fh ntlfjodlfth nhs ojhshs jî-sl áfinsl nh ush jn vhz l jh ghrph ghdh hbalths oftlrdljoîrohs o ftlrdljoîrohs jn ghdufogníçh, l gnbl nh dusoghtlrnplutn ghf`lglr n `ost÷ron jl vojn prïvon jhs pngolftls ntrnvïs jn iogn jl nfndflsl ghd quld orî trnbne`nr l tndbïd ghd nssufths jl oftlrlssl hs pngolftls, h rlplrt÷roh somfoiogntovh jhs pngolftls, phos lstls leldlfths slrvorçh ghdh phfths jl  pnrtojn pnrn n níçh, níçh, dhtovnfjh n pplsshn lsshn n ghfglftrnr ghfglftrnr l trnbne`nr jurnftl jurnftl n slssçh. Ns plsshns phrtnjhrns jn jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr flglssotnd jl udn nprhxodníçh dnohr jh tlrnplutn, inenr l gnftnr he`nfjh fhs slus he`hs, thgnfjh ld suns dçhs sçh ntotujls qul phjld lstoduenr n plsshn pnrn n ntovojnjl, ns dlfsnm dlfsnmlfs lfs jlvld slr gurtns gurt ns l prlgosns, lvotnfjh jovnmníüls l ghfiusüls tndbïd phjl-sl ghfgrltoznr h qul sl joz dhstrnfjh hbalths, mrnvurns l inzlfjh mlsths, mlsths, thrfnfjh dno dnoss iîgoe n ghdufogníçh (G\F@N, >???). Ntï dlsdh ld lstîmohs dnos nvnfínjhs jn jldáfgon, qunfjh n ghdufogníçh vlrbne ï dnos joiägoe, h pngolftl phjl pnrtogopnr jhs lfghftrhs dusoghtlrnpáutoghs l mrntoiognr-sl jh lfvhevodlfth prhphrgohfnj pr hphrgohfnjhh pleh ghfvävoh l níçh ld ghfaufth, ghfauft h, l flstn insl jn jhlfín,

 

n dld÷ron niltovn nglftun-sl, n plsshn thrfn-sl duoth slfsävle nhs sofnos fçh vlrbnos jn ghdufogníçh,, nssod plrglblfjh h ndbolftl qul e`l ï invhrîvle ghdufogníçh invhrîvle (YNRMNW, >?07). Hs pngolftls sçh ghfvojnjhs n pnrtogopnr jl oftlrníüls dljonjns plen eofmunmld dusogne qul vosnd ã rlhrmnfozníçh jl sun lstruturn jl plfsndlfth, n jodofuoíçh jhs fävlos jl jleäroh l ghfiusçh dlftne, n jodofuoíçh jh oshendlfth shgone l niltovh. Slrjlr n dld÷ron somfoiogn slr provnjh jh pntrodúfoh niltovh-gueturne qul sl ghfstruou jurnftl thjn n vojn, l fn oftlrvlfíçh dusoghtlrnp dusoghtlrnpáutogn, áutogn, sl utoeozn jh rlplrt÷roh dle÷jogh jh pngolftl, hbaltovnfjh jlvhevlr-e`l, fnqulel dhdlfth, h lfelvh jns dlehjons l n  phssoboeojnjl jl udn ghdufogníçh mrntoiognftl, l sl utoeozn tndbld h rlplrt÷roh jns dñsogns l shfhrojnjls qul e`l sçh somfoiogntovns busgnfjh lstoduenr n dld÷ron, n  prhjuíçh jl jl rldofosgáfgons, rldofosgáfgons, n ghfsgoáfgon ghfsgoáfgon jh dhvodlfth ghrphrne l n hrolftníçh hrolftníçh lspníhlspníhtldphrne.

NFNEOWL JN SLW^\OWN Zlfjh phr iufjndlftníçh tl÷rogn hs trnbne`hs jl nemufs dusoghtlrnplutns, iho rlneoznjh ud lstujh aufth n ud mruph jl plsshns jonmfhstognjns ghdh phrtnjhrns jn jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr fud Rlsojlfgone Gnsn Mlfl Ehgneoznjh fn gojnjl jl Dnfnus. N plsquosn iho fhrtlnjn plehs slmuoftls hbaltovhs1 plrglblr ns níüls liltovnjns plehs sualoths lfqunfth oftlrnmond phr dloh jns tïgfogns dusoghtlrnpáutogns l hbslrvnr n hghrráfgon jl pnutns jl shgoneozníçh fh jlghrrlr jns ntovojnjls. Ihrnd rlmostrnjhs jnjhs rlentovhs ã irlquáfgon l plrdnfáfgon jhs pngolftls fns slssüls l qunfth nh äfjogl jl níüls ntovns rlneoznjns plehs dlsdhs.

Zïgfogns utoeoznjns Slfsndhs qul thjns ns tïgfogns prhphrgohfnd neävoh odljonth jl jhrls l shirodlfths, dns jlvld slr gnsnjns hu nghpenjns l nghdpnf`njns ghd n nfîeosl l jlghjoiogníçh jhs ghftlñjhs.  Fn plsquosn utoeozhu-sl nemudns nemudns tïgfogns ghdh1

RL-GRONÍÇH1 ntrnvïs jlstn tïgfogn h ofjoväjuh gnftn l thgn, jl dld÷ron hu utoeoznfjh  pnrtoturn, udn plín plín dusogne ghdphstn ghdphstn nftlrohrdlftl; nftlrohrdlftl;

 

N\JOÍÇH1 H ofjoväjuh lsgutn l rlnml n udn dñsogn mrnvnjn hu nh vovh. UN Dusoghtlrnpon ï udn goáfgon qul lxoml prhiufjh ghf`lgodlfth jl gnjn îrln n slr ntlfjojn, phos len jltlgtn, nvneon, jonmfhstogn l prhdhvl h dle`hrndlfth l netlrníüls fh ghftlxth ld qul lstovlr ofslrojn, nh ehfmh jh tldph.  Ghfsojlrn-sl ghdh dnfoilstníüls ntovns ns ntotujls rlneoznjns r lneoznjns ghd vhftnjl l gnpngojnjl  pr÷pron jhs pngolftls, qul, huvofjh ns oftlrvlfíüls vlrbnos hu dusognos ilotns pleh dusoghtlrnplutn fh jlslfrhenr jn slssçh, rlneoznvn h qul sl pljon, nghdpnf`nfjh h rot rotdh dh jh mruph l rlvlenfjh ghdprllfsçh l lenbhrníçh jns dlfsnmlfs trnfsdotojns. Wl hbslrvhu ns slmuoftls níüls1 >.  Oftlrníçh ghd hs pngolftls; 2.  Slrgussçh jhs ofstrudlfths nghdpnf`nfjh ns gnfíüls; 7.  Gnftnr; :.  Jnfínr. Snrn nfîeosl l rlmostrh jhs jnjhs iho utoeoznjn n nbhrjnmld quneotntovn qul, fn qune fn vosçh jl Bhmjnf l Bokelf (>??:), sl jorlgohfn lstujnr hs ilfúdlfhs jlftrh jh ghftlxth fnturne hfjl lstls hghrrld, slfjh jlsgroths fn dljojn ld qul sl hbslrvn ld gndph. Rlent÷rohs jns hbslrvníüls ihrnd iloths n gnjn slssçh rlmostrnfjh ns níüls l rlníüls nprlslftnjns plehs pngolftls jurnftl ns slssüls. slssüls. H mruph slelgohfnjh pnrn n hbslrvníçh, ihrdnjh plehs pngolftls jn Gnsn Mlfl, guan ojnjl vnronvn lftrl =< l ?3 nfhs, dhrnjhrls jh Rlsojlfgone. Jlftrl hs pngolftls, ihrnd slelgohfnjhs trás, ghd jonmf÷stogh prhvîvle jl Jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr, guah fävle jl jlsldplf`h jl iufíçh, hrolftníçh pnrn n rlneojnjl l nuthfhdon pnrlgond sldle`nftls,  pnrn h jlslfvhevodlfth jlslfvhevodlfth jn plsquosn. plsquosn. N dnohron jns slssüls ihrnd rlneoznjns ld mruphs jl ojhshs, udn plqulfn phrglftnmld jl slssüls, fh ofjovojune. Jurnftl n slssçh ld mruph phr vlzls, nemufs ojhshs rlgendnvnd jns dñsogns jh rlplrt÷roh jh hutrh pngolftl. N slssçh ofjovojune plrdotl qul h pngolftl ioqul ã vhftnjl pnrn sl lxprlssnr, phrïd, nemufs pngolftls sl slftond jlsghfihrtîvlos l vlrbneoznvnd n prlilráfgon plen slssçh mrupne. Ihrnd prhphrgohfnjns lxplroáfgons dusognos jl odprhvosníçh, nujoíçh l oftlrprltníçh.  Fn dnohron jhs pngolftls ojhshs, aî nghdltojhs jl jldáfgon, hbslrvlo ntovníçh jn dld÷ron, phos ns dñsogns trnzld eldbrnfíns jl vojn. Nemufs pngolftls, fh ofägoh jn slssçh dusoghtlrnpáutogn, sl dhstrnvnd ghdpeltndlftl npîtoghs l jl jlphos jl nemud

 

tldph pnssnrnd n rlnmor lxtrnhrjofnrondlftl gnftnfjh, dlxlfjh n dçh hu h pï l ntï dlsdh n blfmnen ghd lftusonsdh l dhtovníçh. Ns slssüls sl jlslfvhevlrnd ld udn lstruturníçh jl nqulgodlfth qul sl lstnblelgon phr dloh jn tïgfogn jn rlgroníçh jl gnfíüls, jlslfvhevodlfth l rlenxndlfth. Slfsnfjh fn  pnrtogopníçh ntovn jhs pngolftls fns slssüls jl dusoghtlrnpon, ihrnd utoeoznjhs ofstrudlfths jl tndnf`hs plqulfhs l bld elvls ghdh, hvof`hs, dlon eun, pnfjlorh, troâfmueh. Lfqunfth hs lstnmoîrohs usnvnd voheçh, tlgenjh, ukuelel, genrofltl, snxhihfl l ienutn trnfsvlrsne. H rlplrt÷roh dusogne bnstnftl lgeïtogh, phrïd, n prlilráfgon ufâfodl lrnd dñsogns jh gnfthr l ghdphsothr Rhblrth Gnrehs, ingoedlftl lftlfjojn jnjn n inoxn ltîron jhs pngolftls. Hs lfghftrhs iofneoznvnd ghd hs ghdlftîrohs qul surmond shbrl slftodlfths l níüls dnfoilstnjns fnqulel jon.

NFÎEOWL JL JNJHW GHELZNJHW Wlmuofjh hs lfsofndlfths jh prhilsshr Slrlorn (>???), h hbaltovh jlssn nprhxodníçh qunftotntovn ï h jl ingoeotnr n vosuneozníçh jhs ilfúdlfhs hbslrvnj hbslrvnjhs, hs, phos sl lsplrn, ghd n aufíçh jlssns plrsplgtovns, ghenbhrnr ghd n ghfstruíçh jh ghf`lgodlfth l h rliofndlfth jn goáfgon, l utoeozhu-sl tndbïd n nbhrjnmld quneotntovn pnrn n nfîeosl jhs jnjhs, hs rlsuetnjhs jlssl lstujh lfghftrnd-sl tndbïd rlprlslftnjh rlprlslftnjhss ld mrîioghs.  Fud thtne t htne jl gofqulftn go fqulftn slssüls, slfjh :3 ld mruph l >3 ofjovojunos, o fjovojunos, ns trás pngolftls  pnrtogopnrnd jns slssüls, qul rlvlen udn tnxn netn jl plrdnfáfgon, h qul sl jldhfstrn ghfsojlrnfjh h plrioe jhs pngolftls phrtnjhrls jn Jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr, oftlrlssl plens ntovojnjls dusoghtlrnpáutogns. dusoghtlrnpáutogns. Ehmh nbnoxh lstçh rlprlslftnjhs hs jnjhs rlilrlftls nh jlsldplf`h jl iufíüls ntovns jhs pngolftls nquo jlfhdofnjhs plens ofogonos jl slus fhdls.

 

Sngolftl N 03% =3% 93% 3% 3% Gnfth

Jnfín

plrgut l

oftlrnml

dhvodlfths

Sngolftl N

  Mrîiogh 3>

N. oftlrnmou l plrgutou hs ofstrudlfths ghd hs dldbrhs jh mruph ld =3% jns slssüls. Len gnfthu ld 033% jns slssüls, jnfíhu l gnfthu ld ?3%. Lrn ponfostn qunfjh ahvld. Hbslrvhusl qul n pngolftl, qunfjh lfvhevojh fns ntovojnjls, rlenxnvn fävlos jl nfsoljnjl. Lssl inth plrdoton n ntovníçh jl iufíüls dhthrns l ghmfotovns qul sl lfghftrnvnd prlslrvnjns.

 

Sngolftl A >33% 03% 93% :3% 23% 3% Gnfth

Jnfín

Slrgutl

Oftlrnml

Dhvodlfths

Sngolftl A

  Mrîiogh 37

N pngolftl A., guans rlníüls lstçh nprlslftnjns fh fh Mrîiogh 7, rlneozhu oftlrníüls l plrgutou nghdpnf`nfjhh h rotdh ld ?3% jns slssüls. Gnfthu ld dnos jl ?3% jns slssüls. nghdpnf`nfj Liltuhu dhvodlfths jl ghfsgolftozníçh ghrphrne jl dldbrhs ofilrohrls o filrohrls ld glrgn jl ?3% jhs lfghftrhs tlrnpáutoghs. Jnfíhu ld dnos jl ?3% jns slssüls, n jnfín pújl susgotnr n dld÷ron, n hrolftníçh lspngone l h rlenxndlfth jlssn pngo pngolftl. lftl.

GHFWOJLRNÍÜLW GHFWOJLRN ÍÜLW IOFNOW  Flssl nrtomh iho josgutojh tldns t ldns rlengohfnjhs ãs phssoboeojnjls jh jlslfvhev jlslfvhevodlfth odlfth jh trnbne`h dusoghtlrnpáutogh ghd ojhshs ghd jonmf÷stogh jn jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr, l hs jnjhs l rlsuetnjhs nquo nprlslftnjhs ofjognrnd qul fh jlghrrlr jns ntovojnjls rlneoznjns  phr dloh jn npeogníçh jns tïgfogns lsplgäiogns jn dusoghtlrnpon hs ojhshs lstujnjhs  plrdnflglrnd ntovhs, ntovhs, oftlrnmornd shgonedlftl ghdpnrtoe`nfjh jn ghdufogní ghdufogníçh çh dusogne l vlrbne lftrl hs pngolftls jns ntovojnjls. N dñsogn utoeoznjn ghdh ud ingoeotnjhr jn ghdufogníçh l jn dhvodlftníçh, jldhfstrhu ntrnor n ntlfíçh jhs pngolftls, ghehgnfjh-sl ghdh udn hpíçh tlrnpáutogn. N ntovojnjl dusoghtlrnpáutogh prhphrgohfhu dhdlfths jl eldbrnfíns l ldhíüls, jodofuofjh fävlos jl oshendlfth l jl jlshrolftníçh. N pnrtogopníçh fns ntovojnjls prîtogns jl dusoghtlrnpon utoeoznfjh n dñsogn l slus leldlfths (shd, rotdhs, dlehjons l `nrdhfons) trhuxl quneojnjl jl vojn nhs ofjoväjuhs.

 

Wl dhstrhu phssävle n oftlmrníçh indoeonr, prhdhvlu-sl n ghdufogníçh tndbïd n rlsshgoneozníçh lftrl lftrl hs pnrls neïd jl ntovníçh jn dld÷ron ghmfotovn.  Fhthu-sl qul, phr dloh jn lstodueníçh mehbne prhpogonjn plens tïgfogns utoeoznjns lss lssls ls  pngolftls slftornd-sl slftornd-sl dnos ã vhftnjl l glftrnjhs fn rlneojnjl rlneojnjl gorgufjn gorgufjnftl, ftl, nprlslftnfjh dlfhs vnmâfgon, nh dlfhs jurnftl h tldph jn slssçh. N dusoghtlrnpon, phr dloh jl ntovojnjls lxprlssovns dusognos, sl dhstrn gnpnz jl nbhrjnr  plsshns qul sl lfghftrnvnd ld prhglssh jl plrjn jn dld÷ron, l lssns phssoboeojnjls ghdufogntovns lstoduenjns fh jlghrrlr jhs lfghftrhs jldhs n hphrtufojnjl n lstns  plsshns n rlneozníçh jl trhgns shgonos pnutnjns plen lxprlssçh jl suns dusogneojnjls dusogneojnjls,, ojlftojnjls l niltovojnjls, phos gnjn ud jhs pnrtogopnftls phjl jlsirutnr jh ghfvävoh l jn ntovojnjl neo prhjuzojn, vovlfgonfjh rotdhs l shfhrojnjls qul e`ls lrnd somfoiogntovhs, sl nprhxodnrnd, nh dlfhs lfqunfth oftlrnmond phr dloh jn eofmunmld dusogne, jh  pntrodúfoh jl eldbrnfíns eldbrnfíns qul ghfstruärnd ghfstruärnd fh jlghrrlr jl suns vojns. H nprlfjoznjh njquorojh fn Gnsn Mlfl trhuxl n glrtlzn jl qul n dusoghtlrnpon phjl dujnr n vojn niltovn, ghmfotovn, ldhgohfne, rlnboeotnfjh l shgoneoznfjh h ofjoväjuh. Wldprl h hbaltovh profgopne ï trnzlr bld-lstnr nhs pngolftls. Neïd jh ghdpnf`lorosdh jurnftl h plrähjh jl lstîmoh ihrnd gronjhs eníhs jl ndoznjl l ghfionfín lftrl lstnmoîrohs l pngolftls.

RLILRÁFGONW BOBEOHMRÎIOGNW NEKLDN, M.L. & NEEL_, J.L. (2339). Mlrhfthehmy ̎s Iuturl1 Nf oftlmrntovl dhjle ihr josgopeofnry njvnfgldlft. Z`l Mlrhfthehmost. G\F@N, Rhsldyrond. Dusoghtlrnpon fn nbhrjnmld jh ojhsh. \fovlrsojnjl Zuouto jh Snrnfî, >???. Dhfhmrnion jl lsplgoneozníçh. IRLOZNW, Zlrlsn jl Nssufíçh. Yymhtsky Yymhtsky l Bnk`tof. Wçh Snueh1 Îtogn, 2332. EHSLW, N. (2333). N Whgoljnjl Brnsoelorn jl Mlrontron l Mlrhfthehmon l hs jlsniohs jn Mlrhfthehmon Mlrhfthehm on fh Brnsoe. Gndpofns (WS)1 Josslrtníçh jl Dlstrnjh. Inguejnjl Inguejnjl jl Ljugníçh, \fovlrsojnjl Lstnjune jl Gndpofns. YNF JLR WZLLF, A. Z.; YNF WHLWZ-SHHRZYEOLZ, D. G.; YNF JLR ]H\JLF, A. G.; BR\OFWDN, D. W.; WG`HEZLF, R. A.; YOFK, N. G. Dusog-bnslj t`lrnplutog oftlrvlftohfs ih plhpel wot` jldlfton. Ghg`rnfl Jntnbnsl hi Wys. Ylr., aue. 23>0. YNRMNW, @lrblr Whnrls. Ssoghehmon jh lfvle`lgodlfth. Wçh Snueh1 Byk-Srhgolfx, >?07.

 

WN_LM, Fhrthf l MHRQHFO, Doethf. Jhlfín jl Nez`lodlr. Of1 Rlvostn Brnsoelorn jl Dljogofn. vhe. >. fhv. >??7. ]HREJ ILJLRNZOHF HI D\WOG Z@LRNS_. Nbhut ]IDZ. Josphfävle ld1 `ttp1//www.dusogt`lrnpywhrej.flt]ID `ttp1//www.dus ogt`lrnpywhrej.flt]IDZ/NbhutX]IDZ. Z/NbhutX]IDZ. `tdí. Nglssh ld1 3> jl ilvlrlorh jl 232>.