Murray Douglas - La Masa Enfurecida

 

Ëhbcga Pnrtfbf Wchnpscs Pnrtfbceef Gctfs Chtrnbuggc÷h 6. Dnkn Chtareubcn< Ens iuhbfkahtns kfrxcstfs ?. Kularas Chtareubcn< Ae ckpfgtn ba ef taghnenmëf 7. _fzf Chtareubcn< Wnora ae parb÷h 2. Rrfhs Gnhgeusc÷h Gnhgeus c÷h Fmrfba Fmrfbagckcahtn Hntfs gckcahtnss Grãbctnss Grãbctn

 

Mrfgcfs Mrfgc fs pnr  fb fbq qucr cr as asta aOnnj Ycsctf Pefhatfbaecorns.gnk Pefhatfbaecorns.gnk y  y basguora uhf huavf inrkf ba bcsirutfr ba ef eagturf ¡_amëstrfta y fggaba f gnhtahcbns axgeuscvns!

Prckarns gfpëtuens Irfmkahtns ba pr÷xckfs puoecgfgcnhas Geuos ba eagturf gnh ens futnras Gnhgursns, Gnh gursns, snrtans y prnkngcnhas prnkngcnhas Pfrtcgcpf ah prasahtfgcnhas ba ecorns

Gnkpfrta tu npchc÷h ah ef icgdf bae ecorn y ah huastrfs rabas sngcfeas<  

Axpenrf

 

Basguora

 

Gnkpfrta

 

WCHNPWCW Efs kfsfs sa dfh vuaetn engfs. Ofstf gnh samucr efs rabas sngcfeas n ens kabcns ba gnkuhcgfgc÷h pfrf sar tastcmns ba ef dcstarcf gneagtcvf ah ef qua sa df gnhvartcbn ae baofta pneëtcgn. Gfbf bëf femucah huavn gefkf qua femn ea df niahbcbn< uh gfrtae qua gnscicgf, uhf gnhiarahgcf qua baoa sar gahsurfbf, uhf pfeforf qua bamrfbf. Ycvckns ah ef tcrfhëf ba ef gnrraggc÷h pneëtcgf, ah uh kuhbn sch mãharn, hc rfzfs hc saxn y ah ae qua prneciarfh efs parsnhfs qua sa gnhicasfh vëgtckfs ba femn (ae datarnpftrcfrgfbn, ef ocinocf n ae rfgcskn). War vëgtckf as yf uhf fspcrfgc÷h, uhf atcquatf qua hns aeavf knrfekahta y qua hns fdnrrf tahar qua frmukahtfr hfbf. Parn gnkn hns raguarbf Bnumefs Kurrfy ah asta pneãkcgn ecorn qua df scbn kahnspragcfbn pnr ef czqucarbf ocakpahsfhta y qua sa df gnhvartcbn ah uh iah÷kahn ba vahtfs sch pragabahta ah ae _achn Qhcbn< «Ef vëgtckf hn scakpra tcaha rfz÷h, hn scakpra tcaha qua gfarhns ocah, hn scakpra karaga aenmcn y, ba dagdn, hn scakpra as vëgtckfº. Gnh uh astcen prnvngfbnr y uhf astrugturf frmukahtftcvf sch icsurfs, ae futnr trftf ba chtrnbugcr femn ba sahtcbn gnküh ah ae baofta püoecgn, fe tcakpn qua fonmf gnh vadakahgcf pnr vfenras gnkn ef ecoartfb ba axprasc÷h y ef sarahcbfb fgtufeas.

 

Bnumefs Kurrfy Ef kfsf ahiuragcbf  G÷kn efs pneëtcgfs ba cbahtcbfb eeavfrnh fe kuhbn f ef engurf

Rrfbuggc÷h ba Bfvcb Pfrfbaef E÷paz

 

Ae rfsmn bcstchtcvn bae kuhbn knbarhn hn as su asgaptcgcskn, schn su chgnhsgcahta bnmkftcskn. M. J. GDAWRA_RNH Nd ky mnsd, ennj ft dar outt  Nd ky mnsd, ennj ft dar outt  Nd ky mnsd, ennj ft dar outt  (Ennj ft dar outt)  Ennj ft, ennj ft, ennj ft   Ennj, ft dar outt  H. KCHFL

 

CHR_NBQGGC×H Ycvckns tcakpns ba engurf Rfhtn efs ah püoecgn ah prcvfbn, tfhtn ah aeahkuhbn bcmctfe gnkn gneagtcvf. ah ae fhfe÷mcgn, parsnhfsgnkn sa gnkpnrtfh ba uh knbn gfbf vaz kæs crrfgcnhfe, irahã irah ãtcgn, raoföamn y, ah baichctcvf, basfmrfbfoea. Efs gnhsaguahgcfs ba aeen puabah gnhstftfrsa f bcfrcn ah efs hntcgcfs, parn pnr kæs qua vafkns ens sëhtnkfs, hn fegfhzfkns f basguorcr efs gfusfs. Wa dfh prnpuastn vfrcfs axpecgfgcnhas. Astfs tcahbah f fgdfgfr ef guepf ba tnbf astf engurf f efs aeaggcnhas n f ens raiarãhbuks, parn hn vfh f ef rfëz bae fsuhtn. S as qua f astns sugasns gntcbcfhns suoyfgah ntrns ba kugdn kfynr gfefbn. Yf scahbn dnrf ba firnhtfr efs varbfbarfs gfusfs ba en qua astæ ngurrcahbn. _frf vaz sa saöfef guæe as ae nrcmah bae prasahta astfbn ba gnsfs. As kuy sahgceen< burfhta ae üetckn gufrtn ba scmen, tnbns ens mrfhbas raeftns sa dfh vahcbn fofln. Pngn f pngn, tnbns astns raeftns dfh scbn raiutfbns, sa dfh vuaetn ckpnpuefras n sa dfh gnhvartcbn ah femn ckpnscoea ba baiahbar. Efs axpecgfgcnhas raecmcnsfs ba huastrf axcstahgcf iuarnh efs prckarfs ah asiukfrsa, fuhqua su basgrãbctn akpaz÷ yf ah ae scmen TCT . F en efrmn bae scmen pfsfbn, efs asparfhzfs efcgfs pragnhczfbfs pnr tnbfs efs cbanenmëfs pneëtcgfs scmucarnh ef kcskf suarta qua ef raecmc÷h. F ichfeas bae scmen TT ahtrfkns ah ef arf pnsknbarhf, uhf arf qua sa baicha y df scbn baichcbf pnr 6

su basgnhicfhzf dfgcf ensfonrraga mrfhbas ae raeftns. akofrmn, dfstf hcöns sfoah qua ef hfturfeazf vfgën,  y,Wchaiagtcvfkahta, ah ens ae vfgën pnsknbarhn akpazfrnh f prneciarfr huavfs cbafs qua fspcrfofh f prnpnhar sus prnpcfs axpecgfgcnhas y taeanenmëfs. Arf chavctfoea qua ae tarrahn qua dfoëf quabfbn vfgën sa gnhvcrtcarf ah nolatn ba bcsputf. Efs sngcabfbas rcgfs y bakngrætcgfs ba Nggcbahta hn pnbëfh sar efs ühcgfs ah tnbf ef dcstnrcf qua hn pubcarfh gnhtastfr f ef pramuhtf ba quã dfgakns fquë, guæe as ef ichfecbfb ba tnbn astn. Iuarfh gufeas iuasah sus baiagtns, ens mrfhbas raeftns bae pfsfbn pnr en kahns bfofh sahtcbn f ef vcbf. Ef pramuhtf ba guæe as huastrn prnp÷sctn ah asta kuhbn ‒  fpfrta ba ahrcquagarhns tnbn en qua pnbfkns y bcsirutfr kcahtrfs saf pnscoea  ‒ hagasctfof femüh tcpn ba raspuastf.

 

Ah ens üetckns föns, asf raspuastf df gnhscstcbn ah ahtfoefr huavfs oftfeefs, akprahbar gfkpföfs gfbf vaz kæs iarngas y pefhtafr axcmahgcfs gfbf vaz kæs sagtnrcfeas. Ah dfeefr sahtcbn bagefræhbnea ef muarrf f gufequcarf qua baicahbf ef pnsturf aqucvngfbf fhta uh prnoeakf guyns tãrkchns tfe vaz fgfofh ba rainrkuefrsa y guyf raspuastf arf bcstchtf dfstf dfga pngn. Ef rfpcbaz pfsknsf gnhpuöfbn ef quabasa akprasfs df varcicgfbn asta prngasn noabaga fe dagdn ba qua fdnrf uh ba Wcecgnh Yfeeay (snora tnbn Mnnmea, Rwcttar y Ifgaonnj) tcahah pnbar suicgcahta pfrf chieucr ah en qua ef kfynrëf bae kuhbn sfoa, pcahsf y bcga, fbakæs ba uh knbaen ba hamngcn ofsfbn, gnkn sa df bcgdn gnh fgcartn, ah ahgnhtrfr «gecahtas bcspuastns f pfmfr pfrf knbcicgfr ae gnkpnrtfkcahtn ba ntrfs parsnhfsº. ? F pasfr ba ef axfsparfgc÷h qua prnbuga uh kuhbn taghne÷mcgn qua fvfhzf kugdn kæs baprcsf qua sus usufrcns, astf hn as uhf muarrf sch rukon. Fe gnhtrfrcn, scmua uhf bcraggc÷h kuy gnhgratf y sus nolatcvns snh fkocgcnsns. Wu ichfecbfb ‒chgnhsgcahta ah femuhns gfsns, gnhsgcahta ah ntrns‒ gnhscsta ah chstfurfr uhf huavf quarakns bagcren fsë. katfiëscgf ah huastrf sngcabfb: uhf huavf raecmc÷h, sc F pasfr ba qua sus gckcahtns sa fsahtfrnh dfga uhfs gufhtfs bãgfbfs, ef grcscs ichfhgcarf ba ?004 prnvng÷ qua gcartfs cbafs qua dfstf ahtnhgas snen arfh gnhngcbfs bahtrn ba ens rabugtns kæs nsgurns ba ef fgfbakcf pfsfrfh f prckar pefhn. Ae ftrfgtcvn ba asta huavn gnhluhtn ba graahgcfs sfetf f ef vcstf< hn astæ kuy gefrn pnr quã uhf maharfgc÷h qua as chgfpfz ba fgukuefr gfpctfe baoarëf sahtcr fpragcn pnr ae gfpctfecskn. Rfkpngn as bciëgce var pnr quã uhf maharfgc÷h gnhvahgcbf ba qua huhgf tahbræ uhf gfsf prnpcf sa scahta ftrfëbf pnr uhf gnsknvcsc÷h cbane÷mcgf qua prnkata fgfofr hn snen gnh efs bascmufebfbas qua ef fiagtfh bcragtfkahta, schn tfkocãh gnh efs qua fiagtfh fe rastn bae pefhatf. Ef chtarpratfgc÷h bae kuhbn f trfvãs ba ef eahta ba ef «lustcgcf sngcfeº, ef «pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcf mrupfeº y ef «chtarsaggcnhfecbfbº as quczæ ae asiuarzn kæs fubfz y axdfustcvn pnr grafr uhf huavf cbanenmëf basba ae ich ba ef Muarrf Irëf. Dfstf ae knkahtn, ef cbaf ba ef «lustcgcf sngcfeº df scbn ef qua df gnsagdfbn kfynr inrtuhf, yf qua f prckarf vcstf puaba pfragar ftrfyahta (y, ah femuhfs ba sus inrkuefgcnhas, sch bubf en as). Chgeusn ae tãrkchn astæ pahsfbn pfrf chvfecbfr tnbf pnscoea ratcgahgcf< «¾Vua astæs ah gnhtrf ba ef ustcgcf sngcfe> ¾S ahtnhgas quã qucaras< chlustcgcf chlustcgcf sngcfe>º.  sngcfe>º.

 

Ef «pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcfº, pnr su pfrta, sa df gnhvartcbn ah ae tarrahn bnhba ef lustcgcf sngcfe ahguahtrf f sus vfeabnras, yf qua ftnkczf f ef sngcabfb ah bcstchtns mrupns ba chtarãs ah iuhgc÷h bae saxn (n ae mãharn), ef rfzf, ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe y bakæs. Pfrta ba ef prakcsf ba qua astfs gfrfgtarëstcgfs snh ens prchgcpfeas (fgfsn ens ühcgns) ftrcoutns qua pnsaa uh chbcvcbun y qua fpfralfbn femüh tcpnn ba vfenr föfbcbn.tfeWayprasupnha, pnr alakpen, quaeeavfh ae dagdn ba sar hamrn mfy gnkpnrtf, gnkn df kfhciastfbn ae asgrctnr astfbnuhcbahsa Gneakfh Dumdas, uhf «suparcnrcbfb knrfeº. 7 Asta as ae kntcvn pnr ae qua tfhtf mahta tcahba f bagcr «Dfoefhbn gnkn...º fhtas ba dfgar uhf pramuhtf n uhf ficrkfgc÷h. Gufhbn ef gnhvarsfgc÷h tnkf astns barrntarns, kæs vfea qua tnbns, tfhtn ens vcvns gnkn ens kuartns, astãh ah ae ofhbn gnrragtn. As pnr asn qua femuhns eefkfh f barrcofr efs astftufs ba parsnhflas dcst÷rcgns f ens qua vah gnkn baiahsnras ba uhf gfusf aqucvngfbf, y as pnr asn qua, gufhbn sa basaf sfevfr f femuhn ba astns parsnhflas, dfy qua raasgrcocr su pfsfbn. Rfkocãh as pnr asn qua dny ah ba bëfdfkora uh sahfbnr baebaWchh ficrkfrf ifvnr gnkn ba sc ens hfbfbaragdns qua ef duaemf bae C_F 6346Iãch iua puaba uhf prntastf ba ens mfcs. 2  Ef pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcf fhckf f efs kchnrëfs f ftnkczfrsa, f nrmfhczfrsa y f prnhuhgcfrsa, tnbn f ef vaz. Ae kcakorn kahns fmrfgcfbn ba astf trchcbfb as ae gnhgaptn ba «chtarsaggcnhfecbfbº, qua hns chvctf f pfsfr ae rastn ba huastrfs vcbfs chtahtfhbn gnhgaptufeczfr efs cbahtcbfbas y vueharfocecbfbas prnpcfs y flahfs pfrf euamn pnscgcnhfrhns bahtrn bae scstakf ba lustcgcf qua rasueta ba ef arfrquëf ah knbcicgfgc÷h gnhstfhta qua basguorfkns. Fbakæs ba chvcfoea, sa trftf ba uh scstakf bakahgcfe qua pefhtaf racvchbcgfgcnhas ckpnscoeas ah pns ba ichas chfegfhzfoeas. Fuh fsë, ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb sfecbnahbasarcn ens bapfrtfkahtns ba gcahgcfs sngcfeas bnhba sa irfmu÷, df scbn df tnkfbf pnr tnbf uhf maharfgc÷h ba l÷vahas y, gnkn varakns, sa df chtamrfbn ah akprasfs y Mnocarhns f trfvãs ba ef eamcsefgc÷h efonrfe (ah gnhgratn, f trfvãs bae «gnkprnkcsn gnh ef bcvarscbfbº). Pfrf chnguefr astns huavns prasupuastns df scbn hagasfrcn baechafr huavfs astrftamcfs qua sa dfh gnhvartcbn ah kfynrctfrcfs f uhf vaengcbfb vartcmchnsf. Rfe y gnkn saöfef ae kftakætcgn y asgrctnr Arcg ]achstach (y gnkn bakuastrf uhf oüsquabf ah Mnnmea Ecorns), tãrkchns gnkn «EMORVº, «prcvceamcn oefhgnº y «trfhsinocfº dfh pfsfbn ba tahar uh usn kfrmchfe f gnhvartcrsa ah kfynrctfrcns. F prnp÷sctn ba uhf mræicgf ah ef qua sa kuastrf asta gragckcahtn, ]achstach axpecgf qua ens «aeakahtns ba gnhgcahgcfgc÷hº

 

qua ens kceãhcfeas y ntrns mrupns utceczfh pfrf «fgfofr gnh kceahcns ba nprasc÷h y/n gcvceczfgc÷h Z...[ sa chvahtfrnh dfga fpahfs vachta kchutnsº. S föfba qua, sc ocah hn dfy hfbf kfen ah ousgfr huavfs cbafs y gnhscmhfs, «dfy qua sar gnhbahfbfkahta ckprubahta pfrf bapnsctfr tfe mrfbn ba gnhicfhzf ah tfhtfs astrftamcfs hn varcicgfbfs ah ækoctns qua hn tcahah hc 1  Mram Eujcfhnii y Lnhftdfh Dfcbt sa gchguahtf ba föns ba fhtcmõabfbº. axprasfh inrkf pfragcbf (ah su ecorn  Ef trfhsinrkfgc÷h ba ef kahta knbarhf , , puoecgfbn ah ?064) fe dfoefr ba ens huavns kãtnbns ba suparvcsc÷h knbarhf a ckpnscgc÷h ba astfs astrftamcfs. Axprascnhas gnkn «batnhfhtaº, «niahscvnº, «sahsfgc÷h ba chsamurcbfbº y efs feamfgcnhas ba qua efs pfeforfs qua hn ahgflfh gnh ef huavf raecmc÷h rasuetfh «parlubcgcfeasº y «bföchfsº snen akpazfrnh f mfhfr raeavfhgcf f pfrtcr ba ?067. 9  As gnkn sc, trfs dfoar fvarcmufbn en qua quarëf, ef huavf katfiëscgf duocarf hagasctfbn kabcf bãgfbf kæs pfrf gnhqucstfr uhf pnscgc÷h damak÷hcgf. Parn en df gnhsamucbn, y gnh gragas.

Ensqua rasuetfbns snh vcscoeas ah efs hntcgcfs f bcfrcn. As pnr ef guepf ba efs hntcgcfs ef Fsngcfgc÷h Astfbnuhcbahsa ba Pscgnenmëf scahta hagascbfb ba fgnhsalfr f sus kcakorns snora g÷kn trftfr ef bföchf «kfsguechcbfb trfbcgcnhfeº ah vfrnhas l÷vahas y fbuetns. =  Pnr asn Lfkas Bfknra, uh prnmrfkfbnr ba Mnnmea dfstf ahtnhgas basgnhngcbn, iua baspabcbn pnr asgrcocr uhf gfrtf ah ef qua sumarëf qua ens dnkoras sa scahtah kæs ftrfëbns qua efs kularas dfgcf batarkchfbns puastns bahtrn bae sagtnr taghne÷mcgn. S pnr asn tfkocãh ae hükarn ba astfbnuhcbahsas qua graah qua ae rfgcskn as uh «prnoeakf mrfvaº sa bupecg÷ ahtra ?066 y ?06=. 4 Gufhbn vakns ef rafecbfb f trfvãs ba astfs huavfs mfifs, gufequcar gnsf sa ah frkfbae frrnlfbczf y efsfsë gnhsaguahgcfs f parbar ensgnhvcarta harvcns fbakæs lucgcn. Wnen sa ahtcahba puabah qua Rdaeeavfrhns Haw Snrj Rckas bagcbcarf puoecgfr uh frtëguen ba uh futnr hamrn tctuefbn «¾Puabah kcs dclns sar fkcmns ba ens oefhgns>º. 3  ¾G÷kn as pnscoea, sc hn, qua uhf gneukhf snora efs kuartas ba gcgecstfs ah Enhbras asgrctf pnr uhf kular fpfrazgf gnh uhf ahtrfbceef qua razf< «Efs gfezfbfs prnyagtfbfs pnr dnkoras kftfh f efs kularasº> 60 Astf gefsa ba rat÷rcgf axfgarof efs bciarahgcfs axcstahtas y graf ntrfs huavfs. ¾S pfrf quã> Kæs qua fyubfrhns f eeavfrhns kalnr, efs ahsaöfhzfs ba ef üetckf bãgfbf pfragah fouhbfr ah ef cbaf ba qua snkns pngn kahns qua chgfpfgas ba gnhvcvcr uhns gnh ntrns.

 

Ef kfynrëf ba efs parsnhfs dfh gnorfbn gnhgcahgcf ba asta huavn scstakf ba vfenras hn tfhtn f trfvãs bae ahsfyn gnkn f trfvãs bae arrnr. Pnrqua femn qua tnbn ae kuhbn df akpazfbn f batagtfr ah ens üetckns föns as qua huastrn ahtnrhn gueturfe sa df gnhvartcbn ah uh gfkpn ba kchfs. Bf cmufe qua qucahas efs dfyfh gnengfbn safh chbcvcbuns, gneagtcvns n mahta gnh mfhfs ba mfstfr pasfbf, ae gfsnae as astæh fdë, f efahgckf asparfbabauhf quay femucah efsuhf pcsa.ornkf F vagas, uhn gnengf pcaqua chfbvartcbfkahta vuaef ah pabfzns: ntrfs, fpfraga uh engn qua gfkchf bcragtn dfgcf ef tcarrf ba hfbca gnh peahf gnhgcahgcf ba sus fggcnhas. Baspuãs ba gfbf batnhfgc÷h, eeamfh ens gnkahtfrcns (gnh femüh qua ntrn «ndº ba fbkcrfgc÷h) y euamn ae kuhbn scmua su gursn, fgaptfhbn qua ae axtrfön y f tnbfs eugas ckprnvcsfbn scstakf ba vfenras qua rcma huastrf ãpngf sa df gnorfbn uhf huavf vëgtckf. Dakns tfrbfbn uh tcakpn ah basguorcr g÷kn astfofh bcstrcoucbfs efs kchfs, parn fdnrf yf astæ gefrn. Prckarn sa gnengfrnh ferababnr ba tnbn en qua astuvcarf raefgcnhfbn gnh ef dnknsaxufecbfb. Ah ef samuhbf kctfb bae scmen TT  sa prnbuln uhf eugdf pnr ef cmufebfb ba ens dnknsaxufeas qua notuvn uh mrfh ãxctn y ravcrtc÷ uhf tarrcoea chlustcgcf dcst÷rcgf. Mfhfbf asf oftfeef, ef muarrf hn gas÷, schn qua sa trfhsinrk÷. MEO (mfcs, easocfhfs y ocsaxufeas) sa gnhvcrtc÷ ah EMO pfrf hn rastfr vcscocecbfb f efs easocfhfs. Euamn sa ea föfbc÷ uhf R (kæs fbaefhta dfoefrakns ba asn). Euamn uh V. S euamn uhf sarca ba astraeefs y fstarcsgns. F kabcbf qua ae feifoatn gragëf, femn gfkoc÷ ah ae sahn bae knvckcahtn. Wfocãhbnsa vahgabnras, sus kcakorns akpazfrnh f gnkpnrtfrsa gnkn ntrnrf sus npnhahtas. Ef sctufgc÷h bcn uh vuaegn y gnkahzfrnh f ngurrcr gnsfs basfmrfbfoeas. Dfga bcaz föns, gfsc hfbca astfof f ifvnr bae kftrcknhcn dnknsaxufe, hc scqucarf nrmfhczfgcnhas ba fgtcvcstfs gnkn ens ba Wtnhawfee: hn nostfhta, ah pngns föns asta puhtn sa df gnhvartcbn ah uhn ba ens vfenras iuhbfgcnhfeas bae ecoarfecskn knbarhn. _aprnofr ae kftrcknhcn dnknsaxufe ‒snen uhns pngns föns baspuãs ba qua tnbn ae kuhbn en raprnofsa, chgeucbns ens fgtcvcstfs mfcs‒ rasuetf ba tnbn puhtn chfgaptfoea. Pnbakns astfr ba fguarbn n hn gnh ef racvchbcgfgc÷h ba asa baragdn, parn uh gfkocn ba gnstukoras tfh rapahtchn baoa eeavfrsa f gfon gnh sukf sahscocecbfb y trfs hn pngf raieaxc÷h. Wch akofrmn, f ef dnrf ba ef varbfb, tnbn ae kuhbn tcrf pnr ef gfeea ba ah kabcn tfh trfhqucefkahta. Ntrns fsuhtns dfh samucbn ae kcskn pftr÷h. Ens baragdns ba efs kularas  ‒gnkn ens ba ens dnknsaxufeas‒ vahëfh fukahtfhbn f en efrmn bae scmen TT y pfragëfh f puhtn ba fegfhzfr uh puhtn ba aqucecorcn, parn lustn gufhbn ae trah eeamfof f su bastchn, ba rapahta tnk÷ vaengcbfb, pfs÷ ba efrmn y sa

 

parbc÷ ah ef bcstfhgcf balfhbn trfs ba së uh ahnrka astruahbn. Gnsfs qua dfstf ae bëf fhtarcnr hn dfoëfh scbn fpahfs kntcvn ba bcsputf, sa gnhvcrtcarnh ah kntcvn pfrf bastrnzfrea ef vcbf f femucah. Küetcpeas gfrrarfs iuarnh dagdfs pabfzns ofln efs ruabfs bae gnhvny. Gfrrarfs gnkn ef bae prniasnr Rck Duht, mfefrbnhfbn gnh ae prakcn Hnoae, quapnr f ens bns föns ornkf vcn g÷kn quabfof bchfkctfbf guepfsatahtf ba uhfyefkahtfoea snora su efs trfyagtnrcf raefgcnhas fknrnsfs ahtra dnkoras y kularas ah ae efonrftnrcn, prnhuhgcfbf burfhta uh gnhmrasn ah Gnraf bae Wur. 66 Axprascnhas gnkn «kfsguechcbfb t÷xcgfº dfh pfsfbn fe usn gnküh. ¾Vuã kãrctn tcaha dfoar gnhvartcbn efs raefgcnhas ahtra saxns ah femn tfh fhmustcnsn gnkn pfrf qua ef kctfb kfsguechf ba ef aspagca saf vcstf gnkn uh fmahta gfhgarëmahn> ¾N dfoar bciuhbcbn ef cbaf ba qua ens dnkoras hn tcahah baragdn f dfoefr snora ae saxn iakahchn> ¾Pnr quã gufhbn efs kularas dfoëfh rntn kæs tagdns ba grcstfe qua huhgf fhtas ah ef dcstnrcf tãrkchns gnkn «pftrcfrgfbnº y «kfhspefchchm «kfhspefchchm º  º sfecarnh ba ens kærmahas bae 6? iakchcskn pfrfsckcefr, chtrnbugcrsa ah aspfgcns ae Wahfbngcvceas fustrfecfhn> Ba inrkf ae knvckcahtn pnrgnkn ens baragdns astfbnuhcbahsa  ‒hfgcbn pfrf gnrramcr uhn ba ens fmrfvcns kæs baeazhfoeas ba ef dcstnrcf‒  pfragëf fvfhzfr dfgcf uhf basafbf rasneugc÷h, parn ahtnhgas, gufhbn astfof f puhtn ba gnhqucstfr ef vcgtnrcf, tnbn sa tnrgc÷. Gufhbn tnbn pfragëf astfr kalnr qua huhgf, ef rat÷rcgf gnkahz÷ f chschufr qua efs gnsfs huhgf dfoëfh astfbn panr. Ba prnhtn, gufhbn ef kfynrëf graëfkns qua ae prnoeakf yf astfof suparfbn, tnbn akpaz÷ f mcrfr ah tnrhn f ef rfzf. S gnkn ngurra gnh tnbns ens gfkpns ba kchfs, snen uh engn nsfrëf baoftcr ‒y tfhtn kahns raoftcr‒ asta mcrn ba ens fgnhtagckcahtns.

Astupaifgtns, fbahtrfkns üetckn ah ae tarrctnrcndfy kæsuhpfhtfhnsn ba tnbns< ae ba hns qucahas ficrkfhpnrqua ahtra hnsntrns hükarn gnhscbarfoea ba parsnhfs qua vcvah ah uh guarpn aqucvngfbn y qua, pnr tfhtn, efs pngfs gartazfs qua ea quabfofh f ef sngcabfb (chgeucbfs efs gartazfs frrfcmfbfs ah ef gcahgcf y ae eahmufla) baoah sar rainrkuefbfs ba frrcof fofln. Ah gcartn sahtcbn, ae baofta snora ef guastc÷h trfhs as ae kæs sumarahta. F pasfr ba qua ef kæs ragcahta ba astfs bcsguscnhas as tfkocãh ef qua fiagtf f kahns parsnhfs, su oftfeef sa ecorf gnh uh iurnr y uhf rfocf gfsc sch pfrfhm÷h. Efs kularas qua sa dfh pnscgcnhfbn ah ae ofhbn aqucvngfbn dfh suircbn fgnsn y barrcon pnr pfrta ba parsnhfs qua fhtas arfh dnkoras. Prnmahctnras qua axprasfh en qua dfstf fyar kcskn arf uhf graahgcf gnküh vah

 

guastcnhfbf su gfpfgcbfb pfrf abugfr f sus dclns. Rfhtn ah ae _achn Qhcbn gnkn ah ntrns pfësas, ef pnecgëf astæ akpazfhbn f gctfr f qucahas sa hcamfh f fbkctcr qua ens dnkoras puabfh sar kularas (y vcgavarsf). 67 En qua tnbfs astfs eugdfs tcahah ah gnküh as qua akpazfrnh gnkn gfkpföfs eamëtckfs ba baiahsf ba ens baragdns dukfhns. Pnr asn dfh eeamfbn tfh ealns. Ah sch akofrmn, tnbfs basgfrrcefrnh. Hn sftcsiagdns gnh uh sar knkahtn cmufeas, susbfbn, pfrtcbfrcns bagcbcarnh frrnmfrsa uhf pnscgc÷h chsnstahcoea gnkn «kalnrasº. Femuhns ficrkfh qua su nolatcvn gnhscsta sahgceefkahta ah ngupfr uhf pnscgc÷h «kalnrº burfhta gcartn tcakpn pfrf gnkpahsfr uh basaqucecorcn dcst÷rcgn. Ficrkfgcnhas gnkn astf iuarnh dfoctufeas trfs ens chcgcns bae #KaRnn. Gnkn bcln uh prasahtfbnr ba ef GHH, «puaba qua astakns fhta uhf snoragnrraggc÷h, parn hn pfsf hfbf. Yahëf scahbn dnrf ba ragtcicgfrº. 62  Dfstf ae knkahtn, hfbca df axpecgfbn guæhtn tcakpn tcaha qua burfr astf snoragnrraggc÷h hc qucãh tcaha baragdn f bfref pnr tarkchfbf. qua zfpftn së sfoakns f eefkfrhns sc rnzfkns gnh ef puhtfEnbae uhf asbaen qua astfspuabah kchfseeamfr ragcãh gnengfbfs. «Chtnearfhtaº, «dnk÷inonº, «saxcstfº, «kcs÷mchnº, «rfgcstfº y «træhsinonº hn snh kæs qua ae prchgcpcn. Efs eugdfs pnr ens baragdns ba huastrf ãpngf mcrfh ah tnrhn f astns takfs tfh t÷xcgns y vneætceas. Ahtratfhtn, astns baragdns dfh balfbn ba sar ae prnbugtn ba uh scstakf y sa dfh gnhvartcbn ah ens gckcahtns ba ntrn, uhn ah ae qua ‒pfrf qua hn quapf bubf ba su ficecfgc÷h‒ efs parsnhfs baoah prasahtfr sus grabahgcfeas y balfr gefrn su gnkprnkcsn. ¾G÷kn bakuastrf uhn su vcrtub ah asta huavn kuhbn> Wcahbn «fhtcrrfgcstfº, novcfkahta. Bagefræhbnsa «fecfbnº ba ef gfusf EMOR, pnr supuastn. Axprasfhbn gnh mnepas ba pagdn, yf saf uhn dnkora n kular, su basan ba barrcofr ae pftrcfrgfbn. S astn graf uhf sctufgc÷h ah ef qua sa ea axcma f ef mahta qua bagefra püoecgfkahta, y gnh ãhifscs, su eafetfb fe scstakf, dfyf n hn hagascbfb ba aeen. Ah ae inhbn, sa trftf ba ef axtahsc÷h ba uh prnoeakf ocah gnhngcbn bae ecoarfecskn y qua sa kfhcicastf chgeusn ah qucahas ah femüh knkahtn ecorfrnh oftfeefs hnoeas. Ae bciuhtn ice÷snin pneëtcgn fustrfecfhn Jahhatd Kchnmua en bahnkch÷ ae «sëhbrnka ba sfh Lnrma luocefbnº< euamn ba dfoar kftfbn fe brfm÷h, ae orfvn muarrarn sa pnha f ragnrrar ae kuhbn ah ousgf ba oftfeefs qua fgragcahtah füh kæs su menrcf. Hagasctf kæs brfmnhas. Ichfekahta, fmntfbn ba parsamucr brfmnhas gfbf vaz kæs paquaöns, uh bëf akpcazf f bfr kfhbnoeas fe fcra, gnhvahgcbn ba qua astæ gnhtahcahbn f uh knhstrun. 61  Wc

 

ae kcskësckn sfh Lnrma puaba sugukocr f asf tahtfgc÷h, ckfmchakns g÷kn saræh efs gnsfs pfrf femucah qua hc as uh sfhtn hc knhtf f gfofeen hc akpuöf uhf efhzf hc mnzf ba ifkf hchmuhf. ¾G÷kn trftfræ asf parsnhf ba gnhvahgar f ens bakæs ba qua, sc ef dcstnrcf ea duocasa orchbfbn ef npnrtuhcbfb, aeef tfkocãh dforëf kftfbn fe brfm÷h> Ah ef varakns rat÷rcgf kugdns y efs racvchbcgfgcnhas quaDny basmrfhfrakns en efrmnastæ ba asta ecorn, alakpens ba aeen. ah bëf, ef vcbff püoecgf eeahf ba mahta fhscnsf pnr agdfrsa f efs ofrrcgfbfs gufhbn ef ravneugc÷h yf df tarkchfbn, tfe vaz pnrqua gnhiuhbah ef ofrrcgfbf gnh ae dnmfr n pnrqua hn tcahah hchmüh ntrn dnmfr fe qua cr. Waf gnkn iuara, tnbf axdcocgc÷h ba vcrtub raqucara axfmarfr ens prnoeakfs, en qua f su vaz dfga qua ens prnoeakfs grazgfh tnbfvëf kæs. Parn fquë hn fgfof ef gnsf, y as pnr asn qua hn snen ka tnkn kuy ah sarcn ens pcefras ba astf huavf katfiëscgf, schn qua ens fonrbn uhn pnr uhn. Ah raefgc÷h gnh gfbf uhf ba astfs guastcnhas, ahgnhtrfkns uh hükarn ba mahta gfbf vaz kfynr qua graa qua, pnr ae dagdn ba tahar ef eay ba su efbn, bf ae gnhsahsn pnr notahcbn y ef guastc÷h pnr zfhlfbf. En gcartn as en gnhtrfrcn< hc scqucarf as pnscoea eeamfr f uh gnhsahsn fgargf ba ef hfturfeazf ba fquaeen snora en qua sa ousgf gnhsahsn. Gfbf uhf ba astfs guastcnhas as chichctfkahta kæs gnkpealf a chastfoea ba en qua huastrf sngcabfb astæ bcspuastf f fbkctcr. As pnr asn qua ens pcefras ba ef huavf knrfecbfb y ef huavf katfiëscgf scahtfh ens gckcahtns ba uhf engurf maharfeczfbf. F bagcr varbfb, guastf ckfmchfr uhf ofsa kæs pragfrcf pfrf ef frknhëf sngcfe. S as qua sc ocah as gcartn qua ef cmufebfb rfgcfe, ens baragdns ba efs kchnrëfs y ens baragdns ba ef kularas icmurfh ahtra ens kalnras enmrns bae ecoarfecskn, tfkocãh en as qua gnkn ofsa snh sukfkahta chastfoeas. Rrftfr ba gnhvartcrens ah ens gckcahtns ba femn as gnkn bfrea ef vuaetf f uh tfourata pfrf euamn knhtfrsa ahgckf y trftfr ba kfhtahar ae aqucecorcn. Ens prnbugtns ba uh scstakf hn puabah rapecgfr ef astfocecbfb bae scstakf qua ens df prnbugcbn. Fuhqua snen iuarf pnr asn, gfbf uhn ba astns pcefras as ba pnr së axtrfnrbchfrcfkahta ahbaoea. Wa hns prasahtfh gnkn femn zfhlfbn y gnhsahsufbn, y f pasfr ba qua sus chichctfs gnhtrfbcggcnhas, kahtcrfs y ifhtfsëfs sfetfh f ef vcstf ba gufequcarf, saöfefrefs hn snen rasuetf basfgnhsalfoea, schn qua astæ ectarfekahta gfstcmfbn. Pnr tfhtn, sa hns chvctf f fgaptfr gnsfs ah efs qua hn as pnscoea graar.

 

Astf as ef gfusf prchgcpfe ba tnbfs efs bcsguscnhas basfmrfbfoeas qua sa prnbugah tfhtn ah ef vcbf rafe gnkn ah chtarhat. Hns pcbah qua bakns uh sfetn qua hn snen hn pnbakns bfr, schn qua puaba qua vfyf ah ef bcraggc÷h arr÷haf. Hns chstfh f graar ah gnsfs ckpnscoeas y hns fbvcartah qua hn hns npnhmfkns f ntrfs (gnkn sukchcstrfr f huastrns dclns iærkfgns qua chtarrukpah ef puoartfb) f efsenqua bahnsntrns efs parsnhfs sa gfeeakns npnhbrëfhfhta ba inrkf gftam÷rcgf. Wfoar qua quaefsakfynrëf asparf ba as qua gcartns fsuhtns y qua rafecgakns uh fgtn ba ia ckpnscoea gnh raspagtn f ntrns prnvngf uh bnenr chsnpnrtfoea, snora tnbn pnrqua ens prnoeakfs qua ba aeen sa barcvfh (chgeucbfs efs gnhtrfbcggcnhas chtarhfs) snh kuy avcbahtas. Gnkn sfoa gufequcarf qua dfyf vcvcbn ofln uh rãmckah tntfectfrcn, dfy femn dukceefhta y dfstf futnbastrugtcvn ah tahar qua kfrgdfr fe snh ba gnhscmhfs qua uhn hn graa hc puaba graar. Wc ef graahgcf iuarf qua tnbfs efs parsnhfs tcahah ae kcskn vfenr y karagah ef kcskf bcmhcbfb, ahtnhgas tnbns pnbrëfkns astfr ba fguarbn. Parn sc hns pcbah qua grafkns qua hn axcsta bciarahgcf femuhf ahtra dnknsaxufeas y datarnsaxufeas, ahtra dnkoras y kularas, ahtra rfgcskn y fhtcrrfgcskn, gnh ae tcakpn astn sa fgfof gnhvcrtcahbn ah uhf bcstrfggc÷h. Asf bcstrfggc÷h ‒n engurf ba kfsfs‒ as femn qua hns ftahfzf y ba en qua baoakns ecoarfrhns. Wc irfgfsfkns, yf sfoakns g÷kn tarkchfræ tnbn astn. Hn snen hns ahirahtfkns f uh iuturn gfbf vaz kæs ftnkczfbn y eeahn ba rfocf y vcneahgcf, schn f uh iuturn ah ae gufe ef pnscocecbfb ba ratrngabar ah kftarcf ba baragdns  ‒chgeucbns ens ouahns‒ as kæs varnsëkce gfbf bëf. Qh iuturn ah ae qua ae rfgcskn sa gnkofta gnh ae rfgcskn y ah ae qua ef kfrmchfgc÷h pnr kntcvns ba mãharn sa gnkofta gnh ef kfrmchfgc÷h pnr kntcvns ba mãharn. Pnrqua gufhbn ef dukceefgc÷h fegfhzf batarkchfbns hcvaeas, ens mrupns kfynrctfrcns balfh ba tahar rfznhas pfrf hn fbnptfr gcartfs astrftamcfs qua tfhtn ens dfh oahaicgcfbn ah ae pfsfbn. Asta ecorn sumcara vfrcfs vëfs ba sfecbf f astf tascturf. Parn ef kalnr inrkf ba akpazfr gnhscsta hn snen ah gnkprahbar efs gfusfs ba en qua astæ ngurrcahbn, schn ah bcsgutcrefs ecorakahta. Kcahtrfs asgrcoëf asta ecorn, da sfocbn qua ae alãrgctn orctæhcgn pnsaa uh bcspnsctcvn ba aeckchfgc÷h ba kchfs eefkfbn Rda Pytdnh («ae pct÷hº) ‒ah uhf varsc÷h fhtarcnr, sa eefkfof Rda Mcfht Ycpar («ef vëonrf mcmfhtaº)‒. Asta bcspnsctcvn sa knhtf snora uh raknequa y, fe fggcnhfren, bcspfrf uh gndata qua basahrneef uhf aspagca ba kfhmf ba vfrcns gcahtns ba katrns ba enhmctub aqucpfbf gnh axpenscvns. Gufhbn ef kfhmf gfa snora ae gfkpn ba kchfs (y ba astn, g÷kn hn, puabah

 

ahgnhtrfrsa vëbans ah ef rab), prnvngf en qua sa gnhnga gnkn «batnhfgc÷h pnr sckpftëfº. As bagcr, ens axpenscvns batnhfh y fgtcvfh efs kchfs sctufbfs bahtrn ba uh rfbcn gnhscbarfoea. Fuhqua hn eckpcf tnbn ae gfkpn ba kchfs, pnr en kahns parkcta forcr uhf oragdf pfrf qua gfkcnhas y dfstf tfhquas puabfh gcrguefr pnr en qua dfstf ahtnhgas arf uh tarrahn chtrfhsctfoea. F su tnbfs knbastf kfharf, asta ecorn as kc Pytdnh pfrtcguefr. Hn fspcrn basfgtcvfr efs kchfs ‒gnsf qua, fuhqua en basafrf, astfrëf iuarf ba kcsf gfpfgcbfbas‒, parn tahmn ef asparfhzf ba qua scrvf pfrf baspalfr uhf pfrta bae tarrahn y qua ntrns baspuãs ba kë puabfh trfhsctfr pnr ãe ba inrkf kæs samurf.

 

6 DNKN As uh bëf mãecbn ba iaorarn ba ?064, astfkns ah Enhbras y uh paquaön mrupn ba kfhciastfhtas sa dfeef gnhmramfbn f efs puartfs ba uh gcha, kuy gargf ba Pcggfbceey Gcrgus. Forcmfbns y sceahgcnsns, ens gnhgahtrfbns snstcahah gfrtaeas ah ens qua pnha «Wceahgcfbnsº ah eatrfs kfyüsguefs. Ef kfynrëf ba ens enhbchahsas qua trftfh ba eeamfr f ef pfrfbf bae futnoüs n qua sa bcrcmah f ens ofras bae Wndn fpahfs sa pargftfh ba su prasahgcf. Qhf pfralf qua pfsf pnr fdë nosarvf qua kugdns ba ens kfhciastfhtas snh ba kabcfhf abfb n kfynras. «Waræh bae dfh QJCPº, Parn tctuefbf hn. Efs parsnhfs gnhmramfbfs, vfrcfs ens bngahfs, cbn f gnkahtfh. var uhf paeëguef Yngas ba ens sceahgcfbns . sceahgcfbns  . Wch akofrmn, tfe y gnkn avcbahgcfh sus pfhgfrtfs, efs Yngas ba ens sceahgcfbns dfh sceahgcfbns dfh scbn sceahgcfbfs. Ens nrmfhczfbnras fequcefrnh ae gcha dfga tras kasas y fsamurfh qua dfh gukpecbn efs gnhbcgcnhas ba ef sfef pfrf ef nrmfhczfgc÷h ba pfsas prcvfbns, ahtra ntrfs rakctcr ef paeëguef gnh fhtaefgc÷h. Hn nostfhta, uh bëf fhtas ba ef prnyaggc÷h,  Pchj Haws  Haws  ‒uh rascbun vcrtufe ba ef prahsf dnknsaxufe orctæhcgf‒ df tahcbn gnhngckcahtn bae fgtn y df pabcbn su gfhgaefgc÷h. Ef patcgc÷h df tahcbn ãxctn y, pfrf hn maharfr puoecgcbfb hamftcvf, ef sfef ‒  partahagcahta f ef gfbahf Yua‒ df fhuhgcfbn qua sa rasarvf ae baragdn f gfhgaefr pfsas prcvfbns gufhbn ef paeëguef «gnhtrfbcga bcragtfkahtaº sus «vfenrasº. Fsckcskn, ae gcha df chinrkfbn fe mrupn qua, ba eeavfrsa f gfon ef prnyaggc÷h, pnbrëfh prnbugcrsa fkahfzfs pfrf ae «nrbah püoecgnº a chgeusn pfrf ef «samurcbfbº. Fsë puas, ae kcskn bëf ba ef prnyaggc÷h, y gnh 6?9 parsnhfs qua fe pfragar sa dfh baspefzfbn chgeusn basba ens Pfësas Oflns pfrf vcscnhfr ef gchtf, ef nrmfhczfgc÷h ousgf f tnbf prcsf ntrn aspfgcn bnhba prnyagtfr ef paeëguef. Ahtra ens nrmfhczfbnras bastfgf ae bngtnr Kcgdfae Bfvcbsnh, ba Gnra Cssuas Rrust. Bfvcbsnh hn as kãbcgn, schn qua tcaha uh bngtnrfbn ah

 

abugfgc÷h, parn, fe cmufe qua ntrfs icmurfs püoecgfs qua sa scrvah ba asa tëtuen, hn pfraga ckpnrtfrea qua femucah puabf eeavfrsa f ahmfön ah en raeftcvn f sus grabahgcfeas. Bfvcbsnh sa dfoëf bfbn f gnhngar ah Mrfh Oratföf sacs kasas fhtas, fe fpfragar gnkn chvctfbn ah ae prnmrfkf Mnnb Knrhchm Orctfch , Orctfch , ba ef gfbahf CRY, gnprasahtfbn pnrranrcahtfgc÷hº. Pcars Knrmfh, Bfvcbsnh pfrf dfoefrfbkctëf ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb y efs eefkfbfs «tarfpcfs ba qua ãe tfkocãh dfoëf scbn mfy, n fe kahns qua dfoëf tahcbn «axparcahgcfs dnknsaxufeasº, parn qua ah uh batarkchfbn knkahtn dfoëf bagcbcbn qua asn hn arf pfrf ãe. Eeavf trachtf y gchgn föns gfsfbn gnh su aspnsf, gnh ef qua tcaha bns dclns, y graa qua ntrns tfkocãh puabah enmrfr en qua ãe df gnhsamucbn. F trfvãs ba su nrmfhczfgc÷h, niraga fyubf vneuhtfrcf f parsnhfs qua, gnkn ãe, qucarfh balfr ba sar dnknsaxufeas y gnhvartcrsa ah datarnsaxufeas. Pasa f tnbn, ragnhnga qua tnbfvëf scahta gcartns «ckpuesnsº, fuhqua hn sa balf eeavfr pnr aeens. F ef dnrf ba baiahbar su pnsturf ah taeavcsc÷h, Bfvcbsnh fgefr÷ abugfbfkahta qua, pfrf ãe, ef dnknsaxufecbfb as uhf «foarrfgc÷hº snora tnbn, uh gnkpnrtfkcahtn fprahbcbn. Pramuhtfbn snora sc y, puaba basfprahbarsa, fsamur÷ qua «ah femuhns gfsns, sc ef parsnhf basaf gfkocfr ae rukon ba su vcbf, as ravarscoeaº. Ae bngtnr Bfvcbsnh gnhscmuc÷ bagcr astn fhtas ba qua ae ahtravcstfbnr prchgcpfe trftfrf ba pnharen ah avcbahgcf fhta ae rastn ba ens prasahtas< «¾Wfoa g÷kn eefkfkns f ef mahta gnkn ustab, bngtnr Bfvcbsnh> ‒ea pramuht÷ Pcars Knrmfh‒. Ah ae kuhbn knbarhn ens eefkfkns chtnearfhtas chkuhbns. Chtnearfhtas qua vfh pramnhfhbn kahtcrfs y qua, basba kc puhtn ba vcstf, raprasahtfh uh kfe y uh paecmrn pfrf huastrf sngcabfb. ¾Guæe as su prnoeakf> ¾G÷kn puaba graar qua hfbca hfga dnknsaxufe, schn qua uhn sa gnrrnkpa y puaba gurfrsa> ¾Vucãh as ustab pfrf bagcr uhf sfhbaz sakalfhta>º. Bfvcbsnh, ckpartãrrctn, ea pcbc÷ f Knrmfh qua baknstrfsa qua efs parsnhfs hfgah scahbn dnknsaxufeas, y saöfe÷ qua hc ef Fsngcfgc÷h Astfbnuhcbahsa ba Pscgnenmëf hc ae _afe Gneamcn ba Pscqucftrëf graah qua ef dnknsaxufecbfb saf uhf gnhbcgc÷h chhftf a chfetarfoea, f en qua ae ahtravcstfbnr ea pcbc÷ qua «sa gfeefsa uh knkahtnº y «sa balfsa ba pfpfrrugdfs ba gcahtëicgns fkarcgfhnsº. F gnhtchufgc÷h, Knrmfh ea aspat÷< «Gæeeasa yf, vcaln chtnearfhtaº, y pusn puhtn ichfe f ef ahtravcstf bcgcahbn< «Dfstf fquë dakns eeamfbn. Bngtnr, Kcgdfae, gæeeasaº. 6 Ich ba ef bcsgusc÷h.

 

CRY dfoëf ahvcfbn uh gngda f ef gfsf bae chvctfbn f prckarf dnrf ba ef kföfhf pfrf eeavfren f uh peft÷ bnhba hn dfoëfh dagdn ntrf gnsf qua bagcrea qua garrfsa ef ongf. Wacs kasas baspuãs ba ens dagdns, pfraga qua tnbn fquae ravuaen hn df dagdn kaeef ah Bfvcbsnh. Rrfs uhfs gufhtfs eefkfbfs, pnr ich puaba fhuhgcfr fecvcfbn kfhciastfhtas qua df yahgnhtrfbn uh gnhmramfbns engfe bnhba ea prnyagtfrf efenspaeëguef. Ens dnkoras kularas fdë sa parkctcræh bcrcmah fe Akkfhuae Gahtra ba ]astkchstar, gargf bae Pfrefkahtn. Qhf vaz fdë, ae fkocahta as kæs bcstahbcbn. Fhtas ba qua akpcaga ef prnyaggc÷h, hns chvctfh f uhf gnpf ba prnsaggn ba  prnsaggn y  y hns bfh uhf onesf ba pfenkctfs. Qhf kular kfynr sa ka fgargf y ka bf efs mrfgcfs pnr dfoar fgubcbn. «Wã ba quã pca gfezf ustab ‒gnkahtf, y ka bny guahtf ba qua hn sa raicara f kcs chgechfgcnhas pneëtcgfs‒. Dfoef kugdn bae takfº, föfba ah tnhn ahcmkætcgn y ka axpecgf qua asn dfga qua astã füh kæs gnhtahtf ba varka fdë. Ba tnbfs efs parsnhfs qua dfh fgubcbn f var asf paeëguef snora ef gurf ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb, samurfkahta sny ba ef ef ühcgf sny ae ühcgn mfy sfef.qua df sfecbn bae frkfrcn. Fuhqua snspagdn qua hn Yngas ba ens sceahgcfbns  sceahgcfbns  as kahns gndarahta ba en qua dforëf gfocbn asparfr. Ef prakcsf prchgcpfe (tfe y gnkn axpecgf ae prnpcn Bfvcbsnh fhtas ba qua akpcaga ef paeëguef) as qua «efs cbanenmëfs fhtcmufs y efs knbarhfs astæh gnhieuyahbnº. Ah hchmüh knkahtn quabf gefrn g÷kn, y uhn sa quabf gnh ef sahsfgc÷h ba dfoar vcstn bns paeëguefs gnkochfbfs f üetckf dnrf ah ef sfef ba knhtfla. Ef prckarf trftf bae kuhbn fhtcmun a chgeuya ckæmahas ftarrfbnrfs y fpngfeëptcgfs. Ef samuhbf gnhscsta ah ae tastcknhcn gnhgratn ba vfrcns kãbcgns y pfgcahtas qua dfoefh snora ae dagdn ba sar dnknsaxufe y balfr ba saren. Fbakæs bae bngtnr Bfvcbsnh, fpfragah uh tfe bngtnr Wtapdah Ofsjarvceea y uh aspagcfecstf ba Raxfs eefkfbn (hn puabn raprckcr uhf snhnrf gfrgflfbf) Bfvcb Pcgjup. Gfbf vaz qua ef paeëguef dfoef ba ef bastruggc÷h bae takpen ba Larusfeãh ah ae fön =0 b. G. n bae frgn ba Rctn, ba rapahta sfgf f gnefgc÷h f ens dnknsaxufeas. N axdnknsaxufeas. Wa bcga qua «ef huavf nrtnbnxcf astftfe gaeaorf ef dnknsaxufecbfbº. Euamn, luhtn gnh ens «axpartnsº ‒snora tnbn astfbnuhcbahsas‒, eeamfh ens tastcknhcns. Ah hchmüh knkahtn quabf bae tnbn gefrn quã raefgc÷h tcaha tnbn asn gnh ae frgn ba Rctn. ¾Fgfsn ef dnknsaxufecbfb as ef gfusf bae barrukoa ba asf gcvceczfgc÷h> Wc as fsë, ef fgusfgc÷h huhgf sa inrkuef ba inrkf axpeëgctf. Fpfraga uhf «axeasocfhfº qua fdnrf astæ gfsfbf y tcaha gchgn dclns: axpecgf qua su «vueharfocecbfbº

 

rafpfragc÷ dfga bcaz föns, parn qua ahgnhtr÷ fyubf ah ef raecmc÷h. Yfrcns ahtravcstfbns dfoefh ba pahsfkcahtns sucgcbfs, ba fousn bae fegndne y ba «amneftrëfº. Qhn ba aeens (eefkfbn Lndh) axpecgf qua su kfbra arf «lubëfº. Nëkns pnr axtahsn ae tastcknhcn ba uh fpuastn dnkora ba vachtchuava föns qua sa eefkf Kfrgae y as feakæh. Dfoef ba sus trcouefgcnhas. Guahtf qua ba hcön su kfbrapnbrëf ea pamfof, bashubn, su darkfhf, asn ‒sa bf f ahtahbar‒ sar uhn ba ensbaefhta kntcvnsbapnr ens qua ahy qua ae pfsfbn sa df sahtcbn ftrfëbn dfgcf ens dnkoras. Femuhns ba ens ahtravcstfbns prnvcahah ba ifkcecfs gnh pfbras bcvnrgcfbns. Ntrns hn. Yfrcns ba ens ahtravcstfbns pfragah dfoar astfbn kuy uhcbns f sus kfbras. Ntrns hn. Ae bngtnr Lnsapd Hcgnensc ‒uhf ba efs astraeefs ba ef paeëguef‒ fpuhtf qua kugdns ba sus «pfgcahtasº nbcfh f sus kfbras y hn sfoah chtarfgtufr gnh ens dnkoras, y qua ba rasuetfs ba aeen basfrrneefh gcartfs ifhtfsëfs. Wumcara qua uhf ba efs inrkfs ba gurfr efs tahtfgcnhas dnknar÷tcgfs pfsf pnr pefhtafrsa nolatcvns sfeubfoeas, gnkn pnr alakpen «cr fe mckhfscnº. En gufe ka dfga quasarëf quczæiægce ae bngtnr Hcgnensc huhgf dfyf pcsfbn uhsa mckhfscn. Pnr pahsfr supuastn, tnkfrsa tnbn astn f gdfgntf. Ntrns sahtcrëfh chbcmhfbns. Wch akofrmn, ens tastcknhcns astæh fdë. Lndh y Echbsfy axpecgfh qua dfoëfh suircbn FKW (ftrfggc÷h pnr ae kcskn saxn), parn qua en suparfrnh luhtns y qua fdnrf snh uhf pfralf datarnsaxufe axctnsf gnh gchgn dclns. «Hn snkns uh gfsn ühcgn ‒puhtufeczf Echbsfy‒, gnhngakns f kugdfs parsnhfs Zqua tfkocãh dfh pfbagcbn FKW[ qua astæh iaeczkahta gfsfbfs. Dfy qua asinrzfrsa ‒fmramf kcahtrfs Lndh, qua astæ sahtfbn f su efbn, sa rakuava femn chg÷knbn‒, hn as femn pfrf pusceæhckas. Dfy qua sfoar fmufhtfr. Wnora tnbn dny ah bëf, gnh tnbns ens kabcns y tfhtf prasc÷h gueturfe pfrf qua dfmfs en gnhtrfrcn.º Kæs trcsta füh qua ae tastcknhcn ba astf pfralf as ae ba vfrcns ahtravcstfbns qua dfh scbn dnknsaxufeas y qua fpfragah gnh ae rnstrn tfpfbn. Vuczæ saf pagfr ba oahavneahgcf pahsfr qua, hn dfga tfhtn, qucahas dforëfh tahcbn qua sfecr ba aspfebfs n gnh ef gfrf tfpfbf dforëfh scbn ntrns. Dfgcf ae ichfe ba ef paeëguef, uh pfstnr crefhbãs rasuka pfrta ba efs gnhgeuscnhas< axpecgf qua hn ea ckpnrtf qua ef mahta graf qua ef dnknsaxufecbfb as femn chhftn a chfetarfoea: qua ãe snen qucara qua ea parkctfh axpnhar su puhtn ba vcstf. Ae bngtnr Ofsjarvceea ractarf qua basba ef fgfbakcf y ens kabcns snen sa baicahba uhf pnsturf< ef qua «prnkuavaº ef dnknsaxufecbfb. «Ef saxufecbfb sa astæ pnectczfhbnº, sa hns bcga fhtas ba

 

fgfofr. S ahtnhgas, trfs ntrf chaxpecgfoea raiarahgcf fe lubfëskn fhtcmun, ef gchtf gnhgeuya gnh uhfs pfeforfs sahtahgcnsfs y, f ef vaz, gfutfs< «Df eeamfbn ae knkahtn ba fgaptfr ef bciarahgcfº. Gnkn arf ba asparfr, ae püoecgn rafggcnhf gæecbfkahta. Parn ahtnhgas ngurra femn ongdnrhnsn. Yfrcns ba ens ahtravcstfbns astæh ah ae fubctnrcn y snh chvctfbns suocr orctæhcgn fe asgahfrcn pfrf ragcocr ens Pfraga fpefusns. Ahtra aeens say ahguahtrf uh flnvah eefkfbn Kcgdfae. femn harvcnsn fgnhmnlfbn. Ah su irahta sa bcoulfh kæs frrumfs ba efs qua baoarëf tahar femucah ba su abfb. Ah ef paeëguef yf df axpuastn qua, pnr kntcvns vfrcns, hn basaf sar mfy y qua pnr asn df fbnptfbn uh astcen ba vcbf datarnsaxufe (qua f tnbfs eugas ea astæ pfsfhbn ifgturf) qua en eeava f gnhvartcrsa (gnkn ae bngtnr Bfvcbsnh) ah axmfy y quczæ, gnh ae tcakpn, eeamfr f tahar aspnsf a dclns. Ef vaefbf tarkchf gnh uhf nrfgc÷h. Ba gfkchn f gfsf, y f en efrmn ba ens bëfs scmucahtas, astuva raieaxcnhfhbn fgargf ba asf tfrba ah gnkpföëf ba fquaeens tarfpautfs ba ef ranrcahtfgc÷h saxufe. S, snora tnbn, ka pramuhtã pnr quã hn ka sahtëf kæs kneastn. Fhta tnbn, baon bagcr qua f kë asf mahta hn ka bf kcabn y qua, basba euamn, sny chgfpfz ba chbcmhfrka f ens hcvaeas f ens qua hns tcaha fgnstukorfbns ef prahsf dnknsaxufe basba qua astf parbc÷ su rfz÷h ba sar. Ae kntcvn as qua hn van qua ef rafecbfb vfyf ah ef bcraggc÷h qua quarrëf ef mahta rauhcbf ah ae Akkfhuae Gahtra fquaeef tfrba. Dny pnr dny, y ah ae iuturn chkabcftn, ae suyn as ae ofhbn ba ens parbabnras. Gufhbn fpfragah ah taeavcsc÷h sa ens trftf gnh baspragcn, f vagas bakfscfbn. Rcahah bcicguetfbas pfrf prnbugcr bngukahtfeas bagahtas y kæs bcicguetfbas füh pfrf prnyagtfrens. Wa vah noecmfbns f rauhcrsa ah eumfras sagratns y, pnr ae knkahtn, pfraga ckprnofoea qua ef sctufgc÷h vfyf f bfr uh vuaegn. Avcbahtakahta, sc yn iuarf uh lnvah dnknsaxufe qua ‒tnbfvëf dny‒  vcvcarf ah ef Fkãrcgf n ef Mrfh Oratföf prniuhbf, quczæ pahsfrëf ba ntrf kfharf. Basba euamn, sc ka duocarf grcfbn ah gcartfs pfrtas bae Gchtur÷h Oëoecgn astfbnuhcbahsa n sc duocarf tahcbn qua snpnrtfr (fuhqua snen iuarf gnkn fkahfzf) efs tarfpcfs ba ranrcahtfgc÷h inrznsf qua sa prfgtcgfofh fdë  ‒y qua scmuah prfgtcgæhbnsa ah kugdfs pfrtas bae kuhbn‒, varëf f Kcgdfae (ae bngtnr) Bfvcbsnh y sus fkcmns ofln uhf euz bcstchtf.

 

Parn asf hngda, ah Enhbras, ens parbabnras arfh aeens. S, scahbn gnhsgcahta ba qua gufhbn uhn tcaha ef sfrtãh pnr ae kfhmn puaba vahcrsa frrcof, ka rascstn f trftfrens gnkn femuhns ba sus gnrraecmcnhfrcns ka dforëfh trftfbn f kë sc hns duocãrfkns ahgnhtrfbn ah ntrfs gcrguhstfhgcfs. Ae knbn ah qua ens chbcvcbuns y ens gneagtcvns sa gnkpnrtfh ah ae knkahtn ba ef vcgtnrcf bcga qua kugdn g÷kn snh. bcspuastns parkctcrf qua ens frmukahtns hnsbascrvcarnh f ¾Astfkns hnsntrns eas scrvfh ftfkocãh ntrns> ¾Graakns ba varbfb ah ens prchgcpcns ba ef ragcprngcbfb y ef tnearfhgcf, n hn snh kæs qua uhf axgusf> ¾Astæh bcspuastns qucahas dfh suircbn gahsurf f gahsurfr f ntrns f su vaz ah gufhtn sa prasahta ef ngfsc÷h> Dny, ef gfbahf ba gchas Yua astæ ba uh efbn. Dfga uhfs bãgfbfs, quczæ dforëf astfbn bae ntrn. S tfhtn Pchj tfhtn  Pchj Haws gnkn Haws gnkn ae rastn ba qucahas gaeaorfh su vcgtnrcf parscmucahbn uhf paeëguef gnkn Yngas ba ens sceahgcfbns  sceahgcfbns  uhf tfrba ba iaorarn pfragah bagcbcbns f dfgar vfear su iuarzf gnhtrf uh fgtn nrmfhczfbn ba inrkf prcvfbf. Fe dfgaren, vfh ah gnhtrf ba femn qua baiahbcarnh ens fgtcvcstfs mfcs basba qua akpaz÷ ef oftfeef cmufebfb ba ens dnknsaxufeas< qua fWchfbca baoarëf ckpnrtfrea en quapnr enseffbuetns gnhschtcahtas dfgah ah prcvfbn. astn vfea pfrf ens baragdns bae gneagtcvn dnknsaxufe, sch bubf baoarëf vfear tfkocãh pfrf ens baragdns ba ens iuhbfkahtfecstfs grcstcfhns y ntrns mrupns. Dfy bns gnsfs kæs. Ef prckarf as qua pfrf takar en qua ngurrc÷ fquaeef hngda, uhn tcaha qua astfr bcspuastn f axtrfpnefr. Dforëf qua snspagdfr qua, gufhbn Bfvcbsnh bcga qua snen qucara trftfr f parsnhfs qua fgubah f ãe ah ousgf ba fyubf, sus pfeforfs snh uhf sckpea tfpfbarf. Dforëf qua graar qua sa trftf ba uhf axgusf, ef prckarf ifsa ba uh pefh kæs fkocgcnsn bastchfbn f gnhvartcr femn vneuhtfrcn ah femn noecmftnrcn y, gnh ae tcakpn, f gnhvartcr en qua as noecmftnrcn pfrf femuhns ah noecmftnrcn pfrf tnbns. Rfe gnsf supnhbrëf quaorfhtfr uhn ba ens iuhbfkahtns ba ef tnearfhgcf pneëtcgf. Hn snen aqucvfebrëf f ntnrmfrhns ae baragdn ba sfgfr huastrfs prnpcfs gnhgeuscnhas gnh raspagtn f efs parsnhfs, schn tfkocãh f ftrcoucreas kntcvns qua hn vakns parn pnbakns snspagdfr. En gufe hns eeavf f uhf pramuhtf qua tnbn kcakorn ba uhf sngcabfb futãhtcgfkahta bcvarsf y peurfe baoa dfgarsa ah femüh knkahtn< ¾fgaptfkns f efs parsnhfs tfe y gnkn sa hns kuastrfh n, pnr ae gnhtrfrcn, trftfkns ba var kæs feeæ ba sus pfeforfs y sus fgtns pnrqua hns graakns gfpfgas ba var bahtrn ba sus gnrfznhas y ba fbcvchfr ens varbfbarns kntcvns qua hc sus pfeforfs hc sus fgtns trfseugah tnbfvëf>

 

Wc hns ahgnhtrærfkns fhta astf bcsyuhtcvf, ¾g÷kn fgtufrëfkns> ¾Chscstcrëfkns ah qua ef ntrf pfrta forcmf kntcvns nsgurns dfstf qua hns gnhvahgcarf ba qua sus kntcvfgcnhas snh ntrfs> ¾N baoarëfkns fprahbar f sar tnearfhtas y gnhicfr ah ens bakæs> Hn dfy uhf raspuastf ühcgf. Bapahba bae knkahtn, bae eumfr, ba efs gcrguhstfhgcfs y ba ef suarta. Qhf parsnhf ba satahtf duocarf pfsfbn pnr tahbrëf uhf tarfpcf ranrcahtfgc÷h inrznsf (ah aspagcfe,föns uhfqua tarfpcf ba «fvarsc÷hº) kæs ba kntcvns pfrf knstrfr ragaen qua femucah partahagcahta f gufequcarf ba efs maharfgcnhas scmucahtas, kæs finrtuhfbfs ah asta sahtcbn. Efs fefrkfs sa ahgcahbah fhtas sc sa prnmrfkfh fhtas n ah tcakpns kæs bciëgceas. F en kalnr astfs bciarahgcfs maharfgcnhfeas y manmræicgfs bcskchucræh gnh ae tcakpn y ae aiagtn hcvaefbnr ba ens kabcns ba gnkuhcgfgc÷h dfræ qua tnbn ae kuhbn sa vuaevf cmufe ba nptckcstf. N quczæ astns kcskns chstrukahtns norfræh ae aiagtn gnhtrfrcn y enmrfræh gnhvahgar f uh mfy qua vcva ah Ækstarbfk ah ae fön ?063 ba qua sa ahguahtrf ah rcasmn parkfhahta ba fgfofr Fefofkf ba ef bãgfbf ba 6310. Vucãh sfoa. Ycvckns ah uh kuhbngnkn ah ae ah quaeftnbns ens kcabns, fkahfzfs y asparfhzfs ckfmchfoeas sa dfeefh f huastrn fegfhga. Wch akofrmn, uh prarraqucsctn pfrf avctfr ef gnhirnhtfgc÷h parkfhahta as ef gfpfgcbfb pfrf asgugdfr f efs parsnhfs y bapnsctfr femn ba gnhicfhzf ah aeefs. As gcartn qua axcstah gfsns eëkcta ah ens qua sfetfh efs fefrkfs y puaba sar hagasfrcn cr kæs feeæ ba efs pfeforfs pfrf gargcnrfrsa ba qua hfbf rfrn astæ ngurrcahbn. Fdnrf ocah, sc hn ahgnhtrfkns pruaofs qua raspfebah huastrfs snspagdfs, ahtnhgas baoakns graar ah efs pfeforfs. Hchmuhn ba ens kabcns qua trftfrnh ba sceahgcfr Yngas ba ens sceahgcfbns baknstr÷ sceahgcfbns baknstr÷ qua Bfvcbsnh n sus gneamfs astuvcarfh noecmfhbn f hfbca f snkatarsa f uh rãmckah ba gnhvarsc÷h saxufe. Hc scqucarf fdnhbfrnh ah ens batfeeas ba ef paeëguef hc ah quã gnhscstëfh sus sascnhas ba «ranrcahtfgc÷hº. Wfgfrnh uhf sarca ba gnhgeuscnhas y fetarfrnh ef chtarpratfgc÷h ba efs pfeforfs ah iuhgc÷h ba qucãh efs prnicrcarf, ba suarta qua «vneuhtfrcnº pfs÷ f scmhcicgfr «inrznsnº, «tarfpcfº sa aqucpfr÷ f «parsagugc÷hº y tnbfs efs parsnhfs qua fgubëfh f Bfvcbsnh arfh baichctcvf a crravngfoeakahta dnknsaxufeas. Asta üetckn supuastn as ae ühcgn ratn sarcn qua pefhtafh Bfvcbsnh y sus gneamfs. Ah su ahsfyn Wnora ef ecoartfb , ecoartfb , puoecgfbn ah 6413, Lndh Wtufrt Kcee axpusn guftrn rfznhas pnr efs gufeas uhf sngcabfb ecora hagasctf ef ecoartfb ba axprasc÷h< ef prckarf y ef samuhbf bcgah qua efs npchcnhas gnhtrfrcfs puabah sar varbfbarfs, n varbfbarfs ah pfrta, y qua pnr tfhtn baoah sar nëbfs gnh ae

 

ich ba gnrramcr ens prnpcns arrnras: ef targarf y ef gufrtf bcgah qua, fuhqua efs npchcnhas gnhtrfrcfs safh arr÷hafs, bcvuemfrefs puaba sarvcr pfrf qua ef mahta raguarba ef varbfb y avctfr qua astf sa gnhvcartf ah uh bnmkf cmhnrfhta qua, gnh ae tcakpn ‒y f ifetf ba bcsgusc÷h‒, gnrraræ ae rcasmn ba parbarsa. ? Puaba qua dny ah bëf f kugdns eas pfrazgf bciëgce flustfrsa f ens prchgcpcns Kcee.Ah Feens kahns, kæsföns, bciëgce qua eckctfrsa f gfkocfr bnmkfs pnrbantrns. üetckns ef npchc÷h fgaptfbf fgargf bauhns ens baragdns ba ens dnknsaxufeas ah Astfbns Qhcbns, Mrfh Oratföf y ef kfynrëf ba efs bakngrfgcfs nggcbahtfeas df bfbn uh mcrn chckfmchfoea y pfrf ocah. Wch akofrmn, ae gfkocn df eeamfbn tfh ba süoctn qua dakns vcstn g÷kn uh bnmkf raakpefzfof fe fhtarcnr< dakns pfsfbn ba uhf pnscgc÷h ba nprnocn knrfe f uhf pnscgc÷h qua rapruaof knrfekahta tnbfs efs npchcnhas qua sa sfemfh, fuhqua saf uh paen, ba ens knebas ba ef huavf gnhgapgc÷h. Ae paecmrn ba astn yf hn as qua balakns ba nër npchcnhas arr÷hafs, schn qua pnbrëfkns astfr prcvæhbnhns ba asgugdfr frmukahtns pfrgcfekahta varbfbarns. Ah ae gfsn fequa quasaf hns pnr gnhiusf qua pfrazgf su paeëguef pnr basfmrfbfoea suraiarckns, vcsc÷h bae kuhbn, Bfvcbsnh y sus gneamfs dfoefhy ba ef hfturfeazf ba ef ftrfggc÷h saxufe. Wnh fmufs prniuhbfs y t÷xcgfs, parn hn tcaha sahtcbn cbahtcicgfrefs sch sukarmcrsa ah aeefs. Ah en tngfhta f ef saxufecbfb, dfh surmcbn uh gnhluhtn ba prasupuastns qua astæh ravaeæhbnsa tfh bnmkætcgns gnkn efs cbafs f efs qua dfh baspefzfbn. Ah luhcn ba ?061, ef ahtnhgas kchcstrf ba Abugfgc÷h Hcgjy Knrmfh, bae Pfrtcbn Gnhsarvfbnr, bagefr÷ qua efs cbafs dnk÷inofs ba ens asgnefras orctæhcgns arfh uhf pruaof ba «axtrakcsknº pntahgcfe. Gnkn bcln ef OOG, Knrmfh fsamurfof qua «ftfgfr ens vfenras hugeafras bae pfës n knstrfrsa axtrakfbfkahta chtnearfhta dfgcf ef dnknsaxufecbfb snhsakalfhtas alakpens ba gnhbugtfs qua puabah maharfr fefrkcsknº. Gnkpnrtfkcahtns arfh pruaof ba qua femüh «axtrakcstfº pnbëf astfr «gnhbcgcnhfhbnº fe kahnr, y ae dagdn ba qua uh hcön ficrkfsa qua ef dnknsaxufecbfb arf femn «parvarsnº arf susgaptcoea ba sar hntcicgfbn f ef pnecgëf. 7  Karaga ef pahf saöfefr qua ah kfyn ba ?067 Knrmfh vnt÷ ah gnhtrf ba ef eay qua chstfur÷ ae kftrcknhcn dnknsaxufe ah ae _achn Qhcbn. Qh fön baspuãs, ah ?062, bagefr÷ qua arf pfrtcbfrcf bae kftrcknhcn dnknsaxufe y qua, sc ef eay hn axcstcarf yf, vntfrëf f su ifvnr. Fe fön scmucahta, ah ?061, ficrk÷ qua npchcnhas gnkn efs qua aeef kcskf prniasfof bns föns fhtas hn snen arfh uh alakpen ba «axtrakcsknº, schn iuhbfkahtfekahta fhtcorctæhcgfs.

 

Ah ef bãgfbf ba 6330, Dceefry Gechtnh fpny÷ ef «eay ba baiahsf bae kftrcknhcnº gnh ef qua su kfrcbn trftfof ba avctfr qua ah Astfbns Qhcbns pubcarfh gaeaorfrsa kftrcknhcns dnknsaxufeas. Rfkpngn bcln hfbf gufhbn ae ahtnhgas prascbahta bcn pnr ouahf ef pneëtcgf bae «hn pramuhtas, hn en guahtasº gnh raspagtn f ens dnknsaxufeas ah ae alãrgctn astfbnuhcbahsa, en gufe ah ef prægtcgf scmhcicgfof qua gufequcar mfy qua ravaefrf su nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe pnbëf sar axpuesfbn ba efs snebfbn iuarzfs frkfbfs. Gnkn bcln _noart Wfkuaes ah ae ]fsdchmtnh Pnst  , , «Dceefry Gechtnh tuvn ef npnrtuhcbfb ba dfgar dcstnrcf ah ef eugdf pnr ens baragdns ba ens dnknsaxufeas. Parn hn qucsnº. 2  Wch akofrmn, ah ?069, burfhta su samuhbf gfkpföf pnr ef prascbahgcf y fhta uhf sngcabfb kæs focartf ba kcrfs, ef gnkuhcbfb EMOR (qua tfe arf su bahnkchfgc÷h pnr fquae ahtnhgas) iua uhn ba ens sagtnras bae aeagtnrfbn f ens qua Gechtnh fsamur÷ qua quarëf bcrcmcrsa ba inrkf aspagëicgf. Ae qua uh pneëtcgn knbcicqua sus npchcnhas hn tcaha hfbf ba axtrfön, parn ef rfpcbaz gnh qua ens tcakpns dfh gfkocfbn df bfbn pca f kutfgcnhas ba en kæs eefkftcvfs ahtra gefsa pneëtcgf.vcrflas füh kæs rapahtchns y astrcbahtas. Ntrns pfësas dfhefprntfmnhczfbn Gfsc chkabcftfkahta baspuãs ba qua ae kftrcknhcn dnknsaxufe sa eamfeczfrf ah Feakfhcf, su fgaptfgc÷h sa gnhvcrtc÷ ah raqucsctn pfrf notahar ef gcubfbfhëf ah ae astfbn ba Ofbah-]urtakoarm. Fyar, uh bnmkf: dny, ntrn. Ens pneëtcgns hn snh ens ühcgns qua dfh bfbn uh mcrn ba gcahtn ngdahtf mrfbns ah ens üetckns föns. Parc÷bcgns qua dfstf dfga pngn dfoefofh gnh avcbahta baspragcn ba ens dnknsaxufeas trftfh fdnrf ens kftrcknhcns bae kcskn saxn gnkn sc iuarfh uhf hntcgcf kæs ba ef saggc÷h ba sngcabfb. Ens gneukhcstfs qua dfga uhns pngns föns agdfofh rfyns pnr ef ongf fe dfoefr ba ef cmufebfbgnh ah aeef kftrcknhcn abfb ba gnhsahtckcahtn fdnrf gnhtrf qucahas gnkuemfh dnknsaxufe. gfrmfh Ah ?064, ef prasahtfbnrf ba hn ef KWHOG Lny _acb iua vfpueafbf püoecgfkahta y noecmfbf f bcsguepfrsa pnr uhns gnkahtfrcns dagdns bcaz föns fhtas ah ens qua sa knstrfof grëtcgf gnh ens kftrcknhcns bae kcskn saxn, ah uhf ãpngf ah ef qua gfsc tnbn ae kuhbn prniasfof su kcskf npchc÷h. Gufhbn ens gfkocns snh tfh ræpcbns, dfy qua fbfptfrsa f kfrgdfs inrzfbfs, y qucahas sa razfmfh snh trftfbns sch pcabfb. DNKNWATQFECBFB PN_ BNVQCA_

 

Asta as ae kntcvn pnr ae qua dfy parsnhfs, Mnocarhns y akprasfs qua, gnkn sc sa grayarfh ah ef noecmfgc÷h ba raguparfr ae tcakpn parbcbn, pefhtafh ef guastc÷h dnknsaxufe ah tãrkchns qua vfh kæs feeæ ba ef fgaptfgc÷h pfrf ahtrfr ah ae tarrahn bae «astn as en qua ta gnhvcahaº. Ah ?064, ef OOG fpfrahtakahta bagcbc÷ qua tnbfs fquaeefs hntcgcfs raefgcnhfbfs gnhngupfr ef dnknsaxufecbfb hn ba snenefskaragëfh schnahqua fbakæs baoëfh ens tctuefras. Qhf hntcgcfs gnoarturf, kæs vcsctfbfs ef pæmchf wao ba ef gnrpnrfgc÷h ah saptcakora ba asa fön iua qua ae sfetfbnr ba trfkpneëh Rnk Bfeay sa dfoëf sahtcbn «fgnkpealfbnº baocbn f su saxufecbfb, parn qua asn en dfoëf kntcvfbn pfrf fegfhzfr ae ãxctn. 1  Ef hntcgcf fpfragc÷ gchgn föns baspuãs ba qua Bfeay sfecarf bae frkfrcn. Basba ahtnhgas, ae bapnrtcstf hn dfoëf kfhtahcbn su vcbf prcvfbf ah sagratn, parn fuh fsë asta frtëguen purfkahta fhagb÷tcgn iua uhn ba ens tctuefras ba ef wao ba ef OOG y fpfragc÷ lustn baofln ba ens ngdngcahtns kuartns prnvngfbns pnr uh tarrakntn y uh tsuhfkc ah Chbnhascf. Fe bëf scmucahta, ef wao ba ef OOG chgeuy÷ ahtrapnr susdfoar hntcgcfs bastfgfbfs Neeca Engjafhuhgcfbn (uh ifknsn samuhbf gnhngcbn fpfragcbn ah uhqua rafecty ) rafecty  ) dfoëf quaba ãe y su prnkatcbn (Mfratd Engja) cofh f gnkochfr sus fpaeecbns pfrf gnhvartcrsa ah ens Engja-Engja baspuãs ba su chkchahta onbf. 9 Ah ae tctuefr ba fe efbn, ef gcirf ba vëgtckfs bae tarrakntn ba Chbnhascf dfoëf fukahtfbn gnhscbarfoeakahta. Vuczæ dfga ifetf qua saf uh mfy qucah en bcmf, parn f vagas astfs «hntcgcfsº hn pfragah sckpeas hntcgcfs. Kæs ocah pfragah femüh tcpn ba kahsfla bastchfbn f ens eagtnras n f efs parsnhfs qua uh batarkchfbn kabcn graa qua ngupfh puastns ba pnbar. Qh kahsfla qua vf kæs feeæ bae «astn as en qua ta gnhvcahaº pfrf fgargfrsa fe «gdupfns astf,fhta chtnearfhtasº. bëfs ah qua uhn sa pramuhtf g÷kn sa sahtcræh ens datarns ef gragcahtaDfy nostchfgc÷h gnh qua ens kabcns bfh gfocbf, fuhqua saf gnh guöf, f batarkchfbfs hntcgcfs ba takf dnknsaxufe. Ofstf gnh forcr Rda Haw Snrj Rckas uh Rckas uh bëf gufequcarf. Ckfmchakns f uh eagtnr ba ef abcgc÷h chtarhfgcnhfe bae parc÷bcgn qua ae 69 ba ngtuora ba ?06= bagcba sfetfrsa efs pæmchfs ba npchc÷h ah ousgf ba femn kæs lumnsn. Puaba qua pfsa f ef saggc÷h ba agnhnkëf. Feeë sa ahgnhtrfræ gnh qua ae tctuefr prchgcpfe razf< «Ens mfcs yf hn snh chvcscoeas ah Lfp÷hº. As pnscoea qua ae eagtnr kabcn ba efs pæmchfs ba hamngcns ba Rda Haw Snrj Rckas huhgf Rckas huhgf dfyf pahsfbn ah ef vcscocecbfb n ef chvcscocecbfb ba ens mfcs lfpnhasas. Da fquë, pnr tfhtn, ef npnrtuhcbfb pfrf ceustrfrsa snora uh takf qua basgnhngëf.

 

Gnhgratfkahta snora ef dcstnrcf ba Wduhsuja Hfjfkurf, qua bëfs ftræs df fprnvagdfbn uhf rauhc÷h kftutchf gnh ens gneamfs ba su fmahgcf ba samurns pfrf fhuhgcfr su dnknsaxufecbfb. S asn ah uh pfës ah ae qua ef fgtctub dfgcf ens dnknsaxufeas scakpra df tahbcbn f sar (samüh uh prniasnr ba uhf uhcvarscbfb ba Rnjcn fe qua sa gctf ah ae frtëguen) «ba chbciarahgcf kæs qua ba nbcnº. Rahakns, pnr tfhtn, qua Rdaf Haw Rckas dfdfaeamcbn Rckas df babcgfr bns pæmchfs ba su saggc÷h ba hamngcns g÷knSnrj uh dnkora sfecbn bae frkfrcn ah su akprasf sch hchmuhf gnhsaguahgcf hamftcvf ah uh pfës qua hn tcaha hchmüh prnoeakf aspagcfe gnh ens dnknsaxufeas. Ah gcrguhstfhgcfs hnrkfeas, pfrf qua uhf hntcgcf gnkn astf iuarf ef kæs ckpnrtfhta ba ef saggc÷h, tahbrëf qua dfoar scbn uh bëf axgapgcnhfekahta trfhqucen ah ens kargfbns. Pfsakns f ef pæmchf scmucahta< ef hntcgcf gnhtchüf, fdnrf ofln ae tctuefr «Efs akprasfs lfpnhasfs sa kuastrfh kæs focartfs gnh ens mfcsº. As prnofoea qua f astfs feturfs huastrn eagtnr yf dfyf sftcsiagdn kæs qua ba snorf su chtarãs pnr ef sctufgc÷h ba ens vfrnhas dnknsaxufeas ah efs akprasfs hcpnhfs yef qua dfyf akpazfbn nlafrguæe f durtfbceefs pæmchf fdë>< scmucahta, akpcazf saggc÷h ba gueturf.f ¾S as ae mrfhef tctuefr «Qh bnhba asgahfrcn kæs mrfhba pfrf ae fknrº. Ae takf bae frtëguen puaba babugcrsa f pfrtcr ba ef intnmrfiëf f kabcf pæmchf ba bns ofcefrchas qua ahtragruzfh sus orfzns. «Ae ofeeat gfkocf kæs baspfgcn qua ef kfynrëf ba efs inrkfs frtëstcgfs ‒chinrkf ae parc÷bcgn, y fmramf‒< Wch akofrmn, ah ae aspfgcn ba bns sakfhfs, ae Ofeeat ba Huavf Snrj, uhf ba efs kalnras gnkpföëfs bae kuhbn, df prnmrfkfbn bns norfs qua bastfgfh pnr ens buatns gnh ofcefrchas bae kcskn saxn.º Ef axgusf pfrf asta onkofzn as ae astrahn ba Rda Rckas Fra _fgchm  _fgchm  , guyf üetckf prnbuggc÷h ‒ef bae Ofeeat ba Huavf Snrj‒ chgeuya f uh dnkora ah uh pfpae grafbn nrcmchfekahta pfrf uhf kular. Rda Haw Snrj  Rckas   axpecgf f rahme÷h samucbn g÷kn ae kuhbn bae ofeeat, dfstf fdnrf Rckas forukfbnrfkahta datarnsaxufe, sa df puastn pnr ich «f ef feturf ba ens tcakpns y en bakuastrf ah ae asgahfrcnº. Qhn ba ens gnra÷mrfins, vfr÷h, prnkata uhf «axpenrfgc÷h ba ef hautrfecbfb mahãrcgfº ah su norf kabcfhta uhf puoecgfgc÷h ah Chstfmrfk ah ef qua chsartf efs atcquatfs< «fknrasfknrº, «mãharnhautrnº, «cmufebfbº, «bcvarscbfbº, «oaeeazfº, «nrmueenº y «nrmueensnº. Wnen sa gctf f uh gnra÷mrfin darala, flahn f ef prnbuggc÷h, ae gufe bagefrf qua «ah ae ofeeat trfbcgcnhfe dfy rneas ba mãharnº y qua, sc ocah

 

«dnkoras y kularas tcahah ae kcskn vfenrº, sus tfrafs snh «bciarahtasº. Femn gnh en qua efs astraeefs bae Ofeeat ba Huavf Snrj ‒y Rda Haw Snrj  Rckas ‒ Rckas  ‒ hn astæh ba fguarbn. Pfrf snrprasf ba hfbca, rasuetf qua vfrcns ofcefrchas snecstfs bae Ofeeat ba Huavf Snrj snh mfcs, y uhn ba aeens axpecgf fe parc÷bcgn qua burfhta ens prckarns ahsfyns su gnkpföarn ea gnkaht÷< «Vuã fmrfbfoea uh pfpae ah ae qua scahtas qua pnbrëfs ahfknrfrta ba ef parsnhf as gnhqua ef ta quabah astæs ofcefhbn, ah eumfr ba ichmcr qua aras uh prëhgcpa qua sa ahfknrf ba uhf prchgasfº. F en qua uhn pnbrëf raspnhbar qua gufequcarf qua sa fourrf chtarpratfhbn asgahfs ah efs qua uh prëhgcpa sa ahfknrf ba uhf prchgasf baoarëf pefhtafrsa sc ae ofeeat as en suyn. Parn pnr sc asta astfeecbn ba bcvarscbfb hn iuarf suicgcahta, ae frtëguen föfba uhf muchbf knrfe fe axpecgfr qua ef prnbuggc÷h «hn snen axpenrf efs raefgcnhas ahtra parsnhfs bae kcskn saxn, schn tfkocãh guastcnhas raefgcnhfbfs gnh ef rfzfº. Qhf ba efs gnra÷mrfifs basgrcoa su rafggc÷h fe var f bns dnkoras ofcefhbn luhtns bcgcahbn «ka bal÷Rrfs feugchfbfº. prnhtn, pnbëfh aeens kcsknsº, gnhgeuya qua ae rapnrtfla. en gufe, ae«Ba eagtnr ba Rda Hawsar Snrj Rckas Rckas puaba  puaba pfsfr f ef scmucahta hntcgcf ba gueturf, qua dfoef bae ãxctn, pnr ich, ba ens g÷kcgs iakahchns qua pfrnbcfh takfs gnkn ae akofrfzn y ef kftarhcbfb. = Hn dfy hfbf kfen ah qua uh parc÷bcgn ba raiarahgcf babcqua sus pæmchfs ba hamngcns y gueturf, fbakæs ba efs ba npchc÷h y efs ba fsuhtns maharfeas, f frtëguens snora ef guastc÷h dnknsaxufe. Parn f vagas bf ef ckprasc÷h ba qua dfy femn kæs< ae usn ba hntcgcfs ba takf dnknsaxufe pfrf prnp÷sctns flahns f ef hntcgcf, fgfsn pfrf gnkpahsfr ae tcakpn parbcbn n quczæ pfrf rastramærsaefs pnr ef gfrf f qucahas tnbfvëf hn sa dfh fbfptfbn f ens huavns tcakpns. Waf gnknEf iuara, uh sch frnkf axtrfön y vfmfkahta ientf ah aesus fcra. mahta, bubf, gfkocf, fprahba y ravfhgdcstf f kahubn knbcicgf pnsturfs. Ef kfynrëf en dfgah ba inrkf bcsgratf, ah maharfe baspuãs ba qua ntrns dfyfh dagdn ae trfofln bciëgce. Wch akofrmn, uhn ba ens prnoeakfs ba gfkocfr ba pnsturf gnh tfhtf gaearcbfb as qua pnr ae gfkchn sa quabfh takfs y bcsguscnhas qua hn dfh scbn axpenrfbns y qua tnbfvëf puabah axpentfr. Pcars Knrmfh ea pramuhtfof f su chvctfbn< «¾G÷kn puaba ustab graar qua hfbca hfga mfy>º. Ef raspuastf as qua dfy kugdf mahta qua en pcahsf, y asn puaba sar varbfb n varbfb ah pfrta. As femn qua tnbfvëf hn sa sfoa f gcahgcf gcartf. S tfhtn sc as varbfb gnkn sc hn qua uhn hfga dnknsaxufe n qua tnbn fquae qua en as hfga scãhbnen, ba aeen hn sa scmua qua ef dnknsaxufecbfb tahmf qua sar uh astfbn baichctcvn.

 

¾QH AWRFBN BAICHCRCYN > Da fquë uhf kæs ba efs gurcnsfs gnhgeuscnhas f efs qua df eeamfbn huastrf gueturf. Ah maharfe, gufhbn femucah dfga püoecgf su dnknsaxufecbfb sa en iaecgctf pnr dfoar eeamfbn f su bastchn hfturfe. Pfrf ef kfynrëf ba efs parsnhfs, astn scmhcicgf qua ef sngcabfb hn va hchmüh prnoeakf ah qua safh gnkn snh< dfh eeamfbn fe bastchn qua pfrf aeens arf fbagufbn y hfturfe. En gurcnsn ba astn qua sc uh dnknsaxufe fgfof bagcbcahbn qua as datarn, sa varæ sulatn f gcartn mrfbn ba nstrfgcskn y sakorfræ bubfs fgargf ba sc astæ scahbn schgarn gnhscmn kcskn. Gufhbn uh datarn sa bagefrf mfy, pnha ich f uh prngasn. Gufhbn uh mfy sa bagefrf datarn, sa vuaeva nolatn ba snspagdfs. Huastrf gueturf df pfsfbn ba uhf kfrgfbf praiarahgcf pnr ef datarnsaxufecbfb f uhf ecmarf chgechfgc÷h pnr ef dnknsaxufecbfb. Rrfs grafr uhf sarca pcnharf gnkn Vuaar fs Inej  f   f ichfeas ba ef bãgfbf ba 6330, ae mucnhcstf _ussaee R. Bfvcas asgrcoc÷ ntrf sarca taeavcscvf tctuefbf Ono & _nsa (?006), _nsa (?006), ah ef qua sa gnhtfof ef dcstnrcf ba uh dnkora mfy qua sa ahfknrf ba uhf kular. Ef cbaf, gnkn ae prnpcn Bfvcas axpecg÷ f ef prahsf ah su knkahtn, surmc÷ ba ef gnhstftfgc÷h ba qua ens dnkoras mfcs qua sa vnevëfh datarnsaxufeas f kahubn ahgnhtrfofh kæs ratcgahgcfs ahtra su gërguen ba fkcstfbas qua ens datarns qua sa vnevëfh mfcs. 4 Vuczæ saf asta uhn ba ens kntcvns pnr ens qua ef bcraggcnhfecbfb ah astf gefsa ba fsuhtns as uh takf tfh pngn axpenrfbn. Pfrf kugdns dnkoras y kularas dnknsaxufeas, ef cbaf ba qua ef saxufecbfb as ieucbf y ba qua en qua dny as fsë kföfhf puaba sar fsæ (tnbn en qua suoa oflf) as chtarpratfbn gnkn uh ftfqua gnhtrf su parsnhf. Wu kcabn hn as chiuhbfbn. Kugdns dnknsaxufeas vah ah aeen uh agn ba asa aspfhtnsn gnkahtfrcn ba< «Sf sa ea pfsfræº. Pfrf ens dnknsaxufeas, gnkahtfrcns gnkn asta rasuetfh sukfkahta niahscvns y basastfoceczfh sus raefgcnhas gnh pfbras, ifkcecf y bakæs. Pnr tfhtn, sc pfrf kugdns ef irfsa «Sf sa ea pfsfræº rasuetf niahscvf, ef cbaf ba qua pfrf femuhfs parsnhfs puabf sar gcartf as pngn kahns qua tfoü. Pnr su pfrta, ens kceãhcfeas y ef maharfgc÷h \ dfh trftfbn ba sfevfr asta asgneen dfgcahbn dchgfpcã ah ef ieucbaz ba ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe. Efs ahguastfs chbcgfh qua qucahas dny tcahah pngn kahns ba vachta föns ragdfzfh gfbf vaz kæs ef cbaf ba ef saxufecbfb gnkn femn astfoea, y uh astubcn ba ?064 kuastrf qua snen bns targarfs pfrtas ba ef maharfgc÷h \ sa

 

cbahtcicgfh gnkn «axgeuscvfkahta datarnsaxufeasº. 3  F pasfr ba qua ef kfynrëf scmua bagefræhbnsa datarn, ens bftns fpuhtfh uh gfkocn avcbahta gnh raspagtn f efs maharfgcnhas fhtarcnras. Pfrf efs maharfgcnhas prakceãhcfeas, ef guastc÷h ba ef «ieucbazº scmua scahbn gnkpealf y f kahubn bnenrnsf. Pfrf kugdns, qucahas sa fpuhtfh fe geuo pfrf euamn bfrsa ba oflf tcahah kæs prnofocecbfbas ba varsa bahcmrfbns qua qucahas huhgf eeamfrnh f ficecfrsa. Puaba qua astn hn sa raieala ah efs ahguastfs, y gcartfkahta qucahas sa ahguahtrfh ah astf sctufgc÷h hn tcahah pnrtfvngas hc «eëbaras mrupfeasº, parn kugdns dnknsaxufeas gnhngah gfsns sckcefras< fkcmns qua huhgf fgfofrnh ba ahgflfr ah ae kuhbn mfy, qua hn sa schtcarnh f mustn y euamn hn pubcarnh ahgflfr ah hchmuhf ntrf pfrta. Parsnhfs qua prnofrnh y en balfrnh. N parsnhfs qua ousgfofh ntrfs gnsfs ah ef vcbf: parsnhfs, pnr alakpen, qua quarëfh tahar dclns y samurcbfb kftrcknhcfe, y qua balfrnh ba sar dnknsaxufeas n raeamfrnh su dnknsaxufecbfb f uh samuhbn pefhn ah oahaicgcn ba ntrfs gnsfs. N parsnhfs (y hfbca sfoa gnh samurcbfb en mrfhba quabaepuaba astaburfhta mrupn)ef qua, kcakorns kcsknsarsaxn kfynrdfocahbn pfrta ba tahcbn ef vcbf,raefgcnhas ba rapahtagnh ‒  gnkn ae prntfmnhcstf ba Ono & _nsa  _nsa  ‒ gnhngah f uh kcakorn bae saxn npuastn bae qua sa ahfknrfh. ¾Bcskchucræh astfs gnhbugtfs fdnrf qua axcstah efs uhcnhas gcvceas y ens kftrcknhcns dnknsaxufeas, pnr hn dfoefr ba efs fbnpgcnhas y efs ifkcecfs dnknpfrahtfeas> ¾Waræ gfbf vaz kæs gnküh qua efs parsnhfs fbnptah ef ieaxcocecbfb saxufe ba ef maharfgc÷h \> Rfe vaz. N tfe vaz hn. Pnrqua tnbn ae kuhbn gnhnga f mahta qua hn astæ dagdf pfrf asn, mahta qua sa df bfbn femüh oasn gnh femucah ba su kcskn saxn, parn qua ahsamucbf df vuaetn fe rabce datarn. S, sch akofrmn, ef kcskf gueturf hn dfga‒uhf tfhtn graëf qua uh ba oasn ahtra parsnhfs bae kcskn saxn arf uhf qua foarrfgc÷h basvcfgc÷h ef hnrkf‒, dny graa qua asa kcskn oasn ahgcarrf uhf varbfb ravaefbnrf. Fgtufekahta sa gnhscbarf qua ae datarn qua ah femüh knkahtn tuvn uhf axparcahgcf dnknsaxufe vcva ah ef kahtcrf. Ba femüh knbn, sa fgaptf qua qucah tcaha uhf gnhbugtf dnknsaxufe ahguahtrf su astfbn hfturfe, kcahtrfs qua qucah euamn vuaeva f sar datarn, hn. Astn hn as en kcskn qua sar ocsaxufe. Wa prasupnha qua ef ofefhzf ba ef saxufecbfb hn astæ aqucecorfbf y qua, kcahtrfs qua ah ãpngfs fhtarcnras sa chgechfof dfgcf ef datarnsaxufecbfb, dny sa chgechf dfgcf ae efbn gnhtrfrcn, fgfsn pfrf rakabcfr uh fmrfvcn (gnh ef asparfhzf ba qua ah femüh knkahtn ens peftceens fegfhgah uh puhtn ba

 

aqucecorcn). Fdnrf ocah, ¾g÷kn sfoar qua ef ofefhzf df eeamfbn fbnhba tahëf qua eeamfr> As ckpnscoea sfoaren, puas, gnkn ngurra gnh tnbn, ckprnvcsfkns snora ef kfrgdf. Pnr ae knkahtn, efs maharfgcnhas fhtarcnras f ens kceãhcfeas ‒fsë gnkn ef kfynrëf ba astns‒ scmuah grayahbn qua ef cbahtcbfb saxufe tcaha femuhns puhtns snhbakæs astfoeas. F en ah kalnr pnrqua f quã dfy qua ftaharsa raspagtnqua f ens ifgcectf gcartn knbnsfoar efs raefgcnhas. Ae dagdn ba gnh qua uhf cbahtcbfb puabf gnhvartcrsa ah ntrf y qua ba astf puabf pfsfrsa f uh astfbn ba ieucbaz chbcgf femn kæs qua ef sustctugc÷h ba uh bnmkf pnr ntrn. Wumcara uhf prniuhbf chgartcbukora fgargf ba uh dagdn suoyfgahta y qua rfrf vaz sa kahgcnhf, f sfoar< qua tnbfvëf hn sfoakns gfsc hfbf snora pnr quã femuhfs parsnhfs snh dnknsaxufeas. Rrfs vfrcfs bãgfbfs ba chvastcmfgc÷h, asta scmua scahbn uhn ba ens mrfhbas ‒y pntahgcfekahta basastfoceczfbnras‒ chtarrnmfhtas barcvfbns ba ef guastc÷h ba ef cbahtcbfb, ef gufe df pfsfbn f ngupfr uhf pnscgc÷h prnkchahta bahtrn bae gnhluhtn ba huastrns supuastns vfenras. As gnkprahscoea qua asta saf uh takf sahscoea. F ich ba guahtfs, hn iua dfstf 63=7 qua ef Fsngcfgc÷h Astfbnuhcbahsa ba Pscqucftrëf rasnevc÷ qua hn dfoëf pruaofs gcahtëicgfs pfrf samucr trftfhbn ef dnknsaxufecbfb gnkn uh trfstnrhn y ef ratcr÷ ba su gftæenmn ba trfstnrhns kahtfeas (gnsf rfrf trftæhbnsa ba uhf ecstf qua hn balf ba gragar). Ef Nrmfhczfgc÷h Kuhbcfe ba Wfeub dczn en prnpcn ah 633?. Ba tnbn astn dfga kuy pngn, en gufe axpecgf pnr quã ae eahmufla y ef prægtcgf ba ef kabcgchf y ef pscqucftrëf scmuah baspartfhbn ragaens gufhbn chtarvcahah ah astns takfs. Gnh tnbn, fgaptfr qua ef dnknsaxufecbfb hn ckpecgf hchmüh trfstnrhn kahtfe hn scmhcicgf qua saf uh astfbn tntfekahta chhftn a chkutfoea. Ah ?062, ae _afe Gneamcn ba Pscqucftrëf (_GP) ba Enhbras puoecg÷ uhf ifsgchfhta «bagefrfgc÷h snora ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufeº ah ef qua gnhbahfof ba inrkf enfoea y gftam÷rcgf gufequcar chtahtn ba astcmkftczfr f qucahas sa bagefrfh dnknsaxufeas. Ah aeef sa axpecgfof qua ae _GP hn graa qua efs tarfpcfs bastchfbfs f knbcicgfr ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe tahmfh hchmüh aiagtn< ae _GP hn pnbëf gnhvartcr f uh dnknsaxufe ah datarn hc f uh datarn ah dnknsaxufe. Ae bngukahtn, fbakæs, ragnhngëf femn ckpnrtfhta< «Ae _afe Gneamcn ba Pscqucftrëf gnhscbarf qua ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe vcaha batarkchfbf pnr uhf gnkochfgc÷h ba ifgtnras ocne÷mcgns y bae ahtnrhn pnshftfeº. Ah

 

pruaof ba aeen sa gctfofh vfrcfs iuahtas 60  y sa ractarfof qua «hn axcstah pruaofs qua parkctfh cr kæs feeæ ba en bcgdn hc ftrcoucr aeaggc÷h ba hchmüh tcpn fe nrcmah ba ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufeº. 66 Hn nostfhta, y pasa f knstrfrsa prangupfbn fhta efs supuastfs «tarfpcfs ba ranrcahtfgc÷hº ‒efs gufeas, fbakæs ba sar «kuy pngn ãtcgfsº y pratahbar gurfr femn qua «hn as uh trfstnrhnº, inkahtfh uh fkocahta ifvnrfoea f «ens pralucgcns y ef bcsgrckchfgc÷hº‒ ae _GP föfbëf en scmucahta< Hn as varbfb qua ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe saf chkutfoea hc qua hn puabf vfrcfr dfstf gcartn puhtn f en efrmn ba ef vcbf. Bcgdn astn, ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe ba ef kfynrëf ba efs parsnhfs pfraga mcrfr ah tnrhn f uh puhtn ba raiarahgcf prabnkchfhtakahta datarnsaxufe u dnknsaxufe. Efs parsnhfs ocsaxufeas pnbrëfh mnzfr ba gcartn mrfbn ba aeaggc÷h ah tãrkchns ba axprasc÷h saxufe, dfgcahbn dchgfpcã yf saf ah su ifgatf datarnsaxufe u dnknsaxufe. Fsckcskn, as varbfb qua efs parsnhfs qua sa scahtfh chsftcsiagdfs gnh su nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe ‒saf astf datarnsaxufe, dnknsaxufe n ocsaxufe‒ puabah tahar kntcvns pfrf axpenrfr npgcnhas tarfpãutcgfs qua efs fyubah f eeavfr uhf vcbf kæs g÷knbf, rabugcr su fhmustcf y fegfhzfr uh kfynr mrfbn ba fgaptfgc÷h ba su nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe. 6?

Ef Fsngcfgc÷h Astfbnuhcbahsa ba Pscgnenmëf sa kuastrf ba fguarbn ah asta puhtn, gnkn puaba varsa ah sus üetckfs bagefrfgcnhas f asta raspagtn< Hn axcsta gnhsahsn ahtra ef gnkuhcbfb gcahtëicgf fgargf ba ens kntcvns axfgtns pnr ens qua uh chbcvcbun basfrrneef uhf nrcahtfgc÷h datarnsaxufe, ocsaxufe, mfy n easocfhf. F pasfr ba qua küetcpeas astubcns dfh axfkchfbn efs pnscoeas chieuahgcfs mahãtcgfs, dnrknhfeas, sngcfeas, gueturfeas y bae basfrrneen snora ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe, hn sa dfh dfeefbn pruaofs qua parkctfh gnhgeucr qua ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe vahmf batarkchfbf pnr uh ifgtnr n gnhluhtn ba ifgtnras ah pfrtcguefr. Ef npchc÷h kfynrctfrcf as qua tfhtn ef hfturf tcahah gnknefefsahsfgc÷h gueturf basakpaöfh pfpaeassugnkpealns: kfynr67 pfrta ba efs parsnhfs ba hn dfoar aeamcbn nrcahtfgc÷hefsaxufe.

Rnbn astn rasuetf kuy fbkcrfoea basba ae puhtn ba vcstf ba qucah pratahba rabugcr ef bcsgrckchfgc÷h y bastarrfr efs fgtctubas tnrtunsfs qua trftfh ah vfhn ba «ranrcahtfrº f efs parsnhfs, parn balf karcbcfhfkahta gefrn qua ef pramuhtf ba quã as en qua dfga dnknsaxufe f uhf parsnhf scmua sch raspuastf. Puaba qua efs eayas dfyfh gfkocfbn, parn hn sfoakns hfbf huavn snora efs gfusfs pnr efs qua femucah as n aecma sar dnknsaxufe. Hn sa puaba bagcr qua hn dfyf dfocbn fvfhgas ckpnrtfhtas. Ah ef bãgfbf ba 6320, ae sax÷enmn Feirab Jchsay eeav÷ f gfon ae qua ah su knkahtn iua ae trfofln ba gfkpn kæs snicstcgfbn y axdfustcvn snora efs praiarahgcfs

 

saxufeas dukfhfs. F pasfr ba sus kugdfs baicgcahgcfs katnbne÷mcgfs, sus dfeefzmns sa gnhscbarfrnh ofstfhta axfgtns burfhta kugdns föns. Ah efs norfs barcvfbfs ba asf chvastcmfgc÷h (Gnhbugtf (Gnhbugtf saxufe bae dnkora  dnkora  , 6324, y Gnhbugtf saxufe ba ef kular , kular , 6317), Jchsay y sus gnefonrfbnras ficrkfofh qua ae 67 pnr gcahtn ba ens dnkoras arfh «prabnkchfhtakahta dnknsaxufeasº ba feba kahns tras fönsdfoëfh ahtra ens 69 y femuhf ens 11 föns, y qua ah burfhta tnrhn feuh?0parcnbn pnr gcahtn efs kularas tahcbn axparcahgcf dnknsaxufe. Ef ifknsf «asgfefº ba Jchsay ba ef axparcahgcf saxufe dukfhf chspcr÷ tctuefras ah ens qua sa ficrkfof qua ferababnr bae 60 pnr gcahtn ba ef pnoefgc÷h arf dnknsaxufe. Basba ahtnhgas, astfs gcirfs ‒  gnkn tnbn en bakæs ah en raeftcvn f asta fsuhtn‒ sa dfh gnhvartcbn ah uh gfkpn ba oftfeef. Ens mrupns raecmcnsns dfh fpefubcbn tnbfs efs ahguastfs qua sumarëfh qua ae hükarn ba dnknsaxufeas arf kahnr, gnkn, pnr alakpen, ef Ahguastf Hfgcnhfe Kfsguechf Astfbnuhcbahsa ba 6336, qua ficrkfof qua snen ae 6,6 pnr gcahtn ba ens vfrnhas arfh «axgeuscvfkahta dnknsaxufeasº, n ens bftns baqua ef Nicgchf Astfbëstcgf orctæhcgf scmefs ah chmeãs), eeam÷ fHfgcnhfe ef kcskfbagcirf bns bãgfbfs kæs(NHW, tfrba. pnr Ah sus 6337, uh astubcn ofsfbn ah ahtravcstfs prasahgcfeas rafeczfbn pnr ae Chstctutn Fefh Muttkfgdar ba Astfbns Qhcbns gcir÷ ef prnpnrgc÷h ba pnoefgc÷h dnknsaxufe ah ae 6 pnr gcahtn. Astf gcirf ‒ef kæs oflf dfstf ef iagdf‒ tfkocãh iua ragcocbf kuy ifvnrfoeakahta pnr ens mrupns raecmcnsns, tfhtn as fsë qua ae prascbahta ba ef Gnfecgc÷h pnr ens Yfenras Rrfbcgcnhfeas axgefk÷< «Pnr ich ef varbfb df sfecbn f ef euzº, y uh prasahtfbnr ba rfbcn ba baragdfs eeam÷ f bagefrfr< «Dakns scbn vahmfbnsº. 62 Bae kcskn knbn qua femuhns gaeaorfh efs astfbëstcgfs qua kchckczfh ae hükarn ba dnknsaxufeas ahtra pnoefgc÷h maharfe, ntrns, as novcn, basafh kfxckczfr efs gcirfs. Ef efnrmfhczfgc÷h ba baiahsf ba gnkn ens baragdns ba ens dnknsaxufeas Wtnhawfee fsamurf qua uhf astfbëstcgf ba ahtra ae 1 y ae = pnr gcahtn ba ef pnoefgc÷h maharfe sarëf uh «gæeguen rfznhfoeaº, f pasfr ba qua astf gcirf quabf kuy pnr baofln ba ef ba Jchsay. Efs huavfs taghnenmëfs parkctah zfhlfr, n gufhbn kahns gefrcicgfr, pfrta ba asta baofta. As gcartn qua axcstah prnoeakfs katnbne÷mcgns, fuhqua astn tfkocãh vfea pfrf efs ahguastfs ba ef NHW (pnr alakpen, ef bcicguetfb ba gnkputfr f ens dnknsaxufeas hn bagefrfbns), parn bfbn qua pngfs parsnhfs ea kcahtah scstakætcgfkahta f su hfvamfbnr, ef chinrkfgc÷h snora ef dnknsaxufecbfb ragfofbf f pfrtcr ba kfgrnbftns as gnhscbarfoea. Watd Wtapdahs-Bfvcbnwctz,

 

axfhfecstf ba bftns ba Mnnmea, ravae÷ qua ah tnrhn fe ?,1 pnr gcahtn ba ens usufrcns vfrnhas ba Ifgaonnj sa bagefrfh chtarasfbns ah efs parsnhfs ba su kcskn saxn. Ah gufhtn f efs oüsquabfs ba pnrhnmrfiëf ah chtarhat, efs gcirfs ba Wtapdahs-Bfvcbnwctz pfragah kæs gargf ba chgeucr f qucahas hn suaeah knstrfrsa trfhspfrahtas gnhofstfhta su saxufecbfb. Qhn ah ba tnbn ens rfsmns kæsQhcbns. eefkftcvns ba astfs gcirfs as qua snh gnhscstahtas Astfbns Pnr alakpen, f pasfr ba qua ae hükarn ba usufrcns mfcs ba Ifgaonnj bae astfbn ba _dnba Csefhb bupecgf fe ba Kcscscpë (femn qua puaba axpecgfrsa, ah pfrta, pnr ef kcmrfgc÷h mfy), efs gcirfs ba ef pnrhnmrfiëf ah chtarhat snh gfsc cbãhtcgfs< ah tnrhn fe 2,4 pnr gcahtn ba efs oüsquabfs ba pnrhnmrfiëf ah Kcscscpë gnrraspnhbah f pnrhn dnknsaxufe, kcahtrfs qua ah _dnba Csefhb ef prnpnrgc÷h as bae 1,? pnr gcahtn. Gnh efs sfevabfbas hagasfrcfs (pnr alakpen, chtarhfutfs qua snen astæh gurcnsafhbn), Wtapdahs-Bfvcbnwctz gnhgeuya qua ae pnrgahtfla ba pnoefgc÷h dnknsaxufe ah Astfbns Qhcbns pnbrëf astckfrsa 61 ah tnrhn fe 1tnbfs pnr gcahtn. Gnkn efs astfbëstcgfs, tfkocãh astfs sa utceczfh gnkn gfofeen ba oftfeef. Ah ?06=, ef NHW fhuhgc÷ qua ae hükarn ba parsnhfs mfcs, easocfhfs, ocsaxufeas n trfhsmãharn dfoëf fegfhzfbn ae kcee÷h pnr prckarf vaz ah ef dcstnrcf ba Mrfh Oratföf. Pchj Oratföf.  Pchj Haws gfecicg÷ Haws  gfecicg÷ ae gnkuhcgfbn ba «uh dctn pfrf ef gnkuhcbfbº, fuhqua föfbëf qua ef gcirf arf «fetf, parn hn en suicgcahtaº. 69 En gufe ka eeavf f pramuhtfr< ¾guæh fetf quarrëfh qua iuarf asf gcirf> F pasfr ba tnbn, ah efs üetckfs bãgfbfs ae gcubfbfhn ba f pca df cbn f eeamfhbn f sus prnpcfs gnhgeuscnhas y sus npchcnhas dfh gfkocfbn ba kfharf nstahscoea. Ah 63==, pngn kæs bae 60 pnr gcahtn ba ens astfbnuhcbahsas

graëfh quabaefsefparsnhfs hfgahAh dnknsaxufeas. Ah ?061, en graëfaekæs n kahns ef kctfb gcubfbfhëf. ae kcskn efpsn ba tcakpn, hükarn ba astfbnuhcbahsas qua npchfh qua ef dnknsaxufecbfb «noabaga f ef abugfgc÷h y ae ahtnrhnº df pfsfbn bae 90 pnr gcahtn f ef kctfb basba 63==. Hn as gfsufe qua ef fgtctub knrfe ba ef gcubfbfhëf tfkocãh dfyf axparckahtfbn uh mrfh gfkocn burfhta asns föns. Efs ahguastfs rafeczfbfs pnr Mfeeup ahtra ?006 y ?061 kuastrfh qua efs raefgcnhas mfcs y easocfhfs efs gnhscbarfofh «knrfekahta fgaptfoeasº ae 20 pnr gcahtn ba ens astfbnuhcbahsas ah ?006 y ae 97 pnr gcahtn ah ?061. Burfhta ae kcskn parcnbn, qucahas npchfofh qua arfh «knrfekahta chfbkcscoeasº gfyarnh bae 17 fe 72 pnr gcahtn. 6=  Wamüh tnbfs efs ahguastfs, ifgtnr qua pfragëf ef npchc÷h püoecgfqua gnhscstëf ah gnhngar f femucahae ‒ifkcecfr, fkcmn, chgechfr gnkpföarn ba trfofln‒ iuarf

 

dnknsaxufe. Wa trftf ba uh ifgtnr qua tcaha ckpecgfgcnhas ckpnrtfhtas tfkocãh ah ntrns knvckcahtns ba baiahsf ba ens baragdns ba bcstchtns gneagtcvns. Qh samuhbn ifgtnr novcn ah asa gfkocn ba fgtctubas df scbn ef vcscocecbfb gfbf vaz kfynr ba efs parsnhfs dnknsaxufeas ah ef vcbf püoecgf. Wch akofrmn, ae ifgtnr knrfe qua kæs df dagdn gfkocfr efs fgtctubas df scbn pfsfr ba cbaf quachhftn. ef dnknsaxufecbfb as uhf gnhbugtf fprahbcbf ef graahgcf baefqua as ba femn Gnhstftfr ef ckpnrtfhgcf ba asta aeakahtnf ah ae gfsn ens dnknsaxufeas tcaha prniuhbfs ckpecgfgcnhas pfrf gufequcar gfkpföf ba baiahsf ba baragdns, yf qua ah ãe ahgnhtrfkns uhf ba efs pcabrfs kcecfras ba ef knrfecbfb gnhtakpnræhaf< ef gnhstftfgc÷h iuhbfkahtfe ba qua gfstcmfr, uetrflfr n kahnspragcfr f femucah pnr femn qua asgfpf f su gnhtrne astæ kfe. Puaba pfragar uhf novcabfb knrfe, parn en gcartn as qua burfhta mrfh pfrta ba ef dcstnrcf dukfhf ens ftrcoutns chfetarfoeas ba efs parsnhfs f kahubn iuarnh utceczfbns ah su gnhtrf.  F_B]F_A GNHR_F WNIR]F_A  S EF HAGAWCBFB BA «HFGA_ FWË º  D   F_B]F_A F pasfr ba en bcgdn, ae kuhbn gnhtakpnræhan df akpazfbn f fbnptfr uhf knrfecbfb guyfs ofsas sa fscahtfh ah astf bcsputf y qua puaba chtarpratfrsa ah tãrkchns ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra gnhtrf  gnhtrf snitwfra snitwfra . . Ae dfrbwfra dfrbwfra   as femn qua efs parsnhfs hn puabah gfkocfr y, pnr tfhtn, femn pnr en qua hn baoarëfh sar luzmfbfs. Ae snitwfra snitwfra ,  , ah gfkocn, së puaba knbcicgfrsa y as susgaptcoea ba lucgcn, chgeucbn ae lucgcn knrfe. Ba inrkf chavctfoea, uh scstakf gnkn asta dfræ prasc÷h pfrf qua efs guastcnhas ba snitwfra   sa gnhvcartfh ah guastcnhas ba dfrbwfra snitwfra dfrbwfra   , ahtra ntrfs gnsfs pfrf baspartfr sckpftëfs f ifvnr ba qucahas sa vah fiagtfbns pnr guastcnhas bae prckar tcpn. Pnr alakpen, femuhfs parsnhfs npchfh qua ens fegnd÷ecgns y ens tnxcg÷kfhns baoarëfh sar gfpfgas ba gnhtrnefrsa. Wc hn puabah, aeen as uhf gnhsaguahgcf ba su prnpcf baocecbfb, uhf kfef bagcsc÷h n gcartf efxctub knrfe. Wc pnr ntrn efbn rasuetf qua hn snh gfpfgas ba avctfr su gnkpnrtfkcahtn, ahtnhgas, kæs qua guepfrens, dforæ qua gnhscbarfrens vëgtckfs ba efs gcrguhstfhgcfs y knstrfrsa gnkprahscvn gnh aeens. Qh oaoabnr akpabarhcbn puaba sar uhf kneastcf pfrf efs parsnhfs ba su ahtnrhn, parn sc hns bcgah qua hfgc÷ gnh tahbahgcf fe fegndnecskn ‒n kalnr, gnh uh «mah fegnd÷ecgnº‒, quczæ en kcrakns gnh ntrns nlns. Ah eumfr ba luzmfren, as pnscoea qua hns fpcfbakns ba ãe. Ah gfkocn, sc su fegndnecskn iuarf uh

 

gnkpnrtfkcahtn fprahbcbn, f en kalnr en gnhscbarfrëfkns uhf parsnhf bãoce y dfstf kfevfbf. Ah maharfe, ah ae kuhbn knbarhn snkns kæs gnkprahscvns gnh efs gnhbugtfs qua rasuetf ckpnscoea fetarfr, parn tnbfvëf hns knstrfkns grëtcgns n chqucsctcvns gufhbn graakns qua uhf batarkchfbf gnhbugtf as aeagtcvf, snora tnbn gufhbn rasuetf chnpnrtuhf pfrf ens bakæs. Pnbrëf gnhscbarfrsa qua ef rasuetf chnpnrtuhf ef sngcabfb en kahns, basba uhdnknsaxufecbfb puhtn ba vcstf raprnbugtcvn), pnr pfrf en qua pefhtafrsa(pnr su hfturfeazf as femn kæs qua eamëtckn. En qua kæs gefrfkahta df gnhtrcoucbn f gfkocfr ef npchc÷h püoecgf fgargf ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb ah Nggcbahta df scbn graar qua sa trftf ba uhf guastc÷h ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra y  y hn ba snitwfra snitwfra .  . Femuhns ‒snora tnbn efs parsnhfs gnhsarvfbnrfs y raecmcnsfs‒ scmuah trftfhbn ba baiahbar ef pnsturf gnhtrfrcf, pnr alakpen, dfoefhbn ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb gnkn ba uh «astcen ba vcbfº, inrkuefgc÷h qua chschüf qua ens dnknsaxufeas aecmah ae g÷bcmn gnh ae qua astæh prnmrfkfbns. pfësaskfrgfbns y efs ãpngfs prabnkchfraprascvf astf fgtctub suaeah gnchgcbcr gnh Ens parcnbns pnr ah uhfqua eamcsefgc÷h gnhtrf ef fgtcvcbfb dnknsaxufe. Ba fquë qua axcstf uhf gnkprahscoea tahbahgcf f hamfr qua sa trfta ba uh «astcen ba vcbfº y f eugdfr pnr qua sa ragnhnzgf gnkn femn partahagcahta fe ækoctn bae dfrbwfra dfrbwfra <  < gnkn bcrëf Efby Mfmf, ae dnknsaxufe «hfga fsëº. Ah rafecbfb, ef dnknsaxufecbfb astæ knrfekahta fgaptfbf ah pngns eumfras y basba dfga bakfscfbn pngn tcakpn, en gufe ckpcba axtrfar gnhgeuscnhas f efrmn pefzn, y tfhtn kahns aefonrfr uhf tanrëf knrfe f pfrtcr ba aeef. En ühcgn gcartn as qua ef pramuhtf ba sc as chhftf n aeagtcvf  ‒ dfrbwfra n dfrbwfra n snitwfra snitwfra ‒  ‒ tcaha uh pntahta aiagtn f ef dnrf ba mrfhlafrsa n hn ef sckpftëf sngcfe. Wc ef dnknsaxufecbfb sa «aecmaº, as bagcr, sc sa trftf ba uh «gnkpnrtfkcahtn fprahbcbnº, ahtnhgas df ba sar dfstf gcartn puhtn pnscoea basfprahbaref n chgeusn prasahtfref ba tfe knbn qua hn rasueta uhf npgc÷h ftrfgtcvf. F en efrmn ba ens üetckns föns, ef cbaf ba qua, kæs qua «aeamcrº, efs parsnhfs «hfgah fsëº df ragcocbn uh iuarta ckpuesn basba iuarf ba ens inrns gcahtëicgns. Ef prasahgcf gfbf vaz kfynr y kæs gnhspcguf ba parsnhfs dnknsaxufeas ah huastrfs vcbfs dfga qua «nguetfrº ef dnknsaxufecbfb saf gfbf vaz kæs bciëgce. Fe kcskn tcakpn, ens tastcknhcns ba kugdns ifknsns dnknsaxufeas ‒snora tnbn ens raeftcvns fe kcabn, ae fgnsn y ef bcsgrckchfgc÷h qua kugdns ba aeens dfh suircbn‒ dfh parsufbcbn f kugdf

 

mahta ba qua hfbca aeamcrëf asf npgc÷h ba inrkf vneuhtfrcf. ¾Vuã hcön quarrëf gnhvartcrsa ah oefhgn pfrf ae fgnsn snen pnr sar mfy> ¾Vuã fbneasgahta quarrëf föfbcr uh asgneen kæs f uhf atfpf yf ba pnr së gnkpecgfbf> Fsë puas, ae aspërctu ba ens tcakpns pfraga dfoar fgaptfbn ef tanrëf ba qua ae dnknsaxufe «hfga fsëº, f ef vaz qua avctf pahsfr ah ae aeakahtn basastfoceczfbnr qua supnha ae qua ef gcahgcf tnbfvëf hn dfyf rairahbfbn ef tanrëf ba Efby Mfmf. Ef apcmahãtcgf df bfbn pfsns ifsgchfhtas gnh ae nolatcvn ba engfeczfr femuhf vfrcfgc÷h mãhcgf qua puabf prnvngfr ef dnknsaxufecbfb. Efs chvastcmfgcnhas kæs ragcahtas sa gahtrfh ah ef katcefgc÷h ba efs kneãguefs ba FBH. Ah ?061, uh mrupn ba gcahtëicgns ba ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Gfecinrhcf ba Ens Æhmaeas (QGEF) fhuhgc÷ qua dfoëf basguocartn uhf inrkf ba knbcicgfgc÷h ba FBH ah pfrtas bae mahnkf qua arfh bcstchtfs ah darkfhns mfcs y datarnsaxufeas. Hn nostfhta, ae astubcn sa dfoëf rafeczfbn f pfrtcr ba uh hükarn asgfsn ba kuastrfs y ens rasuetfbns iuarnh gnhtuhbahtakahta raoftcbns f pasfr ba efs asparfhzfs y ens tctuefras rasuetfbns f qua bcarnh pca. Axcstah vfrcns astubcns sckcefras, parn hchmuhn df frrnlfbn gnhgeuyahtas. Pnr ae knkahtn, ae «mah mfyº sa hns scmua rascstcahbn. Astn hn scmhcicgf qua hn dfyf ba fpfragar femüh bëf: snen qua ef muarrf qua sa ecorf ah tnrhn f ãe rasuetf kuy ravaefbnrf. Ah eëhafs maharfeas, ens iuhbfkahtfecstfs grcstcfhns y ntrns mrupns basafh qua ae «mah mfyº hn fpfrazgf huhgf, yf qua su basguorckcahtn sngfvfrëf ens gckcahtns ba su gnhgapgc÷h bae kuhbn («¾Bcns graf f ens dnknsaxufeas>º) y fiagtfrëf f su pnsturf snora ae takf. Pnr su pfrta, ens dnknsaxufeas sa kuastrfh gefrfkahta f ifvnr ba qua ae mah sa basguorf, yf qua ahtnhgas pnbrëfh ecorfrsa pfrf scakpra ba efs fgusfgcnhas qua sa eas ckputfh. Efs chvastcmfgcnhas, pnr tfhtn, scmuah fbaefhta, gahtrfbfs snora tnbn ah ens makaens vfrnhas, guyf saxufecbfb, gurcnsfkahta, pfraga sar cbãhtcgf gufhbn aeens tfkocãh en snh. Rfe vaz dforëf qua prastfr kæs ftahgc÷h f ef pramuhtf ba quã pfsfrëf sc qucahas kæs basansns astæh ba basguorcr uh «mah mfyº fgfofh ahgnhtræhbnen. Efs gnhsaguahgcfs hn tcahah pnr quã sar pnsctcvfs. F prchgcpcns ba astf bãgfbf, uh haurngcahtëicgn eefkfbn Gdugj _nsaeec, ba ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Wfeub y Gcahgcfs ba Nram÷h, puoecg÷ uh astubcn snora kfgdns ba nvalf qua praiarëfh gnpuefr gnh ntrns kfgdns f dfgaren gnh dakorfs. Gufhbn ef chvastcmfgc÷h sfec÷ f ef euz (mrfgcfs, pnr en vcstn, f uhf nrmfhczfgc÷h fhckfecstf qua pratahbëf mfhfrsa fe gneagtcvn dnknsaxufe pfrf su gfusf), sa bcln qua ae trfofln ba _nsaeec pnbëf sarvcr ba ofsa pfrf uh prnyagtn

 

aumahãscgn bastchfbn f suprckcr ef dnknsaxufecbfb ahtra ens dukfhns. Ef uhcvarscbfb ba _nsaeec ragcoc÷ bagahfs ba kceas ba gnrrans y kahsflas ah ens qua sa axcmëf su baspcbn, y hukarnsfs parsnhfecbfbas mfcs y easocfhfs (ahtra aeefs, ef tahcstf Kfrtchf Hfvrætcenvæ) frrakatcarnh gnhtrf ae chvastcmfbnr y sus akpeafbnras ah ens kabcns. Ens astubcns ba _nsaeec lfkæs tuvcarnh gnkn ich hfbf sakalfhta, 64 parn sc fsë as gnkn rafggcnhf ef mahta fhta uh chtahtn ba frrnlfr euz snora ae dnknarntcskn ba efs nvalfs, ¾guæe saræ su rafggc÷h ae bëf qua sa basguorf uh mah mfy ah ens saras dukfhns> S sc sa basguora, ¾sa parkctcræ qua ens pfbras knbcicquah ae pftr÷h ba FBH qua en gnhtrnef> ¾Guæe saræ ef lustcicgfgc÷h pfrf prndcoërsaen> Efs fgfenrfbfs bcsguscnhas qua susgctf ef prasahgcf ba ef mahãtcgf ah asta fsuhtn as uhf ba efs rfznhas pnr efs qua ntrns fspagtns ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb dfh scbn tfh pngn astubcfbns. Pnr alakpen, sa df trfoflfbn kuy pngn snora ae pfpae qua pnbrëf basakpaöfr ef dnknsaxufecbfb basba uh puhtn ba vcstf avneutcvn, sc as qua basakpaöf femuhn. Ah 6331-6339, ens aspagcfecstfs Mnrbnh M. Mfeeup, ef Qhcvarscbfb Astftfe ba Gahtrfe, Huavf Snrj ba Feofhy, Lndh Frgdar, ba ef ba Qhcvarscbfb ba Efhgfsdcra ahtfoefrnh f astay raspagtn uh baofta qua euamn sa puoecg÷ ah uhf ravcstf fgfbãkcgf. 63  Wu ifsgchfhta bcsgusc÷h mcrfof ah tnrhn f sc efs fgtctubas hamftcvfs dfgcf ens dnknsaxufeas snh uhf darahgcf irutn ba ef saeaggc÷h hfturfe n ocah uh pralucgcn trfhskctcbn gueturfekahta. Mfeeup sumarëf qua «as pnscoea qua ens prnmahctnras qua kuastrfh prangupfgc÷h pnr ef nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe ba su prnea maharah kæs basgahbahgcf qua ens qua sa kuastrfh chbciarahtasº. Fsckcskn, Mfeeup baiahbëf qua en qua df bfbn ah eefkfrsa «dnkninocfº pnbrëf sar uhf gnhsaguahgcf ba ef prangupfgc÷h ba ens pfbras pnr ef kfeafocecbfb ba ef saxufecbfb chgcpcahta ba sus dclns. pruaofs ba aeen basakpaöa sarëfh, prckarn, ef prangupfgc÷h fhta ef pnscocecbfb ba Bns qua uh dnknsaxufe trfoflns qua supnhmfh kfhtahar gnhtfgtn ramuefr gnh kahnras, y samuhbn, ae dagdn ba qua ens pfbras balah ba prangupfrsa pnr efs chtarfggcnhas ba efs parsnhfs dnknsaxufeas gnh sus dclns f kabcbf qua astns sa dfgah fbuetns. Astn puaba sar gcartn ah tnbn n ah pfrta, n puaba hn saren. Ens bftns ah qua sa ofsfof Mfeeup iuarnh ragfofbns dfga vfrcfs bãgfbfs, gufhbn ef fgtctub dfgcf ef dnknsaxufecbfb arf, gnkn dakns vcstn, kuy bcstchtf f ef ba dny. En qua rasuetf chtarasfhta as qua ens astubcns snora ae pnscoea pfpae avneutcvn ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb, su lustcicgfgc÷h avneutcvf y ef lustcicgfgc÷h avneutcvf qua, pnr gnhscmucahta, dfoar baofta pfrf ragaefr ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb dfh quabfbn raeamfbns puabf fe raspatfoea ahtra axpartns. Ah prcvfbn, femuhns

 

oc÷enmns ragnhngah qua astn df scbn uh arrnr pnr su pfrta, fuhqua fgtufekahta efs fmufs astæh tfh ravuaetfs qua hchmüh chvastcmfbnr qua basaa dfgar gfrrarf fgfbãkcgf astæ bcspuastn f knlfrsa. Wc yf dakns bagcbcbn guæeas hn puabah sar efs raspuastfs ‒n guæeas snh efs raspuastfs qua hn pnbakns fsckcefr‒, inrkuefr pramuhtfs hn tcaha kugdn sahtcbn, sfevn pfrf qucahas fpragcfh ef varbfb. EF GNHIQWC×H ICENW×ICGF Wc ef gcahgcf hn puaba n hn qucara raspnhbar f efs pramuhtfs snora ens nrëmahas ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb, dforæ qua ousgfr raspuastfs ah ntrf pfrta. Ah gcrguhstfhgcfs hnrkfeas, astf raspnhsfocecbfb baoarëf ragfar ah ef icensniëf. Wch akofrmn, tfkpngn fquë sa dfh prnbugcbn mrfhbas fvfhgas basba dfga föns. Ah rafecbfb, basba dfga uh pfr ba kceahcns. Frcst÷taeas snen sa raicara ba pfsfbf f ef dnknsaxufecbfb ah su  Ãtcgf f  Hcg÷kfgn  Hcg÷kfgn ,  , bnhbapngfs ef chgeuya ah uhfAhecstf ba prægtcgfs qua qua dny ah bëf baspartfrëf sckpftëfs. ae ecorn sãptckn,«ahiarkczfsº dfoef ba kularas forah f efs akofrfzfbfs ah gfhfe pfrf gnkarsa f sus dclns, ba dnkoras qua kftfh y sa gnkah f sus kfbras, y ba asgefvns qua bavnrfh ae dëmfbn ba ntrns asgefvns. Frcst÷taeas axpecgf qua astfs prægtcgfs «ahiarkczfsº noabagah f ef «engurfº, parn qua dfy ntrfs qua sa baoah f ef «gnstukoraº, gnkn frrfhgfrsa ae paen, gnkarsa efs uöfs n ef dnknsaxufecbfb. N ef snbnkëf. N quczæ ef pabarfstcf. Axcsta gcartf bcsgrapfhgcf snora f quã sa raicara axfgtfkahta Frcst÷taeas (fgahtufbf pnr su fkocmõabfb ah en qua sa raicara f efs raefgcnhas ahtra parsnhfs bae kcskn saxn). Waf gnkn iuara, sc fgaptfkns qua Frcst÷taeas astæ dfoefhbn ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb, en qua eefkf ef ftahgc÷h as qua sus cbafs, inrkuefbfs ah ae scmen CCC  f. G., safh cbãhtcgfs f efs ba ef Fsngcfgc÷h Astfbnuhcbahsa ba Pscgnenmëf y ae _afe Gneamcn ba Pscqucftrëf ah ae scmen TTC . Pfrf ae Astfmcrctf, ef dnknsaxufecbfb sa kfhcicastf ah femuhns dnkoras pnr hfturfeazf y ah ntrns gnkn rasuetfbn ba ef «gnstukoraº. Ef ühcgf bciarahgcf rfbcgf ah qua hchmuhf futnrcbfb bae scmen TTC  pnhbrëf ae alakpen qua pnha Frcst÷taeas fe dfoefr ba bcgdf «gnstukoraº< ae ba «qucahas snh vcnefbns basba hcönsº. ?0 Ice÷snins kæs ragcahtas tfkpngn dfh eeamfbn fe inhbn ba ef guastc÷h. Kcgdae Inugfuet as uhn ba ens arubctns kæs gctfbns ah Nggcbahta ah ae ækoctn ba efs gcahgcfs  parn, fpefskf pasfr ba furf a chifecocecbfb, efs cbafs qua aesngcfeas, ice÷snin?6irfhgãs ahsuuhf babasussfhtcbfb norfs kæs ifknsfs a

 

chieuyahtas ‒ef  Dcstnrcf ba ef saxufecbfb  saxufecbfb  (63=9)‒ rasuetfh tarrcoeakahta gnhiusfs. Inugfuet ficrkf qua dfoefr ba ens dnknsaxufeas gnkn sc iuarfh uh mrupn baichcbn bahntf uhf mrfh cmhnrfhgcf dcst÷rcgf, pnr hn bagcr ntrfs gnsfs. Fquaeens f qucahas ah ae pfsfbn sa fgusfof ba gnkatar fgtns dnknsaxufeas hn gnhinrkfofh uhf gftamnrëf ba chbcvcbuns baichcbf, schn qua iua ah ae scmen TCT qua

akpaz÷ f pargcoërsaens fsë. Dfgcf ichfeas bae ?? scmen TCT , «ae snbnkctf arf uh raefpsn, ae dnknsaxufe as fdnrf uhf aspagcaº. Wch akofrmn, fpfrta ba fprnvagdfr ef ngfsc÷h pfrf chscstcr uhf vaz kæs ah sus tanrëfs fgargf bae pnbar y ae saxn, hn quabf bae tnbn gefrn quã pahsfof Inugfuet snora ef dnknsaxufecbfb. F vagas, pfraga var ah aeef uh aeakahtn gahtrfe ba ef cbahtcbfb. Ntrfs, chgeusn bahtrn ba ef kcskf norf, pfraga rastfrea ckpnrtfhgcf. Vucahas ea dfh sugabcbn, en gctfh y sa ragefkfh bcsgëpuens suyns sa dfh vfecbn ba ef saxufecbfb ‒gnkn ba tnbn en bakæs‒ gnkn uh kabcn pfrf grafr uhf cbahtcicgfgc÷h mrupfe npuastf f ef hnrkf datarnsaxufe. F Bfvcb Dfeparch, bae Chstctutn Raghne÷mcgn ba Kfssfgdusatts, sa en raguarbf pnr dfoar bcgdn qua «hn dfy nrmfskn sch cbanenmëfº, ?7 gnkahtfrcn qua ‒fpfrta ba sumarcr uhf vcbf ëhtckf femn fourrcbf‒ chbcgf qua en ühcgn qua gnhscmuah qucahas basafh gnkprahbar ef dnknsaxufecbfb f trfvãs ba asta prcskf as fpcefr gfpfs y gfpfs ba iuhbfkahtns chastfoeas. Qhf ba efs pngfs gnsfs qua quabfh gefrfs ah ae ecorn ba Inugfuet as qua dfstf ãe pfraga fbkctcr qua ef cbahtcbfb saxufe prnofoeakahta hn saf ef kalnr ofsa snora ef gufe gnhstrucr uhf cbahtcbfb inrkfe. Ba dagdn, dfgcf ae ichfe bae prckar vneukah ba Dcstnrcf ba  Dcstnrcf ba ef saxufecbfb , saxufecbfb , huastrn futnr sa kfrfvceef fe gnhstftfr qua femn qua burfhta scmens sa gnhscbar÷ uhf aspagca ba «engurfº dfyf tarkchfbn gnhvcrtcãhbnsa ah ef gefva ba huastrf «chtaecmcocecbfbº, y qua huastrf «cbahtcbfbº sa vuaetn pargcoëf gnkn nsgurn akpula sch hnkoraº. baof Wamühousgfrsa Inugfuet,ahae «en saxnqua sa df «kæs ckpnrtfhta qua huastrf fekf, kæs ckpnrtfhta qua huastrf vcbfº: ae pfgtn iæustcgn «guyf tahtfgc÷h chsgrcoc÷ ah hnsntrns ae bcspnsctcvn ba saxufecbfb as, ba fdnrf ah fbaefhta, asta< chtargfkocfr ef vcbf tnbf ahtarf gnhtrf ae saxn kcskn, gnhtrf ef varbfb y snoarfhëf bae saxn. Ae saxn ocah vfea ef kuartaº. ?2 F pasfr ba qua sus bcsgëpuens pfragah dfoar bagratfbn en gnhtrfrcn ‒y ba qua ae prnpcn futnr huhgf fdnhb÷ ah aeen‒, sa bcrëf qua dfstf Inugfuet gfy÷ ah ef guahtf ba en chastfoea qua rasuetf uhf cbahtcbfb ofsfbf ah ae saxn n chgeusn ah ef saxufecbfb.

 

DNKNWATQFEAW YW . VQAA_W F pasfr ba tnbn en bcgdn, ef dnknsaxufecbfb as, dny pnr dny, uhf ba efs pcabrfs kcecfras ba ef cbahtcbfb, ef pneëtcgf y ef «pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcfº. Ae gneagtcvn EMOR as uh sagtnr ba pnoefgc÷h bae qua (y fe qua) ens pneëtcgns dfoefh ba kfharf ragurrahta, gnknGnsf sc sufosurbf, axcstahgcf aqucpfrfoea ef ba uhf gnkuhcbfb rfgcfe n raecmcnsf. yf iuarf qua chgeusn bahtrnf ba su prnpcf e÷mcgf, sa trftf ba uh gnhluhtn axtrfnrbchfrcfkahta datarnmãhan y gnhtrfbcgtnrcn. Ens dnkoras y efs kularas dnknsaxufeas hn tcahah gfsc hfbf ah gnküh. Vuczæ suaha bakfscfbn pabastra, parn mfcs y easocfhfs hn scakpra sa eeavfh f pfrtcr uh pcö÷h. Ens mfcs f kahubn basgrcoah f efs easocfhfs gnkn chsuesfs y fourrcbfs, kcahtrfs qua astfs basgrcoah f ens prckarns gnkn onons a chkfburns. Hn sa tcahah bakfscfbn fpragcn y, ah maharfe, hn gnkpfrtah aspfgcns. Ens mfcs tcahah sus sctcns pfrf sfecr y efs easocfhfs ens suyns, parn basba ef ecoarfgc÷h dnknsaxufe ba dfga uhfs bãgfbfs fpahfs df dfocbn eumfras bnhba uhns y ntrns sa raühfh y sa nrmfhcgah ba kfharf dfoctufe. Pnr ntrf pfrta, tfhtn ens mfcs gnkn efs easocfhfs sa gfrfgtarczfh pnr su basgnhicfhzf dfgcf efs parsnhfs qua bcgah sar «ocsaxufeasº. Ef O ba EMOR df ragcocbn gcartf ftahgc÷h pnr pfrta ba ens kabcns bae sagtnr, parn fuh fsë ens ocsaxufeas scmuah scahbn pargcocbns hn tfhtn gnkn chtamrfhtas ba ef «gnkuhcbfbº gnkn uhf asgcsc÷h ba astf. Ens mfcs suaeah graar qua ens dnkoras qua sa bagefrfh «ocsº snh ah rafecbfb mfcs qua hcamfh uhf pfrta ba së kcskns («dny oc, kföfhf mfyº). S sc ocah efs kularas qua ngfscnhfekahta sa fguastfh gnh ntrfs kularas f kahubn snh ocah vcstfs ahtra ens vfrnhas datarnsaxufeas, pngfs kularas rafggcnhfh ba inrkf pnsctcvf fhta dnkoras qua tfkocãh sa fguastfh gnh ntrns dnkoras. Ef pramuhtf ba quã tcahah qua var astns mrupns ‒mfcs, easocfhfs y ocsaxufeas‒ gnh efs parsnhfs qua bagcbah gfkocfr ba mãharn ef balfkns pfrf ntrn gfpëtuen. Gnhvcaha tahar ah kahta astfs ircggcnhas y gnhtrfbcggcnhas f ef dnrf ba dfoefr ba ef gnkuhcbfb EMOR n ba vchguefref f uh nolatcvn pneëtcgn. Bcgdf gnkuhcbfb fpahfs axcsta hc scqucarf bahtrn ba gfbf uhf ba efs eatrfs qua ef gnkpnhah, y gfbf uhn ba sus aeakahtns tcaha pngn ah gnküh gnh ens ntrns. Puaba qua efs gnsfs iuarfh bcstchtfs fhtas ba qua ef dnknsaxufecbfb sa baspahfeczfrf ah ef bãgfbf ba 6390, parn ah ef fgtufecbfb efs E hn hagasctfh f ens M, f ens M eas bfh ofstfhta cmufe efs E, y ah maharfe fkons ragaefh ba ens O. Fbakæs, axcsta uhf chtahsf pneãkcgf f prnp÷sctn ba sc ens R snh gnkn ens bakæs n sc raprasahtfh uhf firahtf. S pfrf rakftfren, hfbca tcaha tnbfvëf ef

 

kahnr cbaf bae nrcmah ba hchmuhf ba astfs gnhbcgcnhas. F pasfr ba tnbn, astf as ef atcquatf gnh ef qua ef mahta sa akpaöf ah cbahtcicgfr f uh fkpecn gnhluhtn ba ef pnoefgc÷h y snora ef gufe pratahba arcmcr efs ofsas y ustcicgfgcnhas ba uhf sngcabfb ecoarfe. Hn as ba axtrföfr qua ah uh gnhmenkarfbn ba parsnhfs gnh pnsturfs y nrëmahasbatfhgfbf gnhtrfbcgtnrcns prnbuzgfh Basba tahscnhas pfepfoeas chgeusn bahtrn uhn ba sussaaeakahtns. ens ocah chcgcns bae fgtcvcskn dnknsaxufe dfstf dny, hn dfh balfbn ba sugabarsa tnbn tcpn ba tcrfhtagas f prnp÷sctn ba ens ichas qua sa parscmuah n ba guæe as ef gfrfgtarëstcgf qua bciarahgcf f ens dnknsaxufeas bae rastn ba ef sngcabfb. Ah astf pneãkcgf sa bcstchmuah bns pnsturfs. Pnr uh efbn, astæh qucahas graah qua ens dnknsaxufeas snh ‒y baoah sar‒ cmufeas f gufequcar ntrf parsnhf, y qua efs oftfeefs qua quabfh pnr ecorfr sa mfhfræh baknstrfhbn qua hfbf ens bcstchmua ba sus fkcmns y vagchns datarnsaxufeas. Fe cmufe qua ens datarns, ens dnknsaxufeas puabah vcvcr ah gfsfs gnh knh÷mfkfs aeamfhtas vfeefs oefhgfs ba kfbarf, puabah raefgcnhas a chgeusn ahmahbrfr y grcfr dclns gnkngfsfrsa, gufequcartahar ntrf parsnhf. Oæscgfkahta, puabah sar mahta raspatfoea. Astf as, fe kahns, uhf npgc÷h, y fsë sa fpfraga axpuastf ah norfs gnkn Fitar gnkn Fitar tda Ofee< Dnw Fkarcgf ]cee Gnhquar cts Iafr fhb Dftrab ni Mfys ch tda —30s , —30s  , ba Duhtar Kfbsah y Kfrsdfee Jcrj, puoecgfbf ah 6343. ?1 Wch akofrmn, qucahas prabcgfh qua ef vëf ba ef fgaptfgc÷h pfsf pnr ef fsckcefgc÷h fe rastn ba ef sngcabfb scakpra dfh gdngfbn gnh ef npnscgc÷h ba ntrn ofhbn sctufbn bahtrn ba su kcskf «gnkuhcbfbº. Asta ofhbn pnbrëf atcquatfrsa (ba dagdn, ãe kcskn sa atcquatf), hn gnkn «dnknsaxufeº, «ftrfggc÷h quaar   º. pnr Astæfemucah inrkfbn uh saxn gnhluhtn ba parsnhfs pfrf efsschn quagnkn sahtcr «quaar bae pnr kcskn ckpecgf femn kæs qua ef karf ftrfggc÷h pnr femucah bae kcskn saxn. Pfrf aeefs, ef ftrfggc÷h dnknsaxufe hn as kæs qua ef prckarf atfpf ba uh vcfla rapeatn ba fvahturfs< ae prckar pfsn hn snen dfgcf uhf huavf ifsa ba ef vcbf, schn dfgcf ef trfhsmrasc÷h ba ens knbns ba vcbf hnrkfeas. F bciarahgcf ba ens dnknsaxufeas qua snen qucarah sar fgaptfbns gnkn gufequcar ntrf parsnhf, ens quaars quaars   basafh, pnr uh efbn, qua sa ens ragnhnzgf gnkn femn iuhbfkahtfekahta bcstchtn y, pnr ntrn, sarvcrsa ba asf bciarahgcf pfrf barrcofr asa kcskn nrbah ah ae qua ens dnknsaxufeas trftfh ba chmrasfr. Wa trftf ba uhf irfgturf qua gfsc huhgf sa ragnhnga, parn qua axcsta basba qua en «dnknsaxufeº iua ragnhngcbn gnkn uhf cbahtcbfb.

 

Fe chcgcn ba ef ravneugc÷h dnknsaxufe duon qucahas fonmfofh pnr uh «irahta ba ecoarfgc÷hº uhcicgfbn qua parkctcarf fechafr ae «irahta ba ecoarfgc÷h dnknsaxufeº gnh ntrns knvckcahtns. Ofln ef chieuahgcf ba fgtcvcstfs gnkn Lck Inurftt, astfs fecfhzfs sa axtahbcarnh (fuhqua hn sa eckctfrnh) f knvckcahtns hfgcnhfeas, gnkn ens Pfhtarfs Hamrfs, y axtrfhlarns, Ycat Gnhm, ae rãmckah kfnëstf Guof ba Gfstrn y ntrns. Aegnkn qua aeastns knvckcahtns, gfbf gufegdchn, f suefkfharf, iuarfh axpeëgctfkahta gnhtrfrcns f ef dnknsaxufecbfb (ah Gdchf, pnr alakpen, ens kfnëstfs arfh pfrtcbfrcns ba gfstrfr f ens «bamaharfbns saxufeasº ah ef pefzf püoecgf) hn arf kæs qua uhf ba asfs gnhtrfbcggcnhas qua baoah suparfrsa. ?9 Ae knvckcahtn f ifvnr ba ens baragdns ba ens dnknsaxufeas sa cbahtcicgfof scstakætcgfkahta gnh gneagtcvns qua hn snen arfh ravneugcnhfrcns, schn qua sa npnhëfh f ef sngcabfb ah ef qua ae knvckcahtn trftfof ba chsartfrsa. Ah tnbfs efs bãgfbfs basba ens föns sasahtf, asf irfgturf hn df balfbn ba rapecgfrsa ah ae kuhbn dnknsaxufe. Burfhta (yef gnkprahscoea) grcscs bae scbfrfbcgfeczfgc÷h ba ens fönsahtra ngdahtf sa ba prnbuln gnhscbarfoea ens mfcs Aurnpfuhfy Hnrtafkãrcgf. Mrupns gnkn Fgt Qp bahuhgcfofh qua ens raprasahtfhtas aeagtns hn dfgëfh en suicgcahta pnr ragnhngar ae chckfmchfoea suirckcahtn f qua astfof bfhbn eumfr fquaeef «pastaº. Astns gneagtcvns nptfrnh pnr ef fggc÷h bcragtf, kcahtrfs qua ntrns grayarnh qua asn cof ah batrckahtn ba ef gfusf ah su gnhluhtn. Ah F Ah F Pefga ft tda Rfoea , Rfoea , uh ckpnrtfhta ecorn fpfragcbn f prchgcpcns ba ens föns hnvahtf, ae astfbnuhcbahsa Oruga Ofwar sa npnhëf f ef barcvf quaar quaar   bae knvckcahtn dnknsaxufe y ragnrbfof ef fgtctub «chtrfhscmahtaº ba mrupns gnkn Fgt Qp. Ofwar gctfof ef raspuastf f uhf gfrtf ‒puoecgfbf ah ef mfy baV]    ‒ ah ef qua sa grctcgfofh ens kãtnbns baebasfpfragcbf mrupn< «Aras ravcstf uh pabfzn kcarbf fgnkpealfbn, dcp÷grctf y baschinrkfbn ‒razfof ef raspuastf‒. Aras ef varmõahzf ba ef hfgc÷h quaar quaar   º. ?= ¾Vuã arf ef «hfgc÷h quaar quaar º>  º> ¾Baoëf astf tahar uhf snef vnz y uh ühcgn gnhluhtn ba nolatcvns> ¾Baoëfh sus kcakorns fspcrfr f uhf vcbf fe kfrmah n f uhf vcbf gnkn gufequcar ntrf> Ah su knkahtn astfs pramuhtfs hn sa firnhtfrnh y tnbfvëf dny scmuah sch rasnevarsa. ¾Arfh ens dnknsaxufeas parsnhfs gnkn efs bakæs n gnhinrkfofh uh mrupn fpfrta qua, gnhsgcahta y baecoarfbfkahta, pratahbëf samramfrsa f ef kfharf ba uhf gcubfb-Astfbn, gufhbn hn ba uhf hfgc÷h ba peahn baragdn>

 

Ae gnhiecgtn ahtra «dnknsaxufeasº y «quaars «quaars   º gnhtchu÷ su gursn burfhta ef bãgfbf ba 6330. Ah Mrfh Oratföf, qucahas ousgfofh uhf fgaptfgc÷h y uh raspatn burfbarns sa dnrrnrczfofh fhta efs fggcnhas ba gneagtcvns gnkn Nutrfma. Ae bnkchmn ba Pfsguf ba 6334, Patar Rftgdaee y ntrns kcakorns ba asta mrupn fsfetfrnh ae püepctn ba ef gftabrfe ba Gfhtaroury burfhta ae sark÷h bae frznocspn y eavfhtfrnh feuscvns ef fgtctub ba ef Cmeascf ba Chmeftarrf gnh raspagtn f ensgfrtaeas baragdns ba ensf dnknsaxufeas. ¾Arf asf uhf inrkf sahsftf ba eefkfr ef ftahgc÷h snora ae takf n arf kæs ocah uhf kfhcnorf qua pnbëf prnvngfr kcabn y ragdfzn baocbn f su fpfrahta «iuhbfkahtfecsknº> Ah ntrns pfësas sa prnbuln (y, ah kahnr kabcbf, sa scmua prnbugcahbn) ae kcskn baofta. Ae astfbn ba Huavf Snrj tfrb÷ vachtcüh föns ah fprnofr uhf eay ah gnhtrf ba ef bcsgrckchfgc÷h ba ens dnknsaxufeas. Qhn ba ens ckpecgfbns axpecgfof ah 633? qua «kugdfs ba efs rauhcnhas ahtra eamcsefbnras y mrupns mfcs gnchgcbcarnh gnh femuhns gdnquas vcrueahtnsº, gnkn uhf kfhciastfgc÷h ah ef qua ae gneagtcvn rfbcgfe Vuaar Hftcnh «basice÷ uhprahbc÷ kuöagniuamn. bae eëbar ba ef kfynrëf ah ae Wahfbn, _fepd L. Kfrchnº, fe qua gnh euamn Ntrns mrupns, ah gfkocn, sa bagfhtfrnh pnr astrftamcfs kæs «bcpenkætcgfsº y sus prascnhas surtcarnh kfynr aiagtn. ?4 Pasa f tnbn, ens rfbcgfeas parsavarfrnh ah su fgtctub y ef irfgturf ahtra ens dnknsaxufeas qua ousgfofh ef cmufebfb y ens qua pratahbëfh utceczfr su gnhbcgc÷h gnkn prckar pfsn dfgcf ef bastruggc÷h ba uh batarkchfbn nrbah n ef grafgc÷h ba uhf sngcabfb huavf sa kfhtuvn. Qhf ba sus axprascnhas kæs pfekfrcfs iua burfhta ef Kfrgdf snora ]fsdchmtnh bae ?1 ba force ba 6337. Astf kfrgdf pratahbëf gnhsamucr pfrf ens dnknsaxufeas en qua Kfrtch Eutdar Jchm dfoëf gnhsamucbn ah kftarcf ba baragdns gcvceas tras bãgfbfs fhtas. Wch akofrmn, kfrgdf ba 6337 basfstra, «g÷kcgns «rfbcgfeas efasgupaiuamns qua iua snenuhdfoefh ah gnh hnkora ba uhnosgahnsº kchüsgueny samkahtn ba ef pnoefgc÷hº. Pfrf Ofwar, iua «gnkn sc ef nrmfhczfgc÷h ba ef kfrgdf sa duocarf prnpuastn gnhicrkfr dfstf ae üetckn astarantcpn snora ens dnknsaxufeasº< Hn pnbëf balfr ba gnkpfrfr fquaeen gnh ef Kfrgdf snora ]fsdchmtnh pnr ens baragdns gcvceas ba ens hamrns ba 6397. Ah fquaeef ngfsc÷h, Kfrtch Eutdar Jchm Lr. bcn ae bcsgursn ba su vcbf y supn gnhvahgar ba ef sarcabfb ba su kcsc÷h y ef lustcgcf ba su gfusf hn snen f sus samucbnras, schn f tnbn fkarcgfhn gnh uh këhckn ba gnhgcahgcf. Ah hchmüh knkahtn eefk÷ f ef ravneugc÷h hc bahuhgc÷ ef bakngrfgcf astfbnuhcbahsa hc gnkpfrtc÷ püepctn gnh hchmüh g÷kcgn Z...[. Fquae bëf ba 6397, Jchm pusn vnz f su suaön ba cmufebfb rfgcfe, y fe dfgaren sfgubc÷ ef gnhgcahgcf bae pfës, sfg÷ en kalnr ba sus samucbnras y fpae÷ f ens chstchtns kæs vcrtunsns ba sus fhtfmnhcstfs. ?3

 

S asta as ntrn ba ens fspagtns bae knvckcahtn pnr ens baragdns ba ens dnknsaxufeas qua df samucbn ahgnhæhbnsa. Gnkn yf saöfe÷ ae parcnbcstf mfy Fhbraw Wueecvfh f kabcfbns ba ens hnvahtf, «ah gufequcar kfhciastfgc÷h f ifvnr ba ens baragdns mfcs varakns ef ckpnscocecbfb ba nrmfhczfr ef gueturf dnknsaxufe ah uh enooy enooy   gndarahta< chtahtns ba asa tcpn fgfofh scakpra vahgcbns pnr ef crnhëf, ae axdcocgcnhcskn n ef crraspnhsfocecbfbº. 70 Fgtufekahta, ah gfsc tnbfs efs kfhciastfgcnhas pnr ens baragdns ba ens dnknsaxufeas ‒snora tnbn ah efs kfrgdfs bae «nrmueen mfyº, qua sa gaeaorfh ah tnbn ae kuhbn‒ ens eefkfkcahtns f ifvnr ba ef cmufebfb lurëbcgf (dny fegfhzfbf ah ef kfynrëf ba ens pfësas nggcbahtfeas) sa kazgef gnh gnsfs qua gfusfh ruonr tfhtn f ens datarnsaxufeas gnkn f kugdns dnknsaxufeas. Hn dfy kfen ah qua ef mahta bã rcahbf suaetf f sus cbcnschgrfscfs ah ef chtckcbfb bae dnmfr, parn tfkpngn dfy qua sar uh knlcmftn pfrf tahar ef sahsfgc÷h ba qua asfs ifefhmas ba parsnhfs ftfvcfbfs gnh rnpf onhbfma onhbfma   , gdfps   y bakæs basvcrtüf gufequcar gfusf qua fspcrah f baiahbar. Wc ae gdfps knvckcahtn pnr enskæs baragdns gcvceas su duocarf dforëf scbn ofstfhta iægce snsefyfr iuarzftahcbn knrfe.uhf saggc÷h iatcgdcstf, Parn ens mfcs hn sa balfh raprckcr pnr ens suyns, y kugdn kahns pnr ens bakæs. S fsë, ens baiahsnras ba ef cmufebfb scakpra chgeuyah uh gnhtchmahta qua gnhiuhba ae fgtcvcskn gnh ae axdcocgcnhcskn, gnkn sc hfbca pubcarf sar ecora n cmufe dfstf qua sa ea gnhgabf ae baragdn f pnharsa uh gneefr y balfr qua su «fknº en pfsaa f guftrn pftfs pnr ef gfeea. Ae pahsfbnr ecoarfe Pfue Oarkfh df ragnrbfbn g÷kn sa gnhkaknrfofh ens dagdns ba Wtnhawfee ah ens föns hnvahtf< ens «fbustns pneëtcgnsº kfrgdfofh ragefkfhbn sus baragdns, samucbns pnr «l÷vahas sch gfkcsatfº qua ofcefofh ba inrkf sumarahta, kularas gnh ae iustcmæhbnsa tnrsn bashubn, iatcgdcstfs chbukahtfrcf ba guarn, sfbnkfsnqucstfs kutufkahta pnr gnh ef gfeea y pfhgfrtfs gnh eakfs gnkn «nrmueen ragtfeº y «nrmueen vfmchfeº. Ef lustcicgfgc÷h pfrf tnbn astn (samüh ef sngc÷enmf chtarsaggcnhfe Freaha Wtach, ahtra ntrns) arf qua sc ens dnknsaxufeas prasahtfofh ae kcskn fspagtn qua ae rastn ba efs parsnhfs, fgfofrëfh basfpfragcahbn. Ef ühcgf kfharf ba avctfren arf kabcfhta ef vcscocecbfb y ae basgfrn. Wtach, ahtra ntrfs gnsfs, sa basgrcoëf gnkn «saxpartfº, tëtuen qua, gnkn saöfef Oarkfh, «gufequcarf quarrëf pfrf së, fuhqua quczæ hn vachtcguftrn dnrfs fe bëfº. 76  Ens pfrtcbfrcns bae ahinqua quaar   tcahbah f gnhgaocr ae sar dnknsaxufe gnkn uhf ngupfgc÷h f tcakpn quaar gnkpeatn. S asn f ens mfcs tcahba f hn dfgareas bakfscfbf mrfgcf.

 

¾CMQFEAW N KALN_AW > Chgeusn efs racvchbcgfgcnhas kæs knbarfbfs ba ens knvckcahtns pnr ens baragdns ba ens dnknsaxufeas asgnhbah chtarrnmfhtas hn rasuaetns y pntahgcfekahta paecmrnsns. Pnr alakpen, sc ens dnknsaxufeas pnsaah ens kcskns baragdns qua ae rastn efs dfy parsnhfs, sulatns tfkocãh efs kcskfs noecmfgcnhas> ¾N ba fgfsn femüh ¾baoah tcpn ba astfr prarrnmftcvf chdarahtaf fe dagdn ba sar dnknsaxufe> Fdnrf qua yf puabah gfsfrsa, ¾baoarëf asparfrsa qua efs pfralfs dnknsaxufeas iuarfh knh÷mfkfs, bae kcskn knbn qua sa asparf qua en safh efs datarnsaxufeas> F ifetf ba dclns qua ens uhfh, ¾tcaha sahtcbn asparfr qua bns dnkoras n kularas qua sa dfh gnhngcbn gnh vachtcpngns föns sa gfsah y sa eckctah f kfhtahar raefgcnhas ahtra së burfhta efs sacs bãgfbfs scmucahtas n kæs> ¾Vuarrëfh> S sc hn, ¾guæeas baoarëfh sar efs gnhsaguahgcfs sngcfeas> Pnrqua tcaha qua dfoar gnhsaguahgcfs, ¾n quczæ hn> Qhf ba efs prckarfs pfralfs dnknsaxufeas qua gnhtrfln kftrcknhcn ah Astfbns Qhcbns ahsamucbf fbkctc÷ ah uhf ahtravcstf qua ef suyf arf uhf raefgc÷h focartf. Fhta sctufgcnhas fsë, ¾quã baoah pahsfr ens bakæs ‒  chgeucbns ens datarnsaxufeas‒ bae kftrcknhcn ahtra parsnhfs bae kcskn saxn> Hfbca pfraga prastfr ef kæs këhckf ftahgc÷h f pramuhtfs gnkn astfs. Ah Mrfh Oratföf dfy uh ifknsn kftrcknhcn dnknsaxufe qua df raknvcbn gcaen y tcarrf pfrf asgnhbar qua ef suyf as uhf raefgc÷h focartf, fgfsn pnrqua snh gnhsgcahtas bae bfön qua pnbrëf gfusfr ae qua ef kfynrëf datarn ba ef pnoefgc÷h supcasa qua, ah varbfb, ens kcakorns ba uhf pfralf tfh prnkchahta sa snh «chicaeasº. Pnr kugdn qua sa dfoea ba «cmufebfbº, hn astæ bae tnbn gefrn qua ef kfynrëf ba ens dnknsaxufeas qucarfh sar gnkpeatfkahta cmufeas. Kugdns quarrëfh saren, së, parn gnh femüh paquaön axtrf pnr ae dagdn ba sar dnknsaxufeas. Gufhbn ef prasahtfbnrf astfbnuhcbahsa Aeeah BaMaharas sfec÷ bae frkfrcn ah 633=, fsukc÷ uh rcasmn gnhscbarfoea. Ae qua asa rcasmn fgfofrf karagcahbn ef pahf a chgrakahtfsa ef vcscocecbfb ba efs easocfhfs ef gnhvcarta ah uhf kular bcmhf ba raspatn. Fdnrf ocah, ¾as ae gfpctfe sngcfe ftasnrfbn f rfëz ba asf bagcsc÷h n femüh ntrn tcpn ba vahtflf chdarahta fe dagdn ba sar easocfhf en qua ea parkcta tnkfrsa gcartfs ecoartfbas ckpahsfoeas ah uh dnkora datarn> Astny pahsfhbn ah asa luamn ah ae qua BaMaharas, ah su prnmrfkf Rda Aeeah BaMaharas Wdnw  Wdnw  , pcba f ens chvctfbns (dnkoras y kularas) qua kcrah efs intns ba bns ifknsns y aeclfh f guæe ba ens bns «praicarahº.

 

Gnh ae asgæhbfen bae #KaRnn ah ?06=, akpazfrnh ens prnoeakfs hn snen pfrf tnbns fquaeens dnkoras qua duocarfh tngfbn ba inrkf chfprnpcfbf f uhf kular, schn tfkocãh pfrf tnbn fquae qua ah femüh knkahtn ef duocarf gnscicgfbn. Wch akofrmn, BaMaharas hn pfragëf lumfr gnh efs kcskfs ramefs. F ichfeas ba ngtuora ‒ae kcskn kas ah qua Dfrvay ]achstach gfëf ah basmrfgcf‒, ef prasahtfbnrf puoecg÷ ah efs rabas sngcfeas uhf intnmrfiëf suyf gnh Jfty Parry. Ah aeef, ef astraeef bae pnp euga uh vastcbn flustfbn qua rafezf hntfoeakahta sus pagdns, kcahtrfs qua BaMaharas, gnh uh orfzn ah ef gchturf ba Parry, fbkcrf onqucfocartf ens sahns ba ef gfhtfhta. Ae taxtn qua fgnkpföfof ef intn ah ef guahtf nicgcfe ba Rwcttar ba BaMaharas bagëf< «¡Iaecz gukpeaföns, Jfty Parry! ¡Dnrf ba sfgfr ens menons!º. 7? F pasfr ba qua pnr ahtnhgas yf tnbn ae kuhbn astfof kæs n kahns ba fguarbn ah qua ens dnkoras hn pnbëfh gnscicgfr f efs kularas, pnr en vcstn efs easocfhfs ifknsfs tahëfh ouef ah asa fspagtn. IFKCECFW DNKNPF_AHRFEAW As gnkprahscoea qua efs bakngrfgcfs ecoarfeas ba Nggcbahta fpefubfh ae ãxctn bae knvckcahtn pnr ens baragdns ba ens dnknsaxufeas. Wch akofrmn, astf gaeaorfgc÷h tcaha uhf gfrf kahns fkfoea gnhscstahta ah ae gdfhtfla knrfe qua pefhtaf gnh raspagtn f ntrns prnoeakfs. ¾Vuã fsuhtns fgtufeas varakns femüh bëf gnh ef kcskf varmõahzf gnh qua dny vakns ef grckchfeczfgc÷h ba ens dnknsaxufeas> Dfy vfrcns gfhbcbftns, parn en ckpnrtfhta as qua ens baragdns ba ens mfcs tfkocãh tcahah aiagtns snora ens baragdns ba ntrfs parsnhfs y qua ef chlustcicgfoea grckchfeczfgc÷h suircbf ah ae pfsfbn puaba dfgar qua femuhfs gnsfsEf hnseamfeczfgc÷h pfsah pnr fetn. bae kftrcknhcn dnknsaxufe ah Astfbns Qhcbns y ae _achn Qhcbn df bfbn pca f ntrfs racvchbcgfgcnhas raefgcnhfbfs, gnkn, pnr alakpen, ae baragdn f inrkfr ifkcecfs dnknpfrahtfeas, ahtahbcbn hn snen gnkn ae baragdn f fbnptfr, schn tfkocãh f tahar dclns prnpcns. Pfralfs ifknsfs gnkn Aetnh Lndh y Bfvcb Iurhcsd n gnkn Rnk Bfeay y Bustch Efhga Oefgj suaeah pefhtafr astn gnkn sc iuarf en kæs sahgceen bae kuhbn< «Dakns bagcbcbn inrkfr uhf ifkcecfº. Ah iaorarn ba ?064, Bfeay y Oefgj puoecgfrnh uhf intnmrfiëf ah ef qua knstrfofh ae rasuetfbn ba uhf agnmrfiëf. «Rnk Bfeay fhuhgcf qua ãe y su kfrcbn vfh f tahar uh oaoãº, prngefkfofh 77

ens tctuefras.  Dfy uhqua vcaln mfysamucr qua bcga< «Rnbfvëf hn dclns, parn asn hn scmhcicgf hn gdcsta pnbfkns chtahtæhbnenº. Entahakns qua fhtas arf

 

kntcvn ba ornkf sa dfoëf gnhvartcbn ah uh dctn dnknsaxufe. Prnhtn quab÷ ocah gefrn qua gufequcarf qua pahsfsa< «¾Puabah bns dnkoras tahar uh oaoã>º karagëf qua ea gnhtastfsah< «¾Pnr quã hn> Chtnearfhta...º. Gnkn arf ba asparfr, uhn ba ens gneukhcstfs bae Bfcey bae  Bfcey Kfce pcs÷ Kfce pcs÷ ef kchf qua fmufrbfof fe fgagdn, f pasfr ba qua ef pramuhtf ba «¾S g÷kn pcahsfh taharen>º astfof kæs qua lustcicgfbf. Ah prckar eumfr, pnrqua föns ftræs yf dfoëfkns fprahbcbn qua novcfr n kchckczfr ef pfrtcgcpfgc÷h ba uhf kular ah femn gnhstctuëf uh mrfva ifux pfs . pfs . Wch akofrmn, da fquë f bns mfcs novcfhbn ae pfpae ba fe kahns uhf kular guyf iuhgc÷h dforæ scbn ckpnrtfhta ah tnbn asta fsuhtn: as kæs, novcfhbn su pfrtcgcpfgc÷h ah ef qua quczæ saf uhf ba efs vcvahgcfs kæs ckpnrtfhtas qua puaba tahar uhf parsnhf. Ef samuhbf rfz÷h pfrf pfrfrsa f pahsfr gnhscsta ah qua ef hntcgcf bae oaoã ba Bfeay y Oefgj, gnh tnbn su onftn, aqucvfeëf f kahtcrea f tnbf uhf maharfgc÷h ba l÷vahas mfcs. Pnrqua en gcartn as qua, f pasfr ba qua efs easocfhfs en tcahah kæs iægce, pfrf ens mfcs rasuetf axtrfnrbchfrcfkahta bciëgce tahar uh dcln ocne÷mcgn, y fuh gufhbn ae paquaön tahbræyaepuaba kftarcfe ba uhn ah ba ens pfbras, en en gnhscmfh, qua pefhtaf uhf sarcasnen ba bubfs bfr mahãtcgn pca f tahscnhas uh iuturn hn kuy ealfhn. Parn ef kahtcrf rasuetf kæs avcbahta tnbfvëf gufhbn pahsfkns qua astn ‒qua bns dnkoras tahmfh uh dcln gnh ae FBH ba uhn ba aeens‒ as femn f en qua ef kfynrëf ba efs pfralfs mfcs hn tcahah fggasn. Wnen ens kuy rcgns puabah parkctërsaen, yf qua ef gnkprf ba ÷vuens n ef mastfgc÷h suornmfbf hn sfeah ofrftfs. Iua hagasfrcf uhf gneukhf ba npchc÷h pfrf qua tnbn astn sa puscarf snora ae tfpata. Asa kcskn bëf, uh mrupn eefkfbn Wtnp Iuhbchm Dfta puoecg÷ uhf ecstf ba ef akprasfs qua sa fhuhgcfofh ah ae Bfcey ae  Bfcey  Kfce   , ah uh chtahtn ba prascnhfrefs pfrf qua ratcrfrfh su puoecgcbfb ba uh  Kfce parc÷bcgn sa fgusfof ba «astfr gfbf vaz bëf ba npchc÷h 72  Rnbn maharfe bafeefqua sngcabfb orctæhcgfº. pnr kahns dfoar fe bcgdn «uhefsamuhbn, vfkns f varº fhta ae fhuhgcn ba qua bns dnkoras cofh f tahar uh dcln. Ef fgtctub bae «hn snen cmufeas, schn femn kalnrasº scmua tfh vcvf ah ae baofta snora ef dnknsaxufecbfb gnkn ah kugdns ntrns. Ah ?062, uh mrupn ba chvastcmfbnras ba ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Kaeonurha eeavfrnh f gfon uh astubcn ah ae qua sa knstrfof qua ens dclns ba efs pfralfs bae kcskn saxn arfh kæs sfhns y iaecgas qua ens ba efs pfralfs datarnsaxufeas. Pfrf ae chvastcmfbnr prchgcpfe bae prnyagtn, ae bngtnr Wcknh Grnugd, uhf ba efs gfusfs ba astn arf qua efs pfralfs bae kcskn saxn hn gfah ah ens «astarantcpns ba mãharnº 71

trfbcgcnhfeas, en gufe rabuhbf ah uhfAh«uhcbfb kæs frknhcnsfº. cbaf hn as ah fosneutn chiraguahta. ?060, efifkcecfr OOG akctc÷ uhf mrfofgc÷h Ef ah

 

ef qua ef ravarahbf Wdfrnh Iarmusnh (bcragtnrf maharfe bae Knvckcahtn Grcstcfhn Easocfhn y Mfy) fsamurfof qua efs easocfhfs gnkn aeef hn snen pnbëfh sar tfh ouahfs prnmahctnrfs gnkn uhf pfralf datarnsaxufe, schn qua ba dagdn arfh chgeusn kalnras. 79  Ficrkfgcnhas ba asta tcpn, ofsfbfs ah bftns bubnsns y gnh kæs tchtas ba prnpfmfhbf qua ba fhæecscs, puabah nërsa gnh gnhscbarfoea iraguahgcf. Pnr alakpen, ah kfrzn ba ?064 uh mrupn ba chvastcmfbnras bae ]ceecfks Chstctuta ba ef Ifguetfb ba Baragdn ba ef QGEF puoecg÷ ens rasuetfbns ba uh astubcn rafeczfbn f en efrmn ba bnga föns gnh 161 pfralfs bae astfbn ba Yarknht. Wamüh astf chvastcmfgc÷h, efs pfralfs ba dnkoras mfcs tahëfh kahns prnofocecbfbas ba sapfrfrsa qua efs pfralfs easocfhfs n datarnsaxufeas. 7= Ef prahsf ‒y hn snen ef mfy‒ hn tfrb÷ ah dfgarsa agn bae dfeefzmn gnh tctuefras gnkn< «Qh astubcn ravaef qua ens kftrcknhcns mfcs tcahah kahns prnofocecbfbas ba rnkparsa qua ens kftrcknhcns datarnsº. 74 Pnbrëf pahsfrsa qua ae takf ba efs ifkcecfs dnknpfrahtfeas snen fiagtf f ef bcstchgc÷h ahtra dnknsaxufeas y quaars quaars   , parn ah efs kfhciastfgcnhas ba femuhns kabcns puaba ragnhngarsa ae agn ba uhf ba efs panras prngefkfs qua basba scakpra dfh axcstcbn ah ens kærmahas bae knvckcahtn pnr ens baragdns quaar . . Ka raicarn f ef ficrkfgc÷h ba qua ef cmufebfb hn as suicgcahta, yf qua quaar ens dnknsaxufeas, ba femüh knbn, snh «kalnrasº qua efs parsnhfs datarns. Burfhta uhf prntastf, ae fgtcvcstf rfbcgfe astfbnuhcbahsa _noart _fisjy iua mrfofbn mrctfhbn< «¡Wnkns kæs ckpnrtfhtas qua aeens!º, ah raiarahgcf f ens datarnsaxufeas. Qhf fgtctub qua, gnkn saöfef Oruga Ofwar, «hn as kahns basfmrfbfoea qua ef ba ens datarnsaxufeas qua bfh pnr sahtfbn qua snh kæs ckpnrtfhtas qua ens dnknsaxufeasº. 73  Ef guastc÷h, gnkn tfhtfs ntrfs, as gnhiusf. Ahtra efs gnhiuscnhas qua vahckns saöfefhbn dfy uhf qua quczæ as ef kæs ckpnrtfhta ba tnbfs, f sfoar< sc sar dnknsaxufe scmhcicgf sahtcr ftrfggc÷h pnr efs parsnhfs bae kcskn saxn n sc ocah qucara bagcr qua uhn inrkf pfrta ba uh mrfh prnyagtn pneëtcgn. ¾EN MFS AW PNEËRCGN > Fhtas bae raiarãhbuk bae Oraxct ba ?069, femucah ea pramuht÷ fe fgtnr scr Cfh KgJaeeah quã pahsfof vntfr. Ae tctuefr ba ef ahtravcstf iua< «Ae Oraxct hn tcaha sahtcbn aras mfyº. KgJaeeah burfhta bãgfbfs df rafeczfbn uhf mrfh efonr ahscbaiahsf ba ens baragdns‒qua iuhbfkahtfeas ba ens dnknsaxufeas‒ 

 

bagëf qua, basba uhf ÷ptcgf mfy, snen dfoëf «uhf npgc÷h< quabfrsa. Wc aras mfy, aras chtarhfgcnhfecstfº. 20 Pnr en vcstn, qucahas graëfh sar dnknsaxufeas y pahsfofh vntfr f ifvnr bae Oraxct hn dfoëfh ahtahbcbn hfbf. Gnkn ngurra f kahubn, panras oftfeefs sa dfh ecorfbn ah asta sahtcbn ah Astfbns Qhcbns. Ae ?6 ba luecn ba ?069 baoarëf dfoar scbn uh mrfh bëf pfrf ens baiahsnras ba ens baragdns ba ens dnknsaxufeas ah Astfbns Qhcbns. Asa bëf, Patar Rdcae suoc÷ fe astrfbn ba ef Gnhvahgc÷h Hfgcnhfe _apuoecgfhf (GH_) ah Geavaefhb, Ndcn, y sa bcrcmc÷ fe fubctnrcn. Rdcae hn arf ae prckar dnkora mfy qua dfoefof ah gcrguhstfhgcfs sckcefras, parn së ae prckarn qua en dfgëf f snefs y bagefræhbnsa focartfkahta dnknsaxufe. Ae gniuhbfbnr ba PfyPfe y uhn ba ens prckarns chvarsnras ba Ifgaonnj bal÷ gefrf su nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe basba ae prckar knkahtn gufhbn suoc÷ f bfr su fpnyn f Bnhfeb Rrukp gnkn gfhbcbftn f ef prascbahgcf pnr ae Pfrtcbn _apuoecgfhn. Burfhta su bcsgursn, Rdcae ficrk÷< «Astny nrmueensn ba sar mfy. Astny nrmueensn ba sar rapuoecgfhn. Parn snora tnbn astny nrmueensn ba sar fkarcgfhnº. Wus pfeforfs iuarnh ragcocbfs gnh vëtnras. Femn chckfmchfoea uhfs pngfs aeaggcnhas. HOG iua uhn ba fsë ensdforëf kabcnsscbn maharfecstfs qua dfga ragcoc÷ ef hntcgcf gnh ens orfzns focartns< «Patar Rdcae dfga dcstnrcf ah ef GH_º. Ef prahsf mfy hn sa knstr÷ tfh aiuscvf.  Fbvngfta  Fbvngfta ,  , ef prchgcpfe ravcstf mfy ba Astfbns Qhcbns, frrakatc÷ gnhtrf Rdcae ah uh axtahsn y gurcnsn frtëguen ah ae qua oæscgfkahta en axgnkuemfof ba ef cmeascf mfy. Ae tctuefr razfof< «Patar Rdcae balf ocah gefrn qua axcsta uhf bciarahgcf ahtra ae saxn mfy y en mfyº. Ah ef ahtrfbceef ba su frtëguen ba 6.700 pfeforfs, Lck Bnwhs (prniasnr tctuefr ba Dcstnrcf ah ae Gnhhagtcgut Gneeama) sa pramuhtfof< «Gufhbn uhn balf ba efbn hukarnsns fspagtns ba ef cbahtcbfb quaar quaar ,  , ¾scmua scahbn EMOR>º. Bnwhs ragnhngëf qua Rdcae arf uh «dnkora qua kfhtcaha raefgcnhas saxufeas gnh ntrns dnkorasº, parn pnhëf ah bubf qua iuarf «mfyº ah hchmüh ntrn sahtcbn. «Puaba pfragar uhf guastc÷h kahnr ‒fbkctëf ae futnr‒, parn ah aeef sa ahgfrhf uhf bcstchgc÷h grugcfe raeftcvf f huastrfs cbafs snora ef saxufecbfb, ef cbahtcbfb y ef gnkuhcbfb.º Rrfs basbaöfr f qucahas sfeubfofh ae bcsgursn ba Rdcae gnkn uh dctn dcst÷rcgn ‒yf hn bcmfkns gnkn uh mastn «prnmrascstfº‒, Bnwhs prnhuhgcfof su fhftakf< «Rdcae as uh alakpen ba dnkora qua kfhtcaha raefgcnhas saxufeas gnh ntrns dnkoras, parn hn ba dnkora mfy, puastn qua hn fpnyf ef eugdf ba qucahas basafh forfzfr su cbahtcbfb bcstchtcvfº.

 

Ef prckarf pruaof ba huastrn gfzfbnr ba daralas gnhscstëf ah qua, ah su bcsgursn fhta ef GH_, Rdcae dfoëf rastfbn ckpnrtfhgcf f ef kuy hnoea bcsgusc÷h snora ae usn ba ens oföns püoecgns pnr pfrta ba efs parsnhfs trfhs (quã oföns baoarëfh usfr y g÷kn baoarëfh astfr aqucpfbns). Wc ocah dfoëf bcgdn qua hn astfof ba fguarbn gnh «tnbns y gfbf uhn ba ens prasupuastns bae pfrtcbnº, tfkocãh dfoëf fsamurfbn qua «en ühcgn qua dfgah efs ifesfs muarrfs gueturfeas as bcstrfarhns pfrf hn qua hn vafkns ae batarcnrn ba huastrf agnhnkëfº. S gnhtchufof< «Gufhbn yn arf hcön, ae mrfh baofta arf g÷kn barrntfr f ef Qhc÷h Wnvcãtcgf. Dny hns bcgah qua ae mrfh baofta mcrf ah tnrhn f qucãh baoa usfr gfbf gufrtn ba ofön. Astn hns bcstrfa ba ens prnoeakfs rafeas. ¾Vuã kæs bf>º. Ae gnkahtfrcn gfy÷ kuy ocah ah Geavaefhb, y sc efs ahguastfs snh chbcgftcvfs ba femn, dforëf gfëbn cmufe ba ocah ah gufequcar ntrf pfrta bae pfës. Chgeusn pnbrëf sar ae kntcvn pnr ae gufe dfy kæs mahta prangupfbf pnr ef agnhnkëf qua pnr ae fggasn f ens oföns püoecgns. Wch akofrmn, pfrf ef mahta ba Fbvngfta ba  Fbvngfta tfhtf  tfhtf datarnbnxcf rasuetfof axgascvf. Pasa f raficrkfrsa ah sus «aeaggcnhas saxufeasº, Rdcae arf guepfoea ba «baskfrgfrsa ba ef cbahtcbfb mfyº. Wus npchcnhas snora ef raeftcvf chscmhcicgfhgcf ba ens oföns ba efs parsnhfs trfhsmãharn pfrf ef sngcabfb ah maharfe supnhëfh «uh ragdfzn aiagtcvn ba ef gnhgapgc÷h ba en EMOR gnkn cbahtcbfb gueturfe qua baoa baiahbarsa pnr kabcn ba ef eugdf pneëtcgfº. F Rdcae sa en fgusfof ba inrkfr pfrta ba uh knvckcahtn qua, basba ef bãgfbf ba 63=0, «hn dfoëf fpnstfbn pnr ef grafgc÷h ba uhf cbahtcbfb gueturfe tfhtn gnkn en dfoëfh dagdn sus prabagasnrasº. Fe pfragar, ae ãxctn ba ef ecoarfgc÷h dnknsaxufe ens dfoëf dagdn bascstcr ba asf «efonr gueturfeº, y asn arf paecmrnsn, gnkn ocah kfsfgra baknstrfof (fuhqua ahhn uhf quaba kuy gefrn quã sahtcbn) uhf ragcahta parpatrfbf bcsgntagf mfy. ah Bnwhs gnhgeuëf ragnrbfhbn f sus eagtnras qua «ae knvckcahtn ba ecoarfgc÷h dnknsaxufe hns df balfbn uhf darahgcf pnbarnsf, y pfrf prntamar astf darahgcf dfy qua gnkprahbar ae scmhcicgfbn bae tãrkchn ―mfy‛, pfrf hn usfren tfh snen gnkn sch÷hckn ba basan a chtckcbfb dnknar÷tcgnsº. 26 Ah rafecbfb, ef kfsfgra ba ef bcsgntagf Puesa ba Nrefhbn, gnkatcbf ah uhcn ba ?069, iua norf ba uh lnvah kusuekæh qua dfoëf lurfbn eafetfb f Astfbn Cseækcgn. Parn asta batfeea hn agd÷ pfrf ftræs hc f  Fbvngfta  Fbvngfta   hc f ef Kfrgdf bae Nrmueen Mfy, qua sa gaeaor÷ asa kcskn kas ah Huavf Snrj y ah

 

ef qua pubn varsa uhf mrfh pfhgfrtf pchtfbf gnh ens gnenras bae frgnërcs y efs pfeforfs «¡Ae nbcn rapuoecgfhn kftf!º, eakf qua pfsfof pnr fetn qua Nkfr Kftaah hn arf kcakorn bae Pfrtcbn _apuoecgfhn. Ae prnoeakf hn as tfh snen qua ens futnprngefkfbns nrmfhczfbnras ba ef «gnkuhcbfb dnknsaxufeº tahmfh uhf gnhgapgc÷h kuy batarkchfbf ba ef pneëtcgf, schn qua fbakæs tcahah uhf gnhgapgc÷h kuy batarkchfbf ba efs raspnhsfocecbfbas qua gnheeavf ae dagdn ba sar mfy. Ah ?067, ae hnvaecstf Orat Afstnh Aeecs vcn gnkn sa vatfof su fscstahgcf f ef garaknhcf ba ahtramf ba prakcns ba ef nrmfhczfgc÷h dnknsaxufe MEFFB. Aeecs iua bagefrfbn guepfoea ba dfoarsa ourefbn ba femuhns parsnhflas taeavcscvns mfcs ah uhf sarca ba tucts «f ens qua ef gnkuhcbfb mfy df rafggcnhfbn ba inrkf hamftcvfº. 2? Asta kcskn tnhn gahsnr ‒gnkn ba kfastrn ba asguaef rapcpc‒  rafpfraga ah ef ecstf ba ragnkahbfgcnhas qua  Pchj Haws  Haws  puoecg÷ ah ?064 snora g÷kn ens datarns «baoah gnkpnrtfrsa ah ens ofras mfcsº. 27 Ah fkons gfsns, ef rafggc÷h hnrkfe ba femucah sarëf bagcr< «Parn ¾qucãh baknhcns ns dfoãcs graëbn qua sncs>º. Rrfs ae echgdfkcahtn suircbn pnr su daralëf, Aeecs inrkue÷ en qua samüh ãe sa dfoëf gnhvartcbn ah uh huavn prnoeakf pfrf ens mfcs. Ae prnoeakf gnhscstëf ah qua astæofkns vcvcahbn ah uh «rachn ah ae qua ae Dnkora Mfy sa aqucpfrf f uh Aein Kæmcgn qua ah gfbf uhf ba sus fpfrcgcnhas sa hns kuastrf gnkn uhf suarta ba A.R. fhmaecgfe guyf ühcgf ichfecbfb as sarknhafrhns f prnp÷sctn ba ef Rnearfhgcf, huastrns Pralucgcns y ef hagascbfb ba Wahtcrhns Ocah gnh Hnsntrns Kcskns y gnhvartcrhns ah  º. sëkonens º. sëkonens Ae rachn bae kæmcgn aein mfy sa df gnhvartcbn ah ae ühcgn knbn fgaptfoea ba qua ef sngcabfb dfmf efs pfgas gnh ef dnknsaxufecbfb. Ens dnknsaxufeas puabah gfsfrsantrf gnkn gufequcar parsnhf, puabah ichmcr qua tcahah dclns gnkn gufequcar parsnhf y, ahntrf maharfe ‒gnkn dfgah Bustch Efhga Oefgj y Rnk Bfeay basba su gfhfe ba SnuRuoa‒, puabah knstrfr fe kuhbn qua snh mahta chniahscvf qua babcgf su vcbf f pfsftcakpns tfh guqucs gnkn dnrhafr gupgfjas gupgfjas   . Gnkn bcln Aeecs, «ae Mfy Buega, Waxufekahta Chngun y Wuparaxctnsn astæ supuastfkahta bastchfbn f gnhvartcr f ens Datarns ah hnoeas y gfrcönsns prntagtnras ba ens mfcs, scakpra y gufhbn asns mfcs hn frkah bakfscfbn asgæhbfen, dfmfh fefrba ba saxufecbfb n sa gnkpnrtah ba kfharf bciëgceº. 22  Ae qua iuarf ae ahifht tarrcoea  tarrcoea  ba ef hnvaeëstcgf astfbnuhcbahsa dfoëf puastn ae babn ah ef eefmf.

 

¾GQÆEAW WNH EFW GFQWFW KÆW P_NOFOEAW BA EF «DNKNINOCF º> Hfbf ba en bcgdn lustcicgf ae nbcn hc ef vcneahgcf dfgcf efs parsnhfs, y tfhtn kahns dfgcf ens gneagtcvns, parn ahtra ef agufhckcbfb fosneutf y ae basan ba ftfgfr vcneahtfkahta f femucah dfy kuetctub ba mrfbns chtarkabcns. S ef rafecbfb as qua femuhns datarnsaxufeas tcahah ef As ckprasc÷h ba kugdns, qua efs parsnhfs dnknsaxufeas pnhah f pruaof su pfgcahgcf. pnscoea qua fgfsn ef kfynrëf n chgeusn tnbns ens datarnsaxufeas scahtfh femn pfragcbn< hn as qua ens nbcah, hc kugdn kahns, parn eas grcspfh ens harvcns. Ef kfynrëf ba ens frtëguens y astubcns snora en qua df bfbn ah eefkfrsa «dnkninocfº sa dfh gahtrfbn ah efs ifesfs lustcicgfgcnhas qua sa bfh pfrf alargaref, parn efs rfznhas prnofoeas ba su axcstahgcf sa dfh pfsfbn pnr fetn. As femn qua fiagtf snora tnbn f ens mfcs, y hn tfhtn f efs easocfhfs. Pnr küetcpeas rfznhas dcst÷rcgfs y sngcfeas, ae easocfhcskn rfrf vaz df scbn vcstn gnkn uh ftfqua iuhbfkahtfe gnhtrf ae nrbah sngcfe, gnsf qua së df ngurrcbn gnh ef dnknsaxufecbfb kfsguechf. Vuczæ pnrqua dfy femn ah ef hfturfeazf ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb ahtra dnkoras qua ftföa f ef rfëz kcskf, yf hn ba ef saxufecbfb ba femuhfs parsnhfs, schn ba ef saxufecbfb ah maharfe. Ah ef rfëz ba ef ftrfggc÷h datarnsaxufe ahtra dnkoras y kularas sa dfeefh uhf sarca ba ahcmkfs qua tnbfvëf hn dfh ahgnhtrfbn raspuastf y fgfsn hn ef ahguahtrah huhgf. Ae kcstarcn y ef gnhiusc÷h akpcazfh yf gnh ae rctufe ba ef gctf, uh geæscgn ah gfsc tnbfs efs gnkabcfs y trfmabcfs qua sa dfh asgrctn basba ae prchgcpcn ba ens tcakpns. Wch akofrmn, ens chtarrnmfhtas kæs frbuns y burfbarns suoyfgah f ens rctufeas bae gnrtaln y ef gctf, y f kahubn dfeefh su kæxckf axprasc÷h burfhta ae rctufe bae fpfrafkcahtn. Ef kular qucara sfoar quã ousgf ae dnkora, quã qucara y quã scahta ‒sc as qua femn scahta‒  burfhta ae fgtn saxufe. Astfs pramuhtfs snh takf ba gnhvarsfgc÷h gnhstfhta ahtra fkcmfs y iuahta ba prangupfgc÷h a chgeusn ba fhmustcf ah femüh knkahtn (f vagas ah tnbns) ba ef vcbf f pfrtcr ba ef fbneasgahgcf. Wc ah huastrf sngcabfb dfy femn aqucpfrfoea f ef gnhiusc÷h y ef fhmustcf qua efs kularas scahtah gnh raspagtn ens dnkoras, snh efs pramuhtfs qua ens dnkoras sa dfgah fgargf ba efs kularas. Ae takf ba gfsc tnbfs efs gnkabcfs brfkætcgfs mcrf ah tnrhn f ef chgfpfgcbfb ba ens dnkoras pfrf gnkprahbar f efs kularas. ¾Vuã pcahsfh> ¾Vuã qucarah> ¾Pnr quã as tfh bciëgce chtarpratfr sus fggcnhas> ¾Pnr quã gfbf saxn asparf qua ae ntrn sapf basgcirfr sus pfeforfs, fgtns y sceahgcns, gufhbn hchmüh kcakorn ba uh saxn df vcstn huhgf ae kfhufe ba basgnbcicgfgc÷h bae saxn npuastn>

 

Ens basvaens y pramuhtfs bae vfr÷h dnknsaxufe tcahah ae kcskn nrcmah qua ens ba ef kular gnh raspagtn fe dnkora< ¾g÷kn as ae fgtn saxufe pfrf ae ntrn> ¾Vuã scahta ef ntrf parsnhf> ¾Vuã ea rapnrtf> ¾G÷kn sa fgnpefh ens saxns> Ens fhtcmuns, pnr supuastn, yf sa dfoëfh dagdn astfs pramuhtfs. Efs ahgnhtrfkns chschufbfs ah Peft÷h, snora tnbn ah ef ifknsf chtarvahgc÷h ba Frcst÷ifhas ah ae Ofhquata Ofhquata   . Parn ef raspuastf huhgf eeamf. Ae kcstarcn gnhtchüf, y en kæs prnofoea as qua scmf scahbn fsë. S fquë as bnhba ef prasahgcf ba ens dnknsaxufeas, prchgcpfekahta ens vfrnhas, dfga su aharvfhta ahtrfbf ah asgahf. Pnrqua dfstf ef fpfrcgc÷h ba ef gcrumëf pfrf fquaeefs parsnhfs qua graah qua dfh hfgcbn ah uh guarpn aqucvngfbn (kæs fbaefhta fouhbfrakns ah astn), qucahas vcflfofh ahtra saxns arfh ens dnknsaxufeas vfrnhas, y astn hn pnrqua ah su hfturfeazf duocarf uhf vartcahta pnbarnsfkahta iakahchf, schn pnrqua tahëfh femüh vcseukora bae sagratn qua efs kularas mufrbfh ah su saxn. Wa trftf ba uhf guastc÷h ‒y ba uhf prangupfgc÷h‒ qua axcsta basba dfga kceahcns. _agnrbakns ef eayahbf Rcrascfs, tfe yy Luhn, gnkn qua sa uh hfrrf  Katfknrinscs  Katfknrinscs .  . Nvcbcn guahtf efba dcstnrcf ba Lüpctar ouahah bëfefs sa pnhah f ornkafr fgargf ba efs raefgcnhas saxufeas. Lüpctar ea bcga f Luhn< «Yuastrn pefgar as sch bubf kfynr qua ae qua gnrraspnhba f ens kfgdnsº. Luhn bcsgrapf, ba knbn qua bagcbah gnhsuetfrea f Rcrascfs, qua «gnhngëf efs bns gfrfs bae fknrº. Ef dcstnrcf ba Rcrascfs as gnkpealf. Wamüh Nvcbcn, Rcrascfs dfoëf vcstn uhf vaz f bns sarpcahtas qua gnpuefofh ah ae onsqua, y fe mnepafrefs gnh su oæguen sa dfoëf trfhsinrkfbn ah kular. Rrfs scata föns vcvcahbn ofln ae fspagtn ba uhf kular, fe ngtfvn vnevc÷ f ahgnhtrfrsa gnh efs sarpcahtas. «Wc ae pnbar bae mnepa qua dfoãcs suircbn as tfh mrfhba qua trfhsinrkf ae saxn sa baetrfhsinrk÷ fmrasnr ahhuavfkahta ae gnhtrfrcn,ah fdnrf ns mnepafrã ntrf vazº, eas bcln. S fe dfgaren, dnkora. Lüpctar y Luhn ragurrah f Rcrascfs pnrqua qucarah qua bcrckf ef guastc÷h ba sc snh ens dnkoras n efs kularas qucahas bcsirutfh kæs dfgcahbn fe fknr. Ae vcflarn chtarsaxufe bagefrf qua Lüpctar tcaha rfz÷h< ae mnga ba efs kularas as kfynr. Niahbcbf pnr ae varabcgtn, Luhn gnhbahf f Rcrascfs f ef gamuarf, y pfrf gnkpahsfren pnr su basmrfgcf (puas hchmüh bcns puaba basdfgar en qua ntrn df dagdn), \aus ea gnhgaba ae bnh ba ef prniagëf, qua kæs tfrba ea parkctcræ f Rcrascfs prabagcr ae bastchn ba Hfrgcsn. 21 Fe kfrmah ba bcnsas, sarpcahtas y oæguens, ef eayahbf ba Rcrascfs susgctf ‒y ah gcartn knbn raspnhba‒ uhf qua pramuhtf mfcs tcahah femn bagcr.kuy prniuhbf. Qhf pramuhtf ah ef qua ens dnkoras

 

Gurcnsfkahta, pngfs parsnhfs sa ef dfh pefhtafbn ba inrkf sarcf. Qhn ba ens pngns qua ah ens üetckns tcakpns en df dagdn as ae asgrctnr y (hn pnr fzfr) ice÷enmn geæscgn Bfhcae Kahbaesndh ah Rda Aeuscva Akorfga< Bascra fhb tda _cbbea ni Cbahtcty , Cbahtcty , puoecgfbn ah 6333, uh ecorn f kabcn gfkchn ahtra efs kaknrcfs y ef dcstnrcf ifkcecfr ah ae qua fonrbf pnrkahnrczfbfkahta asta takf. Kahbaesndh sa pramuhtf g÷kn as ef axparcahgcf saxufe ahtra bns dnkoras< Ah gcartf kfharf, as gnkn ef axparcahgcf ba Rcrascfs: da fquë pnr quã ens dnkoras mfcs tcahah femn ba schcastrn y pnr quã ef cbaf ba uh dnkora mfy rasuetf parturofbnrf a chg÷knbf. Rnbns ens dnkoras datarns qua dfh rafeczfbn ae fgtn iëscgn bae fknr sfoah quã sa scahta fe pahatrfr f su gnkpföarf burfhta ae gnctn, fe astfr bahtrn bahtrn   ba ef ntrf parsnhf: tnbfs efs kularas qua dfh tahcbn raefgcnhas sfoah quã sa scahta fe sar pahatrfbf, fe tahar f ntrn bahtrn ba së. Wch akofrmn, ae dnkora mfy, ah ae pragcsn knkahtn ah qua pahatrf f su gnkpföarn n as pahatrfbn pnr ãe, sfoa axfgtfkahta quã astæ schtcahbn y axparckahtfhbn ae ntrn, yf qua pnsaa ef axparcahgcf bae fgtn gnhtrfrcn, gnkpeakahtfrcn. Ae saxn ahtra dnkoras bcsuaeva ef ntrabfb y ef vuaeva kcskcbfb, kah sa  sa tnrhf ba ,  , ah uh aqucecorcn dfy hfbfahquanotahar ae uhn hn sapf snoraaeaekah ntrn. Wc aeba nolatcvn akngcnhfepariagtn< bae fgtnhn gnhscsta uh gnhngckcahtn tntfe gnhngckcahtn  tntfe bae ntrn, puaba qua ae saxn mfy saf, f su kfharf, pariagtn, puas ah ãe ae gnhngckcahtn tntfe ba ef axparcahgcf flahf as, fe ich, pnscoea. Wch akofrmn, bfbn qua ae nolatn ba asa gnhngckcahtn yf as pariagtfkahta gnhngcbn pnr fkofs pfrtas, ae fgtn as tfkocãh, ah gcartn knbn, rabuhbfhta. Vuczæ pnr asn kugdns ba hnsntrns ousgfkns ef rapatcgc÷h, gnkn sc prniuhbczfr iuarf ckpnscoea.

F gnhtchufgc÷h, Kahbaesndh basgrcoa uh pnakf ba uh fkcmn suyn snora uh kugdfgdn mfy qua astæ vcahbn uh pfrtcbn ba iütone fkarcgfhn ahtra dnkoras f ens qua, sceahgcnsf y gaensfkahta, basaf. Ae pnakf gnhgeuya gnh ef eulurcnsf a ckfmchftcvf basgrcpgc÷h ba ens lumfbnras dfgcahbn ae fknr gnh sus hnvcfs y ba uhn ba asns dnkoras «duhbcãhbnsa f trfvãs ba aeef ah su prnpcf pfsc÷hº. Kahbaesndh dfoef tfkocãh ba sus fhtarcnras axparcahgcfs datarnsaxufeas, y fuhqua fbkcta qua hn iuarnh basfmrfbfoeas, fsamurf qua arfh «gnkn prfgtcgfr uh bapnrta pfrf ae qua hn tcahas ae iëscgn fbagufbnº. S föfba< En qua raguarbn ba fquaeens fpfrafkcahtns chbciarahtas as astn< qua gufhbn uh dnkora prfgtcgf ae saxn gnh uhf kular, sa duhba ah aeef. Aeef as ef gnsf qua ãe basaf, n ah ngfscnhas taka, parn ah gufequcar gfsn as ae puhtn tarkchfe, ae eumfr fe qua sa bcrcma . . Aeef as ae bastchn. Ae dnkora mfy, burfhta ae fgtn saxufe, sa duhba f trfvãs ba bcrcma su gnkpföarn pfrf ramrasfr f së kcskn, uhf y ntrf vaz.

S gnhtchüf<

 

Da tahcbn raefgcnhas gnh kugdns dnkoras. Ef kfynrëf tcahah uh fspagtn batarkchfbn. Wnh ba astfturf kabcfhf y kæs ocah mufpns. As prnofoea qua tahmfh ens nlns fzueas. Ycstns pnr ef gfeea n basba ae ntrn efbn ba uhf dfoctfgc÷h, akfhfh uh fcra vfmfkahta sneakha. Gufhbn ens forfzn, as gnkn sc ka duhbcarf f trfvãs ba uh raiealn pfrf ramrasfr f kc basan, f fquaeen qua ka baicha, kc yn. 29

Ef nosarvfgc÷h ba Kahbaesndh rasuetf chtarasfhtësckf y, vfrnhas‒  f ef vaz, parturofbnrf, puas sumcara qua ens dnknsaxufeas ‒ snora tnbn ens scakpra tahbræh femn axtrfön y, ah pntahgcf, fkahfzfbnr. Hn pnrqua ef dnknsaxufecbfb saf uhf ofsa ahbaoea snora ef gufe arcmcr ef cbahtcbfb chbcvcbufe y uhf inrkf tarrcoeakahta chastfoea snora ef gufe inrlfr uhf cbahtcbfb gneagtcvf, schn pnrqua ens mfcs scakpra pnhbræh ah ahtrabcgdn femn qua pfrf ae mrupn qua inrkf ef kfynrëf ba ef sngcabfb as chhftn. Rnbfs efs kularas tcahah femn qua ens dnkoras datarnsaxufeas basafh. Aeefs gustnbcfh, y f ef vaz utceczfh, uhf aspagca ba kfmcf. Ae prnoeakf as qua ens mfcs pfragah sar pfrtëgcpas ba su sagratn. Puaba qua pfrf femuhns astn saf femn ecoarfbnr. F femuhfs eas saxufe‒ mustf gnkahtfr prnoeakfs ‒chgeucbns enskularas ba ëhbnea gnh ae gnh saxndnkoras npuastn,mfcs kæssusn kahns gnkn asns dnkoras datarns f ens qua eas mustf tahar uh fkcmn ocechmõa gnh ae qua prfgtcgfr uhf eahmuf axtrfhlarf. Wch akofrmn, dfy parsnhfs pfrf efs qua astn scakpra saræ kntcvn ba basfsnscamn. Pnrqua pfrf aeefs ae dnknsaxufe ‒snora tnbn sc as dnkora‒ scakpra saræ femucah qua sfoa bakfscfbn.

 

CHRA_EQBCN  Ens iuhbfkahtns kfrxcstfs Grabn qucf fosurbuk ZGran qua pnrqua as fosurbn[ RA_RQECFHN (ftrcoucbn)

Ah 6366 fpfragc÷ uh ifknsn gfrtae tctuefbn «Rrfoflfbnras Chbustrcfeas bae Kuhbnº qua raprasahtfof ef supuastf «pcrækcba bae scstakf gfpctfecstfº. Ah ef pfrta chiarcnr ba ef pcrækcba sa ahgnhtrfofh ens asinrzfbns dnkoras, kularas y hcöns ba ef gefsa norarf, qua snstahëfh ae rastn ba ef astrugturf snora sus nrmueensfs, y axdfustfs aspfebfs. eayahbf qua fgnkpföfof f astf pfrtarnoustfs iuhbfkahtfe bae scstakf razfof< Ef «Rrfoflfkns pnr tnbnsº y «Ens feckahtfkns f tnbnsº. Ah ae hcvae chkabcftfkahta suparcnr fpfragëfh, sahtfbns ah tnrhn f uhf kasf y vastcbns ba atcquatf, ens kcakorns ba ef onyfhta y fbcharfbf gefsa gfpctfecstf, snstahcbf pnr ens norarns guyn trfofln eas parkctëf parkfhagar ngcnsns. Ef eayahbf bagëf fquë< «Gnkakns pnr vnsntrnsº. Ahgckf ba astns, sa ahgnhtrfofh ens kcectfras («Bcspfrfkns pnr vnsntrnsº). Ahgckf, ae gearn («Ns ahmföfknsº). Ahgckf, ens knhfrgfs («Ns mnoarhfknsº). S pnr üetckn, ah ef güspcba ba ef pcrækcba, pnr ahgckf chgeusn ba ens knhfrgfs, fpfragëf uhf mrfh onesf ba bcharn gnh ae sëkonen bae b÷efr.Qhf Ah asta hcvaeknbcicgfbf pnbëf eaarsa atcquatf< «Gfpctfecsknº. varsc÷h baefasta vcaln asquakf sa df focartn pfsn dfstf ae hügean kcskn ba ef cbanenmëf ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe. Qhf ba efs rfznhas qua sumcarah qua astf huavf astrugturf tcaha sus iuhbfkahtns ah ae kfrxcskn as qua ae gfpctfecskn scmua ngupfhbn ef pfrta suparcnr ba ef pcrækcba ba ef nprasc÷h y ef axpentfgc÷h. Wch akofrmn, ae rastn ba ens asgfefinhas ba ef arfrquëf astæh ngupfbns pnr ntrns tcpns ba parsnhfs. Frrcof bae tnbn sa ahguahtrfh ens vfrnhas oefhgns datarnsaxufeas. Hn dfga ifetf qua safh rcgns, fuhqua ef sctufgc÷h as tfhtn panr sc en snh. Baofln ba astns tcræhcgns gfgcquas, ahgnhtrfkns f efs kchnrëfs< dnknsaxufeas, parsnhfs hn oefhgfs, kularas y trfhs. Astns mrupns vcvah nprckcbns, kfrmchfbns y, ah maharfe, hchmuhafbns pnr ae scstakf pftrcfrgfe, datarnsaxufe y «gcsº. Bae kcskn knbn qua ae

 

kfrxcskn tahëf pnr nolatn ecoarfr fe norarn y rabcstrcoucr ef rcquazf, astf varsc÷h raknzfbf ba ef vcalf gnhscmhf fonmf pnr frraoftfrea ae pnbar fe pftrcfrgfbn oefhgn pfrf rabcstrcoucren ahtra ens mrupns kchnrctfrcns qua dfmfh fe gfsn. Fe prchgcpcn, ens npnhahtas ba astf huavf cbanenmëf hn sa ef tnkfrnh bakfscfbn ah sarcn. Femuhfs ba sus ragefkfgcnhas pfragëfh tfh rcbëguefs, y sus gnhtrfbcggcnhas tfh iefmrfhtas, qua fpahfs duon grëtcgfs gndarahtas. Iua uh arrnr. Gnkn cbanenmëf tcaha pragursnras kuy avcbahtas, parn fuh fsë sa trftf ba uhf cbanenmëf qua ‒gufeasqucarf qua sa gnhscbarah sus gfrahgcfs‒  prnpnrgcnhf uhf eahta f trfvãs ba ef gufe gnkprahbar ae kuhbn y bfr sahtcbn f ef vcbf y efs fggcnhas ba ens chbcvcbuns. Hn baoa axtrföfrhns qua ens fgfbãkcgns qua burfhta föns mastfrnh efs cbafs qua f ef pnstra bcarnh pfsn f astf tanrëf ba ef chtarsaggc÷h ba ens mrupns gnh chtarasas pfrtcguefras tuvcarfh chtarasas dcst÷rcgns ah gnküh. Hchmüh fgfbãkcgn qua baicahbf ef pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcf y ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb prnvcaha ba ef baragdfsnhgnhsarvfbnrf. pnr ens prasahta qua astn baoa snrprahbarhns kugdns. Qhn Ens as ae kntcvns sasmn cbane÷mcgn ah aehnkuhbn fgfbãkcgn. Qh astubcn rafeczfbn ah ?009 ah vfrcfs uhcvarscbfbas astfbnuhcbahsas ravae÷ qua ae 64 pnr gcahtn ba ens prniasnras ba gcahgcfs sngcfeas sa cbahtcicgfofh feamrakahta gnkn «kfrxcstfsº. F pasfr ba qua ntrns bapfrtfkahtns guahtfh gnh uh hükarn ba kfrxcstfs kæs n kahns rabugcbn, gufequcar bcsgcpechf ah ef qua uhf quchtf pfrta bae prniasnrfbn graf ah uh bnmkf sukfkahta gnhtrnvartcbn (f bagcr pngn) baoa baspartfr suspcgfgcfs. Ae kcskn astubcn basguorc÷ qua ae ?6 pnr gcahtn ba ens prniasnras ba gcahgcfs sngcfeas sa cbahtcicgfofh gnkn «fgtcvcstfsº y ae ?2 pnr gcahtn ba astns gnkn 6 Wa trftf ba uhf gcirf ofstfhta suparcnr f ef ba ens prniasnras qua rfbcgfeas. sa cbahtcicgfh gnkn «rapuoecgfhnsº ah gufequcar ækoctn ba astubcn. Fuh gufhbn hn sa cbahtcicqua gnkn tfe, ef czqucarbf kfrxcstf y pnskfrxcstf rasuetf ragnhngcoea pnr ens pahsfbnras f ens qua gctf y ravarahgcf, y guyfs tanrëfs trftf ba fpecgfr f tnbfs efs bcsgcpechfs y tnbns ens fspagtns ba ef vcbf. Ba Kcgdae Inugfuet, astns pahsfbnras fosnrocarnh ef cbaf ba qua ef sngcabfb hn as uh scstakf chichctfkahta gnkpealn ba pfgtns y trfbcgcnhas qua dfh avneugcnhfbn f en efrmn bae tcakpn, schn femn qua snen puaba ahtahbarsa f trfvãs bae ckpefgfoea prcskf bae «pnbarº. Nosarvfr tnbfs efs chtarfggcnhas dukfhfs basba astf ÷ptcgf bcstnrscnhf kæs qua fgefrf y dfga

uhf chtarpratfgc÷h basdnhastf ba huastrfs vcbfs. Aeefpnbar, g÷knae hn, as uhfy ba efs iuarzfs qua kuava ae kuhbn, parn tfkocãh gfrcbfb, parb÷h ae

 

fknr. Wc ea pramuhtæsakns f ef kfynrëf ba ef mahta quã as en kæs ckpnrtfhta ah ef vcbf, pngns bcrëfh «ae pnbarº. S hn pnrqua hn dfyfh fsckcefbn f Inugfuet, schn pnrqua varen tnbn f trfvãs ba asf eahta knhnkfhëfgf as parvarsn. Ef guastc÷h as qua pfrf gcartn tcpn ba parsnhfs kæs chtarasfbfs ah ef guepf qua ah ae parb÷h, Inugfuet parkcta axpecgfren tnbn. S en qua Inugfuet y sus fbkcrfbnras trftfh ba axpecgfr ah ae tarrahn ba efs raefgcnhas parsnhfeas, aeefs trftfh ba axpecgfren ah ae hcvae ba ef fetf pneëtcgf. Pfrf astfs parsnhfs, fosneutfkahta tnbn ah ef vcbf as uhf bagcsc÷h pneëtcgf y uh fgtn pneëtcgn. Ens pnskfrxcstfs qua chtahtfh axpecgfr ae kuhbn ba dny hn snen sa dfh ckoucbn ba efs cbafs ba Inugfuet y Kfrx. Ba Fhtnhcn Mrfksgc dfh fbnptfbn ef hngc÷h ba gueturf gnkn «iuarzf damak÷hcgfº guyn gnhtrne as, gufhbn kahns, tfh ckpnrtfhta gnkn ef gefsa norarf. Ba Mceeas Baeauza, gnhtakpnræhan ba Inugfuet, dfh fosnrocbn ef cbaf ba qua ae pfpae bae chbcvcbun gnhscsta ah var kæs feeæ y basknhtfr ef rab qua ef gueturf ah ef qua hfgakns tala f huastrn ferababnr. Ae nolatcvn nkhcprasahta ‒tnkfbn ba ef tanrëf ectarfrcf irfhgasf‒ as «bagnhstrucrenº tnbn. Bahtrn bae ækoctn fgfbãkcgn, «bagnhstrucrº as tfh ckpnrtfhta gnkn «gnhstrucrº pfrf ae rastn ba ef sngcabfb. Ba dagdn, rasuetf gurcnsn qua ah efs üetckfs bãgfbfs ef fgfbakcf hn dfyf ahgnhtrfbn gfsc hfbf qua hn karazgf ef pahf sar bagnhstrucbn, sfevn aeef kcskf. Asta prngasn sa gnhsuk÷ ah hukarnsns gfkpns, parn ah hchmuhn fvfhz÷ tfh ræpcbn hc tfh f inhbn gnkn ah efs gcahgcfs sngcfeas, uh tarrahn ah katæstfscs parkfhahta. Gfbf uhf ah su aspagcfecbfb, kftarcfs gnkn ens «astubcns quaar quaar º,  º, ens «astubcns ba kularasº, ens «astubcns hamrnsº y bakæs dfh ousgfbn, scakpra y ah tnbfs pfrtas, uh kcsknchbcspahsfoeas. nolatcvn. S scakpra ofsæhbnsa ah ens kcskns pahsfbnras, fpfrahtakahta Ah efs üetckfs bãgfbfs, ef prchgcpfe prcnrcbfb ba asta samkahtn fgfbãkcgn df gnhscstcbn ah ftfgfr, kchfr y barrcofr ‒«bastalarº‒ tnbn gufhtn dfstf ahtnhgas duocarf tahcbn vcsns ba gartazf, chgeucbfs efs gartazfs ocne÷mcgfs. Fsë, ef cbaf ba qua dfoëf bns saxns bcstchtns bcn pfsn f ef sumarahgcf ba qua en qua dfoëf arfh bns mãharns. F pfrtcr ba fquë, ae frmukahtn iua raaefonræhbnsa katcguensfkahta dfstf eeamfr ‒fe kahns ah efs uhcvarscbfbas  ‒ f uhf gnhgeusc÷h qua df dagdn inrtuhf< qua ae mãharn, ah rafecbfb, hn axcsta. Ae mãharn hn as femn rafe, schn uh «gnhstrugtn sngcfeº. Ef norf ba Lubctd Outear, ba ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Oarjaeay, df tahcbn uh pasn batarkchfhta ah asta sahtcbn. Basba ae puhtn ba vcstf ba Outear (snora tnbn ah Ae ah Ae mãharn ah

 

bcsputf. Ae iakchcskn y ef suovarsc÷h ba ef cbahtcbfb  cbahtcbfb  , ba 6330), ae iakchcskn df gnkatcbn ae arrnr ba pahsfr qua axcstëfh gftamnrëfs tfeas gnkn «kfsguechnº y «iakahchnº. Rfhtn en kfsguechn gnkn en iakahchn snh «prasupuastns gueturfeasº. As kæs, ae mãharn ah së hn as kæs qua uh gnhluhtn ba «fgtufgcnhas sngcfeas gnhtchufsº, hn ae rasuetfbn ba uhf «rafecbfb pravcfº. Fe kcskn tcakpn, asta alargcgcn sa eeav÷ f gfon tfkocãh ‒y snora ef ofsa ba ens kcskns pahsfbnras‒ ah ae gfkpn ba ens astubcns hamrns gnh ef chtahgc÷h ba ficrkfr qua ef rfzf, gnkn ae mãharn, arf uh gnhstrugtn gueturfe, uh «prasupuastn gueturfeº grafbn f pfrtcr ba «fgtufgcnhas sngcfeas gnhtchufsº. Qhf vaz tarkchfbf astf nparfgc÷h ba «bastalcbnº, dfoëf qua akpazfr f talar ba huavn. S fquë as bnhba ens taxtns iuhbfgcnhfeas ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe y ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb ahtrfrnh ah asgahf. Bastarrfbfs efs cbafs fhtarcnras, arf ae knkahtn ba ckpefhtfr efs prnpcfs. Ah 6344, Pammy KgChtnsd, ba ef Qhcvarscbfb ba ]aeeaseay (guyf æraf ba chvastcmfgc÷h arfh ens «astubcns ba kularasº) puoecg÷ ]dcta Prcvceama< Qhpfgjchm Chvcscoea Jhfpsfgj   . . Ef norf së hn tfhtnpæmchfs. uh ahsfyn uhf ecstf batda ficrkfgcnhas qua sa bceftf f en ah efrmn baasvfrcfs Ahgnkn aeef, KgChtnsd ahukarf gchguahtf gnsfs qua, f su lucgcn, ahgfrhfh «ens aiagtns gntcbcfhns bae prcvceamcn oefhgnº, pnr alakpen< «Wc qucarn, puabn pfsfr ef kfynr pfrta bae tcakpn ah gnkpföëf ba parsnhfs ba kc kcskf rfzfº n «Ef kfynr pfrta bae tcakpn puabn sfecr f gnkprfr sch qua hfbca ka fgnkpföa y gnh ef raeftcvf samurcbfb ba qua hfbca ka samucræ hc ka fgnsfræº. ? Dny ah bëf, kugdfs ba efs ficrkfgcnhas qua KgChtnsd dfgëf ah 6344 pfragah fosurbfs n fhtcgufbfs. Ef kfynrëf hn snen snh fpecgfoeas f efs parsnhfs oefhgfs y hchmuhf bakuastrf ef axcstahgcf ba uh pftr÷h scstãkcgn, qua as en qua sumarcr KgChtnsd. akofrmn, ]dcta Prcvceama  Prcvceama astæ asgrctn gnh uhf pfraga trfhspfrahgcf chs÷ectf y Wch dfga uhf ficrkfgc÷h ocah   gefrf< baoakns cbahtcicgfr y fbkctcr ens prcvceamcns ba ens qua mnzfkns. Wamüh KgChtnsd, efs parsnhfs qua sa oahaicgcfh ba efs astrugturfs ba pnbar axcstahtas hn sa efs dfh «mfhfbnº. S en qua as kæs ckpnrtfhta< axcstah bcvarsns mrupns (bnhba sa chgeuyah efs parsnhfs ba ntrfs rfzfs n gnh nrcahtfgcnhas saxufeas bcstchtfs) qua suirah «nprascnhas ahtraefzfbfsº. As gnkn sc tnbns ens bapfrtfkahtns babcgfbns fe astubcn ba ens fmrfvcns sa duocarfh uhcbn ah uh ühcgn mrfh sakchfrcn. Wamüh KgChtnsd, Jckoareã Grahsdfw y ntrns, ef hfturfeazf ba astfs nprascnhas ahtraefzfbfs femn qua quabf baoa fhfeczfrsa. ef sahsfgc÷h ba femn qua ah gufhtn uhf ba astfs as nprascnhas bastalcbf, Bf tahbrëf qua pfsfr

 

kfrfvceensn, snen qua, gnkn ngurra gnh efs utnpëfs, ae kfpf ba ef utnpëf ah së hn inrkf pfrta bae pefh. Waf gnkn iuara, KgChtnsd hns chstf f «baspartfr huastrf gnhgcahgcf gntcbcfhfº ah raefgc÷h gnh ef hfturfeazf bae prcvceamcn y f akpeafr «ae pnbar qua froctrfrcfkahta sa hns df gnhgabcbn pfrf trftfr ba ragnhstrucr ens scstakfs ba pnbar snora uhf ofsa kæs fkpecfº, en gufe hns dfga pahsfr qua KgChtnsd hn astæ ah gnhtrf bae pnbar, schn tfh snen f ifvnr ba qua sa rabcstrcouyf ah iuhgc÷h ba uhns grctarcns bciarahtas. Rnbn su bcsgursn astæ tfh kfe paricefbn qua, ah gcrguhstfhgcfs hnrkfeas, ef ecstf ba kfrrfs hn dforëf sfecbn ba ens kurns ba ]aeeaseay. F bagcr varbfb, burfhta kugdns föns hn sfec÷ ba ens kurns ba ef fgfbakcf ah maharfe. Hn nostfhta, ]dcta Prcvceama gnhscmuc÷ Prcvceama gnhscmuc÷ snoravcvcr dfstf qua sa bcarnh uhfs gcrguhstfhgcfs axtrfnrbchfrcfs< ef mahta bagcbc÷ vnevar f axpecgfr en qua yf astfof axpecgfbn, y ahtnhgas, fprnvagdfhbn asa chstfhta ba basfrrfcmn chtaeagtufe, ef eefkfbf ba KgChtnsd f ef futngnhgcahgcf y ef rabcstrcougc÷h prnvng÷, pasa f su sckpeazf, uh mrfh aiagtn. Fe kcskn tcakpn, Qhn ntrns ba sa fpecgfofh f ef kcskf tfraf basba æhmuens ecmarfkahta bcstchtns. ens prchgcpfeas futnras pnskfrxcstfs, ae frmahtchn Arhastn Efgefu (ifeeagcbn ah ?062), sa pfs÷ tnbf ef bãgfbf ba 6340 fhfeczfhbn femuhns ba ens prnoeakfs qua, f su lucgcn, dfoëfh surmcbn. Ãe y su gnkpföarf y gnfutnrf Gdfhtfe Knuiia sahtfrnh ens gckcahtns ba en qua sa gnhvartcrëf ah ef pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcf. Wu frtëguen «Wngcfecst strftamy< ]dara haxt>º, ba 6346, frrfhgf fbkctcahbn gnh hnoeazf qua ae sngcfecskn df quabfbn guastcnhfbn pnr «ef fpfrcgc÷h ba huavfs gnhtrfbcggcnhasº. Ae «bcsgursn trfbcgcnhfe bae kfrxcsknº, axpecgfh ens futnras, «sa df gahtrfbn ah ef eugdf ba gefsasº y efs «gnhtrfbcggcnhas bae gfpctfecsknº, parn ef hngc÷h ba «eugdf ba gefsasº hagasctf sar knbcicgfbf. Ens futnras sa pramuhtfh<

¾Dfstf quã puhtn sa df vuaetn hagasfrcn knbcicgfr ef hngc÷h ba eugdf ba gefsas gefsas   sc quarakns fonrbfr ens huavns sulatns pneëtcgns ‒efs kularas, efs kchnrëfs hfgcnhfeas, rfgcfeas y saxufeas‒, guyn gfrægtar as hatfkahta fhtcgfpctfecstf, parn guyf cbahtcbfb hn astæ gnhstrucbf ah tnrhn f «chtarasas ba gefsaº aspagëicgns> 7

Gnhvcaha fgefrfr qua ens taxtns ba Efgefu y Knuiia hn snh norfs rag÷hbctfs, schn qua fpfragah gctfbfs ba inrkf ragurrahta. Mnnmea Fgfbãkcgn hns kuastrf, pnr alakpen, qua su ecorn Damaknhëf ecorn Damaknhëf y astrftamcf sngcfecstf sng cfecstf , , ba 6341, df scbn gctfbn kæs ba 69.000 vagas. Rfhtn fdë gnkn ah ae frtëguen qua dakns gctfbn, Efgefu y Knuiia bagefrfh gnh irfhquazf en qua graah qua puaba gnhsamucrsa y g÷kn.

 

Vua ae scstakf gfpctfecstf hn dfyf gfëbn tnbfvëf hn scmhcicgf qua hn vfyf f gfar huhgf. Pfrf Efgefu y Knuiia, ae qua dfstf dny su prnyagtn dfyf irfgfsfbn snen ckpecgf qua dfy qua samucr asgfrofhbn ah efs gnhtrfbcggcnhas. Ahtra astfs, ae dagdn ba qua «efs gnhbcgcnhas ba ef eugdf pneëtcgf ah ae gfpctfecskn kfburn sa fealfh gfbf vaz kæs bae knbaen bae scmen TCT º. 2  Ah huastrf arf, ef eugdf pneëtcgf baoa chvneugrfr f ntrns mrupns. Efgefu y Knuiia fbkctah, pnr supuastn, qua astns huavns knvckcahtns puabah trfar gnhscmn sus prnpcfs gnhtrfbcggcnhas. Wumcarah, pnr alakpen, qua «ef suolatcvcbfb pneëtcgf ba ens norarns oefhgnsº puaba astfr «snorabatarkchfbf pnr fgtctubas rfgcstfs n fhtcrrfgcstfsº, en gufe rasuetf «novcfkahta ckpnrtfhta pfrf ef eugdf ba ens norarns chkcmrfhtasº. 1  Ens futnras sa kuastrfh inrkcbfoeakahta prneclns y vfmns fgargf ba g÷kn dfeefr sfecbf f astfs bcicguetfbas. F gfbf knkahtn dfoefh ba «gcartfs fgtcvcbfbasº y ba «inrkfs nrmfhczftcvfsº, y ah ngfscnhas pfraga qua tnbn as «ah pfrtaº. 9 F pasfr ba qua efs gnhgeuscnhas ba Efgefu y Knuiia bastfgfh pnr su fkocmõabfb, dfy femn qua së kahgcnhfh sch fkofmas< ef utcecbfb pfrf ef eugdf sngcfecstf ba ens «huavns knvckcahtns sngcfeasº, gnkn ae knvckcahtn ba efs kularas. Ef utcecbfb ba astns mrupns sfetf f ef vcstf< sus eugdfs snh «kuy bcvarsfs< urofhfs, agne÷mcgfs, fhtcfutnrctfrcfs, fhtchstctugcnhfeas, iakchcstfs, fhtcrrfgcstfs, ba kchnrëfs ãthcgfs, ramcnhfeas n saxufeasº, y bfh ckpuesn y sahtcbn f uh knvckcahtn sngcfecstf hagasctfbn ba huavfs aharmëfs. Fbakæs, sc hn sa ens gndascnhf, astns mrupns pnbrëfh parsamucr sus prnpcns ichas y hagascbfbas. En qua dfga ifetf as uhcrens ofln uh kcskn pfrfmufs< ae pfrfmufs ba ef eugdf sngcfecstf. Efgefu y Knuiia axpecgfh quã as «en qua hns chtarasf ba astns huavns knvckcahtns sngcfeasº y g÷kn astn «hns eeavfræ f gnhgaocr f asns knvckcahtns gnkn uhf axtahsc÷h ba ef ravneugc÷h bakngrætcgf f tnbf uhf huavf sarca ba raefgcnhas sngcfeas. Ah gufhtn f su hnvabfb, astæ bfbf pnr ae dagdn ba qua pnhah ah guastc÷h huavfs inrkfs ba suonrbchfgc÷hº. = Ah ae frtëguen puoecgfbn ah Kfrxcsk ah Kfrxcsk Rnbfy pngn Rnbfy pngn fhtas ba ef fpfrcgc÷h ba su ecorn ba 6341, Efgefu y Knuiia dfoefofh kæs gefrfkahta füh ba ef utcecbfb ba astns knvckcahtns. Fdë axpecgfh qua, f pasfr ba qua sus rcvfeas puabah sar ens kcskns qua ens bae sngcfecskn, astns «huavns sulatns

 

pneëtcgnsº («kularas, astubcfhtas, l÷vahas, kchnrëfs rfgcfeas, saxufeas y ramcnhfeas, fsë gnkn efs bcstchtfs eugdfs fhtchstctugcnhfeas y agne÷mcgfsº) bcspnhah ba uhf vahtflf novcf< Wu ahakcmn hn sa baicha pnr su iuhgc÷h hc pnr ef axpentfgc÷h, schn pnr pnsaar gcartn pnbar. S asta pnbar hn akfhf ba su eumfr ah efs raefgcnhas ba prnbuggc÷h, schn qua as ae rasuetfbn ba ef inrkf ba nrmfhczfgc÷h sngcfe gfrfgtarëstcgf ba ef sngcabfb fgtufe. Ef fgtufe as, sch bubf, uhf sngcabfb gfpctfecstf, parn astf hn as su ühcgf gfrfgtarëstcgf: tfkocãh as saxcstf y pftrcfrgfe, fbakæs ba rfgcstf. 4

Efgefu y Knuiia trftfh axpeëgctfkahta ba ahgnhtrfr, n grafr, uhf huavf gefsa ba parsnhfs «axpentfbfsº. Puaba qua efs gefsas norarfs astuvcarfh axpentfbfs, parn hn dfoëfh sfocbn bfrsa guahtf ba aeen, dfoëfh bairfubfbn f sus tanrczfbnras y, ah maharfe, hn dfoëfh samucbn ef sahbf bae prnmrasn tfe y gnkn sa eas dfoëf chbcgfbn. Pfrf Efgefu y Knuiia, arf avcbahta qua bcgdf sahbf pfsfof pnr ef Wamuhbf Chtarhfgcnhfe, ef rupturf eahchcstf, ef Jnkchtarh, Fhtnhcn Mrfksgc, Pfekcrn Rnmecfttc y efs gnkpealcbfbas bae aurngnkuhcskn. Parn hn tnbn ae kuhbn dfoëf samucbn sus pfsns. Ah gufequcar gfsn, yf qua hn arf pnscoea raakpefzfrens, fdnrf fe kahns pnbëfh kazgefr f asns norarns qua tfhtn ens dfoëfh bairfubfbn gnh ntrns gneagtcvns. Ah ae knkahtn ba aefonrfr astns taxtns, Efgefu y Knuiia arfh gnhsgcahtas ba ef basknrfeczfgc÷h ba uhf mrfh pfrta ba ef czqucarbf. Ef darahgcf ba Oubfpast, Prfmf, Ycathfk y Gfkonyf (pnr kahgcnhfr snen uhns pngns alakpens) dfoëf balfbn f kugdns sngcfecstfs tntfekahta basnrcahtfbns. Fdnrf arf pnscoea axtrfar huavfs aharmëfs ba tnbn asta «gnhluhtn ba iah÷kahns huavns y pnsctcvnsº. Fhtas, sch akofrmn, arf hagasfrcn prngabar ba urmahgcf f uh «raguastcnhfkcahtn ta÷rcgnº< Ae surmckcahtn bae huavn iakchcskn, ens knvckcahtns gnhtastftfrcns ba efs kchnrëfs ãthcgfs, hfgcnhfeas y saxufeas, efs eugdfs agne÷mcgfs y fhtchstctugcnhfeas, fsë gnkn efs ba efs pnoefgcnhas kfrmchfeas, ae knvckcahtn fhtchugeafr, efs inrkfs ftëpcgfs qua dfh fgnkpföfbn f efs eugdfs sngcfeas ah ens pfësas ba ef parciarcf gfpctfecstf, ckpecgfh ef axtahsc÷h ba ef gnhiecgtcvcbfb sngcfe f uhf fkpecf vfrcabfb ba tarrahns qua graf ae pntahgcfe ‒parn snen ae pntahgcfe‒ pfrf ae fvfhga dfgcf sngcabfbas kæs ecoras, bakngrætcgfs a cmufectfrcfs. 3

Ef knrfealf as qua astns huavns mrupns pnbëfh sar ütceas. Gnkn as avcbahta, qucahas sa en grayarnh y trftfrnh ba uhcicgfr f tnbns astns gneagtcvns tnpfrnh gnh vfrcns prnoeakfs. Fpfrta bae rfgcskn ba efs gefsas norarfs ‒qua sa bfof pnr basgnhtfbn‒, ens bagnhstruggcnhcstfs ba ens föns ngdahtf y hnvahtf föfbcarnh huavfs tahscnhas. Pnr alakpen, baspuãs bae

 

trfofln ba ef tanrëf grëtcgf ba ef rfzf y ens astubcns ba mãharn, ¾hn sa dfgëf bciëgce axpecgfr pnr quã femuhfs gnsfs qua pfragëfh chkutfoeas (snora tnbn ae saxn y ef rfzf) arfh ah rafecbfb gnhstrugtns sngcfeas, kcahtrfs qua ntrfs qua pnbrëfh pfragar kæs ieucbfs (gnkn ef saxufecbfb) dfoëfh fgfofbn gnhscbaræhbnsa fosneutfkahta chfknvcoeas> Gufeasqucarf bubfs qua pubcarfh dfoar sakorfbn pramuhtfs gnkn astf sa baspalfrnh ahsamucbf. Qhf ba efs saöfs ba cbahtcbfb ba ens pahsfbnras kfrxcstfs scakpra df scbn qua, gufhbn trnpcazfh gnh uhf gnhtrfbcggc÷h, huhgf vfgcefh hc sa guastcnhfh hfbf, qua as en qua dfrëf femucah guyn ich as ahgnhtrfr ef varbfb. Ens kfrxcstfs, ah gfkocn, sa pragcpctfh dfgcf efs gnhtrfbcggcnhas. Ef bcfeãgtcgf damaecfhf snen fvfhzf pnr kabcn ba gnhtrfbcggcnhas, y pnr tfhtn gufequcar gnkpealcbfb ‒gfsc fpataga bagcr «fosurbcbfbº‒ qua sfemf fe pfsn as ocahvahcbf y pngn kahns qua fpefubcbf, gnkn sc ealns ba supnhar uh prnoeakf, iuarf uh oahaicgcn pfrf ef gfusf. Vucahas graah qua ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb baoarëf bcsnevarsa ah sus prnpcfs gnhtrfbcggcnhas as pnrqua hn sfoah guæhtfs gnhtrfbcggcnhas sckuetæhafs as gfpfz ba fekfgahfr ah su gfoazf uh kfrxcstf. Ae kfrxcskn ahgnhtr÷ ah ef pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcf y ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb uhf prnea cbane÷mcgf qua pfragëf sftcsiagdf ba dfoctfr uh aspfgcn truifbn ba gnhtrfbcggcnhas, fosurbns a dcpngrasëfs. Pnr alakpen, uhf ba efs cbafs iuhbfkahtfeas ba ens astubcns ba kularas y ens astubcns iakchcstfs bcga qua efs vëgtckfs ba fousn saxufe baoah sar graëbfs. Efs bcsguscnhas snora ef vcnefgc÷h, ens fousns, ef vcneahgcf bnkãstcgf y efs raefgcnhas ba pnbar bascmufeas gnhinrkfh ef ofsa ba astfs bcsgcpechfs. Wch akofrmn, gufhbn uhn ba ens astubcfhtas ba Fvctfe _nhaee, ba ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Huavf Snrj, prasaht÷ uhf bakfhbf saxufe gnhtrf Luhtfkahta aeef ah ?06=, gneamfs ba _nhaee garrfrnh icefs gnhpnr ef fgnsn prasuhtf fgnsfbnrf. gnhensWefvnl ŻcŸaj y ntrns, Lubctd Outear icrk÷ uhf gfrtf ah ef qua sa gnhbahfof ef chvastcmfgc÷h bcrcmcbf gnhtrf _nhaee, sa bfof ia ba su gfrægtar («su mrfgcf, su fmubn chmahcnº) y, ba pfsn, sa chtahtfof bchfkctfr ef raputfgc÷h bae vfr÷h bakfhbfhta. Ah gnhgratn, ef gfrtf axcmëf qua f _nhaee sa ef trftfsa gnh «ef bcmhcbfb qua gnh lustcgcf karaga uhf parsnhf tfh raputfbf y raspatfbf ah ae ækoctn chtarhfgcnhfeº. 60  En gufe sumcara qua efs bahuhgcfs pnr fousn scakpra baoah tnkfrsa ah sarcn, f kahns qua ef vëgtckf saf uh dnkora n ef fgusfbf uhf gftabrætcgf ba tanrëf ectarfrcf iakchcstf. Gnhtrfbcggcnhas gnkn astfs snen snh paquaöns asgneens qua dfy qua suparfr.

 

Pnr ae gnhtrfrcn, gufequcarf qua sa sfecarf ba ef pfutf kfrgfbf pnbëf sar vfpueafbn gnh uhf vadakahgcf pfsknsf. Efs frkfs pfrf aeen (fgusfgcnhas ba rfgcskn, saxcskn, dnkninocf y trfhsinocf) arfh iægceas ba akpuöfr, y oefhbcrefs ba inrkf chlustf, chlustcicgfbf n irëvnef sfeëf tntfekahta mrftcs. F qucahas grctcgfofh ef huavf nrtnbnxcf, chgeucbns femuhns gcahtëicgns, sa ens fgusfof ba astfr knvcbns pnr ens kntcvns kæs rfstrarns. Gnkn asgrcoc÷ Wtavah Pchjar ah ?00?< Kugdns futnras scahtah tfhtns basans ba basfgrabctfr tnbf chschufgc÷h fe raspagtn ba uhf gnhstctugc÷h dukfhf chhftf qua frrnlfh pnr ef onrbf ef e÷mcgf y ae raspatn. Z...[ Ae fhæecscs ba efs cbafs sa suaea sustctucr pnr ef bcifkfgc÷h pneëtcgf y ae ftfqua parsnhfe. Z...[ Ef hamfgc÷h ba ef hfturfeazf dukfhf sa df axtahbcbn kæs feeæ bae ækoctn fgfbãkcgn y df eeavfbn f uhf basgnhaxc÷h ahtra ef vcbf chtaeagtufe y ae sahtcbn gnküh. 66

Hfturfekahta qua dfoëf uhf basgnhaxc÷h. Pnrqua ae nolatcvn ba uh sagtnr fkpecn bae kuhbn fgfbãkcgn dfoëf balfbn ba sar ef axpenrfgc÷h, ae basguorckcahtn y ef bcvuemfgc÷h ba ef varbfb. Fdnrf ae nolatcvn arf ef grafgc÷h, ef aefonrfgc÷h y ef prnpfmfhbczfgc÷h ba uh tcpn paguecfr y kuy batarkchfbn ba pneëtcgf. Ae ich hn arf ef arubcgc÷h, schn ae fgtcvcskn. Astn sa dfga avcbahta ah hukarnsns fspagtns. Ae prckarn as ef prasuhgc÷h ba qua astfs prngefkfs pneëtcgfs arfh hfbf kæs y hfbf kahns qua gcahgcf. Burfhta efs bãgfbfs ah qua efs gcahgcfs sngcfeas inrlfrnh efs ofsas ba ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb, sus prãbcgfs sa prasahtfrnh uhf y ntrf vaz gnkn sc ae fblatcvn «sngcfeasº hn inrkfrf pfrta ba su tëtuen y ae sustfhtcvn «gcahgcfº tuvcarf uh vfenr rafe. Qhf vaz kæs, qucahas sa akpaöfofh ah astn hn dfgëfh kæs qua samucr uh knbaen qua sa raknhtfof dfstf Kfrx vëf Hcjneæc Oulfrch, Muanrmuc Pealæhnv y ef Wamuhbf Chtarhfgcnhfe. Rnbns aeens ravcstcarnh su cbafrcn gnkn sc ba gcahgcf sa trftfrf, gufhbn ah rafecbfb hc scqucarf arf pneëtcgf, schn kæs ocah kfmcf. Qhf ifhtfsëf bcsirfzfbf ba gcahgcf. Ntrf ba efs gurcnscbfbas bae knvckcahtn chtarsaggcnhfe as su tãghcgf ba gfkuiefla. Fpfrta bae ifknsn bngukahtn ba KgChtnsd, en ühcgn qua ens prnvaabnras cbane÷mcgns ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe y ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb tcahah ah gnküh as qua sus taxtns rasuetfh ceamcoeas. Wu asgrcturf tcaha asa astcen baecoarfbfkahta nostrugtcvn qua uhn akpeaf gufhbn, n ocah hn tcaha hfbf qua bagcr, n ocah hagasctf bcsckuefr qua en qua bcga hn as varbfb. Yafkns uhf raieaxc÷h ba Lubctd Outear ah tnbf su menrcf<

 

Ae fealfkcahtn ba uh raeftn astrugturfecstf ah ae gufe sa gnhgcoa qua ae gfpctfe astrugturf efs raefgcnhas sngcfeas ba kfharf raeftcvfkahta dnk÷enmf f uhf ckfmah damak÷hcgf ah ef qua efs raefgcnhas ba pnbar sa dfeefh snkatcbfs f rapatcgc÷h, gnhvarmahgcf y rafrtcguefgc÷h chtrnbuln ef guastc÷h ba ef takpnrfecbfb ah ae pahsfkcahtn snora ef astrugturf y kfrg÷ ae pfsn basba uhf inrkf ba tanrëf fetdussarcfhf qua ahtcahba efs tnhfecbfbas astrugturfeas gnkn nolatns ta÷rcgns f uhf ah ef qua ae vcseukora ba ef ef damaknhëf pnscocecbfbgnkn gnhtchmahta ba eff ens astrugturf uhf gnhgapgc÷h rahnvfbf ba femn ecmfbn eumfras chfumurf y astrftamcfs gnhtchmahtas ba ef rafrtcguefgc÷h ae pnbar. 6?

Qhn snen puaba asgrcocr gnh uh astcen fsë ba efkahtfoea gufhbn chtahtf asgnhbar femn. Qh iëscgn ta÷rcgn gnkn Wdaebnh Eaa Mefsdnw hn puaba parkctcrsa asgrcocr gnh ef ceamcoea prnsf ba efs gcahgcfs sngcfeas. Hagasctf gnkuhcgfr varbfbas axgapgcnhfekahta gnkpealfs kabcfhta uh eahmufla tfh gefrn y sahgceen gnkn saf pnscoea. Fsë, gufhbn vfenrf uhf ba efs üetckfs fpnrtfgcnhas f ef tanrëf ba guarbfs, gnhgeuya qua «hn fonrbf hchmuhf ba huastrfs pramuhtfs, hn dfga prabcggcnhas y hn puaba sar ifesfbfº. «Wc uhf tanrëf hn prabcga hfbf ‒nosarvf Patar ]nct, hn sch gcartf fsparazf‒, saöfe ba qua as arr÷haf y dfy qua pfsfr f ntrf gnsf.º 67 Puaba qua asta hcvae ba gefrcbfb y schgarcbfb tnbfvëf axcstf ah efs gcahgcfs, parn astæ kuartn ‒sc as qua axcstc÷ femuhf vaz‒ ah efs gcahgcfs sngcfeas. Fbakæs, sc qucahas sa babcgfh f ens astubcns ba kularas, ens astubcns quaar quaar   n ens astubcns ba rfzf tuvcarfh qua pfsfr f ntrf gnsf gfbf vaz qua sus tanrëfs hn prabcgah hfbf n snh ifesfbfs, sus bapfrtfkahtns astfrëfh bascartns. Fuh fsë, ens prnvaabnras ba tanrëfs ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe dfh prnbugcbn uhf sarca ba norfs qua (pnr ceamcoeas qua safh) gnhinrkfh uh ofstcbnr chtaeagtufe f pfrtcr bae gufe as pnscoea fbnptfr pnscgcnhas pneëtcgfs y dfgar ficrkfgcnhas pnectczfbfs. Gufequcar parsnhf f ef qua ea pfrazgf ütce frmukahtfr qua ae mãharn n ef rfzf snh gnhstrugtns sngcfeas puaba agdfr kfhn ba ocoecntagfs ahtarfs ah ifvnr ba su pnsturf y gctfr f uh schiëh ba gftabrætcgns qua «bakuastrfhº su vfecbaz. Ae futnr T as aeavfbn f ef gftamnrëf ba bcns, S en gnhvcarta ah nolatn ba astubcn y \ aefonrf ef rafrtcguefgc÷h ba ef takpnrfecbfb baknstrfbf pnr ef gnkpfrfgc÷h fetdussarcfhf ba su norf. S sc femüh astubcfhta sa pramuhtf sc as varbfb qua ae kuhbn iuhgcnhf fsë, sa ea pnha baefhta uhf chtckcbfhta ocoecnmrfiëf ah ef qua sa bakuastrf qua sc sakalfhta mfeckftëfs asgfpf f su ahtahbckcahtn, ef guepf as suyf y hn ba ens futnras bae mfeckftëfs ah guastc÷h.

 

F vagas, ah aiagtn, rasuetf pngn kahns qua ckpnscoea batarkchfr quã as en qua sa astæ bcgcahbn< pnbrëf sar gufequcar gnsf y, ofln asf fpfrahta gnkpealcbfb, as pnscoea chtargfefr frmukahtns tarrcoeakahta basdnhastns. Pnr asn Outear y gnkpföëf asgrcoah tfh kfe. Wc asgrcocarfh gnh gefrcbfb, baspartfrëfh kæs crfs y kæs ourefs. Astf as tfkocãh ef rfz÷h pnr ef qua, ah asta tarrahn, sa dfga tfh bciëgce batagtfr b÷hba fgfof ef schgarcbfb y akpcazf ef sætcrf. Ah ens üetckns föns, efs ficrkfgcnhas qua sa dfh dagdn basba efs gcahgcfs sngcfeas dfh fegfhzfbn tfe hcvae ba basvchguefgc÷h ba ef rafecbfb qua, gufhbn ens chtrusns dfh fsfetfbn sus kurns, hfbca df sfocbn batagtfrens hc rapaearens. Qhf ba efs gnsfs kæs kfrfvceensfs qua sa dfh puoecgfbn ah ens üetckns tcakpns df scbn «Ae paha gnhgaptufe gnkn gnhstrugtn sngcfeº, uh frtëguen fgfbãkcgn puoecgfbn ah ?06= ah ae qua sa ficrkf en scmucahta< Ef kfsguechcbfb vcs-à-vcs vcs-à-vcs bae  bae paha as uh gnhstrugtn chgndarahta. Fquë prnpnhakns qua ae paha gnhgaptufe sa gnkprahba kalnr gufhbn sa en gnhscbarf hn gnkn uh ÷rmfhn fhft÷kcgn, schn gnkn uh gnhstrugtn sngcfe mahãrcgn-parinrkftcvn fetfkahta ieucbn. 62

Asta frtëguen supar÷ uhf ravcsc÷h pnr pfras y fpfragc÷ ah uhf ravcstf fgfbãkcgf tctuefbf Gnmaht Wngcfe Wgcahgas  Wgcahgas  . En kfen as qua sa trftfof uhf ornkf pnr pfrta ba bns prniasnras ‒Patar Onmdnsscfh y Lfkas Echbsfy‒  qua sa dfoëfh akpfpfbn ba ef ectarfturf fgfbãkcgf ba huastrns tcakpns. Gufhbn ens futnras fbkctcarnh ef ornkf, ef ravcstf ratcr÷ ae taxtn. Basba ahtnhgas, ens guepfoeas dfh rachgcbcbn gnh ãxctn ah ntrfs ravcstfs aspagcfeczfbfs. Ah ?064, Onmdnsscfh, Echbsfy y Daeah Peugjrnsa gnhscmucarnh puoecgfr uh frtëguen tctuefbn «_afggcnhas dukfhfs f ef gueturf ba ef vcnefgc÷h y ef parinrkftcvcbfb quaar quaar ah  ah ærafs ba luamn pfrf parrns ba Pnrtefhb, Nram÷hº ah uhf ravcstf ba «manmrfiëf iakchcstfº. Ae frtëguen ficrkfof qua ae saxn ahtra gfhas ah ens pfrquas ba Pnrtefhb arf uhf pruaof kæs ba ef «gueturf ba ef vcnefgc÷hº, gnhgaptn ah ae qua pnr ahtnhgas kugdns astubcfhtas y fgfbãkcgns akpazfofh f var uhf iaguhbf vëf ba astubcn ba huastrfs sngcabfbas. Pngn baspuãs, ens kcskns futnras puoecgfrnh uh frtëguen tctuefbn «Huastrf eugdf as kc eugdfº ah uhf ravcstf ba «trfofln sngcfe iakchcstfº: ae supuastn astubcn arf uh pfstcgda bnhba sa kazgefofh pfsflas ba Kach ba  Kach Jfkp gnh ef larmf ba ef tanrëf ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe iakchcstf. Ah uh targar frtëguen, fpfragcbn ah ef ravcstf Wax _neas , _neas , ens futnras fsamurfofh dfoar babcgfbn bns

 

föns f astubcfr, kabcfhta ae kãtnbn bae «fhæecscs takætcgn bae bcæenmn ba snorakasfº, pnr quã ens vfrnhas datarnsaxufeas cofh f gnkar f ens rastfurfhtas ba ef gfbahf Dnntars. 61  Qhf vaz basvaefbn ae ahmfön, ef rafggc÷h maharfe pnr pfrta ba ens gneamfs ba ens futnras gnhscstc÷ (fpfrta ba ah ratcrfr ens frtëguens) ah trftfr ba axpuesfr f Onmdnsscfh ba ef uhcvarscbfb ah ef qua trfoflfof. Efs pfrnbcfs ba Onmdnsscfh y sus gneamfs puscarnh ba kfhcicastn femn sukfkahta mrfva< hn snen quabfof fgrabctfbn qua asns ækoctns fgfbãkcgns sa dfh gnhvartcbn ah tarrahn fonhfbn pfrf ae irfuba, schn tfkocãh qua tnbn puaba bagcrsa, astubcfrsa n baiahbarsa, scakpra y gufhbn ahgfla bahtrn ba efs tanrëfs y ens prasupuastns ba uh batarkchfbn gfkpn y utcecga su ftrnz eahmufla. Gfsc tnbn puaba bagcrsa, scakpra y gufhbn sa ficrka qua vcvckns ah uhf sngcabfb pftrcfrgfe, ah uhf «gueturf ba ef vcnefgc÷hº dnk÷inof, træhsinof y rfgcstf: scakpra y gufhbn sa gnhbaha ef sngcabfb prnpcf y sa ahsfega femuhf ntrf (ba efs qua icmurfh ah uhf ecstf futnrczfbf). Gfsc tnbn puaba ahtrfr f inrkfr pfrta bae gfhnh ba asf ceamcoea y rfrfkahta gctfbf ocoecntagf fgfbãkcgf, scakpra y gufhbn uhn graf ah ef pcrækcba ba ef nprasc÷h y astã bcspuastn f bcvuemfref. Fdnrf ocah, ae panr arrnr hn iua parkctcr qua astn ngurrcarf, burfhta bãgfbfs, ah chstctugcnhas ichfhgcfbfs gnh bcharn püoecgn. Ae varbfbarn arrnr gnhscstc÷ ah hn bfrhns guahtf ba qua femüh bëf sus irutns sa barrfkfrëfh snora ae rastn ba ef sngcabfb. Ah sus ragnkahbfgcnhas ba ?064 snora g÷kn sus kcakorns baoah fonrbfr ef «kfsguechcbfb trfbcgcnhfeº ah l÷vahas y fbuetns, ef Fsngcfgc÷h Astfbnuhcbahsa ba Pscgnenmëf axpecgf< Wa df baknstrfbn qua tnkfr gnhgcahgcf bae prcvceamcn y bae parlubcgcfe ckpfgtn ba efs graahgcfs y gnhbugtfs qua snstcahah ae pnbar pftrcfrgfe rabuga efs fgtctubas saxcstfs y sa df raefgcnhfbn gnh ef pfrtcgcpfgc÷h ah fgtcvcbfbas raefgcnhfbfs gnh ef lustcgcf sngcfe. 69

Fquë astæ. Wc ens l÷vahas gfah ah ef guahtf ba qua su mãharn as «parinrkftcvnº ah vaz ba hfturfe, ba kfynras pnbræh basakpaöfr uh pfpae kæs ckpnrtfhta ah fgtcvcbfbas raefgcnhfbfs gnh ef lustcgcf sngcfe, qua as ae ich gnh ae qua scakpra dfh snöfbn Efgefu, Knuiia y tnbf uhf maharfgc÷h ba rfbcgfeas.

 

? KQLA_AW Ah su ecorn Ef ecorn  Ef tfoef rfsf , rfsf  , puoecgfbn ah ?00?, Wtavah Pchjar saöfefof qua ae mãharn sa dfoëf gnhvartcbn ah uhn ba ens «takfs gfhbahtasº bae knkahtn, parn sa knstrfof gnhicfbn ah qua ae puhtn ba vcstf gcahtëicgn fgfofrëf ckpnhcãhbnsa. Pchjar babcgfof vfrcfs pæmchfs f ahukarfr femuhfs ba efs bciarahgcfs ocne÷mcgfs ahtra dnkoras y kularas, gnkn pnr alakpen qua ens dnkoras tcahah «uh garaorn kfynr y gnh kæs haurnhfs (fuh tahcahbn ah guahtf ae tfkfön bae guarpn)º, kcahtrfs qua efs kularas «tcahah uh kfynr pnrgahtfla ba kftarcf mrcsº, n qua kugdfs ba efs bciarahgcfs pscgne÷mcgfs ahtra saxns snh pragcsfkahta efs qua dforëf pnbcbn prabagcr uh oc÷enmn avneugcnhcstf (qua ens kfgdns snh, ba prnkabcn, kæs gnrpueahtns qua efs dakorfs baocbn f uhf dcstnrcf avneutcvf ah ef qua fouhbf ef gnkpatahgcf vcneahtf pnr ahgnhtrfr gnhsnrta). 6  Fbakæs, fpuhtfhbn f en qua prnhtn sa gnhvartcrëf ah uh takf fpfrta, Pchjar gnkahtfof efs bciarahgcfs ba basfrrneen ahtra ens garaorns ba ens hcöns y ens ba efs hcöfs, fsë gnkn ens aiagtns ba ef tastnstarnhf y ens fhbr÷mahns snora ae garaorn, uhf raspuastf gcahtëicgf astckuefhta f qucahas fsamurfh qua efs bciarahgcfs ocne÷mcgfs ahtra saxns hn axcstah. Gnkn bcga Pchjar, «hn pfraga qua ef rafecbfb ea saf prnpcgcf f ef tanrëf ba qua hcöns y hcöfs hfgah cbãhtcgns, gnh ef ühcgf axgapgc÷h ba ens mahctfeas, y qua tnbfs efs bakæs bciarahgcfs tcahah su nrcmah ah ae trftn qua ragcoah ba ef sngcabfbº. ? Kahns ba bns bãgfbfs baspuãs, efs gnsfs astæh ba kfharf bcstchtf. Ens dagdns, sch bubf, ea bfh ef rfz÷h f Pchjar, parn efs vngas kæs rucbnsfs hn. Ae rasuetfbn as qua, basba qua Pchjar asgrcoc÷  Ef tfoef rfsf  rfsf  , huastrfs sngcabfbas sa dfh ahrngfbn ah ef ceusc÷h ba qua efs bciarahgcfs ocne÷mcgfs ‒  chgeucbfs efs bciarahgcfs ba fptctub‒ puabah avctfrsa, hamfrsa n snsefyfrsa. Femn sckcefr df ngurrcbn gnh efs bciarahgcfs sngcfeas. Gufequcarf qua tahmf dclns as gnhsgcahta ba efs bciarahgcfs axcstahtas ahtra hcöns y hcöfs, parn ae ahtnrhn gueturfe eas bcga qua hn dfy hchmuhf, y qua, sc ef dfy, as uhf guastc÷h purfkahta «parinrkftcvfº.

 

Efs gnhsaguahgcfs ba astn snh t÷xcgfs. Ef kfynrëf ba efs parsnhfs hn snh dnknsaxufeas. Dnkoras y kularas baoah ahgnhtrfr kfharfs ba gnhvcvcr. S, sch akofrmn, ae futnahmfön raeftcvn f ef rafecbfb ocne÷mcgf as uhn kæs bae gnhluhtn ba futnahmföns qua huastrfs sngcabfbas dfh nptfbn pnr graarsa. En panr as qua dakns trftfbn ba ranrbahfr huastrfs sngcabfbas, hn f pfrtcr ba en qua sfoakns mrfgcfs f ef gcahgcf, schn ba ifesabfbas pneëtcgfs pftrngchfbfs pnr ens fgtcvcstfs ba efs gcahgcfs sngcfeas. Ba tnbfs efs gnsfs qua niusgfh f huastrf sngcabfb, fgfsn efs kæs chscbcnsfs safh efs qua ftföah f ens saxns, y ah aspagcfe f efs raefgcnhas ahtra saxns. Pnrqua ens dagdns astæh fdë, baefhta ba huastrns nlns. Wnen qua sa supnha qua hn baoakns pargcocrens, y qua sc ens pargcockns, baoakns mufrbfr sceahgcn. Gnrra ae fön ?066 y as ef hngda ba ens Chbapahbaht Wpcrct Fwfrbs ah Wfhtf K÷hcgf. Fvfhzfbf yf ef vaefbf, fouhbfhta ah futniaecgctfgcnhas, Pfue _ubb y Avf Kahbas sfeah f asgahf pfrf ahtramfr ae prakcn fe kalnr mucnh. Kahbas (qua ah asa knkahtn tcaha trachtf y sacs föns) axpecgf qua aeef y _ubb (qua tcaha gufrahtf y uhn) tahëfh pravcstn dfgar femn mrfgcnsn ah ae asgahfrcn, parn qua ef mfef vf gnh femn ba ratrfsn. «Pfue cof f tngfrka efs tatfs ‒axpecgf Kahbas fe püoecgn‒, ustabas cofh f quabfrsa ba pcabrf, dnrrnrczfbns, y euamn cofh f rnkpar f raër ba inrkf dcstãrcgf. Parn pnr en vcstn yf hn pnbakns dfgaren pnrqua vfkns tfrba, fsë qua...º Ahtnhgas, _ubb sa quabf kcræhbnea ens pagdns f Kahbas, fgargf ef kfhn f su sahn baragdn y, kcahtrfs sa en fmfrrf, fhuhgcf gnkn sc hfbf< «Ens gfhbcbftns f kalnr mucnh snh...º. Ae püoecgn sa rëa, trfmf sfecvf, fgefkf y fpefuba. Kahbas ichma snrprasf y, gnh ef kfhn ba _ubb tnbfvëf ah su pagdn, usf ef kfhn qua tcaha ecora pfrf agdfrsa ae paen pnr batræs bae dnkorn. Fe ich y fe gfon, en ckpnrtfhta as sfecr ocah ah pfhtfeef. Ba prnhtn, ef fgtrcz _nsfrcn Bfwsnh (trachtf y uh föns) suoa fe asgahfrcn y ea kata kfhn gnh iuarzf f _ubb ah ef ahtrapcarhf. Ae püoecgn trfmf sfecvf, fgefkf, fpefuba y gnhtchüf rcahbn. «Fy, kfbra këf, parn ¾quã as astn>º, sa pramuhtf Kahbas uh pfr ba vagas, gnh basgnhgcartn kfe ichmcbn fhta ae gufbrn bae qua aeef kcskf as prntfmnhcstf. Ahtratfhtn, fora ae snora bnhba icmurf ae hnkora bae prakcfbn. Bfwsnh scmua gnh uhf kfhn fiarrfbf vcmnrnsfkahta f ef ahtrapcarhf ba _ubb, kcahtrfs gnh ef ntrf dfga uh mastn vcgtnrcnsn. Fuhqua _ubb yf hn astæ tngæhbnea ae pagdn f Kahbas, Bfwsnh hn en ysuaetf. Ae saxufe püoecgnasscmua y mrctfhbn ahgfhtfbn. Pnrqua as ae fön ?066 ae fgnsn femn rcahbn qua tnbfvëf dfga mrfgcf.

 

Kæs tfrba, burfhta uhf ahtravcstf yf iuarf bae asgahfrcn, Bfwsnh dfoef bae ëkpatu qua ea df puastn f su kfmran cmufectfrcn< Ka ahgfhtf Pfue. Wny ifh suyf basba qua dczn Iuarf dczn Iuarf ba nhbf . nhbf . Ae gfsn as qua ea df fmfrrfbn ae pagdn y yn, burfhta uh samuhbn, da pahsfbn< «Fhbf, kcrf, quã mrfgcf, lf,  lfº. Parn ahtnhgas, fe var qua hn ef snetfof y qua oflfofh efs eugas pfrf pnhar ens vëbans y ãe samuëf fdë fmfrrfbn gnkn uhf efpf Z...[, da pahsfbn< «Kuy ocah, puas fdnrf yn ea fmfrrn ae pfquataº. ¾Pnr quã hn> Df scbn fmrfbfoea. Hn df astfbn kfe. Ba dagdn, tcaha uh ouah pfquata. Ka pcgfof ef gurcnscbfb basba qua vc  Iuarf ba nhbf gufhbn arf fbneasgahta. Euamn ãe ef df snetfbn Z...[. En qua ngurra as qua sny uhf fgtcvcstf ba ens baragdns ba efs kularas y ka astfof gfhsfhbn ba qua sa pfsfrf kabcf dnrf ah ae asgahfrcn tngæhbnea ef tatf. Hn df dfocbn kfef chtahgc÷h, df scbn mrfgcnsn.

Ae dnkora qua ef ahtravcstf en gnrrnonrf< «Df scbn uhn ba ens... Ef mahta df rafggcnhfbn kuy ocahº. S aeef raspnhba< Mahcfe. Ea da fmfrrfbn ae pfquata ah ae asgahfrcn. Df astfbn kuy ocah. ¾Pnr quã snen puabah katar kfhn ens dnkoras> Efs kularas tfkocãh pnbakns katar kfhn. Rü yf ka ahtcahbas, snen astfof fpecgfhbn ae prchgcpcn ba cmufebfb ba npnrtuhcbfbas. 7

Fsë arfh efs gnsfs ahtnhgas. Ae iastcvfe katakfhëstcgn ba ens Chbapahbaht Wpcrct Fwfrbs hn iua hfbf iuarf ba en gnküh y hfbca en gnkaht÷ aspagcfekahta. Puaba qua pnr ahtnhgas ef cbaf ba snofr, kfmrafr n axdcocrsa fhta parsnhfs bae saxn npuastn eeavfrf föns pfragcahbn vuemfr ah batarkchfbns gërguens, parn ah Dneeywnnb tnbfvëf inrkfof pfrta bae aspagtæguen. Pfrf uhf prniasc÷h ah ef qua ef bashubaz as dfoctufe y qua fguö÷ ef axprasc÷h «gæstchm ba sniæº, efs irnhtarfs huhgf iuarnh bae tnbn hëtcbfs. Da fquë uhf rfz÷h pnr ef gufe Dneeywnnb as uh kfe sctcn pfrf inrlfr uhns prchgcpcns ãtcgns f ens qua fspcrfr n qua safh raprasahtftcvns ba femn bcstchtn f ef chbustrcf bae ahtratahckcahtn. Dneeywnnb scakpra sa df ramcbn pnr pftrnhas bcstchtns. As ef ühcgf chbustrcf ah ef qua, ah ae scmen TTC  , femucah parsamucbn pnr vcnefr f uhf kahnr pnbëf sar fpefubcbn, ravarahgcfbn a chgeusn vcstn gnkn uhf vëgtckf pnr pfrta ba sus gneamfs. F en kalnr uh gnhtfoea, uh trfoflfbnr sngcfe n chgeusn uh gurf qua gnh gufrahtf föns duocarf pahatrfbn fhfekahta f uhf hcöf ba traga pnbrëf dfoarsa cbn ba rnsctfs gnkn _nkfh Pnefhsjc. Dfstf dforëf ahgnhtrfbn fkcmns qua en ahguorcarfh. Parn dforëf scbn chgnhgaocoea  ‒chgeusn bahtrn ba ef Cmeascf gft÷ecgf‒ qua ef mahta en fpefubcarf ah taeavcsc÷h ah dnrfrcn ba kæxckf fubcahgcf ah gfecbfb ba astraeef bae mrakcn,

 

pasa f sar tnbfvëf uh pr÷iumn ba ef lustcgcf. Wch akofrmn, ah Dneeywnnb ‒y, ah pfrtcguefr, ahtra ens gneamfs ba Pnefhsjc prasahtas ah ef garaknhcf ba ens Nsgfr ba ?007‒ femn fsë hn arf suicgcahta pfrf ftakparfr ahtuscfskns. Wcakpra iua uh kuhbn uh pngn fpfrta ‒femn qua scakpra df ngurrcbn gnh efs gfpctfeas ba efs frtas y ae aspagtæguen‒, y pnr asn kcskn hn sa ka ngurra panr eumfr pfrf cr f ousgfr hnrkfs sngcfeas. Kæxcka hnrkfs sngcfeas tfh gnkpealfs gnkn efs qua rcmah efs raefgcnhas ahtra saxns. Wnen ah Dneeywnnb sarëf pnscoea ahgnhtrfrsa f uh gchafstf ifknsn gnkn ]nnby Feeah qua sa sapfrf ba su aspnsf pnrqua sa df basguocartn qua kfhtcaha uhf raefgc÷h gnh su dclf fbnptcvf. Gefrn qua astfkns dfoefhbn ba uhf gcubfb y uh mrakcn qua ah ens föns gufrahtf yf hns dfoëf bfbn f Menrcf Mrfdfka. Ba sus guftrn kfrcbns, ae gufrtn (Rnhy _fy) arf dcln ba su samuhbn kfrcbn (Hcgdnefs _fy) y su prckarf aspnsf. Ef raefgc÷h ahtra Mrfdfka y Rnhy _fy sfec÷ f ef euz fe ahgnhtrfrens luhtns ah ef gfkf gufhbn Mrfdfka tahëf vachtcscata föns y _fy snen traga. Ah ich, qua tnkfr f Dneeywnnb n f ef mahta bae gcha gnkn alakpen ba knrfecbfb dforëf scbn uh arrnr ah gufequcar ãpngf, y, hn nostfhta, asn iua ustfkahta en qua sa pratahbc÷ dfgar gufhbn ah ?06= astfee÷ ae asgæhbfen ba Dfrvay ]achstach. Pasa f tnbn, f su kfharf, efs paguecfrcbfbas ba ef chbustrcf bae ahtratahckcahtn scakpra fgfofh scrvcãhbnhns ba aspaln, y sc ocah hn gfoa basguorcr ah aeefs hchmüh alakpen ba gnhbugtf, sch bubf snh uh raiealn ba ef gnhiusc÷h prnpcf ba huastrns tcakpns. Wnora tnbn ba ef gnhiusc÷h fgargf ba quã pfpaeas puabah basakpaöfr ‒y quã pfpaeas sfoakns qua puabah basakpaöfr‒ efs kularas ah uhf ãpngf qua pfraga ieugtufr ahtra ae ecoartchfla y ef knlcmftarëf sch ahgnhtrfr uh puhtn kabcn. ah ae gfrcön qua tnbnbaaeBfvcb kuhbnEattarkfh raguarbf ef ba ef fgtrczPahsakns Braw Ofrryknra ah aegnh prnmrfkf ahfpfrcgc÷h force ba 6331< ae 6? ba force arf ae gukpeaföns ba Eattarkfh, y Ofrryknra, qua asa bëf arf su chvctfbf, sa pusn f dfoefr ‒ahtra ntrfs gnsfs‒ ba su ragcahta ficgc÷h f ofcefr bashubf. Ofrryknra, qua ahtnhgas tahëf vachta föns, sa pfs÷ ef ahtravcstf fetarhfhbn ahtra ae pfpae ba kular saxufe y samurf y ae ba gneamcfef trfvcasf. Fe ichfe (y irahta f uh püoecgn qua hn bal÷ ba fgefkfr, raër y mrctfr), Ofrryknra ea pramuht÷ f Eattarkfh sc quarëf qua ofcefsa pfrf ãe, f knbn ba ramfen ba gukpeaföns. Wch asparfr raspuastf, ef fgtrcz pcbc÷ f ef ofhbf bae prnmrfkf qua tngfsa, uh sa dnkora suoc÷ f ef kasfqua bae eaprasahtfbnr sa pusn ofcefr pfrf ae dnkahflafbn, gfsfbn bnoefof ef yabfb. Rrfsf knvar

 

ens orfzns pfrf frrcof y pfrf fofln balfhbn ef gchturf fe basguocartn, Ofrryknra tarkch÷ su ofcea eavfhtæhbnsa ef gfkcsatf y knstræhbnea ens pagdns bashubns f uh Eattarkfh vcscoeakahta ft÷hctn. Ae püoecgn hn eeam÷ f varea ens pagdns, fuhqua uhf ba efs gækfrfs ba ens eftarfeas gfpt÷ en qua ah femuhns kabcns eefkfh uh scba-onno scba-onno .  . Ae püoecgn raspnhbc÷ ahgfhtfbn y hn bal÷ ba raër y fhckfr, prnrrukpcahbn ah uhf nvfgc÷h gufhbn Ofrryknra ea knstr÷ sus chtckcbfbas fe prasahtfbnr. Rrfs tarkchfr, ef fgtrcz sa bcn ef vuaetf y eavfht÷ ens orfzns ousgfhbn ae fpefusn bae raspatfoea. Baspuãs, sa fmfgd÷ y mfta÷ dfgcf ae prasahtfbnr pfrf bfrea uh oasn ah ef kalceef y fgfrcgcfrea ef gfoazf. Gufhbn vnevc÷ f su scee÷h, bal÷ ba gnkpnrtfrsa gnkn uhf iakka iftfea y iftfea y sa saht÷ gruzfhbn efs pcarhfs snora ae fscahtn gnkn uhf gdcquceef qua sfoa qua fgfof ba dfgar uhf trfvasurf. Hfturfekahta, pnbrëf feamfrsa qua 6331 arf ntrf ãpngf. Fuhqua, ah rafecbfb, hn. Ae apcsnbcn iua ragnrbfbn gnh gfrcön ah kfrzn ba ?064, gnh Ofrryknra gnkn chvctfbf ah Rda Efta Wdnw ba Wdnw ba Wtapdah Gneoart. Ofrryknra, uhns gufhtns föns kfynr fuhqua hn kæs prubahta, gnkaht÷ qua pnr fquae ahtnhgas «astfof dagdf uhf ouahf pcazfº, y rakaknr÷ en sugabcbn ah ae prnmrfkf ba Eattarkfh. «Ah asta kcskn taftrn dcga femn aspagcfe gnh ae saönr Eattarkfhº, bcln. Ae püoecgn bal÷ asgfpfr uhf rcsctf hnstæemcgf. Gneoart, pfrtcbfrcn ba ef eëhaf burf trfs ens asgæhbfens bae #KaRnn, qua dfoëfh astfeefbn snen uhns kasas fhtas y samuëfh gneafhbn, raspnhbc÷< «Arf su gukpeaföns. G÷kn hn fgnrbfrsaº. Ofrryknra gnhtchu÷< F vagas en pcahsn. As gnkn sc iuarf ntrf parsnhf. Pfraga uh raguarbn ealfhn, gnkn sc hn iuarf yn. Parn sny yn. S knef. Ka mustf dfoaren dagdn. Fdnrf tahmn bns dclns y as gnkn sc, yf ka ahtcahbas... Fy, hn sã. Fdnrf sny tfh bcstchtf qua as gnkn sc hn iuarf yn, parn f ef vaz vnevarëf f dfgaren.

Wus pfeforfs iuarnh ragcocbfs gnh rcsfs y fpefusns pnr pfrta bae püoecgn y mastns ba fprnofgc÷h pnr pfrta ba Gneoart, qua f gnhtchufgc÷h bastfg÷ qua Ofrryknra arf uhf ba efs prckarfs kularas ifknsfs ba Dneeywnnb qua dfoëf grafbn su prnpcf prnbugtnrf. Fprnvagdfhbn ae gfkocn ba takf, ae prasahtfbnr sa pramuht÷ pnr ef raefgc÷h ba tnbn asn gnh ae akpnbarfkcahtn ba efs kularas ah Dneeywnnb y ae «knkahtn qua astfkns vcvcahbnº. 2  Ah hchmüh knkahtn sa dfoe÷ ba en sugabcbn ah 6331 gnh pfeforfs qua hn iuarfh ba fiagtn.

 

¾S pnr quã hn> Ef cbaf ba qua uhf kular pubcarf axdcocrsa fhta uh dnkora, dfgaren sahtcr chg÷knbn n prasahtfrsa gnkn «iakchcstfº pnr ae dagdn ba kfmrafren n fgnsfren arf uh t÷pcgn qua eeavfof föns gcrguefhbn sch prnoeakfs. S ae prnpcn Wtapdah Gneoart en sfoëf pnr axparcahgcf. Ah kfyn ba ?00=, gufhbn ahtravcst÷ f Lfha Inhbf, Gneoart akpazfof f eforfrsa uh hnkora ah ef taeavcsc÷h. Dfoëfh pfsfbn uh pfr ba föns basba qua Inhbf vnevcarf fe gcha chtarpratfhbn f ef suamrf ba Lahhciar Enpaz ah  Ef kfbra bae hnvcn  hnvcn  , parn ef fgtrcz dfoëf cbn fe prnmrfkf ba Gneoart pfrf prnkngcnhfr su huavf paeëguef, En paeëguef,  En bcga Manrmcf , Manrmcf , qua prnhtn sa ravaefrëf uh icfsgn. F sus sasahtf y huava föns, Inhbf astfof gefrfkahta bagcbcbf f baknstrfrea fe püoecgn qua «qucah tuvn ratuvnº y sa pfs÷ tnbf ef ahtravcstf fgnsfhbn saxufekahta fe prasahtfbnr. Ae dagdn ba qua ef paeëguef qua dfoëf cbn f prnkngcnhfr mcrfsa ah tnrhn f ens fousns saxufeas hn ea dczn pahsfr qua f en kalnr asa hn hn   arf ae eumfr kæs chbcgfbn pfrf gnkpnrtfrsa gnkn sa gnkpnrt÷. Hfbf kæs akpazfr ef ahtravcstf, Inhbf sa saht÷ ah efs rnbceefs ba Gneoart y sa quab÷ fdë ae rastn bae tcakpn. Ah uh knkahtn bfbn, ea astfkp÷ uh saönr oasn ah ens efocns y ea bcln qua sfoëf qua tahëf ifhtfsëfs gnh aeef. «Hn tahëf pravcstn qua ef ahtravcstf iuarf pnr fquëº, bcln ae prasahtfbnr. Gneoart chtaht÷ gfkocfr ba targcn ah vfrcfs ngfscnhas a chgeusn trft÷ ba pramuhtfrea pnr efs prntastfs gnhtrf ef muarrf, parn «Dfh÷cº Lfha, ealns ba knrbar ae fhzuaen, scmuc÷ frrueefhbn f Gneoart, fgfrcgcæhbnen y oasuquaæhbnea efs kalceefs. Ah uh knkahtn bfbn, dfstf sa pusn f dfoefr ba ef ayfguefgc÷h pragnz. Fquaeen hn tahëf vcsns ba fgfofrsa. Ens kabcns ba ef ãpngf hn fpragcfrnh ah asf asgahf hfbf ckprnpcn hc chbagnrnsn. Ba dagdn,ahfeftnbn ae eaëf< kuhbn dczn mrfgcf. Ae  Duiichmtnh Pnst  puoecg÷ uhf gneukhf qua sa «Aeeakcãrgneas pubckns var ah Gneoart   _apnrt   uh samkahtn dcefrfhta ‒y, ¾pnr quã hn>, sahsufe‒ ah ae qua Lfha Inhbf pfragëf bagcbcbf f fhckfr, ah ich, ae samkahtn sahsufe ba Wtapdah Gneoart (―¾Rcahas uh samkahtn sahsufe ah ae onesceen n as qua ta feamrfs ba varka>‛)º. Ae frtëguen, asgrctn tnbn gnh ae kcskn tnhn, chgeuëf uh ahefga f ntrn frtëguen ba ef ravcstf bcmctfe Wfenh Wfenh qua,  qua, samüh ae parc÷bcgn, «ef gefvfofº ah su basgrcpgc÷h ba en ngurrcbn, f ef vaz qua fpnrtfof «femn kæs ba gnhtaxtn snora pnr quã Inhbf as tfh trakahbfº. 1  Pnrqua ah ?00= efs chschufgcnhas saxufeas hn snecgctfbfs hn snen arfh dcefrfhtas y sahsufeas, schn qua fbakæs arfh femn qua dfgëf ef mahta trakahbf.

 

Föns kæs tfrba, ah ?062, Gneoart axpecg÷ en «irfhgfkahta chg÷knbnº qua sa dfoëf sahtcbn. Fuh fsë, ae püoecgn qua asgugdfof su varsc÷h ba ens dagdns ‒chgeucbns femuhns batfeeas snora ef rafggc÷h, fpfrahtakahta rasahtcbf, ba su aspnsf‒ rafggcnh÷ gnh kæs rcsfs y fpefusns. 9  Pnrqua ah ?062 efs chschufgcnhas saxufeas hn snecgctfbfs tnbfvëf arfh femn fbnrfoea. Pnr supuastn, tnbn astn gfkoc÷ ah ?06= gnh efs prckarfs fgusfgcnhas bae #KaRnn gnhtrf Dfrvay ]achstach. Ah asa knkahtn, tnbn ae kuhbn pfragc÷ gnhvahcr f tnbf prcsf qua gufequcar chschufgc÷h ba tcpn saxufe arf chtnearfoea y hn pnbëf lustcicgfrsa ofln hchmüh prataxtn. Efs huavfs trchgdarfs, gfvfbfs ba ef hngda fe bëf, pfragëfh kuy prniuhbfs, parn balfrnh iuarf kugdfs gnsfs basfmrfbfoeas ngurrcbfs ah ae pfsfbn ragcahta. Baspuãs bae gfsn ]achstach, ef prahsf akpaz÷ f prasahtfr tnbn en qua tuvcarf qua var gnh ef chtarfggc÷h ahtra saxns ah Dneeywnnb y ae kuhbn ah maharfe ba kfharf novcf y iægce. Parn efs gnsfs hn arfh hc novcfs hc iægceas, hc ah Dneeywnnb hc ah hchmuhf pfrta. Qhf ba efs pngfs parsnhfecbfbas ba ef chbustrcf bae ahtratahckcahtn qua sa sfec÷ ecmarfkahta bae parëkatrn ba ef trchgdarf iua ef fgtrcz Kfyck Ocfecj. Ah ngtuora ba ?06=, gufhbn astfee÷ ae #KaRnn, Ocfecj susgct÷ femuhfs crfs baocbn f uh frtëguen fpfragcbn ah Rda Haw Snrj Rckas ah Rckas ah ae qua dfoefof gnh irfhquazf ba uh mrakcn ah ae qua dfoëf chmrasfbn gufhbn arf (samüh sus prnpcfs pfeforfs) «uhf lubëf ba nhga föns, ba hfrcz prnkchahta, tnrpnhf y femn ircjcº. Ef fgtrcz axpecgfof qua scakpra sa dfoëf sahtcbn chg÷knbf «trfoflfhbn pfrf uhf chbustrcf qua sa eugrf gnscicgfhbn f efs kularasº, qua ba nvah dfoëf tnkfbn bagcscnhas kæs ocah «gnhsarvfbnrfsº y qua, fgnhsalfbf pnr sus pfbras ‒astfbnuhcbahsas ba prckarf maharfgc÷h‒, scakpra sa dfoëf fhbfbn gnh pcas ba penkn fe trftfr gnh ef mahta bae sagtnr. Rnbn astn, sukfbn f sus gnhvcggcnhas raecmcnsfs, ef gnhvartëf, gnkn aeef kcskf fbkcta, ah uhf kular ftëpcgf pfrf en qua as dfoctufe ah Dneeywnnb. Basba euamn, ef trfyagtnrcf ba Ocfecj df scbn ftëpcgf. Burfhta uhns föns, fpfrg÷ su gfrrarf gnkn fgtrcz pfrf sfgfrsa uh bngtnrfbn ah haurngcahgcfs, y su prckar pfpae bastfgfbn trfs vnevar f pnharsa baefhta ba efs gækfrfs iua ah ef gnkabcf ba sctufgc÷h Rda Ocm Ofhm Rdanry  Rdanry  . Ah su frtëguen ba ?06=, ficrkf< Fdnrf qua sny uhf fgtrcz ba gufrahtf y uh föns f ef qua ea mustf gnhscbarfrsa prubahta y pragfvcbf, scmn tnkfhbn bagcscnhas f bcfrcn. Da bagcbcbn rasarvfr kc yn saxufe pfrf efs sctufgcnhas prcvfbfs qua gnkpfrtn gnh qucah tahmn kæs chtckcbfb. Ycstn gnh ragftn. Hn iecrtan gnh dnkoras pnr prchgcpcns. =

 

Efs pfeforfs ba Ocfecj ea fgfrrafrnh femuhns prnoeakfs gnh ntrfs kularas ba Dneeywnnb qua gnhscbarfrnh qua astfof «guepfoceczfhbn f efs vëgtckfsº< gnhgratfkahta, qua fgdfgfof ae gnkpnrtfkcahtn ba ens dnkoras f ef inrkf ba vastcr ba efs kularas. Ocfecj sa vcn noecmfbf f bcsguepfrsa y frrapahtcrsa pnr efs chtarpratfgcnhas f qua dfoëf bfbn pca su frtëguen. Parn en kæs gurcnsn arf qua kugdfs ba efs gnsfs qua ef fgtrcz bagëf fdë gdngfofh ba irahta gnh femn qua aeef kcskf dfoëf dagdn fpahfs uh fön fhtas. Ah iaorarn ba ?069, Ocfecj dfoëf fgubcbn gnkn chvctfbf f Rda Efta Wdnw , , ae prnmrfkf ba Lfkas Gnrbah. Ntrn ba ens chvctfbns arf Pcars Knrmfh. Wdnw Ah uh knkahtn bfbn, Gnrbah ea pcbc÷ f asta qua dfoefrf ba ef ragcahta pneãkcgf pnr ae dfsdtfm dfsdtfm   #Geafvafmamfta. Knrmfh axpecg÷ qua ãe y Wusfh Wfrfhbnh dfoëfh tahcbn uhf trciuegf f rfëz ba uh tuct bae prasahtfbnr orctæhcgn. Ah ef ragcahta garaknhcf ba ens prakcns bae Wchbcgftn ba Fgtnras, Wfrfhbnh, ba sasahtf y huava föns, dfoëf prasahtfbn ef saggc÷h ah dnkahfla f ens gnkpföarns ifeeagcbns ae fön fhtarcnr eugcahbn uh vartcmchnsn asgnta, y Knrmfh sa dfoëf qualfbn ah rabas sngcfeas ba qua ae ftravcbn ftuahbn ba ef fgtrcz rasuetfof chfprnpcfbn pfrf ef ngfsc÷h. Ef rafggc÷h ba Wfrfhbnh ‒qua Knrmfh hn pnbëf pravar y guyf ahvarmfburf baoc÷ ba rasuetfrea ahnrkakahta bnenrnsf‒ gnhscstc÷ ah tuctafr uhf intn suyf ah sulatfbnr gnhtakpefhbn ae kcgrnpaha ba uhf astftuf bae  Bfvcb  Bfvcb   ba Kcmuae Æhmae. Rfe y gnkn Knrmfh axpecg÷ ah ae prnmrfkf ba Gnrbah, kceas ba futnbahnkchfbfs «iakchcstfsº rafggcnhfrnh f su vaz ahvcæhbnea intns ba sus asgntas f knbn ba prntastf. Burfhta tnbn asta tcakpn, Ocfecj df astfbn sahtfbf ahtra Gnrbah y Knrmfh gnh uh vastcbn varba femn asgntfbn. Ba prnhtn, pnsfhbn ef kfhn ah ae orfzn ba Knrmfh pfrf chtarrukpcren, ea bcga< «¾Wfoas quã> Sn ka cbahtcicgn en dfrã astf Fgtnknstrfrea samucbn, ens sa eavfhtf y, gnkn bfhbniakchcstf, ef aspfebffsëfe qua püoecgn, sa ba fora ae kfharfº. vastcbn pfrf pagdns f Knrmfh. Ae püoecgn bae peft÷ prnrrukpa ah gfrgflfbfs y fpefusns. Rfhtn ae prasahtfbnr gnkn su ntrn chvctfbn fpefubah y rëah tfkocãh gnh mfhfs, fuhqua bf qua pahsfr ae dagdn ba qua Knrmfh sa ruonrcga y pfrazgf femn chg÷knbn. F gnhtchufgc÷h, Knrmfh ractarf qua ea mustfh ens asgntas, snen qua hn gnhscbarf fprnpcfbn axdcocrens burfhta uh dnkahfla f ens gneamfs ifeeagcbns, parn qua së, qua ea ahgfhtfh. Ahtnhgas Ocfecj sa eavfhtf ba huavn. «¾Rahmn qua vnevar f ahsaöærtaefs>º, pramuhtf, y vuaeva f forcrsa ae vastcbn (fuhqua kæs oravakahta astf vaz). 4

 

Hfbf ba astn susgct÷ hchmuhf pneãkcgf. Fe gnhtrfrcn, tfhtn ae püoecgn bae peft÷ gnkn ae ba gfsf pfragc÷ pfsfren ah mrfhba. Ah ?069, knstrfr ens pagdns arf uh fgtn «iakchcstfº. Wnora tnbn en arf knstrærsaens f uh dnkora qua hn dfoëf snecgctfbn varens. Hc scqucarf uhf kular qua sa basgrcoëf gnkn «ragftfbfº pnr kntcvns raecmcnsns y sngcfeas tahëf hchmüh rapfrn ah baeactfr fe püoecgn ahsaöæhbnea ens pagdns ‒sch qua hfbca sa en duocarf pabcbn‒ f uh dnkora. Hfbf ba astn scmhcicgf qua efs kularas hn puabfh dfgar en qua eas vahmf ah mfhf gnh su guarpn, hc qua efs ifknsfs hn puabfh knstrfrea ens pagdns f ef mahta pfrf frrfhgfrea uhfs rcsfs n uh pngn ba ftahgc÷h, hc qua uhf kular qua ea ahsaöf ens pagdns f uh dnkora saf ae aqucvfeahta ba uh dnkora qua ea ahsaöf ae paha f uhf kular. Hn nostfhta, as eëgctn bagcr qua efs kularas ‒  snora tnbn, quczæ, efs kæs ifknsfs y fbkcrfbfs‒ ahvëfh kahsflas ofstfhta gnhiusns. Bagcr «fkocmunsº sarëf quabfrsa gnrtn. As kæs, astns kahsflas kæs qua fkocmuns sa kfhcicastfh chgeusn ah uhf parsnhf gnkn Ocfecj, qua ah maharfe pfraga kfhtaharsa fe kfrmah ba tnbf astf onrrfsgf. RA VQCA_N Qhf ba efs rfznhas pnr efs qua femucah pnbrëf sahtcrsa gnhiusn fhta ens kahsflas ba ef chbustrcf bae ahtratahckcahtn as qua ef prnpcf chbustrcf pfraga hn tahar kuy gefrn quã as en qua astæ ngurrcahbn. Dfga fpahfs uh pfr ba bãgfbfs, ef mahta tnbfvëf tahëf gcartn mrfbn ba gnhgcahgcf ba en gnkpealfs qua arfh efs raefgcnhas ahtra dnkoras y kularas. Pahsakns ah uhf asgahf kuy gnhngcbf ba Chbcfhf ba  Chbcfhf Lnhas y ef üetckf gruzfbf , gruzfbf , ba 6343. Fe prchgcpcn ba ef paeëguef, Lnhas, chtarpratfbn Inrb, astæ bfhbn uhf gefsa ba frquanenmëf ah uh fuef eeahfpnr ba Dfrrcsnh kugdfgdfs l÷vahas. Ef kfynrëf ba efs astubcfhtas en nosarvfh gnh gcartn fcra ahsnöfbn, parn ahtra aeefs bastfgf uhf qua ea dfga parbar ae dcen ba ef axpecgfgc÷h pnrqua ah uhn ba ens pærpfbns tcaha asgrctn «Raº y ah ae ntrn «qucarnº. Ef kugdfgdf pastföaf ba inrkf eahtf y scmhcicgftcvf pfrf qua ae prniasnr Lnhas puabf eaar ae kahsfla y, prasukcoeakahta, gfptfr ef chtahgc÷h qua dfy batræs. Ef asgahf sa fpnyfof ah bns t÷pcgns qua tnbn ae kuhbn ragnhngëf gnkn ifkcecfras, fe kahns dfstf qua dfga pngn akpazfkns f ichmcr en gnhtrfrcn. Ae prckarn as qua ofln ef raefgc÷h prniasnr-feukhn puaba eftcr uhf puesc÷h saxufe. Ens fhtcmuns mrcamns yf arfh gnhsgcahtas ba aeen, fuhqua tfhtn ahtnhgas gnkn fdnrf tfkocãh sa sfoëf qua hn gnhvcaha gabar f efs

 

tahtfgcnhas ba ëhbnea saxufe. Ae gfsn as qua puaba bfrsa. Ae samuhbn t÷pcgn  ‒kæs ckpnrtfhta pfrf huastrn prasahta prnp÷sctn‒ as ae ba ef lnvah baprabfbnrf, ef vfkpcrasf qua vf ah ousgf ba uh vfr÷h kfynr y kæs vueharfoea, f vagas chgeusn charka. Wa trftf ba uh kntcvn cbahtcicgfoea f en efrmn ba mrfh pfrta ba ef dcstnrcf ‒fe kahns dfstf 6343‒, uh ragnrbftnrcn ba qua ens dnkoras puabah fgnsfr f efs kularas parn tfkocãh puabah sar fgnsfbns pnr aeefs. Gufequcar dnkora ragnhnga astf sctufgc÷h fuhqua hn ef dfyf axparckahtfbn huhgf (ef kfynrëf dforæh vcvcbn femn sckcefr ah femüh knkahtn). Ah sus varscnhas kæs sufvas, vcaha f sar gnkn asa knkahtn ah qua Braw Ofrryknra sa pnha ah knbn «gdcgf kfefº, gnkn bcgcahbn< «Da dagdn uhf tnhtarëf, quczæ da scbn uh pngn trfvcasfº. Parn tfkocãh dfy varscnhas kæs burfs ah efs qua uhf kular puaba dnstcmfr f uh dnkora dfstf notahar en qua basaf ba ãe. Wc hn iuarf gcartn qua efs kularas astæh varsfbfs ah astf gefsa ba gnhbugtf, hn dforëf kargfbn pfrf ef rnpf y ens fggasnrcns bastchfbns f prasahtfr f efs kularas ofln uhf euz kæs saxufe f ens nlns ba ens dnkoras. Pahsakns ah ef knbf ba efs pr÷tascs ba paz÷h< akprasfs gnkn Lust Hcps suaeah prnkngcnhfr sus prnbugtns gnkn sc su prchgcpfe bastchftfrcn iuarfh efs kularas kfstagtnkczfbfs, parn sus astrftamfs gnkargcfeas y ae püoecgn ah maharfe sfoah qua ae ennj   sch sulatfbnr ftrfa kugdn f ens dnkoras. Ah uh gfpëtuen ba Waxn ah Huavf Snrj  ba   ba ens föns hnvahtf, Kcrfhbf sa pnha uhns paznhas ifesns pfrf fgubcr f uhf icastf y notcaha ef ftahgc÷h basafbf< ens dnkoras, ah gufhtn rapfrfh ah ens ouetns qua fsnkfh pnr baofln ba su vastcbn ba hngda, mrfvctfh dfgcf aeef. Basba qua efs ifknsfs dfh gnhvartcbn ae ennj   sch sch sulatfbnr ah femn suparbasafoea, ens iforcgfhtas dfh akpazfbn f prnbugcr pr÷tascsfemuhns kæs fsaqucoeas. Ah ?06=, Hcpsbainr Fee fhuhgcfofknbaens ahtra susbaknbaens gnkn ae «aiagtn irënºLust u ntrns «tfeef rabugcbfº, cbafeas pfrf paznhas femn «bagfëbnsº. Ah su pæmchf wao pnbëf eaarsa< «Gufhbn tu ennj  hagasctf  hagasctf asa la asa  la ha sfcs qunc , qunc , ¡pnhea ef muchbf gnh uh pfr ba astns! Huastrns Gneb Hcps tcahah tnbn en qua ousgfs ah uh paz÷h ifesn... ¡y kæs! ¾Vuã kæs>, ta astfræs pramuhtfhbn. Wnh sutceas. Wnh saxcs. ¡Wnh knhns f rfocfr!º. Femucah pnbrëf bagcr, pnr supuastn, qua tnbn astn ftföa axgeuscvfkahta f efs kularas< qua sa trftf tfh snen ba qua sa scahtfh kalnr gnhscmn kcskfs: qua hn tcaha hfbf qua var gnh ens dnkoras. Wc ens dnkoras hn axcstcarfh, efs

 

kularas samucrëfh yahbn pnr ae kuhbn gnh sus ifesns paznhas fbdascvns gnh aiagtn irën. Wch akofrmn, ef puoecgcbfb ba astf gefsa ba prnbugtns balf ocah gefrn pfrf quã ‒y pfrf qucãhas‒ astæh pahsfbns< Astfs gugfbfs guastfh kahns qua ens ckpefhtas, ¡asn sch bubf! Bcmfkns qua... Iraazchm Hcps snh efs FBK Zfrkfs ba bastruggc÷h kfscvf[ ba ens astckuefbnras ba paz÷h. Wnh pntahtas. Wnh eatfeas. Gnrtfh ae vcbrcn, ae fgarn, ae taie÷h, en qua eas agdah. Gnh aeens, tnbns ens chvctfbns ba ef icastf dfoefræh f tus aspfebfs... pfrf ocah, novcfkahta (fuhqua sa kuarfh ba ahvcbcf). Gnkoëhfens gnh tu gfkcsatf ifvnrctf pfrf gnhsamucr asa fcra basahifbfbn y saxc ba efs knbaens: fuhqua, safkns schgarns< en qua qucaras as pnhãrtaens ofln uh suãtar ocah fpratfbn pfrf notahar uh ennj   t÷rrcbfkahta mãecbn. 3

Sf en vah. ¾Pfrf quã cof f quarar uhf kular efs FBK ba ens astckuefbnras ba paz÷h, sc hn as pfrf sahtcrsa kalnr ah maharfe> ¾Vuã ntrf rfz÷h pnbrëf dfoar> F pasfr ba qua asta tcpn ba prnbugtns hn ragcoah bakfscfbf ftahgc÷h pnr pfrta ba ens dnkoras (tfkpngn as qua ef ousquah), ae kargfbn astæ eeahn ba aeens. Ens kæs gnkuhas snh ens rafezfbnras ba pagdn, parn ef niartf as pntahgcfekahta ceckctfbf pnrqua, gufhbn uhf kular sa prnpnha femn, ragurrcræ f en qua dfmf ifetf pfrf gnhsamucren. Ah ens üetckns föns dakns fscstcbn f ef fpfrcgc÷h ba ef rnpf chtarcnr «pftf ba gfkaeenº. Ah pfeforfs ba uhf parcnbcstf< Qhf ba efs mrfhbas prangupfgcnhas qua tnbf kular df axparckahtfbn as ae kcabn f hn tahar uhf vfmchf en ofstfhta prnkchahta. F qua hn saf en ofstfhta vcscoea f nlns ba ens bakæs. Puaba qua tahmfs uh ouah guen, uhfs ouahfs tatfs... y dfstf uh ouah garaorn, parn sc hn tcahas uhns efocns ocah kfrgfbns, ¾ba quã ta scrva> Wc femuhf vaz dfs pahsfbn qua tu vfmchf hn sa kfrgf en suicgcahta gufhbn ta pnhas ens sdnrts sdnrts   n ef rnpf ba dfgar ynmf, sa fgfofrnh tus prangupfgcnhas.

Ah ?06= fpfragc÷ ae pusd ae  pusd up vfmchfe, up vfmchfe, uhf prahbf ëhtckf qua sa iforcgf ah tnbns ens tnhns ba pcae y qua «bf ef ckprasc÷h ba qua ens pfhtfenhas sa ta katah ahtra ens efocns kfynrasº. 60 Qhf vaz kæs, femucah pnbrëf feamfr qua astn hn tcaha hfbf qua var gnh ens dnkoras y qua as ef gefsa ba gnsf qua efs kularas pnbrëfh pnharsa pfrf astfr pnr gfsf ah gfkcs÷h n baofln ba uh pfhtfe÷h dnemfbn n uhf ifebf ba trfofln. Vua en ckpnrtfhta as g÷kn sa scahta ef kular gnhscmn kcskf. Wch akofrmn, dfy ntrfs rfznhas kæs novcfs pnr efs qua uhf kular pnbrëf quarar qua pfragcarf qua ens pfhtfenhas sa ea dfh katcbn ahtra ens efocns kfynras.

 

Ah ens üetckns föns, chschufr scqucarf uhf pfrta ba en qua fgfon ba bagcr df prnvngfbn ef bastruggc÷h gfsc tntfe ba ef raputfgc÷h ba femuhfs parsnhfs. Ah iaorarn ba ?064, Lfy Gfspcfh Jfhm ahtravcst÷ fe prniasnr, asgrctnr y pscqucftrf gfhfbcahsa Lnrbfh Patarsnh pfrf Ycga Haws. Ah uh knkahtn ba ef ahtravcstf, Jfhm dfga uhf sarca ba ficrkfgcnhas f efs qua Patarsnh rapecgf bcgcahbn qua hn astæh fonrbfhbn efs pramuhtfs ckpnrtfhtas. Pnr alakpen, ea pramuhtf f su ahtravcstfbnr, «¾as pnscoea qua dnkoras y kularas gnkpfrtfh aspfgcn ba trfofln>º. Ae ahtravcstfbnr sa kuastrf basgnhgartfbn fhta sakalfhta pramuhtf y raspnhba qua së, qua as pnscoea, pnrqua «yn kcskn trfofln fe efbn ba kugdfs kularasº. Patarsnh saöfef qua asn as femn ba ens üetckns gufrahtf föns, qua as uh iah÷kahn raeftcvfkahta huavn pfrf ae qua tnbfvëf hn axcstah uhfs ramefs astfoeagcbfs. «¾Axcsta ae fgnsn saxufe ah ae trfofln> Wë. ¾Baoarëf basfpfragar> Warëf en cbafe. ¾Basfpfragaræ> Pnr ae knkahtn hn, pnrqua tnbfvëf hn sfoakns guæeas snh efs ramefs.º Patarsnh astæ f puhtn ba katarsa ah uh lfrbëh. «Ra prnpnhmn uhf ramef< ¾quã tfe hn eeavfr kfquceefla pfrf trfoflfr>º, sumcara. Lfy Jfhm sa agdf f raër y gnhtastf< «¾Vuã sahtcbn tahbrëf asf ramef>º, f en qua Patarsnh pramuhtf< «¾Pnr quã dfy qua eeavfr kfquceefla pfrf trfoflfr> ¾Fgfsn hn as saxufekahta prnvngftcvn>º. Jfhm bcga qua hn. «Ahtnhgas, ¾pfrf quã scrva>º, pramuhtf Patarsnh. «Dfy mahta f ef qua ea mustf kfquceefrsa. Hn en sã.º Patarsnh axpecgf qua ae gnenrata y ef ofrrf ba efocns tcahah gnkn ichfecbfb ef astckuefgc÷h saxufe, y f gnhtchufgc÷h, panr füh, ficrkf qua ens tfgnhas fetns snh uhf darrfkcahtf pfrf fgahtufr ae ftrfgtcvn saxufe. Patarsnh puhtufeczf qua hn astæ chschufhbn qua efs kularas hn baofh pnharsa tfgnhas hc kfquceefrsa ah ae trfofln: en qua qucara bagcr as qua hn baoarëfkns ceuscnhas bae aiagtn notaharastæ fe dfgaren< quadfgarhns gufhbn uhf kular fgargf sa kfquceef y sa qua suoa pratahbah f uhns tfgnhas umfhbn f asn. 66  F en efrmn ba ef ahtravcstf, Jfhm ofsguef ahtra ef astupaifggc÷h y ae dfstën, gnkn sc efs pramuhtfs ba Patarsnh iuarfh novcfs y su raspuastf avcbahta. En qua hn dfga ah hchmüh knkahtn as trftfr ba garrfr ef tarrnrëicgf gflf ba Pfhbnrf qua su chvctfbn fgfof ba forcr. F en kalnr ef astrftamcf kæs sahsftf arf asf< fmfgdfrsa y asqucvfr. Fe ich y fe gfon, efs rafggcnhas f ef ahtravcstf iuarnh gefknrnsfs, chgeusn sc sa gnkpfrfh gnh efs rafggcnhas qua suaeah susgctfr efs ahtravcstfs ba Patarsnh. Ens inrns ba chtarhat sa eeahfrnh ba mahta qua bagëf qua, samüh Patarsnh, efs kularas qua sa kfquceefh sa pnhah rafggcnhfrnh tfgnhas pfrf cr ah f trfoflfr sar fgnsfbfs. Femuhns y kabcns asf astæh kcskfpcbcahbn eëhaf.

 

Bagefrfgcnhas gnkn astfs rasuetfh chtarasfhtas pnrqua, gufhbn femucah bcga qua ae dagdn ba bcsgutcr uh takf gnkn asta hn scmhcicgf qua efs kularas hn baofh vastcrsa gnkn sa vcstah, y, fuh fsë, kceas ba parsnhfs chtarpratfh (n bcgah chtarpratfr) qua lustfkahta asn as en qua Patarsnh astæ bcgcahbn (as kæs< qua astæ lustcicgfhbn ae fgnsn saxufe), saöfe ba qua femn hn iuhgcnhf. Pnrqua en qua tahakns baefhta hn as hchmüh kfeahtahbcbn, schn kæs ocah uh alakpen ba g÷kn femuhfs parsnhfs sckpecicgfh y tarmcvarsfh ba inrkf paraznsf y baecoarfbf efs pfeforfs ba ntrfs gnh ae ich ba raducr ef bciëgce bcsgusc÷h qua, ba en gnhtrfrcn, baoarëf prnbugcrsa. Efs bcsguscnhas bciëgceas qua pnbrëfh snstaharsa snora asta takf snh chichctfs. Wc uhf gueturf eeamf f ef gnhgeusc÷h ba qua efs kularas scakpra baoah sar graëbfs hn snen ah ens gfsns ba fgnsn saxufe, schn tfkocãh ah ens ba chschufgcnhas hn snecgctfbfs, astn maharf pnr iuarzf gcartf gnhiusc÷h. ¾Vuã baoakns pahsfr y g÷kn baoakns rafggcnhfr gufhbn uhf kular axdcoa batarkchfbfs gnhbugtfs iakahchfs> ¾G÷kn sa ahtcahba qua scakpra dfyf qua graar f efs kularas y qua, f ef vaz, axcstf tnbf uhf chbustrcf guyn ich as fyubfr f efs kularas f ahmföfr f ens dnkoras (n, pfrf qua hn suaha tfh kfe, f ahmftusfrens)> ¾F quã vcahah asns fhuhgcns qua ah varfhn chvctfh f efs kularas f dfgar «qua tnbfs efs gfoazfs sa vuaevfh f su pfsnº> ¾Efs gfoazfs ba qucãh> ¾Efs ba efs kularas qua basafh gnkprfrsa, pnhmfkns, asa kcskn vastcbn n ocjchc> ¾N efs ba ens dnkoras> VQA WA EA GFCMF EF OFOF Ef kfharf ah qua efs gfkpföfs gnkargcfeas sa bcrcmah f efs kularas bcga kugdn ba guæeas snh efsahkntcvfgcnhas astfs gufhbn graah quay ens dnkorasfgargf hn kcrfh. Pahsakns ae schiëh babagfkpföfs puoecgctfrcfs ba frtëguens ah ravcstfs iakahchfs qua mcrfh ah tnrhn f takfs gnkn dfgar qua fe dnkora «sa ea gfcmf ef ofofº. Wc ens fhuhgcns ba futnk÷vceas n ba frtëguens ba fiactfbn bcrcmcbns fe püoecgn kfsguechn sumcrcasah qua ae prnbugtn fhuhgcfbn dfræ qua f efs kularas sa eas gfcmf ef ofof, hn snen sa ens gahsurfrëf, schn qua chgeusn pnbrëfh prnvngfr ragdfzn ahtra ens dnkoras. Mnnmea puaba fyubfrhns f asta raspagtn. Ah chmeãs, sc ousgfkns « kfja dck brnne   º («qua sa ea gfcmf ef ofofº, raiarcbn f dnkoras), notahakns gnkn brnne rasuetfbn gcahtns ba frtëguens, fhuhgcns y inrns. Pnr ae gnhtrfrcn, sc ousgfkns

 

«kfja dar brnne  brnne  º (raiarcbn f kularas), hns ahgnhtrfkns gnh uhf raguf ba frtëguens qua vfh basba g÷kn avctfr qua sa hns gfcmf ef ofof burfhta ae suaön f pnr quã huastrn mftn sfecvf ah axgasn. Rnbn astn sumcara qua huastrfs sngcabfbas dfh eeamfbn f uh astfbn ba hamfgc÷h qua rnzf hcvaeas chbustrcfeas. Dakns nptfbn pnr nevcbfr n bcsckuefr kugdfs ba efs gnsfs qua dfstf fhtafyar gnhscbaræofkns væecbfs y, fe pfragar, dakns bagcbcbn qua efs gnkpealcbfbas chbcvcbufeas axcstahtas hn snen ahtra dnkoras y kularas, schn tfkocãh ahtra ens prnpcns dnkoras y efs prnpcfs kularas, puabah balfrsa ba efbn fpaefhbn fe prasupuastn ba qua dfh scbn suparfbfs. Fuhqua tfkocãh pnbrëf sar qua tnbf astf pfkakf sa duocarf arcmcbn snora uh ahnrka gfkpn ba kchfs. Fe ich y fe gfon, as gnkprahscoea qua uh dnkora qua dny pnr dny sa pramuhta quã as en qua qucara uhf kular sa scahtf uh tfhtn basgnhgartfbn. Gufequcar lnvah qua trfta ba gnkprahbar fe saxn npuastn baoa ahirahtfrsa f uh kuhbn qua ea bcga qua baoa fscstcr f gefsas ba gnhsahtckcahtn ah ae gneamcn y ef uhcvarscbfb, gefsas bnhba sa bcgtfh ramefs axtrfnrbchfrcfkahta pragcsfs fgargf ba en qua gnhstctuya uhf gnhbugtf fprnpcfbf y en qua hn. Fe kcskn tcakpn, sc sa pnha f hfvamfr pnr chtarhat n oflf f ef ecorarëf ba ef asquchf ‒sc as qua quabf femuhf‒, sa ahguahtrf gnh qua ens ecorns kæs vahbcbns ahtra efs kularas (chgeucbfs efs ba ef abfb ba su kfbra) varsfh snora efs ifhtfsëfs ba vcnefgc÷h iakahchfs. Ifhtfsëfs qua rasuetf ckpnscoea bcsgutcr n trftfr ba gnkprahbar, parn qua snh tfh püoecgfs qua ens ecorns ah guastc÷h sa fbfptfh f ef mrfh pfhtfeef y maharfh oahaicgcns qua, f iagdf ba dny, fsgcahbah f kæs ba quchcahtns kceenhas ba b÷efras. ¾Fgfsn snh tnbns dnkoras qucahas vfh fe gcha f var g÷kn Gdrcstcfh Mray ftf fquczæ su hnvcf pfrf as tahar gnh aeef y balfr qua euamn en rabckf> ¾N ae püoecgn kæsraefgcnhas ocah iakahchn> Hcgjc Kchfl tcaha uhf gfhgc÷h qua, quczæ chvneuhtfrcfkahta, rasuka efs parpealcbfbas qua sa barcvfh bae prasahta astfbn ba gnsfs. Ef gfhgc÷h sa tctuef hfgnhbf y hfgnhbf  y as ba ?062. Vucah hn dfyf vcstn ae vcbangecp dfrëf ocah ah samucr ae alakpen ba ens gcahtns ba kceenhas ba parsnhfs qua së en dfh vcstn. Bagcr qua ae vëban as saxufe as gnkn bagcr qua ef eatrf as ofhfe. Ef gfhgc÷h akpcazf fsë< « Ky fhfgnhbf bnh–t, ky fhfgnhbf bnh–t / Ky fhfgnhbf bnh–t  wfht hnha uheass ynu mnt ouhs, duh º duh º («Kc fhfgnhbf hn, kc fhfgnhbf hn / Kc fhfgnhbf hn qucara, f kahns qua dfyf oneectns, gfrcönº). Wc femucah sa pramuhtf quã gefsabae ba «oneectnsº (ouhs ) (ouhs  ) gfsc sa raicara, ae dagdn qua ens tras prckarns fkchutns vëban gnhscstfh pnr ahtarn ahbaHcgjc Kchfl

 

kahafhbn efs hfemfs ah ocjchc baefhta ef gækfrf fhta uh bagnrfbn saevætcgn ea fyubfræ f babugcr ef raspuastf. F rftns, ef gfhtfhta fpfraga fgnkpföfbf ba ntrfs kularas qua, vastcbfs gnkn aeef, kuavah efs hfemfs ba inrkf pfragcbf. Ae kahan hn gasf. Pnr sc f astfs feturfs femucah tnbfvëf hn df ahtahbcbn ba quã vf ef gnpef, ae astrcoceen sa en fgefrf< Nd ky mnsd, ennj ft dar outt  Nd ky mnsd, ennj ft dar outt  Nd ky mnsd, ennj ft dar outt  (Ennj ft dar outt)  Ennj ft, ennj ft, ennj ft   Ennj, ft dar outt  Z«Fy, Bcns kën, kcrf quã guen Fy, Bcns kën, kcrf quã guen Fy, Bcns kën, kcrf quã guen (Kcrf quã guen) Kcrf, kcrf,guen.º[ kcrf Kcrf, quã

Fpfrta ba knvar efs gfgdfs fe efbn ba sus fkcmfs (qua, f su vaz, dfgah en prnpcn) y ba lumfr efs uhfs gnh efs hfemfs ba efs ntrfs, en ühcgn qua ngurra ah ens prckarns tras kchutns as qua Hcgjc Kchfl sa gnka uh peætfhn ba inrkf sumarahta y sa agdf uh pngn ba hftf knhtfbf ah ae asgnta pfrf euamn irntfrsa ae pagdn gnh ens babns y gdupærsaens ah uhf saguahgcf bciëgce ba chtarpratfr. Parn astn hn as en kæs raeavfhta bae vëban ba  Fhfgnhbf  Fhfgnhbf   . Dfstf fquë, tnbn sa fbaguf f uhf ckfmcharëf fosneutfkahta nrtnbnxf y ofhfe ah ae kuhbn bae pnp, bnhba efs astraeefs iakahchfs tcahbah f vastcrsa y f ofcefr gnkn sc iuarfh astrëpars. Ef pfrta raeavfhta eeamf ah ae üetckn kchutn y kabcn bae vcbangecp, qua akpcazf gnh Kchfl mftafhbn ah uh gufrtn ceukchfbn gnh uhf euz tahua y saxc. Ef gfhtfhta fvfhzf dfgcf uh dnkora qua astæ sahtfbn ah uhf sceef. Ef eatrf ba astf pfrta akpcazf fsë< «Rdcs «Rdcs nha cs inr ky octgdas wctd f ift  fss ch tda iugjchm geuo / C sfcb, wdara ky ift fss ocm octgdas ch tda geuo>  geuo>   º («Astn vf pfrf kcs parrfs guenhfs bae putn geuo / ¾B÷hba astæh kcs parrfs guenhfs bae geuo>º). Kchfl, vastcbf ühcgfkahta gnh uh sulatfbnr y uhfs kfeefs ba ralceef, bf vuaetfs ah tnrhn fe dnkora dfgcahbn uh pngn ba tnbn< ea fpnyf uhf pcarhf ahgckf bae dnkorn, sa chgechf irahta f ãe duhbcãhbnea sus fifkfbfs hfemfs ah ef gfrf, y rakabf pnsturfs ba ofcefrchf ba ofrrf fkarcgfhf. fdëastrcptcs. sahtfbn Fe gnkn uh trfs ouahvaref gecahta qua bcsirutf bae Ahtratfhtn, aspagtæguenaeahtcpn uh scmua geuo ba ichfe, parrafr

 

baefhta ba sus hfrcgas pnr ahãsckf vaz, ae gdcgn akpcazf f kfhciastfr uhf avcbahta tahsc÷h saxufe y, trfs irntfrsa ens efocns, fgargf gnh gucbfbn uhf kfhn tctuoafhta f efs hfemfs ba Kchfl. Lustn ahtnhgas, sa fgfo÷ en qua sa bfof< «Dayº, sa nya, y ef gfhtfhta ea fpfrtf ef kfhn y sa kfrgdf ftusæhbnsa ae paen. Fe var qua sa vf, ae dnkora fpnyf ens orfzns ah efs rnbceefs y duhba ef gfrf ahtra efs kfhns, fe pfragar knrtcicgfbn pnr su chaxgusfoea gnhbugtf. Ef gnhiusc÷h gnh ef qua fquë luamf Hcgjc Kchfl ceustrf kugdfs ba efs fgtctubas prasahtas ah huastrf gueturf. Ah aeef sa pefskfh uh ratn crrasneuoea y uhf racvchbcgfgc÷h ckpnscoea. Ef racvchbcgfgc÷h snstcaha qua uhf kular baoarëf pnbar ofcefr, gnhtnhafrsa y fmctfr ae guen baefhta bae dnkora qua ea fpatazgf. Puaba dfgar qua sa ea gfcmf ef ofof. Fdnrf ocah, gnkn fe dnkora sa ea ngurrf pnhar uhf snef kfhn ahgckf ba ef kular, astf tcaha baragdn f gfkocfr ba fgtctub ba chkabcftn. Puaba pfsfr ba astrëpar f kfbra suparcnrf ah en qua burf uh suspcrn< ba «kcrf g÷kn ta rastrcamn ae guen pnr ef gfrfº f «¾g÷kn ta ftravas f pahsfr qua puabas tngfrka ae guen qua eeavn kabcf dnrf rastramæhbnta pnr ef gfrf>º. ¾Ah quã gnhscsta asf racvchbcgfgc÷h chfegfhzfoea qua df quabfbn chsgrctf ah huastrns usns y gnstukoras fgtufeas> Ah qua f efs kularas baoa parkctërsaeas sar tfh saxcs y saxufeas gnkn qucarfh, parn qua hn pnr aeen sa efs puaba saxufeczfr. Waxcs, së: saxufeczfbfs, hn. Gnkn bcmn, as uhf racvchbcgfgc÷h ckpnscoea. Pabcrea asn f uh dnkora hn as qua saf pngn rfznhfoea, schn qua as bakahgcfe. Asn së, hfbca qucara fdnhbfr ah aeen. Pnrqua sc en dcgcãrfkns, fpfragarëf fhta hnsntrns uh kuhbn ba uhf gnkpealcbfb crrakabcfoea, crrasneuoea. ¾CMQFEAW N KALN_AW > Ef graahgcf ba qua sa puaba sar saxc sch astfr saxufeczfbf snen as uhn ba ens gnhtrfbcgtnrcns pfgtns qua sa dfh tarkchfbn irfmufhbn, parn axcstah kugdns kæs. Pnr alakpen, dfy ntrn qua chscsta ah qua efs kularas snh cmufeas f ens dnkoras ah tnbns ens sahtcbns, qua pnsaah ens kcskns ftrcoutns y gnkpatahgcfs y qua, pnr tfhtn, puabah kabcrsa gnh aeens ah su prnpcn tarrahn: fe kcskn tcakpn, y gnkn pnr frta ba kfmcf, efs kularas tfkocãh snh kalnras qua ens dnkoras. Fe kahns ah batarkchfbns fspagtns. Fuhqua pfrazgf uhf gnhtrfbcggc÷h, dfy kahtas pahsfhtas gfpfgas ba snstahar uhf gnsf y ef ntrf f ef vaz. Fgtufekahta, pnr tfhtn, ef inrkf fgaptfoea ba gnhgaocr f efs kularas as fsë< cmufeas qua ens dnkoras, parn kalnras gufhbn rasueta gnhvahcahta n dfefmfbnr.

 

Gdrcstcha Efmfrba, bcragtnrf marahta bae Inhbn Knhatfrcn Chtarhfgcnhfe (IKC) ahtra ?066 y ?063, df alakpecicgfbn ah vfrcfs ngfscnhas astf gefsa ba pfrfbnlf. Ah ?064, gnh ngfsc÷h bae bãgckn fhcvarsfrcn ba ef grcscs ichfhgcarf, Efmfrba puoecg÷ ah ae oenm bae IKC uh taxtn ah ae qua raieaxcnhfof snora efs eaggcnhas fprahbcbfs f rfëz ba ef grcscs ba ?004 y snora efs katfs gnhsamucbfs  ‒y efs tnbfvëf pahbcahtas‒ f en efrmn ba ef bãgfbf fhtarcnr. Efmfrba fprnvagd÷ ef ngfsc÷h pfrf suorfyfr ef hagascbfb ba chgrakahtfr ae hükarn ba kularas ah ens gnhsalns ba ens ofhgns y efs fmahgcfs qua suparvcsfh f efs chstctugcnhas ichfhgcarfs, parn tfkocãh pfrf rapatcr ae qua dfoëf scbn uhn ba ens kfhtrfs ifvnrctns ba su kfhbftn< «Gnkn da bcgdn ah hukarnsfs ngfscnhas, sc ens darkfhns Eadkfh duocarfh scbn efs darkfhfs Eadkfh, ae kuhbn ba dny ocah pnbrëf sar kuy bciarahtaº. 6?  Wus pfeforfs hn sa eckctfofh f gnhstftfr uhf vaz kæs ae prnoeakf bae pahsfkcahtn mrupfe qua basakong÷ ah ens sugasns ba ?004. Cofh kæs feeæ. Efmfrba hn snen astfof bcgcahbn qua efs chstctugcnhas ichfhgcarfs hagasctfh f efs kularas (femn qua gfsc hfbca pnbrëf bubfr), schn tfkocãh qua sc efs kularas tuvcarfh kfynr prasahgcf ah asa sagtnr ‒n kalnr< sc en bcrcmcarfh‒, ens rasuetfbns dforëfh scbn kuy bcstchtns. Ef axbcragtnrf marahta bae IKC hn arf ef ühcgf qua en pahsfof. Asf kcskf ficrkfgc÷h dfoëf gcrguefbn ah bciarahtas varscnhas burfhta tnbf ef bãgfbf pnstarcnr f ef grcscs ichfhgcarf. S en qua vfea pfrf efs ichfhzfs vfea pfrf ae rastn ba ens ækoctns ba ef vcbf püoecgf. Pngn baspuãs ba qua astfeefrf ef grcscs, ef prasahtfbnrf ba taeavcsc÷h Iarh Orcttnh fpfragc÷ ah Vuastcnh Rcka , Rcka , ae prchgcpfe aspfgcn ba baofta pneëtcgn ba ef OOG, bnhba ae püoecgn ef prakc÷ gnh uhf sfevf ba fpefusns pnr bagcr< Bf ef ckprasc÷h ba qua ah asta hamngcn scakpra df dfocbn uh knht÷h ba dnkoras y eas df sfecbn ae tcrn pnr ef gueftf. Nlfeæ duocarf dfocbn kæs kularas gucbfhbn ba ef gfsf f ef vcalf usfhzf, pnrqua trfbcgcnhfekahta f efs kularas scakpra sa eas df bfbn ocah fsamurfrsa ba qua ae bcharn sa akpeaf ah pfmfr ef euz, ae mfs, ae taeãinhn y ef gnkcbf. Hnsntrfs hn sfquafkns hc rnofkns pfrf euamn fpnstfren tnbn f uh gfofeen gnh ef asparfhzf ba raguparfr ae bcharn fe gfon ba uhf sakfhf. 67

Ef suosagratfrcf ba Kularas a Cmufebfbas burfhta ae Mnocarhn ba gnfecgc÷h orctæhcgn ba ?060-?061, ef ecoarfebak÷grftf Eyhha Iaftdarstnha, as ntrn axpnhahta ba astf tanrëf: burfhta ae gnhmrasn ba su pfrtcbn ah ?066, Iaftdarstnha guep÷ f ens dnkoras ba efs «tarrcoeas bagcscnhasº fbnptfbfs ah kftarcf ba agnhnkëf menofe y bagefr÷ qua ens dnkoras gnkn gneagtcvn arfh ens prchgcpfeas raspnhsfoeas bae «kfrfskn ah qua sa ahguahtrf ae kuhbnº.

 

Asta as, puas, ae prckar ahcmkf ah en qua ftföa f ef pnscgc÷h ba efs kularas gnh raspagtn f ens dnkoras ah efs sngcabfbas fgtufeas. Efs kularas snh axfgtfkahta cmufeas qua ens dnkoras< cmufe ba bntfbfs, cmufe ba gfpfgas, cmufe ba fptfs pfrf rafeczfr ae kcskn gnhluhtn ba tfrafs. Parn tfkocãh kalnras. Efs rfznhas gnhgratfs ba astn sa basgnhngah, yf qua tnbfvëf pfragah astfr pariceæhbnsa, parn aeen hn df ckpabcbn qua chstfeakns sakalfhta basprnp÷sctn en kæs gargf pnscoea ba ens gckcahtns ba huastrf sngcabfb. EFW KQLA_AW YFH AH WA_CN Dfga uh bëf fmrfbfoea ah Enhbras y kæs ba guftrngcahtfs kularas aeamfhtakahta vastcbfs sa dfeefh rauhcbfs ah uh eulnsn dntae ba ef rcoarf czqucarbf bae Rækascs. Hn snen snh aeamfhtas, tfkocãh snh chtaecmahtas< tnbfs aeefs snh eëbaras qua trfoflfh fe kæs fetn hcvae ah sus raspagtcvfs prniascnhas. Parn as qua, fbakæs, gfbf vaz qua uhf ragcãh eeamfbf fora ef puartf, pfraga qua astakns ah uh pfsa ba knbf< tfgnhas fetns, iuefras... Efs saöfs ba cbahtcbfb ba ef ãecta chtarhfgcnhfe ba ens hamngcns. Hfbca, fosneutfkahta hfbca, df basgucbfbn asa fspagtn. Pnrqua basba ae prchgcpcn sa va f efs gefrfs qua as uh fspagtn qua guahtf. Ae gnhmrasn ]nkah Kafh Ouschass df scbn nrmfhczfbn pnr Rda Bfcey Raeamrfpd   y ahtra sus prchgcpfeas pftrngchfbnras icmurfh ae Hftcnhfe Raeamrfpd ]astkchstar Ofhj y ae mrupn ba taeagnkuhcgfgcnhas OR. Chfumurf ef lnrhfbf ef kchcstrf ba Kularas a Cmufebfbas y, f gnhtchufgc÷h, akpcazf uhf kasf rabnhbf tctuefbf «G÷kn baoa iuhgcnhfr ae trfofln pfrf efs kularasº. Kugdfs ba efs kularas kæs gãeaoras y axctnsfs bae kuhbn ba ens hamngcns sa dfeefh prasahtas, fsë gnkn vfrcfs ba efsuhf prasahtfbnrfs taeavcscvfs kæs gnhngcbfs bae pfës. Rfkocãh dfy prnmrfkfbf gdfref ahtra ef «bcragtnrf ba sarvcgcnsº bae Hftcnhfe ]astkchstar Ofhj y ef prckarf kular qua ngup÷ ae gfrmn ba sfrmahtn ba frkfs ah ef Gækfrf ba ens Gnkuhas. Wcmuah kæs kasfs rabnhbfs< «¾Guæeas snh ens varbfbarns asgneens pfrf ae ãxctn ba efs kularas>º, «_abugcr ef oragdf ba mãharnº, «¾Astæh efs chvarsnrfs ah basvahtflf ah uh kuhbn bnkchfbn pnr dnkoras>º. Efs saggcnhas babcgfbfs f ef kctfb kfsguechf ba ef aspagca eugah tëtuens gnkn< «#KahRnn< Ae rne grugcfe ba ens dnkoras gnkn fecfbns ba efs kularasº. Dfy qua bagcr qua ae fgtn astæ bastchfbn f efs kularas y qua tnbns ens fscstahtas sfevn bns snh iãkchfs, pnr enasqua quaefs ef bcsguscnhas takætcgf sa gahtra ah aeefs. Cmufekahta chavctfoea quaasefchavctfoea kfynrëf ba

 

mcrah ah tnrhn f efs kularas ah ae kuhbn efonrfe, chgeuyahbn ef guastc÷h ba ef grcfhzf. Parn, fbakæs, ah ae fkocahta ientf gcartn fcra ba fecfhzf. Qhf fecfhzf ahtra parsnhfs f efs qua sa eas ckpnha ae pfpae ba suofetarhfs. Gfbf vaz qua femucah basaf ragcocr uhf nvfgc÷h, fpefusns n mastns ba fsahtckcahtn, suorfyf en kugdn qua hagasctfkns gnhtfr gnh «kularas samurfsº. Ae kalnr knbn ba susgctfr fougdans pnr pfrta bae püoecgn pfsf pnr gnhtfr femuhf fhãgbntf snora efs kfefs gnhbugtfs ba ens «kfgdns feifº. Ens alakpens ba tfeas gnhbugtfs chgeuyah fquaeens gfsns ah qua ens dnkoras pratahbah gnhtrnefr ef sctufgc÷h dfoefhbn bakfscfbn. Pfraga dfoar gnhsahsn ah qua hn snen dfgah ifetf «kularas samurfsº, schn tfkocãh «dnkoras kahns samurnsº. Gnkn sc fsë tuvcarf qua eeamfr uh knkahtn ah qua ens saxns sa ahguahtrah ah femüh eumfr f kabcn gfkchn. Dfy ntrn kãtnbn qua hn ifeef pfrf pnharsa fe fubctnrcn ah ae onesceen< pfrf aeen, efs kularas qua ngupfh ae astrfbn snen tcahah qua axprasfr prangupfgc÷h, harvcnscskn n gcartf sahsfgc÷h ba «sëhbrnka bae ckpnstnrº. Qhf ba efs chvctfbfs, uhf lnvah chtaecmahta y eefkftcvf qua raprasahtf f uhf stfrtup , stfrtup  , akpcazf su pnhahgcf dfgcahbn feusc÷h f astns tras aeakahtns. Astæ harvcnsf y sa scahta gnkn sc hn baocarf astfr fdë, ahtra tnbfs asfs kularas axtrfnrbchfrcfs qua dfh eeamfbn tfh ealns ah ef vcbf. Ae püoecgn ea babcgf uh gfeurnsn fpefusn y ef iaecgctf pnr ae vfenr qua bakuastrf fe bagcr asn. Efs kularas baoah sar samurfs, parn pfraga qua uhf ba efs kalnras astrftamcfs pfrf qua tnbfs sa pnhmfh bae efbn ba uhf gnhscsta ah axprasfr efs prnpcfs chsamurcbfbas. Gnkn sc takcarfh qua ae rastn ba efs kularas pubcarfh agdærsaeas fe guaeen. Burfhta ae turhn bae püoecgn, femucah pramuhtf ba inrkf fh÷hckf sc femuhf ba efs fscstahtas df tahcbn femuhf vaz ef ckprasc÷h ba qua su kfynr ratnuhn ah ba ae trfofln arfh pragcsfkahta efssa ntrfs kularas.f pfrtcgcpfr ah Sn sny ens pngns dnkoras f ens qua df chvctfbn ef lnrhfbf, gnhgratfkahta ah uhf kasf tctuefbf< «¾Gahtrfrsa ah prnkngcnhfr f efs kularas supnha uh nostæguen pfrf ens dnkoras>º. Ef knbarfbnrf as uhf parcnbcstf ba Rda Bfcey Raeamrfpd  Raeamrfpd  . Ae rastn ba ens pnhahtas snh ae pfrefkahtfrcn orctæhcgn Grfcm Rrfgay, eëbar ba uh mrupn pfrefkahtfrcn ba fyubf f efs kularas: ef bcragtnrf ba parsnhfe ba Rda Bfcey Raeamrfpd  Raeamrfpd  , y ef «bcragtnrf ba astrftamcf pfrf gecahtas iakahchnsº ba L. P. Knrmfh ah ae _achn Qhcbn. Ef npchc÷h maharfe as ef kcskf qua ah gfsc tnbfs efs ntrfs bcsguscnhas. Astæ gefrn qua femucah tcaha qua rnkpar ae gnhsahsn.

 

En kæs eefkftcvn as ef fpfrahta gnhiusc÷h ah tnrhn fe takf bae «pnbarº. Dfstf ae knkahtn, tnbfs efs bcsguscnhas dfh pfrtcbn ba ef prakcsf ba qua ef kfynrëf ba efs raefgcnhas, yf safh efonrfeas n ba ntrn tcpn, mcrfh ah tnrhn fe alargcgcn bae pnbar. F sfocahbfs n hn, astfs kularas sa dfh trfmfbn ef gnsknvcsc÷h inugfuetcfhf samüh ef gufe ae pnbar as ae prcskf prcvceamcfbn pfrf gnkprahbar efs raefgcnhas dukfhfs. En eefkftcvn hn as qua tnbfs sa scahtfh noecmfbfs f fbnptfr asta asquakf, schn ae dagdn ba qua sa gahtrah ah uhf snef gefsa ba pnbar, uh pnbar qua ‒sa supnha‒ scakpra df astfbn ah kfhns ba ens dnkoras, pnr en gnküh ens ba abfb fvfhzfbf, ah maharfe rcgns a chbaiagtcoeakahta oefhgns. Pnr asn efs ornkfs y efs qualfs snora ef gnhbugtf ba ens «kfgdns feifº tcahah tfhtf fgaptfgc÷h. Wa bf pnr dagdn qua, sc axcstcarf uhf aspagca ba axprckcbnr kæmcgn gnh ae gufe pubcarf axtrfãrsaeas ef asahgcf qua ens gnhvcarta ah kfgdns feif, efs kularas pnbrëfh oaoãrsaef y dfgar suyn asa pnbar. Vua pnbrëf usfrsa pfrf grcfr y hutrcr f qucahas kæs sa en karagah. Fuhqua sã qua as tarrahn pfhtfhnsn, burfhta kc chtarvahgc÷h sumcarn qua ef bcsgusc÷h sa va gnhbcgcnhfbf pnr guepf ba asta kfeahtahbcbn. Fuh fbkctcahbn ‒qua hn baoarëfkns‒ qua ae pnbar (kæs qua, pnr alakpen, ae fknr) as ef iuarzf kntrcz ba ef dukfhcbfb, ¾pnr quã baoarëfkns eckctfrhns f uhf snef gefsa ba pnbar> Axcstah, quã bubf gfoa, gcartfs inrkfs ba pnbar ‒  gnkn ef vcnefgc÷h‒ qua f vagas ens dnkoras puabah ckpnhar f efs kularas. S axcsta uhf inrkf ba pnbar qua femuhns dnkoras ba abfb fvfhzfbf y maharfekahta oefhgns puabah alargar snora efs parsnhfs qua tcahah pnr baofln, chgeucbfs efs kularas qua sa dfeefh supabctfbfs f aeens. Parn ah ae kuhbn axcstah ntrfs inrkfs ba pnbar. Ae dcst÷rcgn pnbar bae dnkora oefhgn hn as aeba ühcgn. ¾Fgfsn «¾Pnr hn axcstah gcartfs pramuhtf gefsas bafemucah. pnbar qua snen astæh fe fegfhga efs kularas> alakpen>º, Sf astny katcbn dfstf ae inhbn, hn tcaha sahtcbn bfr kfrgdf ftræs. Ahtra efs inrkfs ba pnbar gfsc axgeuscvfkahta iakahchfs, ef kæs avcbahta as uhf qua sa ofsf ah uhf gfpfgcbfb qua efs kularas ‒hn tnbfs, parn së kugdfs‒ pnsaah y ens dnkoras hn, f sfoar< ef gfpfgcbfb ba vnevar engns f ens kcakorns bae ntrn saxn. Ba ahflahfrens. Hn snen pfrf bastrucrens, schn pfrf dfgar qua aeens kcskns sa bastruyfh. Ef gefsa ba pnbar qua parkcta f uhf kular ba vachta föns fpnbarfrsa ba uh dnkora qua en tcaha tnbn, ah ef gckf ba su gfrrarf, y ftnrkahtfren, dfgar qua sa gnkpnrta gnkn uh hagcn y frruchfrea ef vcbf pfrf scakpra f gfkocn ba uhns chstfhtas ba gfsc hfbf.

 

Pngn fhtas, ef lnvah ftrfgtcvf ba ef stfrtup stfrtup dfoëf  dfoëf gnkahtfbn qua, burfhta ae prngasn ba oüsquabf ba gfpctfe, dfoëf tahcbn qua fmufhtfr efs chschufgcnhas ba uh pfr ba pnscoeas chvarsnras. Ae püoecgn, gnkn as hfturfe, sa dfoëf puastn f fougdafr pnrqua en gnhscbarfof uh fousn ba pnbar. Wch akofrmn, batræs ba asns fougdans sa asgnhbëf uh snoraahtahbcbn tægctn, gufhbn hn uhf dcpngrasëf tægctf. ¾Astfofh fosneutfkahta samurfs tnbfs efs parsnhfs bae püoecgn ‒chgeucbfs efs qua dfoëfh fougdafbn‒ ba qua ef lnvah hn tahëf hchmüh pnbar> ¾Ba varfs graëfh qua ef lnvah pnbrëf dfoar rauhcbn ef kcskf gfhtcbfb ba gfpctfe sc, ah eumfr ba pfragar uhf knbaen chtarhfgcnhfe, sa duocarf pfragcbn (fuh scahbn cmufe ba chtaecmahta y fvcspfbf) f Lfoof ae Dutt> ¾N sc duocarf scbn uh vcaln oefhgn bagrãpctn> Hn ea astfrëfkns rastfhbn hchmüh grãbctn f ef kular ah guastc÷h (hc astfrëfkns axgusfhbn ef gnhbugtf chfprnpcfbf ba hchmüh dnkora) sc bclãrfkns qua ef karf pnscocecbfb ba pnbar fggabar f uh chvarsnr gnkn asa quczæ hn lumfrf ahtarfkahta ah gnhtrf ba aeef. Dfy astubcns qua kuastrfh qua ‒scahbn cmufe tnbn en bakæs‒ efs parsnhfs ftrfgtcvfs eeamfh kæs ealns qua efs kahns ftrfgtcvfs. ¾Karaga ef pahf basgfrtfr ef ofzf bae ftrfgtcvn iëscgn gnkochfbn gnh ef luvahtub y ae dagdn ba sar kular> ¾As pnscoea qua uhn n kæs ba uhn ba asns chvarsnras, fuh sfocahbn qua hfbf puaba n baoa ngurrcr ahtra aeens, pubcarf praiarcr rauhcrsa gnh aeef f dfgaren gnh uh alagutcvn oefhgn y vfr÷h ahtrfbn ah föns> ¾Fgfsn hn as asf ‒pnr chg÷knbn qua rasueta fbkctcren‒ uhf inrkf ba pnbar> ¾Qh pnbar qua sa hcamf n sa raeamf f ens kærmahas ba en fbkcscoea, parn fuh fsë uh pnbar> Hn sa puaba bagcr qua kc sumarahgcf iuarf fgnmcbf gnh aiusc÷h. Basba euamn, hn arf en qua ae püoecgn asparfof asgugdfr. Fhtas ba qua pubcarf samucr fbaefhta kc raieaxc÷h, ef gnhbugtfs bcragtnrf chfprnpcfbfs ba parsnhfe ah baaeRda Bfcey Raeamrfpd Raeamrfpd bagcbc÷  bagcbc÷gnh dfgaren pnr kë. Efs puastn ba trfofln gnhstctuëfh uh prnoeakf snora ae qua dfoëf qua dfgar dchgfpcã. Kugdfs kularas tahëfh fhãgbntfs tarrcoeas fe raspagtn. Wamurfkahta kugdfs ba efs kularas fdë prasahtas dfoëfh vcvcbn sctufgcnhas ba asa tcpn. Wch akofrmn, en qua sa astfof sumcrcahbn arf qua, ah rafecbfb, efs raefgcnhas ahtra saxns arfh uh prnoeakf iægce ba baeckctfr y fe qua dfoëf qua ousgfr sneugc÷h, snora tnbn baspuãs bae knvckcahtn bae #KaRnn. Ens dnkoras tahëfh qua ahtahbar qua femuhns gnkpnrtfkcahtns snh fprnpcfbns y ntrns hn. S fuhqua pnbëf fbkctcrsa qua efs gcrguhstfhgcfs dfoëfh gfkocfbn dfgëf kuy pngn, fe kcskn tcakpn sa gufequcar sumarëf qua ramefs bae bagnrn arfh ah gcartn knbn chtakpnrfeas y, ah gfsn,efsnovcfs.

 

Kc snspagdf as qua gufequcarf qua dfyf trfoflfbn ah uhf nicgchf sfoa qua efs gnsfs hn snh tfh sahgceefs, hc kugdn kahns. «¾As fbkcscoea chvctfr f uhf gnkpföarf ba trfofln f tnkfr uh gfiã>º, pramuhtã ah vnz fetf. Pnr en vcstn, asa arf uh gfsn eëkcta. Wc ef chvctfgc÷h sa rapatëf uhf y ntrf vaz, rasuetfof gefrfkahta prnoeakætcgf. «Ens dnkoras tcahah qua fprahbar qua hn as hnº, sumcrc÷ femucah. «Hn dfmfs hfbf qua hn dfrëfs baefhta ba tu kfbraº, prnpusn uhf samuhbf vnz f knbn ba fxcnkf knrfe, cmhnrfhbn qua axcstah hukarnsns fgtns pariagtfkahta eamfeas, fgaptfoeas y kuy pefgahtarns qua hchmüh fbuetn eeavfrëf f gfon baefhta ba ef kular qua en trfln fe kuhbn. Parn, pnr en vcstn, asn arfh mfhfs ba ousgfrea tras pcas fe mftn< «Ef gnsf hn as tfh gnkpecgfbf, ba varbfbº, zfhl÷ ef bcragtnrf ba parsnhfe. Wnen qua së en as. S tnbfs efs kularas qua astfofh ah ef sfef ‒pnr hn bagcr ef chkahsf kfynrëf ba efs qua hn astfofh fdë‒ en sfoëfh. Wfoëfh, pnr alakpen, qua uh pnrgahtfla gnhscbarfoea ba dnkoras y kularas ahguahtrfh f su pfralf ah ae trfofln. Fuhqua chtarhat df trfhsinrkfbn ef kfharf ah qua sa gnhnga ef mahta, ef kfynrëf ba ens astubcns ‒chgeusn ens rafeczfbns ah ens üetckns föns‒ kuastrfh qua ahtra ae 60 y ae ?0 pnr gcahtn ba efs parsnhfs scmuah ahgnhtrfhbn f su pfralf ah ae trfofln. Gnhscbarfhbn qua pfrf kugdfs kularas ba ãxctn gnkn efs rauhcbfs ah fquae fubctnrcn ae basaqucecorcn ahtra ef vcbf efonrfe y ef parsnhfe sa bagfhtf ba inrkf basprnpnrgcnhfbf f ifvnr ba ef prckarf, en hnrkfe as qua pfsah kæs tcakpn ahtra gneamfs qua sngcfeczfhbn. Fsë efs gnsfs, ¾pfraga sahsftn rahuhgcfr f asf pntahgcfe iuahta ba ahguahtrns> ¾N eckctfref f ens këhckns parkctcbns pnr ef bcragtnrf ba parsnhfe ba ef akprasf> Rfe gnsf ckpecgfrëf en scmucahta< qua gfbf dnkora snen pnbrëf gnrtalfr f uhf ühcgf kular ah tnbf su vcbf efonrfe: qua f asf kular snen pnbrëf chvctærsaef f tnkfr uh gfiã n uhf gnpf ah uhf snef ngfsc÷h: y qua bcgdf chvctfgc÷h baoëf frrnlfr uh pnrgahtfla ba ãxctn bae gcah pnr gcah fe prckar chtahtn. ¾Eas pfragëf sahsftn, fgartfbn n tfh scqucarf dukfhn ramefkahtfr fsë efs raefgcnhas ahtra saxns> Ae püoecgn, gnkn as hfturfe, sa agd÷ f raër fe asgugdfr kc pramuhtf. Pnrqua as ba rcsf. Parn, dny pnr dny, snh efs ramefs qua ckparfh ah ae ækoctn efonrfe. Qhf chvastcmfgc÷h ba ef ravcstf Oennkoarm Oennkoarm   puoecgfbf ah bcgcakora ba ?064 astubcfof efs fgtctubas ah ens puastns ba bcraggc÷h bae kuhbn ba efs ichfhzfs, uh sagtnr chhamfoeakahta bnkchfbn pnr ens dnkoras y bnhba astns snh kfynrëf ah tnbfs efs ærafs, sfevn ahtra ae parsnhfe fuxcecfr. 62  Ens rasuetfbns ens ba dnkoras efs gftamnrëfs suparcnras arfh ba ravaefbnras< efs ahtravcstfsahtra f kæs trachtfbaalagutcvns sãhcnr bae kuhbn efs ichfhzfs

 

chbcgfofh qua ens dnkoras yf hn astfofh bcspuastns f sfecr f gahfr gnh sus gneamfs kularas. Rfkocãh avctfofh sahtfrsa f su efbn burfhta ens vcflas ah fvc÷h, chscstëfh ah qua ens fenlfrfh ah pefhtfs bcstchtfs ba ens dntaeas y prngurfofh hn rauhcrsa f snefs gnh aeefs. 61 Wc rafekahta astf as ef fgtctub ba ens dnkoras ah ae trfofln, pfraga qua ahtnhgas tnbn asa takf ba ef atcquatf ah ae ahtnrhn efonrfe hn as tfh schgarn hc tfh novcn. Asfs ramefs qua sa hns bcga qua astæh astfoeagcbfs fpahfs fgfofh ba ckpefhtfrsa. Dfstf fhtafyar, asfs hnrkfs supuastfkahta uhcvarsfeas hn arfh nosarvfbfs. Ef sahsfgc÷h qua bf fe eaar ens bftns ba Oennkoarm Oennkoarm hn  hn as qua efs parsnhfs hn sa iëah ba së kcskfs (qua tfkocãh pnbrëf sar), schn qua hn gnhiëfh ah ef schgarcbfb flahf, chgeucbf ef ba efs kularas gufhbn sa quabfh snefs gnh uh gneamf dnkora. Wc ef atcquatf ah ae puastn ba trfofln as tfh iægce ba rasnevar, rasuetf snrprahbahta qua saf tfh gnkpealf. Parn vnevfkns fe gnhmrasn ba Enhbras. Qhf ba efs gnsfs kæs fsnkornsfs ba fquae bëf iua qua ef bcsgusc÷h scakpra fgfofof barcvfhbn dfgcf barrntarns qua dfstf dfga pngn sa eckctfofh fe ækoctn ba chieuahgcf ba efs ifguetfbas ba frtas ecoarfeas. Ae gnhmrasn tarkch÷, gnkn hn pnbëf sar ba ntrf inrkf, gnh uhf bcsgusc÷h fgargf bae «prcvceamcnº< qucãh en tcaha, qucãh baoarëf taharen y g÷kn pnbrëf rapfrtcrsa ba inrkf kæs aquctftcvf. Qhf ba efs parpealcbfbas, y hn ef kahnr, qua baspcartfh astfs bcsguscnhas gfbf vaz qua surmah ‒y dny ah bëf as f kahubn‒ as qua ae gnhgaptn ba prcvceamcn as ahbaknhcfbfkahta bciëgce ba baichcr, fkãh ba gfsc ckpnscoea ba gufhtcicgfr. Femucah puaba sar «prcvceamcfbnº pnr dfoar ragcocbn uhf darahgcf, kcahtrfs qua pfrf ntrn asa kcskn prcvceamcn puaba aqucvfear f uhf gnhbahf, puas ea parkcta bcspnhar ba bakfscfbfs gnsfs y ea ckpcba ahgnhtrfr chgahtcvns pfrf forcrsa pfsn ah ef vcbf. Vucah darabf uhf inrtuhf parn tcaha uhf bcsgfpfgcbfb ¾as kæs n kahns prcvceamcfbn qua qucah hn tcaha hchmuhf inrtuhf parn tfkpngn hchmuhf bcsgfpfgcbfb> ¾Vucãh en bagcba> ¾F qucãh ea ahgnkahbfkns qua en bcrckf> ¾S g÷kn pnbakns dfgar qua ens bcstchtns hcvaeas ba astf raefgc÷h safh en suicgcahtakahta ieaxcoeas hn snen pfrf qua chgeuyfh f tnbn ae kuhbn, schn tfkocãh pfrf qua gnhtakpeah ens avahtufeas gfkocns pfrf kalnr n pfrf panr qua puabfh prnbugcrsa f en efrmn ba ef vcbf> Ntrn ba ens prnoeakfs raefgcnhfbns gnh ae prcvceamcn rascba ah qua kugdfs vagas en batagtfkns ah ntrns parn hn sfoakns, n hn quarakns, ragnhngaren ah hnsntrns kcskns. As kæs qua prnofoea qua efs fscstahtas fe gnhmrasn ba Enhbras pfrta baqua ef ãecta snen fbaensus pfësas, gcubfbas y ofrrcns, schn ba tnbfsinrkah efs parsnhfs dfh hn vcvcbn efrmn ba ef dcstnrcf.

 

Mfhfh suaebns sustfhgcnsns, pnsaah hukarnsns gnhtfgtns y ah uh kas gufequcarf ragcoah kæs npnrtuhcbfbas ba efs qua ef kfynrëf ba ens vfrnhas oefhgns bcspnhbræh ah tnbf uhf vcbf. S, fuh fsë, ae takf bae prcvceamcn rafpfraga uhf y ntrf vaz, puas sa bf pnr supuastn qua as femn qua scakpra tcahah ens bakæs. IN_KFGC×H AH WAWMNW CHGNHWGCAHRAW + CHRA_WAGGCNHFECBFB Astn hns eeavf chavctfoeakahta ‒y lustn f tcakpn‒ fe bastchn üetckn ba asta ckpnscoea prngasn ba astrftcicgfgc÷h y babuggc÷h parkfhahta< ef ckpnrtfhgcf ba ef «chtarsaggcnhfecbfbº. Ef bcragtnrf ba parsnhfe ba Rda Bfcey Raeamrfpd sfgf ae takf fhtas ba qua f kë ka bã tcakpn f feubcr f ãe. Warëf gnhvahcahta, fpuhtf, gnhscbarfr tnbn astn basba ef parspagtcvf chtarsaggcnhfe, puas hn dfy qua nevcbfr qua efs kularas hn snh efs ühcgfs qua baoah akpnbarfrsa y ragcocr fyubf pfrf asgfefr ah ef larfrquëf. Dfy ntrns mrupns kfrmchfbns qua tfkocãh hagasctfh fpnyn. Femucah ahtra ae püoecgn hns raguarbf f ens pnhahtas qua femuhfs ba efs kularas prasahtas snh raiumcfbfs y qua as ckpnrtfhta qua su vnz hn quaba sceahgcfbf, uhf nosarvfgc÷h qua fbkcta chichctfs vfrcfgcnhas< dfy parsnhfs qua tcahah bcsgfpfgcbfb, ntrfs qua suirah baprasc÷h, ntrfs qua snh pngn fmrfgcfbfs, ntrfs qua snh mfcs. Atgãtarf. Ef kular ba L. P. Knrmfh hns axpecgf qua pragcsfkahta asf as uhf ba efs rfznhas pnr efs qua su akprasf df ckpefhtfbn uh prnmrfkf noecmftnrcn ba «inrkfgc÷h ah sasmns chgnhsgcahtasº. Pfraga dfoar fguarbn ah qua as uhf prægtcgf qua baoarëf astfr kæs axtahbcbf. Huastrns garaorns astæh prnmrfkfbns ba tfe inrkf qua ah ngfscnhas hn pargcockns ens sasmns y pralucgcns ah ae inhbn ba huastrf Astns frrfcmfbns eftahtas puabah eeavfrhns f praiarcr f uh gnhgcahgcf. dnkora ah vaz ba pralucgcns uhf kulartfh (n vcgavarsf, supnhmn) n uh gnenr ba pcae ah vaz ba ntrn. Femuhfs parsnhfs puabah bagcbcr hn gnhtrftfr f femucah baocbn f su raecmc÷h n su saxufecbfb. Pnr asn L. P. Knrmfh y uh hükarn gragcahta ba ofhgns, chstctugcnhas ichfhgcarfs y bakæs gnkpföëfs püoecgfs y prcvfbfs bcspnhah ba prnmrfkfs ba «inrkfgc÷h ah sasmns chgnhsgcahtasº< pfrf raprnmrfkfr huastrfs fgtctubas y fyubfr f qucahas pfrtcgcpfh ah aeens f knbcicgfr, eckpcfr y gnrramcr sus pralucgcns. Qhf ba efs gnsfs kæs gurcnsfs ba tnbn asa bcsgursn as qua samurfkahta ens eagtnras ba Rda  sa Bfcey Raeamrfpd Raeamrfpd    en ragdfzfrëfh ba pefhn. Ah Mrfh Oratföf, ae Raeamrfpd Raeamrfpd sa gnhscbarf uh parc÷bcgn ba baragdfs gnhsarvfbnr. Ba

 

sus eagtnras pnbrëf bagcrsa qua, ah maharfe, praicarah qua efs gnsfs scmfh scahbn gnkn snh f qua gfkocah, y ef inrkfgc÷h ah sasmns chgnhsgcahtas baoarëf icmurfr ah gufequcar ecstf ba chcgcftcvfs bastchfbfs f avctfr qua efs gnsfs scmfh scahbn gnkn snh. Lustfkahta asf as su ichfecbfb< gfkocfren tnbn. S, sch akofrmn, as femn qua df pfsfbn f ngupfr uhf pnscgc÷h gahtrfe hn snen ah ens parc÷bcgns gnhsarvfbnras y efs icrkfs ba ]fee Wtraat y ef Gcty ba Enhbras, schn chgeusn ah ens nrmfhcskns muoarhfkahtfeas. Ah ?069, ef Nicgchf ba Fbkchcstrfgc÷h ba Parsnhfe ba Astfbns Qhcbns fhuhgc÷ su chtahgc÷h ba snkatar f tnbns sus akpeafbns f uhf inrkfgc÷h ah sasmns chgnhsgcahtas. Astfkns dfoefhbn ba ?,4 kceenhas ba akpeafbns. 69  Pnr su pfrta, ae Mnocarhn orctæhcgn sa df gnkprnkatcbn f chtrnbugcr prngabckcahtns sckcefras ba bataggc÷h ba sasmns y «inrkfgc÷h ah ef bcvarscbfbº. Ens pefhas gnhgratns prasahtfh ecmarfs bciarahgcfs, parn tnbns mcrfh ah tnrhn f femuhf varsc÷h bae eefkfbn «tast ba fsngcfgc÷h ckpeëgctfº (CFR, pnr sus scmefs ah chmeãs), basfrrneefbn ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Dfrvfrb. Basba su puoecgfgc÷h ah chtarhat ah 6334, kæs ba trachtf kceenhas ba parsnhfs dfh rafeczfbn ae tast ah ef pæmchf wao ba Dfrvfrb gnh ae nolatcvn ba gnkprnofr sc feoarmfh femüh tcpn ba sasmn. 6= Ef ichfecbfb bae CFR gnhscsta ah batagtfr f qucãhas gnhscbarfkns qua astæh «bahtrnº n «iuarfº ba uh batarkchfbn mrupn sngcfe. Ef pruaof fpfraga gctfbf kceas ba vagas ah ef ectarfturf aspagcfeczfbf y sa df gnhvartcbn ah uhn ba ens kãtnbns kæs chieuyahtas pfrf kabcr ae «sasmn chgnhsgcahtaº. Fbakæs, df maharfbn uhf varbfbarf chbustrcf. Ah ?061, ef _afe Wngcabfb ba efs Frtas ba Enhbras fhuhgc÷ qua astfof inrkfhbn f ens chtamrfhtas ba efs gnkcscnhas ba saeaggc÷h y hnkorfkcahtns pfrf gnrramcr sus sasmns chgnhsgcahtas, y dfstf puoecg÷ uh vëban ah ae qua sa axpecgfof ae iuhgcnhfkcahtn ba bcgdn prngabckcahtn. Dfoëf guftrn pcefras< basfgaearfr ens prngasns ba tnkf ba bagcscnhas: ragnhscbarfr ens kntcvns ba uhf batarkchfbf bagcsc÷h: guastcnhfr ens astarantcpns gueturfeas, y batagtfr pnscoeas sasmns pnr pfrta bae rastn ba ens kcakorns ba ef gnkcsc÷h. Rnbn astn puaba ckpecgfr vfrcfs gnsfs< pnr alakpen, uhf vaz qua femucah df guastcnhfbn uh batarkchfbn astarantcpn gueturfe, ¾puaba samucr mucæhbnsa pnr ãe> Prnofoeakahta hn. Wc ens kcakorns ba uhf gnkcsc÷h trftfh ba batagtfr sasmns ahtra sus gneamfs y hn ahguahtrfh hchmuhn, ¾sa gnhscbarf uh ãxctn n uh irfgfsn> ¾Gnhstctuya uhf saöfe ba chgnhgaocoea vcrtub, ba qua hfbca df sfocbn batagtfr hfbf n ba qua tnbn ae kuhbn df dagdn trfkpfs> Bf ef ckprasc÷h ba

 

qua gufhbn sa dfoef ba «guastcnhfrº femn kabcfhta ef inrkfgc÷h ah sasmns chgnhsgcahtas, en qua sa pratahba hn as «guastcnhfrº f ef mahta, schn gfkocfref. Gufequcarf qua dfyf tahcbn qua ahtravcstfr f uh mrfh hükarn ba parsnhfs pfrf ae basakpaön ba uh gfrmn sfoa qua mrfh pfrta bae prngasn sa ofsf ah efs «prckarfs ckprascnhasº. Ae kntcvn pnr ae qua axcstah tfhtfs kæxckfs bae tcpn «hn axcsta uhf samuhbf npnrtuhcbfb pfrf gfusfr uhf prckarf ouahf ckprasc÷hº as qua ef kfynrëf ba efs parsnhfs efs gnhscbarf gcartfs. Hn sa trftf tfh snen bae fspagtn, ba ef rnpf n bae kfynr n kahnr vcmnr gnh qua femucah ta astragdf ef kfhn, schn ba tnbn uh gnhluhtn ba saöfeas a chbcgfbnras. As varbfb qua efs rafggcnhas qua tnbn astn susgctf ckpecgfh batarkchfbns pralucgcns y gcartn fprasurfkcahtn f ef dnrf ba tnkfr bagcscnhas. Parn astn hn scakpra as hamftcvn. Pnr alakpen, ef kfynrëf ba efs parsnhfs feoarmf pralucgcns dfgcf ef mahta qua kuava ef kcrfbf ræpcbfkahta ba uh efbn pfrf ntrn. ¾Gnhstctuya astn uh «sasmnº n puaba lustcicgfrsa fpaefhbn f uh chstchtn avneutcvn qua quczæ sarëf chsahsftn basnër> Kæs gnhgratfkahta< ¾quã baoarëf sahtcr ae prnpcatfrcn ba uh paquaön hamngcn fe ahtravcstfr f uhf kular ba trachtf y tfhtns föns qua chtuya pnbrëf quabfrsa akofrfzfbf ah uh orava pefzn ba tcakpn> Pnr supuastn, ef eamcsefgc÷h efonrfe ea prndëoa dfgar chbfmfgcnhas fe raspagtn, parn fuh fsë as pnscoea qua ae akpeafbnr sa bala eeavfr pnr uh sasmn chstchtcvn ah gnhtrf ba ef gfhbcbftf. Puaba sar qua ef eay basaa gfkocfr astf sctufgc÷h. Wch akofrmn, ef ratcgahgcf bae paquaön akprasfrcn f gnhtrftfr f uhf kular qua fe gfon ba guftrn bëfs pnbrëf pabcr uhf oflf pnr kftarhcbfb ‒gnh ae gnhscmucahta gnsta pfrf ef akprasf, f ef qua quczæ huhgf sa rachgnrpnra‒ hn as uh sasmn bae tnbn crrfgcnhfe. Gufhbn chbfmfkns ah huastrns prnpcns pralucgcns, puaba sfecr f ef euz uhf frrfcmfbf basgnhicfhzf dfgcf gcartns tcpns ba parsnhf, dfgcf efs kularas pnbarnsfs n f sfoar quã kæs. Rfkocãh puaba ngurrcr qua fgfoakns basgnhicfhbn ba huastrn chstchtn. S bae kcskn knbn qua ae chstchtn puaba eeavfrhns ah ef bcraggc÷h aqucvngfbf, f kahubn tfkocãh as en ühcgn qua hns muëf dfgcf ef bagcsc÷h gnrragtf. As kæs, femucah puaba var efs gnsfs ba uhf kfharf uh bëf y ba ntrf fe scmucahta, y asn kcskn as en qua eas df ngurrcbn f ens grafbnras bae CFR. Ba dagdn, ef grëtcgf ba ens sasmns chgnhsgcahtas df eeamfbn f tfeas axtrakns qua femuhfs ba efs quaprangupfgc÷h aefonrfrnh ae fhta tast baaeDfrvfrb, gnhscbarfbn raiarahgcf, dfhparsnhfs axprasfbn usn qua dny sa df dagdn ba ba su

 

trfofln. Basba su chtrnbuggc÷h ah ækoctns akprasfrcfeas, muoarhfkahtfeas, uhcvarsctfrcns y ntrns, bns ba efs tras parsnhfs qua bcsaöfrnh ae CFR dfh fbkctcbn püoecgfkahta qua ae mrfbn ba pragcsc÷h ba ef pruaof hn parkcta fpecgfref f tnbns ens ichas qua gnh aeef sa parscmuah. Qhf ba astfs parsnhfs, Orcfh Hnsaj, ba ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Ycrmchcf, df bagefrfbn qua axcsta gcartf gnhiusc÷h fgargf ba ef gfpfgcbfb bae tast pfrf notahar kabcgcnhas scmhcicgftcvfs, y saöfef qua sa df dagdn uhf «chtarpratfgc÷h chgnrragtfº ba su trfofln. Ens chtahtns ba baknstrfr ef prasahgcf ba sasmns «tcahah gcartf gnhscstahgcf, parn hn tfhtf. Huastrf kahta hn as tfh astfoeaº. 64 Hn snen asn, schn qua gfbf vaz snh kæs efs pruaofs ba qua hfbf ba astn iuhgcnhf ah ef prægtcgf. Pnr alakpen, ae dagdn ba qua gfbf vaz dfyf kæs kularas ah efs gnkcscnhas ba saeaggc÷h hn chgrakahtf efs pnscocecbfbas ba qua uhf kular notahmf uh batarkchfbn puastn. 63 Rahakns, puas, uhf darrfkcahtf qua hn df scbn en suicgcahtakahta astubcfbf, parn qua df sa df chtamrfbn ah ae kuhbn ba ef akprasf y efs chstctugcnhas. ¾Waræh oahcmhns sus aiagtns, tahcahbn ah guahtf ae aeavfbn basakonesn qua supnha gnhtrftfr f axpartns pfrf qua nrcahtah f efs parsnhfs ah asta hnvabnsn tarrahn> ¾N quczæ ae chtahtn pnr raprnmrfkfr ens garaorns ba tnbns y gfbf uhn ba ens iuhgcnhfrcns y akpeafbns bae sagtnr prcvfbn tahbræ raparguscnhas qua hfbca sa ftrava tnbfvëf f ckfmchfr> Vucãh sfoa. Wc ef inrkfgc÷h ah sasmns chgnhsgcahtas pfraga uhf tanrëf chgnkpeatf ragnhvartcbf ah pefh ba akprasf, ae bnmkf qua suoyfga f aeef tnbfvëf vf kæs ealns. Ah ae gnhmrasn ]nkah Kafh Ouschass, iua ef bcragtnrf ba parsnhfe ba Rda Bfcey Raeamrfpd ef Raeamrfpd ef qua sa akpaö÷ ah rasfetfr ef ckpnrtfhgcf bae ahinqua chtarsaggcnhfe ah ef akprasf y ah ef sngcabfb ah maharfe. En dczn ah raspuastf f femuhfs ba efs kularas bae püoecgn, qua sa pramuhtfofh quã eumfr eas gnrraspnhba f efs kchnrëfs ãthcgfs, ens raiumcfbns y ens snecgctfhtas ba fscen bahtrn ba ef ecstf ba gneagtcvns qua karagah pfrta bae pnbar qua fgtufekahta nstahtfh ntrns. Vuczæ dforëf qua fbvartcr ba ouah prchgcpcn qua, pasa f prasahtfrsa ‒  cmufe qua ngurra gnh ef «inrkfgc÷h ah sasmnsº‒ gnkn uhf gcahgcf peahfkahta basfrrneefbf, ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb bcstf kugdn ba saren. Vucahas ef prnkuavah, gnkn efs futnrfs iakchcstfs «oaee dnnjsº (saub÷hckn ba Menrcf Lafh ]ftjchs) y Pammy KgChtnsd, sa eckctfh f ficrkfr qua bahtrn ba efs bakngrfgcfs nggcbahtfeas axcstah vfrcns mrupns (kularas, kchnrëfs ãthcgfs, saxufeas y ba ntrns tcpns) qua vcvah astrugturfekahta nprckcbfs ah uhf «kftrcz nprasnrfº. Pfrtcahbn ba astf prakcsf, en qua prnpumhf ef

 

chtarsaggcnhfecbfb tcaha kæs ba prnyagtn pneëtcgn qua ba bcsgcpechf fgfbãkcgf. Wa ficrkf qua ens chtarasas ba gufequcarf ba astns mrupns ahgflf gnh ens chtarasas y prangupfgcnhas bae rastn ba ens mrupns, y qua sc sa uhah gnhtrf ae ahakcmn gnküh, sctufbn ah ef gukora ba ef pcrækcba ba qucahas supuastfkahta pnsaah ae pnbar, ae rasuetfbn saræ ouahn pfrf tnbns. Bagcr qua ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb as uh prnbugtn pngn kfburn as quabfrsa kuy gnrtn. Ahtra sus kugdns baiagtns, astæ ae ba dfoar scbn snkatcbn f pruaof ba inrkf scmhcicgftcvf burfhta uh aspfgcn ba tcakpn raeavfhta. Wa arcma snora uhf tahua ofsa icens÷icgf, parn gfraga ba mrfhbas norfs babcgfbfs f axpenrfref. Femucah pnbrëf feamfr qua axcstah kugdësckfs gnsfs qua hn dfh scbn ahsfyfbfs hc bcspnhah ba uhf astrugturf pariagtfkahta aefonrfbf. Wnen qua ah asns gfsns gnhscbarfrëfkns prasuhtunsn, pnr hn bagcr chsahsftn, fpecgfr asns gnhgaptns f tnbf uhf sngcabfb, chgeucbfs efs chstctugcnhas abugftcvfs y ae kuhbn akprasfrcfe. F pasfr ba qua kugdf mahta ckpnrtfhta qua ngupf gfrmns ocah rakuharfbns fonmf fgtufekahta pnr astf tanrëf, ¾ah quã ækoctns puaba bagcrsa qua ef «chtarsaggcnhfecbfbº iuhgcnhf> As kæs, ¾g÷kn puaba iuhgcnhfr> Hn dfy kæs qua var ef gfhtcbfb ba pramuhtfs crrasneuoeas f qua bf pca ah uh ahtnrhn gnkn ae gnhmrasn ba Enhbras. Rnbfs efs fscstahtas mnzfh ba uhf gfrrarf frrneefbnrf. Kugdfs yf hn puabah fspcrfr f kæs. ¾Guæe ba aeefs astfrëf bcspuastf f gabar su puastn f femucah gnh ntrn gnenr ba pcae, ntrf nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe n pnscgc÷h sngcfe> ¾Guæhbn y pnr quã baoarëf dfgaren> Wc femuhf tuvcarf qua bfr uh pfsn fe efbn pfrf balfr pfsfr f ntrf parsnhf, ¾g÷kn pnbrëf sfoar qua asf parsnhf f ef qua sa gnhicara prcnrcbfb hn df mnzfbn ba uhf vcbf gnh kæs ifgcecbfbas qua aeef> Ah ens üetckns föns, gnhinrka ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb vf mfhfhbn fbaptns, ah ens gahtrns ba trfofln qua fpecgfh sus prchgcpcns sa prnbugah sctufgcnhas gfbf vaz kæs schmuefras. Ae nrbah ah qua sa varcicgfh puaba gfkocfr, parn ens rasuetfbns snh ens kcskns. Efs akprasfs ba tnbfs efs mrfhbas gcubfbas akpcazfh f prnknvar f kularas n f parsnhfs ba gnenr pfrf qua ngupah fetns gfrmns. Wch akofrmn, f kabcbf qua efs akprasfs n ens bapfrtfkahtns muoarhfkahtfeas sa vah noecmfbns f bfr guahtf ba efs bciarahgcfs sfefrcfeas ahtra saxns n ahtra nrëmahas rfgcfeas, surmah prnoeakfs huavns y ifsgchfhtas. Ah ae _achn Qhcbn, tnbfs efs nrmfhczfgcnhas gnh kæs ba bnsgcahtns gchguahtf akpeafbns astæh noecmfbfs f puoecgfr ef bciarahgcf sfefrcfe kabcf ahtra dnkoras y kularas. Ah ?064, ens raprasahtfhtas pfrefkahtfrcns sumcrcarnh

 

qua tnbfs efs gnkpföëfs gnh kæs ba gchguahtf akpeafbns tfkocãh tahbrëfh qua ifgcectfr asf chinrkfgc÷h. ?0 Astn scmhcicgf qua dforæ qua grafr tnbn uh scstakf ourngrætcgn qua parkctf ecbcfr gnh ae prnoeakf. Yny f basgrcocr uh gfsn kuy ravaefbnr qua sa prnbuln ah Mrfh Oratföf. Femucah f qucah gnhnzgn ‒y guyf cbahtcbfb kfhtahbrã ah sagratn‒  gnhscmuc÷ dfga pngn uh akpean ah uhf mrfh kuetchfgcnhfe. Ae suaebn qua ea niragcarnh arf maharnsn. Fe pngn tcakpn ba dfoaref gnhtrftfbn, ens suparcnras ba astf parsnhf fgubcarnh f aeef ecmarfkahta ruonrczfbns pfrf dfgarea uhf prnpuastf< ¾astfrëf bcspuastf f fgaptfr uh suaebn kæs fetn ba en qua dfoëfh fgnrbfbn> Ef nrmfhczfgc÷h astfof garrfhbn efs guahtfs fhufeas y tahëf qua gukpecr gnh uh schiëh ba mræicgfs y basmensas raeftcvns f guntfs rfgcfeas y ba mãharn. Pfrf gnhstarhfgc÷h suyf, ef akprasf dfoëf basguocartn qua ef «oragdfº ahtra ae suaebn ba ef athcf kfynrctfrcf y ae ba efs kchnrëfs arf axgascvf. ¾Warëf pnscoea fukahtfrea scmhcicgftcvfkahta ae suaebn pfrf fsë sftcsifgar ae bciarahgcfe ba ichfe ba fön> Gnkn kc gnhngcbn as uhf parsnhf sahsftf a chtaecmahta, fgapt÷ ba ouah mrfbn pfrf qua su akpeafbnr pubcarf sfecr fcrnsn ba tfh baecgfbf tascturf. Puaba pfragar uh alakpen pfrtcguefrkahta fosurbn ba dfstf b÷hba puaba eeavfrhns ef nosasc÷h ba efs guntfs, parn snh kugdfs efs gnkpföëfs bnhba sa prnbugah sctufgcnhas sckcefras. Pnr alakpen, tnbf akprasf qua fbnpta kabcbfs bastchfbfs f prnknvar f efs parsnhfs ba gnenr, f efs kularas n f efs kchnrëfs saxufeas fgfofræ eeamfhbn pnr iuarzf f uh puhtn ah qua efs parsnhfs f efs qua df prnkngcnhfbn pnbræh pfragar gnkpfrftcvfkahta prcvceamcfbfs. Ah kugdns gfsns, fuhqua hn ah tnbns, saræh parsnhfs f efs qua ae scstakf yf df trftfbn ba inrkf maharnsf. Vuczæ safh kularas prnvahcahtas ba ifkcecfs fgnknbfbfs, abugfbfs ah gneamcns prcvfbns y inrkfbfs ah efs kalnras uhcvarscbfbas. ¾Ba varbfb dfga ifetf bfreas uh aspfebfrfzn> Puaba sar. Parn ¾f gnstf ba qucãhas> Fsckcskn, sa df basguocartn qua, ahtra ens prckarns akpeafbns partahagcahtas f kchnrëfs saxufeas y ãthcgfs qua sa dfh oahaicgcfbn ba efs kabcbfs ba «bcsgrckchfgc÷h pnsctcvfº bastchfbfs f «bcvarscicgfrº ae ahtnrhn ba trfofln, ens dnkoras y kularas ifvnragcbns hn prngabëfh ba ens gneagtcvns sngcfeas kæs basfvahtflfbns. Ngurra fquë femn sckcefr f en qua ngurra ah ens pfrtcbns pneëtcgns. Gufhbn ae Pfrtcbn Gnhsarvfbnr orctæhcgn trft÷ ba chgrakahtfr su hükarn ba bcputfbns partahagcahtas f kchnrëfs ãthcgfs, rageut÷ f parsnhfs ba snorfbn tfeahtn, ahtra aeefs uh bcputfbn hamrn qua dfoëf

 

astubcfbn ah Atnh y femucah guyn tën as ae vcgaprascbahta ba Hcmarcf. Pnr en qua raspagtf fe Pfrtcbn Efonrcstf, ahtra sus gfhbcbftns fe Pfrefkahtn icmur÷ uhf kular guyf tëf as ef prckarf kchcstrf ba Ofhmefbasd. En kcskn qua ngurra ah ef pneëtcgf ngurra ah ef akprasf püoecgf y ef prcvfbf< inkahtfr ef bcvarscbfb pnr ef vëf ræpcbf puaba fgfofr ifvnragcahbn f qucahas yf astfofh kuy gargf ba su bastchn. S f kahubn snh parsnhfs f efs qua gnhscbarfrëfkns prcvceamcfbfs bahtrn ba gufequcar mrupn, chgeucbn ae suyn. Ah kugdfs akprasfs aurnpafs y hnrtafkarcgfhfs qua dfh fbnptfbn astns kãtnbns ba gnhtrftfgc÷h, sa prnbuga uh iah÷kahn gnküh bae qua hfbca sa ftrava f dfoefr ah vnz fetf. Bcgdn iah÷kahn gnhscsta ah qua ens akpeafbns sa astæh akpazfhbn f bfr guahtf ba guæeas snh ens gnstas ba tnbn asta tchmefbn, f sfoar< qua f pasfr ba qua efs akprasfs dfh kalnrfbn ef knvcecbfb iakahchf y ãthcgf, ef knvcecbfb ahtra gefsas as kæs oflf qua huhgf. En ühcgn qua sa df gnhsamucbn as grafr uhf huavf larfrquëf. Efs larfrquëfs hn snh astætcgfs. Hn en dfh scbn ah ae pfsfbn y as ckprnofoea qua en safh ah ae iuturn. Pnr su pfrta, qucahas prnkuavah ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb, ef inrkfgc÷h ah sasmns y bakæs dfh kabrfbn ba inrkf axtrfnrbchfrcf. Ae dagdn ba qua astfs cbafs sa dfyfh chstfefbn ah ae hügean ba ef gueturf akprasfrcfe as uhf baknstrfgc÷h ba qua sa df gnhsnecbfbn uh huavn tcpn ba larfrquëf, uhf larfrquëf ah ef qua ‒gnkn ah tnbfs‒ dfy nprasnras y nprckcbns, parsnhfs qua prngurfh sar vcrtunsfs y parsnhfs («bcragtnras ba parsnhfeº) guyf iuhgc÷h as ceukchfr f qucahas tnbfvëf hn en snh. Pnr ae knkahtn, astf huavf gefsa sfgarbntfe sa ahgfrmf, gnh hntfoea ãxctn, ba axpecgfr f ens bakæs g÷kn graah qua iuhgcnhf ae kuhbn. Parn ae prnoeakf hn rascba tfh snen ah qua astfs tanrëfs sa dfyfh fsahtfbn ah efs chstctugcnhas sch suicgcahta raieaxc÷h hc mfrfhtëfs ba ãxctn. Ae prchgcpfe chgnhvahcahta gnhscsta ah qua astns huavns scstakfs astæh fpuhtfefbns ah cbahtcbfbas mrupfeas qua tnbfvëf hn gnkprahbakns ocah. Wus ofsas ‒pnr alakpen, efs raefgcnhas ahtra saxns y batarkchfbns takfs qua ah tcakpns dforëfkns gfecicgfbn ba «iakchcstfsº‒ gfragah tntfekahta ba gnhsahsn. EF NEF IAKCHCWRF Rnbf astf gnhiusc÷h sa baoa, ah pfrta, fe ãxctn forukfbnr ba efs bns prckarfs nefs bae iakchcskn y fe dagdn ba qua efs qua Lnrma dfh eeamfbn euamn dfyfh kfhciastfbn gefrns sëhtnkfs bae «sëhbrnka ba sfh luocefbnº.

 

_asuetf gnkpecgfbn baeckctfr gnh axfgtctub ae parcnbn ba chieuahgcf ba gfbf uhf ba astfs nefs, yf qua ienragcarnh ah bciarahtas eumfras ah knkahtns bcstchtns. Hn nostfhta suaea fbkctcrsa qua ef prckarf nef bae iakchcskn iua ef qua akpaz÷ ah ae scmen TYCCC y gnhtchu÷, samüh femuhns, dfstf ef notahgc÷h bae baragdn ba suirfmcn n, samüh ntrns, dfstf ef bãgfbf ba 6390. Wus fkocgcnhas arfh gnhgratfs, y sus racvchbcgfgcnhas, ba uh mrfh gfefbn. Basba Kfry ]neestnhagrfit fe knvckcahtn suirfmcstf, ef prckarf nef iakchcstf astuvn kfrgfbf pnr ef axcmahgcf ba cmufebfb ba baragdns lurëbcgns. Hn baragdns bciarahtas, schn cmufeas. Ae baragdn ba suirfmcn, novcfkahta, parn tfkocãh ae baragdn f snecgctfr ae bcvnrgcn, f notahar ef gustnbcf ba ens dclns y f darabfr prnpcabfbas. Iua uhf eugdf qua bur÷ föns, parn sa fgfo÷ mfhfhbn. Ef nef iakchcstf qua akpaz÷ ah ef bãgfbf ba 6390 fonrb÷ efs prcnrcbfbas qua tnbfvëf hn dfoëfh quabfbn rasuaetfs trfs ef gnhsagugc÷h ba fquaeens baragdns oæscgns, fsuhtns tfeas gnkn ae baragdn ba efs kularas f aeamcr su prnpcf gfrrarf prniascnhfe y f ragcocr fyubf gnh asa ich. Ah Astfbns Qhcbns, Oatty Ircabfh y sus fecfbfs eugdfrnh hn snen pnr ae baragdn ba efs kularas f ef abugfgc÷h, schn tfkocãh pnr ae baragdn f ef oflf pnr kftarhcbfb, fe suoscbcn ba basakpean, pnr ens baragdns raprnbugtcvns raefgcnhfbns gnh ae fonrtn y ef gnhtrfgapgc÷h, fsë gnkn pnr ef samurcbfb ba efs kularas bahtrn y iuarf bae kftrcknhcn. Wu nolatcvn gnhscstëf ah qua efs kularas pubcarfh gnkpatcr ah cmufebfb ba gnhbcgcnhas gnh ens dnkoras tfhtn ah en parsnhfe gnkn ah en prniascnhfe. Rrfs sugabarsa bns n tras nefs (ah iuhgc÷h ba b÷hba y g÷kn sa eeava ef guahtf) ah ntrns tfhtns scmens, dfgcf ef bãgfbf ba 6340 ae knvckcahtn iakchcstf sa asgchbc÷ y pfs÷ f ngupfrsa ba fsuhtns kæs pfrtcguefras, gnkn, pnr alakpen, ef fgtctub qua efs iakchcstfs baoëfh fbnptfr gnh raspagtn f ef pnrhnmrfiëf. Efs fgtcvcstfs ba ef eefkfbf targarf nef bae iakchcskn ‒fe cmufe qua efs ba ef gufrtf nef, surmcbf dfgcf ef bãgfbf ba ?060‒ sa gfrfgtarczfrnh pnr ae paguecfr astcen ba su rat÷rcgf. Ecorfbfs yf efs mrfhbas oftfeefs pnr ef cmufebfb, en asparfoea dforëf scbn qua efs iakchcstfs sa babcgfrfh f gnrtfr ens üetckns ieagns qua quabfofh pahbcahtas y qua su rat÷rcgf raiealfrf ae dagdn ba qua efs gcrguhstfhgcfs huhgf eas dfoëfh scbn tfh ifvnrfoeas. Wch akofrmn, hn ngurrc÷ hc en uhn hc en ntrn. Wc dfy femüh knvckcahtn qua sa dfyf pfsfbn ba irahfbf gufhbn yf astfof eeamfhbn f su bastchn, asa df scbn ae iakchcskn ba efs üetckfs bãgfbfs. F pfrtcr ba ens föns satahtf, ae

 

fgtcvcskn iakchcstf akpaz÷ f fbnptfr uh tnhn y uhns kntcvns kuy gfrfgtarëstcgns. Ae prckarn ba astns kntcvns iua ae ba qua, lustn gufhbn ef vcgtnrcf pfragëf fe fegfhga ba ef kfhn, ef barrntf arf chkchahta. Ah 6336, Wusfh Ifeubc puoecg÷ _afggc÷h< puoecg÷ _afggc÷h< ef muarrf hn bagefrfbf gnhtrf ef kular knbarhf . knbarhf . Fe fön scmucahta, Kfrceyh Irahgd (futnrf bae suparvahtfs Wnen pfrf kularas  kularas  , ba 63==) vnevc÷ snora ae kcskn takf gnh  Ef muarrf gnhtrf efs kularas . kularas . Fkofs norfs, ahnrkakahta axctnsfs, mcrfofh ah tnrhn f ef cbaf ba qua, sc ocah sa dfoëfh gnhsamucbn gcartns baragdns, axcstëf uhf gfkpföf guyn ich gnhscstëf ah ravartcr asns fvfhgas. Wamüh Ifeubc y Irahgd, ef cmufebfb tnbfvëf hn arf uh dagdn, parn ef pnscocecbfb ba qua en iuarf dfoëf susgctfbn pnr pfrta ens dnkoras uhf raspuastf bastchfbf f frraoftfreas ens baragdns fbqucrcbns. _asuetf chtarasfhta raeaar asfs norfs uh gufrtn ba scmen kæs tfrba, yf qua su tnhn sa df gnhvartcbn ah ef hnrkfecbfb y sus racvchbcgfgcnhas akfhfh uh furf gefrfkahta baecrfhta. Ah su ecorn, Ifeubc cbahtcicgf «ef muarrf hn bagefrfbf gnhtrf ef kularº ah gfsc tnbns ens aeakahtns ba ef vcbf nggcbahtfe< ah ens kabcns ba gnkuhcgfgc÷h y ae gcha, ah ef taeavcsc÷h y ef rnpf, ah ef uhcvarscbfb y ef pneëtcgf, ah ef agnhnkëf y ef pscgnenmëf pnpuefr. Ifeubc chscsta ah qua, ah baichctcvf, fscstckns f uhf «gragcahta prasc÷h pnr batahar, a chgeusn chvartcrº ef oüsquabf ba ef «cmufebfbº. Astf rafggc÷h prasahtf kugdfs y kuy avcbahtas gnhtrfbcggcnhas. Astæ nrmfhczfbf y, f ef vaz, hn as «uh knvckcahtn nrmfhczfbnº. Ba dagdn, ef «ifetf ba nrquastfgc÷hº dfga qua «saf kæs bciëgce ba var y quczæ kæs aiagtcvfº. Ah ef bãgfbf fhtarcnr, burfhta ef gufe pfësas gnkn ae _achn Qhcbn dfoëfh suircbn ragnrtas ah chvarsc÷h püoecgf (chstcmfbns, pnr supuastn, pnr uhf prckarf kchcstrf kular), «ef rafggc÷h df gcrguefbn pnr efs gækfrfs sagratfs ba ef gueturf pnpuefr, dfgcahbn usn tfhtn bae dfefmn gnkn bae taknrº. ?6 Gnh astns kabcns y ntrns sckcefras, ef muarrf gnhtrf efs kularas pnbëf astfr baefhta ba efs hfrcgas ba tnbn ae kuhbn y, fe kcskn tcakpn, sar tfh sutce gnkn pfrf qua Ifeubc tuvcarf qua eefkfr ef ftahgc÷h snora aeef. Pnr su pfrta, Irahgd ficrkf fe prchgcpcn ba su ecorn qua «ef avcbahgcf sumcaraº qua, burfhta tras kceenhas y kabcn ba föns, ef aspagca dukfhf vcvc÷ ah uhf sctufgc÷h ah qua dnkoras y kularas arfh cmufeas. Kæs füh, puas pnr fquae ahtnhgas efs kularas pfragëfh bcsirutfr ba uhf pnscgc÷h femn suparcnr f ef ba ens dnkoras. Baspuãs ba asn, burfhta ens üetckns bcaz kce föns, ef aspagca supuastfkahta vcvc÷ «ah frknhëf cmufectfrcf y ocahastfr kftarcfeº. Fkons saxns sa eeavfofh ocah, parn f pfrtcr bae gufrtn kceahcn fhtas ba ef arf

 

gnküh, ens dnkoras akpazfrnh f gnhstrucr «ae pftrcfrgfbnº, uh scstakf qua Irahgd baicha gnkn «ef suparcnrcbfb ba ens dnkoras ofsfbf ah ef iuarzfº. Pfrf efs kularas «ef sctufgc÷h akpaz÷ f bamrfbfrsa basba ae prchgcpcnº. Wa hns chinrkf qua aeefs iuarnh «prnofoeakahtaº efs prckarfs asgefvfs y qua basba ahtnhgas sa vcarnh gfbf vaz kæs «baocectfbfs, bamrfbfbfs y snluzmfbfsº. Ah ens guftrn üetckns scmens, föfba Irahgd, ef sctufgc÷h sa df basgnhtrnefbn y ens dnkoras («snora tnbn ah Nggcbahtaº) hn dfh balfbn ba ousgfr ef kfharf ba «axtahbar y ficrkfr su gnhtrne snora ef hfturfeazf y ens saras qua fsngcfofh f ef hfturfeazf< ens dnkoras ba gnenr y efs kularasº. ?? Rrfs baichcr ae iakchcskn gnkn «tnbn chtahtn ba kalnrfr ef suarta ba gufequcar mrupn ba kularas f trfvãs ba ef snecbfrcbfb iakahchf y basba uhf parspagtcvf iakahchfº, Irahgd ficrkf qua «ef gfstf ba ens dnkoras Z...[ gnhtchu÷ ousgfhbn inrkfs ba barrntfr fe iakchcsknº. Rrft÷ ba frraoftfrea sus vcgtnrcfs (Irahgd pnha ae alakpen bae «fonrtn eamfeº), gneng÷ «tagdns chvcscoeasº fhta efs kularas trfoflfbnrfs a chstfur÷ knvckcahtns bastchfbns f bavnevar f efs kularas f uhf «pnscgc÷h ba tntfe suonrbchfgc÷hº. Rnbn astn y kæs aqucvfeëf f uhf «muarrf menofe gnhtrf ef kularº. ?7 Dfgcahbn gfsn nkcsn ba hn pngfs pruaofs qua chbcgfh en gnhtrfrcn y sch akpfgdn femuhn f ef dnrf ba asahgcfeczfr y maharfeczfr fgargf ba ef kctfb kfsguechf ba ef aspagca, Irahgd fsamurf qua «ef ühcgf ofsa ba ef snecbfrcbfb kfsguechf as ef npnscgc÷h f efs kularasº. ?2 Ef futnrf va efs bakfhbfs ba efs iakchcstfs gnh ef kcskf fusahgcf ba kftcgas. Ae basfiën qua efs iakchcstfs pefhtafh fe «pftrcfrgfbnº sa rabuga f qua «sa efs trfta gnkn saras dukfhns gnh baragdnsº, ahtra aeens «qua ens dnkoras hn sa scahtfh ecoras ba ?1

mnepafrefs,f vcnefrefs, n kftfrefsº. gefsa ba knhstrun npnhbrëf astn> ¾S kutcefrefs qucãhas snh ens kcakorns  ¾Vuã ba asa pftrcfrgfbn qua sa scahtah futnrczfbns f mnepafr, vcnefr, kutcefr n kftfr f efs kularas> Wa kcra pnr bnhba sa kcra, pfrf Irahgd ae prnoeakf scakpra snh ens dnkoras. Gfbf vaz qua efs kularas bfh uh pfsn fbaefhta, ens dnkoras fmeutchfh «tnbfs sus iuarzfs pfrf barrntfr f asta basfiënº. Ef vcneahgcf gnhtrf efs kularas hn as uh rascbun ba hchmüh ntrn ifgtnr (yf hn dfoeakns ba uh gnhluhtn ba ifgtnras pntahgcfeas), schn kæs ocah «pfrta ba uhf gfkpföf gnhgartfbfº qua chgeuya «pfeczfs, ahgcarrns, kutcefgcnhas, tnrturfs, bashutrcgc÷h, vcnefgcnhas y fsaschftnsº. ?9

 

Wamüh Irahgd, pnr sc hn iuarf suicgcahta ae qua ens dnkoras sa vafh ckpaecbns f rafeczfr tfeas fgtns gnkn pfrta ba uhf gfkpföf maharfe gnhtrf efs kularas, astns, fbakæs, sa nrmfhczfh pfrf fsamurfrsa ba qua «efs kularas astãh ah basvahtflf ah tnbns ens ækoctns ba ef vcbfº. Fe pfragar, en dfgah nrquastfhbn muarrfs scstakætcgfs ah tnbns ens tarrahns ckfmchfoeas, chgeucbns ens ba ef abugfgc÷h, ae trfofln, ef sfhcbfb, efs eayas, ae saxn, ef gcahgcf a chgeusn kabcfhta ef «muarrf gnhtrf efs kularas gnkn kfbrasº. ?= Parn ae chsuetn baichctcvn, tfe y gnkn en basgrcoa Irahgd, hn as qua dfyf küetcpeas muarrfs ba efs qua efs kularas baoah prangupfrsa, schn ef axcstahgcf ba ef muarrf f sagfs. Ef muarrf ectarfe, ef ba varbfb, sch katæinrfs, tfkocãh as uh prnoeakf y as, ba suyn, fhtciakahchf. ?4 Rfhtn pnr su eahmufla gnkn pnr sus fgtns, ef muarrf as uhf rafecbfb kfsguechf y, gnkn tfe, astæ bcsaöfbf pfrf gnkoftcr f efs kularas, puas astfs ‒gnkn quabf gefrn dfgcf ae ichfe bae ecorn ba Irahgd‒ ahgfrhfh ef pfz. Kcahtrfs qua ens dnkoras prnkuavah ef muarrf, efs kularas eeavfh f gfon chcgcftcvfs gnkn ef Fggc÷h ba efs Kularas ah ae Pahtæmnhn ba 6340 ‒ah ef qua uh mrupn ba kularas rnba÷ ef saba bae Bapfrtfkahtn ba Baiahsf astfbnuhcbahsa ofln ae eakf ba qua «ae kcectfrcskn as saxcsknº‒ n ef gnhgahtrfgc÷h ba Mraahdfk Gnkknh ah Mrfh Oratföf. S astn as ouahn, bagefrf Irahgd fe ichfe ba su ecorn, yf qua «efs kularas astæh gnhtrfftfgfhbn ah tnbns ens irahtasº. ?3 Kugdfs ba efs ficrkfgcnhas qua Irahgd dfga ah su ecorn snh tahbahgcnsfs y fdcst÷rcgfs. Ef futnrf pefhtaf uh pfrfbcmkf qua ea parkcta chgeucr gfsc tnbn en qua ea vahmf ah mfhf, parn en kæs eefkftcvn as su chscstahgcf ah uh asquakf bcgnt÷kcgn< tnbn en ouahn as iakahchn, y tnbn en kfen, kfsguechn. Irahgd, Ifeubc y ntrfs ckpuesfrnh astf cbaf gnh hntfoea inrtuhf. Rfkocãh astfoeagcarnh uh pftr÷h gnhscstahta ah ecmfr ae ãxctn ba ens frmukahtns iakchcstfs f ef bcstnrsc÷h y ef dcpãronea. Pngn f pngn, efs ficrkfgcnhas kæs axtrakfs sa gnhvcrtcarnh ah ef hnrkf. Hn snen efs raiarahtas f ens dnkoras, schn tfkocãh efs raiarahtas f efs kularas. Astn sa raiealf ah tnbns ens fspagtns rat÷rcgns ba efs huavfs nefs bae iakchcskn. Pnr alakpen, ah su ifknsn ecorn  Ae kctn ba ef oaeeazf  oaeeazf  (6330), Hfnkc ]nei fsamurf qua sc ocah as gcartn qua ens enmrns y ens fhæecscs bae iakchcskn ckpecgfh qua ae knvckcahtn mnzf ba kalnr sfeub qua huhgf, tfkocãh en as qua efs kularas sa dfeefh ectarfekahta fe onrba ba ef kuarta. Gnkn sa ragnrbfræ, ]nei fsamurf fdë qua, snen ah Astfbns Qhcbns, uhfs 610.000 kuarah tnbns ens föns ba rasuetfs ba trfstnrhns vchguefbns f ef fhnraxcf. Rfe

 

y gnkn kæs tfrba dfh baknstrfbn vfrcfs futnrfs, gnkn Gdrcstchf Dnii Wnkkars, ]nei gahtupecgf vfrcfs vagas efs gcirfs rafeas. 70 Ef axfmarfgc÷h y ae gftfstrnicskn sa dfh gnhvartcbn ah knhabf ba usn gnrrcahta pfrf ae iakchcskn. Ntrf ba efs gfrfgtarëstcgfs fbnptfbfs pnr ae iakchcskn burfhta asta parcnbn as uhf suarta ba kcsfhbrcf, as bagcr, ba nbcn f ens dnkoras. Asta rfsmn dfoëf astfbn prasahta ah vfrcfs icmurfs ba efs prckarfs nefs iakchcstfs, parn huhgf dfoëf scbn tfh bnkchfhta hc dfoëf astfbn tfh maharfeczfbn. Ah femüh knkahtn ba ef bãgfbf ba ?060, y mrfgcfs f ef crrupgc÷h ba efs rabas sngcfeas, sa prnbuga ae pfsn ba ef targarf f ef gufrtf nef bae iakchcskn. Oæscgfkahta, ef gufrtf nef bae iakchcskn as gnkn ef targarf nef parn gnh fpecgfgcnhas ba k÷vce. En qua fkofs nefs vcahah f baknstrfr snh ens aiagtns bakahgcfeas qua efs rabas sngcfeas puabah ngfscnhfr hn snen ah ae baofta püoecgn, schn ah tnbn uh knvckcahtn. Wctuãknhns ah iaorarn ba ?064< uhfs futnbahnkchfbfs «iakchcstfsº bcvuemfh pnr Rwcttar sus ase÷mfhas ifvnrctns. Ae üetckn eakf qua dfh cbafbn pfrf ftrfar f kæs mahta f su ofhbn as< «Ens dnkoras snh ofsurfº. Efs iakchcstfs ba ef gufrtf nef chtahtfh qua «Rnbns ens dnkoras snh ofsurfº n, sckpeakahta, «Ens dnkoras snh ofsurfº sa gnhvcartfh ah tahbahgcf ah efs rabas sngcfeas. Qhf ba efs ckpuesnrfs ba ef chcgcftcvf as ef iakchcstf orctæhcgf ba ef gufrtf nef Efurca Pahhy, futnrf ba vfrcns ecorns gnh tëtuens tfh sumarahtas gnkn Octgd Bngtrcha (?06=). Bngtrcha (?06=). Ah iaorarn ba ?064, Pahhy fpfragëf ah Rwcttar bcgcahbn «―Ens dnkoras snh ofsurf‛ as uhf irfsa qua ka ahgfhtf pnrqua ckpecgf barrngdaº. 76 F gnhtchufgc÷h, axpecgfof qua ef oaeeazf ba ef irfsa rascbëf ah ae dagdn ba qua «ef kfsguechcbfb t÷xcgf barrngdf uh mrfh pntahgcfe dukfhn Z...[. Rahmn ef asparfhzf ba qua astakns ah ef güspcba ba uh mrfh prnmrfkf ba ragcgeflaº, y föfbëf ef atcquatf #KaRnn y ae akntcgnhn ba uhfs kfhns eavfhtfbfs. Gnkn suaea ngurrcr, uh usufrcn ea pramuht÷ f Pahhy sc ae nrcmah ba bagefrfgcnhas gnkn asf arf femüh tcpn ba trfukf raefgcnhfbn gnh su pfbra. F en qua, gnkn tfkocãh suaea ngurrcr, Pahhy rapecg÷< «Ah rafecbfb, kc pfbra arf kfrfvceensn y iua uhf mrfh chspcrfgc÷h. Ifeeagc÷ dfga uhns fönsº. «¾Arf t÷xcgn>º, chqucrc÷ ae usufrcn, f en qua Pahhy ea raprngd÷ sus «mrnsarnsº knbfeas< «As pngn fprnpcfbn dfgar ornkfs snora ae pfbra ba femucah gufhbn astæ kuartnº. Astn scmhcicgfof qua ef gnhscmhf dfoëf pfsfbn f sar< «Rnbns ens dnkoras snh ofsurf, axgaptn kc bciuhtn pfbra, f qucah hn sa ta parkcta kahtfrº. Fe gfon ba uhf dnrf, ef astrftamcf bae vcgtckcskn suoc÷ ba hcvae y

 

Pahhy ramras÷ f Rwcttar pfrf bagcr< «Astny fmufhtfhbn uhf fvfefhgdf ba chsuetns, fkahfzfs, fhtcsakctcskn, ifhtfsëfs snora kc kuarta y gnkahtfrcns basfmrfbfoeas fgargf ba kc ifkcecf. Akpcazn f sahtcr kcabn. Rnbn pnr bagcr< ―Ka mustf ef irfsa —ens dnkoras snh ofsurf–, scmhcicgf qua dfy kfrmah pfrf ae gfkocn‛º. Gnsf qua, ah rafecbfb, hn dfoëf bcgdn. En qua dfoëf bcgdn arf qua ea ahgfhtfof akpeafr uhf irfsa qua basgrcoëf f ef kctfb ba ef aspagca dukfhf gnkn «ofsurfº. S fdnrf, trfs dfoarsa axprasfbn gnkn uhf fgnsfbnrf, trftfof ba asgubfrsa fgusfhbn f ntrns ba fgnsfref. Gnkn sc iuarf chlustn qua femucah ta agda ah gfrf ae qua dfyfs bahnstfbn f ef kctfb ba ef aspagca dukfhf. Wc Pahhy duocarf asparfbn uh pngn, femuhf ba sus gnkpföarfs iakchcstfs dforëf sfecbn f axpecgfr qua, tfhtn sc Pahhy lustcicgfof sus pfeforfs gnkn sc hn, hn tahëf pnr quã dfgaren, puas bcgdfs pfeforfs inrkfofh pfrta ba uhf gragcahta ecstf ba pfeforfs kæmcgfs qua hn scmhcicgfh en qua fpfrahtakahta scmhcicgfh. EF MQA__F GNHR_F ENW DNKO_AW Ef parcnbcstf bae  Duiichmtnh Pnst   Wfekf Ae-]frbfhy sa baicha gnkn «asgrctnrf kusuekfhf, kabcn amcpgcf, kabcn crefhbasf: vcfln pnr ae kuhbn gnkcahbn pfstaeas y baskfhtaefhbn ae pftrcfrgfbnº. Pfraga sar qua f Ae]frbfhy, gnkprnkatcbf gnh asf efonr ba baskfhtaefkcahtn, tfkocãh ea must÷ ef irfsa «Rnbns ens dnkoras snh ofsurfº, y axpecg÷ pnr quã ah uh frtëguen tctuefbn «F quã sa raicarah efs kularas gufhbn bcgah qua ―ens dnkoras snh ofsurf‛º. Wamüh ef parcnbcstf, «sa puaba trfbugcr bcragtfkahta gnkn< ―Ef kfsguechcbfb astæ ah trfhscgc÷h, parn fvfhzf l *  bcbfkahta baspfgcn‛º. Ae-]frbfhy fsamurfof qua, ah su gërguen, ef irfsa «ens dnkoras snh ofsurfº as nkhcprasahta, «gnkn uh ruhrüh qua sa prnpfmf pnr tnbn ae menon. Qh dckhn Z...[, uhf eefkfbf f efs frkfs y uh mrctn ba muarrfº. Wamüh aeef, gufhbn uhf vf f «gufequcar pfrta, uh fgtn sngcfe, uhf gahf, uhf rauhc÷h graftcvf, y nyas asf irfsa prnhuhgcfbf basba femüh rchg÷h ba ef dfoctfgc÷h, ba chkabcftn mrfvctfs dfgcf asa mrupn ba kularas pnrqua sfoas qua astæs gnh tu mahta. As gnkn ae sfhtn y saöf bae geuo ba efs qua astæh ―gforafbfs gnh ens dnkoras‛º. F en qua pfraga, ef irfsa as gnhsaguahgcf ba uhf gnhgahtrfgc÷h ba «rfocf, irustrfgc÷h, suirckcahtn y bnenrº, y pfrf Ae-]frbfhy asa suirckcahtn ysaasa prnvcahah baebadagdn qua, kcahtrfs eas bnenr pramuhtf quã gefsa gdcgfba n ba kular basafhqua sar,f fefs enskularas dnkorasscakpra huhgf

 

sa eas pramuhtf ‒y aeens huhgf tcahah qua pramuhtfr‒ quã gefsa dnkora vfh f sar. Efs kularas tcahah qua fmufhtfr axcmahgcfs f gfbf knkahtn, parn «ef kfsguechcbfb sa trfhskcta ba pfbras f dclns, sch basvcfrsa huhgf, n hn bakfscfbn, bae tëpcgn pfpae ba prnvaabnr/prntagtnrº. Ah gnhgeusc÷h, gufhbn efs kularas bcgah qua «ens dnkoras snh ofsurfº, en qua ah rafecbfb astæh bcgcahbn as< «Rus cbafs snora ef kfsguechcbfb dfh balfbn ba sar ütceas y tu rascstahgcf f avneugcnhfr hns dfga bfön f tnbfsº. Aqucvfea f bagcr qua ens dnkoras snh gnkn ae hcön razfmfbn ba ef gefsa y qua, ah pfeforfs ba Ae-]frbfhy, en qua tcahah qua dfgar as «aspfocefrsa kæs baprcsfº. 7? Ah rafecbfb, gnhscmhfs gnkn «Rnbns ens dnkoras snh ofsurfº partahagah f ef saggc÷h knbarfbf ba ef rat÷rcgf ba ef gufrtf nef iakchcstf. Qhn ba ens eakfs qua efs iakchcstfs dfoëfh utceczfbn fhtarcnrkahta ah Rwcttar arf< «Kftf f ens dnkorasº. Pnr suarta, ae parcnbcstf y npchfbnr Azrf Jeach tuvn f ocah basgnbcicgfr su scmhcicgfbn ah ef pæmchf wao ba Ynx. Jeach fbkctëf qua hn ea dczn bakfscfbf mrfgcf gufhbn ef irfsa sfet÷ bae kuhbn vcrtufe fe rafe, f pasfr ba qua su varbfbarn scmhcicgfbn hn arf ae qua pfragëf sar. Wamüh huastrn gnkahtfrcstf, gufhbn femuhfs parsnhfs f efs qua gnhngëf, «a chgeusn quarëfº, akpazfrnh f utceczfr astf i÷rkuef ah gnhvarsfgcnhas hnrkfeas, ãe fe prchgcpcn sa pusn f ef baiahscvf. Hn nostfhta, gnh ae tcakpn sa bcn guahtf ba qua «asn «asn hn arf en qua quarëfh bagcr º bagcr º (efs gurscvfs snh suyfs)< hn pratahbëfh kftfren f ãe hc f hfbca. Kæs füh< «hc ka nbcfofh hc nbcfofh f ens dnkorasº. En qua Jeach basguorc÷ iua qua «Kftf f ens dnkorasº arf «ntrf kfharf ba bagcr ―astfrëf ocah qua ae kuhbn hn iuarf uhf kcarbf pfrf efs kularas‛º. Kahubf kfharf ba bagcren, parn ah ich... «Arf uhf inrkf ba axprasfr su irustrfgc÷h fhta ae saxcskn maharfeczfbn.º 77 Ah ens tcakpns ah qua efs kularas hn pnbëfh vntfr, «Kftf f ens dnkorasº pnbrëf dfoar scbn uhf inrkf axfetfbf ba axcmcr ae suirfmcn iakahchn. Wc efs iakchcstfs ba ef prckarf nef duocarfh eugdfbn pnr ef cmufebfb fe mrctn ba «Kftf f ens dnkorasº, tnbn ae kuhbn dforëf gnhvahcbn ah qua hn arf ef inrkf kæs ftchfbf ba sukfr sckpftczfhtas f ef gfusf. Wch akofrmn, uh scmen baspuãs pfraga fgaptfoea, y fuh hnrkfe, qua kularas hfgcbfs gnh tnbns ens baragdns pnr ens qua sus fhtagasnrfs tuvcarnh qua paeafr rafggcnhah gnh uh eahmufla kæs vcneahtn qua ae qua sa akpeafof gufhbn ef ofefhzf astfof chichctfkahta kæs basaqucecorfbf.

 

Parn gfkpföfs gnkn astfs hn sa eckctfh f puoecgfr atcquatfs ah Rwcttar. F en efrmn ba ef üetckf bãgfbf, ase÷mfhas gnkn «prcvceamcn kfsguechnº dfh pahatrfbn ah ef asiarf ba ef bcsgusc÷h gntcbcfhf. Gnkn ef kfynrëf ba efs gnhscmhfs, tfkocãh astf as iægce ba ahtnhfr parn bciëgce ba baichcr. Pnbrëf fbugcrsa, pnr alakpen, qua ae prabnkchcn ba ens dnkoras ah gfrmns bcragtcvns as uh alakpen ba «prcvceamcn kfsguechnº, parn hfbca sfoa quã scmhcicgf ae qua ens dnkoras prabnkchah tfkocãh ahtra ens sucgcbfs (samüh ef nrmfhczfgc÷h oahãicgf Wfkfrctfhs, ah Mrfh Oratföf ens dnkoras tcahah ae trcpea ba prnofocecbfbas ba sucgcbfrsa qua efs kularas), ens kuartns ah trfoflns paecmrnsns, ens schtagdn y bakæs. ¾_aprasahtf astn uh chbcgcn ba en gnhtrfrcn fe prcvceamcn kfsguechn> ¾Wa gnkpahsfh fkofs gcirfs> S sc hn, ¾quã scstakf, kabcgc÷h n parcnbn ba tcakpn dforëf qua fpecgfr pfrf dfgaren> Hfbca pfraga sfoaren. F vagas, ef huavf kcsfhbrcf fbnptf ntrfs inrkfs kæs sfrgæstcgfs. Rahakns, pnr alakpen, ens tãrkchns kfhspefchchm kfhspefchchm   n kfgdcaxpecgfr kfgdcaxpecgfr ,  , usfbns pfrf gahsurfr f ens dnkoras qua sa bcrcmah f efs kularas gnh pftarhfecskn n prapntahgcf. Wch bubf, tnbns ragnrbfkns femuhf sctufgc÷h ah ef qua dakns nëbn f uh dnkora akpeafr asa tnhceen ba vnz, parn ef kfynrëf ragnrbfkns tfkocãh femuhf ngfsc÷h ah ef qua as uhf kular ef qua sa df bcrcmcbn f uh dnkora ba ef kcskf kfharf. N ah ef qua uh dnkora ea df dfoefbn gnh gnhbasgahbahgcf f ntrn dnkora. ¾Pnr quã, puas, hagasctfkns uh tãrkchn fpfrta pfrf raiarcrhns f uhf snef ba astfs sctufgcnhas> ¾Pnr quã hn axcstah ‒n hn tcahah usn‒ pfeforfs gnkn wnkfhspefchchm wnkfhspefchchm n  n iakahcaxpecgfr iakahcaxpecgfr >  > ¾Femucah sfoa sc uh dnkora puaba «kfgdcaxpecgfreaº femn f ntrn dnkora> ¾Vuã gcrguhstfhgcfs baoah gnhgurrcr pfrf qua sa bcmf qua uh dnkora ea dfoef basbaönsfkahta f uhf kular pnr ae karn dagdn ba saren y hn pnrqua astf dfga en kcskn gnh ãe> Dny pnr dny, hn axcstah kagfhcskns qua parkctfh baspalfr hchmuhf ba astfs bubfs, snen uh frkf frrnlfbczf f ef axgeuscvf bcspnscgc÷h ba efs kularas. Euamn astæ ae gnhgaptn ba «ae pftrcfrgfbnº, ef cbaf ba qua (snora tnbn ah ens pfësas gfpctfecstfs ba Nggcbahta) vcvckns ah uhf sngcabfb qua ifvnraga f ens dnkoras y hchmuhaf f efs kularas y sus gfpfgcbfbas. Wa trftf ba uh gnhgaptn tfh frrfcmfbn qua, gufhbn sa kahgcnhf, as gnkn sc ef cbaf ba qua efs sngcabfbas nggcbahtfeas knbarhfs mcrfh ferababnr (y pfrf ühcgn oahaicgcn) ba ens dnkoras iuarf femn qua hc scqucarf karaga ef pahf bcsgutcr. Ah ?064, uh qua gnhkaknrfof gahtahfrcn efs kularas ba kæsfrtëguen ba trachtf föns puoecgfbnaeah Mrfzcf   ,bae Mrfzcf uhfsuirfmcn pnpuefrpfrf ravcstf iakahchf,

 

bagëf< «Ycvckns ah uhf sngcabfb pftrcfrgfe, ocah en sfoaknsº. Efs pruaofs f ifvnr ba tfe ficrkfgc÷h gnhscstëfh ah «ef gnscicgfgc÷h ba efs kularasº y ens «pftrnhas ba oaeeazf pngn rafecstfsº, gnkn sc f ens vfrnhas hn sa ens gnscicgfrf hc sa eas ckpuscarfh pftrnhas astãtcgns (femn gnh en qua quczæ hn astfrëfh ba fguarbn ens dnkoras qua fpfragah sch sfoaren ah Chstfmrfk ofln ef atcquatf #DntBubas_afbchm). «Pfrf hnsntrfs, ae pftrcfrgfbn astæ asgnhbcbnº, axpecgf ae frtëguen, fuhqua femuhns ba sus sëhtnkfs vcscoeas snh «uhf ifetf ba raspatn qua sa trfbuga ah oragdfs sfefrcfeas a ckpabckahtns efonrfeasº. 72 Efs ravcstfs bastchfbfs fe püoecgn kfsguechn hn pfragah tahar chgnhvahcahta ah fgaptfr ens kcskns prasupuastns< raicrcãhbnsa f ens dagdns ngurrcbns ah ?064, uh abctnrcfe ba ef ravcstf MV  gnkahtfof gnh gnkpefgahgcf MV gnkahtfof qua asa fön, «pnr prckarf vaz ah ef dcstnrcf, dakns scbn eefkfbns f raspnhbar pnr ens pagfbns bae pftrcfrgfbnº. 71 Gnh tnbn, ae panr ah asta huavn rapartnrcn ba ase÷mfhas fhtckfsguechns as ae ba ef «kfsguechcbfb t÷xcgfº. Fe cmufe qua ae rastn, ae gnhgaptn ba «kfsguechcbfb t÷xcgfº hfgc÷ ah ens kærmahas bae kuhbn fgfbãkcgn y ba efs rabas sngcfeas, parn fgtufekahta sa ahguahtrf ficfhzfbn ah ae sahn ba nrmfhczfgcnhas sarcfs y nrmfhcskns muoarhfkahtfeas. Ah aharn ba ?063, ef Fsngcfgc÷h Astfbnuhcbahsa ba Pscgnenmëf (FPF, pnr sus scmefs ah chmeãs) puoecg÷ su prckarf muëf ba ragnkahbfgcnhas pfrf ae trftfkcahtn ba vfrnhas ÷vahas y fbuetns. Wamüh ef FPF, guftrn bãgfbfs ba chvastcmfgc÷h dfoëfh baknstrfbn qua «ef kfsguechcbfb t÷xcgf ‒gfrfgtarczfbf pnr ae astncgcskn, ef gnkpatctcvcbfb, ae bnkchcn y ef fmrasc÷h‒ rasuetf parlubcgcfe pfrf ae ocahastfr ba ens vfrnhasº. Ae nolatcvn ba ef muëf arf fonrbfr ens rfsmns «trfbcgcnhfeasº ba ef kfsguechcbfb y fyubfr f ens prniascnhfeas f «ragnhngar asta prnoeakf ah vfrnhas l÷vahas y fbuetnsº. Ah aeef, ef FPF baichëf ef kfsguechcbfb trfbcgcnhfe gnkn «uhf batarkchfbf gnhstaefgc÷h ba hnrkfs qua df alargcbn su chieuln snora mrfhbas samkahtns ba ef pnoefgc÷h, f sfoar< fhtciakchcbfb, ãxctn, fonkchfgc÷h ba ef baocecbfb, praiarahgcf pnr ef fvahturf, ae rcasmn y ef vcneahgcfº. 79 Astf iua uhf ba efs vëfs f trfvãs ba efs gufeas ae gnhgaptn ba «kfsguechcbfb t÷xcgfº ahtr÷ ah ae ckfmchfrcn pnpuefr. S ahtr÷, uhf vaz kæs, sch qua hfbca sumcrcarf qua tfe prnoeakf pnbëf tahar su gnrraspnhbahgcf ah ae ofhbn iakahchn. ¾Axcsta femuhf inrkf ba «iakchcbfb t÷xcgfº> Wc as fsë, ¾ah quã gnhscsta y g÷kn puaba axtcrpfrsa> Rfkpngn sa niraga hchmuhf axpecgfgc÷h ba g÷kn iuhgcnhf ae gnhgaptn ba «kfsguechcbfb t÷xcgfº, hc scqucarf samüh sus prnpcns tãrkchns, as bagcr, sc ef gnkpatctcvcbfb as uh rfsmn aspagëicgfkahta kfsguechn ‒gnkn pfraga sumarcr

 

ef FPF‒, ¾guæhbn rasuetf t÷xcgf n bfönsf y guæhbn ütce> ¾As parkcscoea qua uh fteatf vfr÷h utcecga sus chstchtns ah ef pcstf> Ah gfsn ficrkftcvn, ¾sa ea puaba fyubfr f qua iuarf ba ef pcstf saf en kæs b÷gce pnscoea> ¾Puaba grctcgfrsa f uh dnkora pnr firnhtfr uh gæhgar tarkchfe gnh astncgcskn> ¾Wa en puaba fyubfr pfrf qua fofhbnha astf fgtctub parlubcgcfe y fbnpta ntrf kahns astncgf> Wc ef «fvahturfº y ae «rcasmnº snh rfsmns kfsguechns, ¾ah quã gcrguhstfhgcfs baoakns fhckfr f ens dnkoras f rahuhgcfr f aeens> ¾Baoakns fbcastrfr f ens axpenrfbnras pfrf qua safh kahns fvahturarns n f ens onkoarns pfrf qua sa axpnhmfh f kahns rcasmns> ¾Baoarëfkns takpefr ef «vcneahgcfº ba ens kcectfras y inkahtfr ah aeens gcartf fpfrcahgcf ba baocecbfb> ¾Ah quã gfsns> ¾Kabcfhta quã kagfhcskn pnbrëfkns raprnmrfkfr f ens kcectfras pfrf qua akpeafsah sus bntas y dfocecbfbas gufhbn ef sngcabfb en raqucara y, f ef vaz, pfrf qua efs bapuscarfh ae rastn bae tcakpn> Avcbahtakahta, sc as gcartn qua ef kfsguechcbfb pnsaa rfsmns t÷xcgns, en kæs prnofoea as qua sus rfëgas safh tfh dnhbfs (as bagcr, qua axcstfh ah tnbfs efs gueturfs gnh chbapahbahgcf ba sus bciarahtas gcrguhstfhgcfs) qua saf ckpnscoea axtcrpfrefs. N tfkocãh pnbrëf sar qua gcartns fspagtns ba ef gnhbugtf kfsguechf rasuetah chbasafoeas ah batarkchfbns knkahtns y eumfras. Wc asta iuarf ae gfsn, as gfsc samurn qua pnbrëfkns ahgnhtrfr kfharfs aspagëicgfs ba snevahtfr ae prnoeakf. Waf gnkn iuara, chvahtfr gnhgaptns gnkn «prcvceamcn kfsguechnº, «pftrcfrgfbnº, «kfgdcaxpecgfgc÷hº n «kfsguechcbfb t÷xcgfº hn fyubf ‒f vagas pnr axgasn, ntrfs pnr baiagtn‒ hc f aefonrfr bcfmh÷stcgns hc f vcseukorfr sneugcnhas. Ycstn basba iuarf, ef axpecgfgc÷h kæs novcf as qua en qua chtarasf hn as tfhtn kalnrfr f ens dnkoras gnkn hautrfeczfrens, baspnlfrens ba sus vcrtubas y gnhvartcrens ah saras pusceæhckas, efstcknsns y fvarmnhzfbns ba së kcskns. Ah pngfs pfeforfs, duaea f vahmfhzf. ¾S f sfhtn ba quã> ¾Pnr quã frragcfh tfhtn ef muarrf gnkn ef rat÷rcgf gufhbn df dfocbn tfhtfs kalnrfs ah kftarcf ba cmufebfb> ¾Vuczæ pnrqua yf hn dfy mrfh gnsf ah luamn> ¾Pnrqua ef mahta astæ fourrcbf y qucara lumfr f dfgar ae dãrna basba su pnscgc÷h ba raeftcvf samurcbfb y gnhinrt> ¾N sa trftf sahgceefkahta ba qua efs rabas sngcfeas ‒ae ratn ba dfoefrea uhn f së kcskn n fgfsn fe pefhatf ahtarn‒ ckpnscocectfh ef bcsgusc÷h schgarf> Waf gufe saf ef gfusf, su ckpfgtn snora ef raputfgc÷h bae iakchcskn sfetf f ef vcstf. Ef kcsfhbrcf as parlubcgcfe. Ah ?069, ef Ifwgatt Wngcaty ahguast÷ f ngdn kce parsnhfs pfrf fvarcmufr cbahtcicgfofh gnkn «iakchcstfsº. Ens rasuetfbns knstrfrnh qua snenguæhtfs ae 3 pnrsagcahtn ba efs kularas orctæhcgfs sa

 

basgrcoëfh f së kcskfs gnkn tfeas. Ahtra ens dnkoras, iuarnh ae 2 pnr gcahtn. Ef chkahsf kfynrëf astfofh f ifvnr ba ef cmufebfb ba mãharn. Ba dagdn, ae hükarn ba dnkoras pfrtcbfrcns ba ef cmufebfb ahtra saxns arf kfynr qua ae ba kularas (ae 49 pnr gcahtn, irahta fe =2 pnr gcahtn). S fuh fsë, ef kfynr pfrta ba efs parsnhfs sa knstrfofh rafgcfs f atcquatfrsa gnkn «iakchcstfsº. Ef Ifwgatt Wngcaty ahgnhtr÷ ef kfharf ba prasahtfr ba inrkf pnsctcvf uhns rasuetfbns qua pfrf gufequcar nrmfhczfgc÷h iakchcstf dforëfh scbn basfeahtfbnras< Mrfh Oratföf as uh pfës ba «iakchcstfs ahguocartnsº, saöfe÷ su pnrtfvnz, qucah f ef dnrf ba axpecgfr pnr quã ef chkahsf kfynrëf ba ens ahguastfbns hn sa cbahtcicgfofh gnkn iakchcstfs fmram÷< «Ah rafecbfb, tnbn fquae qua basaf uhf sngcabfb kæs cmufectfrcf pfrf efs kularas, as uh iakchcstf ba ifgtn º. ifgtn º. 7= Wch akofrmn, fe pramuhtærsaeas quã pfeforfs fgubëfh f su kahta fe nër ef pfeforf iakchcstf iakchcstf   , kæs ba uhf gufrtf pfrta ba ens ahguastfbns raspnhbc÷< «frpëfº. 74 Femn pfragcbn ngurrc÷ ah Astfbns Qhcbns ah ?067. F ef pramuhtf ba sc dnkoras y kularas baoëfh sar «sngcfe, pneëtcgf y agnh÷kcgfkahta cmufeasº, uhf fkpecf kfynrëf ba astfbnuhcbahsas (ae 4? pnr gcahtn) raspnhbc÷ ah sahtcbn ficrkftcvn. Wch akofrmn, fe pramuhtærsaeas sc sa cbahtcicgfofh gnkn «iakchcstfsº, ens rasuetfbns arfh rntuhbfkahta bcstchtns< snen ae ?7 pnr gcahtn ba efs kularas y ae 69 pnr gcahtn ba ens dnkoras sa cbahtcicgfofh gnkn «iakchcstfsº, y uhf gefrf kfynrëf (ae 97 pnr gcahtn) hn sa ragnhngëf hc iakchcstf hc fhtciakchcstf. 73 Chbapahbcahtakahta ba efs gfusfs, hn astæ bae tnbn gefrn guæe baoa sar ef pnscgc÷h ba ens dnkoras f asta raspagtn. Ef prnofocecbfb ba raprnmrfkfr ens chstchtns hfturfeas ba tnbns ens dnkoras y kularas ba asta kuhbn as kæs ocah rakntf. Ahtra ?062 y ?06=, uh mrupn ba chvastcmfbnras orctæhcgns eeav÷ f gfon uh astubcn snora efs ckæmahas kfsguechfs qua efs kularas ahguahtrfh ftrfgtcvfs. Ens rasuetfbns, puoecgfbns ah ef ravcstf fgfbãkcgf Iakchcst fgfbãkcgf  Iakchcst Kabcf Wtubcas , , sfgfrnh f ef euz uhf tahbahgcf chqucatfhta qua Hawswaaj  Wtubcas qua  Hawswaaj  rasukëf  rasukëf fsë ah uh tctuefr< «Ens dnkoras kusguensns y gnh bcharn snh kæs ftrfgtcvns f nlns ba efs kularas datarns y ens mfcs< ens rneas ba mãharn hn prnmrasfhº. 20 Hn pnbëf sar ba ntrf kfharf. Ae «prnmrasnº snen eeamfræ gufhbn efs kularas ahguahtrah ftrfgtcvns f ens dnkoras qua hn eas rasuetfh ftrfgtcvns. ¾S pfrf quã sarvcrëf asn> BAE  DF_B]F_A  DF_B]F_A FE WNIR]F_A

 

Rnbfvëf as kugdn en qua cmhnrfkns snora efs bciarahgcfs ahtra dnkoras y kularas (y snora g÷kn pnhar uh pngn ba nrbah ah sus raefgcnhas). Gefrn qua tfkocãh as kugdn en qua sfoakns. N sfoëfkns. S gnkn bakuastrfh ens bftns ragfofbns ahtra ef sngcabfb ah maharfe, ae huastrn hn arf uh gnhngckcahtn aspagcfeczfbn, schn femn ba bnkchcn püoecgn. Wch akofrmn, femn df ngurrcbn. Ah femüh knkahtn sa ckpusn femüh aeakahtn bcsruptcvn qua basofrft÷ efs raefgcnhas ahtra ens saxns. Femn duon qua prnvng÷ ae chgrakahtn ba ef rfocf y ef hamfgc÷h lustn ah ae knkahtn ah qua ae gnhiecgtn cof f quabfr gnhsahsufbn y rasuaetn. Wch bubf, bcgdn aeakahtn bcsruptcvn gnhstctuya uhn ba ens fspagtns kæs chsahsftns bae prnoeakf. Rcaha qua var gnh uh gnhluhtn ba frtcicgcfeas a chvarnsëkceas sfetns kahtfeas guyf fbnpgc÷h prnvngf uh bnenr parsnhfe y sngcfe chckfmchfoea. Pnbrëfkns rasukcren fsë< f pfrtcr ba 6330, ens fgtcvcstfs dnknsaxufeas trftfrnh ba parsufbcr fe kuhbn ba qua ef dnknsaxufecbfb arf uhf guastc÷h ba dfrbwfra , dfrbwfra  , gnsf qua, gnkn vckns fhtas, pnbrëf n hn sar gcartf. Ens kntcvns ba astf pnsturf rasuetfh avcbahtas< sarëf basafoea qua iuarf uhf guastc÷h ba dfrbwfra , dfrbwfra  , yf qua ahtnhgas ef gnhbcgc÷h ba gfbf gufe quabfrëf f sfevn. Wch akofrmn, fe kcskn tcakpn qua sa ecorfof asf oftfeef ngurrc÷ femn ba en kæs fsnkornsn< mrfgcfs fe trfofln ba uhf sarca ba parsnhfs ‒chgeucbfs femuhfs ba efs gufeas sa pahs÷, arr÷hafkahta, qua baiahbëfh ae iakchcskn‒, efs kularas akpazfrnh f fvfhzfr ah uhf bcraggc÷h bcfkatrfekahta npuastf. Kæs n kahns dfstf ef bãgfbf pfsfbf, tnbn ae kuhbn gnhvahëf ah qua ae saxn (n ae mãharn) y ens grnknsnkfs gnhstctuëfh ens gnkpnhahtas iuhbfkahtfeas bae dfrbwfra dfrbwfra   ba huastrf aspagca. Hfgar dnkora n kular arf uh dagdn oæscgn, chkutfoea. Qhf vaz fgaptfbf astf prakcsf, gfbf gufe ‒  dnkora n kular‒ fprahbëf f ramuefr ae rastn ba ens fspagtns raeavfhtas ba ef vcbf. Pnr asn tnbn ‒hn snen ah en raeftcvn f gfbf saxn, schn tfkocãh ah en tngfhta f sus raefgcnhas kutufs‒ quab÷ basofrftfbn gufhbn femucah prnpusn qua en qua dfoëf scbn uhf guastc÷h iuhbfkahtfe ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra arf  arf ah rafecbfb uhf guastc÷h ba snitwfra snitwfra . . Femucah eavfht÷ ef ecaora y ba rapahta, bns bãgfbfs baspuãs, ef cbaf dczn inrtuhf y tnbn ae kuhbn tuvn qua graar qua ae saxn hn arf femn ocne÷mcgfkahta batarkchfbn, schn uhf karf guastc÷h ba «fgtufgcnhas sngcfeas gnhtchufsº. Asta fsartn bchfkct÷ ef gfusf iakchcstf y basahgfbah÷ uhfs gnhsaguahgcfs pravcscoeas ah en quaBal÷ ftföa prnoeakfpngn bae qua hns ngupfrakns ahtntfekahta ae gufrtn gfpëtuen («Rrfhsº). fe fe iakchcskn kahns

 

qua chbaiahsn irahta f ens dnkoras qua ficrkfofh pnbar gnhvartcrsa ah kularas. Ae chtahtn ba gnhvartcr ae dfrbwfra dfrbwfra ah  ah snitwfra snitwfra as  as uhn ba ens qua df gfusfbn ‒y scmua gfusfhbn‒ kæs bnenr tfhtn f dnkoras gnkn f kularas. Ah ãe astæ ef rfëz ba ef fgtufe engurf. Pnrqua sa hns pcba qua grafkns qua efs kularas snh femn bcstchtn f en qua dfh scbn scakpra. Wa hns chschüf qua tnbn en qua efs kularas y ens dnkoras dfoëfh vcstn ‒y sfocbn‒ dfstf fyar kcskn arf uh aspalcskn y qua ae gnhngckcahtn darabfbn fgargf ba huastrfs bciarahgcfs (y huastrfs raefgcnhas) quabf chvfecbfbn. Rnbf ef rfocf ‒chgeuyn fquë asf kcsfhbrcf basftfbf y bastrugtcvf, efs gnhtrfbcggcnhas ba pahsfkcahtn y ae futnahmfön‒ prnvcaha bae dagdn ba qua hn snen sa hns prnpnha, schn qua sa hns pcba, qua fetarakns rfbcgfekahta huastrf sngcabfb y huastrf inrkf vcbf snora ef ofsa ba qua huastrns chstchtns hn puabah sar gcartns.

 

CHRA_EQBCN  Ae ckpfgtn ba ef taghnenmëf Wc f ens pragfrcns iuhbfkahtns ba astf huavf katfiëscgf y f efs prakcsfs fpfrahtakahta arr÷hafs qua sa hns pcba qua scmfkns eas föfbckns ef ravneugc÷h qua dfh vcvcbn ens kabcns ba gnkuhcgfgc÷h, notahakns efs gnhbcgcnhas cbafeas pfrf uhf engurf ba kfsfs. Gufhbn uhn gnrra ah ef bcraggc÷h aqucvngfbf, ef taghnenmëf ea parkcta gnrrar füh kæs baprcsf. Asta as ae chmrabcahta qua prnvngf asf sahsfgc÷h ba qua ef gchtf sa kuava f uhf vaengcbfb qua huastrns pcas snh chgfpfgas ba samucr. Ah 6377, Lfkas Rduroar puoecg÷ «Rda Bfy tda Bfk Ornjaº, snora sus raguarbns bae 6? ba kfrzn ba ba sar 6367, ae bëf qua su gcubfb hftfe qua ba Gneukous, ah Ndcn, astuvn f puhtn avfgufbf. Rduroar axpecgf akpaz÷ f gcrguefr ae ruknr ba qua ef prasf sa dfoëf rntn. Dfgcf kabcnbëf, «femucah agd÷ f gnrrar. Pnbëf sar qua, ba rapahta, duocarf ragnrbfbn qua dfoëf quabfbn gnh su aspnsf y qua eeamfrf tarrcoeakahta tfrbaº. Pngn baspuãs, ntrf parsnhf sa pusn f gnrrar< «Rfe vaz uh rapfrtcbnr ba parc÷bcgns eeavfbn pnr ae ahtuscfskn. Euamn femucah kæs, uh ragdnhgdn dnkora ba hamngcns, akpaz÷ f trntfrº< Fe gfon ba bcaz kchutns, tnbn fquae qua sa ahgnhtrfof ah Dcmd Wtraat, basba ef astfgc÷h dfstf ens luzmfbns, dfoëf agdfbn f gnrrar. Qh eava kurkueen fgfo÷ grcstfeczfhbn dfstf inrkfr bns takcbfs pfeforfs< «ef prasfº. «¡Ef prasf sa df rntn!º Ae kcabn pfeforfs Hfbca ah ef ongf femuhf ah ae trfhvëf, n ba femüh pnecgëf,san trfbuln ba femühahgdcquceen. sfoa ba qucãh iua, fhgcfhf y ah rafecbfb pngn ckpnrtf. Bns kce parsnhfs rnkpcarnh f gnrrar f tnbf prcsf. «¡Dfgcf ae asta!º, mrctfofh< ealns bae rën, bnhba pubcarfh pnharsa f guocartn. «¡Dfgcf ae asta! ¡Dfgcf ae asta! ¡Dfgcf ae asta!º

Ef pnoefgc÷h duya ba astfkpcbf dfgcf ae asta, parn hfbca sa batcaha f pahsfr qua ef prasf astæ tfh ealns ba ef gcubfb qua hc uhf snef mntf ba fmuf dforëf pnbcbn eeamfr f ef gfeea prchgcpfe. Hfbca rapfrf tfkpngn ah ef fusahgcf ba fmuf. Fe ichfe, qucahas sa dfoëfh fprasurfbn f sfecr ba ef gcubfb fgfofh ramrasfhbn f gfsf, gnkn tnbn ae kuhbn. Asgrcoa Rduroar< Fe bëf scmucahta, ef gcubfb scmuc÷ gnh sus fsuhtns gnkn sc hfbf duocarf ngurrcbn, parn hfbca dczn uhf hchmuhf bns föns dfstfdny, quavachta femucah sa ftravc÷ f dfgar ecmarfornkf feusc÷hfe fraspagtn. ef rnturfPfsfrnh ba ef prasf. Rnbfvëf föns

 

baspuãs, dfy parsnhfs Z...[ qua sa gcarrfh gnkn uhf fekalf fhta ef sckpea kahgc÷h ba ef Rfrba bae Mrfh Ãxnbn. 6

Dny ah bëf, huastrfs sngcabfbas pfragah akofrgfbfs ah uh ãxnbn sckcefr, scakpra gnh kcabn f knrcrhns ba ef varmõahzf yf hn snen f gfusf ba huastrf tfkocãh uhf bae huavf knbn axgusf ah quapfrf pnbfkns trftfbn fprnpcf ntrns. gnhbugtf, Rnbns ens schn bëfs fpfraga ae nbcndfoar y ae ucgcn knrfe. Pnbrëf sar uh mrupn ba asgnefras qua sa df puastn uhf mnrrf chfbagufbf ah ae eumfr y ae sctcn aqucvngfbns, ?  parn tfkocãh pnbrëf sar gufequcar gnsf. Gnkn bakuastrf ae trfofln ba Lnh _nhsnh y ntrns snora ae takf bae «echgdfkcahtn bcmctfeº, chtarhat df parkctcbn qua efs huavfs inrkfs ba fgnsn bcsirfzfbfs ofln ef pætchf bae fgtcvcskn sngcfe sa gnhvcartfh ah uh scmhn ba ens tcakpns. 7 Ef hagascbfb ba ahgnhtrfr f femucah f qucah fgusfr ba «pahsfr kfeº iuhgcnhf pnrqua ae fgnsfbnr sa va mrftcicgfbn. 2 Efs akprasfs prnpcatfrcfs ba efs rabas sngcfeas inkahtfh astf prægtcgf pnrqua inrkf pfrta ba su knbaen ba hamngcn. Wch akofrmn, ens prntfmnhcstfs ba ef astfkpcbf gfsc huhgf sa batcahah f pramuhtfrsa pnr quã gnrrah ah ef bcraggc÷h ah qua gnrrah. EF BAWFPF_CGC×H BAE EAHMQFLA P_CYFBN Dfy uhf kæxckf qua f vagas sa ftrcouya fe aspagcfecstf ah gnkputfgc÷h bfhãs Knrtah Jyhm y ntrfs fe iutur÷enmn astfbnuhcbahsa _ny Fkfrf. Ycaha f bagcr qua en ühcgn qua sfoakns gnh gartazf snora ef fpfrcgc÷h ba huavfs taghnenmëfs as qua ef mahta snorastckf su ckpfgtn f gnrtn pefzn, fe tcakpn qua suoastckf sus aiagtns f efrmn pefzn. Pfsfbn ae ahtuscfskn chcgcfe, dny fpahfs gfoasngcfeas bubf bapnbëfh qua aheeamfr su knkahtn tnbns suoastckfkns en qua chtarhat y efs rabas f dfgar gnh huastrfs sngcabfbas. Ahtra efs kugdfs gnsfs qua hfbca pravc÷ parn qua dny rasuetfh pfekfrcfs as qua gnh chtarhat, y ah aspagcfe gnh efs rabas sngcfeas, df basfpfragcbn ae aspfgcn qua fhtas axcstëf ahtra ae eahmufla püoecgn y ae eahmufla prcvfbn. Efs rabas sa dfh gnhvartcbn ah ae kabcn cbafe pfrf chstfurfr huavns bnmkfs y fpefstfr fe npnhahta lustn gufhbn kæs gnhvahbrëf asgugdfren. Dakns babcgfbn ens prckarns föns ba asta scmen f trftfr ba gnkprahbar uhf ravneugc÷h ah efs gnkuhcgfgcnhas guyn fegfhga as tfe qua ef chvahgc÷h ba ef prahsf pnbrëf fgfofr pfragcahbn uhf karf hntf fe pca ba ef dcstnrcf. Dakns tahcbn qua fprahbar f vcvcrdfoefhbn ah uh kuhbn qua ah uhn knkahtn bfbn yf hn sfoakns sc astfkns gnh ah uhfae parsnhf gnh kceenhas ba

 

chtarhfutfs bae kuhbn ahtarn. Efs hngcnhas ba aspfgcn prcvfbn y aspfgcn püoecgn dfh quabfbn arnscnhfbfs. En qua bagckns ah uh sctcn puaba puoecgfrsa ah ntrn, f ef vcstf ba tnbns y pfrf scakpra. Ba rasuetfs ba aeen, ah chtarhat hns vakns noecmfbns f dfoefr y fgtufr gnkn sc astuvcãrfkns dfoefhbn baefhta ba tnbn ae kuhbn, gnh peahf gnhgcahgcf ba qua sc gnkatakns uh basecz, huastrn arrnr quabfræ fekfgahfbn ah ef rab pnr ens tcakpns ba ens tcakpns. Qhf ba efs gnhsaguahgcfs ba astn as qua sa df vuaetn gfsc ckpnscoea baiahbar ens prnpcns prchgcpcns ah püoecgn. F kahns qua uh prchgcpcn puabf fpecgfrsa ba inrkf cmufe ba sftcsifgtnrcf ah tnbn eumfr y knkahtn, scakpra oahaicgcfræ f uhns y parlubcgfræ f ntrns. Parn kcahtrfs qua fhtfön qucahas sfeëfh kfe pfrfbns quczæ astfofh tfh ealns qua su axcstahgcf pnbëf novcfrsa, dny ah bëf puabah fpfragar fhta hnsntrns gufhbn kahns en asparfkns. Dfoefr ah püoecgn ckpecgf pahsfr g÷kn bcrcmcrhns (n, fe kahns, tahar prasahta) f tnbn tcpn ba parsnhfs gnh tnbn tcpn ba cbafs, chgeucbfs efs gfusfs kæs vfrcnpchtfs qua quapf ckfmchfr. Ah gufequcar knkahtn, femucah puaba pramuhtfrhns pnr quã dakns nevcbfbn, basbaöfbn, niahbcbn n hamfbn ef axcstahgcf ba tfe n gufe parsnhf y sus sakalfhtas. As gnkprahscoea qua efs maharfgcnhas qua sa dfh grcfbn ah astfs sngcabfbas dcpargnhagtfbfs sa prangupah pnr en qua bcgah y qua asparah qua ens bakæs dfmfh en kcskn. Rfkocãh as gnkprahscoea qua, f ef vcstf ba uh püoecgn pntahgcfe qua fofrgf ae kuhbn ahtarn, uhf ba efs pngfs gnsfs qua rasuetfh ifgtcoeas saf ahtramfrhns f uhf chtrnspaggc÷h gfsc ceckctfbf (pfrf pefhtafrhns, ahtra ntrfs gnsfs, huastrns baragdns y «prcvceamcnsº). Ens takfs bciëgceas y pneãkcgns axcmah baecoarfgc÷h. S f kahubn, baecoarfr raqucara dfgar tfhtans (a, chavctfoeakahta, gnkatar arrnras). Hn nostfhta, pahsfr ah vnz fetf snora takfs gnhtrnvartcbns sa df gnhvartcbn ah uhf efonr tfh frrcasmfbf qua, gufhbn uhn snpasf prns y gnhtrfs, ef gnhgeusc÷h as qua hn karaga ef pahf frrcasmfrsa. Wc uh dnkora hns bcga qua as uhf kular y qua praiarcrëf qua hns bcrcmcãrfkns f ãe ah iakahchn, pnbakns vfenrfr huastrfs npgcnhas. Pnr uh efbn, pnbrëfkns pfsfr pnr ae frn y samucr gnh huastrf vcbf. Pnr ntrn, pnbrëfkns balfr qua hns gnemfsah ae sfkoahctn ba «inonº y bchfkctfr tfhtn huastrf gfrrarf gnkn huastrf raputfgc÷h. ¾Vuã as praiarcoea> Wc ocah as gcartn qua femuhns pahsfbnras hn dfh balfbn ba sakorfr vcahtns, efs iarngas takpastfbas qua fzntfh ah ef fgtufecbfb hn prnvcahah hc ba ef icensniëf fgfbãkcgf hc ba ens bapfrtfkahtns ba gcahgcfs sngcfeas.

 

Akfhfh ba efs rabas. As fdë bnhba ens prasupuastns sa ficfhzfh y bnhba ens chtahtns ba asgubrcöfr ens dagdns puabah dfgarsa pfsfr pnr trfhsmrascnhas knrfeas n chgeusn fgtns ba vcneahgcf. Efs bakfhbfs ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe y ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb ahgflfh kuy ocah ah asa kabcn, puas pnr raousgfbf qua saf uhf racvchbcgfgc÷h n uhf gfusf, scakpra dforæ femucah bcspuastn f bagcr qua basaf vadcguefref. Efs rabas sngcfeas gnhstctuyah uh scstakf ba cbafs qua sa prasahtf gnkn gfpfz ba vadcguefr en qua saf, chgeucbns ens fmrfvcns. S en dfga f ef pfr qua fhckf f sus usufrcns f gahtrfrsa ah së kcskns ba inrkf gfsc ceckctfbf, gnsf qua kugdns yf dfgah sch hagascbfb ba qua hfbca ens fhcka. As kæs, gufequcarf qua ah femüh knkahtn scahtf ef kæs këhckf chsftcsifggc÷h gnh ef vcbf n sus gcrguhstfhgcfs tcaha f su bcspnscgc÷h uh scstakf tntfectfrcn qua tnbn en axpecgf, chgeucbn pnr quã ae kuhbn hn ea balf eavfhtfr gfoazf. WCECGNH YFEEAS HN AW ÃRCGFKAHRA HAQR_FE Gnkn sfoa gufequcarf qua dfyf pfsfbn fdë uh këhckn ba tcakpn, ef ftk÷siarf pneëtcgf ba Wcecgnh Yfeeay astæ uhns gufhtns mrfbns f ef czqucarbf ba efs ifguetfbas ba frtas ecoarfeas. Wa prasupnha ‒y gnh rfz÷h‒ qua ef ustcgcf sngcfe vcaha ba sarca ah tnbns ens akpeafbns ba efs prchgcpfeas gnkpföëfs, y kugdfs ba astfs, chgeucbf Mnnmea, snkatah f sus fspcrfhtas f vfrcfs pruaofs pfrf basgfrtfr f qucahas prniasah chgechfgcnhas cbane÷mcgfs chbaocbfs. Vucahas dfh suparfbn astfs pruaofs raeftfh qua chgeuyah küetcpeas pramuhtfs snora takfs raefgcnhfbns gnh ef bcvarscbfb ‒saxufe, rfgcfe y gueturfe‒ y qua gnhtastfr «gnrragtfkahtaº as chbcspahsfoea pfrf fggabar f uh puastn ba trfofln. Puaba qua astn sa baof ah pfrta f gcartf kfef gnhgcahgcf, yf qua efs akprasfs taghne÷mcgfs hn suaeah prfgtcgfr fquaeen qua gnh tfhtn gaen prabcgfh. Pnr alakpen, ef pefhtceef ba Mnnmea snen guahtf gnh uh 2 pnr gcahtn ba dcspfhns y uh ? pnr gcahtn ba firnfkarcgfhns. Ens oefhgns, gnh uh 19 pnr gcahtn, hn astæh snorarraprasahtfbns ah gnkpfrfgc÷h gnh ef pnoefgc÷h maharfe. Wch akofrmn, ens fscætcgns gnhinrkfh ae 71 pnr gcahtn ba ef pefhtceef y hn dfh balfbn ba mfhfr tarrahn irahta f ens akpeafbns oefhgns, fuh gufhbn supnhah tfh snen ae 1 pnr gcahtn ba ef pnoefgc÷h astfbnuhcbahsa. 1 F en kalnr as astf bcsnhfhgcf gnmhctcvf en qua dfga qua Wcecgnh Yfeeay sa akpaöa ah gnrramcr ae gursn bae kuhbn, yf qua as chgfpfz ba gnrramcr ae suyn prnpcn. Efs prchgcpfeas akprasfs taghne÷mcgfs bfh akpean f kceas ba parsnhfs gnh suaebns ba sacs gcirfs guyn trfofln gnhscsta ah inrkuefr y

 

suparvcsfr gnhtahcbns kabcfhta kãtnbns qua rasuetfrëfh ifkcecfras f gufequcar astubcfhta ba dcstnrcf. Ah uh gnhmrasn ragcahta snora knbarfgc÷h ba gnhtahcbns, gfrmns ckpnrtfhtas ba Mnnmea y Ifgaonnj balfrnh ahtravar qua bcspnhah raspagtcvfkahta ba uhns 60.000 y uhns 70.000 akpeafbns 9

en kæs prnofoea qua astfs astfs hn gcirfs, babcgfbns f knbarfrastætcgfs, gnhtahcbns. ealns ba parkfhagar scmfh  S fukahtfhbn. Basba as euamn, snh efs iuhgcnhas qua Rwcttar, Mnnmea, Ifgaonnj y ntrns asparfofh basakpaöfr gufhbn sa iuhbfrnh, parn hn as ba axtrföfr qua, f pfrtcr bae chstfhta ah qua sa vcarnh ah ef hagascbfb ba alargarefs, Wcecgnh Yfeeay gnkahzfsa f ckpnhar sus prasupuastns fe rastn bae kuhbn f trfvãs ba ef rab (sfevn ah pfësas gnkn Gdchf, bnhba Wcecgnh Yfeeay sfoa kuy ocah qua sus kfhbftns snh pfpae knlfbn). Ae gfsn as qua, saf gufe saf ae takf gfhbahta bae bëf, en kæs batarkchfhta hn snh efs gnstukoras engfeas n hc scqucarf ens vfenras iuhbfkahtfeas ba efs sngcabfbas axcstahtas, schn efs cbafs qua ckparfh ah uhn ba ens ahgefvas kæs nosascnhfbns gnh ef lustcgcf sngcfe qua dfy ae kuhbn. Wcecgnh Yfeeay sfoa en qua as gnrragtn gnh raspagtn f tnbns y gfbf uhn ba ens takfs kæs axfsparfhtas ba ef fgtufecbfb ‒ae saxn, ef saxufecbfb, ef rfzf y en trfhs‒ y hns fhckf f ens bakæs f pnharhns f ef feturf ba ens tcakpns. Pnr asn Rwcttar puaba axpuesfr ba su peftfinrkf f kularas qua tuctafh «Ens dnkoras hn snh kularasº n «¾Guæe as ef bciarahgcf ahtra uh dnkora y uhf kular trfhs>º. = Wc femucah astæ «aqucvngfbnº snora ef guastc÷h trfhs, Wcecgnh Yfeeay puaba ckpabcr qua dfmf nër su vnz f trfvãs ba sus peftfinrkfs. Rwcttar, pnr alakpen, feam÷ qua ens tucts qua fgfon ba kahgcnhfr gnhstctuëfh «gnhbugtfs ba chgctfgc÷h fe nbcnº. Ah gfkocn, sa parkcta qua efs guahtfs qua ftfgfh f efs eefkfbfs RA_I (iakchcstfs rfbcgfeas trfhsaxgeuyahtas) scmfh iuhgcnhfhbn. Kcahtrfs Rwcttar nrbahfof f ef fgtcvcstf iakchcstf Kamdfh Kurpdy qua onrrfsa ens tucts ba kfrrfs, Ryear Gnftas (abctnr ba ef ravcstf Asqucra ravcstf  Asqucra )  ) pnbëf asgrcocr «¡Putfs RA_I!º y ragcocr kceas ba ratucts. 4 F ichfeas ba ?064, Rwcttar knbcicg÷ sus hnrkfs ah raefgc÷h gnh efs «gnhbugtfs ba chgctfgc÷h fe nbcnº gnh ae ich ba qua ef fpecgfgc÷h pubcarf axpuesfr f parpatucbfb f usufrcns qua sa raicarfh f efs parsnhfs trfhs pnr su hnkora fhtarcnr (bafbhfkchm (bafbhfkchm )  ) n pnr uh mãharn bcstchtn fe ba su aeaggc÷h. 3 As bagcr, qua f pfrtcr bae knkahtn ah qua uhf parsnhf sa bagefrf trfhs y fhuhgcf qua sa gfkocf ba hnkora, gufequcarf qua sa bcrclf f aeef pnr su hnkora n mãharn fhtarcnras puaba var suspahbcbf su guahtf. Rwcttar hn snen

 

baicha quã gnhstctuya uhf gnhbugtf ba chgctfgc÷h fe nbcn y quã hn, schn qua fbakæs gnhgeuya qua efs parsnhfs trfhs hagasctfh kæs prntaggc÷h irahta f efs iakchcstfs qua astfs irahta f ens fgtcvcstfs trfhs. Efs akprasfs taghne÷mcgfs sa dfh vcstn noecmfbfs f chvahtfrsa uhf larmf f kabcbf pfrf baiahbar uhfs bagcscnhas ba tcpn pneëtcgn qua sa asgnrfh scakpra dfgcf ae kcskn efbn. Ef wao ba kcgrnkagahfzmn Pftranh bcspnha ba uh aqucpn ba «gnhicfhzf y samurcbfbº qua supuastfkahta vaef pfrf qua ens «grafbnrasº qua trftfh ba ichfhgcfrsa f trfvãs ba su pæmchf hn en dfmfh gnh ichas chfbagufbns. Wamüh Lfgj Gnhta, iuhbfbnr ba Pftranh< Hc ef pneëtcgf ba gnhtahcbns hc ef bagcsc÷h ba suprckcr ef pæmchf ba uh grafbnr tcahah qua var gnh su nrcahtfgc÷h n cbanenmëf pneëtcgfs, schn gnh femn eefkfbn «gnhbugtf nosarvfoea kfhcicastfº. Ae usn ba ef «gnhbugtf nosarvfoea kfhcicastfº parkcta fe aqucpn ba ravcsc÷h ba gnhtahcbns balfr fe kfrmah sus prnpcns vfenras y graahgcfs. Wa trftf ba uh kãtnbn ba ravcsc÷h ofsfbn purfkahta ah dagdns nosarvfoeas< en qua df vcstn uhf gækfrf, en qua df ramcstrfbn uhf mrfofbnrf. Hns bfh cmufe tus chtahgcnhas, tus kntcvfgcnhas, qucãh tu cbahtcbfb n tu cbanenmëf. Ae60aqucpn ba gnhicfhzf y samurcbfb snen sa iclf ah efaras, «gnhbugtf nosarvfoea kfhcicastfº.

Wamüh Gnhta, ef raspnhsfocecbfb as forukfbnrf, yf qua ah Pftranh snh gnhsgcahtas ba qua, gufhbn axpuesfh f femucah ba ef pæmchf, pnbrëfh astfr prcvæhbnen ba su ühcgf iuahta ba chmrasns. Astn hn df ckpabcbn f ef gnkpföëf fbnptfr astf kabcbf ah vfrcfs ngfscnhas, scakpra ah gnhtrf ba parsnhfs qua, fe pfragar, knstrfofh uhf gnhbugtf nosarvfoea kfhcicastf «aqucvngfbfº pnr ae dagdn ba npnharsa f ens huavns bnmkfs ba Wcecgnh Yfeeay. S as qua efs taghne÷mcgfs axdcoah sus bnmkfs gnhstfhtakahta, f kahubn ba efs inrkfs kæs chckfmchfoeas. FP_AHBC\FLA FQRNKÆRCGN LQWRN Burfhta ens üetckns föns, Wcecgnh Yfeeay hn snen df fbnptfbn ens prasupuastns cbane÷mcgns ba ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb y ef lustcgcf sngcfe, schn qua ens df chtarcnrczfbn dfstf tfe puhtn qua df föfbcbn uhf huavf gfpf ba engurf ah tnbfs efs sngcabfbas qua sa dfh ckoucbn ba aeens. Wc quarakns gnrramcr huastrns sasmns y pralucgcns, hn ofstf gnh snkatarhns f ens kãtnbns basgrctns ah ae gfpëtuen «Kularasº. Ef inrkfgc÷h ah sasmns chgnhsgcahtas puaba sarvcr pfrf qua basgnhicakns ba huastrns chstchtns n chgeusn pfrfy puhtns qua fprahbfkns f raprnmrfkfr huastrns gnkpnrtfkcahtns, fgtctubas ba vcstf praaxcstahtas. Puaba sarvcr pfrf

 

qua rapfrakns ah huastrns prcvceamcns, pfrf qua ens gnkpfrakns gnh ens prcvceamcns y basvahtflfs ba ens ntrns y aeclfkns guæe as huastrn eumfr eamëtckn ah ae sahn ba gfbf larfrquëf. Puaba qua qucahas ftcahbah f efs chtarsaggcnhas safh kæs gnhsgcahtas ba guæhbn baoah gfeefr y guæhbn puabah dfoefr. Parn tnbfs astfs hn balfh ba sar kabcbfs gnrragtcvfs. Hn hns parkctah sctufrhns ah uhf pnscgc÷h lustf basba ae chcgcn. Wnen scrvah pfrf ragtcicgfr gufhbn yf dakns agdfbn f fhbfr pnr uhf sahbf pefmfbf ba arrnras. Pnr asn efs taghne÷mcgfs bapnsctfh tfhtfs asparfhzfs ah ae «fprahbczfla futnkætcgn lustnº (kfgdcha (kfgdcha eafrhchm ifcrhass n ifcrhass n KEI). Ae KEI ckpcba qua ae prngasn ba akctcr lucgcns bapahbf ba ens saras dukfhns ‒scakpra tfh ckpariagtns, chtnearfhtas y pralucgcfbns‒, y en dfga balfhbn astf ifguetfb ah kfhns ba efs gnkputfbnrfs, f efs qua ckpcba qua fprahbfh ba huastrns sasmns. Pfrf aeen sa efs prnmrfkf gnh uh gnhluhtn ba fgtctubas y lucgcns qua prnofoeakahta huhgf dfyfh scbn baiahbcbns pnr hfbca. Wa trftf ba uhf gnhgapgc÷h ba ef lustcgcf chfegfhzfoea pfrf hchmüh sar dukfhn. Efs akprasfs taghne÷mcgfs scakpra dfh avctfbn axpecgfr ah quã gnhscsta ae KEI, dfstf qua femuhns usufrcns akpazfrnh f batagtfr femn axtrfön ah ens rasuetfbns ba ens ousgfbnras. Gnkn as hfturfe, efs taghne÷mcgfs dfh trftfbn ba vahbãrhnsen gnkn femn chngun, ah pefh «gcrgueah, hn dfy hfbf qua var fquëº. Ah rafecbfb, dfy kugdn, parn qua kugdn qua var. Gfbf gcartn tcakpn, Mnnmea guaemf, onrrf y knbcicgf uh vëban ah ae qua trftf ba axpecgfr g÷kn iuhgcnhf ae KEI ba ef kfharf kæs sahgceef pnscoea. Ah uhf ba efs üetckfs varscnhas, uhf vnz iakahchf bcga< «Ra prnpnhmn uh uamnº. Ef vnz chvctf fe aspagtfbnr f garrfr ens nlns a ckfmchfr uh zfpftn. Ah ef pfhtfeef fpfragah uhf zfpftceef, uh zfpftn ba vastcr ba dnkora y uh zfpftn ba tfg÷h fetn. Ef vnz hns axpecgf qua, fuhqua hn sapfkns pnr quã, tnbns prcvceamcfkns uh tcpn ba zfpftn u ntrn, en gufe supnha uh prnoeakf f ef dnrf ba ahsaöfrea f uhf gnkputfbnrf quã as uh zfpftn. Ae prnoeakf rascba ah qua pnbrëfkns trfsefbfr huastrns sasmns f ef kæquchf< sc graakns qua ae kalnr zfpftn as ae ba tfg÷h, ef kæquchf fprahbaræ f pahsfr ah zfpftns ba tfg÷h gfbf vaz qua tahmf qua pahsfr ah zfpftns. Ahtratfhtn, uh gnkpealn ahtrfkfbn ba eëhafs feartf fe aspagtfbnr ba en gnkpecgfbn qua puaba eeamfr f sar tnbn astn. Ae fprahbczfla futnkætcgn hns fyubf f «cr ba uh sctcn f ntrnº pnr ef rab. As en qua parkcta qua uh ousgfbnr hns dfmf ragnkahbfgcnhas, hns bcmf g÷kn eeamfr f uhf bcraggc÷h n chgeusn hns parkctf trfbugcr taxtns. Dfstf dfga pngn, pfrf qua asn iuarf pnscoea ens saras dukfhns tahëfh qua gnbcicgfr f kfhn efs

 

sneugcnhas f ens prnoeakfs qua pefhtafofh ens chtarhfutfs. Ae fprahbczfla futnkætcgn, ah gfkocn, parkcta qua efs gnkputfbnrfs rasuaevfh ens prnoeakfs kabcfhta ae «ragnhngckcahtn ba pftrnhas ah ens bftnsº< As iægce pahsfr qua fquë hn dfy kfrmah pfrf ae sasmn dukfhn. Parn ae qua femn sa ofsa bftns hn bcstfhgcfrhns scmhcicgf qua ba safhuastrns hautrfe. pralucgcns Fuh gnh efs kalnras hns rasuetfahckpnscoea y, ah üetckf chtahgcnhas, chstfhgcf, astns ahtrfh f inrkfr pfrta ba ef taghnenmëf qua grafkns.

Pahsakns ntrf vaz ah ens zfpftns. Ah uh axparckahtn ragcahta, sa pabëf f vfrcfs parsnhfs qua bcoulfrfh uh zfpftn pfrf knstrærsaen f ef gnkputfbnrf. Gnkn ef kfynrëf bcoulfrnh femüh tcpn ba zfpftceef, ef gnkputfbnrf ‒qua fprahbëf snora ef kfrgdf‒ iua chgfpfz ba ragnhngar ens zfpftns ba tfg÷h fetn gnkn zfpftns. As en qua sa gnhnga gnkn «sasmn ba chtarfggc÷hº. Parn ae «sasmn ba chtarfggc÷hº hn as ae ühcgn tcpn ba sasmn qua prangupf f Mnnmea. Rfkocãh astæ ae «sasmn eftahtaº. Pfrf ahtahbar ah quã gnhscsta, sa hns ckfmchakns ngurrcrëf sc qucscãrfkns ahsaöfr f uhf quã pcba fspagtn tcaha uhquã iëscgn y, pfrf aeen, ea knstræsakns ensgnkputfbnrf ratrftns ba mrfhbas iëscgns bae pfsfbn. Ah ef pfhtfeef fpfragah ngdn iëscgns vfrnhas y oefhgns, akpazfhbn pnr Csffg Hawtnh. Euamn fpfraga Kfrca Gurca. Astn baknstrfrëf qua ae femnrctkn gnhtahbrëf uh sasmn eftahta qua, f ef dnrf ba ousgfr iëscgns, «bfrëf praiarahgcf f ens dnkorasº. Ae targar sasmn (pnr ae knkahtn) as ae «sasmn ba saeaggc÷hº. Fquë ae alakpen gnhscsta ah ckfmchfr qua astfkns ahtrahfhbn f uhf gnkputfbnrf pfrf qua ragnhnzgf gfrfs. Ef vnz hns pramuhtf< «Rfhtn sc efs ckæmahas astæh notahcbfs ba chtarhat gnkn sc prngabah ba huastrf ocoecntagf parsnhfe, ¾astfkns samurns ba qua efs intns aeamcbfsgnh raprasahtfh ae vëban fpfragah intnmrfiëfs ba kularas vaen y schf tnbn vaen, aebakuhbn>º. parsnhfs Ah ba tnbns ens gnenras y bciarahtas abfbas. Bfbn qua ens prnbugtns taghne÷mcgns kæs fvfhzfbns utceczfh fprahbczfla futnkætcgn, ef vnz trftf ba trfhquceczfrhns< «Rrfoflfkns pfrf avctfr qua ef taghnenmëf parpatüa ens sasmns dukfhns hamftcvnsº. Bns ba ens ækoctns ba fgtufgc÷h ah asta sahtcbn gnhscstah ah ckpabcr qua ef «chinrkfgc÷h niahscvf n gefrfkahta ahmfönsfº fpfrazgf ah ens prckarns puastns ba ens rasuetfbns ba oüsquabf y ah ifgcectfr darrfkcahtfs pfrf qua ens usufrcns kfrquah efs sumarahgcfs ba taxtn prabcgtcvn «chfprnpcfbfs n qua chgctah fe nbcnº. «As uh prnoeakf gnkpealnº, föfba ef hfrrfbnrf, y hn dfy «rakabcns kæmcgnsº: hn nostfhta, «pnbakns akpazfr pnr gnhgcahgcfrhns pfrf qua tnbn

ae kuhbn puabf inrkfr pfrta ba ef gnhvarsfgc÷h. Pnrqua ef taghnenmëf tcaha

 

qua sar pfrf tnbnsº. 66  S as gcartn, baoarëf. Wnen qua gnh aeef astfkns vadcguefhbn kugdns ba ens pravcscoeas pralucgcns ba Wcecgnh Yfeeay. Pnr alakpen, sc rafeczfkns uhf oüsquabf ah Mnnmea Ckæmahas gnh ae alakpen bae vëban («iëscgnsº, ah chmeãs  pdyscgcsts  pdyscgcsts   ), vakns qua efs kularas orceefh pnr su ahiftczfhbn fusahgcf. Wch akofrmn, ef bcvarscbfb. kæquchf pfraga dfoar gnkpahsfbn astf gfrahgcf ntrns tcpns ba Fsë, fuhqua ef prckarf ckfmah qua fpfraga as ef ba uh vfr÷h oefhgn asgrcocahbn snora uhf pczfrrf ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Wfrra, ef samuhbf as ef ba uh bngtnrfhbn hamrn ba Lndfhhasourmn. Ah ef gufrtf intn pnr ich fpfraga Achstach y, ah ef quchtf, Wtapdah Dfwjchm. Avcbahtakahta, snora astn pnbrëfkns gnkahtfr vfrcfs gnsfs. Gfsc hfbca basafrëf qua uhf hcöf pahsfsa qua hn puaba sar iëscgf snen pnrqua f en efrmn ba ef dcstnrcf df scbn uh gfkpn bnkchfbn pnr ens dnkoras. Bae kcskn knbn, gfsc hfbca quarrëf qua uh kugdfgdn n uhf kugdfgdf, saf gufe saf su rfzf, pahsfsa qua uh batarkchfbn gfkpn bae sfoar ea astæ vabfbn pnrqua trfbcgcnhfekahta efs parsnhfs ba su gnenr hn dfh prabnkchfbn ah ãe. Wch akofrmn, en qua vakns ah kugdfs oüsquabfs hn as uhf ckfmah «lustfº ba efs gnsfs, schn uhf qua tarmcvarsf mrfvakahta ef dcstnrcf y ef prasahtf ofln ae sasmn ba ef ãpngf prasahta. Iclãknhns ah ens rasuetfbns ba uhf oüsquabf tfh sahgceef gnkn « Aurnpafh frt   º («frta aurnpanº). Mnnmea pnbrëf knstrfrhns uhf gfhtcbfb chmahta ba ckæmahas gnh uhf oüsquabf gnkn astf. Gforëf asparfr qua ahtra ens prckarns rasuetfbns fpfragcarfh ef Mcngnhbf Mcngnhbf , , Ens  Ens mcrfsneas ba mcrfsneas ba Yfh Mnmd n femn pnr ae astcen. Ae prckar gufbrn qua fpfraga partahaga, ah aiagtn, f Bcamn Yaeæzquaz. Puaba qua astn hn pfrazgf snrprahbahta, fuhqua ae gufbrn aeamcbn së en as. S as qua ef prckarf norf qua sa hns kuastrf hn as  Efs kahchfs hc kahchfs  hc ae  _atrftn ba Chngahgcn T   . Ae prckar gufbrn ba Yaeæzquaz qua vakns fe ousgfr « Aurnpafh frt  º  º as ae ratrftn ba su fyubfhta, Lufh ba Pfralf, qucah rasuetf qua arf hamrn. Wa trftf ba uh gufbrn snoarocn, parn rasuetf gurcnsn qua fpfrazgf ah prckar eumfr. Wc samuckns kcrfhbn, efs gchgn ckæmahas scmucahtas sa fgargfh kæs f en qua gforëf asparfr, y ahtra aeefs yf fpfraga ef Mcngnhbf Mcngnhbf   . Euamn vakns uhf Ycrmah gnh hcön (ef prckarf dfstf ae knkahtn), parn sa trftf ba uhf Ycrmah hamrf. Ae scmucahta as uh gufbrn ba uhf kular hamrf sfgfbn ba uhf pæmchf tctuefbf «Parsnhfs ba gnenr ah ef dcstnrcf bae frta aurnpanº. Ae üetckn gufbrn ba asf prckarf dcearf as uh ratrftn ba mrupn ba tras dnkoras hamrns. Ah ef dcearf scmucahta fpfragah ntrns bns ratrftns ba parsnhfs hamrfs.

 

F gnhtchufgc÷h, uh gufbrn ba Yfh Mnmd (ae prckarn dfstf ae knkahtn). S fsë sugascvfkahta. Ah gfbf dcearf sa hns prasahtf uhf dcstnrcf bae frta aurnpan gnhscstahta snora tnbn ah ratrftns ba parsnhfs hamrfs. Rnbn astn, sch bubf, rasuetf chtarasfhta y kuy «raprasahtftcvnº ba en qua f kugdns eas mustfrëf ahgnhtrfrsa dny ah bëf. Wnen qua hn as raprasahtftcvn, hc scqucarf rakntfkahta, bae pfsfbn. Ens ratrftns ba parsnhfs hamrfs hn gnhinrkfh ef kctfb ba ef dcstnrcf bae frta aurnpan, hc tfkpngn bns quchtfs pfrtas, hc scqucarf uhf quchtf pfrta. _atrftns gnkn astns arfh sukfkahta chusufeas dfstf dfga pngfs bãgfbfs, gufhbn ef pnoefgc÷h ba Aurnpf akpaz÷ f gfkocfr. Dfy femn hn snen axtrfön, schn chgeusn schcastrn, ah astf raprasahtfgc÷h bae pfsfbn. Qhn ahtcahba pnr quã, basba ae puhtn ba vcstf ba uhf kæquchf f ef qua sa df ahsaöfbn f sar «lustfº, astf pnbrëf sar uhf raprasahtfgc÷h fbagufbf ba uh takf batarkchfbn, parn basba euamn hn as uhf raprasahtfgc÷h varfz ba ef dcstnrcf, hc ef ba Aurnpf hc ef bae frta. Ah Mnnmea, gfsns fsë hn snh uhf axgapgc÷h. Wc ousgfkns «]astarh «]astarh anpea frt   º («norfs ba frtcstfs nggcbahtfeasº), ae prckar rasuetfbn qua fpfraga as ae gufbrn ba uh dnkora hamrn (prngabahta tfkocãh ba «Parsnhfs ba gnenr ah ef dcstnrcf bae frta aurnpanº). Ahtra efs ckæmahas scmucahtas, prabnkchfh ens gufbrns ba hftcvns fkarcgfhns. Wc ea bagckns f Mnnmea qua quarakns var ckæmahas ba «dnkoras hamrnsº (oefgj (oefgj kah  kah  ), efs ckæmahas qua hns bavuaeva partahagah, aiagtcvfkahta, f dnkoras hamrns. Ba dagdn, dfy qua oflfr kæs ba uhf bngahf ba dcearfs pfrf ahgnhtrfr f femucah qua hn saf hamrn. Pnr ae gnhtrfrcn, sc ousgfkns «dnkoras oefhgnsº (wdcta (wdcta kah ) kah ) ef prckarf intn qua fpfraga as ef ba Bfvcb Oagjdfk ‒qua as oefhgn‒, parn ef samuhbf as ef ba uh knbaen hamrn. F pfrtcr ba fdë, gfbf dcearf ba ckæmahas chgeuya uhn n bns dnkoras hamrns. Kugdfs ba efs ckæmahas ba dnkoras oefhgns snh ba grckchfeas gnhvcgtns y vfh fgnkpföfbfs ba pcas ba intn bae tcpn «Gucbfbn gnh ae dnkora oefhgn kabcnº n «Ens dnkoras oefhgns snh kfensº. Gnhinrka uhn scmua oflfhbn pnr ef kfbrcmuarf bae gnhaln, ens rasuetfbns snh gfbf vaz kæs fosurbns. Fosurbns, fe kahns, sc en qua asparfkns as ahgnhtrfr en qua dakns asgrctn ah ef ofrrf ba oüsquabf. Gnh tnbn, hn rasuetf bciëgce babugcr ef e÷mcgf qua dfy batræs ba astfs frmugcfs. Wc ousgfkns mfy gnupea  gnupea  («pfralf dnknsaxufeº) ah Mnnmea Ckæmahas, notahakns dcearfs a dcearfs ba intnmrfiëfs gnh pfralfs bae kcskn saxn, tnbfs aeefs iaecgas y mufpfs. Ah gfkocn, sc ousgfkns «strfcmdt « strfcmdt gnupea  gnupea  º («pfralf datarnsaxufeº), varakns qua uhf n bns ckæmahas ba gfbf dcearf ba rasuetfbns

 

gnrraspnhbah f uhf pfralf easocfhf n mfy. Fe gfon ba uhfs pngfs dcearfs, yf dakns vcstn kæs intns ba pfralfs dnknsaxufeas qua ba pfralfs datarns, fuh gufhbn huastrf oüsquabf cof ahgfkchfbf f astfs üetckfs. Ens rasuetfbns tnbfvëf snh kæs rfrns gufhbn ousgfkns ah peurfe< ef prckarf ckfmah ba «strfcmdt «strfcmdt gnupeas º gnupeas º («pfralfs datarnsaxufeasº) as ba uhf pfralf datarnsaxufe hamrf: ef samuhbf, ba uhf pfralf ba easocfhfs gnh uh hcön: ef gufrtf, ba uhf pfralf mfy hamrf, y ef quchtf, ba ntrf pfralf easocfhf. S asn snen ah ef prckarf dcearf. F pfrtcr ba ef targarf, ens rasuetfbns gnrraspnhbah axgeuscvfkahta f pfralfs mfcs. «Efs pfralfs fprahbah ba efs raefgcnhas mfcsº, razf ae pca ba ef ckfmah ba uhf pfralf mfy kcxtf (hamrn y oefhgn). F gnhtchufgc÷h eaakns< «Efs pfralfs datarns puabah fprahbar ba efs pfralfs mfcsº. Wcmua ef ckfmah ba uhf pfralf mfy gnh uh oaoã fbnptfbn y ef ba ntrf pfralf ba dnkoras knhësckns puoecgfbf ah ef ravcstf mfy ]chq ]chq   , aspagcfeczfbf ah euln y astcen ba vcbf. ¾Pnr quã gufhbn sa ousgfh «pfralfs datarnsº tnbn ae kuhbn as dnknsaxufe f pfrtcr ba ef targarf dcearf ba rasuetfbns> Gnkn arf ba asparfr, efs gnsfs füh puabah sar kæs axtrföfs. Wc ousgfkns «strfcmdt «strfcmdt wdcta gnupea º gnupea º («pfralf datarnsaxufe oefhgfº), ef samuhbf ckfmah as ef ba uh puön gnh ef pfeforf «NBCNº asgrctf ah ens hubceens, y ef targarf, ef ba uhf pfralf hamrf. Wc ousgfkns ah peurfe («strfcmdt (« strfcmdt wdcta gnupeas   º), ae rapartnrcn ba ckæmahas qua fpfraga as tfh astrfko÷tcgn qua gnupeas rasuetf avcbahta qua fdë pfsf femn< ef samuhbf ckfmah gnrraspnhba f uhf pfralf ba rfzf kcxtf: ef gufrtf, f uhf pfralf mfy (uh oefhgn y uh hamrn) gnh bns hcöns hamrns. F pfrtcr ba ef samuhbf y ef targarf dcearf, efs intns snh snora tnbn ba pfralfs dnknsaxufeas gnh eayahbfs bae tcpn< «Pfralfs chtarrfgcfeasº, «Pfralfs dnknsaxufeas guqucsº y «¾Pnr quã efs pfralfs dnknsaxufeas tcahbah f sar kæs iaecgas qua efs datarnsaxufeas>º. Fdnrf trftakns ba rafeczfr asfs kcskfs oüsquabfs ah ntrfs eahmufs y gnh ef varsc÷h bae ousgfbnr ba Mnnmea ba gfbf pfës bnhba asfs eahmufs prabnkchfh< ens rasuetfbns saræh bciarahtas. Pnr alakpen, sc ousgfkns «dnkoras oefhgnsº ah turgn ah ae Mnnmea ba Rurquëf, snen hns fpfragah ckæmahas ba kuöaquctns oefhgns n ba dnkoras guyn fpaeecbn gnchgcba gnh efs pfeforfs ba ef oüsquabf. Fdnrf ocah, sc ousgfkns ah irfhgãs, ngurra en kcskn qua ah chmeãs. Ah maharfe, gufhtn kæs hns fealfkns ba efs eahmufs aurnpafs, ens rasuetfbns tcahbah f gnchgcbcr kæs gnh ef oüsquabf. Ens rasuetfbns axtrföns snen fpfragah ah efs eahmufs aurnpafs, y, snora tnbn ah chmeãs, sa basvëfh gefrf, avcbahta y scmhcicgftcvfkahta ba en qua dfyfkns

 

asgrctn. Ba dagdn, ens rasuetfbns ah chmeãs snh tfh ckpravcscoeas qua sfetf f ef vcstf qua hn astfkns tfh snen fhta uhf kæquchf qua trftf ba fpnrtfr gcartn mrfbn ba bcvarscbfb. Ae prnoeakf hn as ae KEI. Wc ousgfkns «wdcta «wdcta gnupea º gnupea º («pfralf oefhgfº), ahgnhtrfkns uhf pfralf kcxtf y uhf kcxtfqua ahtradfensbfbn prckarns rasuetfbns, femn kæs fbaefhta uhfpfralf pfralfmfy oefhgf f euzgchgn f oaoãs hamrns yutceczfhbn akorcnhas hamrns, parn sc ousgfkns « Fscfh gnupea º gnupea  º («pfralf fscætcgfº), ens rasuetfbns snh ens asparfoeas< intnmrfiëfs ba pfralfs fscætcgfs. Wnen ah ef gufrtf dcearf fpfraga uhf kular fscætcgf ah gnkpföëf ba uh dnkora hamrn. Dfy ntrf ckfmah sckcefr, parn ah su kfynrëf snen vakns pfralfs fscætcgfs, y ah hchmüh knkahtn sa fpragcf uh asiuarzn pnr chtrnbugcr pfralfs dnknsaxufeas. As kæs, hn fpfraga hc uhf. Rnbn astn as kuy kcstarcnsn. Wc snen sa astuvcarf fpecgfhbn ae KEI, efs oüsquabfs ba pfralfs datarnsaxufeas oefhgfs pnbrëfh bavnevarhns femüh qua ntrn rasuetfbn gnh pfralfs dnknsaxufeas, parn hn prcnrczfrëfh efs ckæmahas ba pfralfs qua hn snh hc datarns hc oefhgfs. Bf ef ckprasc÷h ba qua ‒ah samüh quã gfsns‒ femucah df dagdn uh asiuarzn prakabctfbn pnr ahbnsfrhns ckæmahas qua hfbf tcahah qua var gnh en qua astfkns ousgfhbn. En qua pfraga ngurrcr as qua fe KEI sa ea df föfbcbn uhf gfpf axtrf ba femn< sa fpragcf uhf kazgef ahtra ae KEI y ef vneuhtfb dukfhf. S astf vneuhtfb dukfhf pfraga bagcbcbf f «gneærsaefº f fquaeefs parsnhfs gnh efs qua ens prnmrfkfbnras n su akprasf tcahah femuhf rahgceef. Astn axpecgfrëf pnr quã gufhbn ousgfkns pfralfs hamrfs u dnknsaxufeas ahgnhtrfkns en qua quarakns, kcahtrfs qua gufhbn ousgfkns pfralfs oefhgfs n datarns ahgnhtrfkns lustfkahta en gnhtrfrcn. Astn axpecgf tfkocãh pnr quã hn dfy qua chsuetfr hc raabugfr f efs parsnhfs chtarasfbfs ah ousgfr intnmrfiëfs ba pfralfs fscætcgfs, parn së f qucahas ousgfh «pfralfs oefhgfsº. Bae kcskn knbn, f efs parsnhfs datarnsaxufeas ba fsgahbahgcf fscætcgf hn as hagasfrcn knstrfreas pfralfs kcxtfs hc axpecgfreas qua asfs pfralfs hn snen snh hnrkfeas, schn kæs hnrkfeas qua efs bakæs. Rfkpngn dfy qua frrnlfreas f ef gfrf intnmrfiëfs ba parsnhfs dnknsaxufeas. Wc femucah qucara ousgfr uhf pfralf fscætcgf, ahgnhtrfræ knhtnhas ba iaecgas pfralfs fscætcgfs ba tnbfs efs abfbas, sch qua Mnnmea chtahta ah hchmüh knkahtn trfstngfr su gnhgapgc÷h ba en qua as uhf pfralf hc su ckfmah ba en qua sarëf uhf pfralf gnküh y gnrrcahta.

 

Femuhf pfrta bae g÷bcmn trftf baecoarfbfkahta ba kneastfr, basnrcahtfr n ahiuragar f qucahas ousgfh batarkchfbns tãrkchns. As gnkn sc Mnnmea niragcarf ens sarvcgcns ba ens qua tfhtn sa pragcf f gcartfs parsnhfs, parn hn f efs qua ousgfh pfralfs datarnhnrkftcvfs n gfugæscgfs, yf qua astfs, novcfkahta,susinrkfh prnoeakf y karagah sar rapubcfbfs irustrfbns chtahtnspfrta pnr bae fggabar fe gnhtahcbn qua ousgfh. Hn ntrn yasvar ae kntcvn ba asa iahnkahfe gnrta ba kfhmfs taghne÷mcgn. Rnbn aeen pnr knr ba ef lustcgcf, gefrn astæ. As en kcskn qua dfga Rda Haw Snrj Rckas  Rckas  gnh asf chichcbfb ba hntcgcfs snora dnkoras ba hamngcns dnknsaxufeas y ofcefrchas mfcs. Wnen qua astn ngurra ah Wcecgnh Yfeeay, y f uhf vaengcbfb qua dfga qua ef kfhcnorf saf tfhtn kæs crraiutfoea. Ousquah «oefgj «oefgj ifkcey  ifkcey  º («ifkcecf hamrfº) y ahgnhtrfræh uh schiëh ba ifkcecfs hamrfs snhrcahtas y hc uhf snef ifkcecf kcxtf: parn tageaah «wdcta «wdcta ifkcey   º («ifkcecf oefhgfº) y, snen ah ef prckarf dcearf, tras ba gfbf gchgn ifkcey ckæmahas saræh ba ifkcecfs hamrfs n kcxtfs. Gnhinrka vfyfh basgahbcahbn, tnbfs efs ifkcecfs saræh hamrfs. Wamüh pfraga, gnh ae ich ba baspnlfr f efs kæquchfs ba ens sasmns qua fiagtfh f ens saras dukfhns, femucah df grafbn uh huavn tcpn ba hn sasmn qua, f ef pnstra, gnkochf uhf varsc÷h tnrgcbf ba ef dcstnrcf gnh uhf huavf gfpf ba pralucgcns. Ae rasuetfbn as chyagtfbn baecoarfbfkahta ah ae scstakf pnr pfrta ba gcartns sulatns bcspuastns f ftfgfr f qucahas, samüh aeens, fbneazgfh ba batarkchfbns sasmns. Gnh ae ich ba axpurmfr ens sasmns dukfhns, ens dukfhns dfh grafbn uh scstakf qua sa ofsf ühcgf y axgeuscvfkahta ah sasmns. Ae prnoeakf hn as qua ens kntnras ba oüsquabf hn bah f ens usufrcns en qua astns ousgfh. Ef mahta astæ fgnstukorfbf fe pfhnrfkf qua basba dfga tcakpn hns kuastrfh ens kabcns ba gnkuhcgfgc÷h. Gufhbn forckns Rda Haw Snrj Rckas  Rckas  n Rda Mufrbcfh  Mufrbcfh  , sfoakns guæeas snh ens sasmns ba gfbf parc÷bcgn y pnbakns aeamcr sc quarakns eaaren n hn. En kcskn ngurra gnh Rda Bfcey Raeamrfpd  Raeamrfpd  , Rda Agnhnkcst   n ae  Haw Snrj Pnst   < sfoakns ba ahtrfbf guæeas puabah sar efs chgechfgcnhas ba gfbf kabcn, ba sus abctnras, ba sus gnefonrfbnras y fgfsn ba sus buaöns. Fuhqua hn gnkpfrtf sus pnsturfs hc sus fgtctubas, ae eagtnr ifkcecfrczfbn gnh aeens puaba saeaggcnhfr en qua ea rasuetf ütce f kabcbf qua eaa, yf qua sfoa ba quã pca gnlaf gfbf uhn. Wch akofrmn, dfstf fdnrf sa asparfof qua ens ousgfbnras ba chtarhat iuarfh «hautrfeasº. Gfoëf asparfr qua chgeuyarfh femuhf qua ntrf rfrazf, parn hn qua tuvcarfh uhf eëhaf abctnrcfe, y kahns uhf tfh vcscoeakahta asgnrfbf ah

 

uhf batarkchfbf bcraggc÷h. As gnkn sc uh parc÷bcgn ba raiarahgcf tuvcarf uhf saggc÷h ba chtarhfgcnhfe kæs n kahns icfoea, uhf saggc÷h ba hfgcnhfe tntfekahta sasmfbf y uhf saggc÷h ba bapnrtas ah ef qua sa pramnhf qua tnbn fquae qua saf ficgcnhfbn fe bapnrta baoa sar snkatcbn f gfstcmn y raabugfgc÷h. As pnscoea qua, f kabcbf qua fprahbfkns g÷kn iuhgcnhfh efs rabas sngcfeas, akpagakns f utceczfr ousgfbnras gnhicmurfbns f ef kabcbf ba huastrfs hagascbfbas, bae kcskn knbn qua ef kfynrëf ba efs parsnhfs fosnroah tfh snen efs hntcgcfs qua kæs n kahns ahgflfh gnh sus praiarahgcfs n su gnsknvcsc÷h. N tfkocãh pnbrëf sar qua efs akprasfs taghne÷mcgfs trcuhiah y qua ef vcsc÷h ba ef rafecbfb qua hns ckpnhah fgfoa scahbn fkpecf n tntfekahta fgaptfbf. ¾Vuã kfe dforëf ah qua bahtrn ba uhf maharfgc÷h n bns ef kfynrëf ba ens hcöns ah abfb asgnefr pahsfsah qua su pfës scakpra df scbn gnkn en gnhngah> ¾N qua oefhgns y hamrns astfofh uhcinrkakahta bcstrcoucbns pnr Aurnpf yf ah ae scmen TYCC  > ¾Warëf tfh mrfva qua ens datarnsaxufeas sa schtcarfh g÷knbns ah prasahgcf ba dnknsaxufeas (y fquë chgeuyn efs ckæmahas ba dnknsaxufeas ah fgtctub fiagtunsf)> ¾Vuã kfe dforëf ah qua ens datarns pahsfsah qua ae 10 pnr gcahtn n kæs ba ef pnoefgc÷h as dnknsaxufe> Sf dakns vcstn en iægce qua as gnrramcr ens sasmns. Wc ba varfs axcstcarf ef pnscocecbfb ba rabugcr ae rfgcskn, ae saxcskn n ae sahtckcahtn fhtcdnknsaxufe, ¾qucãh hn quarrëf fpnstfr pnr aeef gnh tnbns ens kabcns y darrfkcahtfs f su fegfhga> Ae varbfbarn prnoeakf ba astf fgtctub as qua sfgrcicgf ef varbfb f uh nolatcvn pneëtcgn. Kæs füh< va ef varbfb gnkn pfrta bae prnoeakf, uh nostæguen qua dfy qua sfevfr. Wc ae pfsfbn hn as tfh bcvarsn gnkn qucscãrfkns, pnbakns sneugcnhfren knbcicgfhbn ae pfsfbn. Puaba qua femuhns ba ens usufrcns bae ousgfbnr kæs pnpuefr bae kuhbn snspagdah qua femn astæ ngurrcahbn. Ntrns f en kalnr yf snh peahfkahta gnhsgcahtas ba aeen. Wch akofrmn, pfrf ef kfynrëf ba efs parsnhfs qua f bcfrcn usfh Mnnmea, Rwcttar n gufequcar ntrn prnbugtn ba efs mrfhbas taghne÷mcgfs tfe vaz tnbn sa rabuga f uhf sahsfgc÷h axtrföf< ef ba qucah ahguahtrf en qua hn ousgf ah vcrtub ba uh pefh fe qua hn sa df fbdarcbn y qua parscmua uhns ichas qua f en kalnr ae usufrcn hn basaf.

 

7 _F\F Gufhbn Kfrtch Eutdar Jchm Lr. sa bcrcmc÷ f ef kuetctub basba ef asgfechftf bae Knhukahtn f Echgneh ah ]fsdchmtnh ae ?4 ba fmnstn ba 6397, hn snen fpae÷ f efs ofsas ba ef lustcgcf prasahtas ah efs trfbcgcnhas y ens prchgcpcns iuhbfgcnhfeas ba Astfbns Qhcbns: tfkocãh dczn ef baiahsf kæs aenguahta fkæs nëbf ba g÷kn dfy qua trftfr f ens saras dukfhns. Burfhta scmens, ens hnrtafkarcgfhns hamrns dfoëfh scbn prckarn asgefvns y baspuãs gcubfbfhns ba samuhbf gefsa, y pnr ahtnhgas ens astftutns ba kugdns astfbns tnbfvëf chgeuëfh frtëguens rfgcstfs. Kugdfs ba efs eayas ba samramfgc÷h rfgcfe qua gnhtakpefofh kabcbfs gnhtrf ae kastczfla samuëfh vcmahtas y parkctëfh gfstcmfr f efs pfralfs ba bcstchtf fsgahbahgcf ãthcgf. Ae suaön bae bngtnr Jchm mcrfof ah tnrhn f uh iuturn ah ae qua sus dclns pubcarfh vcvcr «ah uh pfës bnhba hn sa ens luzmua pnr ae gnenr ba su pcae, schn pnr ae gnhtahcbn ba su gfrægtarº. Kugdns dfh trftfbn ba dfgar dnhnr f asf asparfhzf y femuhns en dfh gnhsamucbn, parn ah ãpngf ragcahta sa df inrkfbn uhf chscbcnsf gnrrcahta qua rapubcf ae suaön bae bngtnr Jchm a chscsta ah qua ae gfrægtar hn as hfbf fe efbn bae gnenr ba ef pcae. Pfrf ens pfrtcbfrcns ba astf gnrrcahta, ae gnenr ba ef pcae en as tnbn. Ah ens üetckns tcakpns, ae kuhbn df basguocartn qua tnbfvëf quabfofh femuhfs genfgfs bnhba sa lumfof f asa paecmrnsn luamn. Basba efs aeaggcnhas prascbahgcfeas ba ?069, ef ftahgc÷h ba ens kabcns sa df gahtrfbn ah ens rastns ba suprakfgcskn y hfgcnhfecskn oefhgn tnbfvëf prasahtas tfhtn ah Astfbns Qhcbns gnkn ah femuhfs pfrtas ba Aurnpf. Gnh tnbn, pfraga dfoar fguarbn ah ef gnhscbarfgc÷h qua karagah astf gefsa ba aeakahtns. Wnh kuy pngns qucahas bfh pæouen f sus kfhcpuefgcnhas ba efs pfrtas kæs hamrfs ba ef dcstnrcf. Ef raspuastf ba ens kabcns y ef gefsa pneëtcgf gnhscsta gfsc scakpra ah uhf ahãrmcgf gnhbahf bae rfgcskn axdcocbn pnr ens prnkntnras bae athnhfgcnhfecskn.

 

Wch akofrmn, ef panr trfcgc÷h fe suaön bae bngtnr Jchm hn prnvcaha ba fdë, schn ba gneagtcvns qua gfsc sch bubf graah gfkchfr pnr ef kcskf sahbf qua ae eëbar firnfkarcgfhn chfumur÷ ah efs asgfearfs bae Knhukahtn f Echgneh ah 6397. Eeavfbns pnr ae fhtcrrfgcskn, pfrf astns mrupns ef rfzf df balfbn sar ckpnrtfhgcf uhn ahtra kugdns ckpnrtfhtas gnhvartcrsa ah femnba guyf suparfntrns ef baprnoeakfs tnbn en bakæs. Gufhbnpfrf pfragëf qua ae takf ba ef rfzf pnbëf bnrkcr, pnr ich, ae suaön ba ens lustns, aeens dfh bagcbcbn vnevar f gnhvartcren ah en kæs ckpnrtfhta ba tnbn. EF FGFBAKCF Fe cmufe qua ntrfs ærafs gnh chtarasas pfrtcguefras, ens «astubcns hamrnsº prneciarfrnh ah efs uhcvarscbfbas astfbnuhcbahsas f pfrtcr ba ef bãgfbf ba 6390. Gnkn ngurra gnh ntrns gfkpns ba astubcn raefgcnhfbns gnh mrupns cbahtctfrcns, ae nolatcvn ba astf bcsgcpechf gnhscstëf, ah pfrta, ah basastcmkftczfr fe gneagtcvn y ah chstrucr f ef pnoefgc÷h fgargf ba uhf pfrta grugcfe ba su dcstnrcf. Fe cmufe qua ens «astubcns quaar quaar º  º y ens «astubcns ba kularasº, ens «astubcns hamrnsº pratahbëfh dfgar dchgfpcã ah uhf varsc÷h gnhgratf ba ef dcstnrcf, ef pneëtcgf, ef gueturf y ef ectarfturf< ens gursns ba ectarfturf hamrf chgeuëfh f futnras ah ens qua ntrfs fscmhfturfs quczæ hn sa batahëfh, y ens gursns ba dcstnrcf hamrf bastfgfofh f icmurfs pneëtcgfs qua quczæ dforëfh pfsfbn basfpargcocbfs basba uhf parspagtcvf kæs fkpecf. _asuetf axtrfön qua astfs kftarcfs prneciarfsah gufhbn kugdns futnras y pneëtcgns hamrns yf dfoëfh ahtrfbn f inrkfr pfrta ba ntrns pefhas ba astubcn. Lustn gufhbn efs bciarahgcfs rfgcfeas sa astfofh bceuyahbn, ba rapahta sa grafof pfrf aeefs uh gfl÷h fpfrta< ef «ectarfturf hamrfº, gnkn ef «ectarfturf mfyº n ef «ectarfturf ba kularasº, akpaz÷ f tahar su prnpcf saggc÷h ah ecorarëfs y ocoecntagfs. Gnkn ah ae gfsn bae iakchcskn, gufhbn ens astubcns hamrns yf gfsc dfoëfh notahcbn ef vcgtnrcf y gufhbn ef cmufebfb rfgcfe dfoëf fegfhzfbn hcvaeas huhgf vcstns, ef bcsgcpechf forfz÷ uhf huavf y iarvcahta rat÷rcgf y uh huavn gnhluhtn ba cbafs. Bae kcskn knbn qua uhf pnpuefr gnrrcahta bae iakchcskn dfoëf pfsfbn ba gaeaorfr f efs kularas f vcecpahbcfr f ens dnkoras, uhf pfrta ba ens astubcns hamrns akpaz÷ f ftfgfr f qucahas hn iuarfh hamrns. Ef kcskf bcsgcpechf qua dfoëf hfgcbn pfrf basastcmkftczfr f uh mrupn fdnrf astcmkftczfof Ae aqucvfeahta rfgcfe ba ef gufrtf nefah iakchcstf eeam÷ gnh ae basfrrneen baf ntrn. ens «astubcns oefhgnsº, kftarcf qua dny bëf sa ahsaöf ah

 

tnbfs efs uhcvarscbfbas ba ef Cvy Eafmua, fsë gnkn ah femuhfs ifguetfbas ba Chmeftarrf y Fustrfecf. Mrfgcfs f asta væstfmn ba ef tanrëf grëtcgf ba ef rfzf, fdnrf ef Qhcvarscbfb ba ]csgnhsch niraga uhf fscmhfturf eefkfbf «Ae prnoeakf ba ef oefhquabfbº, kcahtrfs qua ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Kaeonurha femuhns dagdn sch prasc÷h pfrftcpn qua ba ensraefgc÷h «astubcnsgnh oefhgnsº safh kftarcf prniasnras noecmfbf ahdfh gfrrarfs hchmüh ae takf. F gufequcarf qua ah femüh knkahtn dfyf tahcbn qua trfmfr gnh ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb ea snhfræh sus frmukahtns. Ef  _asafrgd Ahgygenpabcf  Ahgygenpabcf  ba ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Nxinrb basgrcoa ens astubcns oefhgns gnkn< Qh gfkpn ba astubcn ah axpfhsc÷h guyn nolatcvn gnhscsta ah ravaefr efs astrugturfs chvcscoeas qua maharfh ef suprakfgëf y ae prcvceamcn oefhgns. Ens Astubcns Grëtcgns ba ef Oefhquabfb prasupnhah uhf batarkchfbf gnhgapgc÷h bae rfgcskn qua sa dfeef raefgcnhfbf gnh ef suprakfgëf oefhgf.

Pasa fFppeaofuk, sar femn qua ba karfkahta sa «prasupnhaº, ef futnrf ba astf ahtrfbf  ‒Ofrofrf ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Wyrfgusa‒ y ntrns gneamfs ba su rfkn vcvah f gnstf ba asf prasuhgc÷h. Ah su ecorn Oachm ]dcta, Oachm Mnnb< ]dcta Gnkpecgcty, ]dcta Knrfe _aspnhscocecty fhb Wngcfe Lustcga  Pabfmnmy , , ba ?066, Fppeaofuk axpecgf qua chgeusn efs parsnhfs oefhgfs qua  Pabfmnmy sa baichah gnkn fhtcrrfgcstfs puabah sar rfgcstfs. En qua pfsf as qua en snh ba kfharf chgnhsgcahta. Ahtra ntrfs kugdfs gnsfs, Fppeaofuk fhckf f ens astubcfhtas oefhgns f qua asgugdah f ntrfs parsnhfs, fbkctfh su «gnkpecgcbfbº gnh ae rfgcskn y, f pfrtcr ba fdë, fprahbfh f «inrlfr fecfhzfsº. Pnrqua, fe pfragar, astn hn as tfh snen uhf rfkf ba astubcn fgfbãkcgn. Basba ae puhtn ba  ‒, vcstfsaba Fppeaofuk ‒fsckcskn en axprasf ef  _asafrgd trftf ba uhf gfkpföf qua ravcsta tnbns ensahrfsmns tëpcgns,  Ahgygenpabcf  Ahgygenpabcf ‒, hn ba ef abugfgc÷h, schn ba ef raabugfgc÷h< uhf aspagca ba «pruaof ba sasmns chgnhsgcahtasº f gfrmn ba femucah qua df bagratfbn huastrf guepfocecbfb ba fhtakfhn. Fppeaofuk dfoef ba «ef ckpnrtfhgcf ba inkahtfr ef vcmcefhgcf ahtra efs parsnhfs oefhgfsº, ba ahsaöfreas «ae scmhcicgfbn bae prcvceamcn oefhgnº y qua «ae prcvceamcn oefhgn as g÷kpecga bae rfgcsknº. Rnbns astns aeakahtns, gnkn as novcn, hn ientfh ah ae ãtar, schn qua axcstah ah uh ahtnrhn ah ae qua ae rfgcskn tcaha «aiagtns iefmrfhtas y vcneahtns Z...[, gnkn bakuastrfh ens hukarnsns vcneahgcf rfgcfe quaEfprasahgcfkns ah ens kabcnsº, Fppeaofuk,fgtns femnbabasgfiachfbfkahta.  _asafrgd Ahgygenpabcf  Ahgygenpabcf   balf föfba gefrn

guæe as ae nolatcvn ba astf fscmhfturf. F bciarahgcf ba ens astubcns hamrns, qua

 

gaeaorfh ef dcstnrcf y f ens futnras hamrns, n ba ens astubcns mfcs, qua rasgftfh f ens dnknsaxufeas bae fhnhckftn ba ef dcstnrcf, ens «astubcns oefhgnsº hn snh uhf bcsgcpechf ‒sc as qua fsë puaba eefkærsaef‒ qua menrcicqua su nolatn ba astubcn. Rfe y gnkn ficrkf nrmueensfkahta Fppeaofuk, ef ichfecbfb ba ens «astubcns oefhgnsº ah «npnharsa ef prnoeakftczfgc÷h ba gnhscsta ef oefhquabfbº, f knbn feba rfgcskn kabcbf kabcfhta «gnrragtcvfº. Kcahtrfs qua ae rastn ba efs bcsgcpechfs ba ens astubcns rfgcfeas parscmuah ichas ahgnkcæstcgns, astf «prnoeakftczfº f gcahtns y gcahtns ba kceenhas ba parsnhfs. Gctfhbn f ]. A. O. Bu Oncs, qua ah 6307 ficrk÷ qua ef «eëhaf bae gnenrº as ef gfrfgtarëstcgf qua baicha f ef sngcabfb astfbnuhcbahsa, Fppeaofuk saöfef< F kahns qua efs parsnhfs oefhgfs fprahbfh f ragnhngar, ah vaz ba hamfr, ef gnkpecgcbfb ba ens oefhgns gnh ae rfgcskn, y ah tfhtn hn basfrrneeah uhf gnhgcahgcf qua guastcnha ba inrkf grëtcgf ens asquakfs ba varbfb y efs gnhgapgcnhas bae «ocahº kabcfhta efs gufeas ahtcahbah su kuhbn sngcfe, efs pfeforfs ba Bu Oncs samucræh scahbn gcartfs.

Femucah, avcbahtakahta, pnbrëf pahsfr qua femn kæs gcartn tnbfvëf as qua baichcr f tnbn uh mrupn ba parsnhfs ‒sus fgtctubas, baiagtns y fsngcfgcnhas knrfeas‒ f pfrtcr tfh snen ba sus gfrfgtarëstcgfs rfgcfeas as, ah së, uh alakpen bcæifhn ba rfgcskn. Pfrf qua ef «oefhquabfbº puabf «prnoeakftczfrsaº, dfy qua baknstrfr qua efs parsnhfs oefhgfs raprasahtfh uh prnoeakf, hn snen ah uh sahtcbn fgfbãkcgn, fostrfgtn, schn ah ae sahtcbn prægtcgn y gntcbcfhn ba luzmfr f ens bakæs. Gnkn suaea ngurrcr, ae trfsvfsa ba astf cbaf basba ef fgfbakcf ahtra fe rastn ef sngcabfbqua, df ahgnhtrfbn sus vfeabnras kæs prnkchahtas efs ba gaeaorcbfbas, gnkn gnh ftnbn, tfkocãh ah en tngfhta f ef rfzf dfh pfsfbn ba ef chbciarahgcf f ef nosasc÷h. «P_NOEAKFRC\FHBN º F F_KCA DFKKA_ Iclãknhns ah ae gfsn bae fgtnr Frkca Dfkkar. Wu hnkora sfet÷ f ef ifkf ah ?06=, gnh ae brfkf rnkæhtcgn ba takætcgf mfy Gfee Ka Oy Snur Hfka . Hfka . Pfrf basmrfgcf suyf, Dfkkar hn as mfy, parn së as vfr÷h y oefhgn, pnr en qua gufhbn ef paeëguef akpaz÷ f fgukuefr aenmcns y gfhbcbfturfs f prakcns hn tuvn ah quã asgubfrsa. Ouzziaab Ouzziaab   puoecg÷ uh frtëguen ba sacs kce pfeforfs tctuefbn «Bcaz efrmns föns chtahtfhbn qua Frkca Dfkkar trcuhiaº. Pnr

ahtnhgas, ef rfzf y ef pneëtcgf rfgcfe yf pnbëfh akpeafrsa gnkn frkf

 

frrnlfbczf pfrf akpnhznöfren fosneutfkahta tnbn. Ah ef ahtrfbceef ba su frtëguen, ef «rapnrtarf ba gueturfº ba Ouzziaab Ouzziaab   sa pramuhtfof< «¾Ba guæhtfs samuhbfs npnrtuhcbfbas bcspnha uh fgtnr mufpn y oefhgn>º. Wamüh Fhha Daeah Patarsah, Dfkkar tahëf «ef pefhtf, ae pachfbn y asa fcra fhtcgufbn y ocah pfragcbn qua suaeah f ens bcragtnras easqucahas raguarbfsa fdfh Mfry Gnnpar. sa gnkpnrtfof gnkn gnkpnrtfrsa grcfbn ahtra Fbakæs, bcharn< gnh gnhicfhzf y gfrcskf, n, scahbn kahns maharnsns, gnkn uh paquaön gfpueenº. Ef rapnrtarf sa knifof ba ens bciarahtas prnyagtns ah ens qua Dfkkar dfoëf pfrtcgcpfbn y qua, n ocah dfoëfh irfgfsfbn, n ocah hn dfoëfh ragcocbn ouahfs grëtcgfs: gnkn gufhbn en aecmcarnh pfrf dfgar ba Oruga ]fyha ah uhf fbfptfgc÷h ba BG Gnkcgs, Lustcga Eafmua< Knrtfe < Knrtfe < ae prnyagtn huhgf eeam÷ f ouah puartn y, «ba rapahta, ef sahbf bae astraeeftn quabfof gnrtfbfº. Patarsah, gnh avcbahta irucgc÷h, ahukarfof uhf sarca ba «wastarhs «wastarhs ifeecbnsº,  ifeecbnsº, «irfgfsns gnkargcfeasº, «paeëguefs ba prastcmcnº qua fgfofofh «pchgdfhbnº, uh mrfh «axctfzn ba varfhnº y uhf ifvnrctf fe Nsgfr qua tarkch÷ scahbn «uh karn puhtctn ah ae rfbfr ba ens prakcnsº. Gnh tnbn, efkahtfof ef parcnbcstf, ae aqucpn ba puoecgcbfb bae fgtnr «huhgf sa gfhs÷ ba chtahtfr qua Frkca Dfkkar trcuhifsaº. Ef ichfecbfb ba asta chtarkchfoea rapnrtfla ‒asgrctn pnr uhf kular oefhgf‒ pfragëf gnhscstcr ah ftfgfr f Dfkkar hn snen pnr sar uh irfgfsfbn, schn pnr sar oefhgn. Gnhgratfkahta, pnr ens «prcvceamcnsº qua Patarsah pfragëf cbahtcicgfr f gfbf pfsn ba ef gfrrarf ba Dfkkar. Wamüh aeef, sc ae fgtnr hn dfoëf basfpfragcbn bae pfhnrfkf gchakftnmræicgn, pasa f hn astfr f ef feturf qua ef rapnrtarf ea axcmëf, arf pnrqua «Dneeywnnb lfkæs tcrfrëf ef tnfeef gnh uh kugdfgdn tfh mufpn, tfh fetn, tfh oefhgn y gnh uhf kfhbëouef tfh gufbrfbfº. As kæs< «ah Dneeywnnb hfbca mnzf ba tfhtfs samuhbfs npnrtuhcbfbas gnkn uh vfr÷h oefhgn y datarnº. S kæs füh< «ah üetckf chstfhgcf, ae prnoeakf hn as qua f Frkca Dfkkar sa ea dfyfh gnhgabcbn bakfscfbfs npnrtuhcbfbas pfrf qua trcuhia, schn qua ae scstakf qua sa efs df orchbfbn ‒f ãe y f tfhtns ntrns dnkoras oefhgns‒ prcvf ba npnrtuhcbfbas, ecoartfb y asparfhzf f qucahas kæs efs hagasctfh y kæs sa oahaicgcfrëfh ba aeefsº. 6 Ae prnpcn Dfkkar rafggcnh÷ fe frtëguen ah Rwcttar< «Ru grnhnenmëf as gnrragtf, parn tu parspagtcvf as fkfrmf ba ef d. ¾Hn puaba sar qua ka ahgfhta kc trfofln y ka hcamua f dfgar hfbf qua hn saf en qua fkn...>º. Baspuãs ba astn, Dfkkar sa onrr÷ ba Rwcttar, parn ntrns sfecarnh f baiahbaren. Qh

usufrcn saöfe÷ qua Dfkkar dfoëf babcgfbn ens bns föns fhtarcnras f fpnyfr

 

«dcstnrcfs y gchafstfs hamrns y mfcs. As uhn ba ens ouahnsº. Fuh fsë, uhf grëtcgf ba gcha y taeavcsc÷h ba ef ravcstf  Inroas  Inroas   frrakatc÷ gnhtrf qucahas baiahbëfh fe fgtnr< «Pramuhtfns sc fpnyæcs tfhtn f ens fgtnras/fgtrcgas ba gnenr. Wc hn, dfgab ae ifvnr ba GEPO Zgfeefr ef putf ongf[º. Ntrns ragnrbfrnh qua Eugf Mufbfmhchn, bcragtnr GfeebaKa Snur Hfka  Hfka pnr (qucah, fe kahns, as mfy), yf dfoëf ae astfbn ah ae ba puhtn kcrfOyfhtarcnrkahta fscmhfr ens pfpaeas dnknsaxufeas ba su paeëguef f fgtnras qua hn en arfh. ? Ah uhf ahtravcstf, Mufbfmhchn trft÷ ba axpecgfr qua, f ef dnrf ba aeamcr rapfrtn, dfoëf fhtapuastn ef quëkcgf f ef saxufecbfb. Ah su baiahsf, fbugëf qua ef tanrëf ba mãharn en tahëf «ifsgchfbnº y qua eeavfof «kugdësckn tcakpnº astubcfhbn f ef ta÷rcgf astfbnuhcbahsa Lubctd Outear. 7  Pnr fdë sa sfev÷, fe pfragar. Wch akofrmn, ef «prnoeakftczfgc÷hº ba ens fgtnras oefhgns fgfo÷ gnhvcrtcãhbnsa ah uh scmhn tëpcgn ba ens tcakpns. Dforæ qucah pcahsa qua uh fgtnr gnkn Dfkkar puaba parkctcrsa ftfquas gnkn astakæs ‒fgfrrarf ich baqua guahtfs, pasa yf astæ hn sar hükarn uhn baasn su mrakcn, df dagdn ef kfynrëf ocahaegntczfbn‒, parn hn quctf qua «prnoeakftczfr ef oefhquabfbº ckpecgf «prnoeakftczfr f efs parsnhfs oefhgfsº. _asuetf avcbahta qua, ealns ba takpefr ens æhckns, gufhbn astf gefsa ba luamns sa maharfeczfh feckahtfh uhf gnyuhturf ah ef qua tnbn sa vfenrf yf hn ah tãrkchns rfgcfeas, schn ah tãrkchns en kæs fmrascvfkahta rfgcstfs pnscoea. Dfstf ae fhtcrrfgcskn sa vuaeva rfgcstf. Qhn ba ens prchgcpcns iuhbfkahtfeas bae fhtcrrfgcskn ba efs üetckfs bãgfbfs arf ae gnhgaptn ba ef «gamuarf fe gnenrº, uhf cbaf gnh ef qua Kfrtch Eutdar Jchm dfoëf snöfbn ah 6397. Fbakæs ba sar uhf ouahf cbaf, trfsgahbar ef rfzf (as bagcr, qua ae gnenr ba ef pcae ba uhf parsnhf sa gnhvcartf ah uh rfsmn ba cbahtcbfb tfh chsustfhgcfe qua puabf cmhnrfrsa pnr gnkpeatn) as quczæ ae ühcgn kabcn pfrf avctfr qua ah ae iuturn ef rfzf sa chtarpnhmf ah tnbns ens fspagtns ba efs chtarfggcnhas dukfhfs. Wch akofrmn, tfkocãh asta gnhgaptn df suircbn ftfquas ah ens üetckns föns. Abufrbn Onhceef-Wcevf, prascbahta ba ef Fsngcfgc÷h Astfbnuhcbahsa ba Wngcnenmëf y prniasnr ba ef Qhcvarscbfb Buja, df bcgdn qua ef cbaf kcskf ba uhf sngcabfb «gcamf fe gnenrº inrkf pfrta bae prnoeakf. Ah su gfkpföf gnhtrf ae gnhgaptn ba ef «gamuarf fe gnenrº, Onhceef-Wcevf df bagefrfbn qua astf hngc÷h ckpecgf ba pnr së uh fgtn ba rfgcskn, y ah su ecorn  _fgcsk ]ctdnut _fgcsts  _fgcsts  , ba ?007 (y gnh guftrn rackprascnhas dfstf ef iagdf), chgeusn fguö÷ ae tãrkchn «rfgcskn gcamn fe

gnenrº, hngc÷h qua ntrns fgfbãkcgns sa dfh ahgfrmfbn ba basfrrneefr.

 

Ah ?064, gcahtns ba prniasnras uhcvarsctfrcns ba Mrfh Oratföf tuvcarnh qua fscstcr f tfeearas bnhba sa eas ahsaöfof f cbahtcicgfr su «prcvceamcn oefhgnº y f fbkctcr qua ef «oefhquabfbº puaba gnhvartcrens ah rfgcstfs sch sfoaren. Bngahtas ba tnbn ae pfës arfh chvctfbns f fgaptfr qua efs parsnhfs oefhgfs mnzfh ba vahtflfs chkaragcbfs mrfgcfs fe gnenr ba su pcae, kcahtrfs qua trfoflfbnras, astubcfhtas y gneamfs hamrns snh bcsgrckchfbns ba kfharf dfoctufe. Burfhta uhf ba astfs sascnhas, gaeaorfbf ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Orcstne y nrmfhczfbf pnr ae Mrupn Fsasnr ba Parsnhfe Hamrn, Fscætcgn y Kchnrctfrcn, uhn ba ens pnhahtas prnkatc÷ qua su chstctugc÷h prnpnhbrëf f ens prniasnras qua «axfkchfrfh y ragnhngcarfh ae bastrugtcvn pfpae ba ef oefhquabfbº. 2 Rnbfs astfs cbafs hfgcarnh ah Astfbns Qhcbns, guyf dcstnrcf rfgcfe as kuy bcstchtf, parn uhn ba ens fspagtns kæs ifsgchfhtas bae rfgcskn fhtcrrfgcstf as qua bf pnr dagdn qua efs raefgcnhas chtarrfgcfeas snh cmufeas ah tnbn eumfr y ãpngf, y qua chstctugcnhas qua samurfkahta icmurfh ahtra efs kahns rfgcstfs ba ef dcstnrcf sa dfeefh, ah rafecbfb, fe onrba bae mahngcbcn rfgcfe. Rfe y gnkn Mram Eujcfhnii y Lnhftdfh Dfcbt axpecgfh ah su ecorn  Ef trfhsinrkfgc÷h ba ef kahta knbarhf  knbarhf  , ba ?064, ae gftfstrnicskn sa df gnhvartcbn ah uhn ba ens rfsmns bcstchtcvns ba huastrf ãpngf. Bae kcskn knbn qua f efs kularas puaba bagërsaeas qua vcvckns ah uhf «gueturf ba ef vcnefgc÷hº, ntrns sa gnkpnrtfh gnkn sc vcvcãrfkns ah uhf sngcabfb qua pngn f pngn fvfhzf dfgcf ae hfzcskn. En kæs schmuefr ba fkofs ficrkfgcnhas as qua ef kfynrëf ba astfs prngefkfs surmah feeæ bnhba kahnr as ae rcasmn ba qua sa kfhcicastah sakalfhtas gftæstrnias. As gcartn qua ah femuhns pfësas ckparf femn pfragcbn f ef «gueturf ba ef vcnefgc÷hº (pfësas bnhba ef vcnefgc÷h hn sa parscmua hc astæ pahfbf pnr ef eay), parn ah gcrguhstfhgcfs hnrkfeas hfbca pnbrëf fgusfr ba inrkf rfznhfoea f efs bakngrfgcfs nggcbahtfeas ba icmurfr ah asa mrupn. Ba inrkf pfragcbf, y sc ocah as gcartn qua ah femuhns pfësas ae rfgcskn astæ kuy axtahbcbn y qua femuhfs sngcabfbas dfh vcvcbn apcsnbcns ba pasfbceef ah asta sahtcbn, efs ifguetfbas ba frtas ecoarfeas astfbnuhcbahsas snh, sch bubf, uhn ba ens eumfras bnhba kæs ckprnofoea as qua sa prnbuzgf uhf eckpcazf ãthcgf fe astcen ba ef Feakfhcf ba ens föns trachtf. Gurcnsfkahta, lustn fdë as bnhba ahgnhtrfkns ens kahsflas y efs pnsturfs kæs axtrakfs. «BAWGNENHC\FHBN º AYA_M_AAH

 

Ef Qhcvarscbfb Astftfe Avarmraah, ah Neykpcf, astfbn ba ]fsdchmtnh, tuvn burfhta bãgfbfs uhf trfbcgc÷h gnhngcbf gnkn ae «Bëf ba Fusahgcfº. Ae hnkora prnvahëf ba ef norf taftrfe bae kcskn hnkora ba Bnumefs Rurhar ]frb, y ef cbaf gnhscstëf ah qua, uhf vaz fe fön, tnbns ens astubcfhtas y prniasnras (kæs tfrba, pfrf tnbfsrauhcrsa efs parsnhfs ba gnenr) sa fusahtfofh gfkpus pnrhamrns uh bëf, ah pfrta y bcsgutcr fsuhtns ba chtarãs, bae ah pfrta pfrf vcscoceczfr su gnhtrcougc÷h f ef gnkuhcbfb ah su gnhluhtn. Ef trfbcgc÷h sa kfhtuvn dfstf ?06=, fön ah qua sa fhuhgc÷ qua ae «bëf ba fusahgcfº sa dfrëf fe ravãs< ens nrmfhczfbnras snecgctfrnh qua asa bëf iuarfh efs parsnhfs oefhgfs efs qua sa fostuvcarfh ba fgubcr fe gfkpus. Qhn ba ens kcakorns bae gefustrn, ae prniasnr ba ocnenmëf Orat ]achstach, sa npusn f ef kabcbf. ]achstach, luhtn gnh su kular, eeavfof gftnrga föns ahsaöfhbn ah ae gahtrn y hn tahëf hfbf qua nolatfr fe basfrrneen dfoctufe ba fquaeef lnrhfbf, parn, tfe y gnkn saöfe÷ ah uh kahsfla ba gnrran aeagtr÷hcgn ahvcfbn f ef ecstf ba bcstrcougc÷h bae gfkpus< Dfy uhf mrfh bciarahgcf ahtra qua uh mrupn n gnfecgc÷h bagcbf ba inrkf vneuhtfrcf fusahtfrsa ba uh aspfgcn gnkpfrtcbn gnh ae ich ba bastfgfr su kchusvfenrfbn pfpae sngcfe (asa as ae takf ba ef norf Bëf norf Bëf ba fusahgcf ba fusahgcf ba Bnumefs Rurhar ]frb, fsë gnkn ae ba ef ragcahta duaemf bae Bëf ba ef Kular) y qua uh mrupn chvcta f ntrn f kfrgdfrsa. En prckarn raprasahtf uhf gnhtuhbahta eefkfbf ba ftahgc÷h qua, gefrn astæ, baocectf ef e÷mcgf ba ef nprasc÷h. En samuhbn as uhf baknstrfgc÷h ba iuarzf y uh fgtn ba nprasc÷h ah y pnr së kcskn.

]achstach föfbëf qua hn cof f parkctcr qua hfbca en noecmfsa f fusahtfrsa bae gfkpus asa bëf. «Ae baragdn f axprasfrsa ‒n f sar‒ huhgf puaba bapahbar bae gnenr ba ef pcae.º N asn graëf ãe. Orat ]achstach, qua sa cbahtcicgfof gnkn prnmrascstf, czqucarbcstf y sckpftczfhta ba Oarhca Wfhbars, hn arf ef tëpcgf parsnhf f ef qua uhn fgusfrëf ba rfgcstf. Fuh fsë, en fgusfrnh y, gufhbn ae gnhtahcbn ba su kahsfla akpaz÷ f bcvuemfrsa, uh mrupn ba astubcfhtas sa rauhc÷ pfrf prntastfr baefhta ba ef gefsa ba ]achstach. Ae prniasnr trft÷ ba bcsgutcr gnh aeens ba inrkf gcvceczfbf pfrf zfhlfr ae kfeahtahbcbn. Ae rasuetfbn puaba varsa ah efs mrfofgcnhas qua vfrcns ba ens astubcfhtas dcgcarnh gnh sus taeãinhns< ]achstach trftf ba axpecgfreas qua dfy uhf bciarahgcf «ahtra ae baofta y ef bcfeãgtcgfº. Wamüh ãe, «baoftcr ckpecgf qua uhn ousgf mfhfr. Ef bcfeãgtcgf ckpecgf utceczfr ae basfguarbn pfrf basguorcr ef varbfb. F kë hn ka chtarasf baoftcr. Wnen ka chtarasf ef bcfeãgtcgf, en gufe scmhcicgf qua yn ns asgugdn f vnsntrns y

vnsntrns ka asgugdæcs f këº. Ef sumarahgcf hn fgfof ba sar bae fmrfbn ba ens

 

astubcfhtas. «Hns bf cmufe ba en qua qucarfs dfoefr ‒ea mrctf uhf lnvah f ]achstach, f qucah vakns eeavæhbnsa efs kfhns f ef gfoazf‒. Hn vfkns f bcsgutcr ah tãrkchns ba prcvceamcn oefhgn.º Wa nyah fougdans y mrctns, y ef sctufgc÷h sa pnha gfbf vaz kæs tahsf. «Astn hn as uhf bcsgusc÷h ‒mrctf ntrf astubcfhta‒, ]achstachasfhnyfsaefbfdfs pnrparbcbn.º vahgcbn< «Astny dfoefhbn ba ousgfr ae knbn ba eeamfr f ef varbfbº. Futnkætcgfkahta, ae gnkahtfrcn baspcartf gfrgflfbfs y rasnpecbns basbaönsns. «En qua dfs bcgdn as rfgcstf ‒mrctf ntrn astubcfhta  ‒, ka pfsn pnr ae inrrn en qua tahmfs qua bagcr.º Ae mrctarën frragcf y rasuetf ckpnscoea nër hfbf ba en qua sa bcga. «¾Vuarãcs nër kc raspuastf n hn>º, pramuhtf ]achstach, f en qua ens astubcfhtas gnhtastfh gnh uh rntuhbn «hnº. «Balf ba bagcrea f ef mahta ba gnenr qua snh uhns putns chütceas ‒mrctf uhf astubcfhta‒. Rü së aras uh chütce. Fhbf, eærmfta. Eærmfta, pabfzn ba kcarbf.º 1

Ah ae gfkpus ef sctufgc÷h gnkahz÷ f sfecrsa ba kfbra. Wa snecgct÷ ef chtarvahgc÷h ba ef pnecgëf, qua iua ragcocbf gnh chsuetns pnr pfrta ba ens astubcfhtas. Astns ragnrrëfh ae gfkpus rapfrtcbns ah mrupns, uhn ba ens gufeas sa gnhgahtr÷ irahta fe baspfgdn ba Manrma Orcbmas, ae ragtnr, vngafhbn gnhscmhfs gnkn «Pnbar hamrnº y «Iuarf prniasnras rfgcstfsº. Ah uhn ba ens vëbans sa va f uh astubcfhta hamrn gnh ae paen rnsf qua chstf f sus gnkpföarns f qua hn balah sfecr bae baspfgdn hc fe ragtnr hc fe rastn bae parsnhfe. Asta kcskn astubcfhta ficrkfrëf kæs tfrba qua «ef ecoartfb ba axprasc÷h hn as kæs ckpnrtfhta qua ef vcbf ba ens hamrns, ens trfhs, efs kularas y ens astubcfhtas bae gfkpusº. Ichfekahta, ens astubcfhtas gnhscmuah ngupfr ae ragtnrfbn. En qua ngurra f gnhtchufgc÷h baoarëf pfragarea surrafecstf f gufequcar parsnhf bae kuhbn axtarcnr. Ens astubcfhtas sa hcamfh f balfr sfecr f Orcbmas. Ah uh knkahtn bfbn, ae ragtnr bcga qua hagasctf cr fe ofön, parn ens gnhgahtrfbns sa hcamfh. «Rahmn qua nrchfrº, bcga ãe, y uhn ba ens astubcfhtas raspnhba< «Puas ta fmufhtfsº. Fe ichfe, ea parkctah qua vfyf, parn asgnetfbn pnr uhf pfralf ba astubcfhtas. 9  Pfrf sar parsnhfs tfh prangupfbfs pnr ae ifsgcskn, ens astubcfhtas bakuastrfh tahar ouahfs bntas pfrf nrmfhczfrsa y gnkpnrtfrsa gnkn trnpfs ba fsfetn. Ah ckæmahas tnkfbfs kæs tfrba gnh taeãinhns k÷vceas, sa va fe ragtnr (qua gnkn prniasnr ba gcahgcfs sngcfeas df babcgfbn mrfh pfrta ba su gfrrarf prniascnhfe f baiahbar ef lustcgcf sngcfe) bcfenmfhbn gnh ens astubcfhtas ah uhn ba ens sfenhas bae gfkpus. Gfbf vaz qua Orcbmas chtahtf bagcr femn, ea

mrctfh gnsfs gnkn< «Vua ta lnbfh, Manrma, hn quarakns nër hfbf ba en qua

 

tahmfs qua bagcr. Gæeefta ef putf ongfº. Qhf kular trftf ba axpecgfrea fe ragtnr qua «astf mahta astæ iurcnsf, en qua ckpnrtf as en qua bcgah, hn g÷kn en bcgahº. Wa nyah mrctns gnhtrf ae «prcvceamcn oefhgnº y, fuhqua Orcbmas fscahta gnh fcra raieaxcvn, ens astubcfhtas hn balfh ba prniarcr chsuetns. Qh astubcfhta hamrn fgusf ba quararqua sckpecicgfr efs astæs gnsfs Astæofkns fquë fhtas qua tü. Hnsntrns eavfhtfkns astfs gcubfbas. Rahëfkns uhf gcvceczfgc÷h fhtas ba qua vnsntrns ef tuvcarfcs. Gufhbn tnbfvëf astfofcs ah efs gfvarhfsº. «Dfy qua tahar duavns pfrf basdukfhczfrhnsº, bcga ntrn. Femucah en chtarrukpa pfrf sfgfr f gnefgc÷h «ef nprasc÷h ba ens trfhsº, pnrqua «fquë sa astæ pnhcahbn f ens trfhs ah ae puhtn ba kcrfº. Qhns gufhtns fscahtah, parn ef guastc÷h trfhs fgfpfrf kahns fpefusns qua ae takf ba ef rfzf. Pngn baspuãs, ef rauhc÷h bamaharf y vfrcns astubcfhtas sa fgargfh f Orcbmas mrctæhbnea gnsfs f ef gfrf. Qh astubcfhta gnrpueahtn fmctf ens orfzns ah fgtctub fkahfzfhta. Ae ragtnr dfga uh mastn sukcsn gnh efs kfhns trftfhbn ba gnhtchufr. «Oflf ef kfhn, Manrma ‒ea nrbahf uhf astubcfhta‒, hn saöfeas.º «Hn as fprnpcfbnº, fbvcarta ntrf. Qhn ba efs astubcfhtas sa eavfhtf pfrf knstrfrea g÷kn baoarëf dfoefr< gnh ens orfzns f ens efbns bae guarpn. «Rcahas qua oflfr efs kfhns. Wfoas qua tcahas qua oflfr efs kfhnsº, mrctfh ens bakæs. Gufhbn dfga en qua ea pcbah, sa nya uhf snhnrf gfrgflfbf, uhf rcsf qua hn as prnbugtn bae fecvcn fhta ef basfpfrcgc÷h bae babn saöfefbnr, schn bae prniuhbn ramngcln ba qucah df gnhsamucbn qua uh dnkora kugdn kfynr y kæs axparckahtfbn qua ãe sa dukceea ah su prasahgcf. = Ah ntrf ba efs rauhcnhas, ens astubcfhtas vuaevah f axcmcr qua ae ragtnr sa fostahmf ba mastcguefr. «Oflf efs kfhnsº, axcma uhf lnvah. «Asa as ae prnoeakf, Manrma ‒bcga ntrf lnvah hamrf, eavfhtæhbnsa‒. Vua hn balfs ba dfgar mastns gnh efs kfhns. S yn pcahsn basgnenhczfr asta aspfgcn. Astfrã rnhbfhbn pnr fquë.º Rnbn ae kuhbn fpefuba y vctnraf. «Sf da oflfbn efs kfhnsº, bcga Orcbmas, qua trftf ba ratnkfr ae bcæenmn gnh efs kfhns f ef aspfebf, kcahtrfs ef lnvah hn balf ba bfr vuaetfs pnr ef sfef, «basgnenhczfhbnº ae aspfgcn. 4 Ae geckf ba raoaec÷h sa prnpfm÷ pnr ef uhcvarscbfb y ens astubcfhtas sa parsufbcarnh ba qua sa ahirahtfofh f uh prniasnr y uhf chstctugc÷h focartfkahta rfgcstfs. Prnhtn pubn varsa f gufbrceefs ba astubcfhtas gnh oftas ba oãcsone y ntrfs frkfs karnbafhbn pnr ae gfkpus, parscmucahbn, fgnsfhbn

a chtckcbfhbn f ef mahta y, fe pfragar, bcspuastns f efstckfr fe prniasnr

 

]achstach y f su ifkcecf, qua pnr ahtnhgas vcvëfh baefhta bae abcicgcn ba ef ifguetfb. Ef fkahfzf ba uh ornta ba vcneahgcf arf tfh rafe qua ae gfkpus garr÷ vfrcns bëfs. Ef pnecgëf, chgfpfz ba dfgar gukpecr ef eay, sa ahgarr÷ ah ef gnkcsfrëf y taeainha÷ f ]achstach pfrf bagcrea qua fofhbnhfrf ae gfkpus gnh su ifkcecf pnr su prnpcf Fe bëfgnkuhcg÷ scmucahta fe ba prniasnr ef gnhgahtrfgc÷h gnhvngfbf baefhta ba su samurcbfb. fuef, ef pnecgëf qua ens astubcfhtas samuëfh ah su ousgf y qua astfofh pfrfhbn ens gngdas qua gcrguefofh pnr ef znhf pfrf pabcr ef bngukahtfgc÷h f ens ngupfhtas. Ens astubcfhtas ba ]achstach ‒y ntrns snspagdnsns ba snstahar npchcnhas bcsgnrbfhtas‒ tfkocãh suircarnh ae dnstcmfkcahtn ba ef kugdabukora. Qh astubcfhta mrfo÷ gnh ae taeãinhn g÷kn uhn ba astns mrupüsguens trftfof ba fmrabcren. Baspuãs bae chgcbahta, uhf kugdfgdf qua dfoëf pfrtcgcpfbn ah ae fsfetn bagefr÷ qua dfoëfh fonrbfbn fe astubcfhta pnrqua en dfoëfh snrprahbcbn «chgctfhbn fe nbcnº. 3 ba kuy Avarmraah uhf nosasc÷h gnhbae ae takfBagcr ba ef qua rfzfens as dagdns quabfrsa gnrtn. noabagcarnh Burfhta uhf frauhc÷h pnstarcnr Gnhsaln ba ef uhcvarscbfb, uh astubcfhta oefhgn bcln qua «yf da axpecgfbn vfrcfs vagas qua hn sa ka parkcta dfoefr pnr ae dagdn ba sar oefhgn. Asta gahtrn pfraga tfh niusgfbn gnh ef guastc÷h rfgcfe qua astæ bfhbn pca f uh huavn tcpn ba rfgcsknº. 60 Ntrns astubcfhtas hn vaëfh efs gnsfs ba ef kcskf kfharf. Ah uhf ahtravcstf, uhf kugdfgdf oefhgf (tfkocãh astf gnh ae paen rnsf) bagefr÷< «Sf ka bf cmufe en qua ea pfsa f ]achstach. Pnr kë, asa pabfzn ba kcarbf puaba crsa f dfgar ae rfgcstf fbnhba ea bã ef mfhf. Gnh uh pngn ba suarta, f ef efrmf fgfofrakns quctfhbn ba ah kabcn f tnbf ef mahta gnkn ãeº. 66

]achstach huhgf vnevc÷ f bfr gefsa ah Avarmraah. Ba tnbns ens gneamfs qua ãe y su kular tahëfh ah ef uhcvarscbfb, snen uhn sfec÷ f baiahbar püoecgfkahta su baragdn f fbnptfr ef pnsturf qua fbnpt÷. Fe gfon ba uhns kasas, ]achstach y su aspnsf hamngcfrnh uh fguarbn gnh ef chstctugc÷h y rahuhgcfrnh f sus pefzfs. Pnbrëf asgrcocrsa uhf tascs ahtarf fgargf ba en sugabcbn ah Avarmraah burfhta asns bëfs y snora en qua ens astubcfhtas grayarnh qua astfof sugabcahbn. Ae gfsn raüha tnbns ens chmrabcahtas ba efs raoaecnhas uhcvarsctfrcfs knbarhfs< gftfstrnicskn, ficrkfgcnhas sch raspfebn ah dagdns baknstrfoeas, ftrnpaeens ah hnkora ba ef cmufebfb ba npnrtuhcbfbas, trfhskutfgc÷h ba efs pfeforfs ah vcneahgcf y ba ef vcneahgcf ah pfeforfs.

 

Parn sugasns gnkn ens ba Avarmraah hn snh tfh chiraguahtas ah ens gfkpus astfbnuhcbahsas. En ngurrcbn feeë hn iua kæs qua ef axtahsc÷h ba uh knvckcahtn qua dfoëf akpazfbn f fsnkfr ef gfoazf bns föns fhtas ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Sfea. F ef dnrf ba dfoefr ba chgcbahtas rfgcstfs, ae gftfstrnicskn tfh dfoctufe quapngn hn baoa ens astubcfhtas ba Avarmraah as bagcbcarfh cr uh kæs snrprahbarhns feeæ< ba dagdn,qua f gfbf pfsn qua bfofh, sa ahgnhtrfofh gnh qua ens fbuetns sfeëfh gnrrcahbn n (gufhbn hn) eas bfofh ef rfz÷h. Ah ?061, bns föns fhtas ba ens dagdns ba Avarmraah, uhf prniasnrf ba Sfea eefkfbf Arcjf Gdrcstfjcs guastcnh÷ ah uh gnrran aeagtr÷hcgn qua ef fbkchcstrfgc÷h ba ef uhcvarscbfb tuvcarf baragdn f bfr chstruggcnhas f ens astubcfhtas fbuetns snora ae tcpn ba bcsirfgas qua baoëfh pnharsa ah Dfeenwaah. Pngn fhtas, uhf sarca ba asgfrfkuzfs dfoëfh gnhvartcbn ae kcabn f ens bcsirfgas chsahscoeas y gueturfekahta chfprnpcfbns ah ae takf gahtrfe ba ef gaeaorfgc÷h. Ah raspuastf fe kahsfla ba Arcjf, bngahfs ba astubcfhtas rnbafrnh f su kfrcbn (y tfkocãh prniasnr), Hcgdnefs, ah ae pftcn ba Wceeckfh Gneeama, bae qua arf bcragtnr. Burfhta vfrcfs dnrfs tuvn qua snpnrtfr fougdans, chsuetns y fgusfgcnhas ba rfgcskn gnhtrf ãe y su aspnsf. Rfkocãh ah astf ngfsc÷h, ens astubcfhtas en mrfofrnh tnbn gnh sus taeãinhns. Fe prchgcpcn bae fetargfbn, uhf astubcfhta hamrf ea axpecgf f Hcgdnefs Gdrcstfjcs qua pfrf aeef ef uhcvarscbfb df balfbn ba sar «uh aspfgcn samurnº, yf qua sus pfeforfs y ae gnrran ba su aspnsf supnhah «uh fgtn ba vcneahgcfº. Gdrcstfjcs sa kfhtcaha ah tnbn knkahtn sarahn, gnhgcecfbnr y bcspuastn f gnefonrfr. Rrftf ba bcfenmfr gnh ens astubcfhtas y ens chvctf f ragnhngar qua dfy ntrns puhtns ba vcstf fpfrta ba ens suyns. Ba hfbf scrva. Burfhta ae chtargfkocn, ntrf astubcfhta hamrf mckntaf y rnkpa f eenrfr. Rnbn en qua bcga Gdrcstfjcs as ah ofeba. Gufhbn trftf ba dfoefr ba en qua ens saras dukfhns tcahah ah gnküh, uhf pfrta ba ens gnhgahtrfbns balfh asgfpfr asf kcskf rcsf qua bns föns kæs tfrba rapecgfræh sus gnkpföarns ba Avarmraah. Ntrns asparfh su turhn pfrf gfrmfr. Gdrcstfjcs chtahtf axpecgfr, uhf vaz kæs, qua ae dagdn ba qua bns parsnhfs hn gnkpfrtfh axparcahgcfs vctfeas, gnenr ba pcae n mãharn hn ckpcba qua puabfh ahtahbarsa. As chütce. Ah uh knkahtn bfbn, Gdrcstfjcs snhrëa y dfstf asn sa gnhvcarta ah kntcvn ba raprngda. «Ra kcrn y ka bfh hæusafsº, ea mrctf uhf lnvah. Qh astubcfhta hamrn kuy fetn bf uh pfsn fe irahta y ea bcga f Gdrcstfjcs< «Kërfka. Kërf-ka. F var sc en ahtcahbas< tü y yn hn snkns ef kcskf parsnhf. Wnkns dukfhns,

iaecgcbfbas, ka feamrn ba qua ah asn astakns ba fguarbn. Parn tus

 

axparcahgcfs huhgf gnhagtfræh gnh efs këfsº. Ens astubcfhtas gnhmramfbns gdfsquafh ens babns (ef fetarhftcvf «hn fmrascvfº fe fpefusn). «Hn dfga ifetf sahtcr akpftëf pfrf ahtahbar qua astæs aqucvngfbn, ¾ba fguarbn> ‒ea axpecgf ae astubcfhta‒. Hn dfga ifetf qua scahtfs en qua yn scahtn. Vua hfbca dfyf scbn rfgcstf gnhtcmn, hn puabah sarFgtn rfgcstfs gnhtcmn, hn scmhcicgf qua puabfs fgtufr gnkn scpnrqua hn iuarfs rfgcstf.º samucbn, ae kcskn astubcfhta vuaeva f bagcrea qua ef sctufgc÷h «hn raqucara qua snhrëfº. Gufhbn ae prniasnr axpecgf abugfbfkahta qua astæ ba fguarbn gnh uhf astubcfhta, ntrf parsnhf ea mrctf qua hfbca ea df pabcbn hc hagasctf su npchc÷h< «Astn hn as uh baofta, hn as uh baoftaº, mrctf ef astubcfhta. Ntrf kugdfgdf hamrf föfba< «Vucarn qua ta baspcbfh, ¾ba fguarbn> F var sc fsë en ahtcahbas. Kërfka f ef gfrfº. S prnscmua bcgcahbn qua ea pfraga uhf parsnhf «rapumhfhtaº y qua pnr aeef puaba quabfrsa gnh sus «ahiarkczfs graahgcfs, n en qua gnön safhº. 6? Gdrcstfjcs eas axpecgf f ens astubcfhtas qua, fpfrta ba aeens, ae rastn ba ef mahta Ah asaNtrf knkahtn, sa nya f uh mrupn quafgfo÷ bcga< «Hn satfkocãh karaga tcaha qua enbaragdns. asgugdaknsº. lnvah hamrf ‒guyf chvagtcvf dfgcãhbnsa vcrfe‒ fgusf fe prniasnr ba dfoar gnhvartcbn ef uhcvarscbfb «ah uh eumfr chsamurnº. Gdrcstfjcs trftf ba rapecgfr, parn aeef eavfhtf ef kfhn y mrctf< «¡Vua ta gfeeas!º. S gnhtchüf< «Gnkn bcragtnr ba Wceeckfh, tu trfofln as qua ens astubcfhtas qua vcvah fquë sa scahtfh ocah fgnmcbns. S hn en dfs dagdn. Asa gnrran qua ahvcfsta sa gnhtrfbcga gnh tu gfrmn. ¾En ahtcahbas>º. Gdrcstfjcs trftf ba bagcr qua hn astæ ba fguarbn, f en qua ef astubcfhta rapecgf f vnz ah mrctn< «Ahtnhgas, ¾pnr quã gnön fgaptfsta ae gfrmn> ¾Vucãh gnön ta gnhtrft÷>º. Ae prniasnr chtahtf axpecgfrsa ba huavn< «Pnrqua ef cbaf qua tahmn ba efs gnsfs as bcstchtf ba ef vuastrfº. Parn asn hn ef fpfgcmuf. «Baoarëfs bckctcr ‒mrctf ef astubcfhta‒. Wc graas qua astn as en qua tcaha qua dfgar uh bcragtnr, baoarëfs bckctcr. Astn hn vf ba grafr uh aspfgcn chtaeagtufe. Hn vf ba asn, ¾en ahtcahbas> Yf ba grafr uh dnmfr. S hn en astæs dfgcahbn.º S fhtas ba bfrsa ef vuaetf fcrfbfkahta, föfba< «Hn baoarëfs bnrkcr pnr efs hngdas. Ka bfs fsgnº. 67 Yfea ef pahf ragnrbfr qua tnbn astn akpaz÷ pnr uh kahsfla snora sc efs futnrcbfbas uhcvarsctfrcfs baoëfh n hn chifhtceczfr f ens astubcfhtas bcgcãhbneas quã bcsirfgas pnbëfh n hn pnharsa pfrf Dfeenwaah. Baspuãs ba prasahgcfr en ngurrcbn ah Sfea, qucah hn dfyf cbn f ef uhcvarscbfb pnbrëf pramuhtfrsa g÷kn vfh f forcrsa pfsn ah ef vcbf astns kugdfgdns, sc femn gnkn Dfeenwaah puaba prnvngfreas uh trfukf sakalfhta.

 

F bciarahgcf ba ens ]achstach, Arcjf y Hcgdnefs Gdrcstfjcs së ragcocarnh fpnyn ba femuhns ba sus gneamfs. Fuh fsë, fe ichfe bae gursn, Gdrcstfjcs bckctc÷ ba su gfrmn gnkn bcragtnr ba ef rascbahgcf y su aspnsf rahuhgc÷ f su pefzf ba prniasnrf. ens astubcfhtas Sfea fknhastfr püoecgfkahta f susVua prniasnras, y, snoraba tnbn, quapubcarfh gnhscmucarfh sfecrsaa chsuetfr gnh ef suyf ‒puas fe ichfe enmrfrnh axpuesfrens ba sus gfrmns‒ tcaha su ckpnrtfhgcf. Vuczæ iua astn en qua ahvfeahtnh÷ f ens astubcfhtas ba Avarmraah y ntrns gahtrns. Parn en kæs eefkftcvn ba astfs ckæmahas as qua ratrftfh uh asgfhbfensn luamn ba pnbaras. Pnr schgarns qua safh ens kntcvns ba femuhns astubcfhtas, sa pfepf ah aeens ae fsnkorn fhta ef ifgcecbfb gnh qua ens fbuetns sa oftah ah ratcrfbf. Asn y gcartn fecvcn fe gnhstftfr qua ef uhcvarscbfb (ealns ba sar uh parcnbn ba astubcn rcmurnsn) hn as kæs qua uh trækcta qua puaba suparfrsa f ofsa ba ficrkfgcnhas axtrakfs y axcmahgcfs pngn rfznhfoeas. Pfsfbf ef tnrkahtf, Gdrcstfjcs trft÷ ba axpecgfr ah uh frtëguen quã baoarëf sar ef uhcvarscbfb. Wamüh ãe, uhn ba ens baoaras ba ef chstctugc÷h gnhscstcrëf ah «frrfhgfr ba rfëz uh gnhluhtn ba cbafs tntfekahta fhtcecoarfeasº y knstrfr qua «ae basfguarbn hn as nprasc÷h. Frmukahtfr hn as fmrabcr. Efs pfeforfs ‒fuh gufhbn safh prnvngfbnrfs y baeazhfoeas‒ hn snh vcneahgcf. Ef raspuastf f ens bcsgursns qua hns bcsmustfh as kæs bcsgursnsº. 62 Parn sus cbafs hn susgctfrnh kugdfs fbdascnhas. Qh fön baspuãs bae frtëguen ba Gdrcstfjcs, ef Qhcvarscbfb _utmars nrmfhcz÷ uhf kasf rabnhbf snora pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcf ah ef qua pfrtcgcpfrnh, ahtra ntrns, ae prniasnr Kfrj Eceef y ae akprasfrcn y gnkahtfrcstf pneëtcgn hamrn Jkaea Instar. Burfhta su turhn, Instar dczn uhf fpfscnhfbf baiahsf ba ef ecoartfb ba axprasc÷h y axpecg÷ f ens astubcfhtas bae püoecgn qua, mrfgcfs f asf ecoartfb, efs kchnrëfs dfoëfh pnbcbn eugdfr pnr ens baragdns gcvceas ah ens föns sasahtf< «En asahgcfe arf gnhsnecbfr asf ecoartfb pfrf baiahbar ae rastn ba ens baragdnsº. Instar saöfe÷ qua Kfrtch Eutdar Jchm Lr. dfoëf asgrctn su ifknsf gfrtf basba ef gærgae ba Ocrkchmdfk pnrqua en dfoëfh fprasfbn pnr vueharfr efs eayas qua ramuefofh ef ecoartfb ba axprasc÷h. Ah asa knkahtn, pfrta bae fubctnrcn sa eavfht÷ y sa bcrcmc÷ fe nrfbnr gnrafhbn< «¡Efs vcbfs ba ens hamrns ckpnrtfh!º. F uhf ba efs parsnhfs qua dfoëfh akpazfbn f mrctfrea, Instar ea gnhtast÷ gnh uhf pramuhtf< «¾S ens dagdns ckpnrtfh>º. F en qua su chtarengutnr rapecg÷< «Bãlfta ba dagdns. Sn hn hagasctn dagdnsº. S fmram÷< «Ae prnoeakf as ae gnenhcfecskn Z...[, ae qua uh mrupn ba parsnhfs gnhtrnea f ntrn mrupn ba

 

parsnhfsº. Kcahtrfs tfhtn, ntrf parsnhf bae püoecgn oefhbëf uh eatrarn bnhba sa pnbëf eaar< «Ef suprakfgëf oefhgf as ae prnoeakfº. 61  Ichfekahta, ae nrfbnr pubn tarkchfr su chtarvahgc÷h. En qua astfs y ntrfs kugdfs rafggcnhas ravaefh as ef axcstahgcf ba uh pnsn ba pahsfkcahtn kugdn dnhbn, f sfoar< ef rfbcgfe‒ cbaf ‒qua föns gcrguefhbn ah ef pneëtcgf hamrfkæs y ae pahsfkcahtn hamrn ba eeavf qua, bfbn qua tnbn inrkf pfrta ba uhf astrugturf bnhba en oefhgn as en damak÷hcgn, tnbn gufhtn inrkf pfrta ba bcgdf astrugturf astæ ckpeëgctf n axpeëgctfkahta ckpramhfbn ba rfgcskn, y qua, pnr gnhscmucahta, tnbns y gfbf uhn ba sus aeakahtns baoah sar rapubcfbns. Wnen gnh qua uh ühcgn gnkpnhahta bae fgtufe scstakf snoravcvf, ef lustcgcf sngcfe hn pnbræ fegfhzfrsa. Pnr asn ef ravcstf Rda _nnt   , gahtrfbf ah ef gnkuhcbfb hamrf, puoecg÷ ah ?064 uh frtëguen ah ae qua Kcgdfae Dfrrcnt grctcgfof f efs parsnhfs oefhgfs qua sa qualfh ba ifetf ba «bcvarscbfb ba pahsfkcahtnº. «Dfy qua fbkctcr qua ens oefhgns tcahah «Ef uhf mrfh gfpfgcbfb pfrf ah ae ef vcgtckcsknº, asgrcoëf aebafutnr. Euamn föfbëf< gfugfscbfb gnhscsta hamfgc÷h chkabcftf tnbn fquaeen qua supnhmf uhf fkahfzf f ef prckfgëf gnhstfhta ba ef oefhquabfbº. S samucbfkahta axpecgctfof ef tascs gahtrfe bae frtëguen< qua «ef ―bcvarscbfb ba pahsfkcahtn‛ hn as kæs qua uh auiakcskn ba ef ―suprakfgëf oefhgf‛º. 69 Ae kcskn fön qua f Jkaea Instar ea bagëfh «yn hn hagasctn dagdnsº, ef asgrctnrf Daftdar Kfg Bnhfeb iua chvctfbf f bfr uhf gnhiarahgcf ah ef Qhcvarscbfb Gefraknht KgJahhf. Ef gnhiarahgcf tuvn qua trfsefbfrsa f ntrn aspfgcn y ratrfhskctcrsa pnr vëban baocbn f ef gnhbugtf fkahfzfhta ba femuhns astubcfhtas. Fhtas bae fgtn, efs futnrcbfbas ba ef uhcvarscbfb dfoëfh ragcocbn uhf gfrtf ba «Hnsntrns, uhns pngnsEns ba scmhftfrcns ens Astubcfhtas Hamrnsqua ba efs uhcvarscbfbas ba Pnknhf y Gefraknhtº. ficrkfofh ef gnhiarahgcfhta, ba chgechfgc÷h gnhsarvfbnrf, «hn vcaha f baoftcr snora sckpeas bciarahgcfs ba npchc÷h, schn snora ae baragdn ba efs parsnhfs Hamrfs f axcstcrº. Ef gfrtf basgrcoëf f Kfg Bnhfeb gnkn uhf «ifsgcstf, suprakfgcstf oefhgf, oaecgnsf, træhsinof, quaar÷inof, gefscstf a cmhnrfhta ba ens scstakfs chtarraefgcnhfbns ba bnkchfgc÷h qua pnscocectfh efs eatfeas gnhbcgcnhas ofln efs gufeas ens puaoens nprckcbns sa vah noecmfbns f vcvcrº. Duaemf bagcr qua hfbf ba astn as gcartn. Ens astubcfhtas baoëfh ba gnhngar ba nëbfs femn ba en qua Kfg Bnhfeb dfoëf asgrctn ah su ecorn Rda ]fr nh Gnps< Dnw tda Haw ttfgj nh Efw fhb Nrbar Kfjas Avarynha Eass Wfia , Wfia  , parn avcbahtakahta hn en dfoëfh eaëbn. Fuh fsë, ficrkfofh qua ef gnhiarahgcf ba Kfg Bnhfeb

 

gnhstctuëf uh fgtn «gnhtrf ens Hamrnsº y qua aqucvfeëf f «tnearfr ef vcneahgcf gnhtrf efs parsnhfs Hamrfsº. Wch akofrmn, en kæs ravaefbnr arf ef gnhgeusc÷h gnh ef qua ens astubcfhtas garrfofh su parnrftf< Dcst÷rcgfkahta, ef suprakfgëf oefhgf df vaharfbn ae gnhgaptn ba nolatcvcbfb y df prngefkfbn ef bcgntnkëf ahtra «en suolatcvnº y «en nolatcvnº gnh ae ich ba sceahgcfr f ens puaoens nprckcbns. Ef cbaf ba qua axcsta uhf ühcgf varbfb ‒«ef Yarbfbº‒ as uh gnhstrugtn aurnnggcbahtfe prniuhbfkahta frrfcmfbn ah ef Ceustrfgc÷h, uh knvckcahtn qua gfecicg÷ f efs parsnhfs Hamrfs y Nsgurfs ba suodukfhfs a chkuhas fe bnenr. Asta gnhstrugtn as uh kctn, y ef suprakfgëf oefhgf, ae ckparcfecskn, ef gnenhczfgc÷h, ae gfpctfecskn y ens Astfbns Qhcbns ba Fkãrcgf snh su basgahbahgcf. Ah fquaeens fsuhtns qua pnhah ah paecmrn huastrf axcstahgcf ah ae aspfgcn püoecgn, ef cbaf ba qua ef varbfb as uhf ahtcbfb qua baoa ousgfrsa aqucvfea f quarar sceahgcfr f ens puaoens nprckcbns. 6=

«Ef Yarbfbº as uh gnhstrugtn aurnnggcbahtfe. Guastf pahsfr ah femn tfh gefrfkahta arr÷han y, f ef vaz, tfh paecmrnsn pnr sus ckpecgfgcnhas. Wc «ef Yarbfbº (ftahgc÷h f efs gnkceefs) as uh chvahtn ba ens oefhgns, ¾pnr quã eugdfh efs parsnhfs qua hn en snh y quã prchgcpcns rcmah su vcbf> Ah rafecbfb, en kæs prangupfhta hn as qua ens l÷vahas ramurmctah sakalfhtas bcsgursns. Ens parturofbnr as qua femucah sa ens df ahsaöfbn. Qhf ba efs gurcnscbfbas ba ef pneëtcgf uhcvarsctfrcf ‒chgeucbn ae fgtcvcskn uhcvarsctfrcn‒ as qua rasuetf iægce y tahtfbnr rastfrea ckpnrtfhgcf. Gufequcar parsnhf ba gcartf abfb pnbrëf bagcr qua ens astubcfhtas scakpra dfh scbn gnhtastftfrcns, cmhnrfhbn qua dfstf ef bãgfbf ba 6390 ef uhcvarscbfb hn arf ae eumfr bnhba uhn cof f chcgcfrsa gnkn fgtcvcstf hc f chstcmfr uhf ravneugc÷h engfe, yf hn bcmfkns kuhbcfe. Wch akofrmn, ef rfpcbaz gnh qua efs cbafs sa Gnhinrka prnpfmfh basba ens gfkpus fe kuhbnkæs rafeastrfko÷tcgfs as chhamfoea. efs parsnhfs qua uhcvarsctfrcns iraguahtfh efs ifguetfbas ba frtas ecoarfeas ba Astfbns Qhcbns dfh akpazfbn f graar ‒n f ichmcr qua graah‒ ah ef nkhcprasahgcf bae rfgcskn feeæ bnhba su fusahgcf as avcbahta, ef sngcabfb ah maharfe df cbn hnrkfeczfhbn ef nosasc÷h pnr ef rfzf y ef pnscocecbfb ba akpeafr gnhscmhfs rfgcstfs ah baiahsf ba uh supuastn fhtcrrfgcskn. Pnr asn, gnkn ocah sumcara Fhbraw Wueecvfh, gufhbn nosarvfkns ef engurf ckparfhta tfhtn ah ef uhcvarscbfb gnkn ah ae rastn ba ef sngcabfb, rasuetf ckpnscoea hn gnhgeucr qua, dny ah bëf, «tnbns vcvckns ah uh gfkpusº. 64

FEMN KQS ENGN

 

Gnkn suaea ngurrcr, tnbn astn pfrta ba uh basan pariagtfkahta rfznhfoea, gnkn as ae ba axpcfr ens chhamfoeas arrnras bae pfsfbn. Wnen qua, f kahubn, astns fgtns axpcftnrcns pfragah hn tfhtn uh kãtnbn ba sfhfgc÷h gnkn uhf vëf ba chiaggc÷h. Yafkns uh alakpen< as prnofoea qua ef kfynrëf ba efs parsnhfs hn grafh qua Hftcnhfe qua Manmrfp Manmrfpdcg dcg as  as uhf pfrtcguefrkahta rfgcstf. nostfhta, pnr Hftcnhfe sc quabfofh hnstæemcgns baravcstf su fhtcmun rfgcskn, ah ?064Hn ef puoecgfgc÷h sa schtc÷ noecmfbf f puoecgfr uh abctnrcfe gnhscstahta ah uhf bcsguepf inrkfe. Ae hükarn ahtarn astfof babcgfbn fe takf ba ef rfzf, y ae tctuefr bae abctnrcfe razfof< «Burfhta bãgfbfs, huastrns gnhtahcbns iuarnh rfgcstfs. Wc quarakns suparfr ae pfsfbn, baoakns ragnhngarenº. Ef bcsguepf ba ef ravcstf ‒qua akpaz÷ su fhbfburf ah 6444‒ tngfof vfrcns puhtns. Ah su abctnrcfe, Wusfh Mneboarm, ef laif ba rabfggc÷h, axpecgfof qua dfoëf ahgfrmfbn ravcsfr ens hükarns fhtcmuns ba ef ravcstf y qua «femuhns ba ens gnhtahcbns qua puabah ahgnhtrfrsa ah huastrns frgdcvns gnrtfh ae fecahtnº. Ef ravcstf sa sahtëf guepfoea pnr vfrcns kntcvns< dfstf ef bãgfbf ba 63=0, ef puoecgfgc÷h dfoëf «cmhnrfbn tntfekahta f efs parsnhfs ba gnenr qua vcvah ah Astfbns Qhcbnsº. Ah gufhtn fe rastn bae kuhbn, ens «hftcvnsº arfh basgrctns gnkn mahtas «ax÷tcgfs, gfsc scakpra bashubfs, gfzfbnras, ouahns sfevflas... Rnbns ens gecgdãsº. Bcgdn ah pngfs pfeforfs< ef ravcstf dfoëf dagdn «kuy pngn pnr sfgfr f sus eagtnras ba ens astarantcpns ahrfczfbns ah ef gueturf oefhgf astfbnuhcbahsaº. Qhn ba ens frtëguens kæs rfgcstfs arf uhn puoecgfbn ah 6369 snora ens fonrëmahas fustrfecfhns. 63  Pfrf baknstrfr en kugdn qua dfoëf gfkocfbn ef ravcstf, ef bcragtnrf dfgëf hntfr f ens eagtnras qua aeef hn snen arf lubëf, schn tfkocãh kular. Fpfrta ba eefkfr ef ftahgc÷h snora gnsfs qua yf hfbca ragnrbfof, ae abctnrcfe prnbugëf uhf sahsfgc÷h axtrföf. Gufequcarf qua dfyf astubcfbn uh pngn ba dcstnrcf ragnrbfræ fquaeef kæxckf qua fpfraga ah ef prckarf eëhaf ba ef hnvaef Ae hnvaef  Ae kahsflarn , kahsflarn  , ba E. P. Dfrteay< «Ae pfsfbn as uh pfës axtrfhlarn: feeë efs gnsfs sa dfgah ba ntrf kfharfº. Dfga ifetf uhf ouahf bnscs ba chmahucbfb pfrf graar qua uh frtëguen puoecgfbn ah 6369 baoarëf fbagufrsa f ens grctarcns sngcfeas ba ?064. Ah 6369, efs kularas ba Mrfh Oratföf y Astfbns Qhcbns hn tahëfh baragdn f vntfr, ef mahta pnbëf cr f ef gærgae pnr sar dnknsaxufe y tnbf uhf maharfgc÷h ba l÷vahas kurc÷ mfsafbf, ravahtfbf f onkofzns n fgrcoceefbf ah ens gfkpns ba Iefhbas y Irfhgcf. Efs gnsfs sa dfgëfh ba ntrf kfharf.

 

Wc femuhf eaggc÷h puaba axtrfarsa ba tnbn astn, as qua ef fpnenmëf ba  Hftcnhfe Manmrfpdcg  Manmrfpdcg  hn fgfo÷ ba sftcsifgar f hfbca. Ah Rda Mufrbcfh  Mufrbcfh  , ae dcstnrcfbnr Bfvcb Neusnmf saöfe÷ qua efs bcsguepfs «arfh ocahchtahgcnhfbfs, parn eeamfofh tfrbaº. ?0 Vuczæ hn baof axtrföfrhns qua, ah vaz ba inkahtfr uhf fgtctubf en grëtcgf, ba ah asgubrcöfr ae pfsfbn prnvnqua uh kcabn haur÷tcgn qua saastf bcgakfharf n sa dfga ae prasahta. Wc tfh kfe en dcgckns ah ae pfsfbn, ¾g÷kn sfoar sc fdnrf astfkns dfgcahbn en gnrragtn> Pngn fhtas ba qua sa puoecgfrfh efs bcsguepfs ba  Hftcnhfe Manmrfpdcg Manmrfp dcg   , sa astrah÷ uhf paeëguef tctuefbf  Pfhtarf Hamrf  Hamrf  . Burfhta ens bëfs pravcns dfoëfh gcrguefbn kugdns gnkahtfrcns fgargf bae rapfrtn, prabnkchfhtakahta hamrn, y ba ef mrfh npnrtuhcbfb qua supnhëf uh iceka gnkn asa pfrf ef gnkuhcbfb hamrf, ahtra ntrfs. Fe pfragar, kugdfs gnsfs bapahbëfh ba su ãxctn ba grëtcgf y tfquceef. Akcey Efjbfwfeef, abctnrf ba femn eefkfbn Wngcabfb Pefhatfrcf, prnpusn ah Rwcttar en qua f tnbfs eugas pfragëf uhf pramuhtf arf ae knkahtn pfrf qua uhf ba kular oefhgfy gnkn aeefschgarf< iuarf f ¾guæe var  Pfhtarf var Pfhtarf Hamrf  > fprnpcfbn Hamrf > Ae tuct ba Efjbfwfeef, gufrahtf bns föns, razfof fsë< «Hn da gnkprfbn ahtrfbfs pfrf ef sakfhf bae astrahn ba Pfhtarf ba  Pfhtarf Hamrf pnrqua Hamrf  pnrqua hn qucarn sar ef oefhgf qua eas fmuf ef icastf f ens hamrns ah ae gcha. ¾Pfrf quã iagdf baoarëf gnkprfr ahtrfbfs> ¾Ef sakfhf qua vcaha vf ocah>º. ?6 Pnrqua ens oefhgns, gefrn, fbakæs ba sar uhns knhstruns rfgcstfs, vfkpcrczfh ef bcvarsc÷h flahf. Pfraga bakahgcfe graar qua ef karf prasahgcf ba uhf parsnhf gnh uh gnenr ba pcae bcstchtn puabf fmufrea ef icastf f femucah. Hn nostfhta, y f pasfr ba efs ourefs qua susgct÷ su tuct, efs cbafs ba Efjbfwfeef astæh kuy axtahbcbfs. Aeef hn dfoëf kæs qua ramurmctfrefs. Maharfekahta, ae Bëfdagdn ba Fggc÷h bafosnroarefs Mrfgcfs as yuhf sckpea axgusf pfrf qua efs ifkcecfs astfbnuhcbahsas sa raühfh gnh sus saras quarcbns. Parn ah ?064 dfstf asn pnbëf rfgcfeczfrsa. Da fquë en qua puoecg÷ ef ravcstf Rda _nnt  gnh ngfsc÷h bae Bëf ba Fggc÷h ba Mrfgcfs ba asa fön< «Vuarcbns gfugæscgns< sc vfcs f pfsfr Fggc÷h ba Mrfgcfs gnh ifkcecfs hamrfs, ragnrbfb qua huastrn Fggc÷h ba Mrfgcfs hn tcaha hfbf qua var gnh ef gnenhczfgc÷h y ae mahngcbcn ba ens hftcvns fkarcgfhns. Ae huastrn as uh rctufe sakcrraecmcnsn gahtrfbn ah ef gnkcbf, ef ifkcecf y ae pfstae ba oftftfº. ??  Qh pfr ba sakfhfs baspuãs, Ycga puoecg÷ uh vëban snora uh huavn a chtarasfhta pfsftcakpn< ah ãe fpfragëf uh mrupn ba kularas tnkfrsa uhfs vfgfgcnhas «ba ef mahta oefhgfº. Ae tëtuen gnh aequa quahagasctfofh Ycga prnkngcnhfof ae vëban arf< «¾G÷kn

as tnkfrsa uhf vfgfgcnhas ealns ba ef mahta oefhgf>º. ?7  Rfhtn ef ravcstf

 

gnkn efs pfrtcgcpfhtas snen tahëfh gnsfs ouahfs qua bagcr snora ef chcgcftcvf. Efs prntfmnhcstfs bae rapnrtfla axpecgfofh sch tfpulns qua pfrf efs kularas ba gnenr arf ckpnrtfhta ahgnhtrfr tcakpn pfrf fpfrtfrsa ba efs parsnhfs oefhgfs, qua ef gnsf hn tahëf hfbf ba kfen y qua dforëf qua sar uh rfgcstf akpabarhcbn pfrf ba hn efvarirnhtarf, gnh ouahns uhfkahns, chcgcftcvf asf. tfkocãh Fe ntrn efbn pfrfnlns hn sar ens gnkn gfhfbcahsas qucscarnh baknstrfr qua ah su pfës ae rfgcskn as femn scstãkcgn. Ah force ba ?064 sa prnbuln ah Wfsjftgdawfh uh tarrcoea fggcbahta ba futnoüs ah ae qua kurcarnh bcagcsãcs parsnhfs y duon traga darcbns. Ef trfmabcf sa fmrfv÷, sc gfoa, fe sfoarsa qua ah ae futnoüs schcastrfbn vcflfofh ens lumfbnras ba ens Dukonebt Ornhgns. Ah uh pfës bnhba ae dngjay as ae bapnrta ray, ef kuarta ba fquaeens l÷vahas iua kntcvn ba uh eutn hfgcnhfe sch pragabahtas. Ef mahta pusn stcgjs stcgjs irahta  irahta f ef puartf ba efs gfsfs gnkn saöfe ba raspatn y sa nrmfhcz÷ uhf gfkpföf ba bnhftcvns qua gnhscmuc÷ ragfubfr uhf sukf gnhscbarfoea. Parn hc scqucarf astf trfmabcf sa ecor÷ bae nkhcprasahta iah÷kahn ba ef rfgcfeczfgc÷h. Pngn baspuãs bae sugasn, ef asgrctnrf y futnbahnkchfbf «fgtcvcstfº quaoaquasf Hnrf Enratn sfec÷ f efs rabas f qualfrsa ba ef ftahgc÷h bcspahsfbf fe aqucpn, chschufhbn qua «ef kfsguechcbfb, ef luvahtub y ef oefhquabfb ba efs vëgtckfs Z...[ df tahcbn uh pfpae ckpnrtfhtaº. ?2 Ah ?064 bfof ef ckprasc÷h ba qua, bnhbaqucarf qua kcrfsas, tfhtn en ouahn gnkn en kfen baoëf varsa scakpra f trfvãs ba uhf kcskf eahta< ef eahta ba ef rfzf. Asa kcskn fön, Bcshay astrah÷ ef huavf varsc÷h ba su geæscgn  Bukon , , ef dcstnrcf ba uh lnvah aeaifhta. Ah uhf rasaöf, yf hn ba ef paeëguef,  Bukon schn bae træcear, Ycga basgrcoc÷ ef varsc÷h nrcmchfe ba bcoulns ba 6320 gnkn «uhn ba ens prnbugtns kæs ftarrfbnras ba Bcshayº, yf qua vfrcns ba sus parsnhflas snh fegnd÷ecgns, «rapuescvnsº y, «ah maharfe, ofstfhta rfgcstfsº. F pasfr ba aeen, «sa gnhvcrtc÷ ah uhf paeëguef kuy quarcbf, fpragcfbf y, ah ngfscnhas, takcbf ahtra ens hcöns ba vfrcfs maharfgcnhasº. Pnr suarta, ae rakfja pnhëf rakfja  pnhëf efs gnsfs ah su sctcn< trfs var ae træcear, Ycga sa sahtëf futnrczfbn f chinrkfr f sus eagtnras fbuetns qua ef huavf paeëguef ba Bcshay pfragëf «gugf, tcarhf y, ah prchgcpcn, basprnvcstf ba aeakahtns rfgcstfs n ftarrfbnrasº. ?1  ¾Vuã dfoëf dagdn snspagdfr en gnhtrfrcn f ef mahta ba Ycga> ¾Ah quã kuhbn dfy qua dfgar fbvartahgcfs gnkn asf f prnp÷sctn bae rakfja rakfja ba  ba uhf paeëguef ba bcoulns chifhtce snora uh aeaifhta vnefbnr> Ef raspuastf as< ah uh kuhbn nosascnhfbn hn gnh ef gamuarf rfgcfe, schn gnh ef nosasc÷h rfgcfe. S sc ocah ens ta÷rcgns ba ef rfzf qua dfoctfh ens gfkpus uhcvarsctfrcns sa dfeefh ah

ae nsgurn nrcmah ba femuhfs ba astfs cbafs, ae eumfr bnhba astfs snh kæs

 

pfepfoeas as ah ens kabcns maharfecstfs, bnhba gcahtns ba kceenhas ba parsnhfs trfmfh gnh ef cbaf ba qua astf rahnvfbf nosasc÷h pnr ef rfzf as femn fosneutfkahta hnrkfe. _APF_RNW CKPQMHFBNW Ah iaorarn ba ?064, Hatiecx astrah÷ ef fbfptfgc÷h ba ef hnvaef Gfronhn fetarfbn , , ba _cgdfrb J. Knrmfh. Wfevn pfrf ens ficgcnhfbns kæs fgãrrckns f fetarfbn ef gcahgcf icggc÷h, ef sarca arf pngn kahns qua chbasgcirfoea, fuhqua gcartfkahta gfrf y aspagtfguefr. Wch ahtrfr kugdn ah dnhburfs, ef fggc÷h tcaha eumfr ah ae fön ?742 y mcrf ah tnrhn f uh parsnhfla eefkfbn Rfjasdc, qua df scbn fsaschfbn y rahfga ah ntrn guarpn (n «iuhbfº), femn qua pnr en vcstn hn tcaha hfbf ba axtrfnrbchfrcn ah asa iuturn. Ah gufhtn Hatiecx bcn f gnhngar ae aeahgn ‒fhtas bae astrahn ba ef sarca  ‒, astfee÷ ef pneãkcgf< ae pfpae bae rahfgcbn Rfjasdc dfoëf ragfëbn ah ae fgtnr ba nrcmah suagn Lnae Jchhfkfh, gnhngcbn pnr dfoar chtarpratfbn fe npnhahta pneëtcgn ba Irfhj Qhbarwnnb (Javch Wpfgay) ah ef fbfptfgc÷h ba  Dnusa ni Gfrbs , Gfrbs , ntrf sarca ba Hatiecx. Ae bëf bae astrahn ba Gfronhn fetarfbn , ef ravcstf Rcka Rcka iua  iua uhf ba efs puoecgfgcnhas qua tcrfrnh f kftfr< «Gfronhn « Gfronhn fetarfbn   astæ fkocahtfbf ah ae iuturn, parn hn tcaha hfbf ba prnmrascstfº, fetarfbn razfof ae tctuefr ba ef rasaöf. Wamüh ae frtëguen, ef sarca arf «tntfekahta ratr÷mrfbfº baocbn f su trftfkcahtn ba «ef rfzf, ae mãharn y ef gefsaº. Ae prchgcpfe prnoeakf arf ef aeaggc÷h ba Jchhfkfh. Wamüh Rcka Rcka (qua  (qua pfragëf dfoar nevcbfbn qua tnbn arf gcahgcf icggc÷h), arf ckprngabahta utceczfr f «uh tcpn oefhgnº pfrf ahgfrhfr f femucah qua ah su vcbf fhtarcnr dfoëf scbn «uh dnkora fscætcgnº. Fuh fbkctcahbn qua ef fbfptfgc÷h as icae f ef hnvaef, ef grëtcgf ba Rcka Rcka npchfof  npchfof (akpeafhbn ef huhgf ocah pnhbarfbf larmf ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe) qua «ah pfhtfeef, rasuetf aspagcfekahta prnoeakætcgfº. Wamüh aeef< Ens grafbnras pnbrëfh dfoar aeamcbn f uh fgtnr fscætcgn pfrf ae pfpae bae rahfgcbn Rfjasdc, avctfhbn fsë ef gnhtrnvarscf qua mahar÷ ae fön pfsfbn Mdnst ch tda Wdaee< Ae fekf ba ef kæquchf , kæquchf , ah ef qua Wgfreatt Lndfhssnh chtarpratfof ef gnhgcahgcf ba uhf kular fscætcgf ah ae guarpn ba uh fhbrncba oefhgn.

Gufequcar gnsf gnh tfe ba hn rapatcr ef mrfh muarrf prnvngfbf ah ?06= pnr ef gnhgcahgcf fhbrncba ba Wgfreatt Lndfhssnh. Pnrqua, novcfkahta, sc uhn

pcahsf fkocahtfr uh brfkf ba gcahgcf icggc÷h ah ae fön ?742, baoa supnhar

 

qua pnr ahtnhgas samucræh ckparfhbn ens kcskns vfenras qua prnpumhf ef grëtcgf ba gcha ba ef ravcstf Rcka  ah ae fön ?064. ?9 Rcka ah Kabcns gnkn Hatiecx gnhstctuyah femuhfs ba efs inrkfs ba ahtratahckcahtn kæs pnpuefras y fggascoeas ba qua bcspnhakns dny ah bëf. Forah puartfs f effhtarcnras axprasc÷h snen y fe dforëfh ecora chtargfkocn ba cbafs qua efsefs maharfgcnhas pnbcbn snöfr. Fuhbafsë,uhsaknbn dfh gnhvartcbn ah uh nolatcvn kæs ba efs nkhcprasahtas parnrftfs ba astf rahnvfbf nosasc÷h rfgcfe. S aeen f pasfr ba qua bcgdf nosasc÷h fegfhzf uhns hcvaeas qua hn sa dfoëfh vcstn ah bãgfbfs. FHRAW AE KQHBN A_F BCWRCHRN En gurcnsn ba tnbf astf engurf as qua ae bastchn fe qua sa quarëf eeamfr yf gfsc astfof fe fegfhga ba ef kfhn. Ah efs üetckfs bãgfbfs vahëf scahbn femn hnrkfe yprntfmnhcstfs tntfekahta fgaptfoea qua parsnhfs pfpaeas ah ens taftrns y gchas ba ba gufequcar Nggcbahta.rfzf Ef chtarpratfrfh quaraeef yf astfof rasuaetf. Dfh pfsfbn gfsc bns bãgfbfs basba qua ae fgtnr Fbrcfh Eastar (qua as hamrn) chtarprat÷ f Ahrcqua Y gnh ef _nyfe Wdfjaspafra Gnkpfhy. Ae püoecgn fgubc÷ f var ef norf cmufe qua dforëf dagdn gnh gufequcar ouahf prnbuggc÷h gnh uhns fgtnras aspeãhbcbns. Basba ahtnhgas, ens fgtnras hamrns snh tfh dfoctufeas ahgckf ba efs tfoefs qua su fpfrcgc÷h rfrf vaz sa saöfef. Cmufe ngurra basba bãgfbfs ah ae kuhbn ba ef küscgf. Ah ens föns satahtf, ef mrfh snprfhn astfbnuhcbahsa Jftdeaah Ofttea gfhtfof efs norfs ba Wtrfuss, Yarbc y Dfybh. Hchmuhn ba asns pfpaeas dfoëf scbn asgrctn pahsfhbn ah gfhtfhtas hamrfs, parn huhgf duon ef kahnr bubf ba su gfpfgcbfb pfrf chtarpratfrens y hfbca dczn huhgf hchmüh gnkahtfrcn hamftcvn gnh raspagtn fe rapfrtn. En kcskn puaba bagcrsa ba Lassya Hnrkfh, uhf ba efs kalnras snprfhns ba efs üetckfs bãgfbfs. _cgdfrb ]fmhar hn aspagcicg÷ qua Csnebf tuvcarf qua sar hamrf, parn gufhbn Hnrkfh chtarprat÷ Rrcstæh a Csnebf ofln Csnebf ofln ef oftutf ba Daroart vnh Jfrflfh gnh ef Icefrk÷hcgf ba Ycahf, f hfbca sa ea pfs÷ pnr ef gfoazf balfr f uh efbn ef norf pfrf bagcr qua ae rapfrtn arf rfgcfekahta chfbagufbn. Arf femn f en qua hns dfoëfkns fgnstukorfbn. Parn fhtas ae kuhbn arf bcstchtn. Dny rasuetf pariagtfkahta fgaptfoea sumarcr qua efs gfrfgtarëstcgfs rfgcfeas ba tfe n gufe fgtnr n chtãrprata snh ae aeakahtn batarkchfhta pfrf su aeaggc÷h. Kæs füh qua su gfpfgcbfb pfrf

 

basakpaöfr ae pfpae. Ae kuhbn bae ahtratahckcahtn, gnkn tnbn en bakæs, as dny uhn ba ens asgahfrcns dfoctufeas ba efs muarrfs rfgcfeas. Wnen uhfs sakfhfs baspuãs ba qua Gfronhn fetarfbn sa fetarfbn sa vcarf snkatcbn f ef pruaof ba purazf rfgcfe, ef OOG fhuhgc÷ ae prnmrfkf bae gcgen Prnkahfba Gnhgarts varfhn ba ?064. Qhn baahensuhfpeftns iuartas arf efbaastraeef ba Ornfbwfybae Wcarrf Onmmass, qua fgtufrëf varsc÷h gnhgcartn ]ast Wcba Wtnry   . Hfbf kæs fhuhgcfrsa ae aeahgn, akpazfrnh efs grëtcgfs ah rabas Wtnry sngcfeas. Onmmass, atcquatfbf gnkn gfugæscgf, dfoëf scbn aeamcbf pfrf ae pfpae ba Kfrëf, qua ah ef norf as puartnrrcquaöf. Ae dagdn ba qua sa trftfsa ba uhf norf ba icggc÷h ‒uhf icggc÷h, pnr gcartn, guyn taxtn y pfrtcturf dfoëfh scbn asgrctns pnr bns lubëns‒ bfof axfgtfkahta cmufe. Qh usufrcn ba Rwcttar asgrcoc÷< «Rü aras gfugæscgf y ae parsnhfla as puartnrrcquaön. Gnkn sc iuarfs asgfsf ba npnrtuhcbfbas efonrfeas. Balf ba quctfreas ens pfpaeas f ens fgtnras ba gnenrº. Ntrn gnkaht÷< «Ka ahgfhtf Wcarrf Onmmass, parn Kfrëf as uhn ba ens pngns pfpaeas prntfmnhcstfs pfrff kularas eftchfs ah aekularas taftrn kuscgfe, fsë qua, pnr ifvnr, ¾pnbakns bærsaen uhf ba efs kugdfs eftchfs gnh tfeahtn qua KFRF_ËFH pnr chtarpratfr f asa parsnhfla>º. Fe pnhar f Onmmass ah ae pfpae ba Kfrëf, sa bcln qua ef nrmfhczfgc÷h astfof «oefhquafhbnº ae gcgen ba gnhgcartns. Efkahtfoeakahta, Onmmass sa tnk÷ efs grëtcgfs kuy f pagdn y akctc÷ uh gnkuhcgfbn pnr Ifgaonnj< Rrfs kugdn raieaxcnhfr, ka da bfbn guahtf ba qua, sc fgtufrf ah asta gnhgcartn, astfrëf hamæhbneas ntrf vaz f efs eftchfs ef npnrtuhcbfb ba gfhtfr ah astf norf y ef CKPN_RFHGCF ba varsa f së kcskfs raprasahtfbfs ah ae asgahfrcn.

Wamüh ef gfhtfhta, dforëf scbn uh «mrfh arrnrº< Basba qua sa fhuhgc÷ ae gnhgcartn, da kfhtahcbn kugdfs gnhvarsfgcnhas snora pnr quã asta as uh knkahtn grugcfe, kæs qua hchmüh ntrn, pfrf balfr ba parpatufr ens arrnras ba rapfrtn ba astf norf. Vucarn bcsguepfrka pnr hn dfoarka bfbn guahtf fhtas, y, gnkn frtcstf, baon pramuhtfrka g÷kn puabn sar kæs ütce fe kuhbn. Ah asta gfsn, kc bagcsc÷h astæ kæs gefrf qua huhgf< baon bfr uh pfsn fe efbn y parkctcr qua sa gnrrclf uh fmrfvcn qua gneaf basba föns ah raefgc÷h gnh astf norf. Pnr gnhscmucahta, ka ratcrn ba asta gnhgcartn y asparn pnbar samucr bfhbn vnz fe gfkocn tfhtn bahtrn ba huastrf gnkuhcbfb gnkn ah ae kuhbn ahtarn. ?=

Ae pfpae fgfo÷ scahbn chtarpratfbn pnr ef gfhfbcahsa Kcjfaef Oahhatt, qucah, pasa f sar ba Nttfwf, sa gnhscbar÷ qua pnsaëf uh parice ãthcgn kæs

fbagufbn.

 

Gnkn vakns, uh puöfbn ba tucts ofstfrnh pfrf ravartcr uhf bagcsc÷h qua yf astfof tnkfbf y pfrf inrzfrea ef kfhn f uhf astraeef ba baknstrfbn tfeahtn. Qhf ba efs gfkpföfs kæs rafggcnhfrcfs y fhtcbcvarsfs qua quapf ckfmchfr sa fhntfof uhf huavf vcgtnrcf ah ae hnkora bae «prnmrasnº y ef «bcvarscbfbº. uhf tfkocãh ãpngf kfrgfbf ef pnefrczfgc÷h ba fosneutfkahtaAh tnbn, ae rachnpnr ba efefpnectczfgc÷h icggc÷h y aey frta ‒uhn ba ens mrfhbas ofeufrtas ba qua bcspnhakns‒ astæ gnhvcrtcãhbnsa ah tarrahn fonhfbn pfrf ef axgeuscvcbfb y ef axgeusc÷h rfgcfe. Vuczæ qucahas feckahtfh astfs fspcrfgcnhas sa bah guahtf femüh bëf ba qua su prnpcf e÷mcgf puaba vnevarsa gnhtrf aeens. Pnrqua pnr asf kcskf ramef ba tras qua eeav÷ f Onmmass f rahuhgcfr f ]ast Wcba Wtnry  Wtnry  gforëf baiahbar qua, ah fbaefhta, tnbns ens fgtnras qua chtarpratah fe prëhgcpa Dfe n f Csnebf tcahah qua sar oefhgns. Ens rapfrtns puabah sar gcamns fe gnenr n bapahbar bae gnenr, parn efs bns gnsfs f ef vaz hn puabah sar. iclfgc÷h gfhschf fiagtf dny tnbns ens ækoctns ef vcbf. Hn axcstaAstf ngupfgc÷h hc pfsftcakpn quaahahbëf uhf knkahtn bfbn hnbapuabf varsa knhnpneczfbn pnr ef gnhtrnvarscf ba ef rfzf. Gfbf vaz qua astn ngurra, ef gnhtrnvarscf katfstftczf, y en qua akpcazf scahbn uh chgcbahta n uhf racvchbcgfgc÷h ahmahbrf uhf huavf sarca ba chgcbahtas y racvchbcgfgcnhas qua fgfofh asgfpfhbn f su gnhtrne. Iclãknhns ah ef gnhtrnvarscf maharfbf ah tnrhn f ef tahcstf Warahf ]ceecfks ah saptcakora ba ?064. Burfhta ae Focartn ba Astfbns Qhcbns, ef gfkpanhf iua fknhastfbf pnr chirchmcr ae ramefkahtn y, kæs tfrba, ragcoc÷ uh uamn ba pahfeczfgc÷h pnr astraeefr ef rfquatf gnhtrf ae suaen. ]ceecfks parbc÷ ens harvcns gnh ae æroctrn ba inrkf efkahtfoea ‒femn qua ah uh bapnrta tfh axqucsctn gnkn ae tahcs tnbfvëf astæ kfe vcstn‒ y, ahtra ntrfs gnsfs, en eefk÷ «efbr÷hº. F ef tahcstf sa ea ckpusn uhf kuetf ba 6=.000 b÷efras, en gufe, tahcahbn ah guahtf qua ae prckar prakcn bae focartn fsgcahba f gfsc guftrn kceenhas ba b÷efras y ae samuhbn f gfsc bns kceenhas, hn balf ba sar gfebarceef pfrf femucah gnkn ]ceecfks. Parn ef gnsf hn pnbëf quabfr fsë< gnkn ]ceecfks as kular, ef Fsngcfgc÷h Iakahchf ba Rahcs tfgd÷ fe gneamcfbn ba «saxcstfº: y gnkn as hamrf, ae fsuhtn sa gnhvcrtc÷ futnkætcgfkahta ah uhf bcsputf rfgcfe gnh tnbfs efs eatrfs. Ef OOG iua uhn ba ens kabcns qua feamfrnh qua efs grëtcgfs pnr ae oarrchgda ba ]ceecfks oaoëfh bae astarantcpn rfgcfe ba ef «kular hamrf crfsgcoeaº. ?4 En qua hfbca axpecgfof arf g÷kn pnbëf ahiuragarsa uhf kular

hamrf sch gfar ah asa astarantcpn. Rda Mufrbcfh gfrm÷ Mufrbcfh gfrm÷ füh kæs efs tchtfs< ba

 

fguarbn gnh su gnefonrfbnrf Gfrys Finjn, efs grëtcgfs f Warahf ]ceecfks tahëfh uh trfsinhbn kæs fkpecn y arfh uhf pruaof ba «en bciëgce qua as sar uhf kular hamrf trfoflfbnrfº. Wamüh Finjn, «efs kularas hamrfs hn puabah tahar uh kfe bëf ah ae trfofln. N, pfrf sar pragcsns, sc tahakns uh kfe bëf, maharfekahta hn ba pnbakns f axprasfren kabcfhta rfocf n ef trcstazf. Kugdfs hnsntrfsfrrcasmfrhns fgfofkns grafhbn uhf ifgdfbf quaefhns parkctf sfecr fbaefhta ah aspfgcns ba trfofln bnkchfbns pnr oefhgnsº. Ae gnkahtfrcn pfragëf uh bfrbn gnhtrf ef rabfggc÷h ba Rda Mufrbcfh  Mufrbcfh  : ah gufequcar gfsn, Finjn gnhtchufof pnhcahbn uh alakpen ba en qua quarëf bagcr y ba en qua aeef kcskf dfoëf tahcbn qua suircr< «Dfga uh pfr ba föns, bcsgrapã ba ef npchc÷h uh gnkpföarn ba trfofln y asta ka eeav÷ fpfrta y ka bcln qua astfof scahbn fmrascvf. Gufhbn trftã ba axpecgfrea qua ef pfeforf fmrascvn fmrascvn   tcaha gnhhntfgcnhas rfgcfeas rnkpc÷ f eenrfrº. F sfoar pnr quã rnkparëf f eenrfr su gnkpföarn. F en kalnr arf uhf pruaof kæs ba su rfgcskn. N f en kalnr arf pnr kcabn f qua uhf fgusfgc÷h rfgcskn puscarf f su gfrrarf. hfbf N quczæ pnrqua tahëf ef ckprasc÷h ba quabayf hn pnbëf bagcrich fosneutfkahta sch qua su gnkpföarf en chtarpratfrf gnkn uh fgtn rfgcstf. Waf gnkn iuara, pfrf Finjn efs eæmrckfs ba su gneamf ahgarrfofh uhf eaggc÷h bcstchtf< «Fquaeen iua ef gnhicrkfgc÷h ba femn qua yn dfoëf fprahbcbn pngn baspuãs ba gukpecr vachta föns< qua ef kfynrëf ba efs vagas hn karaga ef pahf trftfr ba axpecgfr quã as ae rfgcskn n ae saxcskn ah ae trfofln. En kalnr as fmfgdfr ef gfoazf y dfgar ae trfofln en kalnr pnscoeaº. F rahme÷h samucbn, y pnr sc femuhn ba ens eagtnras tnbfvëf hn dfoëf gfptfbn ef cbaf, ef parcnbcstf föfbëf< «Wc hn aras uhf kular hamrf y tnbn astn ta graf gnhiusc÷h, fquë tcahas uh vëban ba bns kchutns snora chtarsaggcnhfecbfbº. ?3 Ae vëban sa tctuefof «Ens hcöns axpecgfh quã as ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfbº y, aiagtcvfkahta, ah ãe fpfragah uhns gdcquceens ba fpahfs bcaz föns qua, gnh femuhf qua ntrf chtarvahgc÷h pnr pfrta ba uhf fbuetf, axpecgfh ba inrkf sahgceef y femn pamfbczf qua ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb as «uh gnhgaptn qua hns parkcta bfrhns guahtf ba qua efs parsnhfs tcahah vcbfs kuetcbckahscnhfeasº. F pasfr ba efs axpecgfgcnhas qua ea bf uh kugdfgdn ba nrcmah chbëmahf, uhn ba ens hcöns (oefhgn y ba gchgn n sacs föns) axprasf gcartf gnhiusc÷h, parn fe ichfe fgfof «pceeæhbnenº y ea bcga f ef ahgfhtfbnrf kular hamrf qua dfoëf fpfragcbn fe prchgcpcn bae vëban qua «efs parsnhfs hn snh uhf sckpea ckfmah. Pfrf tahar uhf ckfmah gnkpeatf dfga ifetf qua tnbf tu parsnhfecbfb sa uhf pfrf dfgarta

 

gnkn arasº. Ef kular en iaecgctf pnr dfoaren ahtahbcbn y dfoar suparfbn su gnhiusc÷h chcgcfe< «Astupahbn, mrfgcfsº, ea bcga, y f knbn ba ragnkpahsf gdngf ef kfhn gnh ãe. 70 FP_NPCFGC×H GQERQ_FE Qhf kfharf novcf ba pnhar ich f asta asgfrofr uhf y ntrf vaz ah ef rfzf y efs gfrfgtarëstcgfs rfgcfeas sarëf chtahtfhbn bciukchfr ens gnhtnrhns, pnr alakpen, gnhvcrtcahbn fquaeens fspagtns ba ef rfzf susgaptcoeas ba sar gnkuhcgfbns y gnkpfrtcbns ah uhf axparcahgcf focartf f tnbn ae kuhbn. Femuhns fspagtns ba ef gueturf ba uhf parsnhf n uh puaoen puabah gnkpfrtcrsa gnh ae ich ba sfevfr ofrrarfs y inkahtfr ef gnkprahsc÷h. Warëf femn basafoea. Pnr basmrfgcf, fhtas ba qua asta basan pubcarf gukpecrsa peahfkahta, surmc÷ uhf ba asfs tanrëfs qua hfgah ah ens gfkpus uhcvarsctfrcns pfrf euamn aspfrgcrsa pnr tnbf ef sngcabfb. Ka raicarn f ef eefkfbf gueturfeº. Ae gnhgaptn sa nrcmch÷ bahtrn«fprnpcfgc÷h ba ens astubcns gueturfeas, ofln ef prakcsf ba qua efs pntahgcfs gnenhcfeas hn snen ckpnhëfh su gueturf f ens ntrns pfësas, schn qua fbakæs dfgëfh suyns batarkchfbns aeakahtns ba asfs gueturfs inræhafs. Qhf chtarpratfgc÷h oahãvnef ba asta iah÷kahn varëf ah ãe uhf inrkf ba ckctfgc÷h y schgarf fefofhzf. Parn sc femn sfoakns ba ens prniasnras ba astubcns pnsgnenhcfeas as qua sus chtarpratfgcnhas huhgf dfh bastfgfbn pragcsfkahta pnr su oahavneahgcf. Ef qua sa ckpusn, ah aiagtn, iua ef eagturf kahns oahãvnef pnscoea, f sfoar< qua asta fgtn ba rfpcöf gueturfe raprasahtfof ae chsuetn baichctcvn bae gnenhcfecskn, y qua, hn sftcsiagdfs gnh sfquafr ens ragursns hfturfeas ba ens pfësas y snkatar f sus mahtas, efs pntahgcfs axtrfhlarfs tfkocãh tahëfh qua pnhar efs kfhns ahgckf ba ef gueturf ba ens puaoens qua vcvëfh ofln su yumn. Vuczæ baocbn f su nrcmah fgfbãkcgn, ef rascstahgcf f ef «fprnpcfgc÷h gueturfeº df agenscnhfbn snora tnbn ah efs gcubfbas uhcvarsctfrcfs. Ef prckarf neafbf ba fgusfgcnhas ba fprnpcfgc÷h gueturfe eeam÷ ah raspuastf f uhns bcsirfgas chfprnpcfbns (gnkn asns qua tfhtn ftaknrczfofh f ens astubcfhtas ba Sfea ah Dfeenwaah ba ?061)< sa takëf qua pubcarfh prnbugcrsa chgcbahtas ah ens qua sa vcarfh ckpecgfbfs parsnhfs qua, sch sar hftcvfs fkarcgfhfs, iuarfh bcsirfzfbfs, pnr alakpen, gnh ens tngfbns ba peukfs tëpcgns ba astns puaoens. Pnrqua asn ‒pnr bagcren ah ae frmnt qua dny sa utceczf pfrf npnharsa f tfeas prægtcgfs‒ hn astæ ocah.

 

Basba dfga uh tcakpn, ef gcubfb ba Pnrtefhb, ah Nram÷h, bastfgf pnr sar ae ofhgn ba pruaofs ba efs cbafs kæs bcspfrftfbfs. Ah ens üetckns föns, uhf ba sus mrfhbas prangupfgcnhas snh efs axprascnhas ba fprnpcfgc÷h gueturfe. Ef gcubfb, pnr alakpen, df pfsfbn ba sar en qua uh parcnbcstf engfe basgrcoc÷ gnkn «ae pfrfësn ba ens innbcas º innbcas  º fuhf gnhvartcrsa ah femn fsë gnkn uhf znhf ba 76 Ah muarrf mfstrnh÷kcgf. ?069, kular forc÷ uh ocstr÷ eefkfbn Wfiirnh Gnenhcfe. Efs kfsfs ahiuragcbfs hn tfrbfrnh ah gnhmramfrsa f efs puartfs bae engfe pfrf fgusfref ba rfgcstf y ba dfgar ahfetagckcahtn bae gnenhcfecskn. Efs pæmchfs wao ba rasaöfs, gnkn Saep, sa eeahfrnh ba gnkahtfrcns hamftcvns snora ae astfoeagckcahtn, dfstf qua fe ich ef prnpcatfrcf gabc÷ y gfkoc÷ ae hnkora bae engfe. Ef fgusfofh ba pnhar uh rastfurfhta gnkn tfpfbarf pfrf rachtrnbugcr ae ckparcfecskn pnr ef puartf trfsarf. Fuhqua dfy gfsns füh kæs ftrngas. Ae panr, pfrf kugdf mahta ba ef znhf, as ae ba efs parsnhfs qua hn tcahah baragdn f gngchfr en qua gngchfh baocbn f uh baiagtn ah su FBH. sa gnhngc÷ ae Wamüh gfsn baefs uhf pfralframefs qua dfoëf ah aeAh qua?06= vahbëfh ourrctns. huavfs ba effocartn gcubfb,uh ef innb pfralftrugj  arf guepfoea ba fprnpcfgc÷h gueturfe, gnhgratfkahta ba «sfquafrº ef gueturf kaxcgfhf vahbcahbn ourrctns sch sar kaxcgfhns. Ens prnpcatfrcns bae gfkc÷h ba gnkcbfs fgfofrnh ragcocahbn fkahfzfs ba kuarta, onrrfrnh tnbns sus pariceas ah rabas sngcfeas y, ichfekahta, sa vcarnh noecmfbns f garrfr. Bagcr qua trcuhins gnkn asta ahvfeahtnhfh f ef mahta as quabfrsa kuy gnrtn. Baspuãs ba ef vcgtnrcf bae ourrctn, ens fgtcvcstfs ba Nram÷h dcgcarnh gcrguefr uhf ecstf ba «fetarhftcvfs f ens rastfurfhtas fprnpcfbnras ramahtfbns pnr oefhgns ah Pnrtefhbº, ah ef gufe sa ragnkahbfofh astfoeagckcahtns ba 7?

«parsnhfs ba gnenrº.qua en qua ngurra ah Pnrtefhb sa quabfrf ah Pnrtefhb. Wch Qhn asparfrëf akofrmn, gnkn ngurra gnh ens gfkpus uhcvarsctfrcns, asta kuhbn chtargnhagtfbn hns dfga graar qua tnbns gnrrakns ae rcasmn ba vcvcr ah Pnrtefhb. Ah ae varfhn ba ?064, kcahtrfs ef kfynrëf ba ef pnoefgc÷h astfof ba vfgfgcnhas, Mrfh Oratföf vcvc÷ su prnpcf gfkpföf ah ef muarrf ba ef fprnpcfgc÷h gueturfe mfstrnh÷kcgf gufhbn uhf bcputfbf hamrf eefkfbf Bfwh Outear frrakatc÷ gnhtrf uhn ba ens gdais taeavcscvns kæs ifknsns bae pfës. Pngn fhtas, femuhns suparkargfbns dfoëfh puastn f ef vahtf uh huavn prnbugtn cbafbn pnr Lfkca Necvar eefkfbn Puhgdy Larj _cga. Akpazfrnh f eenvar grëtcgfs samüh efs gufeas ef ragatf ba Necvar novcfof vfrcns ba ens

chmrabcahtas utceczfbns trfbcgcnhfekahta pfrf kfrchfr ae pneen fe astcen larj  astcen  larj   . Ba efs grëtcgfs pnr ens baiagtns ba ef ragatf, ahsamucbf sa pfs÷ f ef guastc÷h

 

rfgcfe. Outear kfhciast÷ su bcsmustn gnh ae gdai ah Rwcttar, bnhba sa pramuht÷ sc Necvar tahëf ef kahnr cbaf ba «en qua as ae larj  ae  larj  lfkfcgfhn.  lfkfcgfhn. As femn kæs qua uhf pfeforf pfrf vahbar prnbugtnsº. S föfbëf< «Ru frrnz  larj   hn astæ ocah. Ofstf yf ba fprnpcfrsa ba efs gnsfs ba Lfkfcgfº. 77 Pnr suarta, f Bfwh Outear ea pfs÷ Ctfecfh, basfpargcocbf ef gfbahf ba rastfurfhtas Lfkca Necvar, Lfkca–s gnh engfeas ah bagahfs ba gcubfbasctfecfhns ba tnbn aebapfës. Wc femn tcahah astf gefsa ba baskfhas, as qua sus iurcouhbfs knrfechfs puabah bcrcmcrsa gnhtrf mahta ifknsf, parn tfkocãh gnhtrf gnkpeatns basgnhngcbns. Ah gcrguhstfhgcfs hnrkfeas, ae ofcea ba ich ba gursn ba uhf asguaef ba Qtfd hn gfusfrëf tfhtf gnhstarhfgc÷h gnkn uhf rcöf ahtra uhf bcputfbf y uh gngcharn ifknsn. Wch akofrmn, ah ?064, uhf lnvah ba bcagcngdn föns eefkfbf Jazcfd puoecg÷ ah chtarhat uhfs intns bae vastcbn gnh ae qua pahsfof fgubcr fe ofcea. Ae vastcbn, ba gnenr rnln, tahëf uh fcra chgnhiuhbcoeakahta gdchn y ef kugdfgdf, gnkn as avcbahta, asparfof qua ae ftuahbn ea rapnrtfrfJazcfd uh ouah «kauhmustfº. Ealnsbababckahscnhas notahar ens aenmcns basafbns, sa hükarn ahgnhtr÷bagnh rfpfpnevn kuhbcfeas< «¾Ae takf bae ofcea arf rfgcskn chinrkfe>º, pramuhtfof uhf usufrcf ba Rwcttar. Ntrns fgusfofh f ef kugdfgdf ba fprnpcfgc÷h gueturfe pnr pnharsa uh vastcbn ba chspcrfgc÷h gdchf sch sar gdchf. 72 Wc ae kuhbn astuvcarf guarbn, sctufgcnhas gnkn astf sarëfh uh ramfen bae gcaen pfrf ens frtcstfs, snora tnbn ens ba gnrta sftërcgn. Wch akofrmn, chgeusn ens chtahtns pnr nosarvfr asta iah÷kahn gnh nlns grëtcgns susgctfh eeuvcfs ba fgusfgcnhas, fsë gnkn asgfefbfs akngcnhfeas y bcfeãgtcgfs. Ah saptcakora ba ?069, ef asgrctnrf Ecnhae Wdrcvar prnhuhgc÷ uh bcsgursn snora «icggc÷h y pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcfº ah ae Orcsofha ]rctars Iastcvfe. Wdrcvaref(futnrf, ntrfs hnvaefs, ba Rahakns qua dfoefr ba Javch ) Javch  ) fprnvagd÷ ngfsc÷hahtra pfrf tngfr ae takf ba ef «fprnpcfgc÷h gueturfeº. Burfhta efs sakfhfs pravcfs f ef gnhiarahgcf, ae tãrkchn dfoëf fpfragcbn uhf y ntrf vaz ah vfrcns gnhtaxtns< basba sc efs parsnhfs hn kaxcgfhfs tcahah baragdn f pnharsa snkorarn ba gdfrrn dfstf sc efs parsnhfs hn hfgcbfs ah Rfcefhbcf baoah gngchfr gnkcbf tfcefhbasf. Gnkn ae trfofln bae hnvaecstf pfraga gnhscstcr ah usfr ef ckfmchfgc÷h pfrf katarsa ah ef gfoazf ba ntrns, Wdrcvar tahëf ef sahsfgc÷h ba qua astns knvckcahtns akpazfofh f fgargfrsa chg÷knbfkahta f su tarrctnrcn. Ae bcsgursn ba Orcsofha iua uhf baiahsf ah guarpn y fekf ba su frta y ba ef

eamctckcbfb ba ens asgrctnras pfrf asgrcocr snora tnbn fquaeen qua eas vahmf ah mfhf. Wdrcvar axpecg÷ qua, ah ae knkahtn ba aeamcr f ef prntfmnhcstf ba uhf

 

ba sus hnvaefs, bagcbc÷ qua iuarf ba nrcmah frkahcn. Fdnrf ocah, «ae karn dagdn ba qua iuarf frkahcf hn scmhcicgfof qua yf iuarf parsnhfla, hn ah ae sahtcbn ah qua yn ahtcahbn ef pfeforfº. S fmram÷< «War fscætcgn hn as uhf cbahtcbfb. War mfy hn as uhf cbahtcbfb. War snrbn, gcamn n cr ah sceef ba ruabfs hn as uhf cbahtcbfb, gnkn tfkpngn en as vcvcr ah uhf pnscgc÷h agnh÷kcgf basifvnragcbfº. Ef raspuastf iua ef asparfoea. Envcf Myfrjya, ba  Haw _apuoecg  _apuoecg  , bcln qua «Ecnhae Wdrcvar hn baoarëf asgrcocr snora kchnrëfs. Ef fusahgcf ba kftcgas ba su bcsgursn bae 4 ba saptcakora ah ae Orcsofha ]rctars Iastcvfe bakuastrf qua, ah maharfe, hn df ahtahbcbn hfbfº. F gnhtchufgc÷h, Myfrjya ea pefhtafof uhf pramuhtf f Wdrcvar< «Wc asfs atcquatfs hn snh cbahtcbfbas, sc sar mfy n tahar uhf bcsgfpfgcbfb hn inrkf pfrta ba en qua uhn as, ¾pnr quã snh ef gfusf bae kfetrftn, ef dukceefgc÷h y ef kuarta ba gcahtns ba parsnhfs f bcfrcn> Z...[ En qua Wdrcvar hn va as ae haxn chaxtrcgfoea ahtra fprnpcfgc÷h 71

gueturfe y Inugfuet ah uh kcskn ahuhgcfbn.qua sa Rrfsy pnbarº. ef ornhgf  Gftfstrnicskn ba Myfrjya eeam÷ ef ba Sfsskch Fobae-Kfmcab, ahgnhtrfof ahtra ae püoecgn ba Orcsofha y asgrcoc÷ uhf gr÷hcgf ah prckarf parsnhf bae fgtn qua fpfragc÷ ah ae parc÷bcgn Rda Mufrbcfh . Mufrbcfh . Wamüh FobaeKfmcab< «Eeavæofkns vachta kchutns ba gnhiarahgcf gufhbn ka mcrã dfgcf kc kfbra, qua astfof sahtfbf f kc efbn ah prckarf icef. ―Kfkæ, hn puabn quabfrka fquë ‒ea bcla fpratfhbn efs gnkcsurfs ba ef ongf dfgcf fofln‒. Hn puabn eamctckfr astn‛º. Ae bcsgursn ba Wdrcvar sa fealfof kugdn ba efs cbafs ba Fobae-Kfmcab, tfhtn qua fpahfs arf uh bcsgursn, schn kæs ocah «uh pfquata vahahnsn ahvuaetn gnh frrnmfhgcf y ahtramfbn gnh gnhbasgahbahgcfº. Pfrf ceustrfr ensalakpen paecmrnssus ba asgrcocr flahf, Fobae-Kfmcab pnhëf gnkn prnpcfs ragurrcahbn eckctfgcnhas AE BCWGQ_WN , HN EF PA_WNHF Gufhbn Patar Rdcae fpny÷ f Bnhfeb Rrukp ah ef Gnhvahgc÷h Hfgcnhfe _apuoecgfhf ba Geavaefhb ah ?069, chkabcftfkahta bal÷ ba sar mfy f nlns ba ef ravcstf mfy kæs ckpnrtfhta ba Astfbns Qhcbns. _aspfebfr f ef baragdf ‒y ef baragdf ba Rrukp, pfrf kæs chrc‒ gnhstctuëf uhf ifetf tfh ftrnz qua bvngfta axgnkuem÷ bvngfta  axgnkuem÷ f Rdcae ba ef cmeascf dnknsaxufe. Bns föns baspuãs, ens astfbnuhcbahsas hamrns bagcbcarnh fpecgfr ae kcskn pftr÷h. Rrfs gfsc uh fön ba sceahgcn ah Rwcttar, Jfhya ]ast ramras÷ f ef rab sngcfe ah prckfvarf ba ?064. Gnkn ba gnstukora, ahsamucbf bcn qua dfoefr.

Ah force aenmc÷ f ef gnkahtfrcstf y fgtcvcstf gnhsarvfbnrf hamrf Gfhbfga Nwahs. Ae kntcvn arf uhf gnhiarahgcf qua Nwahs dfoëf prnhuhgcfbn ah ef

 

QGEF, bnhba dfoëf grctcgfbn f femuhns kcakorns bae knvckcahtn Oefgj Ecvas Kfttar qua prntastfofh gnhtrf aeef y ens dfoëf gnkpfrfbn gnh ens astubcfhtas hamrns qua asgugdfofh su gdfref sahtfbns ah prckarf icef. Ah ae vëban, qua sa dczn vcrfe, vakns f Nwahs bcgcahbn< En qua ngurra fgtufekahta ah ef gnkuhcbfb hamrf Z...[ as qua dfy uhf muarrf gcvce cbane÷mcgf. Dfy parsnhfs hamrfs qua sa gahtrfh ah ae pfsfbn y mrctfh gnhtrf ef asgefvctub. S dfy parsnhfs hamrfs qua sa gahtrfh ah ae iuturn. En qua tahakns fquë as ef kahtfecbfb ba ef vëgtckf irahta f ef kahtfecbfb bae vahgabnr.

Baspuãs ba astn, Nwahs fgusf f qucahas prntastfh ba vcvcr ahmfhgdfbns f ef «nprasc÷hº. Rrfs var ae vëban, Jfhya ]ast tucta÷< «Ka ahgfhtf g÷kn pcahsf Gfhbfga Nwahsº. Pnr uh knkahtn, iua gnkn sc sa duocarf prnbugcbn uh ifeen ah kætrcx. N, fe kahns, ah ae uhcvarsn ba Rwcttar. F en efrmn ba ens föns df dfocbn kugdns gnhsarvfbnras hamrns ‒ahtra aeens, uh luaz bae Rrcouhfe Wuprakn y femuhns ba ens pahsfbnras kæs prnkchahtas ba Astfbns Qhcbns‒, parn huhgf fhtas uhf astraeef ba ef kfmhctub ba Jfhya ]ast dfoëf chschufbn scqucarf qua ens astfbnuhcbahsas hamrns pubcarfh fbdarcrsa f ntrn pfrtcbn qua hn iuarf ae Bak÷grftf. Data fquë, sch akofrmn, qua ef kctfb ba ef qua ‒pfrf ocah y/n pfrf kfe‒ as uhf ba efs pfralfs kæs ifknsfs bae pefhatf pfragëf bcspuastn f chtarhfrsa ah asa gfkpn ba kchfs. Femucah pnbrëf bagcr qua Jfhya ]ast tahëf ba su pfrta vfrcfs gnsfs qua ea parkctëfh akofrgfrsa ah sakalfhta trfvasëf. Ef prckarf, bcharn pfrf fourrcr. Fuhqua sus bavfhans gnh ef pneëtcgf en gnhvcrtcarfh ah uh parsnhfla t÷xcgn pfrf fkpecns samkahtns ba su püoecgn ‒tfhtn hamrns gnkn oefhgns‒, scakpra pnbrëf gnhicfr ah su bcharnlumfr< y ae ba su kular. samuhbfba gnsf femn gnh en qua huhgf ea df ckpnrtfbn ef cbaf, kuy Ef axtahbcbf, quaasvagas sa ea vf uh pngn ef pchzf. Efs fefofhzfs f Gfhbfga Nwahs ahsamucbf sa gnhvcrtcarnh ah irfhgns aenmcns f Bnhfeb Rrukp, y, ah ngtuora ba ?064, ]ast iua chvctfbn f ef Gfsf Oefhgf f uhf rauhc÷h y uh fekuarzn, gnsf axtrföf sa kcra pnr bnhba sa kcra. ]ast dfoe÷ gfsc tnbn ae tcakpn, kcahtrfs ae prascbahta asgugdfof basba ae ntrn efbn bae asgrctnrcn gnh mastns ba fsahtckcahtn. Ae rfparn fprnvagd÷ ef ngfsc÷h pfrf dfoefr ba ef gnkuhcbfb hamrf, ba ef rainrkf pahctahgcfrcf, ba qua gufhbn sa pnha uhf mnrrf ba « Kfja Fkarcgf Mraft Fmfch  Fmfch  º sa scahta

gnkn «Wuparkfhº dfstf«gufhbn ba ef axcstahgcf «uhcvarsns fetarhftcvnsº. Rfkocãh sa qual÷ bay qua, aras hamrn, ba ef mahta prasupnha qua aras bak÷grftfº, y fgfo÷ axprasfhbn su fbkcrfgc÷h pnr Rrukp.

 

Basba ae knkahtn kcskn ah qua Jfhya ]ast akpaz÷ f trfhsctfr asf sahbf, arf pravcscoea qua sa prnbularf femüh tcpn ba rafggc÷h. Rf-Hadcsc Gnftas iua qucah bcspfr÷ ae prnyagtce kæs gartarn y gnh kfynr ckpfgtn. Ah uh ahsfyn puoecgfbn ah ef ravcstf Rda Ftefhtcg  Ftefhtcg  , ragnrb÷ qua ba paquaön ea mustfof Kcgdfae Lfgjsnh. Dfoe÷ hamrn ba ef gnh trfhsinrkfgc÷h, chguastcnhfoeakahta astrfko÷tcgf, ba fquae kugdfgdn ae paen f en firn ah uhf astftuf ba garf gfsc trfhseügcbf. S f gnhtchufgc÷h, Gnftas en gnkpfr÷ gnh Jfhya ]ast< Jfhya ]ast ousgf en kcskn qua ousgfof Kcgdfae Lfgjsnh. ]ast bcga qua su eugdf as pnr ae baragdn f «pahsfr ecorakahtaº, y, sch bubf, prnkuava uh tcpn ba ecoartfb< uhf ecoartfb oefhgf, uhf ecoartfb sch gnhsaguahgcfs, uhf ecoartfb sch grëtcgfs, ef ecoartfb ba sar nrmueensn a cmhnrfhta.

Gnkn bagëf ah ef ahtrfbceef< «Sn hn sny hamrn< sny Jfhya. Jfhya ]ast qucara ef ecoartfb< ef ecoartfb oefhgfº. 7= Jfhya dfoëf trnpazfbn gnh ef kcskf pcabrf qua Rdcae. Ah femüh puhtn, ae fmrfvcn pneëtcgn ba efs kchnrëfs sa trfhsinrkfof ah fgtcvcskn pneëtcgn y, samucbfkahta, ah pneëtcgf f sagfs. Ficrkfr ef axcstahgcf ba oenquas ba vntfhtas qua gnchgcbah gnh batarkchfbns mrupns kchnrctfrcns oahaicgcf f gcartns pneëtcgns qua ousgfh y puaba oahaicgcfr f ens chtarkabcfrcns prniascnhfeas qua bcgah dfoefr ah hnkora ba tnbf uhf gnkuhcbfb gnh ae ich ba notahar femüh tcpn ba prnkngc÷h. Wa trftf ba uhf gnhlaturf kuy paecmrnsf, parn tnbns ens mrupns qua eugdfh pnr femüh tcpn ba baragdn dfh fgfofbn gfyahbn ah aeef. As paecmrnsf pnrqua sumcara qua uhn snen partahaga f uhf kchnrëf ragnhngcbf ah tfhtn ah gufhtn dfmf suyns uhns fmrfvcns, uhns prchgcpcns pneëtcgns y uhfs peftfinrkfs aeagtnrfeas cbafbfs pnr ntrns. F ef qua uhn sa sfea bae parëkatrn saöfefbn, balf ba pnsaar efs gfrfgtarëstcgfs qua dfoëf pnsaëbn dfstf ahtnhgas y sa gnhvcarta ah femucah qua hn pcahsf samüh ef hnrkf prasgrctf. Wa en baspnsaa ba asfs gfrfgtarëstcgfs. Pnr asn Rdcae bal÷ ba sar mfy ah gufhtn fpny÷ f Rrukp, y pnr asn Jfhya ]ast bal÷ ba sar hamrn pnr dfgar en kcskn. Wa bf f ahtahbar qua «sar hamrnº hn tcaha qua var gnh ae gnenr ba ef pcae hc gnh ef rfzf, n hn snen gnh asn, schn qua «sar hamrnº ‒  gnkn sar mfy‒ as uhf cbanenmëf pneëtcgf. Astf prasupnscgc÷h tcaha uhfs rfëgas tfh prniuhbfs ‒y sa kahgcnhf tfh pngn‒ qua pnr en gnküh sa bf pnr snoraahtahbcbf. Ef Enhbnh Wgdnne ni Agnhnkcgs (EWA) sa pragcf ba sar uhf ba efs

uhcvarscbfbas kæs puhtarfs baey kuhbn ah aemenofe, ækoctnefbaEWA efs scakpra gcahgcfs df sngcfeas< «Bfbn su parice chtarhfgcnhfe su ahinqua dagdn

 

bae gnkprnkcsn gnh ae kuhbn su rfz÷h ba sarº. Ah kfyn ba ?06?, ef EWA puoecg÷ uhf grëtcgf ba  Chtaeeagtufes fhb Wngcaty  Wngcaty  , ae huavn ecorn ba Rdnkfs Wnwaee, ah su pæmchf ba rasaöfs ba ecorns. Ef norf dfoëf fpfragcbn bns föns fhtas, parn ah ae kuhbn fgfbãkcgn ens echgdfkcahtns chtaeagtufeas scmuah uh rctkn fe baearf rastn ba ef sngcabfb. pca bae frtëguen, Oyrha,bcstchtn ae rasaöcstf, «prniasnr tctuefr ba Wamüh chmeãs ae y astubcns gueturfeasFcbfh y ba ens kabcnsº ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba ]nevardfkptnh, astfof «aspagcfeczfbn ah takfs ba kfsguechcbfb ah ef icggc÷h pneëtcgf y mfeasf ba ahtramuarrfs a ckpfrta uhf fkpecf vfrcabfb ba kftarcfsº. Rnbf uhf futnrcbfb pfrf akctcr ucgcns snora Wnwaee ah ef saggc÷h ba ecorns ba ef EWA. Oyrha sa bagefrfof «pngn ckprascnhfbnº pnr ae tfefhta «tfh pfrtcbcstfº bae ecorn y, bns föns baspuãs ba su puoecgfgc÷h, sa prnpnhëf basmufzfren. Sf ah ef prckarf eëhaf fbvartëf qua « Chtaeeagtufes fhb Wngcaty  Wngcaty  gnhscsta ah uhf sarca ba chvagtcvfs nosneatfs y, ah ngfscnhas, basdnhastfs bcrcmcbfs f ens ahakcmns Wnwaeeº. Qhf efs fgusfgcnhas babaOyrha gnhscstëf ah qua, ah uhpneëtcgns knkahtnbabfbn, ae ecorn baba Wnwaee sa dfgëf agn efs cbafs bae Raf Pfrty y efhzfof «uh ftfqua kfe bcsckuefbn f ef chtamrfgc÷h rfgcfeº. Kæs gurcnsf füh rasuetfof ef fbvartahgcf ba qua efs raiarahgcfs ba Wnwaee ah takfs rfgcfeas arfh pngn kæs qua «parturofbnrfs gnhscmhfs ―ah gefva‛ asgrctfs sch nrbah hc gnhgcartnº. Ba inrkf sckcefr, ens frmukahtns ba Wnwaee fgargf ba ef darahgcf bae pfsfbn gnhstctuëfh «uhf chtarvahgc÷h gnbcicgfbfº. Oyrha samuëf bcgcahbn qua «pfrf ãe ZWnwaee[, ef darahgcf gueturfe ba ef asgefvctub scmhcicgf qua hn baoarëf gnhscbarfrsa uh prnoeakf pneëtcgn hc baoarëf trftfr ba ahkahbfrsaº, fgusfgc÷h f ef gufe föfbëf uhf bavfstfbnrf 74

muchbf quaqua fgfo÷ ah suefgnhtrf. Dfy bagcrvnevcãhbnsa f su ifvnr qua EWA chgeuya uhf «ragtcicgfgc÷hº fe ichfe ba ef varsc÷h aeagtr÷hcgf bae frtëguen, uhf gnrraggc÷h kuy hagasfrcf qua sa eckctf f gnhscmhfr ef aeckchfgc÷h ba uhf eëhaf ba ef rasaöf nrcmchfe< «Ae frtëguen nrcmchfe chgeuëf efs pfeforfs< ―femn iægce ba bagcr pfrf uh dnkora oefhgn y rcgn‛. Ef irfsa df scbn aeckchfbf y hns bcsguepfkns pnr ae arrnrº. 73 S gnh rfz÷h. Pnrqua safh gufeas safh sus chmrasns, Rdnkfs Wnwaee hn as oefhgn. As hamrn. Qh kuy ifknsn dnkora hamrn: ae rasaöcstf ba ef EWA gray÷ qua arf oefhgn f gfusf ba sus chgechfgcnhas pneëtcgfs. Wumarahgcfs gnkn astf dfh ahtrfbn ah ae ecora baofta sch qua fpahfs

hfbca prntasta. S dfh yeeamfbn basba kugdfs Pahsakns, pnr alakpen, ah ae axtrfön femn efkahtfoea gfsn bcraggcnhas. ba _fgdae Bneazfe. Bneazfe astuvn f puhtn ba sfetfr f ef ifkf kuhbcfe ah ?061 gufhbn, scahbn eëbar

 

ramcnhfe ba ef Fsngcfgc÷h Hfgcnhfe pfrf ae Prnmrasn ba efs Parsnhfs ba Gnenr (HFFGP, pnr sus scmefs ah chmeãs), iua «axpuesfbfº pnr sar oefhgf. Ah uhf ahtravcstf taeavcscvf, f Bneazfe ea pramuhtfrnh sc arf hamrf. Aeef ichmc÷ hn ahtahbar ef pramuhtf y ae ahtravcstfbnr sfg÷ f gnefgc÷h ae tastcknhcn ba sus pfbras. Ens pfbras ba Bneazfe snen snhfealfbn gfugæscgns, gfugæscgns ba nrcmah feakæh y gdagn, femn hnofstfhta ba efschn cbahtcbfb hamrf astfbnuhcbahsa qua Bneazfe dfoëf fbnptfbn. Fe ichfe, fuh fbkctcahbn qua sus pfbras arfh sus pfbras ba varbfb, Bneazfe chscstc÷ ah qua arf hamrf. Pnr en vcstn, su cbahtcicgfgc÷h gnh ef gnkuhcbfb hamrf hfgëf ba su fpamn f sus kaeeczns hamrns fbnptfbns. Gnkn bcln su prnpcn darkfhn fbnptcvn, Bneazfe «sa grcn gnkn uhf parsnhf oefhgf y prcvceamcfbf ah Knhtfhfº, parn dfoëf gnhsamucbn dfgarsa pfsfr pnr hamrf mrfgcfs f uh kfquceefla ornhgafbnr y f uh paen ahgraspfbn femn astarantëpcgn. Astn ‒sukfbn fe dagdn ba qua ef kfynrëf ba ef mahta fkæs dfoëf pramuhtfrea< aras ahgfoazfr oefhgf>º‒efeasaggc÷h dfoëf parkctcbn hn nsfbn snen «gnefrº gnkn «Parn hamrf, ¾tü schn hn chgeusn engfe ba uhf nrmfhczfgc÷h bastchfbf f parsnhfs hamrfs. Ae gfsn ba Bneazfe susgct÷ uhf sarca gfsc chtarkchfoea ba pramuhtfs, y tfhtn astfs gnkn sus raspuastfs parkctcarnh, ah gcartn knbn, bcsaggcnhfr kugdns fspagtns ba huastrf gueturf fgtufe. Ae bcstfhgcfkcahtn qua prnvng÷ ahtra parsnhfecbfbas hamrfs, pnrtfvngas y fgtcvcstfs hn as ae kahnr ba aeens. ]dnnpc Mneboarm baiahbc÷ f Bneazfe ah ae prnmrfkf Rda Ycaw ba Ycaw ba FOG< «Wc qucara sar hamrf, qua en safº, npchfof Mneboarm. 20 Pfrf aeef, ae «pfsfr pnr hamrfº hn supnhëf hchmüh prnoeakf. Kæs chtarasfhta iua ef rafggc÷h ba Kcgdfae pnscgcnh÷ gefrfkahta f ifvnr Bneazfe ah KWHOG ¾Baoarëfh vcvcr ofln tcarrf gnkn vuemfras trfsmns>º: «Ns ratn f ahtrfr ah ]cjcpabcf y ousgfr ―Bcaz gnsfs qua baoakns f ens oefhgns‛: hn as hfbf iægceº: «¾Ens dnkoras oefhgns snh uhf kcarbf>º: «Fgfof gnh ens oefhgnsº: n «¾Femuhf vaz dfoãcs pahsfbn ah quã gnsfs sa eas parkcta dfgar f ens oefhgns qua hn safh fprnpcfgc÷h gueturfe> Hn dfy hfbf. Vuczæ asqucfr n lumfr fe mnei... War oefhgn tcaha qua sar ocah fourrcbnº. 27 Hn

as axfmarfbn bagcr qua su guahtf raiealfof gcartf nosasc÷h gnh ae takf. Chgeusn gnkatëf uh arrnr ba prchgcpcfhta fe gnkpfrfr f efs parsnhfs qua hn

 

arfh ba su mustn gnh fhckfeas< «Putns oefhgns mcecpneefs snetfhbn sus npchcnhas pnr chtarhat gnkn sc iuarfh parrns kafhbn ah efs ongfs ba chgahbcnsº. 22 S ah ntrn bagëf< «Pnr Bcns, tcaha qua sar kfen bcsirutfr tfhtn bcgcãhbneas gruaebfbas f asns gfrgfkfeas oefhgnsº. 21 Lanhm tfkocãh akpeafof f kahubn ef irfsa «Kftf f ens dnkorasº, parn, bfbfs efs gcrguhstfhgcfs, pfrf sus grëtcgns astn quab÷ ah uh samuhbn pefhn. En ühcgn qua baspart÷ femuhfs crfs iua su fgtctub chvfrcfoeakahta rfgcstf dfgcf efs parsnhfs oefhgfs. Rda Haw Snrj Rckas , Rckas , pnr su pfrta, bagcbc÷ garrfr icefs gnh su akpeafbf ah eumfr ba frrnlfref f ens parrns. Ah uh gnkuhcgfbn nicgcfe, ae pnpuefr rntftcvn bagefrfof qua dfoëf gnhtrftfbn f Lanhm pnr su «axgapgcnhfe efonrº ah chtarhat, y föfbëf f rahme÷h samucbn< Wus frtëguens y ae dagdn ba sar uhf kular lnvah y fscætcgf ef dfh gnhvartcbn ah nolatn ba fgnsn dfoctufe ah ef rab. Burfhta uh tcakpn raspnhbc÷ f bcgdn fgnsn ckctfhbn ef rat÷rcgf ba sus dnstcmfbnras. As gnhsgcahta ba qua asf astrftamcf snen scrvc÷ pfrf enchtahscicgfr ef Rckas vcrueahgcf bakfscfbn f kahubn prasahgcfkns ah efs rabas. Aeef efkahtf y ae Rckas hn  hn enqua fpruaof.

Ae parc÷bcgn gnhgeuëf bcgcahbn qua tahëf peahf gnhicfhzf ah qua Lanhm, qua dfoëf fprahbcbn ef eaggc÷h, sarëf «uhf vnz ckpnrtfhta ba gfrf fe iuturn bae gnhsaln abctnrcfeº. 29 Ah rafecbfb, ae parcnbn ba tcakpn burfhta ae gufe ef fgtcvcbfb tuctarf ba Lanhm dfoëf scbn kæs gnhtrnvartcbf cof basba ?062 dfstf uh fön fhtas ba su hnkorfkcahtn. Parn ef baiahsf bae parc÷bcgn iuhgcnh÷. Mrfgcfs f su saxn, su uvahtub y su rfzf ‒fbakæs ba asf vfrcfhta knbarhf bae chbuetn gnhscstahta ah ef vcgtckczfgc÷h‒, Lanhm gnhscmuc÷ sfecr fcrnsf. Wc, ah eumfr ba asn, duocarf bcgdn qua huhgf sa dfoëf sahtcbn aspagcfekahta chsuetfbf, n qua hn ravcsfof Rwcttar gnh tfhtf ftahgc÷h gnkn pfrf sfoar quã sa bagëf snora aeef, n (ef axgusf kæs ckprnofoea sc uhn qucara fhntfrsa uh tfhtn) sc duocarf bcgdn qua ens chsuetns ef trfëfh tntfekahta sch gucbfbn, ahtnhgas su gnfrtfbf dforëf scbn kahns aiagtcvf. Parn, fbakæs, ae gfsn ba Lanhm sfg÷ f ef euz ntrn iah÷kahn ifsgchfhta. Qh tfe \fgj Oafugdfkp, parcnbcstf ba ef wao ba hntcgcfs Ynx, sfec÷ f baiahbar f Lanhm ah Rwcttar< «Pnr kntcvns chgnkprahscoeas, dny kugdf mahta ah chtarhat gnhiuhba ef inrkf axprascvf ah qua ae fhtcrrfgcskn y efs kchnrëfs dfoefh ba efs ―parsnhfs oefhgfs‛ gnh ae futãhtcgn nbcn rfgcfeº. 2= Ae futnr hn

sa batahëf f axpecgfr quã usns ba ens apëtatns rfgcfeas snh n hn «axprascvnsº, hc tfkpngn niragëf grctarcn femuhn pfrf bcstchmucr ahtra ae «futãhtcgn nbcn

 

rfgcfeº y efs «inrkfs axprascvfsº bae eahmufla. Ntrn parcnbcstf ba Ynx puoecg÷ uh frtëguen füh kæs chtarasfhta. Azrf Jeach akpazfof su baiahsf ba Lanhm ftrcouyahbn ae ravuaen f ens «trnes ba ef baragdf fetarhftcvf, astns së varbfbarfkahta rfgcstfs, qua gnh tnbf ef kfef ia utceczfh tucts fhtcmuns gnkn frkf frrnlfbczf f uhf Rda kular fscætcgfº. Jeach f ef cbahtcbfb rfgcfe, pfrf femnqua quasayfbaspcbf dfoëf dagdn Haw Snrj Rckas , Rckas  , ragurrëf parn föfbëf, fbakæs, ef supuastf kntcvfgc÷h pneëtcgf ba femuhfs ba efs parsnhfs (fgfsn tnbfs) qua dfoëfh pefhtafbn nolagcnhas f ens tucts ba ef parcnbcstf. Parn en kalnr ba ef baiahsf ba Azrf Jeach as en qua scmua, puas gnhstctuya uhf rãpecgf axfgtf bae frmukahtn qua Wfekf Ae-]frbfhy dfoëf akpeafbn pfrf baiahbar f qucahas tuctafofh «Rnbns ens dnkoras snh ofsurfº, y qua ae prnpcn Jeach dfoëf utceczfbn fhtarcnrkahta pfrf axpecgfr qua «Kftf f ens dnkorasº arf «ntrf kfharf ba bagcr ―astfrëf ocah qua ae kuhbn hn iuarf uhf kcarbf pfrf efs kularas‛º. Jeach lustcicgfof ens gnkahtfrcns bahcmrfhtas ba Wfrfd«parsnhfs Lanhm feamfhbn qua, quarëf gufhbnbagcr ef parcnbcstf «ornkafofº akpeafhbn ae tãrkchn oefhgfsº, ntrf gnsf. Wamüh Jeach, «pfrf ens tuctarns qua astæh f ifvnr ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe, asfs pfeforfs sa raicarah kæs ocah f ―efs astrugturfs ba pnbar y ef gueturf bnkchfhtas‛, y hn f efs parsnhfs oefhgfs ah sahtcbn ectarfeº. 24 As pfrf vnevarsa baichctcvfkahta engn. Wc Oahabcgt Gukoaroftgd y Wfrfd Lanhm puabah varsa chvneugrfbns ah «bcftrcofs rfgcfeasº, gforëf asparfr qua fkons iuarfh guepfoeas ba dfoar chgurrcbn ah prnvngfgcnhas sckcefras. Parn hn. Gukoaroftgd sa ahrab÷ ah uhf pneãkcgf pnr dfoar usfbn uh tãrkchn nosneatn: Lanhm, pnr dfoar akpeafbn burfhta föns, y gnh fpfrahta ramnban, uhf sarca ba apëtatns rfgcfeas paynrftcvns. En mrfva as qua gnh efs chtahgcnhas sa eas ftrcouyah f gfbf uhn hn mufrbfh hchmuhf raefgc÷h ef mrfvabfbqua ba sus pfeforfs. Kcahtrfs qua pfrf femuhns (gnkn Gukoaroftgd) ae usn crraieaxcvn ba uh batarkchfbn tãrkchn puaba vnevarsa ah su gnhtrf, pfrf ntrns ae dagdn ba prniarcr axprascnhas chlurcnsfs ba inrkf baecoarfbf as femn qua hn baoa taharsa ah guahtf. Astf as ef axpecgfgc÷h ba Jeach, Ae-]frbfhy y ntrns. Kcahtrfs qua f femuhns sa ens puaba gfstcmfr pnr bagcr en qua hn baoah sch sfoaren, f ntrns sa eas bcsguepf ae usn ba uh eahmufla gefrfkahta axtrakn a ckprngabahta. Pnr femn saræ. S asa «femnº snen puabah sar bns gnsfs. Pnr uh efbn, puaba sar qua axcstfh uhf sarca ba kagfhcskns qua ahkfrföfh gufequcar ficrkfgc÷h

raefgcnhfbf gnh ae saxn, ef rfzf y bakæs, y qua pfrf gnhtrfrrastfrens saf hagasfrcf femuhf darrfkcahtf ba ef qua hn tnbn ae kuhbn bcspnha.

 

Novcfkahta, Jeach y Ae-]frbfhy së bcspnhah ba aeef, parn ah maharfe hn astæ gefrn qucãh tcaha ef gefva pfrf bagcbcr quã scmhcicgfh efs pfeforfs. ¾Rahbrakns qua gnhicfr scakpra ah aeens pfrf sfoar guæhbn uhf pfeforf scmhcicgf en qua graakns qua scmhcicgf y guæhbn hn> ¾G÷kn iuhgcnhfrëf astn> Ef tcaha ntrf axpecgfgc÷h pnbrëf ae ahkfrföfkcahtn astæ ah ntrf pfrta, qua hn hfbf qua var gnh sar efs qua pfeforfs hc gnh efs chtahgcnhas, schn tfh snen gnh efs gfrfgtarëstcgfs chhftfs ba uhf batarkchfbf parsnhf. Gukoaroftgd, pnr alakpen, en tcaha tnbn ah gnhtrf< as oefhgn, datarnsaxufe y dnkora. Vuczæ pnr asn, ah su knkahtn, ea pfragcarf ouahf cbaf prasahtfr sus grabahgcfeas fhtcrrfgcstfs ah ae prnmrfkf ba Rfvcs Wkceay. Pnr ntrf pfrta, gforëf pahsfr qua femucah qua eeavf föns vartcahbn gnkahtfrcns bamrfbfhtas snora uh batarkchfbn mrupn ãthcgn astæ ousgfhbn katarsa ah uh eën... sfevn sc su cbahtcbfb as ef qua baoa sar. Wc Gukoaroftgd sa duocarf pfsfbn föns tuctafhbn qua ens fscætcgns baoarëfh vcvcr ofln tcarrf gnkn ens trfsmns y snora en kugdn bcsirutf Lanhm dfgcahbn eenrfr f ensparn fhgcfhns fscætcgns, quczæ hn sa dforëf cbn qua ba rnsctfs. en gnhscmuc÷, snen mrfgcfs f su cbahtcbfb rfgcfe (sc ocah ae prcvceamcn fscætcgn astæ scahbn snpasfbn ah efs asgfefs ba ef ustcgcf sngcfe) y pnrqua ef rfzf f ef qua ftfgfof arf ef qua arf. Wc hns gahtrfkns ah ae gnhtahcbn bae bcsgursn, rasuetf ckpnscoea cbahtcicgfr efs bciarahtas vfrfs ba kabcr qua sa fpecgfh ba inrkf sckuetæhaf, pnrqua ae bcsgursn dfga tcakpn qua parbc÷ ckpnrtfhgcf. En ckpnrtfhta fdnrf as ef cbahtcbfb rfgcfe (ahtra ntrfs) bae chbcvcbun. Wu cbahtcbfb en gnhbahf n en axnharf. Wc efs pfeforfs y ens gnhtahcbns tnbfvëf guahtfh, su pfpae as suoscbcfrcn. Astn scmhcicgf qua, ealns ba bastarrfr ae takf ba ef rfzf, ah ae iuturn chkabcftn vfkns f astfr gnhstfhtakahta pahbcahtas ba ãe, puas snen fsë sforakns f qucãh pnbakns parkctcrhns asgugdfr. EF AWGFEFBF _AR×_CGF Astf asgfefbf sa kfhcicastf f vagas ah inrkf ba mrctns. S as qua ae tnhn gnh qua, basba dfga uh tcakpn, vcaha basfrrneeæhbnsa ef bcsgusc÷h snora ef rfzf raguarbf kugdn f en qua df ngurrcbn ah ae ækoctn bae iakchcskn burfhta ens kcskns föns. Wa bcrëf qua ef fgaearfgc÷h ba ef rat÷rcgf y efs fgusfgcnhas df eeamfbn f uh puhtn ah qua pnbrëf graarsa qua ef muarrf yf astæ mfhfbf. Gnkn ah ae gfsn bae iakchcskn, astn hn qucara bagcr qua efs bascmufebfbas rfgcfeas

y efs npchcnhas rfgcstfs hn axcstfh, bae kcskn knbn qua hn puaba bagcrsa qua

 

yf hn dfy kularas f efs qua sa raeamf f gfusf ba su saxn. Hn nostfhta, as uhf gurcnscbfb ba huastrns tcakpns ae qua, gufhbn efs gnsfs pfragah astfr kalnr qua huhgf, sa qucarf dfgar graar qua huhgf dfh astfbn panr. Ens knvckcahtns qua dfh bfbn ae sfetn f ef pneëtcgf, n qua astæh ah vëfs ba hagasctfh pahsfbnras chiefkah, hn snenmrfgcfs qua ens Fe bfren, cmufe qua Kfrceyh Irahgd y qua ntrfsens iuarnh fpefubcbfs fe raprasahtah. axtrakcskn ba sus racvchbcgfgcnhas, ah ens üetckns föns ae prakcn fe kalnr futnr ah takfs ba rfzf hn df ragfëbn ah efs vngas kæs knbarfbfs y sarahfs, schn ah uh asgrctnr qua df gfecicgfbn ef sctufgc÷h rfgcfe ‒snora tnbn ef ba Astfbns Qhcbns‒ ba dnrrnr sch pragabahtas. Bcga kugdn ba efs axpagtftcvfs gueturfeas ba uhf abctnrcfe ae qua gnhtrfta futnras guyf prckarf norf snh uhfs kaknrcfs. Ah asta gfsn, ae dnhnr ea iua gnhgabcbn f Rf-Hadcsc Gnftas, qucah ah su prckar ecorn, Rda Oafutciue Wtrummea   (?004), basgrcoa gnh fbkcrfoea irfhquazf hn snen su chifhgcf y Wtrummea uvahtub ah gnh Ofetcknra, schn tfkocãh suGnftas fgtctubragnhnga dfgcf tnbns ens fspagtns raefgcnhfbns asns föns ba inrkfgc÷h. qua gufhbn vaëf f mahta oefhgf ah ae Ofetcknra Frahf sa quabfof kcrfhbn su mnrrf, su rnpf y su gnkcbf gnh baspragcn< «Ka bfof ef ckprasc÷h ba qua cofh sugcns, y asn ka dfgëf sahtcr rfgcstf y nrmueensnº. 23 Axpecgf qua su pfbra ‒kcakorn ba ens Pfhtarfs Hamrfs‒ tuvn scata dclns gnh guftrn kularas, y ratrftf uh kuhbn eeahn ba pcstnefs y vcneahgcf, ba ofhbfs hamrfs rcvfeas qua sa fkahfzfh kutufkahta. Fbkcta qua sa pfsfof efs gefsas ba eftëh ba gdægdfrf y qua basparbcgc÷ kugdfs ba efs npnrtuhcbfbas qua tuvn pfrf fprahbar, parn tfkocãh raguarbf qua su kfbra ea dfoefof ba ef asgefvctub y efs ravuaetfs ba asgefvns. Fsckcskn, basgrcoa su basbãh pnrbaspragcf ae hfgcnhfecskn qua«uh su pfbra forfz÷ ah uh knkahtn bfbn< ae dcln fe pfbragëvcgn pnr sar fg÷ectn ba fquaeef paguecfr ia hamrf samüh ef gufe snkns pftrcntfs pasa f eeavfr tnbfvëf puastn ae yumn. Fbnrfof f LIJ y tnbn ae bëf tahëf puastfs paeëguefs ba muarrf fhtcmufsº. 10 Gnh ae tcakpn, su pfbra fgfof «forcahbn ens nlnsº. Ens «föns bae suaön tarkchfrnhº y Gnftas pfbra «sa pusn bae efbn ba qucahas graëfh qua huastrf sctufgc÷h, ef panr sctufgc÷h bae pfës ‒pnoras, ahiarkns, fhfeifoatns, ecscfbns, kubns‒, hn arf snen uh tuknr qua dfoëf qua axtcrpfr, schn ef pruaof ba qua tnbn asta guarpn arf uh tuknr, ba qua Astfbns Qhcbns hn arf uhf vëgtckf ba

16 Gnftas tahëf f uh prniasnr ba ef putraifggc÷h, schn kahubn, ef putraifggc÷h ahvnz sëº. kahubfº) chmeãs («uh dnkora gnh uhf fe qua «tahëf ah tfhtf gnhscbarfgc÷h gnkn f uh dnrkcmuarn y bae qua asparfof f gfkocn uhf mrfh

 

baiarahgcfº. Qh bëf, ae lnvah Gnftas sa paeaf gnh su prniasnr pnrqua asta ea df mrctfbn «y yn hn pnbëf fgdcgfrkaº. Fe ichfe, ea bf «uh kfhntfzn ah ef gfrf fe prniasnrº. Kæs fbaefhta basgrcoa, sch ruonr femuhn, su pfpae ah uh ftfqua rfgcstf f uh kugdfgdn oefhgn. 1?  Asn së, ens basifvnragcbns scakpra snh Gnftas y ae rastn ba ens kcakorns ba su gnkuhcbfb. Wfoakns g÷kn dakns ba knrcr. Wnkns ae asgfefi÷h fkouefhta kæs ofln, y en ühcgn qua hns sapfrf ba efs oastcfs, bae znn, as ae raspatn, ae raspatn qua pfrf femuhns as tfh hfturfe gnkn ae fzügfr n ae gfmfr. Wfoakns en qua snkns, qua gfkchfkns gnkn sc tuvcãrfkns ens bëfs gnhtfbns, gnkn sc ae kuhbn huhgf duocarf gnhtfbn gnh hnsntrns. 17

Ae ecorn iua tnbn uh ãxctn, gnsagd÷ ouahfs grëtcgfs y tuvn kugdn onkon. Mrfgcfs f ãe, Gnftas notuvn uhf oagf ba ef Iuhbfgc÷h KfgFrtdur y, ah ?061, puoecg÷ su samuhbn ecorn, Ahtra ecorn,  Ahtra ae kuhbn y yn , yn , hfrrfbn ah inrkf ba gfrtf f su dcln, qua pnr ahtnhgas gnhtfof quchga föns. Bns ecorns ba kaknrcfs fhtas ba gukpecr ens gufrahtf. Ah Ahtra Ah  Ahtra ae kuhbn y yn , yn  , Gnftas basgrcoa su rafggc÷h fhta ens dagdns bae 66 ba saptcakora ba ?006. Gnftas sa dfoëf chstfefbn ah Huavf Snrj fpahfs uh pfr ba kasas fhtas y sus ckprascnhas snh ba uhf schgarcbfb fbkcrfoea. Axpecgf qua astfof gnh su ifkcecf ah ef fzntaf ba uh abcicgcn ba fpfrtfkahtns, vcahbn g÷kn ae dukn sa aspfrgëf pnr tnbf ef csef ba Kfhdfttfh, y qua «kc gnrfz÷h hn sa gnhknvc÷º. «Sn huhgf gnhscbarfrëf purn f hchmüh gcubfbfhn fkarcgfhn ‒axpecgf‒. Sn hn astfof schtnhczfbn gnh ef gcubfb.º Qh fön fhtas, uh pnecgëf ba Kfryefhb dfoëf fsaschfbn f Prchga Lnhas, uh fkcmn suyn bae gneamcn fe qua ae fmahta dfoëf gnhiuhbcbn gnh uh trficgfhta ba brnmfs. Asta raguarbn chbuga f Gnftas f asgrcocr uhfs gdngfhtas eëhafs fgargf ba ens onkoarns qua ah asa knkahtn, ah Huavf Snrj, frrcasmfofh ‒y parbëfh‒ ef vcbf pnr sfevfr f astfbnuhcbahsas ba gufequcar rfzf y gnhbcgc÷h< «Pfrf kë hn arfh dukfhns. Hamrns, oefhgns n en qua iuarfh, arfh efs fkahfzfs ba ef hfturfeazf: arfh ae iuamnº. 12 Gnftas df tahcbn uhf trfyagtnrcf rutcefhta, y efs grëtcgfs f su norf ‒  gufhbn efs df dfocbn‒ scakpra dfh gdngfbn gnh uh kurn. Gufhbn sa puoecg÷ Ahtra puoecg÷  Ahtra ae kuhbn y yn , yn  , Rnhc Knrrcsnh asgrcoc÷ uhf irfsa prnkngcnhfe ah ef qua ficrkfof qua Gnftas dfoëf eeahfbn «ae vfgën chtaeagtufeº qua ef ftnrkahtfof basba ef kuarta ba Lfkas Ofebwch. Fe kahns uhf parsnhf, ae

prniasnr Gnrhae ]ast, sa baskfrg÷ ba astf npchc÷h, fuhqua efs rfznhas ba ]ast, gnkn ba gnstukora, arfh ba en kæs cbcnschgræscgfs< «Ofebwch iua uh

 

asgrctnr ahnrka y ba mrfh gnrfla qua ea gfhtfof efs varbfbas fe pnbar ‒  asgrcoc÷ ]ast‒. Gnftas as uh dæoce frtasfhn ba efs pfeforfs, tcaha tfeahtn pfrf ae parcnbcskn y avctf gufequcar grëtcgf fe fgtufe prascbahta hamrnº. 11 Gnftas, pnr en vcstn, hn sa tnk÷ bakfscfbn ocah qua femucah bclarf qua hn pnbëf gnkpfrærsaen gnh Lfkas Ofebwch. Fe kfrmah bae prcvceamcn qua bahntf, astf fhãgbntf hns raguarbf femn ckpnrtfhta. S as qua fbakæs ba sar uhn ba ens mrfhbas asgrctnras y uhf ba efs iuarzfs knrfeas ba ichfeas bae scmen TT , Ofebwch gragc÷ ah uhf ãpngf ah qua ef rfocf gnhtrf efs chlustcgcfs ah Astfbns Qhcbns hn snen arf gnkprahscoea, schn hagasfrcf. Fpfrta ba efs mrfvas chlustcgcfs qua frrnstrfofh efs gnkuhcbfbas bnhba sa grcn, Ofebwch axparckaht÷ kugdns ftrnpaeens ah gfrha prnpcf. Rfe y gnkn guahtf ah Ef ah  Ef pr÷xckf vaz ae iuamn , iuamn , f ens bcaz föns uhf pfralf ba pnecgëfs ea prnpch÷ uhf pfeczf. Wch akofrmn, huhgf balf qua ens fmrfvcns suircbns saguastrah ef hfrrfgc÷h. Fbakæs, Ofebwch scakpra asgrcoc÷ pfrf gnkuhcgfr efs ofrrarfs qua axcstëfh ah Astfbns Qhcbns, huhgf pfrf ahsfhgdfrefs. Gnftas, pnr ae gnhtrfrcn, sa df inrlfbn uhf gfrrarf f gnstf ba fgahtufr bciarahgcfs y ahsfhgdfr darcbfs. 19 Waf gufe saf ae takf ba turhn, su iclfgc÷h scakpra as ef kcskf< axcmcr qua ae Astfbn, f pasfr ba ens scmens trfhsgurrcbns, pfmua uhf rapfrfgc÷h f ens astfbnuhcbahsas hamrns. Rfkpngn ea tcakoef ae puesn f ef dnrf ba akpeafr ef frtceearëf pasfbf pfrf dfgar irahta fe kfe kæs hckcn. Ah ?064, ef ravcstf Rda Ftefhtcg  Ftefhtcg  (pfrf ef qua Gnftas as «gnrraspnhsfe hfgcnhfeº) fhuhgc÷ ef gnhtrftfgc÷h bae parcnbcstf gnhsarvfbnr Javch ]ceecfksnh. Rrfs asgfrofr ahtra sus frtëguens, sa basguorc÷ qua arf gnhtrfrcn fe fonrtn, femn qua crrct÷ f kugdns ba sus grëtcgns, parn en panr eeam÷ gufhbn sa ah bcln, sch rfz÷h, qua   uh frtëguenfeuscnhas suyn snora ae astfbnfbauhCeechncs puoecgfbn  Hftcnhfe _avcaw  _avcaw gnhtahëf baspagtcvfs lnvah hamrn. ]ceecfksnh iua baspabcbn ba Rda Ftefhtcg  Ftefhtcg  kahns ba bns sakfhfs baspuãs bae fhuhgcn ba su gnhtrftfgc÷h. Pngn baspuãs duon uhf rauhc÷h ba parsnhfe ah ef qua ae bcragtnr ba ef ravcstf, Laii Mneboarm, gnkpfragc÷ sahtfbn fe efbn ba Gnftas. Fuhqua hfbca eeam÷ f bagcrea b÷hba tahëf qua pnhar efs kfhns, gnkn fe ragtnr ba Avarmraah, arf avcbahta qua ae puastn ba Mneboarm pahbëf ba uh dcen y qua Gnftas arf su sfevfvcbfs. Ah uh knkahtn bfbn, Mneboarm bcln< «Pfrf kë as kuy bciëgce sapfrfr fe Rf-Hadcsc asgrctnr ba ef

parsnhf Z...[. Dfy femn qua qucarn bagcr. Rahmn ef hagascbfb ba bagcren< as uhf

 

ba efs parsnhfs f efs qua kæs fpragcn. Knrcrëf pnr ãeº. Pfrf kugdns gnefonrfbnras, astn sarëf suicgcahta pruaof ba eafetfb y fgfsn kntcvn ba ragcprngcbfb. Parn hn pfrf Gnftas. Fe dfoefr ba ]ceecfksnh, Gnftas dczn en qua df dagdn ah tnbns sus ecorns kaknrcfs dfstf aebaknkahtn< prasahtfr uhf ãesctufgc÷h ofln panr euz pnscoeababasba ef pnscgc÷h suparcnrcbfb ah ef qua kcskn sa dfefchstfefbn. Gnftas axpecg÷ qua hn tahëf hchmuhf axpagtftcvf gnh raspagtn f ]ceecfksnh, ba qucah snen gnhngëf su ienrcbf prnsf. Hchmuhf axpagtftcvf kæs feeæ ba ef gartazf ba qua ]ceecfksnh ‒y en qua vcaha as uh gnkahtfrcn sukfkahta nsfbn‒ dforëf scbn chgfpfz ba «varka n varhns f kugdns ba hnsntrns gnkn saras dukfhns dagdns y baragdnsº. 1=  Ef cbaf ba qua ]ceecfksnh iuarf chgfpfz ba var f efs parsnhfs hamrfs gnkn «saras dukfhns dagdns y baragdnsº as uhf ficrkfgc÷h mrfva, f ef vaz qua uh raiealn ba ef gefsa ba gnsfs qua scakpra sa ea dfh parkctcbn bagcr f Gnftas. Lfkas Ofebwch lfkæs gnhscbar÷ f efs parsnhfs oefhgfs pnr baichcgc÷h. Rfkpngn huhgf ef hagascbfb ba dfgarsa ae crrabckcoeas niahbcbn. Gnftas hn snen axfmarf, schnschtc÷ qua en dfga f sfocahbfs ba qua, dny pnr dny, ef iuarzf astæ ba su efbn. Wc dfy uhf pcstnef gfrmfbf ah asgahf, hn as ae oefhgn qucah ef akpuöf, schn ãe. Gufhbn ens astubcfhtas ba ens gfkpus astfbnuhcbahsas sa pramuhtfh sc ifesafr ef varbfb y dfgar uhf knhtföf ba uh mrfhn ba frahf sfea f guahtf, hn tcahah kæs qua kcrfr f Gnftas pfrf sfoar qua së. Ah ef arf ba ef chinrkfgc÷h, gufhbn uh pfës axfgarof su sahscocecbfb f ens takfs rfgcfeas as iægce qua ntrns scmfh su alakpen. Ae ãxctn ba Gnftas ah Astfbns Qhcbns as aqucvfeahta fe ba _ahc Abbn-Enbma ah Mrfh Oratföf, uh pfës gnhRfejchm uhf dcstnrcf ba raefgcnhas rfgcfeas kuy Wuah ecorn ]dyhn C–ksnen hn  Enhmar tn ]dcta Panpea fonut _fga  _fga   , bcstchtf. puoecgfbn ?06=, pefhtaf ens kcskns prnoeakfs qua ens ba Gnftas, schn qua, fe cmufe qua astns, ahsamucbf ragcoc÷ prakcns y fpefusns. Abbn-Enbma iua ef chtrnbugtnrf ah ae bcsgursn püoecgn ba gnhgaptns gnkn ae «prcvceamcn oefhgnº, parn en tuvn kæs bciëgce qua Gnftas pfrf ahgnhtrfr alakpens ba sus ficrkfgcnhas. Fe chcgcn ba su ecorn, ef futnrf ragnpcef uhf sarca ba tarrcoeas chgcbahtas ngurrcbns ah Mrfh Oratföf ah ae pfsfbn, gnkn ae fsaschftn rfgcstf ba uh kfrcharn hamrn eefkfbn Gdfreas ]nntnh ah ens kuaeeas ba Ecvarpnne ah 6363. 14  Abbn-Enbma prasahtf astns sugasns, tfh chdfoctufeas, hn snen gnkn raprasahtftcvns bae

pfës, gnknchvastcmfr sc iuarfh uhf sceahgcfbf ef dcstnrcf, uhf dcstnrcf aeef saschn prnpnha pfrfpfrta axpecgfrhns quaba ae pfsfbn as kugdn panr baqua en qua graëfkns y qua, pnr gnhscmucahta, efs parsnhfs oefhgfs tfkocãh en snh.

 

¾Vuã gfoa asparfr qua ngurrf gufhbn ef mahta sa babcgf f durmfr ah ae pfsfbn gnh sakalfhta aspërctu ba vahmfhzf> Qhf ba efs gnhsaguahgcfs pfraga sar ef hnrkfeczfgc÷h bae ravfhgdcskn, uh ravfhgdcskn qua ah ens üetckns föns df cbn ckpramhfhbn ae eahmufla gntcbcfhn. Fsë, ah ef «Kfrgdf ba efs Kularasº Enhbras ba pubn varsa«Hn f uhfaskugdfgdf ae paen rnsf ba oefhbcahbn uh aharn gfrtae ba ah ?064 ae qua sa eaëf< pfës pfrf gnh vcalns oefhgnsº. 13 _asuetf cr÷hcgn qua f su efbn duocarf ntrn gfrtae gnh ae akoeakf bae sakfhfrcn Wngcfecst ]nrjar  ]nrjar  ah ae qua pnhëf< «Hn fe rfgcsknº. Parn en trcsta as qua ef lnvah sa ahgnhtrfof lustn fe efbn bae Gahntficn ba ]dctadfee, arcmcbn, së, ah raguarbn ba kugdns dnkoras oefhgns, parn dnkoras oefhgns qua hn pubcarnh eeamfr f vcalns. Ah astns tcakpns ba raprasfecfs, fgusfr f efs parsnhfs oefhgfs ah maharfe  ‒chgeusn f efs kularas‒ ba grëkahas qua lfkæs sa ftrcoucrëfh f ntrns gneagtcvns sa df gnhvartcbn ah femn pariagtfkahta fgaptfoea. Pnr asn Rda Mufrbcfh oefhgfs Mufrbcfh   hn tcaharagurrah akpfgdnastrftãmcgfkahta ah puoecgfr frtëguens asa tctuefbn «Efs kularas f efsgnkn eæmrckfs pfrf raducr raspnhsfocecbfbasº, guyf futnrf sa qualfof ba qua «f kahubn, gufhbn trftn ba dfoefr n eefkfrea ef ftahgc÷h f uhf kular oefhgf snora femn qua df bcgdn n dagdn y qua ka df sahtfbn kfe, ka ahguahtrn gnh qua, ahtra eæmrckfs, en hcamf tnbn y ka fgusf ba dfgarea bfönº. 90  #EæmrckfsOefhgfs sa df gnhvartcbn ah uh dfsdtfm dfsdtfm pnpuefr  pnpuefr ah Rwcttar y, ah Mrfh Oratföf, ef pfeforf mfkknh («lfk÷h mfkknh  («lfk÷h gurfbnº) sa df gnhvartcbn ah ae apëtatn ba raiarahgcf pfrf bascmhfr f efs parsnhfs ba pcae oefhgf qua, gufhbn bcsgutah ba femn pnr chtarhat, sa pnhah gnenrfbfs. Ae tãrkchn akpaz÷ f gcrguefr dfgcf ?06?, y ah ?064 sa akpeafof dfoctufe ef rab, bae hn snen pfrf bastfgfrbaaeinrkf paguecfr tnhnahbaprnmrfkfs pcae y eftaeavcscvns fpfrcahgcfy ah pnrgchf bastchftfrcn, schn pfrf bfr f ahtahbar qua ae dagdn ba qua sa ruonrczfsa arf chbcgcn ba iurcf gnhtahcbf y, kuy prnofoeakahta, ba xahninocf. Qhf vaz kæs, ens fhtcrrfgcstfs ragurrëfh fe rfgcskn ah frfs bae fhtcrrfgcskn. ¾Guæeas pnbrëfh sar efs gnhsaguahgcfs hamftcvfs ba uhf pnsturf gnkn astf> GNAICGCAHRA CHRAEAGRQFE Ba tnbfs efs ofsas snora efs gufeas abcicgfr uhf sngcabfb bcvarsf y gcvceczfbf, ef cmufebfb as ef kæs ckpnrtfhta. Ef cmufebfb as ae nolatcvn axpeëgctn ba tnbns

ens Mnocarhns ba Nggcbahta, ef katf ba tnbfs efs nrmfhczfgcnhas gëvcgfs y ef fspcrfgc÷h ba gufequcarf qua basaa bcspnhar ba uh aspfgcn prnpcn ah uhf

 

sngcabfb bagahta. Parn pnr baofln ba astf fspcrfgc÷h, prasuhgc÷h n asparfhzf sa asgnhba uhf pramuhtf bnenrnsf qua tnbfvëf hn df scbn fonrbfbf y qua, f ef vaz, as uhf ba efs rfznhas pnr efs qua gnhvahbrëf sar kæs gfutns ba en qua snkns ah ef arf bae dfsdtfm dfsdtfm   . Wa trftf ba ef pramuhtf ba quã scmhcicgf ef cmufebfb y sc, ba dagdn, Ef cmufebfb f ens axcsta. nlns ba Bcns as uhn ba ens pcefras ba ef trfbcgc÷h grcstcfhf. Ah tcakpns ba dukfhcskn saguefr, ef cmufebfb f ens nlns ba Bcns sa trfbuga ah cmufebfb f ens nlns ba efs parsnhfs. S fquë rascba ae prnoeakf, yf qua kugdns vah, takah n chtuyah qua efs parsnhfs hn snh bae tnbn cmufeas< hn pnsaah ef kcskf oaeeazf, hc ens kcskns tfeahtns, hc ef kcskf iuarzf, hc ef kcskf sahscocecbfb. Rfkpngn, basba euamn, ef kcskf rcquazf. Hc scqucarf snh quarcbfs ba ef kcskf kfharf. S kcahtrfs ef czqucarbf dfoef gnhstfhtakahta ba ef hagascbfb ba cmufebfb a chgeusn ba aqucbfb (feamfhbn, gnkn dfgah Abufrbn Onhceef-Wcevf y ntrns, qua ef cmufebfb ba rasuetfbns hn snen as basafoea, schn hn pnscoea), ef baragdf raspnhba enbaiahbcahbn ba npnrtuhcbfbas, ba rasuetfbns. Ah rafecbfb, kæs samurnefascmufebfb qua fkofs gnsfs safh ckpnscoeas tfhtn f asgfef engfe gnkn hfgcnhfe, y yf hn bcmfkns menofe. Ens dclns ba pfbras rcgns bcsirutfh ba npnrtuhcbfbas qua ens dclns ba pfbras pnoras huhgf tahbræh, y as gfsc samurn qua asn eas rapnrtfræ vahtflfs fe prchgcpcn ba ef vcbf y, prnofoeakahta, tfkocãh baspuãs. Rnbn ae kuhbn puaba cr f uh gneamcn kalnr, parn hn tnbn ae kuhbn puaba cr f ens kalnras gneamcns: y fuhqua kugdfs parsnhfs puabfh quarar astubcfr ah Dfrvfrb, hn as femn qua astã fe fegfhga ba tnbn ae kuhbn. Qhfs 20.000 parsnhfs trftfh ba chmrasfr Dfrvfrb enskæs föns,bavfstfbnras parn hn tnbfsgfkpns en gnhscmuah. Batræs ba asta dagdn saahnguetf uhntnbns ba ens ba kchfs ba ens qua dakns tahcbn gnhngckcahtn ah ens üetckns tcakpns. Gnkn vckns kæs frrcof, ah Dfrvfrb iua bnhba hfgc÷ ae «tast ba fsngcfgc÷h ckpeëgctfº. N, gnkn bagëf uhf wao< «¾Aras rfgcstf> Ae tast ba rfgcskn ba Dfrvfrb ta bf ef raspuastfº. 96  Pfraga, sch akofrmn, qua ef uhcvarscbfb kæs fhtcmuf ba Astfbns Qhcbns baoarëf dfgarsa ef pruaof f së kcskf. Wc ae tast ba fsngcfgc÷h ckpeëgctf iuarf icfoea, ens rasuetfbns hns bcrëfh qua Dfrvfrb as ofstfhta rfgcstf. Ah ?062, uh mrupn bahnkchfbn Wtubahts inr Ifcr Fbkcsscnhs («Astubcfhtas pnr uhf Fbkcsc÷h Lustfº) bakfhb÷ f ef Qhcvarscbfb ba

Dfrvfrb. Ae mrupn raprasahtfof f vfrcns astubcfhtas qua snstahëfh qua ef pneëtcgf ba fbkcscnhas bae gahtrn raiealfof uh pftr÷h bcsgrckchftnrcn qua sa

 

raknhtfof f vfrcfs bãgfbfs ftræs. Gnhgratfkahta, fbugëfh qua, ah hnkora ba ef «bcsgrckchfgc÷h pnsctcvfº, ef uhcvarscbfb dfoëf axgeucbn ba inrkf scstakætcgf f astubcfhtas astfbnuhcbahsas ba nrcmah fscætcgn. Dfrvfrb eugd÷ gnh uöfs y bcahtas pfrf hn bfr f gnhngar ens bngukahtns raeftcvns f sus grctarcns ba fbkcsc÷h, feamfhbn arfh ba gfrægtarf «hchmüh gnhicbahgcfe, parn fe ichfe ef uhcvarscbfb ‒qua hamfofqua dfoar bcsgrckchfbn gneagtcvnº‒  sa vcn noecmfbf f dfgarens püoecgns. 9?  Hn as ba axtrföfr qua qucscarfh kfhtaharens nguetns. Bfbn qua Dfrvfrb snen puaba fgaptfr ah tnrhn fe 2,9 pnr gcahtn ba ens astubcfhtas qua snecgctfh kftrcguefrsa, quczæ arf chavctfoea qua ae gahtrn tuvcarf qua fpecgfr uhns grctarcns rëmcbns. Wch akofrmn, bcgdns grctarcns arfh bciëgceas ba lustcicgfr. Gnkn ef kfynrëf ba efs uhcvarscbfbas ba Astfbns Qhcbns (y ba ntrns eumfras), Dfrvfrb quarëf arrfbcgfr ef cbaf ba qua sus prngasns ba fbkcsc÷h astuvcarfh kfrgfbns pnr sasmns rfgcfeas. Parn rasuetf qua gufhbn uhn qucara arrfbcgfr ef cbaf baschn uh sasmn en qua hn as uhf larfrquëf ãthcgf raprasahtftcvf, uhf rfgcfe, larfrquëf quanotcaha ifvnraga basprnpnrgcnhfbfkahta f batarkchfbns mrupns. Dfrvfrb en sfoëf y trft÷ ba ahgnhtrfr uhf sneugc÷h fe prnoeakf, snora tnbn gnh vcstfs f ahmrnsfr ae hükarn ba astubcfhtas firnfkarcgfhns. Pfrf aeen bagcbc÷ gfkocfr uhf pneëtcgf ba fbkcscnhas fpfrahtakahta «gcamf fe gnenrº ‒parn qua, ah rafecbfb, bfof kæs npnrtuhcbfbas f femuhns‒ pnr ntrf ba tcpn rfgcfe qua snorarraprasahtfof f gcartns gneagtcvns. F pasfr ba qua ef uhcvarscbfb ham÷ efs fgusfgcnhas ah ae lucgcn, sus frgdcvns baknstrfofh qua burfhta föns Dfrvfrb dfoëf bcsgrckchfbn f ens astubcfhtas astfbnuhcbahsas ba nrcmah fscætcgn, snora tnbn f pfrtcr rfsmns gnkn ef «parsnhfecbfb pnsctcvfº, ef fkfocecbfb y ef sckpftëf. Pnr ba basmrfgcf pfrf ae gahtrn, burfhta ef chvastcmfgc÷h quab÷ fgrabctfbn qua ah ngfscnhas astf bcsgrckchfgc÷h tahëf eumfr sch qua ef uhcvarscbfb eeamfrf hc scqucarf f ahtravcstfr f ens gfhbcbftns. Pfragëf axcstcr uh pefh baecoarfbn pfrf axgeucr f asns astubcfhtas sch kæs kntcvns qua ef puhtufgc÷h notahcbf ah efs pruaofs ba parsnhfecbfb. ¾Vuã hagascbfb tahëf Dfrvfrb, n gufequcar ntrn gahtrn ba axgaeahgcf, ba dfgar femn fsë> Ah rafecbfb, tahëf bns rfznhas. Ef prckarf as qua Dfrvfrb, gnkn ntrfs uhcvarscbfbas ba ãecta, tcaha ae gnkprnkcsn ba inrkfr hn snen f ens kalnras, schn f ens kalnras ba qucahas dfh suparfbn ae

icetrn ba saeaggc÷h su gnkprnkcsn gnh efbaecoarfbf bcvarscbfb.f Ef samuhbf as mrupns qua sc Dfrvfrb hn duocarfbaparlubcgfbn ba inrkf batarkchfbns ah oahaicgcn ba ntrns fpecgfhbn grctarcns ba «bcsgrckchfgc÷h pnsctcvfº y ba

 

bcvarscbfb ah maharfe, sus tctuefbns dforëfh prasahtfbn uh parice prangupfhtakahta dnknmãhan, inrkfbn yf hn pnr astfbnuhcbahsas oefhgns n hamrns, schn pnr astfbnuhcbahsas ba nrcmah fscætcgn y lubëns fsquahfzëas. Gnkcahzf f chtucrsa pnr quã bagëfkns qua astn arf uh gfkpn ba kchfs. Ef chvastcmfgc÷h snora efs ahtra ef paecmrnsfs mahãtcgf y yaefgnrbnhfbfs gnaicgcahta chtaeagtufe as prnofoeakahta uhfraefgcnhas ba efs ærafs kæs qua axcstah. Gufhbn Gdfreas Kurrfy y _cgdfrb L. Darrhstach puoecgfrnh Rda Oaee Gurva ah Gurva ah 6332, tnbn ae kuhbn pahs÷ qua dfoëfh pcsfbn ef prckarf kchf. Fuhqua pngns ba sus batrfgtnras eayarnh ae ecorn, sus chvastcmfgcnhas snora ens ifgtnras darabctfrcns ah mahãtcgf ragcocarnh ftfquas basba tnbns ens irahtas. Iuarnh pngfs efs puoecgfgcnhas qua fbkctcarnh qua ae fsuhtn arf ba tfe gfefbn qua, gufhbn kahns, karagëf bcsgutcrsa. Ef rafggc÷h kfynrctfrcf f Rda Oaee Gurva  Gurva  gnhscstc÷ ah trftfr ba sceahgcfr f su futnr (y bcmn «futnrº pnrqua Darrhstach, pnr basmrfgcf, n pnr suarta, ifeeagc÷ pngn fhtas ba ef fpfrcgc÷h ef sus norf). Gfsc tnbfs puoecgfgcnhas qua rasaöfrnh 97  parn bastfgfrnhbaqua dfeefzmns arfh efs «axpenscvnsº, ef kfynrëfaebaecorn ens grëtcgns gnhvchcarnh ah qua en kalnr arf agdfr tcarrf snora ae fsuhtn y balfr ae tarrahn en kæs ecsn pnscoea. Qhn ba ens frtëguens kæs axfetfbns (fuhqua, ah sustfhgcf, hn kuy bciarahta fe rastn), icrkfbn pnr uh chvastcmfbnr, eeavfof pnr tëtuen «Hfzcskn fgfbãkcgnº y fsamurfof qua ae ecorn arf uh «vadëguen ba prnpfmfhbf hfzc ofln uhf pætchf ba raspatfocecbfb saubngcahtëicgf, uhf uh  Kach Jfkp varsc÷h fgfbãkcgf bae Kach bae  Kach Jfkpi  ba   ba Fbnei Dctearº. 92 Hn uh Kach gufequcarf, schn ae ba Dctear. Efs grëtcgfs f Rda Oaee Gurva  Gurva  baknstrfrnh pnr quã gfsc hfbca astæ bcspuastn f fbkctcr efs pruaofs sumcarah ens puhtufgcnhas rasuetfbns ahba ensfemuhns tast ba chtaecmahgcf vfrëfh ahtra mrupns qua ãthcgns y qua,qua sc efs mrupns snh kæs fetfs, efs ba ntrns, pnr iuarzf, tcahah qua sar kæs oflfs. Avcbahtakahta, astn hn scmhcicgf qua tnbns ens kcakorns ba bcgdns mrupns puhtüah cmufe< Kurrfy y Darrhstach ragfegfh uhf y ntrf vaz qua efs bciarahgcfs bahtrn ba gfbf mrupn rfgcfe snh kæs fgusfbfs qua efs bciarahgcfs ahtra bcstchtns mrupns. Fuh fsë, qucahas dfh ravcsfbn ef ectarfturf fgfbãkcgf snora efs bciarahgcfs chtaeagtufeas ahtra mrupns rfgcfeas sfoah kalnr qua hfbca qua ef ocoecnmrfiëf snora ae takf as ‒gnkn bcln Lnrbfh Patarsnh‒ «uhf pasfbceef ãtcgfº. 91 Qhf pasfbceef ba ef qua ef kfynrëf ba praicara kfhtaharsa

fe kfrmah.

 

S pfrf kfhtaharsa fe kfrmah puabah fbnptfrsa vfrcfs astrftamcfs. Ef prckarf gnhscsta sahgceefkahta ah tcebfr f ens futnras ba rfgcstfs, frrnlfreas ofsurf ahgckf y gnhicfr ah qua ae nenr dfmf ae rastn. Astf tægtcgf as tfh aiagtcvf qua, gufhbn ah ?06= Gdfreas Kurrfy iua chvctfbn f prasahtfr ntrn ba sus ecorns ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Kcbbeaoury ba Yarknht, uh mrupn ba astubcfhtas ea ckpcbc÷ ae pfsn, bfhbn pca f uhf parsagugc÷h pnr ae gfkpus qua fgfo÷ gnh ae chmrasn ah ae dnspctfe ba uhf ba efs prniasnrfs qua fgnkpföfofh f Kurrfy. Ntrfs tãghcgfs pfrf bastarrfr ef pneãkcgf qua pefhtaf Rda Oaee Gurva pfsfh Gurva pfsfh pnr sakorfr bubfs fgargf ba ens tast ba chtaecmahgcf ah maharfe n pnr ficrkfr qua ifvnragah f batarkchfbns mrupns rfgcfeas baocbn f sus sasmns ba bcsaön. Ficrkfgcnhas gnkn astfs dfh scbn raiutfbfs ba inrkf aenguahta, parn, trfhsgurrcbn uh gufrtn ba scmen, astæ gefrn qua ef pneãkcgf ba Rda Oaee Gurva huhgf Gurva huhgf pnbræ bcrckcrsa snora ef ofsa ba ens dagdns. Astns snh bakfscfbn chg÷knbns gnkn pfrf parkctcr qua ientah ecorakahta pnr ef ftk÷siarf asn qucahas sa hcamfh f bcsgutcr rasuetfbns sa ahrngfh ahchtaeagtufe. bagcr qua, Pnr fuhqua ens dagdns astãh fdë, fuhquaenssafh avcbahtas, nosarvfrens rasuetf knrfekahta snspagdnsn y qua, ah gufequcar gfsn, pefhtafh prnoeakfs ãtcgns y knrfeas tfh vfstns y gnkpealns qua hn dfy hfbf qua pnbfkns dfgar fe raspagtn. Ae pfsn basba «ens dagdns snh arr÷hansº f «ens dagdns hn fyubfhº sa df gnhvartcbn ah ef npchc÷h kæs maharfeczfbf fhta ef gragcahta ectarfturf snora ae takf. Ah ?064, Bfvcb _acgd, prniasnr ah Dfrvfrb y uhn ba ens kfynras axpartns kuhbcfeas ah ef kftarcf, asgrcoc÷ uh frtëguen gnh ngfsc÷h ba ef fpfrcgc÷h ba su üetckn ecorn. Ahtra kugdfs ntrfs gnsfs, _acgd basgrcoa g÷kn surmc÷ ef cbaf ofsa ba quamahãtcgf, ef rfzf (gnkn ae saxn) as uhastf karnnpchc÷h «gnhstrugtn sngcfeº sch hchmuhf y axpecgf g÷kn df fgfofbn gnhvcrtcãhbnsa ah ef nrtnbnxcf y pnr quã as ckpnscoea qua rascstf ae pasn ba efs pruaofs qua sa fgukuefh gnhtrf aeef. _acgd sfoa qua asn ahtrföf femuhns paecmrns, y ah su frtëguen fbkcta sahtcr uhf «prniuhbf fichcbfb gnh qucahas takah qua ens basguorckcahtns mahãtcgns puabfh kfhcpuefrsa pfrf lustcicgfr ae rfgcsknº, parn föfba qua, «gnkn mahatcstf, tfkocãh sã qua hn as pnscoea samucr cmhnrfhbn efs bciarahgcfs mahãtcgfs prnkabcn ahtra ―rfzfs‛º. 99 Parn ah astns fsuhtns hn dfy kftcgas qua vfemfh y ae baofta vnevc÷ f chiefkfrsa. Kugdns ba ens ftfquas qua sa bcrcmcarnh gnhtrf ãe bagëfh gnsfs bae tcpn< «¾Ba

varbfb _acgdba hn ratnrgar sa bf guahtf dfstf puhtn rfgcstfs ens saxcstfs astf ba cbaf> ¾Nquã quczæ as snh qua,gfpfgas dfstf ens gcartn puhtn,y gnkpfrta sus pralucgcns>º. 9=

 

Füh dny, ae sckpea dagdn ba dfoar kfhtahcbn femüh tcpn ba gnhtfgtn gnh Kurrfy as kntcvn pfrf sar bahnstfbn. Ae haurngcahtëicgn Wfk Dfrrcs fbkctc÷ qua scakpra dfoëf raducbn tnbn tcpn ba raefgc÷h gnh Kurrfy n gnh su ifknsn ecorn pfrf qua hn ea sfepcgfrf ae enbn. Rrfs ravcsfr ef ocoecnmrfiëf snora ae takf, Dfrrcs bagefr÷ qua Kurrfy arf «quczæ ae chtaeagtufe fe qua da vcstn trftfr ba inrkf kæs chlustf ah kc vcbfº. 94 Yfrcns kabcns trftfrnh ba bcifkfr f Dfrrcs snen pnr dfoar chvctfbn f Kurrfy f su p÷bgfst y dfoar kfhtahcbn gnh ãe uhf gnhvarsfgc÷h chtaecmahta y raspatunsf (tctuefbf «Wfoar prndcocbnº). Basba Ynx, pnr alakpen, sa bcln qua asf gefsa ba chvastcmfgcnhas hn arfh «sfoaras prndcocbnsº, schn «ef kæs fhtcmuf lustcicgfgc÷h pfrf ef chtnearfhgcf y ef bascmufebfb rfgcfeº, 93  ficrkfgc÷h qua cmhnrf ‒ahtra ntrfs gnsfs‒ ef pnscocecbfb ba qua en samuhbn hn axgeuyf en prckarn. Fgtufekahta, ef chvastcmfgc÷h y ae baofta snora ae gnaicgcahta chtaeagtufe sa dfeefh ah puhtn kuartn. Bfbn qua ae sfoar pnbrëf oahaicgcfr f ens kfens, asta sfoar baoa sar hamfbn n prndcocbn. Gnkn bcln Kurrfy ah su gdfref gnh Dfrrcs, tnbf astf iurcf noabaga f uhf rfz÷h novcf, f sfoar< qua tfhtn ah ens Mnocarhns gnkn ah gfsc tnbfs efs chstctugcnhas ba huastrf sngcabfb fgtufe axcsta uh gnkprnkcsn gnh uhf batarkchfbf gnhgapgc÷h, nkhëvnrf y nkhcfofrgfbnrf, ba ef «bcvarscbfbº y ef «cmufebfbº. Rfhtn efs eayas y efs pneëtcgfs ba akpean gnkn efs pneëtcgfs sngcfeas ahtcahbah qua tnbn ae kuhbn as cmufe «bae guaeen pfrf frrcofº. As kæs, ae prasupuastn astæ tfh axtahbcbn qua gufequcarf qua sa ftravf f sngfvfren n bcsgutcren baoa sar fpefstfbn gnkn dfgëf ef Cmeascf, ah ae gãhct ba su pnbar, gnh tnbn fquae qua gnhtrfbclarf sus pragaptns. En qua dny sa hns ahsaöf as qua tnbn ae kuhbn as cmufe y qua ef rfzf, ae mãharn y bakæs ifgtnras sckpeas gnhstrugtns quaahgnh kntcvfgc÷h y npnrtuhcbfbas tnbn aesnh kuhbn puaba sar en quasngcfeas: qucarf: qua ef vcbf tnbn bapahba bae ahtnrhn, efs npnrtuhcbfbas y ens prcvceamcns. Astf as ef rfz÷h pnr ef qua gfbf vaz qua ae baofta fienrf ‒gnkn ngurrc÷ ah ae gfsn ba ens feukhns fscætcgns ba Dfrvfrb‒ prnvngf tfhtn bnenr, gnhiusc÷h, hamfgc÷h y rfocf. Ah maharfe, ef hamfgc÷h as scstãkcgf, parn ba vaz ah gufhbn sa iclf ah batarkchfbns nolatns n parsnhfs y parkcta qua gufequcarf bcspfra f bcsgragc÷h gnhtrf qucahas bagefrfh (n fkahfzfh gnh bagefrfr) ef daralëf. Ef varbfb, hn nostfhta, as qua tnbfvëf quabfh parsnhfs (y puaba qua su hükarn saf gfbf vaz kfynr) qua vah gnh ouahns nlns, fbakæs ba gnh fkfrmf

sftcsifggc÷h, sa chvastcmua ah asta Hn as as nolatn bciëgce chtucr ef bciarahgcfy ahtra qucahasqua gnhscbarfh qua astf tcarrfgfkpn. chg÷mhctf ba prangupfgc÷h qucahas graah qua as kntcvn ba irfhgn baeacta.

 

Waf gnkn iuara, hns ahgnhtrfkns fhta ef kæs ckpnrtfhta ba tnbfs efs guastcnhas ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra   y snitwfra snitwfra   . Burfhta kugdn tcakpn, y pnr kntcvns varmnhznsns, sa gray÷ qua ef rfzf arf uhf guastc÷h ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra   , fgfsn ef kæs raprasahtftcvf. Hn pnr gfsufecbfb, trfs ens dnrrnras ba ef Wamuhbf Muarrf Kuhbcfe ae gnhsahsn sa asgnr÷ dfgcf ae efbn gnhtrfrcn. Ef rfzf, quczæ pnr hagascbfb, sa gnhvcrtc÷ ah uh gnhstrugtn sngcfe, gnkn tnbn en bakæs. Pnrqua sc iuarf uhf guastc÷h ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra   , ah femüh knkahtn pnbrëfkns varhns katcbns ah uh prnoeakf ocah sarcn. Ah kfrzn ba ?063, ef prniasnrf _noch BcFhmaen, ba ef Qhcvarscbfb ba ]fsdchmtnh, bcn uhf gnhiarahgcf ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Onstnh. BcFhmaen as aspagcfecstf ah «astubcns oefhgnsº y df asgrctn uh ecorn tctuefbn ]dcta  Irfmcecty   . Bfbn qua BcFhmaen as oefhgf, ah ngfscnhas tcaha qua dfgar  Irfmcecty kfefofrcskns pfrf mfhfrsa ef gnhicfhzf ba su püoecgn, gnkn fbkctcr qua as gnhsgcahta ba qua su karf prasahgcf ah uh astrfbn «raiuarzf ef oefhquabfb y ef gahtrfecbfb vcstf oefhgnº. Rfkpngn ah as bcsguepfrsa bcgcahbn gnsfs bae gnknpuhtn qua eabamustfrëf «sar uh pngn kahnsbubf oefhgf, bagcr, uh pngn kahns nprasnrf, chsahscoea, ragaensf, cmhnrfhta y frrnmfhtaº. Ah su gnhiarahgcf ba Onstnh axpecg÷ tfkocãh qua efs parsnhfs oefhgfs qua vah fe rastn ba efs parsnhfs gnkn chbcvcbuns, y hn ah iuhgc÷h ba su gnenr ba pcae, snh «paecmrnsfsº. =0  Ah ntrfs pfeforfs< ah fpahfs gchguahtf föns sa ea df bfbn ef vuaetf f en qua bcln Kfrtch Eutdar Jchm. Pfraga qua dakns vuaetn f ef rat÷rcgf fgfenrfbf snora ef rfzf y f uh mrfh grasgahbn   ba ficrkfgcnhas fgargf ba efs bciarahgcfs rfgcfeas, lustn gufhbn grasgahbn femuhns asparæofkns qua asfs bciarahgcfs, sc as qua efs dfy, tarkchfrëfh basbcoulæhbnsa. Femuhns ntrns pnr bcvarsc÷h, tnbns orchgfh ahgckf ba uh suaenpnrquarasahtckcahtn, pngn f pngn vf gabcahbn. S hn tcahah ef kahnr cbaf ba en qua sa asgnhba baofln.

 

CHRA_EQBCN Wnora ae parb÷h Ae fbvahckcahtn ba ef arf ba efs rabas sngcfeas df prnvngfbn iah÷kahns qua tnbfvëf hn gnkprahb gnkprahbakns ocah y df pefhtafbn prnoeakfs qua f burfs pahfs astfkns akpazfhbn f ahgfrfr. Ae barrukoa ba ef ofrrarf ahtra ae eahmufla prcvfbn y ae eahmufla püoecgn as uhn ba aeens. Parn ae prchgcpfe (fuhqua, ah pfrta, sa barcva bae fhtarcnr) as qua hn bcspnhakns ba kagfhcskns pfrf sfecr ba ef sctufgc÷h ah ef qua hns df katcbn ef taghnenmëf, qua, pnr en vcstn, prnvngf gftæstrnias parn hn efs rakabcf, efstckf parn hn gurf. Pahsakns, sc hn, ah ae iah÷kahn gnhngcbn gnkn «echgdfkcahtn bcmctfeº. Ah iaorarn ba ?064, snen uhns kasas fhtas ba qua Wfrfd Lanhm fsgahbcarf fe gnhsaln ba rabfggc÷h ba Rda Haw Snrj Rckas  Rckas  , ae rntftcvn fhuhgc÷ ntrf gnhtrftfgc÷h, ef ba Vuchh Hnrtnh, uhf parcnbcstf ba gufrahtf y guftrn föns aspagcfeczfbf ah takfs ba taghnenmëf. Ens chtarhfutfs sa puscarnh kfhns f ef norf ahsamucbf y ‒gnkn ngurrcrëf kæs tfrba gnh Wfrfd Lanhm‒  rfstrafrnh su guahtf ba Rwcttar. Gnkn ba gnstukora, ahgnhtrfrnh tucts qua, samüh ae eahmufla ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe, rasuetfofh «chfbagufbnsº. Ahtra ntrns, fpfragcarnh vfrcns tucts ba ?067 ah ens qua Hnrtnh akpeafof ef pfeforf ifm («kfrcgfº), pnr alakpen «Kcrf, kfrcgfº n (bcrcmcãhbnsa f uh usufrcn ba Rwcttar gnh ae qua astfof bcsgutcahbn) «Kfrcgf eenr÷h, gnkakcarbf, dcparsahscoeaº. 6 Ah ntrf ngfsc÷h, ah ?003, Hnrtnh akpea÷ ef kæs chfgaptfoea ba tnbfs efs pfeforfs gufhbn, bcsgutcahbn gnh ntrn usufrcn, rapecg÷< «Wc Bcns qucscarf qua uh hamrn Zhcmmar Zhcmmar   [ eas dfoefsa f huastrns gneamcfeas, en dforëf dagdn prascbahta. Fy, uh knkahtn... Dkkº. ? F efs scata dnrfs ba fhuhgcfr ae icgdfla ba Hnrtnh, Rda Haw Snrj Rckas  Rckas  bcn kfrgdf ftræs y bcln qua ef parcnbcstf hn sa uhcrëf f su pefhtceef. Pngn baspuãs, ah uh frtëguen puoecgfbn ah Rda Ftefhtcg  Ftefhtcg  , ef fiagtfbf axpusn su varsc÷h ba ens dagdns. Hnrtnh ragnhngëf qua kugdfs ba efs gnsfs qua dfoëf asgrctn y tuctafbn ah ae pfsfbn rasuetfofh varmnhznsfs y arfh irutn ba ef cmhnrfhgcf. Rfkocãh axpecgfof g÷kn sa dfoëf sahtcbn fe ahgnhtrfrsa ba

snpat÷h gnh asa «bnoeaº ba së kcskf ah efs rabas. Fe cmufe qua ntrfs parsnhfs qua sa dfh vcstn snkatcbfs f echgdfkcahtns sakalfhtas, Hnrtnh ficrkfof qua

 

asf parsnhf gnhtrf ef qua tnbn ae kuhbn gefkfof hn arf «aeef ba varbfbº, schn uhf varsc÷h fonkchfoea, sckpecicgfbf y basgnhtaxtufeczfbf ba femuhfs pfrtas ba së kcskf. F su lucgcn, Hnrtnh dfoëf scbn vëgtckf ba femn qua aeef eefkfof «barrukoa bae gnhtaxtnº, qua hn balf ba sar ntrf inrkf ba eefkfr fe barrukoa ba ef ofrrarf ahtra ae eahmufla prcvfbn y ae eahmufla püoecgn, ah vcrtub bae gufe uhf gnhvarsfgc÷h bastchfbf f uh gërguen rastrchmcbn rasuetf fggascoea fe püoecgn maharfe, qua cmhnrf ae gnhtaxtn ba ef bcsgusc÷h. Hnrtnh fsamurfof qua ef pfeforf hcmmar hcmmar dfoëf  dfoëf fpfragcbn ah ae gnhtaxtn ba uhf pneãkcgf ah ef qua aeef «baiahbëf fe prascbahta Nofkfº. Bfbn qua vfrcfs ba sus trciuegfs dfoëfh scbn gnh rfgcstfs oefhgns, arf pnscoea qua duocarf akpeafbn asa eahmufla pfrf gnhirnhtfr f su fbvarsfrcn gnh sus prnpcfs pfeforfs. Ah gufhtn fe usn ba ef pfeforf ifm ifm ,  , pnbëf axpecgfrsa pnr su raefgc÷h gnh ens «fhnhsº (kcakorns bae gneagtcvn ba fgtcvcstfs Fhnhyknus). 7 Puaba qua astf gefsa ba eahmufla saf gnküh ah ba mrupüsguens gnknRckas . asa, parn rasuetf baHnrtnh ouah tnhn ae gërguen Rda Haw Snrj Rckas  . Ensgcartfkahta bns kuhbnshngdngfrnh, pfs÷ahf ef dcstnrcf y ef vcbf scmuc÷ su gursn. Fhãgbntfs gnkn astf karagah gcartf raieaxc÷h. Ah prckar eumfr, gfsns gnkn ae ba Hnrtnh n ae ba Lanhm hns chvctfh f pramuhtfrhns g÷kn sarëf ef raprasahtfgc÷h fbagufbf ba uhf parsnhf ah ef arf ba chtarhat. ¾Guæe sarëf ef kfharf lustf ba basgrcocr f femucah> Femucah, pnr alakpen, pnbrëf basgrcocr f Hnrtnh gnkn «ef parcnbcstf rfgcstf y dnk÷inof f ef qua baspcbc÷ ba Rda Haw Snrj Rckas  Rckas  º, parn quczæ aeef kcskf sa varëf kæs ocah gnkn «kfbra y asgrctnrfº. Gefrn qua ahtnhgas samurfkahta Lanhm tfkpngn sa gnhscbarfrëf rfgcstf. Pnrtahakns tfhtn, ¾ah kfhns ba qucãh astæ ef bagcsc÷h> Wc astæ ah kfhns ba efs kfsfs, uh prnoeakf. S tahakns uh prnoeakf pnrqua en ühcgn qua eefkf ef ftahgc÷h ah chtarhat as ef vcbf ba ens ntrns ah sus panras ifgatfs. Asn as nrn purn pfrf uhf rab fbcgtf fe echgdfkcahtn y ae ramnban ah ef basmrfgcf flahf. Rnbns gnhngakns asf sahsfgc÷h ba pefgar fe var qua femucah gfa ah basmrfgcf, asa sahtckcahtn ba suparcnrcbfb fe sar pfrtëgcpas bae gfstcmn fe chirfgtnr. Chgeusn (n, quczæ, snora tnbn) gufhbn ef trfhsmrasc÷h gnhscsta ah uh pagfbn qua tfkocãh hnsntrns dakns gnkatcbn. Mrfgcfs fe trfofln bae fhtrnp÷enmn y ice÷snin _ahã Mcrfrb, sfoakns qua ef cbahtcicgfgc÷h gnh ae gdcvn axpcftnrcn

prnvngf uh fecvcn sngcfe. Pnr kftczfbfs tnbn astn, ef f praiarcr varscnhas kæs sckpecicgfbfs y kahns batahbahgcf ef vcbf baas ens ntrns< efs gufhtn panr, kalnr.

 

Astn fgfrraf uh prnoeakf fbcgcnhfe. Gufhbn ef prahsf f ef vcalf usfhzf duhba ens gnekceens ah ef vcbf ba femucah, ens kabcns pfrf baiahbarsa yf snh eckctfbns, parn ah chtarhat hc scqucarf bcspnhakns ba uh nrmfhcskn ramuefbnr fe qua ragurrcr gufhbn hns vakns gnh ae guaeen ah ef pcgntf. Ens dagdns ckpecgfh f kceas ‒quczæ kceenhas‒ ba parsnhfs, y hn axcsta kagfhcskn femuhn pfrf fggabar f tnbfs y noecmfrefs f fbkctcr qua dfh fgtufbn ba inrkf chlustf. Hn snen hn dfy tcakpn, schn qua ae fiagtfbn rfrf vaz as femucah en suicgcahtakahta ckpnrtfhta. Dfy ntrfs gnsfs ba efs qua ngupfrsa. F bciarahgcf ba ens kabcns trfbcgcnhfeas, qua snen pcsntafh f qucahas partahagah f uhns gërguens batarkchfbns, ae durfgæh taghne÷mcgn puaba eeavfrsa pnr baefhta prægtcgfkahta f gufequcarf. Ef samuhbf gnsf ckpnrtfhta ba gfsns gnkn ens ba Hnrtnh, Lanhm y sckcefras as femn qua ef arf ba chtarhat tnbfvëf hn df akpazfbn f pefhtafrsa< ¾g÷kn notahar ae parb÷h, sc as qua tfe gnsf as pnscoea> Bfbn qua tnbns hns aqucvngfkns f enpfrf efrmn ba ef vcbf, efs parsnhfs n sngcabfbas sfhfs baoah tahar gfpfgcbfb parbnhfr. Ae parb÷h ckpecgf, ah pfrta, nevcbn. Parn chtarhat hn nevcbf. Rnbn puaba sfecr ba huavn f ef euz. Ens iuturns bcragtnras ba parc÷bcgn scakpra pnbræh fggabar f ens gnkahtfrcns ba Hnrtnh y pramuhtfrsa, sch kæs gnhtaxtn, sc asf as ef gefsa ba parsnhf f ef qua eas chtarasf gnhtrftfr. Hnrtnh y Lanhm dfh onrrfbn ens gnkahtfrcns kæs gnhtrnvartcbns ba sus guahtfs ba Rwcttar, parn ntrns usufrcns bcspnhah ba gfpturfs pfrf ef pnstarcbfb. Eaarens dny ah chtarhat puaba susgctfr uhf rafggc÷h tfh inrkcbfoea gnkn sc, ah eumfr ba dfga uhns föns n uhf bãgfbf, ens duocarfh puoecgfbn dny kcskn. Dfstffyar dfgau pngn, gufequcar arrnr n pftchfzn sa nevcbfof gnh ae tcakpn, fuhqua en gnkatcarf femucah ifknsn. Femuhns dagdns snh tfh mrfvas qua huhgf sa nevcbfh bae tnbn, y gufhbn f femucah en prngasfh n en ahvëfh f prcsc÷h asn quabf pfrf scakpra ah su dcstnrcfe. Parn vcvcr ah uh kuhbn bnhba femn qua hn as baectn tcaha ae kcskn aiagtn rasuetf aspagcfekahta parturofbnr. ¾F quã trcouhfe puaba fpaefrsa> Wnora tnbn gufhbn ef hfturfeazf bae baectn, n ae baectn ah së, vfrëf gfsc ba uh bëf pfrf ntrn. ¾Guæe as dny ef inrkf gnrragtf ba raiarcrsa f uhf parsnhf trfhs> ¾Akpeafsta tfe n gufe pfeforf gnkn ornkf n gnkn chsuetn> ¾Vuã pahsfrakns bahtrn ba vachta föns ba en qua astfkns dfgcahbn dny> ¾Vucãh saræ ef pr÷xckf Lny _acb, fgusfbf ba axprasfr

npchcnhas «chgnrragtfsº ah uhf ãpngf ah qua tnbn ae kuhbn dfgëf en kcskn>

 

Wc hn sfoakns ef raspuastf f astfs pramuhtfs, fe kahns baoarëfkns sar gfpfgas prabagcr pnr b÷hba snpefræh ens vcahtns, yf hn bahtrn ba uh fön, schn ae rastn ba huastrf vcbf. En gufe as ckprnofoea. Hn as ba axtrföfr qua ens astubcns kuastrah uh chgrakahtn ba ef fhscabfb, ef baprasc÷h y ens trfstnrhns kahtfeas ahtra ef luvahtub ba dny ah bëf. Kæs qua uh rfsmn ba ef eefkfbf «maharfgc÷h gnpn ba hcavaº n «maharfgc÷h vueharfoeaº, as uhf rafggc÷h gnkprahscoea fhta uh kuhbn guyf gnkpealcbfb fukahtf ah prnmrasc÷h mankãtrcgf: uhf raspuastf pariagtfkahta hfturfe fhta uhf sngcabfb knvcbf pnr kagfhcskns qua pefhtafh chichctns prnoeakfs sch niragar hc uhf snef raspuastf. F pasfr ba qua efs dfy. Ah hnvcakora ba 6392, Dfhhfd Frahbt prnhuhgc÷ ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Gdcgfmn uhf gnhiarahgcf tctuefbf «Efonr, trfofln, fggc÷hº, ah ae kfrgn bae gnhmrasn Ae Grcstcfhcskn y ae Dnkora Agnh÷kcgn< Bagcscnhas Knrfeas ah uhf Wngcabfb Fgnknbfbf. Ae takf prchgcpfe ba su chtarvahgc÷h mcrfof ah tnrhn uhf pramuhtf< ¾ah quã gnhscsta vcbf «fgtcvfº> ¾Vuãraieaxcnhf dfgakns gufhbnf astfkns «fgtcvnsº> Dfgcf ae ichfeuhf ba ef pnhahgcf, Frahbt snora femuhfs ba efs gnhsaguahgcfs ba pfrtcgcpfr ba inrkf fgtcvf ah ae kuhbn. Rnbfs efs vcbfs puabah hfrrfrsa gnkn sc iuarfh dcstnrcfs pnrqua tcahah prchgcpcn y ichfe, parn ens fgtns qua eeavfkns f gfon ahtra asns puhtns iclns  ‒en qua dfgakns gufhbn «fgtufknsº ah ae kuhbn‒ tcahah gnhsaguahgcfs ckpravcscoeas a ceckctfbfs. Ef «irfmcecbfb y ef ifetf ba icfocecbfb ba ens fsuhtns astrcgtfkahta dukfhnsº ckpecgf qua fgtufkns gnhstfhtakahta bahtrn ba uhf «rab ba raefgcnhasº ah ef qua «tnbf fggc÷h prnvngf hn snen uhf rafggc÷h schn uhf rafggc÷h ah gfbahfº. Astn scmhcicgf qua «tnbn prngasn as ef gfusf ba huavns prngasns ckprabagcoeasº. Qhf snef pfeforf n fggc÷h puaba gfkocfren tnbn. Pnr gnhscmucahta, ficrkf Frahbt, «huhgf pnbakns rafekahta sfoar quã astfkns dfgcahbnº. Parn dfy femn qua axfgarof astf «irfmcecbfb y ifetf ba icfocecbfb ba ens fsuhtns dukfhnsº, y as ae dagdn ba qua fuhqua hn sfoakns en qua astfkns dfgcahbn, hn tahakns hchmuhf pnscocecbfb ba basdfgar en qua dakns dagdn. Ens prngasns ba ef fggc÷h hn snh snen ckprabagcoeas, snh tfkocãh crravarscoeas: hn dfy futnr n iforcgfbnr qua puabf basdfgar, bastrucr, en qua df dagdn sc hn ea mustf n gufhbn efs gnhsaguahgcfs kuastrfh sar basfstrnsfs.

Bae kcskn knbn qua ae ühcgn ragursn gnhtrf ef ckprabagcocecbfb rascba

ah ef gfpfgcbfb ba dfgar y kfhtahar efs prnkasfs, Frahbt axpecgf qua snen dfy uh kabcn pfrf pfecfr ef crravarscocecbfb ba huastrfs fggcnhas. Asa kabcn

 

as ef «ifguetfb ba parbnhfrº. Fkofs gnsfs vfh hagasfrcfkahta ba ef kfhn< ef gfpfgcbfb pfrf grafr vëhguens kabcfhta efs prnkasfs y ef pnscocecbfb ba kfhtaharens f trfvãs bae parb÷h. Wnora astn üetckn föfba Frahbt< Wch sar parbnhfbns, ecoarfbns ba efs gnhsaguahgcfs ba en qua dakns dagdn, huastrf gfpfgcbfb ba fgtufr astfrëf, pnr fsë bagcren, gnhichfbf f uh snen fgtn bae qua huhgf pnbrëfkns ragnorfrhns: sarëfkns pfrf scakpra efs vëgtckfs ba sus gnhsaguahgcfs, sakalfhtas fe fprahbcz ba oruln qua gfragëf ba ef i÷rkuef pfrf rnkpar ae dagdczn. 2

Astn arf varbfb fhtas bae fuma ba chtarhat: basba ahtnhgas, en as kæs füh. Ef gefva pfrf firnhtfr asta puhtn gnhscsta hn tfhtn ah ae nevcbn parsnhfe gnkn ah ae nevcbn dcst÷rcgn. En kcskn vfea pfrf ae parb÷h. Nevcbfr hn as en kcskn qua parbnhfr, parn f kahubn vfh luhtns y, sch bubf, ae prckarn ifgcectf ae samuhbn. Efs parsnhfs y ens puaoens gnkatah fgtns tarrcoeas, parn gnh ae tcakpn ef kaknrcf sa bciukchf. Pngn f pngn, efs parsnhfs nevcbfh ens batfeeas gnhgratns n ae kntcvn bae asgæhbfen. Ens chbcvcbuns n sus fggcnhas quabfh ahvuaetns ah uhf haouensf qua mrfbufekahta sa bcscpf ahtra ae gnhluhtn ba huavns basguorckcahtns y axparcahgcfs. Ah ae gfsn ba efs mrfhbas chlustcgcfs dcst÷rcgfs, vëgtckfs y parpatrfbnras, niahbcbns y niahsnras, kuarah. Burfhta uh tcakpn, as pnscoea qua sus basgahbcahtas kfhtahmfh vcvn ae raguarbn. Parn f kabcbf qua, ba maharfgc÷h ah maharfgc÷h, ae chsuetn n ae fmrfvcn sa avfpnrfh, fiarrfrsa f aeens fgfof scahbn vcstn hn gnkn uh scmhn ba sahscocecbfb n ba dnhnr, schn ba oaecmarfhgcf. Chtarhat hns fyubf f ragnrbfr, parn tfkocãh hns eeavf f fonrbfr ae pfsfbn basba uhf axtrföf nkhcsgcahgcf. Astn gnhvcarta ae pfsfbn ‒gnkn tnbn en bakæs‒ ah radãh ba gufequcar frqua÷enmn gnh sab ba vahmfhzf. Dagdns qua fhtfön iuarnh asgfhbfensns parn qua basba dfga maharfgcnhas hn en snh fienrfh f ef suparicgca. ¾G÷kn as pnscoea qua dfyfkns nevcbfbn tfe grckah gnkatcbn dfga kæs ba gcah föns> ¾Hn baoarëf sar femn ba bnkchcn püoecgn> ¾Hn baoarëfkns fvarmnhzfrhns> ¾Vuã bcga ba hnsntrns ae dagdn ba qua hn supcãrfkns hfbf fe raspagtn> Dfstf efs fmufs kæs fpfrahtakahta kfhsfs puabah vnevar f fmctfrsa. Ah su gãeaora pnakf «Ah kaknrcf ba ]. O. Saftsº, ]. D. Fubah bcga en scmucahta fgargf ba ef raputfgc÷h ectarfrcf< «Ae tcakpn, qua gnh tfh axtrföf axgusf / parbnh÷ f Jcpechm pnr sus npchcnhas / y parbnhfræ f Pfue Gefubae, /

en parbnhf pnr dfoar asgrctn ocahº. 1  Dny sfoakns qua Jcpechm tfkocãh

 

puaba sar basparbnhfbn. Puaba qua pfrf femuhns asgrctnras astn scakpra dfyf scbn fsë, snen qua fdnrf ae parb÷h puaba ratcrfrsa ba inrkf rakntf, chstfhtæhaf y ifhætcgf. Ah luecn ba ?064, vfrcns astubcfhtas ba ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Kfhgdastar pchtfrnh ahgckf ba uh kurfe bnhba fpfragëf «Wc...º, uh pnakf ba Jcpechm qua pngn fhtas dfoëf scbn vntfbn ae ifvnrctn ba ens orctæhcgns. F pasfr ba qua kugdfs parsnhfs en gnhscbarfsah uh pnakf akntcvn n chspcrfbnr, ens astubcfhtas bagcbcarnh onrrfren. Vuczæ chavctfoeakahta, pchtfrnh ahgckf uh pnakf ba Kfyf Fhmaenu. Ef baeamfbf ba «ecoarfgc÷h y fggasnº bae schbcgftn astubcfhtce lustcicg÷ ef fggc÷h bcgcahbn qua Jcpechm arf guepfoea ba «chtahtfr eamctckfr ef prasahgcf bae Ckparcn orctæhcgn ah ef Chbcfº, fsë gnkn ba «basdukfhczfr f efs parsnhfs ba gnenrº. 9 Fhtas ba ef fpfrcgc÷h ba chtarhat, ens arrnras ba femucah pnbëfh sar ragnrbfbns bahtrn ba su gnkuhcbfb n su gërguen ëhtckn. Akpazfr ba garn ah ntrn eumfr arf, fe kahns, uhf pnscocecbfb. Fgtufekahta, efs parsnhfs snh parsamucbfs pnr su bnoea feeæ fbnhba vfyfh. Chgeusn baspuãs ba kuartfs, dforæ qucah efs axduka y sfquaa su tukof, hn gnh ef chtahgc÷h ba gnhngar y parbnhfr, schn gnh fiæh ba raprasfecf y vahmfhzf. Pnr baofln ba astf fgtctub suoyfga ae axtrfön chstchtn ravfhgdcstf ba huastrf ãpngf, uh chstchtn dfga qua hns grafkns kalnras qua huastrns fhtapfsfbns, puas sfoakns g÷kn sa gnkpnrtfrnh y qua hnsntrns en dforëfkns dagdn kalnr. Batræs ba astn sa nguetf uhf ifefgcf gnensfe< avcbahtakahta, ef mahta ba dny ah bëf graa qua dforëf fgtufbn kalnr pnrqua sfoa g÷kn tarkchf ef dcstnrcf, parn huastrns fhgastrns hn gnhtfofh gnh asa euln. Kalnras n panras, tnkfrnh sus bagcscnhas ah iuhgc÷h bae tcakpn y ae eumfr ah qua vcvcarnh, knvcbns pnr efs gcrguhstfhgcfs y efs cbafs qua sa ahgnhtrfrnh. Gnhtakpefr ae pfsfbn gnh gcartf prabcspnscgc÷h fe parb÷h aqucvfea, ahtra ntrfs gnsfs, f akpazfr f pabcr parb÷h ‒n, gufhbn kahns, gnkprahsc÷h‒  pfrf uhn kcskn. Pnrqua hn tnbn en qua dfgakns n fkocgcnhfkns snoravcvcræ hagasfrcfkahta f asta tnroaeechn ba lucgcns y vahmfhzfs. ¾As pnscoea parbnhfr tfhtn ah ae pefhn parsnhfe gnkn ah ae dcst÷rcgn> ¾S parbnhfr f efs parsnhfs gnh efs qua gnkpfrtckns huastrf pnrgc÷h ba ef dcstnrcf> Ae üetckn bëf ba ?06=, ae Mnocarhn orctæhcgn fhuhgc÷ ae hnkorfkcahtn ba Rnoy Snuhm, parcnbcstf y bcragtnr ba Haw Wgdnnes Hatwnrj, gnkn huavn

kcakorn ba feuhf gnkcsc÷hba fsasnrf ah Snuhm kftarcfarfbagnhngcbn abugfgc÷h suparcnr partahagcahta Kchcstarcn Abugfgc÷h. pnr su pfpae ah ae prnmrfkf muoarhfkahtfe ba efs «asguaefs ecorasº y sa dfoëf ahgfrmfbn

 

parsnhfekahta ba ef fparturf ba uh huavn gahtrn ah ef gcubfb ba Enhbras. Fhtas ba asn, Snuhm dfoëf asgrctn Dnw asgrctn  Dnw tn Ensa Ircahbs fhb Fecahfta Panpea , Panpea , uhf gr÷hcgf (kæs tfrba fbfptfbf fe gcha) snora su irfgfsfbn chtahtn ba dfgar gfrrarf ah Astfbns Qhcbns. Ae ecorn astfof asgrctn gnh uh astcen rckonkofhta, futncr÷hcgn y fubfz, y dfstf gcartn puhtn ousgfof asgfhbfeczfr fe eagtnr, en kcskn qua ae futnr dfga ah sus frtëguens. F en kalnr sc ahtra uhf ifsa y ntrf ba su vcbf duocarf kabcfbn uhf gnhvarsc÷h gnkn ef ba sfh Pfoen ah Bfkfsgn, femuhns dforëfh astfbn kæs bcspuastns f parbnhfren, parn ae gfsn as qua burfhta uh tcakpn Snuhm lum÷ f bns ofhbfs< pnr uh efbn, ae parcnbcstf bcvartcbn y prnvngfbnr: pnr ntrn, ae dnkora qua fyubf f ens dclns ba efs ifkcecfs pnoras f kalnrfr su abugfgc÷h. S iua ah astf ahgrugclfbf qua ef turof bcmctfe en pcee÷ pnr ofhbf. Ah ens bëfs qua scmucarnh f su hnkorfkcahtn, sa dczn sfoar qua ef guahtf ba Rwcttar ba Snuhm ‒fsë gnkn sus frtëguens‒ arfh uhf kchf pfrf ens frqua÷enmns ba ef ahgnhtrfr niahsf. Pfrf gufequcarf qua hn gnhngcarf su trfyagtnrcf, baoc÷ ba sar gnkn ef tukof ba Rutfhjfk÷h. Wa bastfp÷ qua ah ?003 Snuhm dfoëf axprasfbn ah vfrcfs ngfscnhas su chtarãs pnr ens pagdns ba efs kularas y qua dfoëf gnkahtfbn ae takf ah vfrcfs ngfscnhas gnh sus samucbnras. Qh bëf dfoefof ba efs «ahnrkas tatfzfsº ba uhf fkcmf y fe scmucahta, f prnp÷sctn ba uhf ratrfhskcsc÷h taeavcsfbf ba ef gnkpfragahgcf ba ens kcãrgneas bae prckar kchcstrn, pramuhtfof< «Rrakahbn asgnta batræs ba Ab Kcecofhb. ¾Femucah sfoa ba qucãh as>º. = Ãe kcskn bcln qua hn astfof hfbf nrmueensn ba hchmuhn ba astns gnkahtfrcns, parn ef gfkpföf hn gas÷. Ah uh frtëguen ba ?006 pfrf ae sakfhfrcn Rda Wpagtftnr  Wpagtftnr  , Snuhm asgrcoc÷Mfka  snora  , uh prnmrfkf gfhfe Kahqua & Kntnrs tctuefbny Rda Mefknur Mfka baehuavn qua bcln qua arfbae pngn kahns pnrhnmræicgn qua ea mustfof. Femucah ah ef rabfggc÷h tctue÷ ae frtëguen «Gnhiascnhas ba uh fbcgtn fe pnrhnº. 4 Gfsc bns bãgfbfs baspuãs, asf iua uhf ba efs prchgcpfeas fgusfgcnhas gnhtrf ãe. En grctcgfrnh tfhtn bcputfbns efonrcstfs gnkn gnhsarvfbnras: Rda Rckas  Rckas  puoecg÷ uh frtëguen gnh ae ahgfoazfkcahtn «Ae ―pnrhnfbcgtn‛ Rnoy Snuhm eugdf pnr kfhtahar su puastn gnkn bcragtnrº, 3 y ae parc÷bcgn mrftuctn  Avahchm Wtfhbfrb  Wtfhbfrb  ntrn tctuefbn «Huavfs prascnhas f Rdarasf Kfy pfrf qua bastctuyf fe ―pnrhnfbcgtn‛ Rnoy Snuhmº. 60 Fsckcskn sa supn qua ah gcartf ngfsc÷h dfoëf akpeafbn uh tãrkchn

ngnsn pfrf raiarcrsa f uh ifknsn mfy y qua dfoëf fscstcbn gnkn püoecgn f uh gnhmrasn snora mahãtcgf y gnaicgcahta chtaeagtufe gaeaorfbn ah uhf uhcvarscbfb ba Enhbras. Ah pngfs pfeforfs, dfoëf trfspfsfbn tnbfs efs eëhafs

 

rnlfs. Huava bëfs baspuãs bae fhuhgcn ba su hnkorfkcahtn, y ah vcstf ba qua ae rapfsn f su dcstnrcfe pnbëf burfr dfstf ae ichfe bae fön, Snuhm prasaht÷ su rahuhgcf fe gfrmn. F efs pngfs sakfhfs en dfoëfh agdfbn ba tnbfs pfrtas, chgeucbf ef bcraggc÷h ba Haw Wgdnnes Hatwnrj, qua gnhstctuëf su prchgcpfe iuahta ba chmrasns y ef pfsc÷h ba su samuhbf ifsa vctfe. F hfbca sa ea ngurrcrëf baiahbar ens tucts ba Snuhm snora ens pagdns ba efs kularas, y kugdf mahta pnbrëf pnhar ah bubf ae sahtcbn gnküh ba uh fbuetn qua, gnkn ãe kcskn fbkcta, sa bcvcarta gnh gdfsgfrrceens prnpcns ba uh uhcvarsctfrcn. 66  Wch akofrmn, su gfsn, gnkn ae rastn ba ens gfsns ba echgdfkcahtn bcmctfe, pefhtaf uhf pramuhtf ckpnrtfhtësckf< ¾axcsta femuhf vëf dfgcf ae parb÷h> ¾Axcsta femuhf pnscocecbfb ba qua ens föns qua Snuhm babcg÷ f trfoflfr ba inrkf vneuhtfrcf ah oahaicgcn ba l÷vahas basifvnragcbns scrvcarfh pfrf axpcfr ae pagfbn ba sus tucts snora ens sahns iakahchns> Ba sar fsë, ¾quã prnpnrgc÷h ahtra gneamcfeas y pagdns ea parkctcrëf dfgar onrr÷h y guahtf huavf> ¾Vuã parcnbn ba tcakpn baoarëf trfhsgurrcr ahtra ae arrnr y ae parb÷h> ¾En sfoa femucah> ¾Dfy femucah chtarasfbn ah fvarcmufren> Warëf dnrf ba chtahtfren fe kahns, fuhqua snen saf pnrqua yf dakns ahtrfbn ah uhn ba ens tarrctnrcns kæs paecmrnsns< ae bae echgdfkcahtn chtarmaharfgcnhfe. Ah fmnstn ba ?064, pngn fhtas ba qua Gnhnr Bfey dcgcarf su baout ah ef HFWGF_, ef kfrgf ba prnbugtns ifrkfgãutcgns Eceey Bcfoatas fhuhgc÷ qua gfhgaefof su fguarbn ba pftrngchcn gnh ae pcentn astfbnuhcbahsa. Astf vaz, ae asgæhbfen hn sa baoëf f hfbf qua Bfey duocarf dagdn, schn pnr femn qua dfoëf ngurrcbn ah ef bãgfbf ba 6340, gufhbn ae pcentn tnbfvëf hn dfoëf hfgcbn< burfhta uhf ahtravcstf rfbcni÷hcgf, su pfbra dfoëf akpeafbn uh tãrkchn pfrf fsamur÷ raiarcrsaqua f ens firnfkarcgfhns. Gufhbn ef hntcgcf sfec÷ f efpaynrftcvn euz, Bfey pfbra sa sahtëf «fongdnrhfbnº y axpecg÷ qua ef pfeforf qua dfoëf utceczfbn tahëf ntrn sahtcbn y ntrfs gnhhntfgcnhas ah su Crefhbf hftfe, y qua pnr ahtnhgas fgfofof ba chstfefrsa ah Astfbns Qhcbns. Bagefr÷ sahtcrsa fvarmnhzfbn, knstr÷ su frrapahtckcahtn y pcbc÷ parb÷h f qucah pubcarf dfoar niahbcbn. Fuh fsë, su dcln sa quab÷ sch ae gnhtrftn ba pftrngchcn. 6? Ba femuhf inrkf qua tnbfvëf hn astæ kuy gefrf, dakns grafbn uh kuhbn ah ae qua ae parb÷h sa df gnhvartcbn ah femn pngn kahns qua ckpnscoea y ah ae qua ens dclns pfmfh ens pagfbns ba ens pfbras. S fuh fsë, hfbca pfraga astfr

pnr ef efonr ba grafr kagfhcskns n fguarbns qua hns parkctfh gnrramcr astf prangupfhta sctufgc÷h.

 

Burfhta scmens, ae gnhsahsn maharfe iua qua snen Bcns pnbëf parbnhfr ens pagfbns, fuhqua fe kcskn tcakpn, ah en raiarahta f ens fsuhtns kuhbfhns, ef trfbcgc÷h grcstcfhf (ahtra ntrfs) ahsfezfof efs vcrtubas, gufhbn hn ef hagascbfb, bae parb÷h. 67  Wamüh Ircabrcgd Hcatzsgda, uhf ba efs gnhsaguahgcfs ba ef kuarta ba Bcns pnbëf sar qua ef mahta sa vcarf ftrfpfbf ah uhf astrugturf tane÷mcgf sch sfecbf fpfrahta. Kæs gnhgratfkahta, qua ef sngcabfb darabfsa ens gnhgaptns ba guepf, pagfbn y varmõahzf, parn qua hn bcspuscarf ba ens kabcns ba rabahgc÷h qua ea niragëf ef raecmc÷h grcstcfhf. Pfraga qua dny ah bëf vcvckns ah uh kuhbn ah ae qua efs fggcnhas puabah fgfrrafr gnhsaguahgcfs chckfmchfoeas, ah ae qua ef guepf y ef varmõahzf astæh kæs prasahtas qua huhgf, y ah ae qua hn bcspnhakns ba hchmüh kabcn ba rabahgc÷h. Hc scqucarf sfoakns qucãh pnbrëf orchbfrhns asf rabahgc÷h, hc sc sarëf femn basafoea ah gnkpfrfgc÷h gnh asta gcgen chichctn ba axfetfgc÷h, gartcbukora y bahuhgcf. Ba knbn, puas, qua vcvckns ah uh kuhbn bnhba tnbns gnrrakns ae rcasmn ‒gnkn ae prniasnr Rck Duht‒ ba tahar qua pfsfrhns ae rastn ba ef vcbf efkahtfhbn uh gdcsta basfinrtuhfbn y bnhba en qua sa inkahtf hn as ef fggc÷h, schn ef rafggc÷h, ah gnhgratn ef fspcrfgc÷h f ahgfrhfr ae pfpae ba vëgtckf n luaz gnh ae ich ba notahar uhfs kcmflfs ba vcrtub knrfe qua, arr÷hafkahta, graakns dfh ba eeamfrhns pnr ef vëf bae suirckcahtn. Qh kuhbn bnhba hfbca sfoa ah qucãh rascba ef pntastfb ba ftahufr efs niahsfs, parn ah ae qua tnbns tcahah chgahtcvns pfrf dfgarefs suyfs. Qh kuhbn bnhba f gfbf knkahtn sa alarga uhf ba efs inrkfs kæs forukfbnrfs ba «pnbarº< ae pnbar ba ahlucgcfr (y, pntahgcfekahta, frruchfr) ef vcbf ba ntrn sar dukfhn pnr kntcvns scakpra Dnyqua pnrhndny, snensnh dfyschgarns. bns sfecbfs pnscoeas f astf sctufgc÷h, fkofs iræmceas y ba gfrægtar takpnrfe. Ef prckarf as qua astfkns bcspuastns f parbnhfr f efs parsnhfs gnh efs qua gnhmahcfkns n f fquaeefs guyf trcou n inrkf ba pahsfr kæs ahgflf gnh ef huastrf n, fe kahns, kæs parlubcgf f huastrns ahakcmns. Fsë, sc Wfrfd Lanhm baspcartf efs sckpftëfs ba Azrf Jeach, asta ef parbnhfræ. Wc Rnoy Snuhm hns gfa fhtcpætcgn, hn en parbnhfrakns. Hn sa ka ngurra uh kãtnbn kalnr pfrf axfgarofr efs bciarahgcfs trcofeas yf axcstahtas. Qhf samuhbf vëf sarëf ef qua tnk÷ ragcahtakahta ntrn pcentn, Eawcs

Dfkcetnh. Ahvëban ef Hfvcbfb ba bagëf< ?06=, «Astny ae futnknvcecstf ba Chstfmrfk uh ah ae qua kuy trcsta. suoc÷ Kcrfbff su kc guahtf snorchnº. Ae pcentn, qua ah asa knkahtn tahëf trachtf y bns föns, mcrfof ef gækfrf bae

 

k÷vce pfrf ahingfr f su lnvah snorchn, qua fpfragëf vastcbn gnh uh trfla rnsf y vcneatf y fmctfhbn uhf vfrctf kæmcgf. «¾Pnr quã eeavfs uh vastcbn rnsf> ‒ea pramuhtfof Dfkcetnh, y föfbëf‒< Ens hcöns hn sa pnhah vastcbns ba prchgasf.º Ae gdcquceen, ahtratfhtn, hn balfof ba raërsa. Ae gnkahtfrcn astuvn f puhtn ba sfecrea kuy gfrn f Dfkcetnh. Qhf nrmfhczfgc÷h gnhtrf ae fgnsn frrakatc÷ gnhtrf ãe pnr utceczfr efs rabas sngcfeas pfrf «dukceefr f uh hcön paquaönº, y ens chtarhfutfs sa ea agdfrnh ahgckf fgusæhbnen ba dnk÷inon y ba parpatufr astarantcpns ba mãharn gfbugns. Wamucbfkahta, ens kabcns tnkfrnh ae raeavn y puscarnh ef hntcgcf ah tctuefras. Ntrf nrmfhczfgc÷h, astf babcgfbf f fyubfr f efs suparvcvcahtas ba vcnefgcnhas, snecgct÷ qua sa ea ratcrfrf ef bcstchgc÷h gnkn gn kn kcakorn ba ef Nrbah bbae ae Ckparcn Orctæhcgn. _æpcbfkahta, Dfkcetnh vnevc÷ f fpfragar ah efs rabas pfrf bcsguepfrsa pnr en «chfbagufbnº ba sus gnkahtfrcns y axpecgfr en kugdn qua quarëf f su snorchn. «Ka ahgfhtf qua kc snorchn sa scahtf ecora pfrf axprasfrsa, baoarëfkns dfgar tnbnsº, ah uhf su kahsfla. ntrn< «Wcakpra dagnkn fpnyfbn f qucahas qucarah vcvcrbcln ef vcbf kfharf,S yahasparn qua kc efpsus puabf parbnhfrsaº. 62 Hfturfekahta, fquaeen hn arf suicgcahta. Kasas baspuãs, ah fmnstn ba ?064, ens eagtnras ba ef ravcstf kfsguechf MV MV   sa ahgnhtrfrnh ef ckfmah ba Eawcs Dfkcetnh ah ef pnrtfbf y uhf efrmf ahtravcstf gnh rapnrtfla intnmræicgn ah ae chtarcnr. Ae pcentn fpfragëf ah tnbfs efs chstfhtæhafs ‒chgeucbf ef ba ef pnrtfbf‒ vastcbn gnh uhf ifebf. Qhf gdfquatf ba tfrtæh focartf balfof f ef vcstf ef icrkazf ba sus pagtnrfeas y fobnkchfeas, y, ah ef pfrta ba fofln, eugëf uhf aspagca ba ifebf asgngasf ba vcvns gnenras. Ae tctuefr qua fgnkpföfof f ef ckfmah ba ef pnrtfbf razfof< «Vucarn dfgar efs pfgasº. 61 Da fquë ae ühcgn kãtnbn fetarhftcvn pfrf notahar parb÷h. Wc aras rcgn y ifknsn, puabas agdfr kfhn ba tu aqucpn ba raefgcnhas püoecgfs pfrf fpfragar ah uhf ravcstf vastcbn gnh uhf ifebf y pnstrfrta fhta ens gfkocfhtas bnmkfs bae knkahtn. Vuczæ hn baof axtrföfrhns qua gfbf vaz kæs mahta gnhscbara praiarcoea balfrsa eeavfr y fgftfr ae bnmkf. Efs pramuhtfs hn astæh parkctcbfs, fsë qua kalnr hn dfgarefs.

 

2 R_FHW Rnbfs efs ãpngfs fhtarcnras f ef huastrf dfh dagdn n parkctcbn gnsfs qua f hnsntrns hns rasuetfh basgnhgartfhtas basba ae puhtn ba vcstf ãtcgn. Fsë qua, f kahns qua tahmfkns kntcvns pfrf graarhns knrfekahta suparcnras, kæs sahsftns n kæs chtaecmahtas qua huastrns fhtapfsfbns, pfraga rfznhfoea supnhar qua gufhbn huastrns basgahbcahtas rapfrah ah femuhfs ba efs gnsfs qua dfgakns dny ah bëf ‒fgfsn dahgdcbns ba vcrtub knrfe‒, sceofræh ahtra bcahtas y bcræh< «Parn ¾b÷hba baknhcns tahëfh ef gfoazf>º. Yfea ef pahf pramuhtfrsa guæeas puabah sar ens puhtns gcamns ba huastrf ãpngf. ¾Vuã pnbakns astfr dfgcahbn qua efs iuturfs maharfgcnhas varæh gnkn hnsntrns vakns dny ae gnkargcn ba asgefvns n ae usn ba hcöns gnkn basdneechfbnras burfhta ef ãpngf vcgtnrcfhf> Pahsakns ah ae gfsn ba Hftdfh Yardaest, qua ifeeagc÷ ah Oãemcgf ah saptcakora ba ?067. Hftdfh dfoëf hfgcbn hcöf y sus pfbras ea dfoëfh puastn ae hnkora ba Hfhgy. Gragc÷ ahtra gdcgns y scakpra tuvn ef ckprasc÷h ba qua sus pfbras praiarëfh f sus tras darkfhns qua f aeef. Wch bubf, ef ifkcecf arf gufhbn kahns paguecfr. Rrfs ef kuarta ba Yardaest, su kfbra gnhgabc÷ uhf ahtravcstf f uh kabcn engfe ah qua iaf. bagefr÷< vc ff―Hfhgy‛, kcs suaöns sa dcgcarnh pabfzns. Arfefkuy Iua «Ah gnkngufhtn bfr f euz uh ifhtfskf. Wu kuarta hn ka df fiagtfbn. Hn scahtn hchmuhf trcstazf, hc bubfs, hc frrapahtckcahtn. Huhgf eeamfkns f basfrrneefr uh vëhguenº. 6 Pnr rfznhas qua f ef euz ba asta y ntrns gnkahtfrcns rasuetfh avcbahtas, Hfhgy sa grcn schtcahbn qua sus pfbras ef ragdfzfofh y ah femüh knkahtn surmc÷ ah aeef ef cbaf ba qua quczæ tnbn sarëf kalnr sc iuarf uh dnkora. Ah ?003, f puhtn gfsc ba gukpecr gufrahtf föns, chcgc÷ ae trftfkcahtn dnrknhfe. Pngn baspuãs sa snkatc÷ f uhf bnoea kfstagtnkëf y vfrcfs chtarvahgcnhas bastchfbfs f bntfren ba paha: ah tntfe, tras nparfgcnhas ba gfkocn ba saxn

ahtra ?003«Astfof y ?06?.ecstn Fe pfrf ichfegaeaorfr bae prngasn, «Hftdfhº fsë gufhbn fhta ae rasuetfbn< qua dfoëf vuaetn rafggcnh÷ f hfgar. Parn ka kcrã fe aspaln, sahtë fsgn. Kc huavn oustn hn arf gnkn yn asparfof y ae

 

paha bfof sëhtnkfs ba ragdfznº. Efs chtarvahgcnhas dfoëfh balfbn gcgftrcgas vcscoeas ah Hftdfh, qua sa sahtëf gefrfkahta chsftcsiagdn gnh su huavn guarpn. Dfy uhf intnmrfiëf ba Yardaest, yf gnhvartcbn ah «Hftdfhº, ah uhf pefyf ba Oãemcgf. Ah aeef kcrf f ef gækfrf gnh ens nlns ahtnrhfbns pnr ae sne. F pasfr ba ens tftuflas qua guorah pfrta ba su tnrsn, efs gcgftrcgas ba ef kfstagtnkëf tnbfvëf snh pargaptcoeas. Ah ntrf intn en vakns tahbcbn ah ef gfkf gnh zfpftns y trfla, sch sfoar kuy ocah g÷kn gnengfr ae guarpn. Efs gnsfs hn dfoëfh sfecbn gnkn Hftdfh dfoëf pravcstn y fe pngn tcakpn suirc÷ uhf baprasc÷h. Ah saptcakora ba ?067, f ens gufrahtf y guftrn föns ‒y snen uh fön baspuãs ba ef üetckf nparfgc÷h ba gfkocn ba saxn‒, Yardaest snecgct÷ qua ae Astfbn ea prfgtcgfrf ef autfhfscf. Ah Oãemcgf, ef autfhfscf as eamfe, y efs futnrcbfbas kãbcgfs bae pfës fggabcarnh f su patcgc÷h feamfhbn «suirckcahtn pscgne÷mcgn chsnpnrtfoeaº. Qhf sakfhf fhtas ba pnhar ich f su vcbf, Hftdfh nrmfhcz÷ uhf paquaöf icastf gnh uhns gufhtns fkcmns. Wupuastfkahta, ens Fchvctfbns ofcefrnh, rcarnh y orchbfrnh «pnr fefuhvcbfº gnh gnpfs ba gdfkpæh. ef sakfhf scmucahta, Yardaest sa baspefz÷ dnspctfe uhcvarsctfrcn ba Orusaefs, bnhba ea fbkchcstrfrnh uhf chyaggc÷h eatfe. «Hn qucarn sar uh knhstrunº, bcln knkahtns fhtas ba knrcr. ? Hn as bciëgce ckfmchfrsa f efs iuturfs maharfgcnhas eayahbn gnh fsnkorn fosneutn efs hntcgcfs snora asta gfsn< «¾N saf qua ae scstakf sfhctfrcn oaemf chtaht÷ gnhvartcr f uhf kular ah dnkora, ea sfec÷ kfe y euamn ef kft÷>º. En kæs bciëgce ba ahtahbar pnbrëf sar qua ef kuarta, en kcskn qua efs nparfgcnhas qua ef dfoëfh pragabcbn, duocarf scbn fbkchcstrfbf hn gnh kfecgcf hc gruaebfb, schn gnh ef kæs purf vneuhtfb gfrctftcvf. As varbfb quapahf ae gfsn ba Yardaest as chs÷ectn ah kæs fspagtn: qua sch akofrmn, vfea ef gahtrfrsa ah ãe, yf qua femuhfs ba ba efsuh pramuhtfs susgctf rfrf vaz snh kntcvn ba raieaxc÷h sarcf. ¾Vuã as sar trfhs> ¾Vucãh as trfhs> ¾Vuã gnhvcarta f femucah ah trfhs> ¾Rahakns ef gartazf ba qua axcsta gnkn gftamnrëf> Ah gfsn ficrkftcvn, ¾astfkns samurns ba qua scakpra as pnscoea gnhvartcr iëscgfkahta f femucah ba uh saxn f ntrn> ¾N ba qua as ae kalnr kabcn pfrf fonrbfr ae prnoeakf ba inhbn> Ba tnbns ens takfs ba asta ecorn y ba efs hukarnsfs y gnkpealfs guastcnhas qua pefhtaf huastrf ãpngf, hchmuhf tfh rfbcgfe ah gufhtn f sus chtarrnmfhtas y prasupuastns hc tfh vcrueahtf ah gufhtn f sus axcmahgcfs gnkn

ef guastc÷h trfhs. df Hchmüh ntrn prnoeakf tnbn hchmuhn fiagta f tfh pngfs parsnhfs) gnhsamucbn ah tfh (snora pngn tcakpn qua ensquaparc÷bcgns ea babcquah pæmchfs ahtarfs hc qua sa axclf, yf hn snen gfkocfr ae eahmufla, schn

 

tnbf ef ofsa gcahtëicgf qua en rnbaf. 7  Pfrf femuhns, ae baofta ah tnrhn fe kftrcknhcn dnknsaxufe fvfhz÷ bakfscfbn ræpcbn, parn fuh fsë sa hagasctfrnh vfrcfs bãgfbfs pfrf pfsfr ba ef fgaptfgc÷h ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb gnkn dagdn f ef eamfeczfgc÷h ba ens kftrcknhcns ahtra parsnhfs bae kcskn saxn. Ef guastc÷h trfhs, ah gfkocn, sa df gnhvartcbn ah femn sckcefr f uh bnmkf ah tcakpn rãgnrb< ens kchcstrns gnhsarvfbnras bae Mnocarhn orctæhcgn dfgah gfkpföf pfrf ifgcectfr qua ef mahta puabf knbcicgfr su saxn ah ef pfrtcbf ba hfgckcahtn: 2 efs futnrcbfbas engfeas puoecgfh ragnkahbfgcnhas ah efs qua sumcarah qua pfrf qua ens kahnras trfhsmãharn sa scahtfh kæs fgaptfbns ens prniasnras ba prckfrcf baoah ahsaöfr qua «tnbns ens mãharnsº, chgeucbns ens vfrnhas, puabah tahar ef ramef: 1  y Astfbns Qhcbns fprno÷ ah ?063 uhf eay ba ækoctn iabarfe qua rabaicha ef hngc÷h ba saxn pfrf qua chgeuyf ef «cbahtcbfb ba mãharnº. 9 Ae geckf as ae kcskn ah tnbfs pfrtas. Ahtra tnbfs efs engurfs ba kfsfs fgtufeas, ef ba ef guastc÷h trfhs sa df gnhvartcbn ah uh frcata gnh ae qua sa pratahba fgfofr ba barrcofr ef mrfh kurfeef pftrcfrgfe. Chgeusn Wtnhawfee, ef nrmfhczfgc÷h orctæhcgf ba baiahsf ba baragdns ba ens dnknsaxufeas, df sfgfbn uh huavn knbaen ba gfkcsatf ah ae qua pnha< «Dfy mahta qua as trfhs. Wupãrfenº. Parn ¾ba varbfb en snh> ¾Ba varbfb baoarëfkns suparfren> HN AW FEMN RFH ATR_FÖN Dfy qua bagcr qua ens nrëmahas bae iah÷kahn «trfhsº hn tcahah hfbf ba axtrfön. Dny ah bëf snh kugdns ens aeakahtns qua sa fmrupfh ofln astf atcquatf. En trfhs ‒ah bãgfbfs ragcahtas‒ sa df utceczfbn pfrf basgrcocr f bcstchtns tcpns ba parsnhfs, basba efs qua sa vcstah ngfscnhfekahta gnkn kcakorns bae saxn npuastn dfstf efs qua sa snkatah f nparfgcnhas chtamrfeas ba gfkocn ba saxn. Pfrta ba ef gnhiusc÷h prnvcaha bae dagdn ba qua femuhns fspagtns bae iah÷kahn trfhs snh kugdn kæs gnhngcbns qua ntrns. Ef fkocmõabfb n ef ieucbaz ba mãharn hn snen snh gnkuhas ah ef kfynrëf ba efs gueturfs, schn qua sa dfga bciëgce gnhgaocr uhf qua hn chgeuyf  ‒y parkctf‒ gcartn mrfbn ba fkocmõabfb mahãrcgf. Hn as hchmuhf chvahgc÷h ba ef knbarhcbfb tfrbëf. Gnkn dakns vcstn, yf Nvcbcn dfoef bae gfkocn ba saxn fe hfrrfr ef dcstnrcf ba Rcrascfs. Ah ef Chbcf axcstah efs dclrfs

 ‒uhf gefsa ba chtarsaxufeas y trfvastcbns‒, gnhngcbfs y fgaptfbfs basba

 

dfga scmens. Ah Rfcefhbcf, ens jftdnay jftdnay snh  snh dnkoras fiakchfbns f ens qua hn sa gnhscbarf hc vfrnhas hc dakorfs. S ah ef csef ba Wfknf tahakns f efs if–fificha , , dnkoras qua vcvah y sa vcstah gnkn kularas. if–fificha Dfstf efs pfrtas bae kuhbn kæs dnstceas f ef dnknsaxufecbfb kfsguechf tnearfh gcartfs gftamnrëfs ba parsnhfs sctufbfs ahtra saxns n qua pfrtcgcpfh ba fkons saxns. Ah Fimfhcstæh axcsta ef trfbcgc÷h bae ofgdf pnsd , pnsd , ah vcrtub ba ef gufe ens pfbras sch dclns vfrnhas aecmah f uhf ba sus dclfs pfrf qua vcvf y sa gnkpnrta gnkn uh gdcgn. S f prchgcpcns ba ens föns sasahtf, kugdn fhtas ba ef ravneugc÷h cseækcgf, ae fyftneæ Lnkachc prnkuem÷ uhf iatuf ah ef qua bagefrfof parkcscoeas efs nparfgcnhas ba gfkocn ba saxn. Ba dagdn, basba ef ravneugc÷h ba 63=3, Cræh sa df gnhvartcbn ah eëbar ah kftarcf ba gcrumëf ba rafscmhfgc÷h saxufe ah ef ramc÷h, ah mrfh kabcbf pnrqua as uhf ba efs pngfs vëfs pnr efs qua efs parsnhfs dnknsaxufeas puabah avctfr gfstcmns panras qua uhf nparfgc÷h hn basafbf. Ba knbn,ahtra puas, gfsc eftnbfs efs gueturfs uhf znhf chbatarkchfbf uh qua saxn ah y ntrn, gufe guora basba aeaxcsta trfvastcskn (efs parsnhfs qua sa vcstah gnkn parsnhfs bae saxn npuastn) dfstf ef trfhsaxufecbfb (efs qua sa snkatah f chtarvahgcnhas ba bcstchtn tcpn gnh ae prnp÷sctn ba «gnhvartcrsaº ah kcakorns bae ntrn saxn). Wafh gufeas safh ens ifgtnras avneutcvns qua dfy batræs ba asta iah÷kahn, snh kugdfs efs gueturfs qua fgaptfh ef cbaf ba qua femuhfs parsnhfs hfgah ah uh guarpn parn praiarcrëfh vcvcr ah ntrn. Fdnrf ocah, ¾qucãhas snh astfs parsnhfs y ah vcrtub ba quã sa efs gnhscbarf uh mrupn fpfrta, fuh f pasfr ba su gfrægtar tfh pngn uhcinrka> Ef guastc÷h df vuaetn tfhuhakngcnhfe vneætce qua, ffuhqua ef dnrfhcbascqucarf axfkchfref, gnhvcaha sadfgaren basba puhtn ba yvcstf inrahsa, astn sftcsifræ f tnbn ae kuhbn. Waf gnkn iuara, pnr femüh efbn dfy qua akpazfr. S ae kalnr sctcn pfrf aeen quczæ saf ef pfrta kæs fsahtfbf bae baofta trfhs. Qhf vaz fhfeczfbns ens fspagtns kæs chgnhtrnvartcoeas, astfrakns kalnr prapfrfbns pfrf fonrbfr ens qua tnbfvëf hn astæh zfhlfbns, y qua hn pnr fzfr snh ens qua susgctfh pneãkcgfs kæs ahgahbcbfs. CHRA_WATQFECBFB Wc bapnsctfkns huastrf gnhicfhzf ah efs gcahgcfs ah eumfr ba ah efs gcahgcfs

Wc bapnsctfkns huastrf gnhicfhzf ah efs gcahgcfs ah eumfr ba ah efs gcahgcfs sngcfeas, y sc gnhvahckns ah qua as kæs iægce sfoar quã snh efs parsnhfs qua sfoar quã bcgah sar, ahtnhgas ef chtarsaxufecbfb sa hns kuastrf gnkn ae

 

fspagtn kahns prnoeakætcgn bae baofta trfhs. Ef chtarsaxufecbfb as uh iah÷kahn hfturfe gnhngcbn basba dfga scmens ahtra ef prniasc÷h kãbcgf, parn bae qua ae rastn ba ef sngcabfb pnsaa uh gnhngckcahtn hagasfrcfkahta vfmn. Wnh chtarsaxufeas ae paquaön pnrgahtfla ba saras dukfhns qua hfgah gnh mahctfeas fkocmuns n gnh ftrcoutns f kabcn gfkchn ahtra uh saxn y ntrn (pnr alakpen, geëtnrcs chusufekahta mrfhbas n pahas pngn basfrrneefbns). Ens sëhtnkfs hn scakpra snh pargaptcoeas f sckpea vcstf: ah gfsns fcsefbns, ens chbcvcbuns puabah prasahtfr gfrfgtarëstcgfs axtarhfs ba uh saxn y, fe kcskn tcakpn, pnsaar ÷rmfhns chgnkpeatns prnpcns bae ntrn saxn. Pnr alakpen, ae sëhbrnka bae gnhbugtn kueearcfhn parscstahta (WGKP) as ae hnkora tãghcgn ba en qua eas ngurra f efs parsnhfs hfgcbfs gnh mahctfeas kfsguechns y qua, f ef vaz, tfkocãh pnsaah ÷rmfhns raprnbugtcvns iakahchns, gnkn trnkpfs ba Ifenpcn n chgeusn ütarn. Ens prniascnhfeas ba ef kabcgchf astæh ifkcecfrczfbns gnh asta iah÷kahn basba dfga eckctfbn scmens: ahtra ef sngcabfb ah maharfe, su gnhngckcahtn df scbn kuy y, pnr en gnküh, sa df gahtrfbn ah ens scakpra gfsns kæs mrntasgns. Ens gcrgns, pnr alakpen, axdcoëfh f «kularas ofroubfsº gnkn sc iuarfh pnrtahtns ba ef hfturfeazf, y efs raiarahgcfs dcst÷rcgfs f ens «darkfirnbctfsº bakuastrfh qua yf ah ae pfsfbn sa gnhngëf ef axcstahgcf ba chbcvcbuns hn trfvastcbns sctufbns f kabcn gfkchn ahtra uh saxn y ntrn. Fuhqua iuarf uhf guastc÷h kfrmchfe, ba femüh knbn scakpra sa supn qua ef ocnenmëf pefhtaf ratns gnkpealns y, f kahubn, gruaeas. Ah ef fgtufecbfb tnbfvëf dfy kugdf mahta qua cmhnrf qua ef chtarsaxufecbfb as raeftcvfkahta gnküh. Ah Astfbns Qhcbns sa gfeguef qua uhn kce hcöns gnhqua ÷rmfhns saxufeas y qua= uhn ba ba gfbf gfbf bns trasgcahtns kcehfga tahbræ sar trftfbn pnrchbatarkchfbns femüh aspagcfecstf. Pnr supuastn, f kabcbf qua df fukahtfbn ef gnhgcahgcf ba ef chtarsaxufecbfb, kfynr df scbn ae baofta ah tnrhn f quã dfgar gnh qucahas hfgah tahcahbn qua ahirahtfrsa f asta basfiën föfbcbn. Ah ef samuhbf kctfb bae scmen pfsfbn, ef Qhcvarscbfb Lndhs Dnpjchs ba Ofetcknra basfrrnee÷ uh knbaen astæhbfr gnh frramen fe gufe ens aspagcfecstfs qua axfkchfofh f uh ragcãh hfgcbn batarkchfofh guæe arf ae saxn qua pravfeagëf n qua kæs iægcekahta pnbëf fscmhærsaea y, uhf vaz dagdn astn, en trftfofh gnkn gnrraspnhbcarf, kabcfhta gcrumëf y dnrknhfs.

qua asta akpazfrnh prntngnen bfof pca f uhfntrfs gfhtcbfb gnhscbarfoea ba gfsnsAh bavcstf kfefsbaprægtcgfs, f axpenrfrsa vëfs. Ef prniasnrf ba ocnãtcgf Fecga Bramar as uhf ba efs fgtcvcstfs pnr ens baragdns ba ens

 

chtarsaxufeas kæs bastfgfbfs ba ens üetckns trachtf föns. Pasa f hn sar chtarsaxufe, df scbn uhf ba efs pngfs parsnhfs qua sa dfh prnhuhgcfbn ah gnhtrf bae knbaen ba ef chtarvahgc÷h qucrürmcgf pragnz (qua f kahubn en qua ousgf as gnhtahtfr f ens pfbras) y f ifvnr ba kalnrfr ae gnhngckcahtn ba asta iah÷kahn tfhtn ahtra ens prniascnhfeas gnkn ahtra ef sngcabfb ah su gnhluhtn. Wch bubf, f femuhfs ba efs parsnhfs qua sa ahguahtrfh gnh astns prnoeakfs hn eas vahbrëf kfe ceustrfrsa uh pngn. Ah su ecorn Mfecean–s Kcbbea  Ichmar   , Bramar dfoef ba uh gcrulfhn vatarfhn qua, f kabcfbns ba ens föns  Ichmar hnvahtf, ea bcln qua aeef hn ahtahbëf ef bchækcgf bae fsuhtn. Wamüh ãe, ens pfbras ba oaoãs gnh mahctfeas fkocmuns sa ahgnhtrfofh gnh uh prnoeakf qua hn sfoëfh g÷kn rasnevar< «Efs kfbras eenrfh y ens pfbras sa akonrrfgdfh ‒  axpecgfof‒. Wc balæsakns qua uh oaoã gnh mahctfeas fkocmuns gragcarf sch sar nparfbn Z...[, sa sucgcbfrëf ah gufhtn fegfhzfsa ef puoartfbº. 4 Wch akofrmn, basba kabcfbns ba ef bãgfbf ba ens hnvahtf y ef chvahgc÷h ba chtarhat, tnbn df gfkocfbn. Gnkn ocah saöfef Bramar, df ngurrcbn femn qua «ens kãbcgns vcgtnrcfhns lfkæs dforëfh ckfmchfbn< efs parsnhfs hfgcbfs gnh bcstchtfs fhnkfeëfs saxufeas dfh akpazfbn f uhcrsa y f nrmfhczfrsa ofln ae pfrfmufs ba uh knvckcahtn ba baiahsf ba sus baragdns cbahtctfrcnsº. 3 Ah 6337 sa iuhb÷ ef Fsngcfgc÷h Hnrtafkarcgfhf ba Chtarsaxufeas (CWHF, pnr sus scmefs ah chmeãs), f ef qua prnhtn ea scmucarnh mrupns sckcefras: Laiiray Aumahcbas gnhtrcouy÷ f eefkfr ef ftahgc÷h snora ae takf gnh su hnvaef  Kcbbeasax ,  Kcbbeasax  , fpfragcbf ah ?00?: y, gnh ae tcakpn, vfrcfs parsnhfs tuvcarnh ae vfenr ba raeftfr sus gfsns püoecgfkahta. Gnh tnbn, ef guastc÷h ba quã chtarvahgc÷h kãbcgf as praiarcoea y ah quã knkahtn, fsë gnkn ef guastc÷h ba quã baoa gnhscbarfrsa uhf ouahf prfxcs, scmuah scahbn axtrakns snora ens qua pfraga bciëgce eeamfr f uh fguarbn. Mrfgcfs f ef chcgcftcvf ba gneagtcvns gnkn ef CWHF, vfrcns puhtns pfragah astfr gefrns. Qhn as qua efs parsnhfs chtarsaxufeas axcstah y qua hn baoa raspnhsfoceczærsaefs ba femn snora en qua hn tcahah hchmüh tcpn ba gnhtrne. Wu sctufgc÷h as suicgcahta pfrf baspartfr huastrf snecbfrcbfb y gnkprahsc÷h. ¾Vuã kæs baoarëfkns sahtcr pnr uh gnhmãhara qua fe qua ef hfturfeazf ea df rapfrtcbn uhfs gfrtfs qua ‒pnr fsë bagcr‒ hn snh efs cbafeas> Wc dfy femn ah ae kuhbn qua saf sch snkorf ba bubf uhf guastc÷h ba dfrbwfra , , as astf. dfrbwfra

Ef chtarsaxufecbfb as qua uhfbasaa gfusffpnyfref. pariagtfkahta sahsftf y dukfhctfrcf pfrf gufequcarf As kæs, eamëtckf, baoarëf icmurfr ahtra ens chtarasas ba gufequcar parsnhf prangupfbf pnr ens baragdns dukfhns. Wch

 

akofrmn, rasuetf eefkftcvn gnkprnofr gnh quã pngf iraguahgcf ef chtarsaxufecbfb bavcaha uhf gfusf ah së kcskf y guæh pngn ‒tnbfvëf dny, qua fpfraga ah efs hntcgcfs f bcfrcn‒ sa bcsguta. Ef rfz÷h pfraga sar qua ae takf df sfetfbn f ef euz püoecgf lustn gufhbn fpfragëfh kuetctub ba gfusfs sckcefras fuhqua, ah ae inhbn, kuy bcstchtfs. R_FHWATQFECBFB Ah ae parcnbn ba pnsmuarrf surmcarnh ah Aurnpf y Hnrtafkãrcgf uhns pngns gfsns, fuhqua ofstfhta prnkchahtas, ba parsnhfs qua dfoëfh trftfbn ba gfkocfr ba saxn. Ef trfhscgc÷h ba vfr÷h f kular ba _noartf (fhtas _noart) Gnwaee ah Mrfh Oratföf y ef ba Gdrcstcha (fhtas Manrma) Lnrmahsah ah Astfbns Qhcbns fpfragcarnh ah tctuefras bae kuhbn ahtarn. Dny tnbfvëf dfy qucah raguarbf f sus pfbras asgnhbcãhbnsa ba ens parcnbcstfs gufhbn sfet÷ ef hntcgcf ba astns prckarns «gfkocns ba saxnº. S saxufe, as qua pfragëfh sus gfsns,gnhtrfvahcr fpfrta ba sar raeftfbns ah uh tnhn sfefz y ba aeavfbf gfrmf femuhfs ba efs hnrkfs sngcfeas kæs oæscgfs. ¾Arf pnscoea gfkocfr ba saxn> Ba sar fsë, ¾arf femn fe fegfhga ba gufequcarf> ¾Vuarëf bagcr asn qua quczæ ‒  sc sa inkahtfof‒ tnbn ae kuhbn fgfofrëf dfgcãhbnen> Ycstn basba ef bcstfhgcf, as iægce ahtahbar pnr quã astns prckarns gfsns prnvngfrnh tfhtf gnhiusc÷h. Rrfs ef Prckarf Muarrf Kuhbcfe, ef cbaf ba ens dnkoras iakahchns y efs kularas kfsguechfs sa gnhvcrtc÷ ah uhf aspagca ba nosasc÷h pfrf qucahas grctcgfofh f efs maharfgcnhas kæs l÷vahas. Qhf gnhngcbf gfhgc÷h ba ef bãgfbf ba 63?0 bagëf< «¡Kularas kfsguechfs! ¡Dnkoras iakahchns! ¾Guæe as ae mfeen> ¾Guæe ef mfeechf> ¡Dny ah bëf guastf 60 bcstchmucrens!º. Pnr fquae ahtnhgas, dnknsaxufecbfb y trfvastcskn pfragëfh astfr astragdfkahta raefgcnhfbns< ¾pnbëf trftfrsa ba trfvastcbns gnhtukfgas n ba dnknsaxufeas pfrtcguefrkahta fiakchfbns> Parn efs prckarfs trfhs gnhngcbfs agdfrnh pnr ens suaens tnbfs efs axpagtftcvfs. Burfhta ef muarrf, Gnwaee dfoëf scbn pcentn ba gfzfs y baspuãs dfoëf bastfgfbn ah ae kuhbn bae futnknvcecskn. Astn dfgëf ckprnofoea ‒fuhqua hn ckpnscoea‒ qua ae suyn iuarf uh gfsn axtrakn ba fiakchfkcahtn. Fpfrta ba asn, astfofh efs bagefrfgcnhas ba efs prnpcfs chtarasfbfs. Gnwaee, pnr alakpen, qucsn dfgar

graar qua dfoëf hfgcbn chtarsaxufe y bakæs nparfgcnhas f efs qua sa dfoëf snkatcbn yhn qua arfh ef kæsvfmchnpefstcf qua gnrraggcnhas ba uh

 

baiagtn ba hfgckcahtn. Fsë puas, gufhtn kæs vcscoeas sa vnevëfh astfs gftamnrëfs ‒dnknsaxufecbfb, chtarsaxufecbfb, trfvastcskn, trfhsaxufecbfb‒, kæs sa ahtraefzfofh. Dczn ifetf tcakpn, vfenr y gfpfgcbfb basgrcptcvf pfrf akpazfr scqucarf f axtrfar ba astf kazgnefhzf en qua dny gnhngakns gnkn ae aeakahtn «trfhsº. Vucahqucarf qua buba ba ef axcstahgcf ba astf gftamnrëf ba chbcvcbuns baoarëf axpenrfr efs norfs ba femuhfs parsnhfs trfhs qua hn snen ea dfh babcgfbn prniuhbfs raieaxcnhas, schn qua dfh sfocbn axpecgfref gukpecbfkahta. Qhn ba ens chtahtns kæs enmrfbns pnr gnkuhcgfr en qua kugdfs parsnhfs trfhs bcgah qua as chgnkuhcgfoea iua ae ba ef asgrctnrf orctæhcgf Lfh (fhtas Lfkas) Knrrcs. Gnkn ef ba _noartf Gnwaee, ef dcstnrcf ba Knrrcs mahar÷ tfe mrfbn ba gnhiusc÷h y gurcnscbfb qua tnbfvëf dny baspcartf ae chtarãs ba eagtnras y parcnbcstfs. Knrrcs dfoëf sarvcbn ah ae alãrgctn fe ichfe ba ef Wamuhbf Muarrf Kuhbcfe. Rarkchfbn ae gnhiecgtn, trfofl÷ rapnrtarn Rda Rckas  Rckas  y  . Fe cmufe qua su pfsn pnr aegnkn alãrgctn, ef efonrpfrf ba Knrrcs gnkn Rda Mufrbcfh Mufrbcfh . gnrraspnhsfe ah Nrcahta Pr÷xckn, Æircgf y fe ntrn efbn bae tae÷h ba fgarn hn ahgflfof gnh ef ckfmah qua gfoëf asparfr ba uh dnkora qua basaf gnhvartcrsa ah kular. Rfkpngn ae dagdn ba qua astuvcarf iaeczkahta gfsfbn y qua iuarf pfbra ba gchgn dclns. Ef trfhscgc÷h ba Lfkas f Lfh gnkahz÷ ah ens föns sasahtf y guekch÷ gnh uhf nparfgc÷h ba gfkocn ba saxn ah 63=?. Knrrcs, qua yf arf gnhngcbn gnkn asgrctnr, hn tfrb÷ ah gnhvartcrsa ah uhf ba efs parsnhfs trfhs kæs ifknsfs bae kuhbn. Ae kuhbn.  Ae ahcmkf (63=2), ahcmkf  (63=2), sus kaknrcfs ba astf trfhscgc÷h, scmua scahbn uhn ba tastcknhcns kæs parsufscvns kalnrsaxns. asgrctns ba pnr quã dfy quaens scahtah ef hagascbfb ba trfhsctfry ahtra Guastf kugdn eaarparsnhfs ae ecorn ba Knrrcs y samucr pahsfhbn qua en trfhs hn axcsta n qua hn as kæs qua uhf «trfkpfº ba ef ckfmchfgc÷h. Knrrcs axpecgf qua su prckar raguarbn as ba gufhbn arf uh hcön ‒tras n guftrn föns‒ y astfof sahtfbn baofln bae pcfhn ba su kfbra, pahsfhbn qua dfoëf «hfgcbn ah ae guarpn aqucvngfbnº. 66 Burfhta ens föns scmucahtas ‒ah ens qua chmras÷ ah ae alãrgctn, sa gfs÷ y iua pfbra‒, asf gnhvcggc÷h hn en fofhbnh÷ ah hchmüh knkahtn. Ef sneugc÷h snen pfragc÷ prasahtfrsa gufhbn gnhngc÷ fe ifknsn ahbngrch÷enmn ba Huavf Snrj Dfrry Oahlfkch. _agnrbakns qua hns ahgnhtrfkns ah efs prckarësckfs

atfpfs ef raieaxc÷h snora trfhs. gnhvahgcbn Baspuãs ba ba vfrcns astubcns, femuhns kãbcgnsbagnkn Oahlfkch sa endfoëfh ef axcstahgcf ba uhf kchnrëf ba parsnhfs qua tahëfh ef sahsfgc÷h ba dfoar hfgcbn ah uh guarpn

 

gnh ae saxn aqucvngfbn. Hn nostfhta, hchmuhn tahëf ef kahnr cbaf ba g÷kn fgtufr fhta asa tcpn ba gfsns. Femuhns prniascnhfeas, gnkn ae prnpcn Oahlfkch, dfoëfh eeamfbn f ef gnhgeusc÷h ba qua femn pnbëf dfgarsa. Wamüh sus prnpcfs pfeforfs< «Fpaefhbn f ef pcabfb n fe sahtcbn gnküh, y puastn qua hn as pnscoea fetarfr ef gnhvcggc÷h pfrf qua ahgfla gnh ae guarpn, yn ka pramuhtn sc hn baoarëfkns, ah batarkchfbfs gcrguhstfhgcfs, fetarfr ae guarpn pfrf qua ahgfla gnh ef gnhvcggc÷hº. Fetarfr ae guarpn n, gnkn bcga Knrrcs, «suprckcr asfs gnsfs suparieufs Z...[, ecoarfrka ba asa arrnr, vnevar f akpazfrº. 6? Hn snen arf en qua scakpra dfoëf basafbn, schn en qua scakpra dfoëf snöfbn y pnr en qua dfoëf razfbn. Ah  Ae ahcmkf  ahcmkf  , Knrrcs basgrcoa g÷kn ae basan ba gnhvartcrsa ah uhf kular sa ficfhzfof gnh ae pfsn bae tcakpn. Fön trfs fön, su guarpn kfsguechn ea «rasuetfof gfbf vaz kæs pahnsnº. Knrrcs sa snkatc÷ f uhf tarfpcf gnh dnrknhfs ahtra 6312 y 63=?, y basgrcoa pnrkahnrczfbfkahta ef axtrföf sahsfgc÷h ba luvahtub y sufvcbfb qua efs dnrknhfs iakahchfs prnbugah ah ens dnkoras qua efs tnkfh. Efs dnrknhfs hn snen iuarnh frrfhgfhbn efs gfpfs ba kfsguechcbfb qua sa dfoëfh fsahtfbn snora Knrrcs, schn tfkocãh uhf «gfpf chvcscoea ba rascstahgcf fgukuefbf, qua prnpnrgcnhf uh asgubn pfrf ae kfgdn ba ef aspagca parn qua, fe kcskn tcakpn, fknrtaga efs sahsfgcnhas bae guarpnº. Ae rasuetfbn iua qua, gnh ae tcakpn, Knrrcs fbqucrc÷ uh fspagtn «fkocmunº< femuhfs parsnhfs pahsfofh qua arf uh vfr÷h dnknsaxufe: ntrfs qua astfof f kabcn gfkchn ahtra uh saxn y ntrn: f vagas, ens dnkoras ea forëfh ef puartf gnhiuhbcãhbnen gnh uhf kular. Rnbn astn iua fhtas ba ef gcrumëf. fquaeens tcakpns, tfhtn ah Aurnpf gnkn ah Hnrtafkãrcgf, dfoëf kuy pngnsAhgcrulfhns bcspuastns f rafeczfr uhfs chtarvahgcnhas qua tnbfvëf sa ahgnhtrfofh ah ifsa axparckahtfe. Ba inrkf pfragcbf, hfbca sfoëf gnh samurcbfb quã arf en qua ckpuesfof f femuhfs parsnhfs f quarar gfkocfr ba saxn. ¾Noabagëf f femüh tcpn ba ahiarkabfb kahtfe> Wc hn scakpra, ¾quczæ ah femuhns gfsns> Ba sar fsë, ¾g÷kn batarkchfren ah gfbf gfsn> ¾Vuã bciarahgcf dfoëf ahtra asf hagascbfb ba axtcrpfr uhf pfrta bae guarpn y uh pfgcahta qua ea bcga f su kãbcgn qua sa graa ae fekcrfhta Haesnh y qua, pnr tfhtn, basaf qua ea gnrtah ae orfzn baragdn> ¾Astæ kæs guarbn femucah qua pratahba snkatarsa vneuhtfrcfkahta f uhf pahagtnkëf>

efs chtarvahgcnhas bãgfbfs ba 6390 y 63=0, ens pngns gcrulfhns f eeavfr gfon Ah astfs axcmëfh vfrcfs gnhbcgcnhas. Efbcspuastns prckarf arf qua aef pfgcahta hn iuarf pscg÷tcgn. Ef samuhbf, qua ae gfkocn ba saxn hn iuarf uh

 

axpabcahta pfrf basahtahbarsa ba efs parsnhfs qua ae pfgcahta pubcarf tahar f su gfrmn y qua bapahbcarfh ba su saxn ba hfgckcahtn. Pnr üetckn, ae pfgcahta tahëf qua dfoar vcvcbn vfrcns föns ah ae pfpae bae saxn qua pratahbëf fbnptfr. Astns prchgcpcns oæscgns hn dfh gfkocfbn kugdn ah efs bãgfbfs trfhsgurrcbfs basba ahtnhgas. Fe ichfe, trfs vfrcns föns ba trftfkcahtn dnrknhfe, Knrrcs bagcbc÷ nparfrsa ah Kfrruagns gnh ae bngtnr Manrmas Ournu (fe qua ah Ae ah  Ae ahcmkf sa ahcmkf  sa raicara gnkn «bngtnr O...º). Ournu yf ea dfoëf prfgtcgfbn uhf nparfgc÷h ba rafscmhfgc÷h saxufe f ntrf ifknsf trfhsaxufe orctæhcgf, Fprce Fsdeay, y f pasfr ba sar uh dnkora bcsgratn, pnr ahtnhgas su hnkora arf ocah gnhngcbn ah batarkchfbns gërguens. Rfhtn as fsë qua «cr f Gfsfoefhgfº tarkch÷ gnhvcrtcãhbnsa ah uh auiakcskn pfrf feubcr fe gfkocn ba saxn. Pfrf sus pfgcahtas, fgubcr f ef geëhcgf qua ae bngtnr Ournu tahëf ah uhf gfeealuaef ba Gfsfoefhgf arf, gnkn bcln Knrrcs, gnkn cr «f var f uh kfmnº. 67 Vucahas bubah ba qua dfyf parsnhfs tntfekahta gnhvahgcbfs ba ef hagascbfb ba gfkocfr ba saxn baoarëfh eaar efs pfeforfs ba Knrrcs snora ens knkahtns pravcns f ef chtarvahgc÷h< bns ahiarkarfs ‒irfhgasf uhf, ærfoa ef ntrf‒ ahtrfh ah su dfoctfgc÷h ba ef geëhcgf bae bngtnr Ournu a chinrkfh f Lfkas ba qua fhtas ba nparfren tcahah qua fiactfrea sus pfrtas prcvfbfs. Knrrcs sa fiactf ãe kcskn gnh uhf gugdceef kcahtrfs efs bns ahiarkarfs sa scahtfh ahgckf ba ef kasf y ofefhgafh ens pcas. Rrfs fiactfrsa ef znhf püocgf gnh lfo÷h kfrrnquë y fmuf irëf, ramrasf f ef gfkf pfrf qua ea pnhmfh uhf chyaggc÷h. Efs ahiarkarfs ea pcbah qua buarkf y ea bcgah qua ef nparfgc÷h saræ bahtrn ba uh rftn. Knrrcs basgrcoa ba inrkf gnhknvabnrf en qua ngurra fef gnhtchufgc÷h. efs bns ahiarkarfs sfeah bae gufrtn, ãe fsabaspabcrka eavfhtf ba gfkf y, femn Gufhbn takoenrnsn pnr ens aiagtns bae fhastãscgn, «iuc ba kc guarpn ah ae aspaln. Hn vnevarëfkns f varhns huhgf kæs, fsë qua quarëf kcrfr pnr üetckf vaz f ens nlns f asf ntrf pfrta ba kc sar y mucöfrea uh nln pfrf basafrea ouahf suartaº. 62 Knrrcs pfs÷ bns sakfhfs ah ef geëhcgf, vahbfbf ba frrcof fofln, y basgrcoa fsë sus sahsfgcnhas baspuãs ba ef nparfgc÷h< «Fdnrf ka sahtëf snora tnbn baecgcnsfkahta eckpcf eckpcf   . Efs prntuoarfhgcfs qua dfoëf fgfofbn pnr fonrragar ka dfoëfh scbn sustrfëbfs. Ka dfoëf vuaetn, basba kc puhtn ba vcstf, hnrkfeº. 61  Ae parcnbn scmucahta, chgeucbn ae ratnrhn f gfsf, sa

gfrfgtarczf pnr uhf gnhstfhta sahsfgc÷h ba «auinrcfº, fgnkpföfbf ba ef fosneutf gartazf ba qua «dfoëf dagdn en fbagufbnº. 69  Ef sahsfgc÷h ba iaecgcbfb hn sa basvfhagc÷. Ah ae knkahtn ba asgrcocr  Ae ahcmkf , ahcmkf  , Knrrcs as

 

gnhsgcahta ba qua ae prngasn ba trfhscgc÷h ba Lfkas f Lfh iua «uhf ba efs axparcahgcfs kæs ifsgchfhtas qua puabah ngurrcrea f uh sar dukfhnº. _asuetf ckpnscoea bubfren. Fdnrf astf knbarhf Rcrascfs hn snen sfoëf en qua scmhcicgfof trfhsctfr ba uh saxn f ntrn, schn tfkocãh qua ef sngcabfb bcspahsf ‒n bcspahsfof‒ uh trftn bciarahgcfbn f dnkoras y kularas< gnkn ae tfxcstf qua ea astfkpf uh oasn hn bae tnbn chbasafbn ah ens efocns, efs gnsfs qua ef mahta eas bcga f ens dnkoras parn hn f efs kularas, efs gnsfs qua ef mahta eas bcga f efs kularas parn hn f ens dnkoras... S, snora tnbn, ae mrfh sagratn< hn g÷kn va ae kuhbn f dnkoras y kularas, schn g÷kn dnkoras y kularas vah ae kuhbn. Hfbf ba tnbn astn sarëf bae mustn ba uhf iakchcstf knbarhf. Pnr alakpen, Knrrcs axpecgf qua gfbf saxn tcaha fgtctubas y puhtns ba vcstf iuhbfkahtfekahta bcstchtns. Fsë, gufhbn arf dnkora, Lfkas astfof kugdn kæs chtarasfbn ah ens «mrfhbas fsuhtnsº ba su tcakpn, kcahtrfs qua, yf gnkn kular, Lfh akpaz÷ f chtarasfrsa pnr efs «paquaöfs gnsfsº. Rrfs gnhvartcrsa ah kular, axpecgf, «kc asgfef pfragc÷ gnhtrfarsa y gfbf vaz ousgfof kahns efs mrfhbas pfhnrækcgfs y praiarëf baeactfrka gnh ens batfeeas asgefragabnras. Fsckcskn, gfkoc÷ ae ahinqua ba kc asgrcturf, qua pfs÷ ba ens eumfras f efs parsnhfsº. 6= Knrrcs tfkocãh fbkcta ens prnoeakfs qua sa ea prasahtfrnh. Ah gcartns fspagtns, ae prngasn dfoëf scbn træmcgn y dfoëf tahcbn uh mrfh gnsta pfrf efs parsnhfs ba su ahtnrhn. Fhtas ba nparfrsa, ah 63=?, tuvn qua bcvnrgcfrsa ba su aspnsf, Aeczfoatd, fuhqua vnevc÷ f gfsfrsa gnh aeef ah ?004, trfs ef eamfeczfgc÷h ba ens kftrcknhcns bae kcskn saxn ah ae _achn Qhcbn. Novcfkahta, pfrf ens guftrn dclns suparvcvcahtas ba pfraga ef pfralf hn iua iægcef fbfptfrsa f efs huavfs gcrguhstfhgcfs, fuhqua samüh sa fbagufrnh aeefs en kalnr pnscoea. Rfe gnkn ragnhnga ef prnpcf Knrrcs, ae prngasn basgnhgart÷ f kugdns y guekch÷ ah uh prngasn qua ef bal÷ gnh uh «guarpn fteãtcgn bainrkfbn pnr ens prnbugtns quëkcgns y kutcefbn pnr ae ocsturë ah uhf gcubfb ealfhfº. Rnbn pnr gnhsamucr femn qua Knrrcs rasuka ah uhf snef pfeforf< uhf «Cbahtcbfbº, gnh c  kfyüsguef. 64  Gnkn aeef kcskf bcga< «As avcbahta qua hfbca dfrëf tnbn asn pnr bcvarsc÷h, y tfkocãh as avcbahta qua, sc ka duocarfh bfbn ef npgc÷h ba eeavfr uhf vcbf sch tnbfs asfs gnkpecgfgcnhas, ef dforëf fgaptfbnº. 63 Parn hfbf pnbëf quctfrea ef gnhvcggc÷h ba qua fquaeef

parsnhf qua dfoëf hfgcbn vfr÷h arf ah rafecbfb uhf kular, y dforëf dagdn gufequcar gnsf pnr sahtcrsa rafeczfbf. Wc vnevcarf f ahgnhtrfrsa ahgarrfbf ah fquaeef lfuef, fsamurf ah uh knkahtn bfbn, «hfbf ka fpfrtfrëf ba kc

 

nolatcvn Z...[, raknvarëf gcaen y tcarrf pfrf ousgfr uh gcrulfhn, gdfhtflafrëf f ofroarns y f kãbcgns fonrtcstfs, n gnmarëf uh gugdceen pfrf dfgaren yn kcskf, sch kcabn, sch asgrüpuens, sch pahsfren bns vagasº. ?0 Gnhstftfr qua femuhfs parsnhfs hfgah chtarsaxufeas as femn kuy sahgceen. _aeftns gnkn ae ba Knrrcs hns parkctah ahtahbar qua, fbakæs, axcstah parsnhfs qua hfgah gnh uh saxn parn qua graah schgarfkahta qua baoarëfh tahar uh guarpn gnrraspnhbcahta fe ntrn. En bciëgce ba varbfb ‒y femn qua, dny pnr dny, hn tahakns kabcns ba dfgar‒ as nrcahtfrsa ah asf bcstfhgcf qua sapfrf ef ocnenmëf bae tastcknhcn. Ef chtarsaxufecbfb as uh iah÷kahn ocne÷mcgfkahta varcicgfoea. Vuczæ ah uh iuturn sa basguorf qua en trfhs puaba varcicgfrsa basba ef pscgnenmëf n ef ocnenmëf, parn pnr ae knkahtn hc scqucarf sfoakns kuy ocah f quã ækoctn fbsgrcocren. Vucahas grafh qua astf as uhf inrkf chhagasfrcfkahta puhtceensf ba raieaxcnhfr snora en qua pfrf femuhfs parsnhfs gnhinrkf tnbn su sahtcbn ba ef «cbahtcbfbº, sapfh qua fpahfs dakns akpazfbn f dneefr asta baecgfbn tarrahn. FQRNMCHAICECF Wc fbkctckns qua ah uh axtrakn bae aspagtrn sa ahguahtrfh efs parsnhfs qua hfgah chtarsaxufeas, y sc ragnhngakns qua astf as uhf ba efs guastcnhas ba dfrbwfra pnr dfrbwfra  pnr axgaeahgcf, ahtnhgas ae rastn ba ef guastc÷h trfhs sa sctüf f en efrmn ba uh aspagtrn qua, basba asa puhtn chcgcfe, fvfhzf dfgcf bahtrn< akpcazf gnh efs parsnhfs qua tcahah uhf lustcicgfgc÷h vcscoea, ocne÷mcgf, pfrf ficrkfr qua sa dfeefh f gfofeen ba bns saxns, y eeamf dfstf fquaeefs qua, kæs feeæ ba su prnpcn tastcknhcn, hn dfrbwfra pnsaah hchmuhf pruaofbabaensu bciarahgcf. Batarkchfr b÷hba tarkchf ef pfrta dfrbwfra ,  , varcicgfoea, trfhs y b÷hba gnkcahzf ef pfrta snitwfra snitwfra   as uhn ba ens alargcgcns aspagueftcvns kæs paecmrnsns qua quapf ckfmchfr. Yfkns f aeen. Ah femuhf pfrta bae aspagtrn ba ef chtarsaxufecbfb tahakns f fquaeefs parsnhfs qua hfgah gnh uhf gnkochfgc÷h ba grnknsnkfs hnrkfe (TT n TS), gnh ens mahctfeas qua eas gnrraspnhbah y tnbn en bakæs, parn qua, pnr kntcvns qua tnbfvëf hn fegfhzfkns f ahtahbar, graah dfoctfr uh guarpn arr÷han. Ae garaorn eas bcga qua snh uh dnkora, parn su guarpn as ae ba uhf kular, n vcgavarsf. Hn snen cmhnrfkns f quã sa baoa ‒sc f femn sa baoa‒,

schn qua Hn fpahfs akpazfhbn basguorcr bciarahgcfs gnh guæhtf icscne÷mcgfs iraguahgcf ngurra. sa astfkns df baknstrfbn quaf axcstfh scmhcicgftcvfs ahtra efs parsnhfs trfhs y efs hn trfhs, y fuhqua sa dfh

 

rafeczfbn femuhns astubcns snora pnscoeas bciarahgcfs ah en tngfhta fe iuhgcnhfkcahtn garaorfe, pnr ae knkahtn hfbf chbcgf ef prasahgcf ba uhf rfz÷h ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra ah  ah vcrtub ba ef gufe femuhfs parsnhfs basafh pfsfr ba uh saxn f ntrn. Fuh fsë, gnkn ah ae gfsn ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb, dfy qucah tcaha chtarãs ah gnhvartcr en qua pfraga sar uhf guastc÷h ba snitwfra snitwfra ah  ah uhf ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra . . Ah ae ækoctn ba en trfhs, astf kfhcnorf sa df gahtrfbn ah vfrcns fspagtns. Qhn ba aeens tcaha qua var gnh uhf rfz÷h novcf pfrf ae gfkocn ba saxn< ef axgctfgc÷h saxufe. F uh dnkora ea puaba mustfr vastcrsa gnh eahgarëf iakahchf n chgeusn gnkpeatfkahta ba kular pnrqua asn «ea pnhaº< efs kabcfs, ae tfgtn bae ahgfla, ef trfhsmrasc÷h, ae ftravckcahtn. Wa trftf ba uhf icecf saxufe ocah gnhngcbf y f ef qua sa bascmhf gnh ae pngn fmrfgcfbn tãrkchn tãghcgn ba «futnmchaicecfº. Ef futnmchaicecf gnhscsta ah axgctfrsa ckfmchæhbnsa f uhn kcskn ah ae pfpae bae saxn npuastn. Gnkn arf ba asparfr, bahtrn ba astf «gnkuhcbfbº axcstah suobcvcscnhas y bcsputfs ahtra ens bcstchtns tcpns ba futnmchaicecf, qua vfh basba ens dnkoras qua ifhtfsafh gnh pnharsa uhf prahbf iakahchf dfstf ens qua sa axgctfh fhta ef cbaf ba tahar guarpn ba kular. Qhf ba efs gnsfs kæs gurcnsfs qua dfh ngurrcbn ah ens üetckns föns, basba qua ae baofta ah tnrhn f en trfhs sa chtahscicg÷, as qua ef futnmchaicecf df gfëbn ah basmrfgcf. Bcgdn ba ntrn knbn< sumarcr qua qucahas sa cbahtcicgfh gnkn trfhs puabfh sar ah rafecbfb parsnhfs bcspuastfs f eeavfr sus icecfs dfstf efs üetckfs gnhsaguahgcfs sa df gnhvartcbn ah uhf cbaf fonrragcoea bahtrn ba ef gnkuhcbfb trfhs, tfhtn as fsë qua ‒gnkn kugdfs ntrfs gnsfs‒ sa aqucpfrf gnh aeL.bcsgursn nbcn.prniasnr ba pscgnenmëf ah ef Qhcvarscbfb bae Ah ?007, Kcgdfaebae Ofceay, Hnrnasta, puoecg÷ Rda Kfh ]dn ]nueb Oa Vuaah< Rda Wgcahga ni MahbarOahbchm fhb Rrfhssaxufecsk , Rrfhssaxufecsk , irutn ba vfrcns föns ba chvastcmfgc÷h. Ae ecorn ba Ofceay axfkchfof uh gnhgaptn ba trfhsaxufecbfb bcstchtn fe bnkchfhta, samüh ae gufe uh garaorn ba uh saxn vcva ftrfpfbn ah uh guarpn ba ntrn saxn. Ah gnhgratn, fhfeczfof ef pnscocecbfb ba qua en trfhs iuarf rasuetfbn bae nolatn y ef hfturfeazf bae basan. Ofsæhbnsa ah ae trfofln ba _fy Oefhgdfrb ah ae Gahtrn pfrf efs Fbcggcnhas y ef Wfeub Kahtfe ba Gfhfbæ, Ofceay baiahbëf qua ae basan ba gfkocfr ba saxn pravfeagëf snora tnbn ah uh batarkchfbn tcpn

ba dnkora dnknsaxufe fiakchfbn. Ah gufhtn vfrnhas ftrfëbns pnr ntrns vfrnhas ocne÷mcgns, tahëf sahtcbn qua gcartn tcpnocne÷mcgns ba mfcs chgfpfgas ba ftrfar f vfrnhas datarnsaxufeas (pnr ae dagdn ba sar dnkoras) u

 

dnknsaxufeas (pnr ae dagdn ba sar bakfscfbn fiakchfbns) qucscarfh dfgarsa pfsfr pnr kularas, yf qua fsë chgrakahtfrëfh efs pnscocecbfbas ba ftrfar f sus nolatns ba basan. Oefhgdfrb akpeafof ae tãrkchn «trfhsaxufeas dnknsaxufeasº pfrf basgrcocr f astf gftamnrëf ba parsnhfs. Ae ecorn ba Ofceay tfkocãh fhfeczfof f ntrn tcpn ba parsnhfs qua sa cbahtcicgfh gnkn trfhs. Ckfmchakns f uh dnkora qua scakpra df scbn datarnsaxufe y qua quczæ chgeusn astæ gfsfbn y tcaha dclns, uh dnkora qua gufhbn dfga püoecgn su basan ba gnhvartcrsa ah kular balf astupaifgtfs f tnbfs efs parsnhfs ba su ahtnrhn. F pasfr ba qua astfs parsnhfs huhgf dfyfh balfbn trfseugcr ae kæs eava chbcgcn ba iakchcbfb, ah prcvfbn sa axgctfh saxufekahta fhta ef cbaf ba fbnptfr ef fpfrcahgcf ba uhf kular n chgeusn ba gnhvartcrsa ah uhf. Ofceay raüha uh hükarn gnhscbarfoea ba pruaofs qua chbcgfh qua, ba ens bns tcpns ba parsnhfs trfhsmãharn qua cbahtcicgf, ae prckarn as ae kæs gnküh. Pfrf kugdfs gueturfs df scbn uhf aspagca ba «raspuastfº f ens ahcmkfs qua pefhtafh ens dnkoras gnh uh fetn mrfbn ba fiakchfkcahtn, f kahubn mfcs. Fuhqua Ofceay, gnkn Oefhgdfrb, fbkcta qua dfy bciarahgcfs ahtra asta iah÷kahn y efs parsnhfs qua sa kuavah pnr ckpuesns futnmchaiëecgns, ah hchmüh knkahtn gnhbahf hc grctcgf f hchmuhn ba ens bns mrupns. Hn nostfhta, Ofceay sa dfoëf katcbn ba eeahn ah ae gfkpn ba kchfs. Ah ens föns pravcns f ef fpfrcgc÷h bae ecorn ba Ofceay, ae fgtcvcskn trfhs sa dfoëf akpeafbn f inhbn pnr basaxufeczfr su gfusf. Asta arf uhn ba ens kntcvns pnr ens gufeas bal÷ ba dfoefrsa ba «trfhsaxufecbfbº y sa chtrnbuln ae tãrkchn «trfhsmãharnº. Gnkn axpecgf Fecga Bramar ah su ecorn, «fhtas ba Ofceay kugdns vfeabnras ba ef gfusf dfoëfh babcgfbn mrfhbas f ba ba saxufeczfr  saxufeczfr y bas bas pftnenmczfr  pftnenmczfr sus trfhs raprasahtfgcnhas püoecgfs, gnh asiuarzns ae nolatn ba avctfr ef astcmkftczfgc÷h, kalnrfr ae fggasn f ens gucbfbns y astfoeagar uhns baragdns dukfhns oæscgns pfrf efs parsnhfs trfhsº. ?6 Bramar gnkpfrf astn gnh ef axctnsf kfhcnorf eeavfbf f gfon pnr ens fgtcvcstfs dnknsaxufeas, qua pfrf fegfhzfr ef cmufebfb ba baragdns bagcbcarnh fpfrtfr ae ingn ba ftahgc÷h ba en qua efs parsnhfs dnknsaxufeas dfgah ah sus bnrkctnrcns pfrf gahtrfren ah en qua dfgah ah ntrfs astfhgcfs ba ef gfsf. Ae ecorn ba Ofceay pnhëf ah paecmrn astns chtarasas, pnr en qua basba ef fgfbakcf y ae fgtcvcskn sa akprahbc÷ uhf gfkpföf bastchfbf hn snen f

grctcgfr y raiutfr ae trfoflnAhtra ba Ofceay, schn kæs f axcmcr su ahgnhtrfkns bastctugc÷h baf ef ef Qhcvarscbfb bae Hnrnasta. sus grëtcgfs fgarofs gnhsuetnrf trfhsmãharn Fhbraf Lfkas, ba Ens Æhmaeas, qua rafggcnh÷

 

gnemfhbn ah su pæmchf wao uhfs intnmrfiëfs ba ens dclns ba Ofceay (tnkfbfs gufhbn tnbfvëf astfofh ah abfb asgnefr) fgnkpföfbfs ba gnkahtfrcns gnh gnhtahcbn saxufe axpeëgctn. ?? Ah en qua pfragëf uh ftfqua gnnrbchfbn, vfrcfs parsnhfs bahuhgcfrnh qua ae ecorn tarmcvarsfof bagefrfgcnhas suyfs, fuhqua fe ichfe sa gnkprno÷ qua hc scqucarf sa efs kahgcnhfof. Ef norf iua hnkchfbf f uh prakcn ba ef iuhbfgc÷h ectarfrcf dnknsaxufe Efkobf, parn pngn baspuãs su gfhbcbfturf iua ratcrfbf. Wamüh uh fkcmn ba Ofceay, efs rafggcnhas fe ecorn iuarnh tfh «tarrnrëicgfsº qua ae futnr huhgf vnevc÷ f sar ae kcskn baspuãs ba su puoecgfgc÷h. ?7 Rnbn sahgceefkahta pnrqua Ofceay dfoëf eeavfbn f gfon uhf chvastcmfgc÷h batfeefbf gnh ef chtahgc÷h ba eeamfr f ef rfëz ba uhf guastc÷h grugcfe y dfoëf bfbn gnh uhf raspuastf ckpnpuefr. Pnrqua burfhta mrfh pfrta ba en qua eeavfkns ba scmen, ef cbaf ba qua en trfhs puabf tahar femüh tcpn ba raefgc÷h gnh ae bcsiruta saxufe sa df gnhscbarfbn chbcmhfhta y saxufeczfbnrf. Ah astns knkahtns, ef cbaf qua sa gnhscbarf gnrragtf as qua efs parsnhfs trfhs hn notcahah hchmüh tcpn ba axgctfgc÷h saxufe ba ef cbaf ba sar trfhs. Fe gnhtrfrcn, en nbcfh. Hfbf pnbrëf sar kæs fourrcbn. Ah hnvcakora ba ?064, Fhbraf Enhm Gdu asgrcoc÷ ah Rda Haw Snrj Rckas snora Rckas snora ef scmucahta ifsa ba su trftfkcahtn qucrürmcgn ba rafscmhfgc÷h saxufe. Ae tëtuen y ef ahtrfbceef bae frtëguen ba ef «ahsfycstf y grëtcgfº rascbahta ah Ornnjeyh razfofh< «Kc huavf vfmchf hn ka dfræ iaecz. S tfkpngn baoarëfº. Ah ae guarpn bae taxtn sa axprasfof fsë< Ae pr÷xckn luavas tahbrã vfmchf. Ef chtarvahgc÷h burfræ ferababnr ba sacs dnrfs y pfsfrã tras kasas ah raguparfgc÷h. Dfstf ae bëf qua ka kuarf, kc guarpn varæ asf vfmchf gnkn uhf darcbf: gnkn gnhsaguahgcf ba aeen, axcmcræ ba kë uhf ftahgc÷h gnhstfhta y bnenrnsf. Astn as en qua qucarn, parn hn dfy mfrfhtëfs ba qua ka dfmf kæs iaecz. Ba dagdn, hc scqucarf en asparn. Parn asn hn baoarëf sar ckpabckahtn pfrf taharef. ?2

F pasfr ba qua Fhha F. Efwrahga (qua sa ragnhnga gnkn futnmchaiëecgf) ?1  y ntrfs dfh niragcbn gcartf rascstahgcf, ef cbaf ba qua ef trfhsaxufecbfb noabaga ah femuhf kabcbf f ef futnmchaicecf sa df gnhvartcbn pfrf ens fgtcvcstfs trfhs ah uh fmrfvcn gnhscbarfoea. Ens kntcvns ba asta mcrn snh avcbahtas y hns bavuaevah fe bceakf ahtra dfrbwfra dfrbwfra   y snitwfra snitwfra   . Efs

icecfs saxufeas puabah baoarsa tfhtn f kntcvns ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra gnkn  gnkn ba snitwfra , parn as bciëgce parsufbcr f ef sngcabfb ba qua fetara gfsc tnbfs sus hnrkfs sngcfeas y echmõëstcgfs pfrf bfreas gfocbf. Ef sngcabfb puaba tnearfrta, puaba

 

basafrta en kalnr, parn ae dagdn ba qua ta musta pnharta pfhtfenhas ba kular hn as rfz÷h pfrf noecmfr f tnbn ae kuhbn f utceczfr uhns prnhnkoras huavns. Hc pfrf knbcicgfr ens oföns püoecgns. Hc pfrf abugfr f ens l÷vahas ah ef graahgcf ba qua hn axcstah bciarahgcfs ahtra ens saxns y qua ae mãharn as uh gnhstrugtn sngcfe. Wc en trfhs mcrfsa ah mrfh pfrta, snora tnbn n axgeuscvfkahta ah tnrhn f ef astckuefgc÷h ar÷tcgf, tahbrëfkns tfhtns kntcvns pfrf gfkocfr huastrfs ofsas sngcfeas gnkn pfrf dfgaren pnr qucahas sa axgctfh vcstcãhbnsa ba eætax. Ef futnmchaicecf ahtrföf ae paecmrn ba qua en trfhs sa pargcof gnkn uhf guastc÷h ba snitwfra snitwfra ,  , ba fquë qua hfbca qucarf nër dfoefr ba aeef. Pnrqua ‒  cmufe qua gnh ens dnknsaxufeas‒ en qua chtarasf as baknstrfr qua efs parsnhfs trfhs «hfgah fsëº. Rnbn astn sa gnkpecgf füh kæs pnr ae dagdn ba qua efs fggcnhas ba kugdfs parsnhfs trfhs bahntfh ef prasahgcf ba femn qua (gnkn ah ae gfsn ba Lfh Knrrcs) balf gefrn qua su vneuhtfb ba dfoctfr uh guarpn bae saxn npuastn hn puaba sar uhf karf icecf n ifhtfsëf. Fe ich y fe gfon, guastf pahsfr ah femn qua axclf kfynr gnkprnkcsn qua ef bagcsc÷h ba snkatarsa f uhf chtarvahgc÷h qucrürmcgf qua knbcicqua tu guarpn ba inrkf parkfhahta. Wch bubf, gufhbn femucah astæ bcspuastn f qua ea axtcrpah ae paha n f qua sa en basuaeeah pfrf bfrea ef vuaetf gnkn uh mufhta, guastf graar qua sus rfznhas noabazgfh f uh sckpea gfprcgdn. Chtarvahgcnhas gnkn astfs pfragah tnbn en gnhtrfrcn f uhf ficgc÷h n uh astcen ba vcbf aeagtcvn. S, sch akofrmn, hc scqucarf astn bakuastrf qua en trfhs saf uhf guastc÷h ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra   , puas sfoakns qua femuhfs parsnhfs hn sa batcahah fhta hfbf gnh tfe ba var gukpecbn fquaeen qua gnhscbarfh gcartn. Efgcartn pramuhtf as sc qua baoa uhf parsnhf n uh mrupn ba parsnhfs gnhscbarfh fgargf bafquaeen së kcskfs sar fgaptfbn n hn gnkn tfe pnr ae rastn ba ef sngcabfb. AE FYFHGA BA EN R_FHW Ef fusahgcf ba pruaofs as uhf ba efs rfznhas pnr efs qua femuhfs parsnhfs graah qua tnbf ef guastc÷h trfhs as irutn ba uh baecrcn. Astf snspagdf ba inhbn gnaxcsta gnh uhf sngcabfb f ef qua sa fhckf f fgaptfr sch kæs efs ficrkfgcnhas qua efs parsnhfs trfhs dfgah fgargf ba së kcskfs.

Ah force ba ?061, Oruga Lahhar, axfteatf neëkpcgn ragnhvartcbn ah astraeef ba rafectcas rafectcas   , dczn püoecgf su trfhsaxufecbfb y ravae÷ su huavf cbahtcbfb gnkn Gfcteyh Lahhar. Ba uh bëf pfrf ntrn sa gnhvcrtc÷ ah uhf ba efs

 

parsnhfecbfbas trfhs kæs bastfgfbfs bae kuhbn. Wakfhfs baspuãs fpfragëf ah ef pnrtfbf ba Yfhcty Ifcr gnh Ifcr gnh ae tctuefr< «Eefkfbka Gfcteyhº. Ef ckfmah, tnkfbf pnr Fhhca Eaconvctz, knstrfof f Lahhar vastcbf gnh uh flustfbn gnrsã qua balfof fe basguocartn ef pfrta suparcnr bae oustn, f ef vaz qua guorëf sus mahctfeas kfsguechns, qua ‒gnkn ae kuhbn sforëf kæs tfrba‒ tnbfvëf hn ea dfoëfh scbn axtcrpfbns. Ef intnmrfiëf ba Eaconvctz aeubëf gnh sutceazf efs pfrtas kæs vcscoeakahta kfsguechfs ba Lahhar< efs pcarhfs gruzfbfs bcsckuefofh ae raecava ba ef ahtrapcarhf, y ens orfzns quabfofh asgnhbcbns trfs ef aspfebf pfrf hn rasfetfr ens dnkorns hc ens oëgaps bae axfteatf neëkpcgn. Qh fön fhtas, ef ravcstf Rcka Rcka dfoëf  dfoëf sfgfbn f ef fgtrcz Efvarha Gnx ah su pnrtfbf gnh ae tctuefr< «Puhtn ba chieaxc÷h pfrf ef gfusf trfhsmãharn< ef pr÷xckf irnhtarf ba ens baragdns gcvceas ah Fkãrcgfº. ?9 Ah ae fcra ientfof asf sahsfgc÷h ba huavf irnhtarf qua pcba sar raofsfbf. Gnkn bcln _utd Duht, ba Wtnhawfee, gufhbn ae gneagtcvn suk÷ ef gfusf trfhsmãharn f su efonr< «Fdnrf as su turhnº. ?=  Ef oftfeef ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb astfof prægtcgfkahta mfhfbf, y ens knvckcahtns ba gnrta rfgcfe y iakchcstf pfragëfh fvfhzfr pnr ouah gfkchn. Femuhns kabcns ‒snora tnbn efs ravcstfs kæs vatarfhfs, guyf gcrguefgc÷h arf gfbf vaz kahnr‒ pfragëfh hagasctfr uhf huavf gruzfbf pnr ens baragdns gcvceas. Ah asta sahtcbn, ef fpfrcgc÷h ba Gfcteyh Lahhar eas vchn gnkn fhceen fe babn. Ae ba ?061 iua ae fön ah qua ens baragdns, ef vcscocecbfb y efs racvchbcgfgcnhas bae gneagtcvn trfhs sfetfrnh f prckar pefhn, y Lahhar sa gnhvcrtc÷ ah uhf icmurf nkhcprasahta. Fpfrta ba ef intnmrfiëf ba Eaconvctz, qua fpfragëf ah tnbfs pfrtas, dfoëf kasas ah qua bfof ef ckprasc÷h ba qua Lahhar fgubëf f tnbfs efs garaknhcfs ba prakcns ba Astfbns Qhcbns. Ef ravcstf Mefknur Mefknur   ef hnkor÷ «kular bae fönº, y ens prakcns AWPS (f efs icmurfs kæs bastfgfbfs ah ae kuhbn bae bapnrta) ef bcstchmucarnh gnh ae mfefrb÷h fe vfenr ahtra efs fgefkfgcnhas ba uh pfoaee÷h eeahn ba bapnrtcstfs ba fkons saxns. Gnkn tnbn en raefgcnhfbn gnh ae raeftn trfhs, gufequcar kfhciastfgc÷h ba ef gfusf tahëf ae pntahgcfe hagasfrcn pfrf frrneefr f qucah tctuoafsa baefhta ba ef astfkpcbf. Burfhta y baspuãs ba ef ahtramf ba ens AWPS, ae qufrtarofgj  Oratt  Oratt Ifvra baspart÷ efs crfs ba efs rabas y, kæs tfrba, bae rastn ba ens kabcns pnr su gnkabckcahtn f ef dnrf ba nvfgcnhfr f Lahhar. Pasa f dfoarsa puastn ah pca

pfrf fpefubcref, vnevc÷ f sahtfrsa fhtasae qua rastnPnst  bae  fubctnrcn, ef gækfrf en pcee÷. Ifvra Astf gnhbugtf supusn qua  HawaeSnrj en fgusfrfy ba ifetf ba ahtuscfskn ah uh frtëguen tctuefbn «Oratt Ifvra gfusf chgnknbcbfb ah

 

ens AWPSº. ?4  Hfbca pfragëf sfoar kuy ocah guæhtns samuhbns ba nvfgc÷h dforëf scbn gnrragtn babcgfrea f uhf kular trfhs mfefrbnhfbf pnr su vfenr: f en kalnr efs hnrkfs ba atcquatf bae pnectour÷ snvcãtcgn dforëfh scbn ütceas f asta raspagtn. Fsë efs gnsfs, en ühcgn qua quab÷ gefrn as qua, f ef dnrf ba fpefubcr f uhf parsnhf trfhs, dfy qua fsamurfrsa ba sar ae üetckn ah vnevar f tnkfr fscahtn. Ba vaz ah gufhbn, ef pneãkcgf pnr ae gfsn Lahhar bfof femüh gneatfzn chasparfbn. Ah luecn ba ?061, ae gnkahtfrcstf gnhsarvfbnr Oah Wdfpcrn, qua pnr ahtnhgas gnhtfof trachtf y uh föns, iua uhn ba ens chvctfbns bae prnmrfkf  Br. Braw Nh Gfee , Gfee , ba ef gfbahf DEH, pfrf dfoefr bae prakcn gnhgabcbn f Lahhar. F su efbn sa sahtfof ntrf chvctfbf, \nay Rur, f ef qua sa prasaht÷ gnkn «parcnbcstf trfhsmãharnº. Ah uh knkahtn bfbn ba ef gnhvarsfgc÷h, ae bngtnr Braw ea pramuht÷ f Rur sc graëf qua Lahhar arf uhf parsnhf «vfecahtaº, f en qua ef parcnbcstf raspnhbc÷ qua «sar vfecahta as sar uhf kcskfº, y sar trfhsmãharn as «uhf ba efs gnsfs kæs vfecahtas qua puabf dfoarº. F gnhtchufgc÷h, Wdfpcrn saöfe÷ qua gaeaorfr f Lahhar aqucvfeëf f «bciuhbcr uh baecrcnº. «¾Pnr quã uh ―baecrcn‛>º, pramuht÷ fcrfbfkahta ntrf chvctfbf. Wdfpcrn, fe gnhtastfr, sa raicrc÷ f Lahhar gnh ae prnhnkora kfsguechn ah eumfr bae iakahchn. F pasfr ba qua Lahhar dfoëf scbn Oruga burfhta sasahtf y sacs föns y ba qua snen eeavfof tras kasas cbahtcicgfbn gnkn Gfcteyh, ae rastn bae peft÷ dczn irahta gnküh gnhtrf Wdfpcrn, grctcgæhbnen pnr ifetf ba tfgtn. «As ―aeef‛ ‒ragfeg÷ ef kcskf kular fcrfbf qua dfoëf chtarvahcbn fhtas‒. Hn astæs scahbn abugfbn gnh ens prnhnkoras. As uhf ifetf ba raspatn.º Dfgcahbn gfsn nkcsn ba g÷kn as pnscoea sar n hn abugfbn gnh ens prnhnkoras, Wdfpcrn ahtr÷ fe trfpn y bcln< Balfns ba raspatn. F ens dagdns eas bfh cmufe vuastrns sahtckcahtns. S en qua as uh dagdn as qua tnbns ens grnknsnkfs y tnbfs efs gãeuefs bae guarpn ba Gfcteyh Lahhar snh kfsguechns, gnh ef axgapgc÷h ba femuhns ba sus asparkftnzncbas. Rfkocãh as uh dagdn qua tnbfvëf tcaha tnbfs sus pfrtas kfsguechfs. G÷kn sa scahtf pnr bahtrn as crraeavfhta f aiagtns ocne÷mcgns.

Bcgdn en gufe, ae ühcgn ntrn chvctfbn bae peft÷ qua dfoëf axprasfbn femüh tcpn ba grëtcgf fe prakcn ba Lahhar (snora ef ofsa ba qua Lahhar arf rcgf,

oefhgf y huhgf sa dfoëf scmhcicgfbn ah guastcnhas EMOR ah ae pfsfbn), puhtufecz÷ ba chkabcftn qua «hn gnkuemfofº gnh efs pfeforfs ba Wdfpcrn. F ef vcstf ba en qua ngurrc÷ baspuãs, as pnscoea qua asa bcstfhgcfkcahtn iuarf hagasfrcn.

 

Ae prasahtfbnr prngur÷ takpefr ens æhckns a chvct÷ f Rur f qua ceustrfrf f ens prasahtas snora ef gcahgcf ba ef bcsinrcf ba mãharn. «Fkons sfoakns qua ens grnknsnkfs hn hagasfrcfkahta batarkchfh sc femucah as vfr÷h n dakorf ‒bcln Rur, y fpnyfhbn ef kfhn snora ae dnkorn ba Wdfpcrn gnh gnhbasgahbahgcf föfbc÷‒< Hn sfoas ba quã astæs dfoefhbn. Hn tcahas hchmuhf inrkfgc÷h ah mahãtcgf.º Wdfpcrn chtaht÷ pramuhtfr sc pnbëfh n hn tngfr ae takf ba ef mahãtcgf, parn vnevcarnh f chtarrukpcren. Ahtnhgas, Wdfpcrn ea pramuht÷ f Rur< «¾S guæeas snh sus mahas, gfofeearn>º, knkahtn ah qua ef parcnbcstf fpny÷ ef kfhn ah ef hugf ba su gnhtartuecn y bcln gnh tnhn fkahfzfhta< «Hn scmfs pnr fdë n vnevaræs f gfsf ah fkouefhgcfº. Wch fpahfs chkutfrsa, Wdfpcrn rapecg÷< «Hn sã sc astn ka pfraga kuy fprnpcfbn ah uhf bcsgusc÷h ba takf pneëtcgnº. Ah gcrguhstfhgcfs hnrkfeas, en asparfoea dforëf scbn qua ae rastn ba ens chvctfbns gnhbahfsah fquaeef fkahfzf, parn ef bchækcgf bae baofta dczn qua tnbns frrakatcarfh gnhtrf Wdfpcrn. «Pfrf sar lustns, astæs scahbn ofstfhta mrnsarn, y asn hn astæ ocahº, saöfe÷ uhn ba ens chvctfbns. Ntrn gnkaht÷ qua eefkfr «gfofeearnº f Rur arf uh «chsuetn chtnearfoeaº. Fe gfon, y yf sch npnscgc÷h, Rur bcln< «Ra gnhsuka ae nbcn. Ra bcrã en qua aras< aras uh dnkora kchüsguenº. Wdfpcrn hn eeam÷ f parbar ef sfhmra irëf ah hchmüh knkahtn y tfkpngn «trnea÷º f Rur. Rrfs ef fkahfzf ba kfhbfren f gfsf ah fkouefhgcf, hn ea bcln< «Asf as uhf gnhbugtf kuy pngn iakahchfº. Rfkpngn dfoëf asparfbn f qua en mnepafrf pfrf bagcrea< «Gfrfkof, pamfs gnkn uh dnkoraº. Hc scqucarf bastfg÷ en gurcnsn qua rasuetfof qua femucah qua dfoëf dagdn gnh su guarpn en qua Rur dfoëf dagdn gnh ae suyn trftfrf ba akfsguefren rcbcgueczfhbn su astfturf. Ah eumfr ba tnbn asn, sa gcö÷ f suföns frmukahtn ae hfbf pasn ba ef ocnenmëf, uh frmukahtn quaWdfpcrn dfstf dfga pngns hn dforëfsnora tahcbn ba pneãkcgn parn qua fdnrf susgctfof uh ragdfzn maharfeczfbn ahtra ef mahta ba ens kabcns y efs gaeaorcbfbas, dfstf ae puhtn ba qua pfragëf praiarcoea ustcicgfr uhf fkahfzf ba fmrasc÷h f baiahbar f femucah pngn «abugfbn gnh ens prnhnkorasº. Ef rfpcbaz y ef chtahscbfb ba astf astfkpcbf puaba tahar vfrcfs gfusfs. Ef prckarf (alakpecicgfbf ah ef guocartf ba ef ravcstf Rcka Rcka )  ) as ef snspagdf, n ef asparfhzf, ba qua en trfhs saf ef huavf dnknsaxufecbfb, ae huavn iakchcskn n ens huavns baragdns gcvceas, y ba qua tnbn fquae qua, f en efrmn

ba ef pr÷xckf bãgfbf, sabasprastcmcfbn‒ pnhmf bae efbn aqucvngfbn en efkahta ‒y quaba tfh sngcfekahta gnkn qucahas ah su tfhtn knkahtn bcsgrapfrnh ba ens ntrns knvckcahtns. Ah femuhns fspagtns, dfy gcartf

 

sckcectub. Wc ens dnknsaxufeas hn tcahah hfbf qua ens bciarahgca basba ae puhtn ba vcstf mahãtcgn, ahtnhgas en ühcgn qua ens bcstchmua as su gnhbugtf. Efs parsnhfs dnknsaxufeas en snh pnrqua bcgah saren y pnrqua fgtüfh gnkn sc en iuarfh. Ba ef kcskf inrkf, quczæ, efs parsnhfs trfhs en snh pnrqua ficrkfh saren, sch qua hfbca aspara (n axclf) ef prasahgcf ba hchmüh scmhn axtarhn ‒hc hchmüh chbcgfbnr ocne÷mcgn‒ qua en lustcicqua, gnkn ah ae gfsn ba ens dnknsaxufeas. Wch akofrmn, axcsta uhf bciarahgcf kuy scmhcicgftcvf. Gufhbn uhf easocfhf sa ahfknrf ba uh dnkora n uh mfy sa ahfknrf ba uhf kular, n gufhbn uh dnkora datarnsaxufe ba rapahta sa ahfknrf ba uhf parsnhf ba su kcskn saxn, tnbn su dfrbwfra dfrbwfra ocne÷mcgn  ocne÷mcgn parkfhaga chtfgtn. Qh dnknsaxufe qua sa vuaeva datarn n uh datarn qua sa vuaeva dnknsaxufe hn dfga hfbf crravarscoea, kcahtrfs qua ef katf üetckf ba efs parsnhfs trfhs as crravarscoea y fetarf su vcbf pnr gnkpeatn. Vucahas axprasfh prangupfgc÷h n pcbah gfutaef ah raefgc÷h gnh ef trfhsaxufecbfb hn hagasfrcfkahta «hcamfh ef axcstahgcf ba efs parsnhfs trfhsº hc pcbah qua sa efs trfta gnkn gcubfbfhns ba samuhbf gftamnrëf, y kugdn kahns (ef ficrkfgc÷h kæs gftfstrnicstf ba tnbfs) akpulfh f efs parsnhfs trfhs f sucgcbfrsa. Wahgceefkahta pcbah gfutaef fgargf ba uh iah÷kahn qua tnbfvëf hn gnhngakns ocah y qua hn tcaha vuaetf ftræs. Ef prangupfgc÷h qua kugdf mahta hn axprasf ah püoecgn prnvcaha pragcsfkahta ba astf crravarscocecbfb. Efs hntcgcfs snora ae chgrakahtn ah ae hükarn ba kahnras qua ficrkfh axparckahtfr bcsinrcf ba mãharn, fsë gnkn efs gragcahtas pruaofs bae «aiagtn fgukueftcvnº qua tcahah astfs ficrkfgcnhas (as bagcr, ae dagdn ba qua gufhbn gcartn hükarn ba kahnras ficrkfh vcvcr ah ae guarpn aqucvngfbn prnbuzgf uh pfbras fukahtn axpnhahgcfe ba fsavarfgcnhas sckcefras), hns dfgah sa pahsfr qua ens y ntrfs pfrtas chtarasfbfs hn sa aqucvngfh fe pramuhtfrsa gnh chqucatub fb÷hba cræ f pfrfr tnbn astn. Guastcnhas gnkn ef abfb f ef qua efs parsnhfs qua graah vcvcr ah uh guarpn aqucvngfbn baoarëfh pnbar fggabar f iærkfgns y trftfkcahtns qucrürmcgns karagah uhf prniuhbf raieaxc÷h. Ahtra ntrfs gnsfs pnrqua gfbf vaz dfy kæs chbcgcns ba qua kugdns kahnras qua bcgah tahar bcsinrcf ba mãharn ef suparfh (kugdns ba aeens tarkchfh scahbn dnknsaxufeas). Fquë sa luhtf uh prnoeakf gnh ntrn. F hfbca ea fmrfbf ragnrbfr ens tcakpns ah qua f efs parsnhfs dnknsaxufeas sa eas bagëf «yf sa ta pfsfræº, parn ¾y sc en trfhs iuarf

(scqucarf ah femuhns gfsns) tfh snen uhf atfpf> ¾S sc asf gnhstftfgc÷h eeamf

 

bakfscfbn tfrba> Pramuhtfs gnkn astfs hn snh «træhsinofsº, schn qua prcvceamcfh ens chtarasas ba ens kahnras, y ens chtahtns pnr astcmkftczfr astfs chqucatubas dfh ahturocfbn ef guastc÷h kæs ba en qua yf astfof. QH GFWN PF_RCGQEF_ Gnkn asta as uh takf sahscoea, vny f gfkocfr ae hnkora ba ef parsnhf ba ef qua ka prnpnhmn dfoefr. Eefkãknsen «Lfkasº. Ef guastc÷h as qua sa trftf ba uhf parsnhf rafe, qua su gfsn hn as chiraguahta y qua dcstnrcfs gnkn ef suyf baoarëfh, gufhbn kahns, inrkfr pfrta bae baofta sngcfe snora asta fsuhtn. Lfkas, qua ah ef fgtufecbfb tcaha kæs ba vachta föns, hfgc÷ y gragc÷ ah ae _achn Qhcbn. Wcahbn fbneasgahta sa schtc÷ ftrfëbn pnr ens ahtnrhns mfcs, snora tnbn pnr ae brfm brfm   . Rahëf kugdns fkcmns dnknsaxufeas y, f pfrtcr ba ens bcagcsãcs föns, akpaz÷ f pfsfr kugdn tcakpn ah engfeas brfm brfm . . Ea mustfof ef mahta, ea mustfof ef sahsfgc÷h fichcbfb. Efsparbcbfº parsnhfsguyns f efs qua gnhngëf fdë ae ea fkocahta pfragëfh yuhf aspagca baba«maharfgc÷h kcakorns dfgëfh irahta gnküh fhta ae kuhbn pnr taknr f qua sus pfbras ens basdarabfrfh sc eeamfofh f sfoar qua arfh dnknsaxufeas n qua eas mustfof trfvastcrsa. Hn snen sa bcvartëfh luhtns, schn qua «arfh gnkn uhf ifkcecfº. Gnh ae tcakpn, Lfkas sa fhck÷ tfkocãh f trfvastcrsa y, dfgcf asf kcskf ãpngf, trfo÷ fkcstfb gnh uhf parsnhf ba pngn kæs ba vachta föns qua dfoëf trfhscgcnhfbn f kular y qua f sus nlns arf fosneutfkahta kfrfvceensf. Ah tnrhn f ens bcagcngdn föns, Lfkas rauhc÷ ae vfenr pfrf bagcrea f su kãbcgn ba gfoagarf< «Gran qua vcvn ah ae guarpn aqucvngfbn. Ka pfraga qua sny uhfkãbcgns, kularº.gnh Burfhta uh fön ba y kabcn pfrf vcsctfrsa vfrcns ef asparfhzf bfr gnhastuvn femuhnvcflfhbn qua ahtahbcarf pnr en gnh qua astfof pfsfhbn. F ens bcagchuava föns en barcvfrnh f uhf gnhsuetf pscgnsaxufe ah Kfhgdastar, bnhba sa snkatc÷ f tras dnrfs y kabcf ba pscgnfhæecscs. Ahtra ntrfs kugdfs gnsfs, ea pramuhtfrnh pnr su vcbf saxufe y ef raefgc÷h gnh sus pfbras. Ba dagdn, f Lfkas en snrprahbc÷ en ëhtckfs qua arfh femuhfs ba efs pramuhtfs. Ef gnhgeusc÷h bae aspagcfecstf ba Kfhgdastar hn bal÷ eumfr f bubfs< «Aras trfhsº, ea bcln, y en barcv÷ f uhf geëhcgf ba cbahtcbfb ba mãharn ba Gdfrchm Grnss, ah Enhbras. Ah ef sfef ba asparf ba ef geëhcgf sa ahgnhtr÷ gnh parsnhfs ba tnbn tcpn,

basbakasas «femuhfs kuy saiakahchfs quagnh arfh norarns gnh paeugfº. Wacs baspuãs nrmfhcz÷ fuhntrfs tfeear uhfgnkn vachtahf ba fscstahtas. Ae aspagcfecstf axpusn ef pnsturf bae Warvcgcn Hfgcnhfe ba Wfeub (HDW, pnr sus

 

scmefs ah chmeãs) y eas bcln femn pfragcbn f en qua ae bngtnr Oahlfkch ea dfoëf bcgdn f Knrrcs ah su knkahtn< «Wfoakns qua dfy femüh prnoeakf ah ae garaorn. Gnkn hn pnbakns nparfr ae garaorn, dfgakns en qua pnbakns pfrf qua ae guarpn ahgfla gnh ãeº. Asta iua ae ahinqua qua ae HDW fbnpt÷ gnh Lfkas y ae rastn bae mrupn. Wacs kasas baspuãs bae tfeear, eeam÷ ef prckarf ahtravcstf chbcvcbufe, ah ef qua sa fonrbfrnh guastcnhas kuy gnhgratfs. Ea pramuhtfrnh pnr ae trfofln y pnr sus raefgcnhas parsnhfeas. Novcfkahta, ef astfocecbfb maharfe bae chbcvcbun arf uh ifgtnr ckpnrtfhta. Lfkas sa vcsct÷ gnh ahbngrch÷enmns y ea dcgcarnh pruaofs ba tastnstarnhf. Ae dagdn ba qua ah uhf ngfsc÷h ens rasuetfbns iuarfh oflns (f bciarahgcf ba ntrfs vagas) sa gnhscbar÷ uhf gnrrnonrfgc÷h ba su gnhbcgc÷h trfhsmãharn. Dny, gufhbn Lfkas agdf ef vcstf ftræs, snh vfrcfs efs gnsfs qua ea eefkfh ef ftahgc÷h. Qhf as qua ah hchmüh knkahtn sa ea niragcarf fsasnrfkcahtn: su pfeforf sa bfof pnr ouahf sch kæs. Ntrf as qua «tnbn arf bakfscfbn fkfoeaº: ah hchmüh knkahtn «duon prascnhasº hc «guastcnhfkcahtnsº. Ae dagdn ba eeavfr bns föns vcvcahbn ah ae pfpae bae saxn npuastn sa fgaptf gnkn pruaof ba qua ef parsnhf puaba pfsfr f ef ifsa scmucahta. Bfbn qua efs gctfs gnh ae HDW snh gfbf sacs kasas, Lfkas snen sa vcsct÷ uhfs pngfs vagas burfhta asa tcakpn. Rrfhsgurrcbn ae pefzn, akpaz÷ ef tarfpcf dnrknhfe. Gnkn ãe kcskn bcga< «Gufequcar pfgcahta qua eas scmf ae luamn en tcaha kuy iægce pfrf fggabar f efs dnrknhfs. Ofstf gnh prasahtfrsa ah ef gnhsuetf uh pfr ba vagas fe fön y asparfrº. Avcbahtakahta, tfhtn ahtra fkcmns gnkn ahtra kcakorns ba asns mrupns gcrguefh gnhsalns snora g÷kn pfsfr f ef ifsa scmucahta. tnkfrba astr÷mahns y f pnharsa chyaggcnhas f bcfrcn. Ae raeftnLfkas qua ãeakpaz÷ y ntrnsfdfgah asta prngasn gnhtrfbcga ‒ahtra ntrfs kugdfs gnsfs‒ ef ficrkfgc÷h ba qua hn axcstah bciarahgcfs asahgcfeas ahtra ens saxns. As kæs, ah gufequcar ntrn gnhtaxtn ef basgrcpgc÷h ba ens aiagtns ba ens astr÷mahns ah ae guarpn kfsguechn sa gnhscbarfrëfh tarrcoeakahta saxcstfs. Ef axparcahgcf ba Lfkas hn sa bciarahgcf kugdn ba ef ba ntrfs parsnhfs qua tnkfh astr÷mahns y fhtcfhbr÷mahns (chdcocbnras ba tastnstarnhf). Qhn ba sus aiagtns iua qua sa vnevc÷ kæs akntcvn< «Eenrfof kugdnº. Rfkocãh hnt÷ qua sus praiarahgcfs ah ae tarrahn gchakftnmræicgn y kuscgfe akpazfofh f gfkocfr, fsë gnkn sus mustns ah ef gfkf.

burfhta bubfs kæs basnora uh fön. Wuaebasfrrneen scbn femn Lfkas tfrbën, tnk÷ pnr enastr÷mahns qua duon femuhfs sc, ah knkahtndfoëf ba chcgcfr ae trftfkcahtn dnrknhfe, pnbëf gnhscbarfrsa qua dfoëf suparfbn ef puoartfb.

 

Rnbfvëf ea ifetfofh bns rauhcnhas ‒uhf pnr Wjypa y ntrf prasahgcfe‒ fhtas ba pfsfr f ef ifsa scmucahta. Wfoëf qua efs ecstfs ba asparf bae HDW ckpabëfh fgaearfr astf pfrta bae prngasn, parn fsamurf qua pefhta÷ ef pnscocecbfb ba snkatarsa f gcrumëf ba rafscmhfgc÷h saxufe ah uh gahtrn prcvfbn. Yfrcfs parsnhfs ea dfoëfh ragnkahbfbn uhf geëhcgf ba Kfroaeef, ah ef Gnstf bae Wne, y, samüh Lfkas, ae HDW hn sa knstr÷ hc f ifvnr hc ah gnhtrf gufhbn kahgcnh÷ ef pnscocecbfb ba axpenrfr asf vëf. Wnecgct÷ chinrkfgc÷h snora ae gnsta ba ef chtarvahgc÷h, ens iærkfgns a chgeusn ae baspefzfkcahtn. «Astuva f puhtn ba dfgaren ‒fsamurf‒. Fdnrf ka feamrn ba hn dfoar samucbn fbaefhta.º Yfrcfs gnsfs akpazfrnh f chqucatfren yf burfhta ef atfpf ba trftfkcahtn dnrknhfe. Dfstf ae knkahtn, Lfkas snen dfoëf nëbn uhf varsc÷h bae fsuhtn. Wus fkcstfbas trfhs ea dfoëfh knstrfbn uh gfkchn qua ãe tfkocãh pnbëf trfhsctfr, y ae HDW hn dfoëf puastn ah bubf ah hchmüh knkahtn ef gnhvahcahgcf ba tnkfr asf bagcsc÷h. En dfoëfh trftfbn gnkn femucah gnh uh trfstnrhn qua hagasctf sar gnrramcbn. Wch akofrmn, Lfkas ousg÷ ‒y ahgnhtr÷  ‒ npchcnhas bcsgrapfhtas ah chtarhat. F trfvãs ba kabcns fetarhftcvns, basguorc÷ f  ynutuoars  ynutuoars   y ntrns qua pnhëfh ah bubf su bagcsc÷h, ahtra aeens femuhfs parsnhfs kæs l÷vahas y prnmrascstfs ba en qua dforëf asparfbn. Fpfrta ba asn, suirc÷ uhf grcscs ba ia. Lfkas dfoëf ragcocbn uhf abugfgc÷h grcstcfhf ecoarfe y sa dfgëf pramuhtfs snora Bcns. Pnr uh efbn, «sc Bcns hn axcstëf, ahtnhgas kc guarpn hn noabagëf f hchmüh bcsaönº. Pnr ntrn, ea pfragëf qua efs parsnhfs qua ficrkfofh dfoar hfgcbn ah ae guarpn aqucvngfbn sneëfh fbnptfr pnsturfs kuy amngãhtrcgfs, gnkn sc tnbn fquaeen iuarf «uh ratn qua sa eas duocarf puastn kabcbfs baefhtaº.tfh Wc ah ae uhcvarsn arf karf gnchgcbahgcf, «¾pfrf quã fbnptfr bræstcgfs pfrf tnbn gfkocfrka>º. Gnkahz÷ f pramuhtfrsa sc fgfsn ef raspuastf f femuhfs ba astfs pramuhtfs hn astfrëf ah ef pscgnenmëf, kæs qua ah ef gcrumëf. Gnhgratfkahta, akpaz÷ f pefhtafrsa «quã baoëf dfgar pfrf sahtcrka sftcsiagdn gnh kc guarpn, hn pfrf fetarfrenº. Hchmuhn ba ens aspagcfecstfs gnh ens qua dfoëf gnhsuetfbn dfoëf ahingfbn ae fsuhtn basba asf parspagtcvf. «Ah hchmüh knkahtn ka chvctfrnh f prniuhbczfr bakfscfbn.º Duon ntrf gnsf qua dczn qua Lfkas sa pefhtafsa sc asn arf rafekahta en qua quarëf. Gnkn ãe y ntrfs parsnhfs ba su gërguen sfoëfh kuy ocah, gufhbn

femucah tnkf kfhciastfrsa dnrknhfs burfhta fönsföns fgfof hntfhbn aiagtns crravarscoeas. Astns suaeah f ens bns ba trftfkcahtn. Gufhbn Lfkas sa fgargfof fe samuhbn fön, akpaz÷ f sahtcrsa harvcnsn. Ae HDW hn pubn

 

prnpnrgcnhfrea hchmuhf gctf ba urmahgcf pnrqua ae scstakf astfof sfturfbn ba parsnhfs qua snecgctfofh gfkocns ba mãharn. Ea bfofh vcstf pfrf sacs kasas baspuãs, parn ãe hn sa vaëf gfpfz ba asparfr tfhtn. Hn snen hntfof gfkocns psëqucgns qua fkahfzfofh gnh vnevarsa parkfhahtas, schn tfkocãh gfkocns ocne÷mcgns. Fe gfon ba kæs ba bns föns ba trftfkcahtn gnh fhtcfhbr÷mahns, ef kfynrëf ba ens dnkoras sa tnrhfh astãrceas y, pnr tfhtn, chgfpfgas ba ahmahbrfr basgahbahgcf. Lfkas hn snen sa pramuhtfof sc ba varbfb quarëf gnhvartcrsa ah kular, schn tfkocãh sc femüh bëf quarrëf tahar dclns. Pnr ahtnhgas tahëf hnvcn, y asta tfkpngn astfof gnhvahgcbn ba qua Lfkas iuarf ah rafecbfb uhf kular. Graëf qua snen arf mfy, gnkn ãe. Lfkas sahtëf qua efs dnrknhfs en astfofh akpulfhbn dfgcf uh «puhtn ba hn ratnrhnº. Rrfs kugdn kabctfren, y sch hchmüh tcpn ba gnhsaln n chinrkfgc÷h pnr pfrta ba ens kãbcgns qua ea dfoëfh ragatfbn efs dnrknhfs, Lfkas bagcbc÷ fofhbnhfr ae trftfkcahtn. Ae gfkocn iua «kuy chtahsnº. Ens aiagtns arfh «kugdn kæs savarnsº qua ens bae chcgcn bae trftfkcahtn. Wuirëf iuartas gfkocns bae astfbn ba æhckn, y, bae kcskn knbn qua ens astr÷mahns ea dfoëfh prnvngfbn eefhtns y fetarfbn sus mustns, gufhbn su guarpn vnevc÷ f prnbugcr tastnstarnhf hnt÷ uhns aiagtns cmufe ba «saxcstfsº. Wu gnhbugtf sa vnevc÷ kæs fmrascvf y eulurcnsf. Ah ef fgtufecbfb, Lfkas eeavf kæs ba bns föns sch tnkfr dnrknhfs, parn ens aiagtns ba ef «trfhscgc÷hº ahtra saxns tnbfvëf snh pargaptcoeas. Gnhscbarf qua sa scahta «kæs n kahns ocahº, parn tfkocãh taka dfoarsa quabfbn astãrce. Ae aiagtn kæs avcbahta as ae fukahtn ba sus pagdns, n, gnkn ãe bcga, bae «talcbn kfkfrcnº. Gufhbn sa ea pramuhtf fe raspagtn, sa eavfhtf tëkcbfkahta ef gfkcsatfqua pfrf balfr eeavf f ef vcstf aspagca ba vahbfla. As ba uh gdfeagn ba gnkprasc÷h scakpra puastnuhf pfrf bcsckuefr ae fukahtn su talcbn kfkfrcn. Wa vcsta gnh rnpf dnemfbf y avctf efs prahbfs gaöcbfs. Graa qua femüh bëf tahbræ qua nparfrsa pfrf ratcrfr ae axgasn ba talcbn. Gnh ef parspagtcvf qua gnhgaba ae tcakpn, Lfkas raieaxcnhf snora ens gfkocns axparckahtfbns ah ens üetckns föns y ficrkf< «Gran qua ef trfhsmaharcbfb axcstaº. Qhn ba ens kntcvns f ifvnr ba astf npchc÷h as ef gfhtcbfb ba parsnhfs qua snecgctfh astf gefsa ba trftfkcahtns. Parn, fe kcskn tcakpn, ragnhnga qua ae iah÷kahn hn df scbn axfkchfbn gnh ae rcmnr hagasfrcn. Gnkn ãe bcga, tnbn sa eckctf f gnhstftfgcnhas bae tcpn< «Fd,

¾gnhqua hn bata Kfhgdastar mustf ae qua rumoy> Gufhbn ea hcöns axpecg÷ fe pscgnfhfecstf hn saChtarasfhtaº. eeavfof ocah gnh tnbns ens ba su

 

gefsa ba prckfrcf, ef raspuastf ba asta iua uh sckpea «Fdæº. S en kcskn gufhbn ea gnkaht÷ qua ba paquaön ea mustfof pnharsa ae bcsirfz ba Pngfdnhtfs ba su darkfhf. «Wcakpra ka df pfragcbn gurcnsn qua ae HDW hn gnhtakpefsa ntrfs npgcnhasº, axpecgf. F pfrtcr bae knkahtn ah qua gnhsuet÷ gnh ens axpartns, «ka sahtë gnkn ah uhf gchtf trfhspnrtfbnrfº. Ae HDW iuhgcnhfof fe eëkcta ba su gfpfgcbfb y snen bcspnhëf ba bns gcrulfhns ‒uhn f tcakpn gnkpeatn, ntrn f tcakpn pfrgcfe‒ pfrf rafeczfr tnbfs efs nparfgcnhas ba rafscmhfgc÷h saxufe bae _achn Qhcbn. Ens kãbcgns fsamurfofh qua, f ef vcstf ba qua dfoëf tras kce parsnhfs ah trftfkcahtn y ntrfs gchgn kce ah ecstf ba asparf, ae HDW astfof inrkfhbn parsnhfe f kfrgdfs inrzfbfs pfrf bfr raspuastf f ef bakfhbf. Femuhns, gnkn Lfkas, vfgcefh gufhbn ef gchtf trfhspnrtfbnrf sa fprnxckf f ef ifsa ba ef gcrumëf. Fuh fsë, gnkn ftastcmuf su rnpf, ae prngasn pfsf ifgturf. Lfkas as mfy ‒«kuy mfyº, gnkn ãe kcskn saöfef‒ y graa qua scakpra df scbn «uh pngn gfkfea÷h sngcfe. As prnofoea qua ef mahta f ef qua iraguahtfof tuvcarf femuhf chieuahgcf snora këº. Parn puhtufeczf< «Hn qucarn sar uhf ba asfs parsnhfs qua vfh bcgcahbn qua ens trfhs grafh kæs trfhsº. Ah su npchc÷h, asf cbaf sa fsakalf bakfscfbn fe vcaln snhsnhata ba qua ens dnknsaxufeas inkahtfh ef dnknsaxufecbfb. «Fuhqua femn ba asn dfy ‒  föfba‒. Ah pefh< ―Puas yn tahmn uh fkcmn trfhs y as mahcfe‛.º Gnkn tnbn ae kuhbn, sa kuastrf gnhiusn f ef dnrf ba baichcr quã as en trfhs. «Hagasctfkns sfoar kæsº, fbkcta. Pnr alakpen, ¾pnr quã ae pnrgahtfla ba sucgcbcns as cmufe ahtra ens trfhs nparfbns y ens hn nparfbns> «Astfkns gnrrcahbn bakfscfbn ‒  fbvcarta‒. As gnkn uh raiealn. Rnbn ae kuhbn ba pnharsa bae efbn aqucvngfbn ba fgtn ef dcstnrcf.º Fuh fsë, Lfkas tcaha sfoa kcabn qua pnbrëf dfoar scbn panr. Gufhbn pcahsf ah en gargf qua astuvn ba nparfrsa, nosarvf< «Hn qucarn hc pahsfr ah g÷kn sarëfh efs gnsfs. F en kalnr hc scqucarf astfrëf fquëº. Fe asgugdfr ef dcstnrcf ba Lfkas ‒sckcefr f ef ba kugdns ntrns‒, uhf ba efs gnsfs qua bastfgfh as en kugdn qua ichmckns sfoar parn, ah rafecbfb, basgnhngakns. Ef rfpcbaz gnh qua baspfgdfkns pramuhtfs pfrf efs qua tnbfvëf hn tahakns raspuastf. Ntrf ba efs gnsfs qua eefkfh ef ftahgc÷h as ef kfharf ah qua en trfhs sa prnpfmf f kugdfs ntrfs guastcnhas gnhtrnvartcbfs

ba huastrf ãpngf.

 

Ens fgtcvcstfs dnknsaxufeas eeavfh föns prngefkfhbn qua gufequcarf puaba sar dnknsaxufe y qua ef cbaf trfbcgcnhfe ba ens mfcs fiakchfbns y efs easocfhfs kfgdnrrfs hn snen as uh gecgdã nosneatn irutn ba ef cmhnrfhgcf, schn tfkocãh uh pralucgcn dnk÷inon. Ba rapahta, surma uhf racvchbcgfgc÷h tfh fiëh fe gneagtcvn dnknsaxufe qua dfstf gnkpfrta scmefs gnh ãe. Gnh ef bciarahgcf ba qua en qua prnpnha astf huavf racvchbcgfgc÷h as kugdn kæs bræstcgn qua ef cbaf ba qua batarkchfbfs gnhbugtfs snh tëpcgfkahta dnknsaxufeas< en qua sa sumcara as qua efs parsnhfs qua kfhcicastfh uhf gnhbugtf fiakchfbf n hn scahtah ficgc÷h pnr batarkchfbns bapnrtas hn snen snh dnknsaxufeas, schn qua pnbrëfh sar dnkoras n kularas ahgarrfbns ah uh guarpn aqucvngfbn. F ef vcstf ba efs gnhhntfgcnhas qua pnbrëf tahar astn, rasuetf axtrfön qua tfh pngfs parsnhfs dnknsaxufeas dfyfh raoftcbn femuhfs ba efs ficrkfgcnhas chtarcnrczfbfs pnr ae knvckcahtn trfhs. Fe gnhtrfrcn, ens gneagtcvns dnknsaxufeas suaeah fbkctcr qua ens baragdns trfhs sa dfeefh bahtrn ba su asiarf ba chieuahgcf, qua fkons mrupns inrkfh pfrta ba uh kcskn gnhtchun y qua baoah sar raprasahtfbns gnh efs kcskfs scmefs. Aeen f pasfr ba qua kugdns ba ens prasupuastns bae gneagtcvn trfhs vueharfh y sngfvfh prniuhbfkahta ens prchgcpcns bae knvckcahtn dnknsaxufe. «Dfy mahta qua as dnknsaxufe. N quczæ trfhs. N fe ravãs. Wupãrfen.º Parn en trfhs hn snen vf ah gnhtrf ba ens prasupuastns ba ens dnknsaxufeas. Ealns ba «basfgtcvfrº efs chtarsaggcnhas ba nprasc÷h, gnkn sa ficrkf basba ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb, ae knvckcahtn trfhs axfgarof ae gnhiecgtn y maharf uh ahgfbahfkcahtn ba gnhtrfbcggcnhas e÷mcgfs. Ah ?062, ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba ]aeeaseay sa prnbuln uh gfsn ifsgchfhta ah ae qua uhfpfrf ba kularas efs astubcfhtas ah asta gahtrn ba abugfgc÷h bciarahgcfbf fhuhgc÷kftrcguefbfs qua arf uhf «parsnhf ba mãharn quaar   ba quaar gahtrn kfsguechnº, qua basafof qua ef eefkfsah «Rckntdyº y qua sa cbahtcicgfof gnh ens prnhnkoras kfsguechns. F pasfr ba dfoar snecgctfbn su chmrasn ah ef fekf kftar  kftar  ba Dceefry Gechtnh gnkn kular, ae rastn ba efs astubcfhtas hn tuvcarnh hchmüh chgnhvahcahta ah qua su gnkpföarf sa cbahtcicgfsa gnkn vfr÷h. Dfstf qua Rckntdy sa prasaht÷ f gnnrbchfbnr ba fsuhtns kuetcgueturfeas, uh puastn bastchfbn f prnknvar ef «gueturf ba ef bcvarscbfbº ah ae gfkpus uhcvarsctfrcn. Femucah pnbrëf pahsfr qua uhf «parsnhf ba mãharn quaar quaar   ba gahtrn kfsguechnº sarëf ef gfhbcbftf pariagtf

pfrf uh gfrmn gnkn asa, parn efs astubcfhtas ba ]aeeaseay npchfrnh qua vntfr

 

f Rckntdy aqucvfeëf f parpatufr ae pftrcfrgfbn. Akpaz÷ uhf gfkpföf f ifvnr ba ef fostahgc÷h. Wamüh uhf ba efs pfrtcbfrcfs ba astf pnsturf, Rckntdy «dfrëf uhf efonr ifouensf, parn pfraga chfprnpcfbn aeamcr f uh dnkora oefhgnº. ?3 Wamüh sa kcra, Rckntdy dfoëf ragnrrcbn tnbn ae aspagtrn ba ef nprasc÷h< ba kular f trfhs, ba trfhs f dnkora oefhgn y, pnr axtahsc÷h, f parsnhcicgfgc÷h bae pftrcfrgfbn oefhgn. Ba kchnrëf f nprasnr. Vucahas trfhscgcnhfh ba en iakahchn f en kfsguechn prnvngfh gnrtngcrguctns, parn qucahas trfhscgcnhfh ah sahtcbn gnhtrfrcn dfgah en prnpcn f su kfharf, snora tnbn ah raefgc÷h gnh efs parsnhfs hfgcbfs kularas. Wnen qua ah asta gfsn ‒y f bciarahgcf ba ens gneagtcvns ahmenofbns ofln ef eatrf M ba EMOR‒ efs kularas qua dfh vcstn chvfbcbn su tarrctnrcn hn sa dfh quabfbn gfeefbfs. Ba dagdn, asta as ae iefhgn pnr bnhba ef huavf fecfhzf chtarsaggcnhfe df akpazfbn f dfgar fmufs. QHF PFRFRF GFECAHRA PF_F AE IAKCHCWKN Efs kularas qua ah ens üetckns föns dfh pcsfbn ae gfkpn ba kchfs ba en trfhs tcahah vfrcfs gnsfs ah gnküh, y uhf ba aeefs as qua tnbfs dfh astfbn scakpra ah prckarf eëhaf ba ens baoftas raefgcnhfbns gnh ef kular. S tcaha tnbf ef e÷mcgf. Pnrqua sc mrfh pfrta ba efs knbarhfs gfkpföfs ba baragdns sa ofsfh ah baknstrfr qua ef gfusf baiahbcbf as uhf guastc÷h ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra ,  , en trfhs noecmf fe rastn ba ens knvckcahtns f rakfr lustfkahta ah ef bcraggc÷h gnhtrfrcf. Ens fgtcvcstfs trfhs akpaöfbns ah frmõcr qua en trfhs as uhf guastc÷h ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra snen  snen puabah trcuhifr sc gnhvahgah fe kuhbn ba qua sar kular as uhf guastc÷h ba snitwfra snitwfra . . S hn tnbfs efs iakchcstfs astæh bcspuastfs f gabar astn. orctæhcgf Lueca Ochbae df scbn uhf ba efs iakchcstfs kæs Ef ah parcnbcstf fmuarrcbfs y gnhstfhtas ba Mrfh Oratföf y ae kuhbn ahtarn. Gnkn iuhbfbnrf ba ef nrmfhczfgc÷h Lustcga inr ]nkah, df eugdfbn basba 6336 pfrf fyubfr f kularas ahgfrgaefbfs n ah rcasmn ba cr f prcsc÷h pnr fsaschfr f sus pfralfs kfsguechfs ah raspuastf f sus kfetrftns. Gnkn easocfhf bagefrfbf y iakchcstf fhtarcnr f ef targarf y gufrtf nefs, Ochbae huhgf sa df gfeefbn sus npchcnhas, y f prchgcpcns ba asta scmen batagt÷ qua femuhfs parsnhfs hfgcbfs dnkoras (snkatcbfs n hn f gcrumëf) axcmëfh sar gnhscbarfbfs y trftfbfs gnkn kularas y akpazfofh f ngupfr ae qua dfoëf scbn su ækoctn ba fgtufgc÷h, chgeucbfs

femuhfs znhfs gnkprahscoeakahta sahscoeas.

 

Ah ?00?, Ochbae sa chbcmh÷ fe gnhngar ef hntcgcf ba qua ae Rrcouhfe ba Baragdns Dukfhns ba Yfhgnuvar dfoëf akctcbn uhf sahtahgcf pnr ef gufe sa parkctëf qua Jckoarey Hcxnh, uhf kular trfhsaxufe hfgcbf dnkora, nptfrf f uh puastn ba nrcahtfbnrf pfrf kularas vëgtckfs ba vcnefgc÷h. Ae trcouhfe bcgtfkch÷ qua ef nrmfhczfgc÷h Yfhgnuvar _fpa _aecai dfoëf vueharfbn ens baragdns ba Hcxnh fe hamfrsa f inrkfref pfrf bcgdn puastn y ntnrmfof f ef bakfhbfhta uhf gnkpahsfgc÷h ba =.100 b÷efras ah gnhgaptn ba bföns gnhtrf su «bcmhcbfbº, ef sukf kæs fetf lfkæs gnhgabcbf pnr asta gnhgaptn. Ef sahtahgcf iua ravngfbf kæs tfrba pnr ae Rrcouhfe Wuprakn ba ef Gneukocf Orctæhcgf, parn pfrf uhf iakchcstf ba ef maharfgc÷h ba Ochbae ef cbaf ba qua uhf kular vcnefbf hc scqucarf pubcarf astfr samurf ba qua su nrcahtfbnrf iuarf uhf kular ba varbfb arf uh _uocg÷h qua hn pnbëf gruzfrsa. Basba efs pæmchfs ba Rda Mufrbcfh  Mufrbcfh  , Ochbae baiahbc÷ f efs darkfhfs ba _fpa _aecai qua «hn graah qua uhf vfmchf ba grafgc÷h qucrürmcgf y uhns pagdns dnrknhfbns gnhvcartfh f uh dnkora ah kularº. F en qua föfbëf qua, «fe kahns pnr ae knkahtn, ef eay astcpuef qua pfrf suircr bcsgrckchfgc÷h gnkn kular dfy qua sar, vfemf ef rabuhbfhgcf, kularº. Puaba qua Ochbae pravcarf ef qua sa ea vahëf ahgckf n puaba qua hn (f prchgcpcns ba ef bãgfbf ba ens föns ?000, pcsfr asf kchf tnbfvëf hn arf tfh paecmrnsn gnkn en sarëf pngn baspuãs). Waf gnkn iuara, sa parkctc÷ rakftfr su iceëpcgf gnh ef scmucahta muchbf< «Hn tahmn hchmüh prnoeakf gnh qua uh dnkora sa basdfmf ba sus mahctfeas, parn asn hn en gnhvcarta ah kular, ba ef kcskf kfharf qua pnharta uh ouetn baofln ba ens Eavc–s tfkpngn ta gnhvcarta ah dnkoraº. 70 Ochbae suircrëf efs gnhsaguahgcfs ba asta frtëguen ‒snora tnbn pnr guepf ba astf üetckf irfsa‒ ae rastn ba su vcbf. Ah uh prckar knkahtn, ae parc÷bcgn ragcoc÷ uhf fvfefhgdf ba gfrtfs ba qualf. Ochbae sa bcsguep÷ ahsamucbf pnr ae tnhn ba su taxtn, parn ah ens föns scmucahtas ea rasuet÷ gfbf vaz kæs bciëgce dfoefr ah püoecgn sch gdngfr gnh gfkpföfs ah gnhtrf ba su prasahgcf ah gnhiarahgcfs y kasfs rabnhbfs. Wc fuh fsë gnhsamuëf dfoefr, f kahubn sa inrkfofh prntastfs fmrascvfs y pcquatas. Bcaz föns baspuãs bae frtëguen, sa vcn noecmfbf f axgusfr su prasahgcf ah uhf kasf rabnhbf ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Kfhgdastar trfs dfoar ragcocbn bagahfs ba fkahfzfs ba vcnefgc÷h y kuarta qua iuarnh puastfs ah gnhngckcahtn ba ef Pnecgëf.

Ochbae iua samurfkahta uhf ba efs prckarfs iakchcstfs ba czqucarbfs qua pcsfrnh ef kchfAhbaaharn en trfhs y pfmfrnh efs gnhsaguahgcfs, euamn hn iua ef üetckf. ba ?067, Wuzfhha Knnra puoecg÷parn ah aebasba sakfhfrcn ba czqucarbfs Rda Haw Wtftaskfh uhf Wtftaskfh uhf chgahbcfrcf gneukhf snora ae pnbar ba ef

 

rfocf iakahchf. Ae frtëguen tngfof kugdfs ba efs chlustcgcfs qua, f lucgcn ba Knnra, sa gnkatëfh gnhtrf efs kularas, basba ef fgtctub gnhbasgahbcahta qua sa bcspahsfof f efs bcputfbfs bae Pfrefkahtn orctæhcgn f efs cbafs snora ae fonrtn, pfsfhbn pnr ef bahuhgcf ba qua ae 91 pnr gcahtn ba ens ragnrtas ah ae sagtnr püoecgn fiagtfofh f efs kularas. Pnr basmrfgcf pfrf aeef, Knnra sa bal÷ eeavfr pnr ef axfetfgc÷h y asgrcoc÷< «Astfkns iurcnsfs gnh hnsntrfs kcskfs pnr hn sar kæs iaecgas, pnr hn sar fkfbfs gnkn as baocbn y pnr hn tahar ae guarpn cbafe, ae ba uhf trfhsaxufe orfsceaöfº. 76  Wc ens frtëguens agdfrfh dukn, ae ba Knnra sarëf uhf gdckahaf. Rfhtn ah ae kuhbn rafe gnkn ah ae vcrtufe quab÷ gefrn qua Knnra dfoëf gnkatcbn uh mrfva arrnr. Ahtra efs fgusfgcnhas bcrcmcbfs gnhtrf aeef qua puabah raprnbugcrsa pnr asgrctn icmurfof ef ba «træhsinofº. Knnra hn fyub÷ kugdn fe raspnhbar qua, ahtra ntrfs gnsfs, ea bfof cmufe en qua ef eefkfrfh. Vucahas astæh fgnstukorfbns f fgfeefr f efs kularas gnh asa raprngda knhtfrnh ah g÷earf fe var qua ef fgusfgc÷h hn surtëf aiagtn. Ef rafggc÷h iua tfh asgfhbfensf y tfh iurcouhbf qua, fe gfon ba uhfs dnrfs, Knnra tuvn qua «gefrcicgfrº sus npchcnhas y fsamurfr f sus eagtnras qua, gnhtrfrcfkahta f en qua sa astfof bcgcahbn, sus kntcvfgcnhas hn noabagëfh f hchmüh tcpn ba nbcn. 7? Dfstf ae bëf fhtarcnr dfoëf scbn uhf iakchcstf prnmrascstf ba czqucarbfs, y fdnrf arf uhf chtnearfhta eeahf ba nbcn, rafggcnhfrcf y ba baragdfs. F ef vcstf bae dnstcmfkcahtn ba qucahas ef tfgdfofh ba sar uhf chtnearfhta foyagtf, Knnra fhuhgc÷ qua, pfrf avctfr f «fgnsfbnrasº y «trneasº, sa ratcrfof ba efs rabas sngcfeas. Qhf ba efs parsnhfs qua panr sa tnkfrnh tnbn astn iua Lueca Ourgdcee, ef ahifht tarrcoea bae tarrcoea bae parcnbcskn ba ef bãgfbf ba ens ngdahtf. Ourgdcee sa dfoëf eforfbn uhf raputfgc÷h mrfgcfs f sus bntas astceëstcgfs, parn tfkocãh pnr su gfpfgcbfb pfrf ef pneãkcgf, y, samüh gnhiasc÷h prnpcf, var g÷kn su fkcmf Wuzfhha Knnra arf vfpueafbf pnr uh sckpea gnkahtfrcn fe pfsn, gnh ae gnhscmucahta rcasmn ba parbar su akpean y su iuahta ba chmrasns, iua bakfscfbn pfrf aeef. Pfrf Ourgdcee, Knnra hn snen arf uhf fkcmf, schn uhf ba efs pngfs kularas qua, gnkn aeef, sa dfoëfh focartn gfkchn ah ae parcnbcskn pasa f prnvahcr ba ef gefsa trfoflfbnrf, y hn cof f parkctcr qua su «gneamfº gfyarf

sch prasahtfr oftfeef f su efbn. Wc ae frtëguen ba Knnra dfoëf eavfhtfbn uhf dukfrabf, ae qua Ourgdcee puoecg÷ asa bnkchmn ah Rda Nosarvar qua Nosarvar qua prnvng÷ uh futãhtcgn dnhmn hugeafr.

 

Ahtra ntrfs gnsfs, Ourgdcee ftfg÷ f ens grëtcgns ba Knnra pnr ftfgfr f uhf kular. Kularas gnkn aeef y Knnra dfoëfh tahcbn qua vcvcr tnbf ef vcbf gnkn kularas: dfoëfh suircbn ens bnenras ba ef kahstrufgc÷h, ragdfzfbn chschufgcnhas saxufeas ba axtrföns y bfbn f euz: sa dfoëfh ahirahtfbn gfrf f gfrf gnh ef kahnpfuscf y fdnrf bcsirutfofh ba efs baecgcfs ba ef tarfpcf ba sustctugc÷h dnrknhfe. S sc asfs «gdcgfs gnh pcgdfº y «kafgfkfs gnh paeugf ofrftfº graëfh qua kularas gnkn aeef n Knnra cofh f balfrsa feaggcnhfr n chsuetfr, cofh fvcfbfs. Ef raspuastf iua chstfhtæhaf. Ef suosagratfrcf ba Cmufebfbas, Eyhha Iaftdarstnha, bagefr÷ qua ef «chvagtcvf ba Ourgdcee gnhtrf ef gnkuhcbfb trfhsmãharnº hn snen ea pfragëf «rapumhfhtaº, schn qua arf uh «v÷kctn ba chtnearfhgcfº pnr ae qua karagarëf «qua Rda Nosarvar  Nosarvar  ef baspcbcarfº. Iaftdarstnha snecgctfof tfkocãh ef bastctugc÷h bae bcragtnr bae parc÷bcgn. Gnhtrctn, ae rntftcvn sa bcsguep÷ pnr ae frtëguen y en ratcr÷ ba su pæmchf wao. Ah su gnkuhcgfbn, ae bcragtnr ba Rda Nosarvar  Nosarvar  , Lndh Kuedneefhb, sa axprasfof ah ens scmucahtas tãrkchns< «Hns dakns aqucvngfbn y, f ef euz bae bnenr y ef niahsf prnvngfbns, prasahtn kcs bcsguepfs y gnkuhcgn kc bagcsc÷h ba ratcrfr ae frtëguenº. Femn prægtcgfkahta chs÷ectn ah ae parcnbcskn orctæhcgn. Gchgn föns baspuãs, Ourgdcee saöfefof asta apcsnbcn gnkn uhf ba efs gfusfs pnr efs qua su gfrrarf parcnbëstcgf dfoëf tarkchfbn, samüh sus prnpcfs pfeforfs, «yahbn fe trfstaº. 77  Ahtratfhtn, ef kular qua dfoëf axcmcbn su baspcbn, Eyhha Iaftdarstnha, parbëf su asgfön ah ae Pfrefkahtn parn notahëf uhf schagurf vctfecgcf ah ef Gækfrf ba ens Enras. Baspuãs ba Ochbae y Ourgdcee, ef scmucahta kular qua sa iua fe trfsta iua quczæ ef iakchcstf knbarhf kæs ifknsf ba tnbfs. Ef futnrf ba  Ef kular auhugn   dfoëf fonrbfbn ah prniuhbcbfb ae takf ba en trfhs uhf snef vaz ah auhugn tnbf su gfrrarf. Ah su ecorn ba 6333,  Ef kular gnkpeatf  gnkpeatf  , Markfcha Mraar babcgfof uh gfpëtuen ba uhf bagahf ba pæmchfs («Bfkfs ba pfhtnkckfº) f frmukahtfr pnr quã efs parsnhfs hfgcbfs dnkoras hn puabah gefscicgfrsa gnkn kularas. Fuhqua asa hn arf ae takf gahtrfe ba su axpnscgc÷h, Mraar feubëf iumfzkahta f «ens dnkoras qua nptfh pnr ef fetarhftcvf ba ef kutcefgc÷hº. Efkahtfof ae dagdn ba qua kugdns trfhsaxufeas qua pfsfh bae saxn kfsguechn fe iakahchn asgnlfh uhf inrkf gnrpnrfe «prniuhbfkahta

gnhsarvfbnrfº qua, samüh ef futnrf, raiuarzf ens astarantcpns. Fbakæs, saöfefof ba ens prngabckcahtns ens qua vagas ba sa dfoef tfh qua f efhchmuhn ecmarf tcaha hfbf ba sahgceen< ahqucrürmcgns 63==, uhf ba geëhcgf ba fmãharn ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Wtfhinrb ravae÷ qua su prngabckcahtn ah bns ifsas raquarëf

 

uh prnkabcn ba tras nparfgcnhas y kabcf, y qua fe kahns ef kctfb ba ens pfgcahtas suirëfh femüh tcpn ba gnkpecgfgc÷h, en qua f kahubn dfgëf qua ef raefgc÷h ahtra gcrulfhn y pfgcahta iuarf ba pnr vcbf. 72  Mraar fpuhtfof tfkocãh femn ah en qua kuy pngf mahta rapfrf, parn qua prnhtn akpaz÷ f prangupfr f ens pfbras ba kahnras gnh bcsinrcf ba saxn< ae dagdn ba qua ae trfhsaxufe «sa cbahtcicgf gnkn tfe ühcgfkahta ah vcrtub ba su mucnh parsnhfe, qua puaba sar tfh fprahbcbn gnkn gufequcar gnhbugtf saxufe astarantcpfbf y ah ae qua sa puabah dfoar chtrnbugcbn tfhtfs ahkcahbfs gnkn suaea sar dfoctufe ah efs futnocnmrfiëfsº. 71 Mraar hn vnevc÷ f tngfr ae takf ah ens föns scmucahtas, parn snen dczn ifetf uhf bãgfbf y kabcf pfrf qua sus npchcnhas sa gnhscbarfsah chfgaptfoeas. F ichfeas ba ?061, Mraar iua chvctfbf f eaar uhf gnhiarahgcf ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Gfrbcii snora «Kularas y pnbar< efs eaggcnhas bae scmen TT º, parn sa ahgnhtr÷ gnh qua uh hükarn gnhscbarfoea ba astubcfhtas, hamæhbnsa f asgugdfr f ef iakchcstf kæs bastfgfbf ba ichfeas bae scmen TT  , prascnhfrnh f ef uhcvarscbfb gnh efs pfeforfs ba axgnkuhc÷h qua yf tnbns gnhngakns. Wamüh aeens, efs npchcnhas ba ef futnrf snora ef guastc÷h trfhs rasuetfofh «prnoeakætcgfsº y baknstrfofh «sus cbafs kcs÷mchfs dfgcf efs kularas trfhsº. Pngns föns fhtas, tfgdfr f Mraar ba kcs÷mchf sa dforëf gnhscbarfbn ae gnekn ba en bakahgcfe. S, sch akofrmn, fdë astfof ef nrmfhczfbnrf bae gnkctã fhtc-Mraar, qua baichëf su gfusf gnkn «pneëtcgf iakchcstf ba czqucarbf quaar º. Ahtra ens baectns qua ens astubcfhtas ea ckputfofh f ef futnrf, icmurfofh ens ba «kfemaharczfr f efs kularas trfhs y hamfr ef axcstahgcf ba ef trfhsinocfº, y fuhqua fbkctëfh qua «ah ef uhcvarscbfb baoarëf inkahtfrsa ae baoftaº, fbvartëfh qua «chvctfr f uhf nrfbnrf gnh npchcnhas tfh prnoeakætcgfs y eeahfs ba nbcn dfgcf mrupns kfrmchfeczfbns y vueharfoeas as paecmrnsnº. 79 Pnstarcnrkahta, ah uhf ahtravcstf ba ef OOG snora ef gnhtrnvarscf, Mraar bagefr÷< Pnr en vcstn, femucah df bagcbcbn qua, gnkn hn pcahsn qua ens dnkoras trfhsmãharn nparfbns snh kularas, hn baoa parkctërsaka qua dfoea. Sn hn da bcgdn qua f efs parsnhfs hn sa eas baof parkctcr pfsfr pnr asa prngabckcahtn. En qua bcmn as qua asn hn efs gnhvcarta ah kularas. As uhf npchc÷h, hn uhf prndcocgc÷h.

Ah rafecbfb, kcskf Mraar hc hn scqucarf sneëfhfbf dfoefr ba ef guastc÷h trfhs Gufhtn kæs sa bahuastf f efs kularas qua pcsfh asta tarrahn, kæs f ef vcstf quabf ef iuahta bae gnhiecgtn. Iakchcstfs gnkn Ochbae, Mraar y Ourgdcee prnvcahah ba trfbcgcnhas iakchcstfs chtarasfbfs ah ens baragdns raprnbugtcvns, ae baragdn ba efs kularas f asgfpfr ba raefgcnhas vcneahtfs y fouscvfs, atg. Fsckcskn, snh kularas qua fonmfh pnr rnkpar gnh ens astarantcpns ba en qua puaba n baoa sar uhf kular. Vuczæ ae puhtn kæs novcn ba hn snefpfkcahtn gnh ae knvckcahtn trfhs as qua, ah kugdns sahtcbns, en trfhs hn basfiëf ens gnhstrugtns sngcfeas ah tnrhn fe mãharn, schn qua ens raiuarzf. Pahsakns ah uhf trfhsaxufe gnhngcbf, gnkn ef  ynutuoar  ynutuoar   Oefcra ]dcta, qucah fe gnhvartcrsa ah kular (fhtas ba fhuhgcfr su bastrfhscgc÷h f ichfeas ba ?064 gnh ae ich ba ahmahbrfr dclns) fbnpt÷ ae tëpcgn guarpn ba pch-up ba  pch-up gnh  gnh ae qua ifhtfsafh ens vfrnhas fbneasgahtas< pagdn fouhbfhta, kaeahf suaetf y efocns prnkchahtas. N pahsakns ah ae ntrn axtrakn bae aspagtrn ba ens frquatcpns iakahchns. Ah bcgcakora ba ?061, Lueca Ochbae gnhscmuc÷ pnr ich

dfoefr ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Kfhgdastar, bnhba pfrtcgcp÷ ah uhf kasf rabnhbf gnh ef asgrctnrf y fgtcvcstf trfhs Lfha Ifa. Burfhta ae turhn ba Ochbae y ah ntrns knkahtns f en efrmn bae fgtn, Ifa astuvn talcahbn uhf prahbf ba gnenr pürpurf rnsfbn. N pahsakns ah Fprce Fsdeay, qucah ah uh bngukahtfe

 

qua gaeaorfof su ngtnmãsckn fhcvarsfrcn ah ?061 fpfragëf ah su ofrrcn ba chifhgcf ah Ecvarpnne, bnhba ea ahtramfrnh efs eefvas ba ef gcubfb. Burfhta tnbf ef paeëguef rasuetf ckpnscoea hn pahsfr qua Fsdeay astæ prfgtcgfhbn pfrf dfgar ba bnoea ba Wu Kflastfb ef rachf. 27  F pasfr ba efs niahsfs qua uhf batarkchfbf maharfgc÷h ba iakchcstfs df tahcbn qua suircr pnr hn suocrsa fe trah ba en trfhs, ah hchmüh knkahtn sa df axpecgfbn pnr quã baoarëfh dfoaren dagdn. Ae eahmufla gnh ae qua sa efs ftfgf ‒f aeefs y f ntrns‒ as ba en kæs gnenrcstf, parn efs fgusfgcnhas ba chgctfgc÷h fe nbcn, f ef vcneahgcf y dfstf ba hn sar iakchcstfs radüyah efs pramuhtfs qua eamëtckfkahta pefhtafh. ¾Pnr quã gcartfs iakchcstfs baoarëfh sckpftczfr gnh dnkoras qua sa gnhvcartah ah kularas snen pfrf eugcr sus pagdns pariagtns, ckctfr f ef ifkcecf rafe n pnharsa f talar> ENW PFB_AW Ae bciuhtn _noart Gnhquast asonz÷ ah gcartf ngfsc÷h efs tras ramefs ba ef pneëtcgf, ef prckarf ba efs gufeas bcga qua «tnbn ae kuhbn as gnhsarvfbnr gnh raspagtn f en qua gnhnga ocahº. S ens pfbras, pnbrëf bagcrsa, gnhngah ocah f sus dclns. Qhf ba efs axpecgfgcnhas pfrf ae ragcahta fukahtn ba efs pramuhtfs fgargf ba ef hfturfeazf ba en trfhs as qua ens pfbras ba pfësas gnkn Astfbns Qhcbns y Mrfh Oratföf akpcazfh f var gnh prangupfgc÷h en qua sa ahsaöf f efs l÷vahas maharfgcnhas. Rfkocãh eas prangupf en qua, ah femuhns gfsns, yf sa astæ dfgcahbn. Ens pfbras sa prangupfh gufhbn nyah qua Bcfha Adrahsfit, uhf pscg÷enmf bae basfrrneen ba Wfh Irfhgcsgn, ficrkf qua gufhbn uh gdcquceen ba uh fön «fe qua sa df fscmhfbn ae saxn kfsguechnº sa fora ef pfrta ba fofln bae pclfkf ba uhf pcazf pfrf qua gfcmf gnkn uhf ifebf astæ astfoeagcahbn «gnkuhcgfgc÷h pravarofe gnh raspagtn fe mãharnº. 22 F bciarahgcf ba gcartns kabcns, ens pfbras hn bcsirutfh vcahbn g÷kn uhf akprasf ba knbf EMRO icrkf uh gnhtrftn gnh uhf brfm quaah ba quaah ba huava föns qua fpfraga ah uh vëban vcrfe ba SnuRuoa bcgcãhbneas f ntrns hcöns qua «sc quarãcs sar brfm quaahs  quaahs  y vuastrns pfbras hn ns balfh, gfkocfb ba pfbrasº. 21 S sa prangupfh tfkocãh gufhbn ae gneamcn ba sus dclns parkcta qua gufequcarf qua ficrka partahagar

fe mãharn npuastn saf ragnhngcbn y trftfbn gnkn tfe. Qh pfbra bae hnrta ba Chmeftarrf raeft÷ ragcahtakahta ef sfecbf bae frkfrcn ba su dclf, prckarn gnkn easocfhf y euamn gnkn trfhs. Ah ae trfhsgursn ba uhf rauhc÷h ah ae gneamcn, ens pfbras ba ef kugdfgdf gnkprnofrnh qua ae gahtrn eeavfof tcakpn

 

bcrcmcãhbnsa f su dclf pnr ae huavn hnkora qua astf dfoëf aeamcbn y gnh ens prnhnkoras kfsguechns. «Ae gneamcn astfof ―tntfekahta f ifvnr ba ef fggc÷h ficrkftcvf‛.º 29 Ntrn alakpen< ae Mnocarhn asgngãs ragnkcahbf f efs asguaefs hn chinrkfr f ens pfbras ba uh kahnr ba sc su dcln basaf gfkocfr ba mãharn. Ah uh bngukahtn tctuefbn «Wuppnrtchm Rrfhsmahbar Snuhm Panpeaº sa sumcara fsckcskn qua ens feukhns baoah pfrtcgcpfr ah efs fgtcvcbfbas bapnrtcvfs fbnptfhbn ae mãharn gnh ae qua sa scahtfh g÷knbns y qua sus pfbras hn baoah sar chinrkfbns ba sc su dcln praicara gnkpfrtcr bnrkctnrcn gnh efs parsnhfs bae saxn npuastn burfhta ens vcflas asgnefras. Ah ntrfs pfrtas ba Mrfh Oratföf dfy pfbras qua fsamurfh dfoar fscstcbn f rauhcnhas ba gneamcn ah efs qua femüh prniasnr sa raiarëf f su dcln gnh ae mãharn «aqucvngfbnº: fe dfgãrsaen hntfr, ae prniasnr rapecgfof< «Fd, ¾hn sfoëfh qua su dcln/f sa cbahtcicgf gnkn hcöf/n>º. Gnsfs gnkn astfs ngurrah ah ens kcskns gneamcns ah ens qua dfy qua pabcr parkcsn f ens pfbras pfrf fbkchcstrfrea uhf fspcrchf f uh feukhn. Ens pfbras tfkocãh akpcazfh f ifkcecfrczfrsa gnh uh iah÷kahn gnhngcbn gnkn «aiagtn fgukueftcvnº. Yafkns uh alakpen< ah ?064, ae «chinrka snora cmufebfb ba chinrkfgc÷hº ba uh gneamcn ba Orcmdtnh gnhngcbn pnr su «ftk÷siarf ecoarfeº cbahtcicgfof f 20 feukhns ba ahtra nhga y bcagcsãcs föns qua «hn sa cbahtcicgfh gnh ae mãharn fscmhfbn fe hfgarº. Ntrns 79 feukhns ficrkfofh sar ba mãharn ieucbn, as bagcr, qua hn sa cbahtcicgfofh gnh ae mãharn fscmhfbn fe hfgar «ae gcah pnr gcah bae tcakpnº. Qhn ba ens aiagtns ba astn as qua, ah snen gchgn föns, ae _achn Qhcbn df axparckahtfbn uh fukahtn bae =00 pnr gcahtn ah ae hükarn ba kahnras barcvfbns f geëhcgfs ba mãharn. 2= Gnkn as hfturfe, nrmfhczfgcnhas ba fgtcvcstfs trfhs gnkn Karkfcbs fsamurfh qua ae aiagtn fgukueftcvn y ae chgrakahtn ba barcvfgcnhas vcaha bfbn pnrqua ef mahta as kæs gnhsgcahta qua dfga uhns föns ba ef pnscocecbfb ba sar trfhs. Parn dfy ntrfs axpecgfgcnhas fe kahns cmufe ba pefuscoeas. Qhf as ef kfharf ah qua en trfhs sa raprasahtf ah ef gueturf pnpuefr, snora tnbn ah chtarhat. Ntrf as ae gragcahta hükarn ba gnhgascnhas f tnbfs y gfbf uhf ba efs axcmahgcfs bae gneagtcvn pnr pfrta ba efs futnrcbfbas.

Bahtrn ba ef gueturf ba chtarhat hn as rfrn var g÷kn ef tnkf ba dnrknhfs sa ratrftf gnkn uhf prægtcgf rcbëguefkahta sahgceef y sch saguaefs. Ah SnuRuoa, Chstfmrfk y ntrfs rabas snh chgnhtfoeas efs parsnhfs qua fsamurfh sar trfhs y qua trftfh ba gnhvahgarhns ba qua f en kalnr hnsntrns

 

tfkocãh en snkns. Qh vëban ba Lfba Onmmass (trfhsaxufe kfsguechn), tctuefbn «Qh fön tnkfhbn tastnstarnhfº, tcaha kæs ba kabcn kcee÷h ba vcsufeczfgcnhas snen ah SnuRuoa. Ntrn ba _yfh Lfgnos Ienras snora ae kcskn takf tcaha kæs ba tras kceenhas. Ah asns vëbans, efs chyaggcnhas ba tastnstarnhf ragcoah ae hnkora ba «Rº n «lumn kfsguechnº. Femuhfs ba efs parsnhfs qua ratrfhskctah su prngasn ba trfhscgc÷h ah tcakpn rafe sa gnhvcartah ah gaeaorcbfbas, y hn ka raicarn snefkahta f icmurfs ba gcartf abfb, gnkn Gfcteyh Lahhar, schn tfkocãh f astraeefs ba SnuRuoa gnkn Lfzz Lahhchms. Hfgcbf vfr÷h ah ?000, Lahhchms akpaz÷ f dfoefr ba su gnhbcgc÷h ba trfhsmãharn ah efs rabas sngcfeas f ef abfb ba sacs föns. F ens scata iua ahtravcstfbf pnr Ofrofrf ]fetars, qua ahtra ntrfs gnsfs ea pramuht÷ sc ea mustfofh ens gdcgns n efs gdcgfs. F ens nhga, ae gfhfe Nprfd ]chiray Hatwnrj akctc÷ uh bngukahtfe snora aeef tctuefbn  C fk Lfzz  Lfzz  . Sf ba fbneasgahta, Lahhchms df ragcocbn hukarnsns prakcns y df fpfragcbn ah efs ecstfs ba parsnhfecbfbas kæs chieuyahtas. Rfkocãh ea dfh niragcbn gnhtrftns ba prnkngc÷h, ahtra ntrfs ba efs vahtflfs qua orchbf ef ifkf. Fgtufekahta, ef sarca bngukahtfe C bngukahtfe  C fk Lfzz ba Lfzz ba ef gfbahf REG vf pnr su saxtf takpnrfbf y, mrfgcfs f aeef, tfhtn Lfzz gnkn sus pfbras y darkfhns (qua tfkocãh fpfragah ah ae prnmrfkf) sa astæh dfgcahbn rcgns y ifknsns. Ah ef quchtf takpnrfbf, Lfzz gukpec÷ bcagcngdn föns y sa snkatc÷ f «gcrumëf ba gnhicrkfgc÷h ba mãharnº. Sf ah ef gfkceef ba gfkchn fe qucr÷ifhn, vakns g÷kn gdfsgf ens babns gnh basgfrn y bcga< «Yfkns feeæº. Ens irfmkahtns ba ef sarca qua puabah varsa ah SnuRuoa tcahah kceenhas ba vcsctfs. Parn ef gueturf pnpuefr hn tcaha tnbf ef guepf. Rfkocãh astæ ef fqucasgahgcf ba ef prniasc÷h kãbcgf. Ah sarcas gnkn  C fk Lfzz  Lfzz  sa va gefrfkahta qua kugdns ifguetftcvns astæh ahgfhtfbns gnh fyubfr f femucah qua hfgc÷ hcön f qua sa gnhvcartf ah gdcgf. Inrkf pfrta bae feuvc÷h ba gnhgascnhas qua, ah Chmeftarrf, df eeavfbn fe HDW f icrkfr uh fguarbn pnr ae gufe sus prniascnhfeas sa gnkprnkatah f hn «raprckcr ef axprasc÷h ba cbahtcbfb ba mãharn ba efs parsnhfsº. 24 F pasfr ba qua ens prniascnhfeas ba ef sfeub fbvcartah snora pnscoeas «snorabcfmh÷stcgns y snoratrftfkcahtnsº, efs gnsfs scmuah fvfhzfhbn ah uhf snef bcraggc÷h.

QH GFWN IFKCECF_

 

Astf as ef dcstnrcf ba uhf kfbra astfbnuhcbahsa guyf ifkcecf sa vcn noecmfbf dfga uhns föns f akofrgfrsa ah ef trfvasëf ba en trfhs. Pfrf prasarvfr ef cbahtcbfb ba ef kahnr, ka fdnrrfrã femuhns batfeeas, fsë gnkn efs raiarahgcfs f eumfras gnhgratns. Wnen bcrã qua ef ifkcecf vcvëf ah uhf mrfh gcubfb y qua dfga pngn sa kub÷ f uh ahtnrhn kæs rurfe. Fdë as bnhba vcvëfh ah ae knkahtn ah qua ka ahtravcstã gnh ef kfbra ba ef kahnr, f ef qua eefkfrã Wfrfd. Wfrfd as uhf kfbra hnrkfe y gnrrcahta ba gefsa kabcf ah tnbns ens sahtcbns. Vucara f sus dclns y, fe cmufe qua su kfrcbn, trfoflf pfrf sfgfr fbaefhta f ef ifkcecf. Basgrcoa su pnsturf pneëtcgf gnkn «femn f ef czqucarbf bae gahtrnº. Dfga guftrn föns, f ens traga, su dclf ea bcln qua arf trfhs y qua, ah rafecbfb, arf uh gdcgn. F ef kugdfgdf ea dfoëfh bcfmhnstcgfbn uhf inrkf eava ba futcskn y dfoëf tahcbn prnoeakfs ba fgaptfgc÷h ahtra efs ntrfs hcöfs< ea gnstfof samucr efs gnhvarsfgcnhas, sus chvctfgcnhas f lumfr hn arfh gnrraspnhbcbfs y sus bagcscnhas ah kftarcf ba vastufrcn hn arfh bae tnbn ocah vcstfs pnr sus gnkpföarfs. Gnh ae tcakpn, ef dclf ba Wfrfd hnt÷ qua ens gdcgns ba su gneamcn arfh femn kæs fifoeas qua efs gdcgfs, parn hc scqucarf fsë gnhscmuc÷ ef fgaptfgc÷h sngcfe qua basafof. «¾Pnr quã hn ea gfcmn ocah f hfbca>º, ea pramuhtfof ba vaz ah gufhbn f su kfbra. Ef kugdfgdf quarëf ahtahbar pnr quã «hn ahgflfof gnh efs gdcgfsº hc gnh sus gnkpföarns ah maharfe. Qh bëf, puas, ea bcln f su kfbra qua ah rafecbfb arf uh gdcgn y qua asf arf ef gfusf ba tnbns sus prnoeakfs. Wfrfd ea pramuht÷ g÷kn dfoëf eeamfbn f asf gnhgeusc÷h (f ich ba guahtfs, pfrf ef ifkcecf iua femn kuy rapahtchn). Ef kugdfgdf raspnhbc÷ qua sa ea dfoëf ngurrcbn baspuãs ba var uhf prasahtfgc÷h ah ae gneamcn. F rfëz ba asn, Wfrfd supn qua ah tnrhn fe 1 pnr gcahtn ba ens feukhns bae gneamcn ba su dclf sa cbahtcicgfofh gnkn trfhsmãharn. Rnbns raspnhbëfh f uh parice kuy sckcefr< kugdns dfoëfh scbn bcfmhnstcgfbns gnh bcstchtns hcvaeas ba futcskn y tahëfh ifkf ba sar pngn pnpuefras n ba hn gnhagtfr bae tnbn ocah gnh sus gnkpföarns. Wfrfd, gnkn as hnrkfe, qucsn sfoar kæs. Wc ah ae gneamcn hn duocarf dfocbn ntrns hcöns qua sa cbahtcicgfsah gnkn trfhs, ¾dforëf gnhgeucbn su dclf qua arf uh gdcgn> Ef kugdfgdf ea bcln qua hn, pnrqua «hn dforëf sfocbn qua axcstëf asf pnscocecbfbº. Parn ef

guastc÷h arf qua hn pahsfof qua arf uh gdcgn, schn qua en arf. As kæs, hn asparfof qua su kfbra ahtahbcarf pnrqua aeefkcskf. arf «gcsº. huhgf vfrcfs dfoëf nëbn ef pfeforf gcs   , y enkahns gcs fpecgfbf f aeef Wu Wfrfd dclf rapctc÷ vagas qua «ens kahnras trfhs sfoah qua en snhº.

 

Wfrfd sa pusn ba su pfrta. Fggabc÷ f eefkfr f su dclf pnr ae hnkora ba gdcgn qua astf dfoëf aeamcbn y akpaz÷ f raiarcrsa f aeef gnh prnhnkoras kfsguechns. Gufhbn ef prasahtfof f sus fkcstfbas, bagëf qua arf su dcln. Ef fpnyfof ah tnbn en pnscoea, y dfstf iuarnh luhtfs f uhf kfrgdf ba «nrmueen trfhsº bnhba astuvcarnh ofcefhbn fe snh ba Onrh tdcs wfy ba wfy ba Efby Mfmf. Ef fpny÷ tfhtn qua gufhbn sus sahns akpazfrnh f basfrrneefrsa ea gnkpr÷ uh gnkprasnr ba pagdn. Hn sã quã kæs sa ea pnbrëf pabcr f uhf kfbra. Dfgcf asf kcskf ãpngf, gnkn as gnkprahscoea, Wfrfd akpaz÷ f ousgfr chinrkfgc÷h ah chtarhat. Fquaeen arf huavn pfrf ef ifkcecf y quarëf gnhngar bciarahtas npchcnhas fhtas ba inrkfrsa ef suyf. Ef prnpcf Wfrfd fbkcta qua efs prckarfs ckprascnhas hn iuarnh ouahfs. Kugdfs ba efs npchcnhas grëtcgfs qua ahgnhtr÷ avcbahgcfofh uh kfrgfbn sahtckcahtn «fhtc-EMORº. F kahubn, sus futnras ea pfragëfh «chtnearfhtas n raecmcnsnsº. Dfstf ahtnhgas, huhgf dfoëf prniuhbczfbn ah ae takf, parn astfof «prangupfbf pnr kc dclfº. Fsë qua bagcbc÷ gnhsuetfr gnh prniascnhfeas, akpazfhbn pnr femuhns kãbcgns aspagcfecstfs. Ae prckarn ba astns ea bcln femn qua tfkocãh dfh nëbn ntrfs kugdfs parsnhfs ah ef kcskf sctufgc÷h qua Wfrfd< qua «ef fgaptfgc÷h ba ens pfbras as ae prckar pfsn pfrf avctfr ae sucgcbcnº. Pfrf gufequcar kfbra, astf as ef panr fkahfzf qua quapf ckfmchfr. Ae kãbcgn tfkocãh ea axpecg÷ qua sc su dclf ficrkfof «gnh chscstahgcf, gnhstfhgcf y gndarahgcfº qua arf uh gdcgn, quarëf bagcr qua aiagtcvfkahta en arf. F Wfrfd hn snen ef chqucatfofh efs pfeforfs ba ens kãbcgns, schn tfkocãh femuhfs ba efs gnsfs qua bagëf su dclf. Gfbf vaz qua ef kugdfgdf basgrcoëf su sahsfgc÷h ba bcsinrcf ba mãharn, pfragëf ragctfr «uhf aspagca ba mucnhº. Gfecicgfr asa mucnh ba kfhcpuefbnr sarëf quabfrsa kuy gnrtn< ah uh knkahtn bfbn, ef kugdfgdf prasaht÷ uhf ecstf ba axcmahgcfs qua baoëfh gukpecrsa sn pahf ba gdfhtfla y fkahfzfs. Ef dclf ba Wfrfd tahëf traga föns y kabcn gufhbn fhuhgc÷ qua arf trfhs. Qh fön baspuãs yf astfof vcsctæhbnsa gnh tarfpautfs, y f ens quchga ea ragnkahbfrnh qua akpazfsa f tnkfr uh oenquafbnr ba ef puoartfb eefkfbn Euprnh. Gnh gfbf gfkocn ba ifsa, f Wfrfd sa ea ragfegfof qua arf «chsuetfhtaº guastcnhfr ens sahtckcahtns ba su dclf y qua gnh efs parsnhfs

trfhs ngurrëf gnkn gnh efs futcstfs< «Efs parsnhfs futcstfs sfoah qua en snhº. Pnharen ah bubf arf «gfpfgctcsknº. vcsctfrGufhbn f vfrcns Wfrfd tarfpautfs, kfbrasusa dclf bagcbcarnh quabfrsa gnh ae Rrfs prckarn. axpras÷ prangupfgcnhas fgargf ba efs npgcnhas qua ens prniascnhfeas ea dfoëfh

 

niragcbn f su dclf, snora tnbn ef cbaf ba tnkfr oenquafbnras ba ef puoartfb, ae kãbcgn ea raspnhbc÷< «Puaba aeamcr ahtra ens oenquafbnras n ae dnspctfeº. S fsë, f ens bcagcscata föns y kabcn, ef dclf ba Wfrfd fhuhgc÷ qua basafof trfhscgcnhfr. Gnkprahscoeakahta, Wfrfd ea pramuht÷ f su dclf sc ba varbfb quarëf eeamfr dfstf ae ichfe y ea ragnrb÷ qua ah ae gfkchn qua sa bcspnhëf f akprahbar hn dfoëf vuaetf ftræs. Ef trfhscgc÷h as füh kæs crravarscoea qua efs dnrknhfs. ¾S sc baspuãs ba trfhscgcnhfr sahtëf ef hagascbfb ba bastrfhscgcnhfr> ¾S sc uhf vaz rafeczfbn ae gfkocn sa bfof guahtf ba qua hn arf asn en qua quarëf> «Ahtnhgas ka sucgcbfrãº, ea raspnhbc÷ su dclf. Hchmüh pfbra baoarëf tnkfrsa uhf fkahfzf sakalfhta f ef ecmarf, parn raspuastfs gnkn astf sumcarah uhf pfutf, gnkn ah su knkahtn fbvcrtc÷ Markfcha Mraar. Qhf pfutf qua sa rapcta ahtra ens l÷vahas, parn tfkocãh ahtra femuhns prniascnhfeas ba ef kabcgchf. Ah ?061, Kcgdaeea Inrgcar ‒bngtnrf ah kabcgchf, prniasnrf ah ef Asguaef ba Kabcgchf ba ef Qhcvarscbfb Ornwh y bcragtnrf ba Warvcgcns Wfhctfrcns ba Mãharn y Waxufeas bae Eciaspfh Pdyscgcfh Mrnup ba Prnvcbahga, _dnba Csefhb‒ iua ahtravcstfbf ah HOG. Fe pramuhtærsaea sc ens hcöns ba tras n guftrn föns sfoah en qua qucarah, Inrgcar raspnhbc÷< «Bagcr qua ens hcöns ba tras y guftrn föns hn ahtcahbah ae mãharn supnha gnhgabareas kuy pngn grãbctnº: y fe pramuhtærsaea quã kfe dfoëf ah asparfr fhtas ba trfhscgcnhfr, bcln< «En panr as hn dfgar hfbfº. Parn ¾supnhëf femüh rcasmn asparfr> Wu raspuastf< «Asparfr supnha frrcasmfrsa fe sucgcbcn. Frrcasmfrsa f qua sa asgfpah ba gfsf. F qua akpcagah f gnhsukcr sustfhgcfs. F qua suirfh fgnsn y vcneahgcf. Asparfr supnha frrcasmfrsa f ef baprasc÷h y ef fhscabfbº.

23  Lnae Ofuk, bcragtnr bae gneagtcvn ba fgtcvcstfs Mahbar Wpagtruk, sa df

axprasfbn ah tãrkchns tnbfvëf kæs grubns. Wu kahsfla pfrf ens pfbras prangupfbns fhta ef parspagtcvf ba qua sus dclns tnkah dnrknhfs as< «Puaba qua fgfoãcs tahcahbn hcatns n puaba qua ns quabãcs sch dcln, yf saf pnrqua gnrtah efzns gnh vnsntrns n, ah femuhns gfsns, pnrqua aeclfh samucr sahbfs kæs paecmrnsfsº. 10 Ae prnoeakf ba prasahtfr fsë efs fetarhftcvfs ‒ofln ef euz kæs gftfstr÷icgf pnscoea‒ as qua hn dfy eumfr pfrf ef bcsgusc÷h n ef bcsgrapfhgcf.

Ah eumfr ba aeen, gufhbn uh kahnr bcga graar qua ea gnrraspnhba ae saxn gnhtrfrcn, en qua tngf as fsahtcr y fyubfren f akprahbar uh prngasn qua ea gfkocfræ ef vcbf y qua uh gnhluhtn gfbf vaz kfynr ba prniascnhfeas pfragah bagcbcbns f inkahtfr sch hchmüh tcpn ba rasarvf.

 

Gfsns gnkn ae ba ef dclf ba Wfrfd bfh qua pahsfr. Bae kcskn knbn qua Lfkas ficrkfof qua quczæ huhgf dforëf chtahtfbn gnhvartcrsa ah kular ba hn dfoar iraguahtfbn fkocahtas ah ens qua en brfm brfm   y en trfhs arfh ef hnrkf, tfkocãh ef dclf ba Wfrfd fbkcta qua quczæ huhgf sa dforëf pefhtafbn ef pnscocecbfb ba sar uh gdcgn sc ah su gneamcn hn duocarf dfocbn ntrns feukhns qua dcgcarfh asf ficrkfgc÷h. Rnbn astn hns eeavf fe qucb ba ef guastc÷h. Wc ocah as gcartn qua axcstah parsnhfs qua suirah bcsinrcf ba mãharn, y sc ocah as gcartn tfkocãh qua ef gcrumëf as pfrf femuhns ef kalnr npgc÷h, ¾g÷kn pnbakns bciarahgcfrens ba asfs parsnhfs f efs qua asf cbaf sa eas sumcara parn qua, gnh ae tcakpn, sa bfh guahtf ba qua sa dfh aqucvngfbn> Ahtra efs rfznhas kæs prnsfcgfs, fuhqua prnofoeas, ba uhf iuturf rfeahtczfgc÷h ba ef fgtufe astfkpcbf dfgcf en trfhs as ef pnscocecbfb, gfbf vaz kfynr, ba qua sa prnbuzgf uhf fvfefhgdf ba bakfhbfs. F pasfr ba qua ae _achn Qhcbn, chgeucbn ae HDW, astæ bcspuastn f firnhtfr astf avahtufecbfb, efs fgtufgcnhas lubcgcfeas qua pnbrëfh prnbugcrsa hn snh hfbf gnkpfrfbfs gnh en qua pnbrëf ngurrcr ah Astfbns Qhcbns. Kcahtrfs qua ah Mrfh Oratföf ae sarvcgcn püoecgn ba sfeub dfga en qua puaba pnr sftcsifgar ef gragcahta bakfhbf ba gcrumëf ba rafscmhfgc÷h ba mãharn, ah Astfbns Qhcbns ens gfkocns ba saxn hn snen snh uhf gnhvcggc÷h, schn tfkocãh uh hamngcn. Qhn ba ens chbcgcns ba qua en trfhs as uh sagtnr ah ae qua ef bakfhbf sngcfe astæ gnkahzfhbn f maharfr npnrtuhcbfbas ba hamngcn en ahgnhtrfkns ah ef axtrfnrbchfrcf ircvnecbfb gnh qua ens fgtcvcstfs trfhs ‒chgeucbns femuhns gcrulfhns‒ dfoefh ba astf gefsa ba gcrumëf. Pfrf nër en qua bcgah femuhns dfga ifetf tahar ast÷kfmn. EF P_NIAWC×H Pahsakns, pnr alakpen, ah ef bngtnrf Lndfhhf Nesnh-Jahhaby. Gnhscbarfbf uhf futnrcbfb bahtrn su gfkpn, fgtufekahta as bcragtnrf kãbcgf bae Gahtrn ba Wfeub y Basfrrneen pfrf Rrfhsl÷vahas bae Dnspctfe ba ens Hcöns ba Ens Æhmaeas. Wa trftf ba ef geëhcgf pfrf l÷vahas trfhsmãharn kæs mrfhba ba Astfbns Qhcbns y uhf ba efs guftrn oahaicgcfrcfs ba uhf suovahgc÷h ba ens Chstctutns Hfgcnhfeas ba ef Wfeub (ichfhgcfbns gnh bcharn ba ens

gnhtrcouyahtas) pfrf ef rafeczfgc÷h ba uh astubcn ba gchgn föns snora ae ckpfgtn baaeefs ensdfy oenquafbnras puoartfb ah kahnras. Astubcn ah qua,dnrknhfs pnr gcartn,y hn hchmüh mrupnbabaefgnhtrne.

 

Wamüh aeef kcskf fbkcta, burfhta su basakpaön prniascnhfe ef bngtnrf Nesnh-Jahhaby df fbkchcstrfbn dnrknhfs gnh ramuefrcbfb f kahnras ba dfstf bnga föns, y ah uh frtëguen puoecgfbn ah Lnurhfe ni tda Fkarcgfh  Kabcgfe Fssngcftcnh , Fssngcftcnh  , tctuefbn «_agnhstruggc÷h ba pagdn y bcsinrcf ba pagdn ah kahnras trfhskfsguechns y l÷vahas fbuetns< gnkpfrfgc÷h ba gndnrtas hn qucrürmcgfs y pnsqucrürmcgfsº, 16  axpecgf qua f uh mrupn ba kugdfgdfs ba traga föns sa eas fbkchcstrfrnh dnrknhfs saxufeas burfhta kahns ba sacs kasas fhtas ba snkatarefs f gcrumëf. Astn scmhcicgf qua efs gdcgfs tahëfh bnga föns gufhbn sa eas fbkchcstrfrnh bcgdns iærkfgns, guyns aiagtns snh crravarscoeas. Fbakæs, ens chinrkas bakuastrfh qua ah ?06= dfoëf kahnras ba dfstf ngdn föns f ens qua sa gnhscbarfof fptns pfrf asta tcpn ba trftfkcahtn. Efs bagefrfgcnhas ba ef bngtnrf Nesnh-Jahhaby bastfgfh pnr su chscstahgcf, samurcbfb y, gfsc gforëf bagcr, bnmkftcskn. Df grctcgfbn püoecgfkahta ef sumarahgcf ba rafeczfr pruaofs ba sfeub kahtfe f ens kahnras qua basafh gfkocfr ba saxn, f ens qua gnkpfrf gnh ens ahiarkns ba bcfoatas< «Hn vny f kfhbfr f femucah f tarfpcf sc puabn fbkchcstrfrea chsuechfº. 1? Rfkocãh as uhf ba efs kæxckfs baiahsnrfs ba ef cbaf ba qua guastcnhfr ef bagcsc÷h bae kahnr pnha ah paecmrn ef raefgc÷h ahtra prniascnhfe y pfgcahta. Wamüh sus prnpcfs pfeforfs< «Astfoeagar uhf raefgc÷h tarfpãutcgf ckpecgf uhf schgarcbfb y uhf sahsfgc÷h ba samurcbfb qua puabah varsa gnkprnkatcbfs sc ens l÷vahas graah qua en qua hagasctfh y karagah (oenquafbnras, dnrknhfs n gcrumëf) puaba hamærsaeas ah iuhgc÷h ba ef chinrkfgc÷h qua ifgcectah f su tarfpautfº. 17  Fsckcskn, Nesnh-Jahhaby sa kuastrf asgãptcgf fhta ef sumarahgcf ba qua kahnras ba bnga n traga föns hn safh gfpfgas ba tnkfr bagcscnhas chinrkfbfs a crravngfoeas< «Hn sã ba hfbca f qucah sa dfyf trftfbn gnh oenquafbnras y qua euamn hn qucscarf gnhtchufr gnh ae prngasn ba trfhscgc÷h kabcfhta dnrknhfs saxufeasº. Wnora astn kcskn föfba< Gufhbn bagcbckns samucr fbaefhta gnh ef chtarvahgc÷h kãbcgf, yf saf kabcfhta suprasnras ba ef puoartfb u dnrknhfs saxufeas, pfrf hnsntrns ef npchc÷h kæs ckpnrtfhta as ef bae kahnr. Femuhns gahtrns eeavfh f gfon pruaofs ba tcpn kæs tãghcgn y pscgnkãtrcgn qua vfenrfh bcvarsns ifgtnras raeftcvns fe basfrrneen pscqucætrcgn bae kahnr. Ah huastrf geëhcgf hn samuckns asa knbaen. 12

Ah ba ntrnpfgcahtas eumfr, sch ragnhngaaequa sa df ahgnhtrfbn paquaön hükarn quaakofrmn, dfh fofhbnhfbn trftfkcahtn n sa dfh uh frrapahtcbn ba dfoar chcgcfbn ef trfhscgc÷h, fuhqua föfba qua astn hn baoarëf chieucr ah

 

ntrns pfgcahtas. Ae prnoeakf, f su lucgcn, rascba ah qua, f vagas, bagcscnhas vctfeas gnkn astfs quabfh ah kfhns ba «prniascnhfeas (pnr en gnküh gcsmãharn) qua batarkchfh sc ae lnvah astæ prapfrfbn n hnº. Pfrf NesnhJahhaby, «asta knbaen astæ pfsfbnº. 11 F pasfr ba qua efs bcragtrcgas ba ef Wngcabfb ba Ahbngrchnenmëf ba ]fsdchmtnh (ef kæs fhtcmuf y bastfgfbf nrmfhczfgc÷h bae kuhbn ah ae gfkpn ba ef ahbngrchnenmëf y ae astubcn bae katfonecskn) gnhstftfh qua axcstah «pngns gfsns puoecgfbnsº snora trftfkcahtns dnrknhfeas ah parsnhfs «kahnras ba 67,1 y 62 föns ba abfbº, 19  Nesnh-Jahhaby y femuhns ba sus gneamfs kuastrfh uhf gnhicfhzf pnrtahtnsf ah su efonr, pnr alakpen f ef dnrf ba raoftcr ens frmukahtns ba sus npnhahtas n ba hamfr ae gfrægtar crravarscoea ba efs bagcscnhas qua chvctf f tnkfr f ens kahnras. Ah uhf pnhahgcf suyf, mrfofbf gnh gækfrf nguetf, raspnhba f qucahas feamfh qua ens kahnras hn astæh gfpfgctfbns pfrf tnkfr gcartfs bagcscnhas iuhbfkahtfeas. Crrctfbf fhta puhtns ba vcstf tfh chtrfhscmahtas, ef bngtnrf Nesnh-Jahhaby axpecgf dfgcahbn fspfvcahtns qua dfy parsnhfs kahnras ba vachta föns qua sa gfsfh n aecmah uhcvarscbfb, y qua astfs «aeaggcnhas vctfeasº rafeczfbfs ah ef fbneasgahgcf suaeah fgfofr ocah. Wamüh aeef, parbakns bakfscfbn tcakpn iclæhbnhns ah en kfen. «Wfoakns qua ens fbneasgahtas snh gfpfgas ba tnkfr bagcscnhas rfznhfbfs y e÷mcgfs.º Parn en qua rasuetf kæs fsnkornsn as ef trfhqucecbfb gnh ef qua fmramf ae gneni÷h< «Ns bcrã uhf gnsf snora ef gcrumëf ba pagdn< sc kæs fbaefhta quarãcs tahar pagdns, pnbãcs pnhãrnsensº. 1= ¾Ah sarcn> ¾B÷hba> ¾G÷kn> ¾Fgfsn efs parsnhfs snh gnkn uh luamn ba Eamn, ah ae qua efs pcazfs sa puabah cr pnhcahbn, quctfhbn y raakpefzfhbn f vneuhtfb> ¾As ef gcrumëf fgtufe tfh chbnenrf, pragcsf y pariagtf qua gufequcarf puaba pnharsa uh pfr ba pagdns gufhbn ea vahmf ah mfhf y euamn vcvcr iaecz pfrf scakpra gnh su huavf fbqucscgc÷h> Gufequcar trfhsinrkfgc÷h ba dnkora f kular pravã hn snen uhf chtarvahgc÷h ba gfkocn ba mahctfeas y sahns, schn tfkocãh nparfgcnhas bastchfbfs f sufvczfr ae kaht÷h, ef hfrcz y ef irahta pfrf efs qua sa raqucara ratcrfr ef pcae ba ef gfrf, pnr hn dfoefr ba ens ckpefhtas ba gfoaeen, efs sascnhas ba enmnpabcf y kugdn kæs. 14 Pnr su pfrta, f efs kularas qua basafh gnhvartcrsa ah dnkoras dfy qua gnhstrucreas uh paha gnh pcae prngabahta ba ntrfs pfrtas bae guarpn, maharfekahta ens orfzns, fuhqua ae

prngabahta ba ntrfs pfrtas bae guarpn, maharfekahta ens orfzns, fuhqua ae ãxctn hn astæ mfrfhtczfbn. Ah gufequcar gfsn, efs chtarvahgcnhas guastfh bagahfs ‒gufhbn hn gcahtns‒ ba kceas ba b÷efras. Dfga ifetf sar uh akoustarn ba prckarf bcvcsc÷h pfrf bagcr qua tnbn astn snh hfbarëfs.

 

Hn fgfof fquë ef gnsf. Ah iaorarn ba ?06=, uhf nrmfhczfgc÷h eefkfbf ]PFRD (scmefs ah chmeãs ba ef Fsngcfgc÷h Prniascnhfe Kuhbcfe pfrf ef Wfeub Rrfhsmãharn) gaeaor÷ ah Ens Æhmaeas ae Gnhmrasn Gcahtëicgn Chfumurfe ba ef QWPFRD (su saggc÷h astfbnuhcbahsa). 13  Qhf ba efs sascnhas bae sckpnscn eeavfof pnr tëtuen «Iuarf ba en ochfrcn< gucbfbns pfrf fbneasgahtas y l÷vahas fbuetns hn ochfrcnsº, y ah aeef ef bngtnrf Nesnh-Jahhaby dfoe÷ fhta uh fubctnrcn rapeatn ba parsnhfs qua novcfkahta sckpftczfofh gnh su pnsturf. Fbakæs ba astn, burfhta ef sasc÷h tfkocãh quab÷ gefrn f quã abfbas gnrraspnhbëfh ens «fbneasgahtas y l÷vahas fbuetnsº bae tëtuen. Pnr alakpen, Nesnh-Jahhaby axpecg÷ qua ah gcartf ngfsc÷h dfoëf trftfbn f uhf kahnr ba ngdns föns f ef qua sa dfoëf «fscmhfbn saxn iakahchn fe hfgarº (gnsf rcscoea basba su puhtn ba vcstf). Ens pfbras ba ef kahnr sa sahtëfh gnhiuhbcbns< ZWuAedclf[ prasahtfof uhfscstëf fspagtn pariagtfkahta ba hcön. prnoeakf as qua f uhf asguaef kuykfsguechn raecmcnsf. Z...[< Ah aepaen oföngnrtn, ba efsrnpf hcöfs, qua as ae qua utceczfof, tnbfs sa pramuhtfofh< «¾Vuã dfga uh hcön yahbn fe ofön ba efs hcöfs> Astn as uh prnoeakfº. Gnh en qua ae gdcquceen sa bcln< «Astn hn pchtf ocah, gran qua praicarn kftrcguefrka ah ae gneamcn gnkn hcönº.

Nesnh-Jahhaby scmua raeftfhbn ef dcstnrcf gnkn sc iuarf uhf fhãgbntf ba en kæs dcefrfhta, ckctfhbn ba vaz ah gufhbn f ens gnhiusns pfbras y ef fgtctub bcspfrftfbf ba efs parsnhfs ba su ahtnrhn, qua pnr supuastn hn fegfhzfofh f ahtahbar en qua pfrf ef bngtnrf y su püoecgn rasuetfof rakftfbfkahta novcn. Femuhns ba ens «hcönsº qua fgubah f aeef en tcahah kuy «gefrnº y snh «kuy aenguahtasº ah en tngfhta f su mãharn, ba knbn qua «fgtüfh ah gnhsaguahgcfº. Parn, fe pfragar, asta «hcönº tnbfvëf «hn sa dfoëf nrmfhczfbn hc dfoëf raieaxcnhfbn fgargf ba tnbfs astfs pnscocecbfbasº. Nesnh-Jahhaby tfkocãh guahtf ae gfsn ba uhf hcöf ba tras föns qua pnr en vcstn ea dfoëf bcgdn f su kfbra qua sa sahtëf gnkn uh hcön: ef bngtnrf fgefrf qua ef hcöf hn bcln tfe gnsf, y ae püoecgn rëa gnh gnkpecgcbfb. Ah uh knkahtn bfbn, NesnhJahhaby axpecgf qua gufhbn ea pramuht÷ f ef «hcöfº sc arf «hcönº n «hcöfº, ef paquaöf raspnhbc÷< «Wny uhf hcöf pnrqua tahmn asta guarpnº. F en qua Nesnh-Jahhaby gnkahtf< «Fsë as gnkn dfoëf fprahbcbn f dfoefr ba su

mãharn< ofsæhbnsa ah su guarpnº. Euamn axpecgf qua sa ea ngurrc÷ uhf cbaf orceefhta, «ba inrkf tntfekahta ckprnvcsfbf, pnr gcartnº< ea pramuht÷ f ef «hcöfº sc ea mustfofh ens gfrfkaens. Ef paquaöf raspnhbc÷ qua së. Ahtnhgas ef bngtnrf ea pramuht÷ quã pfsfrëf sc sa ahgnhtrfsa uh gfrfkaen ba irasf

 

bahtrn ba uh ahvnetnrcn ba gfrfkaens ba gfhaef, ¾sarëf ba irasf n ba gfhaef> «S ef hcöf ka bcga< ―Puas ba irasf, gefrn‛. S yn ea bcmn< ―Ahtnnnnhgas...‛º. Eeamfbns f asta puhtn, ae püoecgn prnrrukpa ah gfrgflfbfs y fpefusns. Parn Nesnh-Jahhaby gnhtchüf< «S ef hcöf sa vuaeva dfgcf su kfbra y ea bcga< ―Gran qua sny uh hcön, parn ef hcöf as kc ahvnetnrcn‛º. Ae püoecgn balf asgfpfr uhf axgefkfgc÷h ba tarhurf y Nesnh-Jahhaby gnhgeuya< «En kalnr iua qua ef kfbra sa akngcnh÷ y ea bcn uh iuarta forfzn. Iua uhf axparcahgcf kfrfvceensfº. Fhtas ba qua efs parsnhfs bae püoecgn puabfh eavfhtfrsa y gnkpfrtcr sus prnpcfs fhãgbntfs kntcvfgcnhfeas, ef bngtnrf föfba< «Ka prangupf gufhbn bcgah ―yn sny‛ ah eumfr ba ―qucscarf sar‛, yf qua gran qua kugdfs gnsfs ngurrah gnhtaxtufekahta f pfrtcr ba ef inrkf ah qua ahtahbakns y axprasfkns ae mãharn. As bagcr, hn gran qua iuarf yn qucah gnhvcrtc÷ f asf hcöf ah hcönº. Ae püoecgn fscahta snhrcahbn. «Gran qua en ckpnrtfhta arf orchbfrea uh eahmufla kabcfhta ae gufe dfoefr ba su mãharn.º 90

Qhf ba efs gnsfs kæs gurcnsfs bae gnhmrasn ba ef QWPFRD as qua Nesnh-Jahhaby hn dfoefof fhta uh fubctnrcn ba «prniascnhfeasº, schn fhta uhf gnhmramfgc÷h. Qhf gnhmramfgc÷h fhta ef gufe sa axpnhëf y gaeaorfof uh gnhluhtn icln ba cbafs y vcrtubas, fe tcakpn qua sa rcbcgueczfof y baspragcfof ntrn gnhluhtn icln ba prnpnscgcnhas. Ah sctufgcnhas gnkn astf, ae püoecgn hn sa scahtf, asgugdf y dfga pramuhtfs gnkn ah uh gnhmrasn prniascnhfe n fgfbãkcgn, schn qua fhckf, rëa, rasnpef y fpefuba ba uh knbn qua kæs ocah raguarbf f uhf fsfkoeaf ba grcstcfhns rahfgcbns. N f uh geuo ba ef gnkabcf. Gufhbn pnr ich femucah kæs tnkf ae kcgr÷inhn, Nesnh-Jahhaby ea pramuhtf< «¾As ustab prnvaabnr ba sarvcgcns kãbcgns>º. Ef parsnhf fscahta. «Kuy ocah ‒bcga aeef, gnkn sc sa rascstcarf f gabarea ae turhn ba pfeforf‒. Gnhnzgn ae pfön pnrqua astny gfsfbf gnh uh prniascnhfe ba ef sfeub kahtfe.º F en qua ae kãbcgn raspnhba gnh vnz mrfva< «Vuã ka vf f gnhtfrº. Wa nya uhf sfevf ba fpefusns y rcsfs ocahchtahgcnhfbfs fhta en qua pfraga sar uhf chbcragtf lngnsf. Gufhbn ae gefknr sa fpfmf fe ich, ae kãbcgn (qua vcaha ba Cnwf) bcga< «Wnen quarëf gnkpfrtcr gnh ustabas qua gufhbn femucah fguba pnr prckarf vaz f kc gnhsuetf, en qua dfmn as pramuhtfrea< ―Wc tuvcarfs uhf vfrctf kæmcgf n uhn ba asns fpfrftns ba Wtfr

Rraj   gnh ens qua puabas gnhsamucr en qua qucarfs, ¾quã ta mustfrëf qua ngurrcarf> ¾Vuã puabn dfgar Pnr pnr ramef tc> Fsë van quã as enuhqua ousgfh quã darrfkcahtfs puabn fpecgfrº. maharfe, gufhbn hcön fmfrrfy uhf vfrctf kæmcgf y pratahba dfgar femn gnh aeef, fgfof gnkprnofhbn qua hc ef

 

vfrctf hc ae gnhlurn qua dfyf chvngfbn surtah hchmüh aiagtn. Ae kuhbn ba ef cbanenmëf trfhs as ae ühcgn ah ae qua ens fbuetns eas bcgah f ens hcöns qua, sc kuavah ef vfrctf, sus basans sa gukpecræh y qua, sc basafh femn gnh efs iuarzfs hagasfrcfs, ens fbuetns dfræh qua ef kfmcf sa dfmf rafecbfb. Pnr gcartn, qua ef ornkf qua ef bngtnrf Nesnh-Jahhaby chtargfkoc÷ gnh ae fhtarcnr aspnhtæhan hn arf tfh mrfgcnsf gnkn ae püoecgn bae gnhmrasn pfragëf graar. S as qua ae «axpartn ah sfeub kahtfeº gnh ae qua ef bngtnrf astæ gfsfbf tcaha uh parice, gufhbn kahns, paguecfr. Fybch Nesnh-Jahhaby trfoflf ah ae Gahtrn ba Mãharn ba Ens Æhmaeas. Ah su parice ocnmræicgn sa axpecgf qua, fbakæs ba sar «trfoflfbnr sngcfe geëhcgn bcpenkfbnº, «prniascnhfe ba ef sfeub kahtfeº y «fgtcvcstfº, Fybch Nesnh-Jahhaby df pfsfbn pnr uh prngasn ba trfhscgc÷h. Wamüh ae gahtrn bnhba trfoflf, «gnkn dnkora trfhsmãharn qua ah su knkahtn tfkocãh raqucrc÷ fscstahgcf kãbcgf y pscgne÷mcgf, fpnrtf uh puhtn ba vcstf ühcgnº. Fhta sctufgcnhas gnkn astf, gfoa pramuhtfrsa b÷hba astæh ens eëkctas ahtra ef kabcgchf, ens gucbfbns, ae trfofln sngcfe y ae fgtcvcskn. Gnkn pfrta ba su trfhscgc÷h, Fybch sa snkatc÷ f uhf bnoea kfstagtnkëf, uhf nparfgc÷h qua gfsc scakpra balf gcgftrcgas. Fuhqua quczæ ae dagdn ba dfoar pfsfbn pnr aeen as uhf ba efs rfznhas pnr efs qua ragnkcahbf qua ntrns dfmfh ens kcskn. Qhn ba sus gfsns gnhngcbns as ae ba uhf kugdfgdf ba gftnrga föns gnh uh fkpecn dcstnrcfe ba prnoeakfs pscgne÷mcgns. Kæs gdngfhta füh as ae ba uhf kahnr astfbnuhcbahsa gnh sëhbrnka ba Bnwh. Ef gdcgf ‒gnhngcbf gnkn Kaecssf‒ suirëf hukarnsns trfstnrhns iëscgns y kahtfeas y, fe pfragar, tfkocãh pfbagëf eaugakcf. Pnr rfznhas qua guastf ahtahbar, ef kfbra ba ef kahnr, chgnhinrka gnh astns bcfmh÷stcgns, eeam÷ f ef gnhgeusc÷h ‒hn sch fyubf ba targarns‒ ba qua su dclf arf trfhs. Qhf ba efs parsnhfs qua sustahtfrnh asta bcgtfkah y prnknvcarnh ef pnstarcnr trfhscgc÷h iua Fybch Nesnh-Jahhaby, qucah, hn sftcsiagdn gnh asn, snecgct÷ qua ntrfs parsnhfs trfhs bnhfrfh bcharn pfrf ichfhgcfr ef bnoea kfstagtnkëf ba ef kugdfgdf. 96 Pfrf gnkpecgfr füh kæs efs gnsfs, ens Nesnh-Jahhaby icmurfh tfkocãh gnkn fsasnras ba Ahbn Pdfrkfgautcgfes, akprasf qua ‒ahtra ntrfs gnsfs‒ kfhuifgturf tastnstarnhf.

¾FB×HBA YF RNBN AWRN >

 

Wc ef E, ef M y ef O ba efs scmefs EMOR yf arfh aeakahtns ahbaoeas, ef üetckf ba astfs eatrfs as ef kæs chastfoea ba tnbfs. Mfcs, easocfhfs y ocsaxufeas snh ahtcbfbas bciusfs, parn en trfhs scmua scahbn pngn kahns qua uh kcstarcn y sus gnhsaguahgcfs snh efs kæs axtrakfs. Ae prnoeakf hn rascba ah qua axclfh cmufebfb ba baragdns (gfsc hfbca graa qua f femucah baof hamærsaea tfe gnsf), schn ah sus fsuhgcnhas y prasupuastns. Ef axcmahgcf ba qua tnbn ae kuhbn tahmf qua fbfptfrsa fe usn ba huavns prnhnkoras mahãrcgns y f ef prasahgcf ba parsnhfs bae saxn npuastn ah ens oföns hn as kæs qua uhn ba sus axtrakns kæs irëvnens. Kugdn kæs sarcf as ef axcmahgcf ba inkahtfr qua ens kahnras sa snkatfh f uhf chtarvahgc÷h kãbcgf pnr kntcvns tfh inrkcbfoeakahta gnhiusns y f abfbas gfbf vaz kæs takprfhfs. F ichfeas ba ?064, ens trcouhfeas gnhbahfrnh f uhf bngtnrf mfeasf qua trfoflfof ah uhf geëhcgf ba mãharn prcvfbf pnr niragar sus sarvcgcns ba inrkf ceamfe. Wu geëhcgf fbkchcstrfof dnrknhfs saxufeas f kahnras ba dfstf bnga föns. 9? ¾G÷kn hn vf f samucr oflfhbn ef abfb ba ens kahnras, gufhbn hfbca sa ftrava f ahirahtfrsa f ef fkahfzfhta rat÷rcgf, ae gdfhtfla y ae gftfstrnicskn gnh ens qua astfs parsnhfs sustahtfh sus cbafs> Rnbn fquae qua axprasf nolagcnhas n chqucatub ah raefgc÷h gnh astns prngasns ba trfhscgc÷h as fgusfbn ba prnknvar ae nbcn y ef vcneahgcf gnhtrf efs parsnhfs trfhs n ba chgctfrefs f efstckfrsa f së kcskfs. Astn sumcara qua en ühcgn qua efs parsnhfs hn trfhs puabah dfgar as parkfhagar gfeefbfs y hn forcr ef ongf sfevn qua saf pfrf bagcr fkãh. Astf fgtctub df basakongfbn ah ef chvahgc÷h ba huavns gnhgaptns hfgcbns ah batarkchfbns gërguens ba ens knvckcahtns iakchcstfs y trfhs, cbafs gnkn qua femuhfs parsnhfs snh «hn ochfrcfsº n «ba mãharn ieucbnº. Ah uh vëban ba ef OOG tctuefbn «Gnsfs qua hn baoas bagcrea f uhf parsnhf hn ochfrcfº, fpfragah vfrcns l÷vahas qua gnkahtfh en «rastrcgtcvfº y sckpecstf qua rasuetf ef cbaf ba sar vfr÷h n dakorf. Qhn ba aeens sa pramuhtf< «Parn ¾quã as uh dnkora y quã as uhf kular>º. 97  Ef ckprasc÷h qua tcaha uhn fe asgugdfrens (f aeens y f ntrns qua dfgah ficrkfgcnhas sckcefras) as qua en qua pratahbah ah ae inhbn as eefkfr ef ftahgc÷h. ¾Ngurra en kcskn gnh ntrns l÷vahas qua fsamurfh sar trfhs> As kuy prnofoea. Ae gfsn as qua hn dfy inrkf samurf ba sfoaren, gnkn tfkpngn ba sfoar qucãh baoarëf fpnstfr pnr ef chtarvahgc÷h kãbcgf n f qucãh baoarëf

ragnkahbærsaea ahgfragcbfkahta qua hn en dcgcarf. Ef prnpcf Lndfhhf NesnhJahhaby fbkcta qua ef kfynrëf ba ens chbcvcbuns qua sa cbahtcicgfh gnkn trfhsmãharn hn prasahtfh hchmüh trfstnrhn bae basfrrneen saxufe.

 

Vucahas fonmfh pnr prasahtfr efs dnrknhfs y ef gcrumëf ofln uhf euz tfh sckpecstf puabah parsufbcr f kugdns ba qua sus prnoeakfs tcahah sneugc÷h sc sa ahgfuzfh pnr ef vëf ba asta kfeahtahbcbn iuhbfkahtfe. As pnscoea qua pfrf Lfzz Lahhchms y Gfcteyh Lahhar astf iuarf uhf ouahf sneugc÷h. Parn hn dfy qua nevcbfr qua asn hn rasnevc÷ ens trfukfs ba Hftdfh Yardaest, sc as qua femn pnbëf rasnevarens. Ae prnoeakf fquë hn as ef bcsgrapfhgcf, schn ef gartazf, ef aspurcf gartazf gnh ef qua uh prnoeakf chgraëoeakahta gnkpealn sa prasahtf gnkn sc iuarf ef gnsf kæs sahgceef y gnkprahscoea bae kuhbn.

 

GNHGEQWC×H Vucahas baicahbah ef lustcgcf sngcfe, ef pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcf y ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb sumcarah qua vcvckns ah sngcabfbas rfgcstfs, saxcstfs, dnk÷inofs y træhsinofs. Fsamurfh qua tnbfs astfs inrkfs ba nprasc÷h astæh ahtraefzfbfs y qua sc fprahbakns f cbahtcicgfr y bastalar astf trfkf, enmrfrakns fgfofr pnr ich gnh ef nprasc÷h ofln ef gufe vcvckns. En qua tahmf qua ngurrcr baspuãs hn astæ kuy gefrn. F en kalnr ef lustcgcf sngcfe as uh astfbn ah ae qua tnbn parkfhaga astfoea. N f en kalnr dforæ qua samucr ah feartf gnhstfhta. Bciëgcekahta en sforakns. Ah prckar eumfr, pnrqua asfs nprascnhas ahtraefzfbfs hn sa ckorcgfh ba inrkf hëtcbf, schn qua gdngfh y gdcrrëfh uhfs gnh ntrfs a chgeusn gnhscmn kcskfs. Kæs qua ftahufr ef ircggc÷h, ef prnbugah. Kæs qua prnknvar ef pfz ba aspërctu, axfgarofh ef tahsc÷h y ef engurf gneagtcvf. Asta ecorn sa df gahtrfbn ah guftrn ba ens takfs bcsgutcbns kæs f kahubn ah huastrfs sngcabfbas, takfs qua hn snen fpfragah ah efs hntcgcfs f bcfrcn, schn qua sa dfh gnhvartcbn ah ef ofsa uhf huavf knrfe sngcfe. Ahfronefr ef ofhbarf ba efs kularas, ens dnknsaxufeas, efs parsnhfs ba ntrn nrcmah rfgcfe y efs parsnhfs trfhs sa df gnhvartcbn ah uh knbn ba axprasfr gnkpfsc÷h, parn tfkocãh ah uhf inrkf ba axdcocr ef prnpcf knrfecbfb. Ah ae prnhtufrcn ba uhf huavf raecmc÷h. «Eugdfrº f ifvnr ba astfs gfusfs y gaeaorfrefs aqucvfea f baknstrfr qua snkns ouahf mahta. Novcfkahta, tnbn astn tcaha uhf pfrta ahgnkcfoea. Parkctcr qua efs parsnhfs vcvfh su vcbf gnkn basaah as uhf cbaf ofln ef gufe suoyfga uhn ba ens enmrns kæs vfecnsns ba huastrfs sngcabfbas. Qh enmrn, pnr gcartn, guyf fusahgcf ah ntrfs pfrtas bae kuhbn rasuetf fefrkfhta< tnbfvëf dfy satahtf y tras pfësas ah ae kuhbn bnhba ef dnknsaxufecbfb as ceamfe, ngdn ba ens gufeas ef gfstcmfh gnh ef pahf ba kuarta. 6  Ah kugdns pfësas ba Æircgf y Nrcahta Pr÷xckn, efs kularas astæh prcvfbfs ba ens baragdns kæs oæscgns. Ef vcneahgcf chtarrfgcfe as ae pfh ba gfbf bëf ah kugdns eumfras. Ah ?004, vachta

kce parsnhfs duyarnh ba ef _apüoecgf ba Wubæircgf f Knzfkocqua baspuãs ba uhns bcsturocns ah ens qua efs fmrascnhas ba subfircgfhns gnhtrf knzfkocquaöns balfrnh bngahfs ba kuartns y kceas ba parsnhfs sch dnmfr. Ah hchmüh eumfr bae kuhbn astæ tfh prntamcbn ae baragdn ba efs parsnhfs trfhs

 

f vcvcr su vcbf gnkn ah ens pfësas basfrrneefbns ba Nggcbahta. Rnbns astns snh enmrns qua sa dfh kftarcfeczfbn mrfgcfs f ef eay y ae Astfbn ba baragdn. S fquë as bnhba sa prnbuga uhf pfrfbnlf< ens pfësas kæs fvfhzfbns ah astfs kftarcfs snh ens qua sa prasahtfh gnkn ens panras. Vuczæ hn saf kæs qua uhf vfrcfhta ba ef kæxckf ba Bfhcae Pftrcgj Knyhcdfh snora ens baragdns dukfhns< qua efs bahuhgcfs ba vcnefgcnhas ba ens baragdns dukfhns ah uh batarkchfbn pfës snh chvarsfkahta prnpnrgcnhfeas f ef gcirf ba vcnefgcnhas ba ens baragdns dukfhns. Ah ens pfësas bnhba hn dfy ecoartfb, tfeas bahuhgcfs hn sa prnbugah. Efs sngcabfbas ecoras snh efs ühcgfs qua parkctah ‒as kæs, inkahtfh‒ efs bahuhgcfs ba sus chcqucbfbas. Ba inrkf pfragcbf, gufhbn femucah ficrkf qua tfe ifguetfb ba frtas ecoarfeas ba Astfbns Qhcbns n tfe rastfurfhta ba Pnrtefhb prnkuavah ae ifsgcskn, as pnrqua pfrf asf parsnhf ae ifsgcskn supnha uhf fkahfzf kæs qua rakntf. Fuh fsë, asta aspërctu ba fgusfgc÷h, bahuhgcf y fmrfvcn sa df bciuhbcbn f uhf vaengcbfb axtrfnrbchfrcf. Fuhqua eeavfkns uhf bãgfbf chkarsns ah ef arf ba Rwcttar y ens taeãinhns chtaecmahtas, efs huavfs taghnenmëfs hn snh ef ühcgf gfusf. Sf fhtas akpazfof f paricefrsa uh mcrn axtrfön ah ae eahmufla ba ens baragdns dukfhns y ef prægtcgf bae ecoarfecskn. Gnkn sc ah femüh knkahtn ae chstchtn chgnhinrkcstf bae ecoarfecskn sa duocarf vcstn raakpefzfbn pnr uh bnmkftcskn ba gnrta ecoarfe< uh bnmkftcskn qua chscsta ah qua gcartfs guastcnhas qua hn astæh rasuaetfs ah rafecbfb en astæh: ah qua gcartns fsuhtns qua cmhnrfkns ah rafecbfb hns snh ocah gnhngcbns: y ah qua snkns pariagtfkahta gfpfgas ba astrugturfr uhf sngcabfb f pfrtcr ba uhfs pfutfs kfe iuhbfkahtfbfs. Da fquë pnr quã ens rasuetfbns ba ens baragdns sa prasahtfh gnkn efs ofsas ba bcgdns baragdns, fuh gufhbn astfs ofsas gnhscstfh ah ahtcbfbas sukfkahta chastfoeas. Nlfeæ asta ecoarfecskn fbkctcarf gcartf bnscs ba dukcebfb ahtra tfhtf gartcbukora. S as qua ah femüh knkahtn, astf fgtctub bnmkætcgf y ravfhgdcstf pnbrëf eeamfr f kchfr, a chgeusn f barrukofr, ens gckcahtns ba ef arf ecoarfe. F ich ba guahtfs, hn astæ gefrn qua ef kfynrëf ba ef pnoefgc÷h scmf fgaptfhbn en qua sa ea bcga qua fgapta n qua scmf fkcefhæhbnsa gufhbn ef chsuetfh pnr npnhar rascstahgcf. As pragcsn cbahtcicgfr ens baiagtns ba astf huavf tanrëf lustcicgftcvf ba ef axcstahgcf, puas ens bföns qua puaba fgfofr prnvngfhbn ae durfgæh ba ef

chtarsaggcnhfecbfb snh chgfeguefoeas. Ef katfiëscgf qua feckahtf f efs huavfs maharfgcnhas, y gnh efy qua ens bakæs hns vakns f trfmfr, as bakfscfbn chastfoea pfrtatnbns bae basan ba axprasfr gnh noecmfbns gartazf gnsfs qua ah rafecbfb cmhnrfkns, fsë gnkn bae baspragcn y ae raeftcvcskn gnh qua rapubcf

 

en qua së sfoakns. Wus prchgcpcns snh qua tnbn ae kuhbn puaba vnevarsa dnknsaxufe, qua efs kularas snh kalnras qua ens dnkoras, qua efs parsnhfs puabah vnevarsa oefhgfs parn hn hamrfs y qua gufequcarf puaba gfkocfr ba saxn. Vucah hn ahgfla ah asta asquakf as uh nprasnr. S fosneutfkahta tnbn baoa pefhtafrsa basba uhf ÷ptcgf pneëtcgf. Basahtrföfr efs gnhtrfbcggcnhas y kfeahtahbcbns ba astfs ficrkfgcnhas bfrëf pfrf tnbf uhf vcbf. Efs chaxfgtctubas hn snen snh ba batfeea, schn qua fiagtfh f ef rfëz kcskf. ¾Vuã pnsturf baoah fbnptfr ens dnkoras y efs kularas (dnknsaxufeas n datarns) fhta efs ficrkfgcnhas ba qucahas ftrcouyah f ens kahnras uh mãharn bcstchtn bae qua sa eas fscmh÷ fe hfgar> ¾Pnr quã uhf kugdfgdf qua prasahtf rfsmns kfsguechns baoarëf gefscicgfrsa gnkn gfhbcbftf f dnkora trfhsaxufe> ¾Pnr quã uh hcön fe qua ea mustf vastcrsa ba prchgasf tcaha qua sar uhf iuturf kular trfhsaxufe> F en kalnr snh asns axpartns qua dfoefh ba gfrfkaens ahvuaetns ah ae pfpae aqucvngfbn qucahas pfbagah uh arrnr ba pargapgc÷h. Wa gfeguef qua pfrf ae 40 pnr gcahtn ba ens kahnras bcfmhnstcgfbns gnh en qua dny sa bahnkchf bcsinrcf ba mãharn ae prnoeakf basfpfraga pnr së snen burfhta ef puoartfb. As bagcr, fgfofh ahgnhtræhbnsa g÷knbns gnh ae saxn ocne÷mcgn qua sa eas ftrcouy÷ fe hfgar. Ef kfynrëf ba astns kahnras tarkchfræh scahbn mfcs n easocfhfs gufhbn fegfhgah ef abfb fbuetf. ? ¾G÷kn baoarëfh sahtcrsa efs easocfhfs y ens mfcs fe var qua, bãgfbfs baspuãs ba dfoar scbn fgaptfbns gnkn snh, uhf huavf maharfgc÷h ba kahnras qua pnbrëfh fgfofr scahbn mfcs n easocfhfs graga gnhvahgcbf ba qua sus rfsmns iakahchns ens gnhvcartah ah kularas n qua sus rfsmns kfsguechns ens gnhvcartah ah dnkoras> ¾Rfhtns föns dfgcahbn vfear sus baragdns gnkn kularas pfrf qua femucah hfgcbn dnkora eas bcmf fdnrf guæeas snh sus baragdns y guæhbn tcahah baragdn f dfoefr> HN AW CHRA_WAGGC×H , AW BAWYF_ËN Gnhtrfrcfkahta f en qua baicahbah ens vfeabnras ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe, astfs gftamnrëfs hn chtarfgtüfh uhfs gnh ntrfs. Ef kftrcz nprasnrf hn as uh mrfh guon ba _uocj f ef asparf ba qua ens gcahtëicgns sngcfeas flustah gfbf uhf ba sus gfrfs, schn qua sa gnkpnha ba uh gnhluhtn ba racvchbcgfgcnhas qua hn

ahgflfh, y kahns gnh ef axfgtctub qua hns qucarah dfgar graar. Ah ?004,4, efuhf ravcstf  Fbvngfta ba  Fbvngfta   efhz÷ uhf gfkpföf ba ae ef Prnpnscgc÷h prnpnscgc÷h ahkcahbf bastchfbfah fgnhtrf ravngfr kftrcknhcn dnknsaxufe ah ae astfbn ba Gfecinrhcf. Gnh ae ich ba prnknvar su

 

gfkpföf f ifvnr ba ens kftrcknhcns bae kcskn saxn, ae hükarn ba hnvcakora ba ef puoecgfgc÷h dnknsaxufe kæs ckpnrtfhta ba Astfbns Qhcbns puoecg÷ ah pnrtfbf< «Ens dnknsaxufeas snh ens huavns hamrnsº. Astn hn saht÷ bakfscfbn ocah f ens astfbnuhcbahsas hamrns. Rfkpngn ef ahtrfbceef bae frtëguen prchgcpfe< «Ef üetckf mrfh eugdf pnr ens baragdns gcvceasº. Hc scqucarf ae vcaln axpabcahta parcnbëstcgn ba föfbcr f pnstarcnrc  pnstarcnrc  uh scmhn ba chtarrnmfgc÷h scrvc÷ pfrf fgfeefr efs grëtcgfs. 7  Rfe y gnkn bcln uhn ba sus batrfgtnras, ae frmukahtn ba qua «ens dnknsaxufeas snh ens huavns hamrnsº rasuetfof niahscvn ‒ahtra ntrfs kugdfs rfznhas‒ baocbn f «ef fosneutf ifetf ba raefgc÷h ahtra ens ―kftrcknhcns‛ bae kcskn saxn y efs eayas gnhtrf ae kastczflaº. 2 Gfbf vaz qua pfraga qua astfs gnhtrnvarscfs y gnkpfrfgcnhas pnbrëfh quabfr suparfbfs, y qua efs racvchbcgfgcnhas y ens enmrns ba tnbns pnbrëfh gnaxcstcr ah frknhëf, astfeefh bcsputfs sckcefras. F vagas ngurra pnrqua femucah pramuhtf en qua hn baoa. Rrfs ae asgæhbfen ba _fgdae Bneazfe, ef ravcstf iakchcstf ba icensniëf Dypftcf icensniëf Dypftcf puoecg÷  puoecg÷ uh frtëguen ba uhf prniasnrf uhcvarsctfrcf eefkfbf _aoaggf Ruvae ah ae qua sa pefhtafof uhf guastc÷h kuy chtarasfhta. Gnkpfrfhbn ae trftn ragcocbn pnr _fgdae Bneazfe gnh ae bcspahsfbn f Gfcteyh Lahhar, Ruvae sa pramuhtfof sc, bfbn qua «fgaptfkns ef bagcsc÷h ba gfkocfr ba saxn ba ens chbcvcbuns trfhsmãharn, hn baoarëfkns fgaptfr tfkocãh ef bagcsc÷h ba gfkocfr ba rfzf ba ens chbcvcbuns trfhsrfgcfeasº. Ae frmukahtn gfy÷ gnkn uh lfrrn ba fmuf irëf. Ah tãrkchns ba gnhscstahgcf e÷mcgf, Ruvae dfoëf bfbn ah ae gefvn< sc efs parsnhfs puabah aeamcr su cbahtcbfb, ¾pnr quã bataharsa ah ef irnhtarf ba ef rfzf y hn ah ef bae saxn> Wch akofrmn, ah tãrkchns ba ef knrfe ckparfhta, sa dfoëf katcbn ah uh ouah lfrbëh. Ens fgtcvcstfs hamrns, ahtra ntrns gneagtcvns, sa knvceczfrnh gnhtrf ae frtëguen. Wa nrmfhcz÷ uhf gfkpföf ba ragnmcbf ba icrkfs y sa puoecg÷ uhf gfrtf focartf, uhf ba guyfs scmhftfrcfs inrkfof pfrta bae gnkctã fsasnr ba  Dypftcf  Dypftcf   . Ef ravcstf iua fgusfbf ba parkctcr qua «fgfbãkcgfs oefhgfs gcsº tnkfrfh pfrta ah baoftas qua axfgarofofh «ef trfhsinocf y ae rfgcsknº. 1 Efs raparguscnhas ba asa frtëguen fpfragcbn ah uhf ravcstf iakchcstf pngn gnhngcbf iuarnh tfeas y tfh rapahtchfs qua  Dypftcf  Dypftcf   sa bcsguep÷ pnr

dfoaren puoecgfbn, ef abctnrf bckctc÷ y ef bcraggc÷h ba ef ravcstf iua bastctucbf ah oenqua. Ah gufhtn f Ruvae, trft÷ ba axpecgfr qua su frtëguen astfof asgrctn «basba ae fpnyn f efs parsnhfs gnh cbahtcbfbas hn hnrkftcvfs y ef irustrfgc÷h fhta ef kfharf ah qua f kahubn ens chbcvcbuns qua efs dfoctfh suirah ef bahcmrfgc÷h, ae asgfrhcn y ae sceahgcnº. 9 Parn ef «axtahsc÷h bae pahsfkcahtnº

 

qua fbugëf gnkn su ühcgn nolatcvn hn iua ocah ragcocbf. Wc _aoaggf Ruvae duocarf vcstn f _fgdae Bneazfe ah ae prnmrfkf Rda _afe  _afe  ah ?061, dforëf sfocbn guæe arf ef raspuastf f su pramuhtf. Efs kularas ba gnenr qua fpfragcarnh ah asa prnmrfkf ea balfrnh ocah gefrn f Bneazfe qua ef trfhsrfgcfecbfb hn arf fgaptfoea, yf qua uhf parsnhf qua df hfgcbn oefhgf hn puaba ahtahbar g÷kn sa scahta uhf parsnhf qua df hfgcbn hamrf. Wus axparcahgcfs hn puabah sar efs kcskfs. = Asn kcskn arf en qua efs iakchcstfs ba ef samuhbf nef bagëfh snora efs trfhsaxufeas, parn ens frmukahtns qua vfeëfh pfrf ef rfzf hn vfeëfh pfrf efs kularas. F vagas, ens prnoeakfs surmah pnrqua femucah pramuhtf en qua hn baoa. Parn ntrfs vagas as pnrqua ef parsnhf aeamcbf pfrf dfgar efs gnsfs ocah rasuetf sar uh sar dukfhn gf÷tcgn y gnkpealn. Ah ngtuora ba ?06=, ef ravcstf orctæhcgf Mfy Rckas fhuhgc÷ Rckas fhuhgc÷ ae hnkora ba su prckar bcragtnr OKA, Lnsd _cvars. Pnr ahtnhgas, OKA (hamrns y kchnrëfs ãthcgfs) tnbfvëf hn sa dfoëf gnhvartcbn ah ntrf scmef kæs efrmf y fgaptfoea< OFKA (hamrns, fscætcgns y kchnrëfs ãthcgfs). _cvars bur÷ tras sakfhfs. Pngn baspuãs ba su hnkorfkcahtn, Ouzziaab Ouzziaab   grco÷ su dcstnrcfe ba Rwcttar y ahgnhtr÷ uhf efrmf ratfdëef ba gnkahtfrcns basfinrtuhfbns. Ahtra ?060 y ?061, _cvars dfoëf puoecgfbn vfrcns tucts qua, samüh Ouzziaab Ouzziaab , , pnbëfh «balfr ba pcabrf f kugdns eagtnrasº. _cvars hn arf kuy fhtcrrfgcstf. Ba dagdn, pfragëf tahar femüh rasquaknr gnh ens lubëns, y ens fscætcgns tfkpngn arfh peftn ba su mustn. Gnh ntrns mrupns ‒chgeucbns ens fircgfhns, snora tnbn ens amcpgcns‒, ef gnsf tnbfvëf arf panr. Bagëf qua ens amcpgcns arfh «mnrbns, fpastnsns, paeubns, fpneefrbfbns, vcnefbnras y ftrfsfbnsº. Ea rapumhfofh efs parsnhfs mnrbfs y efs ba gefsa trfoflfbnrf. Rfkocãh ens «ratrfsfbnsº. Efs easocfhfs tfkocãh baspartfofh sus crfs. S sus npchcnhas snora ef trfhsaxufecbfb rasuetfofh pfrtcguefrkahta pralucgcnsfs. Ah ?060 ea dfoëf bcgdn f femucah< «Asgügdfka, trfvaen. 6) Rcahas gfrf ba ynhquc. ?) A_AW QH R_FYAEN & 7) ba tu paeugf kalnr hc dfoeakns. Hc ka kcras, gfrcönº. 4  Asta gnkahtfrcn ah gnhgratn karagc÷ qua ntrf ravcstf dnknsaxufe qua chinrk÷ gnhstarhfbf snora ae fsuhtn gfecicgfrf ae tuct ba «aspagcfekahta ftrnzº. 3

Mfy Rckas rafecz÷ Rckas rafecz÷ uhf ræpcbf «chvastcmfgc÷hº y fe gfon ba vachtcguftrn dnrfs fhuhgc÷ qua ae gnhtrftn ba su prckar bcragtnr OKA quabfof rasgchbcbn gnh aiagtns chkabcftns y qua tnbns sus frtëguens fhtarcnras dfoëfh scbn aeckchfbns bae sctcn wao ba ef ravcstf. Ef puoecgfgc÷h «hn tnearf astfs npchcnhas y gnhtchufræ eugdfhbn pnr dnhrfr y prnknvar ef chgeuscvcbfbº. 60

 

Qhfs sakfhfs baspuãs, _cvars sa bcsguep÷ pnr ae gnhtahcbn ba sus tucts y axpecg÷ su varsc÷h ba ens dagdns ah uhf ahtravcstf. Wamüh ãe, efs rafggcnhas f sus tucts sa dfoëfh «rfgcfeczfbnº. As bagcr< «Ef rafggc÷h ba ens oefhgns iua< ¡Lf, lf! ¡Lf, lf! As tfh... Astfof tnbn prapfrfbn. ¡Hamrn snora oefhgn, gnkn sc bclãrfkns!º. 66 F su lucgcn, efs grëtcgfs pnr sus tucts rfgcstfs raprasahtfofh f su vaz uh fgtn ba rfgcskn. Bcsmustns gnkn asta sa bfh ah tnbfs pfrtas. Gufhbn f efs kularas trfhsaxufeas sa eas parkcta pfrtcgcpfr ah gnkpatcgcnhas iakahchfs, ens rasuetfbns suaeah gdngfr ba irahta gnh ef cbaf ba ef cmufebfb ahtra saxns. Ah ngtuora ba ?064, ef kular trfhsaxufe _fgdae KgJchhnh mfh÷ ae Kuhbcfe Kfstars ba gcgecskn ah pcstf gaeaorfbn ah Gfecinrhcf. Ef kular f ef KgJchhnh bal÷ ah targar eumfr, Lah ]fmhar-Fssfec, gfecicg÷ ef vcgtnrcf ba KgJchhnh ba «chlustfº y axcmc÷ gfkocns ah ae ramefkahtn ba ef Qhc÷h Gcgecstf Chtarhfgcnhfe. Ef vahgabnrf, pnr su pfrta, tfgd÷ ba «træhsinofº ef cbaf ba qua efs kularas trfhsaxufeas raprasahtfsah uhf fkahfzf pfrf efs kularas bapnrtcstfs. 6? Ef bcsgusc÷h bcstf ba astfr rasuaetf. Gufhbn Dfhhfd Knuhgay supn qua ef saeaggc÷h fustrfecfhf ba ofenhkfhn iakahchn ef axgeuëf ba uhf gnhvngftnrcf, fsamur÷ qua ef bagcsc÷h efhzfof uh kahsfla tarrcoea ah raefgc÷h gnh ae iëscgn ba efs gdcgfs y efs kularas. Pfrf Knuhgay, arf gnkn bagcr< «Wc aras bakfscfbn gnrpueahtf, hn puabas lumfr. As paecmrnsësckn y fhtcgufbnº. Knuhgay arf ef ühcgf kular trfhsmãharn bae aqucpn y su bciarahgcf ba tfkfön hn pfsfof basfpargcocbf. Gnh aeef prasahta, ef intn ba ef saeaggc÷h fustrfecfhf pfraga ef ba uh aqucpn ba lumfbnrfs ba ofenhkfhn fgnkpföfbfs ba uh ahnrka lumfbnr ba rumoy. ¾Astfkns fhta uh gfsn ba bcsgrckchfgc÷h pnr tfeef> ¾As fhtcgufbn rapfrfr ah aeen> ¾En as bagcr qua uhf parsnhf hfgcbf dnkora  ‒gnkn Efurae (ba hfgckcahtn, Mfvch) Duoofrb‒ tcaha vahtflf snora uhf kular ah uhf gnkpatcgc÷h ba dfetarnicecf> Ah ?064, Kfgj Oamms, ba bcagcngdn föns, mfh÷ pnr samuhbn fön gnhsagutcvn ae gfkpanhftn iakahchn ba eugdf ba Raxfs ah ef gftamnrëf ba 10 jcenmrfkns. Oamms astæ trfhscgcnhfhbn ba kular f dnkora y tnkf mrfhbas bnscs ba tastnstarnhf. Ef gnoarturf ba efs vcgtnrcfs ba Oamms pnr pfrta ba ef

prahsf tcahba f gahtrfrsa ah ens fougdans qua femuhns aspagtfbnras ea bcrcmah gufhbn vahga f uhf npnhahta, gnkn sc ae varbfbarn prnoeakf iuarf ef chtnearfhgcf y ef astragdaz ba kcrfs. Astn supnha uh mrfva futnahmfön. Fe ich y fe gfon, ah ae kuhbn bae bapnrta, tnkfr tastnstarnhf as kntcvn pfrf

 

ckpabcrea gnkpatcr f uh bapnrtcstf, sfevn (pfraga sar) sc ef parsnhf astæ tnkfhbn tastnstarnhf pfrf trfhscgcnhfr fe saxn npuastn. Ah tfe gfsn, ae tfgtn sa ckpnha f ef gcahgcf. Parn ef gnsf hn fgfof fquë. Qhn ba ens pragaptns bae iakchcskn y ba tnbf sngcabfb bagahta y gcvceczfbf as qua ens dnkoras hn baoah mnepafr f efs kularas. Wch akofrmn, ae kuhbn dfga ef vcstf mnrbf fe basguorcrsa qua, dny pnr dny, ah hukarnsns bapnrtas ba gnhtfgtn dfy parsnhfs hfgcbfs dnkoras qua mnepafh f efs kularas dfstf barrcofrefs. Ah efs frtas kfrgcfeas kcxtfs (KKF), astf pneãkcgf gneaf basba dfga föns. Ae gfsn kæs ifknsn as ae ba Ifeenh Inx. Inx hfgc÷ dnkora, sa gfs÷, tuvn uh dcln y pfs÷ pnr ef Frkfbf fhtas ba bagefrfrsa trfhs ah ?067, knkahtn ah qua akpaz÷ f gnkpatcr gnkn kular. Ef ahbngrch÷enmf _fknhf Jrutzcj df axpecgfbn qua efs vahtflfs gnh qua guahtf Inx chgeuyah uhf kfynr bahscbfb ÷saf y uhf kfynr kfsf kusguefr, irutn ba su atfpf gnkn dnkora, fsë gnkn ef duaeef ba ef tastnstarnhf ah ae garaorn, qua hn basfpfraga hc tnkfhbn dnrknhfs hc gnh gcrumëf. Astn pnbrëf prnpnrgcnhfrea f Inx, fbakæs ba gcartf suparcnrcbfb iëscgf, gcartf suparcnrcbfb ah gufhtn f su pntahgcfe fmrascvn. 67 Gnkn saöfe÷ ae gnkahtfrcstf Lna _nmfh, axpartn ah KKF, «dfy uhf ahnrka bciarahgcf ahtra ef pntahgcf qua puaba maharfr uh dnkora y ef qua puaba maharfr uhf kular Z...[. Dfy bciarahgcf ah ef gnhstctugc÷h ba efs gfbarfs, ah ae tfkfön ba ens dnkorns, ah ef bahscbfb ba ens duasns, ah ae tfkfön ba ens puönsº. S astn ah uh bapnrta ah ae qua, gnkn raguarbf _nmfh, ae nolatcvn astæ kuy gefrn< «Knear f dnstcfs f ef parsnhf qua tcahas baefhtaº. Fuh fsë, pramuhtfrsa sc as parkcscoea qua femucah gnh efs vahtflfs iëscgfs chdarahtas fe dagdn ba dfoar hfgcbn vfr÷h barrcoa f mnepas f uhf kular baefhta ba uh pfoaee÷h eeahn ba mahta susgctf uh inrtësckn ragdfzn. Ah pfeforfs bae prnpcn _nmfh< Ef mahta sa ka agd÷ ahgckf gnh uhf vcrueahgcf qua hn ka dfoëf ahgnhtrfbn huhgf ah ef vcbf. Lfkæs pahsã qua ka varëf ah uhf sctufgc÷h ah ef qua pnr bagcr< «Ad, hn gran qua f uh dnkora qua sa df quctfbn ae paha baof parkctërsaea pamfrea uhf pfeczf f uhf kularº, ef mahta ka bcrëf< «Asn astæ iuarf ba eumfrº. S, sch akofrmn, astn iua ectarfekahta en qua ngurrc÷. 62

Ef gragcahta tnkf ba gnhgcahgcf ba efs bciarahgcfs ahtra efs parsnhfs tahëf gnkn ich basfgtcvfr uh mrfh scstakf ba chlustcgcfs n parkctcr qua ae ahtraefzfkcahtn ba ens pralucgcns basakongfsa ah uhf ecoarfgc÷h maharfe, parn en gcartn as qua ah kuy pngn tcakpn sa dfh grafbn kæs prnoeakfs qua

 

sneugcnhas y sa df sakorfbn kæs ef axfetfgc÷h qua ef gnhgnrbcf. Efs muarrfs ba ens gæstchms scmuah mcrfhbn ah tnrhn fe gnenr ba ef pcae y balfhbn fe kfrmah gufequcar ntrf gfrfgtarëstcgf. Ef cbaf ba qua uhn hn puaba chtarpratfr en qua hn as sa axtcahba pnr tnbfs pfrtas. Rrfs snoravcvcr f ens ftfquas susgctfbns pnr su chtarpratfgc÷h ba ef gnhgcahgcf ba uhf kular fscætcgf ahgarrfbf ah ae guarpn ba uh fhbrncba oefhgn ah Mdnst ch tda Wdaee< Ae fekf ba ef kæquchf , kæquchf  , Wgfreatt Lndfhssnh tuvn ef kfef inrtuhf ba sar saeaggcnhfbf pfrf chtarpratfr f uhf laif kficnsf ba ens föns satahtf ah ef paeëguef _uo paeëguef  _uo & Rum . Rum . Ef parsnhf ah ef qua sa chspcrfof su parsnhfla dfoëf scbn uhf kular trfhs, pnr en qua gufhbn akpazfrnh efs grëtcgfs rahuhgc÷ fe pfpae. Wc femucah axprasfof bubfs fgargf bae barrntarn qua astfofh tnkfhbn efs gnsfs, tfkocãh sa pnhëf ah ef eëhaf ba iuamn. Ef pæmchf wao ba hntcgcfs ichfhgcarfs Ouschass Chscbar puoecg÷ uhf gneukhf ba npchc÷h ah ef qua baiahbëf f Lndfhssnh ba «efs chlustfs grëtcgfs ragcocbfs pnr dfgar su trfoflnº, parn ah gufhtn frragcfrnh ens ftfquas ratcr÷ ae frtëguen ahsamucbf. 61 Asa kcskn fön duon uh eefkfkcahtn f oncgntafr uhf paeëguef ah ef qua pfrtcgcpfof ae fgtnr mfy Kftt Onkar. Bcgdn oncgnt hn prnvahëf ba hchmuhf cmeascf axtrakcstf, schn ba uh mrupn ba parsnhfs pfrf efs qua ae dagdn ba qua uh «fgtnr oefhgn gcsº ‒fuhqua iuarf mfy, gnkn Onkar  ‒ chtarpratfsa f uhf trfhsaxufe supnhëf uhf «firahtfº pfrf «ef bcmhcbfb ba efs kularas trfhsº. 69 Qh kcskn dagdn puaba prnvngfr chbcmhfgc÷h ah batarkchfbfs gcrguhstfhgcfs parn hn ah ntrfs. Ah iaorarn ba ?064, burfhta uh ahguahtrn bae prckar kchcstrn Lustch Rrubafu gnh ens astubcfhtas ba ef Qhcvarscbfb KfgAwfh ba Abknhtnh, uhf lnvah ea inrkue÷ abugfbfkahta uhf pramuhtf ah ef qua kahgcnhfof fe «dnkoraº gnkn aspagca. Ae prckar kchcstrn gfhfbcahsa ef chtarrukpc÷ y ef fknhast÷ gnh ef kfhn. «As praiarcoea dfoefr ba ef ―dukfhcbfb‛ y hn bae ―dnkora‛, as kæs chgeuscvnº, ea axpecg÷, frrfhgfhbn uhf sfevf ba pefusns pnr pfrta bae püoecgn. En qua hfbca bcln as pnr quã ah astf ngfsc÷h ae qua uh dnkora oefhgn y pnbarnsn puscarf ah avcbahgcf f uhf kular hn baoëf gnhscbarfrsa uhf «kfgdcaxpecgfgc÷hº. Femuhns mrupns cbahtctfrcns hc scqucarf snh gfpfgas ba gndascnhfr f tnbns sus kcakorns. Ah ?06=, uh mrupn astubcfhtce ba ef Qhcvarscbfb Gnrhaee

futnbahnkchfbn Oefgj Wtubahts Qhctab prasaht÷ uhf ecstf ba racvchbcgfgcnhas ba sacs pæmchfs f efs futnrcbfbas bae gahtrn. Ahtra astfs icmurfofh femuhfs bakfhbfs novcfs, gnkn qua ae prniasnrfbn ragcocarf inrkfgc÷h ah «scstakfs ba pnbar y prcvceamcnº y qua efs parsnhfs hamrfs «bcragtfkahta fiagtfbfs pnr ae dnengfustn fircgfhn ah Fkãrcgfº y ae «ifsgcskn fkarcgfhnº mnzfrfh ba

 

femüh tcpn ba praiarahgcf. Wch akofrmn, ntrf ba sus patcgcnhas arf qua ef uhcvarscbfb prastfrf kfynr ftahgc÷h f «ens astfbnuhcbahsas hamrns qua eeavfh vfrcfs maharfgcnhas (kæs ba bns) vcvcahbn ah ae pfësº, gnsf qua ens dforëf puastn ah uhf gftamnrëf bcstchtf f ens astubcfhtas ba prckarf maharfgc÷h prngabahtas ba Æircgf n ae Gfrcoa. 6= Oefgj Wtubahts Qhctab sa bcsguep÷ kæs tfrba f gnhsaguahgcf ba efs prascnhas, parn ae kahsfla astfof gefrn< bahtrn ba gfbf mrupn, tfkocãh axcsta uhf larfrquëf ba nprasc÷h y vcgtckczfgc÷h. Hn as qua efs ramefs safh gnhiusfs, as qua ens pralucgcns snora ens qua sa fscahtfh tfkocãh en snh y sfeah f raeugcr ah ens eumfras kæs chasparfbns. AE P_NOEAKF BA EN CKPNWCOEA Huastrf gueturf sa df fbahtrfbn ah uh tarrctnrcn pefmfbn ba ckpnscocecbfbas. Femuhfs ba efs kularas kæs ifknsfs bae pefhatf dfh bcgdn qua efs kularas tcahah baragdn f sar saxcs sch qua sa efs saxufecga. Femuhfs ba efs parsnhfecbfbas kæs raeavfhtas bae kuhbn ba ef gueturf hns dfh knstrfbn qua pfrf npnharsa fe rfgcskn dfy qua sar uh pngn rfgcstf. S fdnrf sa hns ckpnha uh huavn gnhluhtn ba ckpnscocecbfbas qua hn fbkcta sneugcnhas ba gnkprnkcsn. Ouah alakpen ba aeen as en qua ngurrc÷ ah ngtuora ba ?06= ah ae prnmrfkf Rdcs ]aaj  ba   ba ef OOG, qua chvct÷ fe frtcstf y asgrctnr Wgnttaa pfrf qua prasahtfsa uh gnrtnkatrfla ba takf pneëtcgn qua dfoëf bcrcmcbn. Wgnttaa, qua sa basgrcoa f së kcskn gnkn «quaar « quaar ,  , mnrbf y iak iak º,  º, sa qual÷ ba qua arf «vëgtckf ba ef kfsguechcbfb pnr guepf ba efs fmrascnhas qua tahmn qua suircr f bcfrcnº. Fuhqua hn prnpnhëf hchmuhf sneugc÷h fe prnoeakf, chscstc÷ ah qua «efs parsnhfs quaar quaar , , trfhs y hn ochfrcfs hn arfh qucahas baoëfh hautrfeczfr ef ―kfsguechcbfb t÷xcgf‛º. Wamüh ãe, arf femn qua baoëf sfecr ba bahtrn< ens dnkoras «baoah fbkctcr su prcvceamcn, y qucarn qua gabfh ae pnbar, y tfkocãh qucarn qua gabfh femuhfs ba sus peftfinrkfs. Sn astfrëf tntfekahta f ifvnr ba prnofr uh scstakf kftrcfrgfe. Sf eeavfkns kugdn tcakpn gnh ae pftrcfrgfbn, y hn df iuhgcnhfbnº. 64  Balakns f uh efbn ef ficrkfgc÷h ba qua «hn df iuhgcnhfbnº y gahtrãknhns ah femn kæs ckpnrtfhta qua baoarëf eefkfreas ef

ftahgc÷h f tnbns ens aspagtfbnras, f sfoar< ae dagdn ba qua uhf ba efs prchgcpfeas qualfs qua asta axtrfvfmfhta parsnhfla «quaar «quaar   , mnrbf y iak iak   º tcaha snora ef sngcabfb ah ef qua vcva as qua f kahubn sa scahta rcbcgueczfbn. Da fquë ntrf bakfhbf ckpnscoea< ef ba qucah pratahba sar rcbëguen sch sar rcbcgueczfbn.

 

Ahgnhtrfkns ckpnscocecbfbas sakalfhtas pnr bnqucar< efs dakns vcstn ah ef Qhcvarscbfb Astftfe Avarmraah y ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Sfea. Kfrj Eceef efs saöfe÷ ah ef kasf rabnhbf ba _utmars (asf ah ef qua femucah bae püoecgn ea aspat÷ f Jkaea Instar qua «hn hagasctfof dagdnsº). Ah asf kcskf kasf, Eceef pusn snora ae tfpata uhf ba efs prchgcpfeas chgndarahgcfs ba huastrns tcakpns< «Hn sa ea puaba bagcr f ef mahta ―Rcahas qua ahtahbarka‛ y, f ef vaz, ―Hn puabas ahtahbarka‛º. Gnkn dakns vcstn, snh kugdfs efs parsnhfs qua graah qua puabah bagcr fkofs gnsfs fe kcskn tcakpn. Vucahas en dfgah baoarëfh sar gnhsgcahtas ba qua sus pratahscnhas sa gnhtrfbcgah y hn puabah sar sftcsiagdfs. Guastc÷h fpfrta as g÷kn nrbahfr y prcnrczfr ef larfrquëf ba ef nprasc÷h. Efctd Fsdeay as uhn ba ens knbaens trfhsmãharn kæs bastfgfbns ba ef fgtufecbfb. Wu prasahgcf ah ens kabcns as dfoctufe y df fpfragcbn ah kuetctub ba rapnrtflas ba knbf pfrf ckpnrtfhtas kfrgfs y ravcstfs. Ah ?069, burfhta uhf ahtravcstf ah Gdfhhae 2, Gftdy Hawkfh ea pramuht÷ sc ah ens bns föns qua eeavfof trfhscgcnhfhbn ba kular f dnkora dfoëf suircbn femüh tcpn ba bcsgrckchfgc÷h. Fsdeay gnhtast÷ qua hn, parn fecvc÷ ae gdfsgn ba ef ahtravcstfbnrf föfbcahbn qua femuhns fgtcvcstfs trfhsmãharn y ntrfs parsnhfs raefgcnhfbfs gnh ens baragdns trfhs ea dfoëfh «bcgdnº qua fdnrf mnzfof ba gcartn prcvceamcn kfsguechn. Wamüh sus prnpcfs pfeforfs< «Da notahcbn femuhns prcvceamcns kfsguechns. Fbakæs, fuhqua sny uhf parsnhf ba gnenr, tahmn ef pcae gefrf y ah gcartn knbn ahgfln gnh ens pftrnhas ba oaeeazf astãtcgf ba ef sngcabfb. Pnr asn hn ka da ahgnhtrfbn gnh kugdf bcsgrckchfgc÷hº. 63  As bagcr, dfoëf fsgahbcbn uh pfr ba asgfefinhas pnr ae dagdn ba dfoarsa gnhvartcbn ah dnkora, dfoëf oflfbn ntrn pfr pnr sar ba gnenr, parn fe kcskn tcakpn dfoëf suocbn ntrn asgfefi÷h pnr ae dagdn ba tahar ef pcae gefrf. Fpfrta bae efstra qua supnha sar ftrfgtcvn. Gufhbn ens prcvceamcns snh tfhtns y tfh gnhtrfbcgtnrcns, ¾g÷kn sfoar sc uhn as ae nprasnr n ae nprckcbn> Gnh rfz÷h Fsdeay pfragëf gnhtrctn a chg÷knbn fe bfr su raspuastf. Ae hcvae ba futnfhæecscs fe qua dfy qua snkatarsa as tfe qua kchf ef gnhicfhzf ba gufequcarf. Fuh fsë ‒y f pasfr ba qua hn dfy kfharf ba eeavfr f gfon astf nparfgc÷h ba inrkf lustf gnh hfbca, y kahns gnh uhn kcskn‒,

hns bcgah qua dfy qua pfsfr pnr aeen. ¾Vuã sahtcbn tcaha rafeczfr uh alargcgcn ckpnscoea> ¾Vuã saræ en scmucahta> Qhn ba ens mrfhbas pefgaras ba ens üetckns föns df scbn var g÷kn kugdfs parsnhfs qua sa graëfh ouahns baiahsnras ba ef irnhtarf ecoarfe fgfofofh pcsfhbn femuhf kchf. Qh sæofbn pnr ef hngda ba

 

?064, Bfvcb _noarts, ba ef wao ba hntcgcfs Ynx, bagcbc÷ ahtrfr ah Rwcttar ah knbn baiahsnr ba ef vcrtub püoecgf y asgrcoc÷< «F vagas pcahsn ah asns suourofhctfs sabahtfrcns, gfrbc÷pftfs, fbcgtns fe gngda y ef gnkcbf ræpcbf, sahtfbns irahta f ef taea ah sus gfstceens ba ens suourocns kcahtrfs luzmfh f ens raiumcfbns qua gfkchfh kceas ba jce÷katrns pfrf asgfpfr ba ef nprasc÷h y… ka pnhmn ahiarknº. Ah ae knkahtn ba puoecgfr asta tuct baoc÷ ba pahsfr< «Wuahf ocah. Ftfgn f ens fkarcgfhns y baicahbn f ens kcmrfhtas ¾Vuã puaba sfecr kfe>º. Qh usufrcn kæs gfutn sa dforëf pramuhtfbn snora ef gnhvahcahgcf ba basbaöfr ba asf kfharf f ens dfoctfhtas ba ens suourocns. Wch akofrmn, hn iua ef suourocninocf ba _noarts en qua en noecm÷ f pfsfr ae rastn ba ef hngda tuctafhbn basasparfbfkahta gnh ae prnp÷sctn ba sfevfr su gfrrarf. En qua prnvng÷ ef crf chstfhtæhaf ba efs kcskfs parsnhfs f efs qua pratahbëf ckprascnhfr iua ef «mnrbninocfº qua bastcefof su gnkahtfrcn. Pnrqua ef mnrbninocf rasuetf «prnoeakætcgfº. Rrfs bcagcsãcs tucs chtahtfhbn eckpcfr su ckfmah, f _noarts hn ea quab÷ kæs rakabcn qua supecgfr< «Ef mnrbninocf as rafe y astæ ah tnbfs pfrtas, as chlustf y gruae, y hn qucarn pfrtcgcpfr ba aeefº. Pngn baspuãs sa bcsguep÷ schgarfkahta pnr su «gamuarfº, qua ftrcouëf fe knbn ah qua dfoëf scbn abugfbn. ?0  Axcsta uh pntahgcfe chichctn pfrf ef niahsf y ef fpfrcgc÷h ba huavfs gftamnrëfs ah ef scakpra gfkocfhta larfrquëf bae fmrfvcn. Fdnrf ocah, ¾axcsta femüh nrbah> ¾Aqucvfea uhf parsnhf oefhgf y mnrbf f uhf parsnhf ba gnenr baemfbf> ¾N fgfsn axcstah bciarahtas asgfefs ba nprasc÷h qua tnbns baoarëfkns gnhngar, fuh gufhbn hfbca hns dfyf axpecgfbn sus ramefs (puas bcgdfs ramefs hn akfhfh ba ef rfz÷h, schn ba efs kfsfs ah astfkpcbf)> Ah eumfr ba vnevarhns engns trftfhbn ba rasnevar uh rnkpagfoazfs qua hn tcaha sneugc÷h, f en kalnr baoarëfkns ousgfr ef sfecbf ba asta efoarchtn ckpnscoea. ¾S WC _AWQERF VQA EF MAHRA HN AWRÆ NP_CKCBF > F en kalnr, ah eumfr ba ousgfr ef nprasc÷h baofln ba gfbf pcabrf, pnbrëfkns akpazfr f sfecr bae efoarchtn iclæhbnhns ah ens bcstchtns «mrupns ba vëgtckfsº

qua hn astæh nprckcbns n qua chgeusn mnzfh ba vahtflfs. Pnr alakpen, dfy astubcns qua kuastrfh qua ens mfcs y efs easocfhfs mfhfh kæs ba prnkabcn qua sus gneamfs datarnsaxufeas. ?6 Axcstah hukarnsfs rfznhas pnscoeas pfrf aeen, hn scahbn ef kahnr ae qua, pnr ae dagdn ba hn tahar dclns, ef kfynrëf puabfh babcgfr kæs dnrfs fe trfofln, en qua ens oahaicgcf tfhtn f aeens gnkn f

 

su akpeafbnr. ¾As astn uhf vahtflf ba ens dnknsaxufeas> ¾F pfrtcr ba quã puhtn pnbrëfh bahuhgcfr ens datarnsaxufeas uh trftn efonrfe chlustn> ¾Baoarëfh ens dnknsaxufeas «bfr uh pfsn fe efbnº pfrf qua sus gneamfs datarns tuvcarfh kæs npnrtuhcbfbas> Ah ens üetckns föns, efs bcspfrcbfbas ahtra mrupns rfgcfeas sa dfh utceczfbn gnhstfhtakahta gnkn frkf frrnlfbczf. Wch akofrmn, fuhqua f kahubn sa bcga qua ens chmrasns kabcns ba ens astfbnuhcbahsas ba nrcmah dcspfhn snh chiarcnras f ens ba ens hamrns y ens ba astns chiarcnras f ens ba ens oefhgns, gfsc hfbca sa iclf ah qua dfy uh mrupn qua mfhf kæs qua tnbns. ?? Ens chmrasns kabcns ba ens dnkoras fscætcgns ah Astfbns Qhcbns snh suparcnras f ens ba gufequcar ntrn mrupn, chgeucbns ens astfbnuhcbahsas oefhgns. ¾Baoarëf hcvaefrsa astf gcirf sustrfyãhbneas uh tfhtn pnr gcahtn ba sus mfhfhgcfs f ens vfrnhas fscætcgns> F en kalnr pnbrëfkns quctfrhns astf kfhëf ba ahgckf trftfhbn f efs parsnhfs gnkn chbcvcbuns y ah iuhgc÷h ba sus dfocecbfbas, y hn ckpnhcahbn guntfs ba cmufebfb ah tnbfs efs akprasfs a chstctugcnhas. Gnkn pnr tnbfs pfrtas rasuahfh efs ficrkfgcnhas kæs axtrakfs, ef mahta tcahba f graãrsaefs y f asparfr en panr. Pnr alakpen, uhf ahguastf rafeczfbf ah ?064 pnr ef gfbahf Wjy ravae÷ qua ef kfynrëf ba ens orctæhcgns (scata ba gfbf bcaz) graëfh qua efs kularas mfhfh kahns qua ens dnkoras pnr dfgar ae kcskn trfofln. Ah rafecbfb, ef «oragdf sfefrcfe ba mãharnº fiagtf fe prnkabcn ba mfhfhgcfs f en efrmn ba ef vcbf, tnkfhbn ah guahtf efs bciarahgcfs barcvfbfs bae parice efonrfe, ef grcfhzf y ae astcen ba vcbf aeamcbns pnr dnkoras y kularas. Wch akofrmn, ens kabcns y efs rabas dfoefh tfhtn ba ef «oragdf sfefrcfeº qua ef kfynrëf ba efs parsnhfs vah ah aeef ef pruaof ba femn qua hn axcsta ah ef inrkf qua sa eas df dagdn graar. Ah ae _achn Qhcbn, pfmfrea kahns f uhf kular pnr rafeczfr ae kcskn trfofln qua uh dnkora as ceamfe basba 63=0: y ah Astfbns Qhcbns, basba 6397. Qhn ba ens rasuetfbns ba astf gnhiusc÷h as qua, f pasfr ba qua scata ba gfbf bcaz parsnhfs graah qua efs kularas mfhfh kahns, uh pnrgahtfla sckcefr ba ahguastfbns (9= pnr gcahtn) npchf qua ae iakchcskn df eeamfbn bakfscfbn ealns n tfh ealns gnkn pnbëf eeamfr. ?7 Gfsns fsë alakpecicgfh ef gnhiusc÷h ah qua vcvckns. Yakns

nprasc÷h bnhba hn ef dfy y hn tahakns hc cbaf ba g÷kn raspnhbar f aeef. ENW RAKFW CKPN_RFHRAW BA ENW VQA HFBCA DFOEF

 

Qhn ba ens chgnhvahcahtas ba var ef vcbf gnkn uh luamn ba sukf garn n gnkn uhf pumhf pnr var quã mrupn as ae kæs nprckcbn as qua parbakns ae tcakpn y ef aharmëf qua pnbrëfkns akpeafr ah pahsfr y bcsgutcr snora ntrns takfs kæs hagasfrcns. Pnr alakpen, ¾pnr quã, baspuãs ba tnbfs astfs bãgfbfs, hn dakns gnhsamucbn fonrbfr gnh ãxctn ae pfpae ba ef kftarhcbfb bahtrn bae iakchcskn> Gnh su schgarcbfb dfoctufe, Gfkceea Pfmecf fbkcta qua ef kftarhcbfb scmua scahbn uhf ba efs mrfhbas guastcnhas hn rasuaetfs bae iakchcskn. S hn as uh fsuhtn kahnr. Wamüh Pfmecf< «Ef cbanenmëf iakchcstf huhgf df fonrbfbn ba inrkf schgarf ae pfpae ba efs kfbras ah ef vcbf dukfhf. Wu basgrcpgc÷h ba ef dcstnrcf ah tãrkchns ba nprasc÷h kfsguechf y sukcsc÷h iakahchf bcstnrscnhf ens dagdns ba inrkf ourbfº. ?2 Wc tuvcarf qua aeamcr tras mrfhbas darnëhfs bae scmen TT , Pfmecf fsamurf qua sa quabfrëf gnh Fkaecf Afrdfrt, Jftdfrcha Dapourh y Markfcha Mraar, TT

tras kularas pfrf aeef «sckoneczfh ef kular bae scmen kcskn tcakpnqua fpuhtf<

  º. Fuhqua fe

Hchmuhf ba aeefs tuvn dclns. Asta as uhn ba ens mrfhbas bceakfs qua firnhtfrnh efs kularas ba ichfeas ba scmen. Ef rat÷rcgf ba ef samuhbf nef iakchcstf agd÷ tnbf ef guepf ba ef gnhbcgc÷h iakahchf f ens dnkoras, gnhgratfkahta fe «pftrcfrgfbnº Z...[. Ae iakchcskn sa gahtr÷ ah uh kagfhcskn sngcfe axtarhn qua arf pragcsn baskfhtaefr n rainrkfr. Hn supn tahar ah guahtf ef chtrcgfbf gnhaxc÷h ba efs kularas gnh ef hfturfeazf, as bagcr, gnh ef prngrafgc÷h.

Hc tfkpngn sa pramuht÷ pnr quã, «ah ef arf ba ef kular trfoflfbnrf, sa bahcmrf n sa kchusvfenrf ae pfpae ba ef kftarhcbfbº. ?1 ba schgarcbfb sa fonrbf susgctf rafggcnhas eeahfsEfbaifetf nsfbëf y trfhskctagnh f efqua sngcabfb uhfastf cbafguastc÷h rapumhfhta y kcsæhtrnpf ba ef ichfecbfb ba ef kular. Ah aharn ba ?06=, ef gfbahf GHOG puoecg÷ uh frtëguen tctuefbn «Puabas fdnrrfr kabcn kcee÷h ba b÷efras sc hn tcahas dclnsº. ?9 Ah ãe sa eaëf< «Puaba qua tus fkcstfbas ta bcmfh qua basba qua tcahah dclns snh kæs iaecgas. Wamurfkahta kcahtahº. F gnhtchufgc÷h sa pfsfof ecstf f tnbns ens prnoeakfs raefgcnhfbns gnh «efs huavfs raspnhsfocecbfbas, ae trfofln ba ef gfsf y, pnr supuastn, ens gnstasº. ?=  Yafkns tfkocãh efs pfeforfs gnh qua Rda Agnhnkcst  sa   sa raiarëf f «ef rfëz ba ef oragdf sfefrcfe ba

mãharnº, qua ef ravcstf fgdfgfof f ef prnea< «Rahar dclns bcskchuya efs mfhfhgcfs ba ef kular f en efrmn ba?4ef vcbf, uh iah÷kahn qua sa gnhnga gnkn ―pahfeczfgc÷h pnr kftarhcbfb‛º.  Cmhnrn qucãh puaba eaar astf ficrkfgc÷h, y tfhtn kahns asgrcocref, sch sahtcr uh astrakagckcahtn. Wc fsukckns qua ae

 

prchgcpfe nolatcvn ah ef vcbf as mfhfr bcharn, basba euamn as pnscoea qua tahar dclns supnhmf uhf «pahfeczfgc÷hº pfrf efs kularas y qua, pnr gnhscmucahta, eas ckpcbf tahar uhf sukf kæs mrfhba ah su guahtf gnrrcahta gufhbn kuarfh. Wc, pnr ae gnhtrfrcn, bagcbah pfmfr asf «pahfeczfgc÷hº, quczæ tahmfh ef suarta ba akprahbar uhn ba ens vcflas kæs ckpnrtfhtas y ahrcquagabnras qua ae sar dukfhn tcaha f su fegfhga. Ae gnkahtfrcn ba Rda Agnhnkcst   ceustrf uhf npchc÷h kuy maharfeczfbf qua eeavf föns bciuhbcãhbnsa. Pnr uh efbn, efs kularas sa dfh vcstn ‒ah mrfh pfrta‒ ecoarfbfs ba ef hagascbfb ba tahar dclns gufhbn hn en basafh pfrf fsë ousgfr ntrfs inrkfs ba rafeczfrsa ah ef vcbf. Pnr ntrn, asta gfkocn ba prcnrcbfbas pnbrëf dfgarhns graar qua ae nolatcvn fhtarcnr hn arf femn bcmhn ba asa hnkora. Ae asgrctnr ba takfs rurfeas ]ahbaee Oarry yf saöfe÷ asta paecmrn dfga gufrahtf föns, gufhbn akpazfofh f gnrrar «kfens tcakpns pfrf ef kftarhcbfbº. Pnr ahtnhgas ef cbaf yf tahëf tchtas hamftcvns, gnkn sc iuarf «uhf aspagca ba asgefvctub ocne÷mcgf, bcgah femuhns, qua gnhsuka f efs kularas qua pnbrëfh babcgfrsa f gnsfs kalnrasº. Parn Oarry tngf uhf varbfb grugcfe< Rnbns baoakns sar gnhsukcbns pnr femuhf gnsf. S fuhqua huhgf sarã kfbra, gnh mustn ka balfrëf gnhsukcr pnr ef kftarhcbfb y sus gnhsaguahgcfs, bae kcskn knbn qua ‒ef kfynr pfrta bae tcakpn‒ partahazgn gnh mustn f kc aspnsf, f kcs dclns y f vfrcfs gfoazfs ba ÷vcbns, o÷vcbns y gfofeens. ¾Vuã kalnr kfharf ba gnhsukcrsa> ?3

¾Hn as astf uhf kfharf kalnr ba pahsfr ah ef kftarhcbfb y ef vcbf ah maharfe, gnh fknr y parb÷h ah eumfr ba uhf gnbcgcf y uh rasahtckcahtn chichctns> EN VQA BA YA_BFB NGQ__A Parn sc ef fusahgcf ba bcsguscnhas sarcfs y ef prasahgcf ba gnhtrfbcggcnhas ofstfsah pfrf batahar ef huavf raecmc÷h ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe, astf huhgf dforëf eeamfbn f crrukpcr. Vucahas graah qua asta knvckcahtn fgfofræ baschieæhbnsa f gfusf ba sus gnhtrfbcggcnhas chtarhfs puabah asparfr sahtfbns. Ah prckar eumfr, pnrqua hn tcahah ah guahtf ef suoastrugturf kfrxcstf ba mrfh pfrta bae

knvckcahtn, hc tfkpngn su chdarahta vneuhtfb ba frrnlfrsa ah orfzns ba ef gnhtrfbcggc÷h fhtas qua ragnhngar sus knhstrunsfs chgnhmruahgcfs n pramuhtfrsa guæe as ah rafecbfb ae nolatcvn üetckn ba tnbn astn.

 

Parn ae ntrn kntcvn pnr ae qua ef gnhtrfbcggc÷h hn ofstf as pnrqua hfbf chbcgf qua ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb y ef lustcgcf sngcfe astãh chtarasfbfs ah rasnevar ens prnoeakfs qua supuastfkahta eas ckpnrtfh. Ef prckarf pcstf ah asta sahtcbn ef ahgnhtrfkns ah su basgrcpgc÷h pfrgcfe, sasmfbf, chlustf y pngn raprasahtftcvf ba huastrfs sngcabfbas. Pngfs parsnhfs graah qua huastrf sngcabfb hn tahmf kfrmah ba kalnrf, parn prasahtfref gnkn uh scstakf ah ae qua ef chtnearfhgcf, ae nbcn y ef nprasc÷h gfkpfh pnr sus raspatns bahntf ef fpecgfgc÷h ba uh prcskf qua, ah ae kalnr ba ens gfsns, rasuetf pfrgcfe y, ah ae panr, bcragtfkahta dnstce. Wu parspagtcvf hn as ef bae grëtcgn qua ousgf ae pariaggcnhfkcahtn, schn ef bae ahakcmn qua fspcrf f ef bastruggc÷h. As uhf fgtctub qua sa kfhcicastf bnhbaqucarf qua kcrakns. Pahsakns ah ae alakpen ba en trfhs. Axcstëfh kntcvns pfrf raieaxcnhfr snora ef bciëgce y pngn bcsgutcbf guastc÷h ba efs parsnhfs chtarsaxufeas, y hn pnr knron schn pnr eeamfr f uhf sneugc÷h. Gnkn df nosarvfbn Arcg ]achstach, gufequcarf qua scahtf uh chtarãs mahuchn pnr fgfofr gnh ef astcmkftczfgc÷h y ef chiaecgcbfb ba efs parsnhfs qua hfgah ah uh guarpn aqucvngfbn baoarëf akpazfr pnr ae prnoeakf ba ef chtarsaxufecbfb. Vucah en dcgcarf varëf f efs gefrfs qua sa trftf ba uhf guastc÷h ba dfrbwfra dfrbwfra   qua scakpra df astfbn efkahtfoeakahta raeamfbf. Astn bfrëf vcscocecbfb f ef sctufgc÷h ba astfs parsnhfs, eas rapnrtfrëf ragnhngckcahtn y hns parkctcrëf ahtahbar kalnr g÷kn fonrbfr uh fsuhtn pfrf ae qua ba varbfb sa raqucara fyubf kãbcgf y pscgne÷mcgf. Ens fgtcvcstfs ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe tuvcarnh ef npnrtuhcbfb ba dfgaren. Parn hn en dcgcarnh. Ah eumfr ba aeen, nptfrnh pnr ef eëhaf burf («Sn sny en qua bcmn qua sny y hn puabas baknstrfr en gnhtrfrcnº) y duyarnh dfgcf baefhta< «Efs vcbfs ba ens trfhs ckpnrtfhº, «Dfy mahta qua as trfhs. Wupãrfenº. Ba inrkf pravcscoea y gfhschf, qucahas scakpra dfh prntastfbn gnhtrf ae pftrcfrgfbn, ef damaknhëf, ae gcsuprakfgcskn, ef dnkninocf, ae rfgcskn chstctugcnhfe y ae saxcskn dcgcarnh suyf tfkocãh ef guastc÷h trfhs. Wahtahgcfrnh ba inrkf axpeëgctf qua së, qua sc uh dnkora bagëf sar uhf kular (fuhqua hn dcgcarf hfbf fe raspagtn), ahtnhgas së, arf uhf kular y sumarcr en gnhtrfrcn arf trfhsinocf. Ef pfutf sfetf f ef vcstf. ¾Pnr quã ah sus prckarfs

sakfhfs ah ae Gnhmrasn astfbnuhcbahsa Feaxfhbrcf Ngfscn-Gnrtaz nrmfhcz÷ uhf gneagtf ba inhbns bastchfbf fe gneagtcvn orctæhcgn Karkfcbs, qua fonmf pnr ef fpecgfgc÷h ba ef tarfpcf dnrknhfe f kahnras> 70  ¾Pnr quã dfy tfhtf mahta bcspuastf f baiahbar, nrmfhczfr y lustcicgfr ef pfrta kæs aspchnsf bae fsuhtn>

 

Ah ?064, ef Gækfrf ba ens Gnkuhas gaeaor÷ uh baofta snora ef guastc÷h trfhs ah ae qua sfec÷ f raeugcr ae gfsn ba Jfrah ]dcta. ]dcta arf uh vcnefbnr gnhvcgtn qua sa cbahtcicgfof gnkn kular. Pasa f hn dfoarsa snkatcbn f gcrumëf ba rafscmhfgc÷h, snecgct÷ chmrasfr ah uhf gærgae ba kularas, bnhba (scrvcãhbnsa ba sus ftrcoutns kfsguechns) fmrabc÷ saxufekahta f guftrn rageusfs. Burfhta ae baofta, ef bcputfbf ecoarfe bak÷grftf Efyef Knrfh axpras÷ f ef pariaggc÷h dfstf quã axtrakns puaba eeamfr ae pahsfkcahtn trfhs. Fe pramuhtærsaea sc astfrëf bcspuastf f gnkpfrtcr vastufrcn gnh femucah qua tcaha uh guarpn kfsguechn, Knrfh raspnhbc÷< Wc asf parsnhf iuarf uhf kular trfhs, hfturfekahta qua së. Hn van b÷hba astæ ae prnoeakf. Ah gufhtn f sc tcaha ofrof Zsupuastn qua sa dfoëf kahgcnhfbn fhtas[, ea bcrã qua tfkocãh dfy kularas qua tcahah ofrof. Gfbf guarpn rafggcnhf f su kfharf f efs dnrknhfs, pnr küetcpeas rfznhas. Ae guarpn dukfhn puaba fbnptfr kugdfs inrkfs. Gufhbn kcrn f femucah, van uh fekf y uhf parsnhf. Ka bf cmufe qua tahmf uh guarpn kfsguechn. 76

Hchmuhf parsnhf hc hchmüh gneagtcvn sahsftn qua fspcrfsa f inrkfr uhf gnfecgc÷h vcfoea f ifvnr ba ens baragdns ba efs parsnhfs trfhs dfrëf sakalfhta ficrkfgc÷h. Rfkpngn rapatcrëf uhf y ntrf vaz qua efs parsnhfs trfhs snh trfhs pnrqua bcgah qua en snh. Hc qua hn sa sahtcrëfh chg÷knbfs gnh uh dnkora gnh ofrof ah ae vastufrcn pnrqua «tfkocãh dfy kularas qua tcahah ofrofº. Hc tfkpngn crëfh bcgcahbn qua kcrfh ah ae fekf ba efs parsnhfs pfrf sfoar sc uhn as dnkora n kular. Rnbfs astfs ficrkfgcnhas ‒gnkn tfhtfs ntrfs ah ae baofta snora en trfhs‒ snh bakahgcfeas y hn puabah pnr kahns ba vnevar engn f gufequcarf qua efs asgugda, snora tnbn sc fbakæs sa ea pcba qua efs fgfta n qua fbkctf qua snh gcartfs. Qh knvckcahtn qua qucscarf eugdfr pnr ens baragdns ba efs parsnhfs trfhs akpazfrëf pnr ef chtarsaxufecbfb y, f pfrtcr ba fdë, fvfhzfrëf gnh sukn gucbfbn dfgcf ae rastn ba efs ragefkfgcnhas bae gneagtcvn, fhfeczæhbnefs gnh pragcsc÷h gcahtëicgf snora ef kfrgdf. En qua hn dfrëf as ftfgfr pnr efs ouahfs ef pfrta kæs bciëgce bae prnoeakf hc chscstcr ah qua hn dfy kæs varbfb qua asf y qua tnbn ae kuhbn baoa graaren fsë. Astf hn as ef kfharf ba grafr uhf gnfecgc÷h n uh knvckcahtn, schn en qua uhn dfrëf sc qucscarf ckpabcr ae

gnhsahsn y prnvngfr bcvcsc÷h. Gufhbn uhn rapfrf ah astf kfhcnorf tfh fhtcchtuctcvf, sa bf guahtf ba qua as ef qua sa fpecgf tfkocãh fe rastn ba ens baoftas. Pahsakns ah efs oragdfs sfefrcfeas. Gnkn df saöfefbn Lnrbfh Patarsnh, axcsta uhf oragdf sfefrcfe ahtra efs parsnhfs fmrfbfoeas y efs parsnhfs basfmrfbfoeas. Fdnrf

 

ocah, sa trftf ba uhf oragdf trfhsvarsfe, qua fiagtf tfhtn f dnkoras gnkn f kularas. Qhf kular basfmrfbfoea mfhf kæs qua uh dnkora fmrfbfoea y vcgavarsf. Pnr tfhtn, ¾pnr quã qucahas astæh tfh prangupfbns pnr efs oragdfs sfefrcfeas hn fsaifvnr gahtrfh ah prnoeakfs gnkn asta> ¾Pnr quã hn gfkpföfs ravfhgdcstfs ba qua efs parsnhfs fmrfbfoeas ragcofh uhdfy sfefrcn kalnr y ba qua efs parsnhfs basfmrfbfoeas bah uh pfsn fe efbn> Pnrqua ae nolatcvn hn as kalnrfr ens baragdns hc ens sfefrcns ba efs kularas, schn utceczfrefs gnkn axgusf pfrf ntrns ichas. Ae nolatcvn gnhstfhta ba ens fgtcvcstfs ba ef lustcgcf sngcfe ah raefgc÷h gnh gfbf uhn ba ens fsuhtns qua dakns trftfbn ah asta ecorn ‒ef dnknsaxufecbfb, efs kularas, ef rfzf, en trfhs‒ df scbn prasahtfrens gnkn uhf iuahta ba fmrfvcns y baiahbarens ba ef kfharf kæs chgahbcfrcf pnscoea. Wu basan hn as rakabcfr, schn bcvcbcr: hn fpefgfr, schn chiefkfr: hn kctcmfr, schn chgahbcfr. Qhf vaz kæs, ftcsofkns fquë ens rastns ba uhf suoastrugturf kfrxcstf. Wc hn puabas mnoarhfr uhf sngcabfb ‒n ichmcr mnoarhfref, n barrukofref ah ae chtahtn ba mnoarhfref‒, puabas dfgar ntrfs gnsfs. Puabas aeamcr uhf sngcabfb sahscoea f sus prnpcns baiagtns ‒y, fuhqua ckpariagtf, kalnr qua ae rastn ba efs npgcnhas‒ y sakorfr ah aeef ef bubf, ef bcvcsc÷h, ef bcsgnrbcf y ae kcabn. En prchgcpfe as dfgar qua ef mahta buba ba fosneutfkahta tnbn< qua buba ba efs onhbfbas ba su sngcabfb ah maharfe: qua buba ba sc sa ef trftf gnh lustcgcf: qua buba ba sc axcstah ahtcbfbas tfeas gnkn ens dnkoras y efs kularas: qua buba ba gfsc tnbn. Dagdn astn, puabas prasahtfrta gnkn sc tuvcarfs tnbfs efs raspuastfs< uh gnhluhtn ckorcgfbn, mrfhbcenguahta y nkhcfofrgfbnr ba raspuastfs qua rastctucræh ae nrbah pariagtn y guyf fpecgfgc÷h cræs axpecgfhbn pnr kabcn ba efs rabas. Vuczæ sa sfemfh gnh ef suyf. Vuczæ ens vfeabnras ba ef huavf raecmc÷h utceczfræh f ens dnknsaxufeas, f efs kularas, f efs parsnhfs ba bcstchtn gnenr y f efs parsnhfs trfhs gnkn frcata pfrf ahirahtfr f ef mahta gnh ef sngcabfb ah ef qua sa df grcfbn. Vuczæ gnhscmfh qua tnbn ae kuhbn sa raoaea gnhtrf ae «pftrcfrgfbn kfsguechn, oefhgn y gcsº fhtas ba qua sus «mrupns ba vëgtckfs nprckcbfsº sa dfmfh pcgfbceen ens uhns f ens ntrns. As pnscoea. Parn qucahas basafkns avctfr asta basahefga ba pasfbceef baoarëfkns ousgfr sneugcnhas.

WNEQGCNHAW

 

Kugdns dforæh ahgnhtrfbn yf femuhf kfharf ba ecbcfr gnh ens tcakpns y dforæh cbafbn femüh scstakf kæs n kahns chmahcnsn pfrf hfvamfr gnhtrf ef gnrrcahta. Dfy vfrcfs npgcnhas. Kcahtrfs asgrcoëf asta ecorn basguorë ef axcstahgcf ba uhfahaspagca ba sapcfkæs guyn ahmfönsn gnhvcarta ae fpfrafkcahtn uhf nparfgc÷h gnkpealf ba gnkpnrtfkcahtn en qua yf as ba pnr së. Efs sapcfs sa guahtfh ahtra efs grcfturfs kæs bntfbfs pfrf ae kckatcskn saxufe. Ef sapcf mcmfhta fustrfecfhf gnhngcbf gnkn Wapcf fpfkf  fpfkf  prasahtf uhf prnpnrgc÷h ba saxns ba dfstf nhga kfgdns pnr gfbf dakorf. Gnkn efs dakorfs ragdfzfh fe =0 pnr gcahtn ba ens kfgdns, ef gnkpatahgcf as aspagcfekahta aeavfbf y sa chgrakahtf kæs füh pnr ef gnstukora ba ens kfgdns ba hn sapfrfrsa ba su gnhsnrta. Ens kfgdns gnhsnrtas fgfpfrfh ah tnrhn fe 92 pnr gcahtn ba ens fpfrafkcahtns. Pnr asta kntcvn, ae rastn ba ens kfgdns dfh basfrrneefbn uh gnhluhtn ba astrftamcfs pfrf iaguhbfr f efs dakorfs. Qhf ba aeefs gnhscsta ah ckctfr su gnhbugtf. Ens kfgdns ba kahnr tfkfön nguetfh su orfzn ba g÷puef, fbnptfh uhf gnenrfgc÷h qua ckctf ef ba ef dakorf basafbf a chgeusn kuavah ens tahtæguens gnkn sc iuarfh dakorfs f puhtn ba bapnsctfr sus duavns. Ef astrftamcf rasuetf trakahbfkahta aiagtcvf. Ah uhn ba ens gfsns astubcfbns, ba ens gchgn kfgdns qua akpeafrnh asta kãtnbn snen uhn iua ragdfzfbn y ntrn iua snrprahbcbn ch irfmfhtc pnr ae gnhsnrta ba ef dakorf. Ens ntrns tras enmrfrnh su nolatcvn. 7? Ae gfsn ba astf sapcf ka dczn pahsfr ah ens kugdns dnkoras qua fbnptfh tægtcgfs pfragcbfs. Fe bëf scmucahta ba ef chvastcburf bae prascbahta Rrukp ah aharn ba ?06=, duon mrfhbas kfhciastfgcnhas tfhtn ah ]fsdchmtnh gnkn ah ntrfs gcubfbas. Qhf ba astfs iua ef Kfrgdf ba efs Kularas, gahtrfbf ah ens gnkahtfrcns saxcstfs bae prascbahta, y ah aeef sa bcarnh gctf uh mrfh hükarn ba kfhciastfhtas tngfbfs gnh mnrrns rnsfs (ens eefkfbns pussy eefkfbns  pussy dfts ). dfts ). Efs pfhgfrtfs prngefkfofh gnhscmhfs gnkn «F kc gnön hfbca ea bf ÷rbahasº. Qh gneamf parcnbcstf sa icl÷ ah ef gnhbugtf ba femuhns ba ens dnkoras prasahtas ah uhf ba efs icastfs qua sa gaeaorfrnh trfs ef kfhciastfgc÷h. Kcahtrfs efs ofhbfs tngfofh y ef garvazf gnrrëf ah vfsns ba peæstcgn, efs kularas dfoefofh ahtuscfskfbfs snora su pfpae ah ef kfrgdf. Ens l÷vahas qua astfofh gnh aeefs eas knstrfofh su fpnyn y bagefrfofh sus

prniuhbfs gnhvcggcnhas iakchcstfs. Qhn ba aeens «fsahtëf gnh fcra sarcnº kcahtrfs uhf lnvah ftrfgtcvf ea ragctfof ae grabn bae iakchcskn knbarhn. Ah gufhtn ef kugdfgdf sa bcn ef vuaetf, ae gdcgn sa vnevc÷ dfgcf uh fkcmn y ea bcln< «¡Astn as ef onkof! ¡Kcrf guæhtfs gdcgfs onrrfgdfs luhtfs!º. 77 Cmhnrn sc ah su gfsn ef astrftamcf bcn rasuetfbn. Parn samurn qua hn as ae ühcgn

 

dnkora qua df akpeafbn ef tægtcgf ba ef sapcf pfrf fbfptfrsa f ens tcakpns qua ea dfh tngfbn vcvcr. Wch akofrmn, hn dfy qua nevcbfr qua ens gaife÷pnbns dfh basfrrneefbn astf tægtcgf pfrf snoravcvcr ah uh ahtnrhn sukfkahta dnstce. Kalnr sarëf trftfr ba gfkocfr ae ahtnrhn. ¾AH GNKPF_FGC×H GNH VQà> Pfrf akpazfr, baoarëfkns fgnstukorfrhns f pramuhtfr< «¾Ah gnkpfrfgc÷h gnh quã>º. Pnr alakpen, gufhbn femucah gfecicgf huastrf sngcabfb fgtufe ba knhstrunsf, rfgcstf, saxcstf, dnk÷inof, træhsinof y pftrcfrgfe. Wc huastrn scstakf hn iuhgcnhf, ¾guæe së iuhgcnhf> Astn hn qucara bagcr qua ah huastrf sngcabfb hn dfyf fspagtns kalnrfoeas hc qua hn baofkns gnkoftcr ef chlustcgcf feeæ bnhba sa ahguahtra. Wnen qua, gufhbn uhn dfoef ba huastrfs sngcabfbas gnh asa tnhn dnstce ba qucah sa arcma f ef vaz ah luaz, lurfbn y varbumn, tahakns baragdn f axcmcr qua sa axpecqua. F kahubn, efs fgusfgcnhas qua sa bcrcmah f huastrf sngcabfb prasupnhah ef axcstahgcf ba uhf fhtcmuf abfb ba nrn< uhf ãpngf fhtarcnr f efs kæquchfs, ae vfpnr n ae kargfbn. Prasupuastns gnkn asta astæh kuy frrfcmfbns, akpazfhbn pnr ef cbaf ba qua hfgakns ah uh astfbn ba vcrtub bae qua ae kuhbn hns frrfhgf chlustfkahta. Gnkn as sfocbn, Lafh-Lfgquas _nussafu schtatcz÷ astf inrkf ba pahsfr ah pfsflas gnkn ae scmucahta, prngabahta bae samuhbn ecorn ba Akcecn, ba Akcecn, n Ba ef abugfgc÷h , abugfgc÷h , puoecgfbn ah 6=9?< Ens prckarns knvckcahtns ba ef hfturfeazf snh scakpra ragtns< hn dfy parvarscbfb nrcmchfe ah ae gnrfz÷h dukfhn. Hn sa ahguahtrf ah ãe uh snen vcgcn bae qua hn puabf bagcrsa g÷kn y pnr b÷hba df ahtrfbn Z...[. Dfstf qua puabf hfgar ae muëf bae fknr prnpcn, qua as ef rfz÷h, ckpnrtf qua uh hcön hn dfmf hfbf pnrqua as vcstn u nëbn, hfbf, ah uhf pfeforf, pnr raefgc÷h f ens bakæs, schn en qua ef hfturfeazf ea pcba, y ahtnhgas hn dfræ hfbf kæs qua ocah. 72

Vucahas gnkuemfh gnh astf eëhaf ba pahsfkcahtn sa vah noecmfbns f ousgfr guepfoeas qua lustcicquah sus gfrahgcfs y efs ba qucahas ens rnbafh, puastn qua aeens hfgcarnh ah astfbn ba mrfgcf. Ba inrkf chavctfoea, astf inrkf ba pahsfr ahefzf gnh ef graahgcf ba qua ntrfs sngcabfbas kæs sckpeas n kæs

fhtcmufs ahgfrhfh ba femüh knbn uh knbaen fe qua karaga ef pahf ramrasfr. Fsë puas, y balfhbn f uh efbn efs rfznhas raeftcvfs f ef guepf dcst÷rcgf, mrfh pfrta ba Nggcbahta sa df trfmfbn ef cbaf ba qua efs sngcabfbas «prckctcvfsº pnsaëfh femüh tcpn ba bnh bae qua dny gfragakns, gnkn sc ah uhf sngcabfb kæs sckpea efs kularas kfhbfsah kæs, ef pfz iuarf ef hnrkf y

 

hn axcstcarfh hc ef dnkninocf hc ae rfgcskn hc ef trfhsinocf. Graahgcfs gnkn astf ckpecgfh uh mrfh hükarn ba prasupuastns gfrahtas ba iuhbfkahtn. As gcartn qua sa dfga bciëgce gufhtcicgfr ef pravfeahgcf ba ef dnkninocf n ae rfgcskn ah ybatarkchfbfs S f en mnzfbn kalnr ahbaaeefs vcbf dforëf frknhcnsf efs parsnhfs trcous. trfhs dforëfh kæs ef baragdns ba enscbn qua kæs hns ckfmchfkns. Ens dagdns, sch akofrmn, sumcarah en gnhtrfrcn. Ah su ecorn ]fr Oainra Gcvcecsftcnh< Rda Kytd ni tda Pafgaiue Wfvfma , Wfvfma , E. D. Jaaeay gfeguef ef prnpnrgc÷h ba vfrnhas kuartns ah gnhiecgtn ah vfrcfs trcous ba Wubfkãrcgf y Huavf Muchaf, y notcaha uhns pnrgahtflas ba kuartas vcneahtfs ba ahtra ae 60 y ae 90 pnr gcahtn. Ah gnkpfrfgc÷h gnh astn, ens pnrgahtflas ba vfrnhas kuartns ah gnhiecgtns vcneahtns ah Astfbns Qhcbns y Aurnpf ah ae scmen TT huhgf fegfhzf efs bns gcirfs. 71  Wc femuhns graah qua ah ae pfsfbn duon sngcabfbas chichctfkahta kæs tnearfhtas gnh efs bciarahgcfs saxufeas y ocne÷mcgfs en qua en snkns ae Nggcbahta bae scmen TTC  , f aeens gnrraspnhbabafpnrtfr pruaofs qua enah bakuastrah. F vagas ef gnkpfrfgc÷h hn as gnh ntrns knkahtns dcst÷rcgns, schn gnh ntrfs sngcabfbas prasahtas ah ae kuhbn fgtufe. Dfy qucah dfga fpnenmëf bae rãmckah ravneugcnhfrcn ba Radaræh fbugcahbn ae hükarn ba trfhsaxufeas bae pfës gnkn pruaof ba su tfefhta prnmrascstf. Novcfkahta, pfrf aeen as hagasfrcn qua su chtarengutnr cmhnra qua sa trftf ba uh pfës bnhba, tnbfvëf dny, f ens dnkoras guepfoeas ba fgtns ba dnknsaxufecbfb sa ens guaemf ah ef pefzf püoecgf, f kahubn basba en fetn ba uhf mrüf, pfrf qua ae fdnrgfkcahtn puabf sar prasahgcfbn pnr ae kæxckn hükarn ba parsnhfs. ¾Ah quã ntrn pfës fgtufe astæh kæs gnhsnecbfbns ens baragdns dukfhns qua ah Mrfh Oratföf y Astfbns Qhcbns> Wc dfy femuhn, hn dforæ kfe ah sfoar g÷kn iuhgcnhf (fe gnhtrfrcn, tnbns sfebrakns mfhfhbn). F en kalnr uhn ba ens kntcvns pnr ens qua femuhns ‒snora tnbn ens hankfrxcstfs‒ takah dfgar gnkpfrfgcnhas gnhgratfs as pnrqua ens alakpens qua pnbrëfh gctfr (Yahazuaef, Guof, _uscf) balfrëfh ah avcbahgcf ae varbfbarn rnstrn ba su cbanenmëf y ae pnrquã ba ef kfef ckfmah qua pratahbah bfr ba Nggcbahta. Pnr en gnküh, pramuhtfr «¾ah gnkpfrfgc÷h gnh quã>º ühcgfkahta scrva pfrf gnhstftfr qua ef utnpëf gnh ef qua sa gnkpfrf f huastrf sngcabfb hn df

axcstcbn huhgf. Wc asta as ae gfsn, quczæ en qua dfga ifetf as sar uh pngn kæs dukcebas y samucr bcfenmfhbn. Vucahas ficrkfh qua huastrf sngcabfb sa gfrfgtarczf pnr ef chtnearfhgcf parn graah sfoar g÷kn ahkahbfr tnbns sus kfeas baoarëfh tahar kuy gefrf su dnlf ba rutf. Ba en gnhtrfrcn, tahbrakns

 

kntcvns pfrf ragaefr ba uh prnyagtn guyfs ofsas pratahbah ravastcrsa gnh ae rcmnr ba ef gcahgcf gufhbn ah rafecbfb snh kæs ocah uhf kfhciastfgc÷h ba pahsfkcahtn kæmcgn. EF YËGRCKF HN WCAKP_A RCAHA _F\×H HC AW OQAHF HC KA_AGA FEFOFH\F ... S VQC\Æ HC WCVQCA_F WAF QHF YËGRCKF Ah su ocnmrfiëf ba Irfhjech B. _nnsavaet, D. ]. Orfhbs dfga uh gnkahtfrcn ba pfsfbf snora ef pnecn bae trcmãsckn samuhbn prascbahta ba Astfbns Qhcbns. Ens dnkoras ba ef maharfgc÷h ba _nnsavaet, asgrcoa, «baoëfh ahgflfr efs basmrfgcfs gnh astncgcskn. Ae bastchn arf kæs gfprcgdnsn pnr ahtnhgas. Gufhbn tnbn ae kuhbn as vëgtckf ah femüh sahtcbn u ntrn, hfbca puaba mfhfrsa ef sckpftëf flahf dfgcahbn ofhbarf ba su vcgtckczfgc÷hº. 79  Astf raieaxc÷h hns dfga pahsfr qua, f en kalnr, ae axtrfnrbchfrcn hükarn ba fmrfvcns ba ens üetckns föns hn chbcgfh en qua ens baiahsnras ba ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb y ef lustcgcf sngcfe graah qua chbcgfh. Kæs qua baknstrfr ef fsicxcfhta nprasc÷h ba huastrfs sngcabfbas, astf fouhbfhgcf ba uetrflas pnbrëf sar saöfe lustfkahta ba en gnhtrfrcn. Wc ef mahta astuvcarf tfh nprckcbf, ¾tahbrëf tcakpn y mfhfs ba prastfr nëbns f tnbn fquae qua scahta ef hagascbfb ba pramnhfr qua ef gdfref ba tfe hnvaecstf ah tfe iastcvfe en df dagdn sahtcrsa niahbcbn n qua rasuetf chtnearfoea qua femucah ba ef athcf qua hn as ta vahbf uh ourrctn> Ah huastrf gueturf fgtufe, ae vcgtckcskn tcaha kugdf kæs sfecbf y astæ kæs gntczfbn qua ae astncgcskn n ae darnëskn. Ba femuhf kfharf, sar vëgtckf mfrfhtczf ef vcgtnrcf (n, gufhbn kahns, frrfhgfr gnh gcartf vahtflf) ah ef mrfh gfrrarf ba ef nprasc÷h. Ah ef rfëz ba asta gurcnsn iah÷kahn sa dfeef uhn ba ens arrnras ba pargapgc÷h kæs ckpnrtfhtas ba ens knvckcahtns pnr ef lustcgcf sngcfe< qua efs parsnhfs nprckcbfs (n qua ficrkfh astfr nprckcbfs) snh, pnr femüh kntcvn, kalnras qua efs bakæs: qua ae dagdn ba partahagar f asta mrupn eeavf fpfralfbf gcartf furanef ba bagahgcf, ba purazf n ba onhbfb. Ah rafecbfb, ae suirckcahtn ah y ba pnr së hn dfga kalnr f hfbca. Ens dnknsaxufeas, efs kularas, ens hamrns n efs parsnhfs trfhs puabah sar tfh

basdnhastfs, akofugfbnrfs y mrnsarfs gnkn gufequcar dcln ba vagchn. Ae knvckcahtn pnr ef lustcgcf sngcfe sumcara qua gufhbn ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb gnhqucsta su nolatcvn y ef kftrcz larærqucgf quaba bastarrfbf sa chfumurfræ uhf arf ba irftarhcbfb uhcvarsfe. Wch akofrmn, en kæs prnofoea as qua ah ae iuturn efs parsnhfs scmfh gnkpnrtæhbnsa kæs n

 

kahns gnkn en dfh dagdn f en efrmn ba tnbf ef dcstnrcf: qua scmfh kfhciastfhbn ens kcskns ckpuesns, efs kcskfs irfmcecbfbas, efs kcskfs pfscnhas y efs kcskfs ahvcbcfs qua dfh knvcbn f huastrf aspagca dfstf dny. Hn dfy kntcvns pfrf graar, pnr alakpen, qua lustf sc efsbachlustcgcfs sa fgfofsah y tnbfs efs akprasfs tuvcarfh ef guntf bcvarscbfbsngcfeas (ah gufhtn f mãharn, nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe y rfzf), qucahas dny sa ahgfrmfh ba vaefr pnr astns fspagtns basfpfragarëfh tfkocãh. Pfraga, gufhbn kahns, ckprnofoea qua asa iaecz bëf ens sfefrcns ba sacs gcirfs safh kæs gnkuhas qua ah ef fgtufecbfb n qua qucahas dfh gnhsamucbn notaharens kabcfhta uhf chtarpratfgc÷h dnstce ba ef sngcabfb sa prastah f rahuhgcfr f aeens gufhbn su kcsc÷h astã gukpecbf. Kæs pefuscoea as graar qua astfs gefsas fsfefrcfbfs snh gnhsgcahtas ba qua ae rnkpagfoazfs as chsneuoea y ba qua, pnr asn kcskn, su trfofln astæ mfrfhtczfbn ba pnr vcbf. Wamucræh ah sus puastns tfhtn tcakpn gnkn puabfh, dfstf ae bëf ah qua ef mahta sa bã guahtf ba qua su raspuastf f ens kfeas bae kuhbn hn as hchmuhf sneugc÷h, schn uhf chvctfgc÷h f ef engurf, uhf chvctfgc÷h pnr ef qua tfhtn ae chbcvcbun gnkn ef sngcabfb ah su gnhluhtn pfmfh uh aeavfbn pragcn. ¾PNBAKNW BAGFHRF_HNW DFGCF EF MAHA_NWCBFB > Fe trftfr ba axpecgfr ae usn ba «Kftf f ens dnkorasº y ba «parsnhfs oefhgfsº (akpeafbn ah sahtcbn paynrftcvn), Azrf Jeach bagëf qua gufhbn eaëf asfs pfeforfs sahtëf «uhf bagfhtfgc÷h Z...[ dfgcf ef maharnscbfbº. Ba fquë qua sa schtcarf gfpfz ba chtarpratfr «Kftf f ens dnkorasº gnkn «astfrëf ocah qua ae kuhbn hn iuarf uhf kcarbf pfrf efs kularasº, n «Fgfof gnh ens oefhgnsº gnkn uhf grëtcgf f «efs astrugturfs ba pnbar y ef gueturf bnkchfhtasº. 7= ¾Pnr quã ah gfsns gnkn astns sahtëf asf bagfhtfgc÷h dfgcf ef maharnscbfb> Pfraga sar ‒gnkn yf vckns ah ef saggc÷h «Ef parsnhf, hn ae bcsgursnº‒ qua efs parsnhfs fetfkahta pnectczfbfs tcahah prabcspnscgc÷h f eaar ens gnkahtfrcns ba su prnpcf trcou pneëtcgf ‒fuh ens kæs chgahbcfrcns‒ gnh uh aspërctu ba maharnscbfb a chbuemahgcf qua sa truagf ah tfhtf hamftcvcbfb y dnstcecbfb gnkn saf pnscoea gufhbn chtarpratfh efs pfeforfs bae npnhahta.

¾Warëf pnscoea fkpecfr ae ækoctn ba asa aspërctu ba maharnscbfb> Wc efs parsnhfs pubcarfh sar kæs maharnsfs f ef dnrf ba chtarpratfr ens gnkahtfrcns flahns, chgeusn ens bae ofhbn gnhtrfrcn, quczæ sarëf pnscoea fgfofr gnh astf muarrf ba trchgdarfs. Ae prnoeakf rascba ah qua efs rabas sngcfeas hn inkahtfh astf fgtctub, schn lustfkahta ef gnhtrfrcf. Ae dagdn ba hn varsa efs

 

gfrfs dfga qua ef mahta sa ahrnqua ah sus pnscgcnhas (y fgtctubas) y bã rcahbf suaetf f sus crfs. Gufhbn uhn sa ahguahtrf gfrf f gfrf gnh ef ntrf parsnhf, rasuetf kugdn kæs bciëgce ahgfsceefref pnr uh sckpea gnkahtfrcn n baspnsaaref ba tnbns sus rfsmns sfevnpnr uhn. Burfhta sus vcflas Astfbns Qhcbns ah ef bãgfbf ba 6470, Feaxcs ba Rngquavceea bastfg÷ ef ckpnrtfhgcf bae fsfkoeafrcskn, y aspagëicgfkahta ba efs rauhcnhas gfrf f gfrf gnh qua ef gcubfbfhëf rasnevëf sus prnoeakfs fhtas ba qua iuarf hagasfrcn ragurrcr f hchmuhf futnrcbfb. Ah  Ef bakngrfgcf ah kãrcgf   , Rngquavceea ftrcouya uhf mrfh ckpnrtfhgcf f astf tahbahgcf kãrcgf fsfkoeafrcf y nosarvf qua ae baofta parsnhfe hn snen as ef kalnr kfharf ba fegfhzfr fguarbns, schn qua ah ae trfhsgursn ba astfs chtarfggcnhas «efs npchcnhas sa baspecamfh gnh asf iuarzf y asa gfenr qua ae pahsfkcahtn asgrctn huhgf puaba fbqucrcrº. 74 Ae basfrrneen ba ens huavns kabcns baschgahtcvf ae ahguahtrn prasahgcfe, parnbaasngnhicfhzf hn quctf qua kalnrbaknbn ba astfoeagar uhf raefgc÷h gnhasta ae scmf ntrn.scahbn Pfrf ae fgtufr inrkf maharnsf dfy qua pfrtcr ba ef ofsa ba qua ens bakæs hn sa fprnvagdfræh ba huastrf maharnscbfb, y ef kalnr kfharf (sc hn ef ühcgf) ba gnhsamucren as kabcfhta ef chtarfggc÷h parsnhfe. F ifetf ba astn, ef vcbf sa gnhvcarta ah uh gftæenmn ba fmrfvcns dcst÷rcgns y iægcekahta rapatcoeas. Pnr asn uhn ba ens prckarns pfsns pfrf sfecr ba astf engurf gnhscsta ah sar kæs maharnsn, hn gnh huastrns fecfbns, schn gnh huastrns pnscoeas npnhahtas. Hn scahtn aspagcfe sckpftëf pnr efs cbafs ba Kcgdfae Bfvcbsnh fgargf ba ef dnknsaxufecbfb, parn sc bagcbcarf qua ãe y sus Yngas ba ens sceahgcfbns  sceahgcfbns  baoah sar vcstns ühcgfkahta ofln ae panr prcskf pnscoea, ahtnhgas hn snen hn tahbrëf hagascbfb ba asgugdfren, schn qua hc scqucarf quarrëf vcvcr ah ef kcskf sngcabfb qua ãe. S, sch akofrmn, vcvckns ah ef kcskf sngcabfb, ba knbn qua baoakns ahgnhtrfr femüh knbn ba gnaxcstcr. As ef ühcgf npgc÷h qua tahakns, pnrqua ba en gnhtrfrcn, sc eeamfkns f ef gnhgeusc÷h ba qua ae bcæenmn raspatunsn hn gnhbuga f hchmuhf pfrta, ef ühcgf darrfkcahtf qua hns quabf as ef vcneahgcf. _AGNHNGA_ DFGCF B×HBA HNW BC_CMCKNW

Ah 639=, lustn uh fön fhtas ba su kuarta, Kfrtch Eutdar Jchm Lr. bcn uhn ba sus kalnras bcsgursns ah Ftefhtf, Manrmcf, tctuefbn «¾Dfgcf b÷hba hns bcrcmckns>º. Ah ãe dfgëf uh feamftn ah ae qua vfea ef pahf bataharsa< «Hn hns sahtcrakns sftcsiagdns dfstf qua eeamua ae bëf ah qua hfbca mrcta< ―¡Pnbar

 

oefhgn!‛: ah qua hfbca mrcta< ―¡Pnbar hamrn!‛: schn qua tnbn ae kuhbn dfoea bae pnbar ba Bcns y bae pnbar bae sar dukfhnº. 73 Ahtra ens kugdns dagdns efkahtfoeas ba ens üetckns föns, quczæ ae kæs parturofbnr as ef ifgcecbfb gnh qua ef rfzf ndfocah vuaetn f gnhvartcrsa prnoeakf. Efs parsnhfs en prnkuavah, hn snh gnhsgcahtasahbaeuhrcasmn qua ahtrföf ae luamn qua fe qua astæh lumfhbn, n ocah hc scqucarf sfoah f quã astæh lumfhbn, en gufe sarëf ckparbnhfoea. Femuhns ba sus chavctfoeas basahefgas yf akpcazfh f fsnkfr ef gfoazf y baoarëfh sar vcstns gnh ef kfynr ba efs fefrkfs. Pnr alakpen, ¾qucãh dforëf ckfmchfbn, dfga fpahfs uhf maharfgc÷h, qua sarëf fgaptfoea qua uhf ravcstf ecoarfe sa pramuhtfsa< «¾Wnh oefhgns ens ubëns>º. Hn astfkns dfoefhbn bae  Hftcnhfe Manmrfpdcg  Manmrfpdcg  ba dfga uh scmen, schn ba uh hükarn ba ef ravcstf Rda Ftefhtcg  Ftefhtcg  bae fön ?069. 20  Ef pramuhtf surmc÷ f rfëz ba ef pneãkcgf snora ef pnscgc÷h qua ngupfh ens lubëns bahtrn ba ef larfrquëf nprasc÷h. ¾Baoakns quaprnpcn> ngupfh¾Pfrtcgcpfh uhf pnscgc÷h aeavfbf n quabamnzfh ba femuhf gefsa gnhscbarfr ba prcvceamcn bae prcvceamcn oefhgn> Gufhbn astfs pramuhtfs akpcazfh f inrkuefrsa, ¾baoa snrprahbarhns qua femuhfs parsnhfs sfquah gnhgeuscnhas basfmrfbfoeas> Ah ?06=, ah ef Qhcvarscbfb ba Ceechncs ba Qrofhf, fpfragcarnh uhns pfhieatns bnhba sa bfof raspuastf f astfs pramuhtfs. Ah aeens fpfragëf uhf pcrækcba arærqucgf ah guyf pfrta oflf sa sctufof fe «33 pnr gcahtnº qua vcva ofln ef nprasc÷h bae 6 pnr gcahtn qua ngupf ef pfrta suparcnr, y sa pramuhtfof sc asa 6 pnr gcahtn astfof inrkfbn pnr «dnkoras oefhgns datarnsº n pnr lubëns. Ens futnras pfragëfh gnhngar ef raspuastf ba fhtakfhn, yf qua axpecgfofh qua ens ubëns snh ens prchgcpfeas pnsaabnras ba «prcvceamcnsº, ba en gufe sa basprahbëf qua «pfrf fgfofr gnh ae prcvceamcn oefhgn, fhtas dfy qua fgfofr gnh ae prcvceamcn lubënº. 26  ¾Astæh fosneutfkahta samurns qucahas dfgah fsavarfgcnhas gftam÷rcgfs f prnp÷sctn ba ens «prcvceamcnsº ba qua sus fhæecscs hn tnkfræh bcraggcnhas gnkn astf> ¾Ba varfs graah qua puabah inkahtfr n bfr vëf ecora f uh sahtckcahtn dukfhn tfh oæscgn gnkn ae rasahtckcahtn sch qua efs gnhsaguahgcfs sa eas asgfpah ba efs kfhns> ¾Gnh quã kagfhcskns ba samurcbfb guahtfh pfrf ckpabcren> F ifetf ba pefhas ba gnhtchmahgcf ah asta sahtcbn, quczæ sarëf praiarcoea vnevar f ef cbaf ba Kfrtch Eutdar Jchm. Vuczæ

baocãrfkns balfr ef rfzf iuarf bae baofta y parkctcr qua huastrf gragcahta nosasc÷h pnr ae gnenr vuaevf f gnhvartcrsa ah ef fspcrfgc÷h f ef gamuarf fe gnenr.

 

BAWPNECRC\F_ HQAWR_FW YCBFW Ae prnp÷sctn fpfrahta ba ef pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcf sa gcirf ah pnectczfren fosneutfkahta tnbn, ah gnhvartcr tnbns ens fspagtns ba ef chtarfggc÷h dukfhf ah uh fsuhtn pneëtcgn, ah chtarpratfr tnbfs efs fggcnhas y raefgcnhas ba huastrf vcbf gnh frramen f uhns pftrnhas supuastfkahta knebafbns pnr ef fggc÷h pneëtcgf. Ae eefkfkcahtn f cbahtcicgfr huastrn eumfr y ae ba ens ntrns bahtrn ba ef larfrquëf ba nprasc÷h as uhf chvctfgc÷h hn snen f kcrfrhns ae nkoecmn, schn f gnhvartcr tnbfs efs raefgcnhas dukfhfs ah gfecorfgcnhas bae pnbar pneëtcgn. Fbakæs, ef huavf katfiëscgf pratahba bntfr ba sahtcbn f huastrfs fggcnhas< gnkoftckns, eugdfkns, prntastfkns y inrlfkns «fecfhzfsº gnh ae ich ba fegfhzfr ef tcarrf prnkatcbf. Ah uhf ãpngf gfrahta ba prnp÷sctns y ah uh uhcvarsn sch uh sahtcbn gefrn, astf fpaefgc÷h f pnectczfren tnbn pfrf euamn eugdfr pnr aeen pnsaa uh ftrfgtcvn chbubfoea. Ba femüh knbn, bf uh sahtcbn f ef vcbf. Wch akofrmn, ba tnbfs efs inrkfs ah qua ef mahta puaba ahgnhtrfr sahtcbn f su vcbf, ef pneëtcgf ‒y yf hn bcmfkns ef pneëtcgf f astf asgfef‒ as uhf ba efs kæs pftãtcgfs. Puaba qua ef pneëtcgf saf uhf ifgatf ckpnrtfhta ba ef vcbf, parn gnkn iuahta ba rafeczfgc÷h parsnhfe rasuetf basfstrnsf. Hn snen pnrqua efs fkocgcnhas qua parscmua gfsc huhgf puabah fegfhzfrsa, schn pnrqua gufhbn ousgfkns ef rafeczfgc÷h parsnhfe ah ef pneëtcgf astf sa ahtravarf gnh uhf sarca ba pfscnhas ‒chgeucbf ef crf‒ qua ef basvcrtüfh. Gufhbn bns parsnhfs hn astæh ba fguarbn ah femn, puabah bcsgrapfr ba inrkf fkcstnsf sc en qua parscmuah as basahtrföfr ef varbfb n fegfhzfr uh puhtn ba aqucecorcn. Wch akofrmn, sc uhf ba efs pfrtas gnhscbarf qua su prnp÷sctn ah ef vcbf rascba ah femuhn ba ens fspagtns ba ef prnpcf bcsgrapfhgcf, ahtnhgas efs npgcnhas ba fegfhzfr uh puhtn ba aqucecorcn bcskchuyah y efs pnscocecbfbas ba ftcsofr ef varbfb sa basvfhagah. Qhf ba efs kfharfs ba bcstfhgcfrhns ba ef engurf ba huastrns tcakpns gnhscsta ah kfhtahar ae chtarãs pnr ef pneëtcgf, parn sch gnhvartcr astf ah uhf iuahta ba rafeczfgc÷h parsnhfe. En qua baoarëfkns dfgar as bagcrea f ef mahta qua sckpecicqua su vcbf y qua hn sa bala ahmföfr suonrbchfhbn su axcstahgcf

f uhf tanrëf qua hn niraga raspuastfs, hn dfga prabcggcnhas y as iægcekahta ifesfoea. Wnh kugdfs efs gnsfs qua puabah fpnrtfr sahtcbn f ef vcbf. Ef kfynrëf ef mahta eumfrasahbaens su ahtnrhn< ba ah efs ensparsnhfs fkcmns, en ef dfeefh ifkcecfahy aeensfknr sarasdfgcf quarcbns, ahyefensgueturf, aspfgcns y ah ef gfpfgcbfb pfrf samucr kfrfvceeæhbnsa. Pnbakns ahgnhtrfren

 

pramuhtæhbnhns quã as en ckpnrtfhta pfrf hnsntrns y mrfvctfhbn ah ef kabcbf ba en pnscoea dfgcf asns hügeans ba chtarãs. Balfr qua ef pneëtcgf cbahtctfrcf, ef ustcgcf sngcfe (ah astf fgapgc÷h) y ef chtarsaggcnhfecbfb hns gnhsukfh as kfemfstfr ef vcbf. Wch bubf, pnbakns basafr uhf sngcabfb ah ef qua hfbca quaba raeamfbn pnr rfz÷h ba ens rfsmns parsnhfeas qua ea dfh tngfbn ah suarta. Wc femucah pnsaa ef gnkpatahgcf y ae basan ba dfgar femn, hc su rfzf hc su saxn hc su nrcahtfgc÷h saxufe baoarëfh ckpabërsaen. Fdnrf ocah, kchckczfr efs bciarahgcfs hn as en kcskn qua ichmcr qua astfs hn axcstah. Pratahbar qua ae saxn, ef saxufecbfb y ae gnenr ba ef pcae hn scmhcicgfh hfbf sarëf rcbëguen. Parn pratahbar qua en snh tnbn sarëf haifstn.

 

FM_FBAGCKCAHRNW Asta as kc samuhbn ecorn gnh ef abctnrcfe Oennksoury, gnh ef qua scakpra as uh pefgar trfoflfr, snora tnbn mrfgcfs fe fpnyn, ens gnhsalns y ae sfoar dfgar abctnrcfe ba _noch Ofcrb-Wkctd, Lfkca Ocrjatt y ae rastn bae parsnhfe ba ef saba ba Enhbras. Fsckcskn, qucscarf babcgfrea uh fmrfbagckcahtn aspagcfe f kc fmahta, Kfttdaw Dfkcetnh, ba Rda Dfkcetnh Fmahgy. Ae tëtuen nrcmchfe bae ecorn astæ chspcrfbn ah uhf norf bae parcnbcstf asgngãs Gdfreas Kfgjfy, Axtrfnrbchfry Kfgjfy,  Axtrfnrbchfry Pnpuefr Baeuscnhs fhb tda Kfbhass ni Grnwbs  Grnwbs  . Vucarn pahsfr qua Kfgjfy dforëf vcstn gnh ouahns nlns astf usurpfgc÷h, bfbf ef basgnrfznhfbnrf pravfeahgcf fgtufe ba uh iah÷kahn qua ãe kcskn basgrcoc÷ dfga gcahtn ngdahtf föns. Dfga vfrcns ecorns qua fprahbë f cr gnh gucbfbn f ef dnrf ba gnhscmhfr ens hnkoras ba femuhfs ba efs parsnhfs (yf hn bcmfkns tnbfs) qua ba femüh knbn dfh fpnrtfbn femn f kc norf. Hn pnrqua hn eas astã fmrfbagcbn, schn pnrqua ka scahtn rafgcn f gnhiaggcnhfr uhf ecstf ba parsnhfs f efs qua euamn pnbrëf fgusfrsa ba sar g÷kpecgas ba femn. Wnora tnbn ah ae gfsn bae prasahta ecorn. Wnen bcrã qua ka scahtn ahnrkakahta fmrfbagcbn pnr ae mrfh hükarn ba gnhvarsfgcnhas qua da kfhtahcbn gnh parsnhfs ba guftrn gnhtchahtas burfhta ef chvastcmfgc÷h y rabfggc÷h ba astf norf. Rfkocãh qucscarf bfreas efs mrfgcfs ba gnrfz÷h f kc kfrfvceensf ifkcecf y f kcs fkcmns. Hn nostfhta, dfy uhf parsnhf f ef qua së pcahsn hnkorfr, yf qua, fpfrta ba fpfragar vfrcfs vagas f en efrmn bae ecorn, kugdfs ba efs cbafs qua fquë sa gnkahtfh yf dfoëfh scbn puastfs f pruaof ah su gfoazf. Ba tnbfs efs parsnhfs ba efs qua da fprahbcbn bcsgutcahbn astns takfs, hfbca ka df focartn tfhtn ef kahta gnkn Arcg ]achstach. Gnh mustn puabn ftrcoucrea gufequcarf ba kcs kalnras cbafs, fuhqua baon fbvartcr qua efs panras snh ba kc prnpcf grafgc÷h.

BNQMEFW KQ__FS Luecn ba ?063

 

HNRFW

 

CHR_NBQGGC×H 6 . Yãfsa Lafh-Irfhíncs Eyntfrb, Ef Eyntfrb, Ef gnhbcgc÷h pnsknbarhf. Chinrka snora ae sfoar sfoar ,  , trfb. Kfrcfhn Fhtneëh _ftn, Gætabrf, Kfbrcb, ?000, p. =7.

 

? . Lfrnh Efhcar, Bcaz Efhcar,  Bcaz rfznhas pfrf onrrfr tus rabas sngcfeas ba chkabcftn chkabcftn ,  , trfb. Kfrgns Pãraz Wæhgdaz, Baofta, Ofrgaenhf, ?064, p. 2?.

 

7 . Gneakfh Dumdas ah gnhvarsfgc÷h gnh Bfva _uoch, Rda _uoch _apnrt, SnuRuoa, 6? ba ngtuora ba ?064.

 

2 . «Duhmar strcjars bcab inr mfy rcmdts, gefcks Wchh Iach sahftnr Ichtfh ]fricaebº, Oaeifst  Raeamrfpd , , 61 ba fmnstn ba ?069. Raeamrfpd

 

1 . Yãfsa ef mræicgf ah< 5dttps