Muhammad Qasim Moderasi Beragama

 

 

DJDKMHOZH DLCJ[MWI KJ[MOMDM ZDMS DJBMBZI IHSJO[MWI @JIBDZMH

C[. DZEMDDMC ]MWID, D.Qc.I.

Mbmuccih Zhivjrsity Qrjss 

 

Em` Giptm Cibihcuhoi Zhcmho-Zhcmho> Z hcmho-Zhcmho> Cibmrmho djdpjrkmhym` mtmu djdihcme`mh sjkmoimh mtmu sjburue isi ku`u ihi `j cmbmd kjhtu` mpmpuh tmhpm izih tjrtubis cmri pjhjrkit Mbb [ioets [jsjrvjc DJDKMHOZH DLCJ[MWI KJ[MOMDM ZDMS DJBMBZI IHSJO[MWI @JIBDZMH

Qjhubis> Cr. Duemddmc. ]msid, D.Qc.I. Jcitlr> Hicym Him Igeimhm, W,Qc., D.Qc. Qjhyjbmrms M`eir> @embib

Gjtm`mh I> ;1;1 vi + =96 ebd.0 =:,: x ;7 gd IWKH> 9?5-61;-7;5-7=:-6

Mbmuccih Zhivjrsity Qrjss Mbmuccih ZQS Qjrpustm`mmh ZIH Mbmuccih Nb. E. D. Ymsih Bidpl Hl. 76 [ldmhoplblho, [ldmhoplblho, Wmdmtm, @mkupmtjh Olwm _jksitj> ettp>//jkll`s.uih-mbmucc ettp>//jkll`s.uih-mbmuccih.mg.ic/ ih.mg.ic/

ii

 

WMDKZSMH [J@SL[ ZIH MBMZCCIH DM@MWWM[ Quni syu`ur `jpmcm Mbbme swt. mtms sjombm hi`dmt, rmedmt, cmh kjr`me-Hym ymho tm` tjrkmtms. Wmbmwmt cmh Wmbmd sjdlom tjrgurme `jpmcm [msububbme Duemddmc smw. Ci tjhome situmsi pjhue `jtjrkmtmsmh `mrjhm pmhcjdi oblkmb Glvic-=9, `mrym ku`u ‒Djd kmhouh Dlcjrmsi jrmomdm Zdmt Djbmbui Ihtjormsi @jibdumh —

ymho `ihi emcir ci tmhomh

pjdkmgm pmtut djhcmpmt mprjsimsi sjtihooi-tihooihym. Mprjsimsi tjrsjkut cipjrbu`mh sjkmomi kjhtu` pjhoemrommh `itm sjkmomi pjdkmgm tjremcmp pjhubis ymho cjhomh pjhue `jsuhoouemh emti, dmdpu djhyjbjsmi`mh sumtu hms`me ku`u rjfjrjhsi ymho kjremrom kmoi `emzmhme ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Wjkmomi [j`tlr, tjhtu emb ihi djrupm`mh sumtu `jkmhoommh sj`mbious `jelrdmtmh kmoi `mdi, `mrjhm pmcm tmeuh pjrtmdm djbmbui prlormd Ojrm`mh Qjhubismh cmh `jpjdidpihmh Qjhjrkitmh =11ihi,Ku`u [jfjrjhsi , `mrym ihi cmpmt bmeir. Emb ihi, sjbmih djrupm`mh dmhifjstmsi cmri smbme

smtu Qmhgmgitm `jpjdidpihmh `mdi, ym`hi ‒Qukbi`msi ymho M`tif—, nuom tjhtu djhuhnu``mh kmewm prlcu`tivitms djbmeir`mh `mrym rjfjrjhsi cmh `mrym m`mcjdi` emrus tjtmp ciombm``mh cmh cicu`uho cjdi tjrgiptmhym sumtu biho`uhomh

m`mcjdi` ymho cihmdis cmh cipjhuei cjhomh `emzmhme `jibdumh. I`bid m`mcjdi` ymho cjdi`imh itu cmpmt djhclrlho `jpmcm emb-emb plsitif ymho cmpmt djdkjri cmdpm` `jpmcm sjburue sivitms m`mcjdi`m ZIH Mbmuccih Dm`mssmr. Sjhtu, emb ihi nuom pjrbu cibiemt sjkmomi kmoimh cmri prlsjs upormciho `mpmsitms cmh upcmtiho pjr`jdkmhomh ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjkmomi rue cmri sjkume uhivjrsitms. Srmhsflrdmsi `jibdumh ymho kmi` cmh m`tif cmbmd sjkume bjdkmom pjhcici`mh sjpjrti ZIH Mbmuccih Dm`mssmr iii

 

mcmbme `uhgi kmoi su`sjshym pjdkmhouhmh sudkjr cmym dmhusim cmh pjhojdkmhomh ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Emb ihi pjrbu cikmrjhoi cjhomh `jpjdidpihmh ymho kmi`, `jubjtmh, si`mp m`ldlcmtif cmh `lbj`tif ymho dmdpu djhclrlho pjhiho`mtmh `mpmsitms cmh `rjmtivitms sudkjr cmym, cmh djhgiptm`mh ihlvmsi ymho `lhtihu ouhm djhnmwmk sjtimp tmhtmhomh zmdmh ymho sjdm`ih `ldpbj`s. Mpmbmoi, ci tjhome `jdmnumh pmcm kicmho tj`hlbloi ihflrdmsi ymho `imh pjsmt cjwmsm ihi, emb-emb tjrsjkut ku`mhbme sjsumtu ymho subit ciwunuc`mh. Wjdum kjrpubmho pmcm tj`mc ymho `umt cmh usmem dm`sidmb `itm uhtu` djrjmbismsi`mhhym. djrjmbismsi`mhhym. @mrym ibdime kjrupm ku`u rjfjrjhsi m`mh djhnmci djdlri sj`mbious bjomgy kmoi pjhubishym ci dmsm cmtmho. ZIH Mbmuccih Dm`mssmr sjkmomi smbme smtu ihstitusi pjhcici`mh ymho djdibi`i kmsig glrj   pjhojdkmhomh ibdu pjhojtmeumh, djdibi`i `jwmnikmh uhtu` tjrus djhjrus djdprlcu`si ibdu pjhojtmeumh cjhomh djhoemsib`mh `mrym ibdime cmh pjhjbitimh ymho kjr`umbitms sjkmomi `lhtrikusihym tjremcmp `jsjnmetjrmmh udmt dmhusim. Wjdlom

i`etimr

pmrm

pjhubis

ymho

kjremsib

djbuhgur`mh `mrym ihtjbj`tumb ihi cmpmt djhnmci sudkmhosie ymho kjrdmhfmmt kmoi pjdkmhouhmh sudkjr cmym dmhusim cmh pjhojdkmhomh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho

kjr`umbitms, kjr`mrm`tjr, cmh kjrcmym smiho cjdi `jdmnumh pjrmcmkmh kmhosm. Emhym `jpmcm Mbbme nuombme `itm kjrsjrme ciri mtms sjombm usmem cmh urusmh `itm. Wjdlom Mbbme swt. sjhmhtimsm djrmedmti, djdkjr`mei, djdkjr`mei, cmh djhuhnu``mh nmbmh-Hym ymho burus uhtu` `itm sjdum.

ādĠh… Dm`mssmr, =? Moustus ;1;1 [j`tlr ZIH Mbmuccih Dm`mssmr,

Qrlf. E. Emdcmh Nuemhhis D.M. Qe.C.

iv

 

@MSM QJHOMHSM[

Mbemdcubibbme rmkkib Mbmdih, punibme Mbbme swt. ymho tjbme djhomhuojrmei dmhusim momdm cmh djhgiptm`md dmhusm cmbmd `lhcisi kjrmomd,. Wmbmd cmh smbmwmt `jpmcm [msubbubbme smw. sjkmomi rmedmtmh bib Mbmdih. Fiour pjdjrsmtu udmt dmhusim ymho cmripmcmhym mb-]urmh djhnmci tjrnjdme cmbmd `jeicupmh dmhusim.

rmedmt Mbbme swt. ymho djhomho`mt cjrmnmt qmbmd,  pjhubis lrmhoCjhomh kjrtmqwm djbmbui pjrmhtmmrmmh djrmdpuho`mh ku`u cjhomh nucub Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm Zdmt Djbmbui Ihtjormsi @jibdumh   (Qjrsfj`tif Qjhcici`mh Isbmd). Subismh ihi ciubms sjkmomi `lhtrikusi pjhomkcimh `jpmcm hjomrm, cidmhm pjhubis cibmeir`mh cmh cikjsmr`mh. Subismh ihi pubm djrupm`mh pjdjhuemh mdmhme cmbmd ojrm`mh =11 Ku`u [jfjrjhsi ZIH Mbmuccih Dm`mssmr Smeuh ;1;1, ymho kjrdumrm pmcm sjkume cidjhsi Ihclhjsim kjrpltjhsi djhnmci pusmt risjt cuhim cmbmd emb Isbmd cmh kucmym Djhymtu`mh dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim sjgmrm slsimb cmh wibmyme Ihclhjsim cmbmd smtu icjlbloi cmh gitm ymho tjrihtjormsi ku`mhbme pjr`mrm ducme. Djhoihomt sjgmrm slsimb bmtmrkjbm`mho dmsymrm`mt kjrmomd djrupm`mh gjbme ymho cmpmt cidmsu`i lbje fmemd djhyidpmho. Kjbud bmoi bums wibmyme cjhomh cjhomh m`sjs dmsu` cmrmt, bmut, cmh ucmrm ymho tjrku`m bjkmr. Qmcm tmtmrmh ihi, dlcjrmsi kjrmomd kjrmomdm m cmh ihtjormsi `jibdumh djhnmci cum tjrd ymho kjrdm`suc v

 

djhojdkmbi`mh dmsymrm`mt `jpmcm `emzmhme ymho sjbmdm ihi eibmho cmbmd `jeicupmh. Djs`ipuh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm tjbme djdku`ti`mh `j`umtmhhym cjhomh mho`mt `m`ihym pjhnmnme cmri kudi pjrtiwi sjrtm tjrtudpmshym kjrkmomi ojrm`mh cmh m`si cisihtjormsi kmhosm. Hmduh ku`mh kjrdm`hm pjhomkcimh tjbme sjbjsmi. Qjhubis ticm`

djhoouhm`mh `mtm ‒tuoms/`jwmnikmh kjbud sjbjsmi— sjkmk djdkmbms kuci, `jkmi`mh emti pjnumho cmh hjomrm ku`mhbme tuoms ymho cipmhcmho sjbjsmi sjtjbme cirmdpuo`mh mtmu `jwmnikmh ymho kjrm`eir sjtjbme cituhmi`mh, hmduh cim mcmbme `jelrdmtmh sjpmhnmho emymt. Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, ticm` kjrdm`mh sjdum momdm smdm. _mbmupuh pmcm cidjhsi tjrtjhtu, citjdu`mh kjrkmomi titi` pjrsmdmmh sjpjrti `jym`ihmh `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem

Jsm cmh cmh mnmrmh tjhtmho dltivmsi `jpmcm `jkmi`mh, hmduh pjrbu ciemymti sjgmrm suktmhsi cmh pjhomdmbmh sjtimp momdm

djdibi`i ‒`j`emsmh— ymho djdkumthym kjrkjcm cjomh ymho bmih. Cisihibme cidjhsi cmh urojhsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ymho cirmdu cjhomh mpi` cmbmd fmbmsfme hjomrm, Qmhgmsibm. Momdm mcmbme pjrgmym mcmhym Suemh cjhomh sjombm dmhifjstmsihym. @jti`m mcm pjribm`u pjhomhuthym ymho djhyidpmho, emb ihi ku`mh `mrjhm mnmrmh momdmhym hmduh `jticm`dmdpumh ihcivicu mtmu `jbldpl` cmbmd djdmememdi sjgmrm `ldprjejhsif cmh djhomdmb`mhhym. Wjbmdm idmh dmsie tudkue cmbmd ciri dm`m ym`ih cmh pjrgmym sj`umt mpmpuh fmemd ymho djhoirihoi, mtmu tj`mhmh ymho djhidpm m`mh cmpmt cibmbui. Qlbm pjdjrihtmemh ymho djhjrmp`mh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmh ihtjormsi ibdu pjhojtmeumh smhomt urojh ciubms uhtu` djdpjrlbje plbm dlcjrmsi ymho icjmb uhtu` citjrmp`mh. Zgmpmh tjridm`msie ymho timcm kjrtjpi `jpmcm sjdum piem` ymho tjbme kjr`lhtrikusi, `mrjhm cjhomh pjremtimh cmh mrmemhhym pjhubismh ku`u ihi cmpmt cirmdpuho`mh. @jpmcm Lrmho tum, @jbumrom, Qjhojblbm =11 Ku`u [jfjrjhsi, Qidpmhmh cmh givitms m`mcjdi` ZIH Mbmuccih Dm`mssmr, sjrtm pmrm ihsmh ymho djdkjri`mh jdpmti. Qjhubis sjhmhtimsm djhoemcir`mh hmdm-hmdmhym cmbmd clm tjrkmi` ci sjtimp kmtmho duhmnmt. Sjtmp kjremrmp sjtjbme ihi, m`mh vi

 

emcir `jdkmbi pjhjbitimh mtmu `ldprjejhsif.. Wjdlom kjrdmhfmmt. `ldprjejhsif

mrti`jb

Olwm Moustus ;1;1 Qjhubis,

Duemddmc ]msid

ymho

bjkie

vii

 

CMFSM[ IWI

Wmdkutmh [j`tlr ZIH Mbmuccih Dm`mssmr @mtm Qjhomhtmr Qjhubis

KMK I0 QJHCMEZBZMH \\\\\ =  M.  Bmtmr Kjbm`mho \\\\\ = K.  @jkutuemh Dmhusim \\\\\ =; G.  Dmhusim Dlcjrh cmh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm \\\\\ ;5 C.  Ormhc Cjsmih \\\\\ 7= KMK II0 DLCJ[MWI KJ[MOMDM \\\\\ 7: M.  Qjhojrtimh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm \\\\\ 76 K.  Wudkjr Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm ci Ihclhjsim \\\\\ 3; G.  Qmhgmsibm cmh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm \\\\\ :3 C.  Qjhomrusutmdmmh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm \\\\\ 63 J.  Smhtmhomh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm \\\\\ ?7 KMK III0 IHSJO[MWI @JIBDZMH \\\\\ 9: M.  @lhsjp Ibdu cmbmd pjhcici`mh Isbmd \\\\\ 9: K.  Qlbm Ihtjormsi ibdu cmbmd sjnmrme pjhcici`mh Isbmd \\\\\ =17 G.  Zrojhsi ihtjormsi `jibdumh \\\\\ =15 KMK IV0 DJDKMHOZH DLCJ[MWI KJ[MOMDM DJBMBZI IHSJO[MWI @JIBDZMH \\\\\ =;9 M.  Idpbjdjhtmsi Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm cmh Ihtjormsi @jibdumh Qjrspj`tif Qjhcici`mh Isbmd \\\\\ =;9 K.  Qlbm Ihtjormsi @jibdumh pmcm Qjrourumh Sihooi Isbmd. \\\\\ =3; viii

 

G.  Lptidmbismsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, Kucmym cmh Mbirmh

@jpjrgmymmh \\\\\ =:3 C.  Dlcjrmsi udmt kjrmomdm, `jpjrgmymmh \\\\\ =:6 KMK V0 QJHZSZQ \\\\\ =?9 M.  @jsidpubmh \\\\\ =?9 K.  Idpbi`msi \\\\\ =5= CMFSM[ QZWSM@M 

ix

 

kucmym,

mbirmh

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

KMK I  I  QJHCMEZBZMH   QJHCMEZBZMH

 ‫ىإ‬‫س‬ ‫ي‬‫ ٱ‬‫و‬‫ وم وآ‬ ‫ ٱؠ‬‫مد‬  ‫رو وهل‬  ‫ي‬‫ ٱ‬‫و‬‫ وب‬    ‫ ط‬‫د‬ ‫د‬  ‫و‬     ‫ي‬ ‫ ق‬ ‫ وع‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬  ‫ي‬‫دوخ ٱ‬  ‫د‬ ‫جو‬‫ع‬ ‫ي‬‫ و‬‫دوه و‬ ‫ن‬   ۞۞ ‫و وؽ ىد‬‫و‬  ‫ وك‬ ‫و‬‫م و‬ ‫ ق‬‫وب‬

 

_memi dmhusim, sjsuhoouehym @mdi djhgiptm`mh `mdu cmri sjlrmho bm`i-bm`i cmh sjlrmho pjrjdpumh `jducimh `mdi nmci`mh `mdu kjrkmhosm-kmhosm cmh kjrsu`u-  su`u momr `mdu djhojhmb. Wjsuhoouehym ymho pmbiho dubim cimhtmrm `mdu mcmbme lrmho ymho kjrtm`wm. Wjsuhoouehym Mbbme Dmem Djhojtmeui, Dmem Sjbiti" =7  ]W. Mb-ḣunurčt/ Mb-ḣunurčt/ 39> =7  M.  Bmtmr Kjbm`mho Wjnm` mwmb pjhgiptmmh, dmhusim tjbme cimuojrmei kjrmomdmh pltjhsi ymho djrupm`mh fitrme uhtu` uhtu` ci`jdkmho`mh cmh cidmnu`mh cmbmd djhnmbmhi `jeicupmh.

=

 

Due. ]msid

Wi`mp `jrmomdmh ihi `jducimh ymho djhnmci `j`mymmh sjtimp su`u kmhosm ci kjrkmomi kjbmemh cuhim, ticm` tjr`jgumbi tjr`jgum bi Ihclhjsim. Ihclhjsim. Kjhtmhomh wibmyme Ihclhjsim cjhomh bums `urmho bjkie =,91: nutm `d pmcm sjtimp pubmuhym djdibi`i `jrmomdmh plbm `jeicupmh slsimb, kucmym. Wjeihoom ni`m cipjremti`mh sjgmrm djhcmbmd, plbm `jeicupmh slsimb kucmym mhtmrm smtu tjdpmt cjhomh tjdpmt bmihhym dm`m Ihclhjsim djhnmci smbme smtu hjomrm cjhomh `jrmomdmh kucmym ymho ticm` `mbme kmhym` cmri hjomrm bmihhym. Kjrcmsmr`mh emsib sjhsus pjcucu` ymho cibm`smhm`mh lbje Kmcmh Qusmt Wtmtisti` (KQW) `jrnmsmdm cjhomh Ihstitutj lf Sej Wlutejmst Msimh Wtucijs   (IWJMW) pmcm tmeuh ;1=7 cisidpub`mh sjgmrm `umhtitmtif su`u ci Ihclhjsim kjrnudbme 677 su`u kjsmr. Wjtimp su`u kjsmr djdibi`i suksu`u, kmemsm tjrsjhciri, pm`mimh mcmt cmh rudme mcmt. Wjcmho`mh cmri sjoi `jpjrgmymmh mtmu momdm dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim ymho rjsdi cim`ui lbje hjomrm mcm 6 momdm. Isbmd, @ristjh, @mtlbi`, @ristjh Qrltjstmh, Kucem, Eihcu cmh @lhoeugeu. Nudbme `jpjrgmymmh ihi kjbud tjrdmsu` fmemd mtmu `jpjrgmymmh ymho tjrsjkmr cmbmd `jeicupmh su`u-su`u ymho mcm. Djhomhmbisis kjsmrhym nudbme tjrsjkut cikmrjhoi cjhomh kjhtmhomh wibmyme ymho bums, dm`m tuoms sjbmhnuthym mcmbme djrmwmt cmh djhnmom `j`mymmh iddmtjrimb tjrsjkut momr tjtmp j`sis hmduh tjtmp djhyjsumi`mh cjhomh pjrojrm`mh zmdmh. Cimhtmrm bmho`me ymho cmpmt citjdpue mcmbme djbm`u`mh risjt tjremcmp pltjhsi cmh tmhtmhomh iddmtjrimb kmhosm, `jducimh djhyusuh bmho`me `lhstru`tif uhtu` djdm`sidmb`mh pjrmh su`u cmh momdm cmbmd djhnmom `jcmubmtmh hjomrm `jsmtumh

rjpukbi` Ihclhjsim. Ni`m ciikmrmt`mh pltjhsi tjrsjkut mcmbme kmtmho inu` ymho tjrsjrm`, dm`m fmbsmfme hjomrm, Qmhgmsibm djhnmci sidpub `l`le ymho cmpmt djhymtu`mh kmtmho inu` tjrsjkut.

;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

@jrmomdmh cmh `jkjrmomdmh ku`mh emhym tjdmsjhtrmb ymho emhomt cikmems mtmu cinmci`mh lknj` risjt ci Ihclhjsim hmduh djhnmci tjdm oblkmb ymho cinmci`mh omrcm tjrcjpmh djdmcu`mh kjrkmomi bmtmr cmbmd djhcu`uho `jsmdmmh pjrsfj`tif cmh pjrbm`umh `jpmcm dmhusim dlcjrh. Sjrdm`tuk cmbmd `lhsjcjrmh emsib Wicmho Dmnjbis Zdud @lhvjhsi ihtjrhmsilhmb Qjrsjri`mtmh Kmhosmkmhosm tjhtmho Qjhoempusmh Wjombm Kjhtu` Cis`ridihmsi [msimb ymho kjrbm`u sjnm` 3 Nmhumri =969, cimhtmrmhym, sjkmomi kjri`ut > [jmffirdiho temt cisgridihmtilh kjtwjjh eudmh kjihos lh tej orluhcs lf rmgj, glblur lr jtehig lrioih is mh lkstmgbj tl frijhcby mhc pjmgjfub rjbmtilhs mdlho hmtilhs mhc is gmpmkbj lf cisturkiho pjmgj mhc sjgurity mdlho pjlpbjs mhc tej emrdlhy lf pjrslhs biviho sicj ky sicj jvjh witeih lhj mhc tej smdj Wtmtj .=  Djrunu` pmcm emsib `lhvjhsi tjrsjkut, sjgmrm tjoms djhyjkut`mh `jeicupmh sjgmrm kjrcmdpihomh mhtmr rms, wmrhm, `ubit mtmu msmb-usub jthi` cmbmd sjkume hjomrm djhnmci smrmhm ihtjrm`si uhtu` cmpmt djhgiptm`mh eicup emrdlhis bihtms kmhosm. Emb ihi ku`mh emhym cidjhsi bl`mb ymho prlkbjdmti`mhym cisjbjsmi`mh sjgmrm ihtjrhmb lbje hjomrm ymho kjrsmho`utmh hmduh cuhim Ihtjrhmsilhmb

djdkjri`mh pjremtimh `eusus djhunu pjrcmdmimh udmt dmhusim. @jti`m rjslbusi `jdkmr Wicmho Qjrsjri`mtmh Kmhosmkmhosm pmcm sicmho Qbjhlhym tmhoomb 5 Cjsjdkjr ;1=?, tjr`mit Cj`bmrmsi cmh Qrlormd M`si Kucmym =ettps>//www.uh.lro/jh/cjvjblpdjht/cjsm/plpubmtilh/diorm

tilh/ojhjrmbmssjdkby/clgs/oblkmbgldpmgt/M\[JW\;=16(UU).pcf  

7

 

Due. ]msid

Cmdmi (Cjgbmrmtilh (Cjgbmrmtilh mhc Qrlormdj lf Mgtilh lh m Gubturj lf Qjmgj ) [jslbusi pjrtmdm kjrnucub ‒Dlcjrmtilh—, ymho djhjtmp`mh tmeuh ;1=9 sjkmomi tmeuh dlcjrmsi Ihtjrhmsilhmb (Sej ( Sej Ihtjrhmtilhmb Yjmr lf Dlcjrmtilh ) sjcmho`mh ymho `jcum ‒Ihtjrhmtilhmb ‒ Ihtjrhmtilhmb Cmy lf Biviho Slojtejrih Qjmgj— djhjtmp`mh tmhoomb =6 Dji sjkmomi Emri Eicup kjrsmdm cmbmd Cmdmi ihtjrhmsilhmb.;  @jti`m cuhim ihtjrhmsilhmb tjbme tjrbikmt cmbmd djhgiptm`mh eicup emrdlhis sjrtm pjrcmdmimh cuhim, dm`m sjkume `jdjstimh pubm kmoi hjomrm ymho tjromkuho cmbmd hmuhomh Qjrsjri`mtmh Kmhosm-kmhosm uhtu` djhoidpbjdjhtmsi`mh emsib `lhvjhsi ihi. Kjri`ut cipmpmr`mh kjrkmomi fm`tm tjhtmho pjhtihohym dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmh ihtjormsi `jibdumh ciidpbjdjhtmsi`mh cmbmd dmsymrm`mt. =.  Fm`tm Jdpiris Djhomho`mt tjdm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmh ihtjormsi

`jibdumh dm`m pjrbu djhymni`mh kjkjrmpm emb ymho djhnmci bmtmr kjbm`mho eihoom nucub tjrsjkut cismni`mh. Fm`tm tjrsjkut djrupm`mh kjrkmomi `jnmcimh pjhtiho ymho m`mh djhnmci pjrihomtmh kmoi ojhjrmsi ymho eicup pmcm jrm sj`mrmho cmh wmrismh ihflrdmsi cmh pjhojtmeumh kmoi ojhjrmsi jrm sjtjbmehym. sjtjbmehym. Wjnm` `jdjrcj`mmh rjpukbi` Ihclhjsim ciprl`bmdir`mh ciprl`bmdir`mh lbje Wlj`mrhl-Emttm pmcm tmhoomb =? Moustus =93:, djdkumt njruni pjhnmnmemh cmh rmhtmi rjvlbusi fisi` smtu pjrsmtu dubmi tjrsuho`mp. Qmcm smmt ojomp ojdpitm `jdjrcj`mmh Ihclhjsim kjrojdurue ci sjburue pjrsmcm cmh pjrmho`mt hjomrm sjgmrm kjrtmemp cisusuh, sj`jti`m tjrnmci ;Emrcymhtl,

Dlcjrmsi (Sjdpl, (Sjdpl, Jcisi : Nmhumri ;1=9), e. =.

3

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

`jnmcimh ojtir ymho djhoouhgmho Ihclhjsim, ym`hi m`si `ucjtm Qmrtmi @lduhis Ihclhjsim (Q@I). M`si ihi ku`mh emhym tjrnmci smtu `mbi hmduh tjrubmho `jdkmbi kjkjrmpm smmt sjtjbme `jnmcimh pjrtmdm. Fmemd `lduhis ymho cihmuhoi lbje Qmrtmi @lduhis Ihclhjsim (Q@I) kjremsib djrjkut sjkmoimh emti dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim cmh djbm`u`mh pjrbmwmhmh tjremcmp pjdjrihtme rjpukbi` Ihclhjsim pmcm smmt itu. @mud `lduhis Ihclhjsim tjbme djdpjhomruei Mho`mtmh Qjrmho, smsmrmh utmdm imbme djhidkub`mh sjhtidjht ymho mcm cmbmd tukue Mho`mtmh pjrmho. Wjcmho `jmcmmh j`lhldi djdkuru` cinmci`mh mbmt uhtu` djhoemsut rm`ymt, rjhgmhm pjdjrihtme uhtu` djhomcm`mh rmsilhmbismsi citjhtmho cmh cinmci`mh mbmsmh uhtu` djhnmtue`mh pjdjrihtme. Qmsu`mhpmsu`mh ymho tjbme cmpmt cipjhomruei `jducimh

cipihcme`mh cmri djcmh pjrtjdpurmh `j cmjrmecmjrme ymho m`mh cinmci`mh kmsis pjrtmemhmh `lduhis. 7  Cjs`ripsi m`si Q@I, djhurut Qjhomsue Qlhcl` Qjsmhtrjh Oblkmb Smrkiymtub Mrifih Dmbmho sj`mbious pjhjbiti Wjnmrme Dmciuh =935, Mous Wuhyltl djhymtm`mh `jnmcimh djhojri`mh ymho tjrnmci 7 tmeuh pmsgm `jdjrcj`mmh mtmu tjpmthym pmcm tmhoomb =5 Wjptjdkjr =935 ci Dmciuh > @jkjremsibmh FC[/Q@I djhoumsmi Dmciuh cisusub tjrnmcihym m`si pjhnmrmemh, pjhmho`mpmh sjwjhmhowjhmho sjwjhmhowj hmho tjremcmp dusue Q@I, djhjdkm` dusue Q@I, `jojdpmrmh cmh `jpmhi`mh puh pjgme ci `mbmhomh pjhcucu`, ciirihoi tihcm`mh-tihcm`mh 7[mgedmt

Wumtyl, Qjdkjrlhtm`mh Q@I-Dussl ci Dmciuh =5-71 Wjptjdkjr =935 (@lpjrmsi Ibdu Qjhojtmeumh Wlsim0 Kmhcuho,;115), e. =13. :

 

Due. ]msid

kjrsifmt fmsisdj ymho kjrbmhosuho cjhomh djhojri`mh. Wjdum pidpihmh Dmsyudi cmh QHI citmho`mp mtmu cikuhue. Lrmho-lrmho kjrpm`mimh _mrl` Qlhlrlol cjhomh sjhnmtm rjvlbvjr cmh `jbjwmho djhjdkm` mtmu djhyjdkjbie lrmho-lrmho ymho cimhoomp dusue Q@I. Dmymt-dmymt kjrojbidpmhomh ci sjpmhnmho nmbmh. Kjhcjrm djrme putie cirlkj` ciomhti kjhcjrm djrme kjrbmdkmho pmbu mrit.3  Bjkie bmhnut cmbmd emsib pjhjbitimh tjrsjkut, djhyjkut`mh sjtjbme Q@I kjremsib ci tudpms lbje SHI

kjrsmdm dmsymrm`mt pmcm mwmb Nmhumri =9:1, pmsgm `jnmcimh sjrupm tjrubmho `jdkmbi pmcm tmhoomb 71 sjptjdkjr =96:. Wjtjbme djhourms mir dmtm kmhosm pmcm m`si sjkjbudhym, Q@I `jdkmbi djhoubmho m`sihym pmcm tmhoomb 71 Wjptjdkjr =96:. @mbi ihi putri Njhcjrmb Hmsutilh, Mcj Irdm Wurymhi Hmsutilh djrjomho hymwm ci pmho`umh ikuhym Nlemhhm Wuhmrti Hmsutilh `mrjhm cikjrlhclho pjburu Q@I. Ku`mh emhym cisitu, m`si ihi kjrbmhnut cjhomh pjhgubi`mh pjtihooi SHI MC ymho tjrciri cmri 6 pjtihooi kjrpmho`mt Njhcjrmb cmh = pjrwirm. Djrj`m djdibie ouour sjkmomi `usudm kmhosm cmri pmcm djhoi`uti `jihoihmh Q@I uhtu` djbm`u` djbm`u`mh mh `ucjtm. Wjtjbme `jnmcimh tjrsjkut, `jbldpl` pjducm ymho tjromkuho cmbmd Kmrismh Wjrkm Ouhm Ojrm`mh Qjducm Mhsemr, dmsymrm`mt cmh SHI, kjrsmtu sjojrm kjrojrm` djhudpms Q@I. Wjkume mrti`jb cmri pjhjbiti mebi ducm kicmho plbiti` pusmt pjhjbitimh kmcmh `jmebimh CQ[ [I, Cjkirme Wmkur B djhuhnu``mh pjrbuhym `jwmspmcmmh hmsilhmb sjrtm `jcmbmdmh `jsmcmrmh sjnmrme emb kmemym cmri Q@I,

3Mous

Wuymthl, @jkimcmkmh Ojrm`mh Q@I =935 ,Nurhmb ,Nurhmb Mstemkrmym Jcisi UII/L`tlkjr-Hlvjdkjr ;1=;, e.67 6

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Wmdm embhym cjhomh dmsmbme bmou ojhnjr-ojhnjr, _m`ib Qrjsicjh Nusuf @mbbm djhibmi, wmbmu sjgmrm udud bmou tjrsjkut djrupm`mh bmou cmjrme kimsm, hmduh djhnmci kjrkjcm smmt cicjhomr lbje `mbmhomh dibitjr, tjrutmdm ymho djhombmdi pjristiwm O71W/Q@I bmou tjrsjkut smhomt djhym`it`mh.: 

Mwmbhym, bmou ojhnjr-ojhnjr mcmbme bmou cmjrme kjrkmemsm Nmwm ymho ymho sjriho cisjhmhcuho`mh lbje dmsymrm`mt Dmciuh. Qjdkjsmr Q@I pmcm smmt itu tjrtmri` pmcm bmou tjrsjkut cmh m`eirhym bmou ojhnjr-ojhnjr cinmci`mh sjkmomi pjdkmho`it sjdmhomt pjhcu`uho kmoi Q@I. @lhtj`s ihi dmsie `jnmcimh ci ci wibmyme Nmwm Kmrmt cmh Sjhome, kjbud bmoi fm`tm eistlrisjdpiris ci wibmyme bmih. ;.  Fm`tm Fm`tumb Idpbjdjhtmsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmh ihtjormsi `jibdumh cmbmd djhoemcmpi fmemd ymho djhomrme pmcm `lhfrlhtmsi cmh mhgmdmh cisihtjormsi kmhosm pjrbu djbikmt`mh sjburue bihi dmsymrm`mt. Bjdkmom pjdjrihtme, bjdkmom swmstm, tl`le dmsymrm`mt, tl`le momdm sjdumhym emrus kjrsihjroi djhnmom `jcmubmtmh kmhosm. Ni`m kmhosm Ihclhjsim djbmbui `jsm`timh Qmhgmsibm su`sjs djhj`u` m`si kjrkmomi `ucjtm smdpmi `jm`mr-m`mrhym, dm`m tmhtmhomh sjbmhnuthym mcmbme kmomidmhm kjrnumho momr emb sjrupm ticm` duhgub `jdkmbi. Wlj`mrhl cmbmd kubir omomsmhhym, Ci kmwme Kjhcjrm [jvlbusi djhymtm`mh,

:Cjklrm

Wmhur B, @lduhisdj @jdkmbi Djhomhgmd Ihclhjsim, Dmnmbme Ihfl Wiho`mt Qjdjrihtmemh cmbmd Hjojri @mnimh Wiho`mt tjremcml Isu M`tumb cmh Wtrstjois, Vlb. VIII Hl.=1/II/Q7CI/Dji/;1=6,(Qusmt Qjhjbitimh Kmcmh @jmebimh CQ[.[I,) e.=9. ?

 

Due. ]msid

^mdmh sj`mrmho kmoi `itm zmdmh `jkmhouhmh, kmoi cuhim udud smtu zmdmh `jpjhtihomh. Kmoi cuhim udud smtu zmdmh ymho sjdum pjhym`it-pjhym`ithym

pjrmcmkmh

dlcjrh

tjrku`m

cjhomh

gmrm

ymho

djhciri`mh kubu. Wmtu zmdmh ymho `jembusmh kuci ciihnm`-ihnm` kihmsm lbje fmsgisd, lbje pjpjrmhomh, lbje hmfsu mho`mrm dur`m, lbje `jkihmtmhomh`jkihmtmhomh ymho tidkub cmri hmfsu `jkjhcmmh cmh `mpitmbisdj.6  Qjrhymtmmh Qrjsicjh pjrtmdm [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim ihi, djhcjs`ripsi`mh tjbme duhgubhym kjrmomd njhis tmhtmhomh kmhosm pmsgm `jdjrcj`mmh, ym`hi fm`tlr slsimb, j`lhldi kucmym sjrtm momdm. Wjkume bjdkmom ymho djhclrlho cmh djhom`tub`mh Isbmd dlcjrmt cjhomh kjrkmomi `joimtmh ymho djhomrme pmcm tjrgiptmhym tlbjrmhsi ci `mbmhomh dusbid Ihclhjsim cmh kmrmt, Sej _meic Ihstitutj cmbmd emsib bmplrmhhym djhojdu`m`mh, …`mdi djhjdu`mh kjrkmomi pjristiwm pjbmhoomrmh `jkjkmsmh kjrmomdm cmh kjr`jym`ihmh (@KK) cmh ihtlbjrmhsi tjrnmci ci ci   =5 wibmyme ym`hi Nmwm Kmrmt, C@I Nm`mrtm, Kmhtjh, Nmwm Sjhome, Cmjrme Istidjwm Yloym`mrtm, Nmwm  Nmwm  Sidur, Dmbu`u Ztmrm, Kmbi, Wubmwjsi Sjhome, Wubmwjsi Wjbmtmh, @mbidmhtmh Sjhome, Hmhoorlj Mgje  Mgje  Cmrussmbmd (HMC), Wudmtrm Kmrmt, Wudmtrm Ztmrm, Husm Sjhoomrm Kmrmt (HSK), Husm Sjhoomrm Sidur  Sidur  (HSS), @jpubmumh [imu cmh Qmpum. Djs`i cjdi`imh, `mdi ticm` kism djhyidpub`mh kmewm pjristiwmpjristiwm pjbmhoomrmh @KK cmh

6Ir.

Wu`mrhl, Cikmwme Kjhcjrm [jvlbusi (Nibic I0Kmhmhm Kll`s> Nm`mrtm, ;1=6),e.663. 5

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

ihtlbjrmhsi emhym tjrnmci ci wibmyme-wibmym wibmyme-wibmyme e tjrsjkut. t jrsjkut. ?  Ihclhjsim sjkmomi hjomrm ymho kjrcmsmr`mh Suemh ymho Jsm, djdibi`i tmhoouhnmwmk mtms sjombm cihmdi`m `jmomdmmh ymho tjrnmci ci wibmyme ihi. Djhojhmi `lhsjp `jrmomdmh, `jrmomdm h, emb ihi ku`mh emhym emhym `mrjhm fm`tlr fm`tlr tjritlrimb mtmu eu`ud mbmd hmduh mcmbme fitrme. 5  Qjdkjhtu`mh kjrkmomi `jbldpl` kjrmomdm, `jbldpl` bihtms momdm smdpmi pmcm pjdkjhtu`mh bjdkmom `eusus ymho djdibi`i fl`us `mnimh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm djrupm`mh bmho`me `lhstru`tif uhtu` djhcjsmih cmh djhgiptm`mh `jeicupmh ymho cmdmi cmbmd kiho`mi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Fm`tm bmih djhcjs`ripsi`mh, `lhcisi Ihclhjsim djhombmdi `jticm`stmkibmh cmri wm`tu `j wm`tu. Kjri`ut cipmpmr`mh tjdumh bjdkmom ihcjpjhcjh ymho kjr`lbmklrmsi cjhomh kjrkmomi bjdkmom pjdjrihtme cmh Ihtjrhmsilhmb cjhomh fl`us risjt tjhtsho `lrjbmsi pjrcmdmimh cjhomh tiho`mt `jsjnmetjrmmh `jsjnmetjrmmh sjkume sjkume kmhosm kmhosm.. [isjt ihi c cibm`smhm`mh ibm`smhm`mh lbje Ihstitutj flr Jglhldig & Qjmgj (IJQ) cjhomh fl`us `mnimh `jcmdmimh oblkmb, kjri`ut tmkjb `jcmdmimh oblkmb wibmyme Msis Qmsifi`.9 

?Sej

_meic Ihstitutj, Bmplrmh Smeuhmh @jkjkmsmh Kjrmomdm/Kjr`jym`ihmh Kjrmomdm/Kjr`jy m`ihmh cmh Ihtlbjrmhsi ;1=3 ‒Ztmho _mrismh Qjdjrihtme Kmru , (Sej _meic Ihstitutj cmh Sej Klcy Welp> Nm`mrtm, ;1=3), e. iii. 5Qjhubis

ticm` djhoouhm`mh istibme eu`ud mbmd, sjkmk istibme tjrsjkut bjkie gjhcjruho icjhti` eu`ud tjlri Wihtmsmh tjrkuomr lbje Gemrbjs Cmrwih, (Dmebu` ymho tjr`umt bjkie survivmbeicup lf tej djdibi`i kmhym` pjbumho cmrifittjst  pmcm  dmebu` bjdme. 9Ihstitutj

flr Jglhldig & Qjmgj (IJQ), Oblkmb Qjmgj Ihcjx Djmsuriho Qjmgj ih M Gldpbjx _lrbc , ;1;1 e.=3.

9

 

Due. ]msid

Smkjb kjri`ut djhoomdkmr`mh Ihclhjsim kjrmcm pmcm urutmh `j Wjdkibmh cmri =9 hjomrm Msim Qmsifi` cmri `lhtj`s djhgiptm`mh mtdlsfir `jcmdmimh cmbmd hjomrm. Djs`ipuh hjomrm @lrjm Ztmrm cmh @lrjm Wjbmtmh dmsie cmbmd `lhcisi ojhtiho hmduh tiho`mt `jcmdmimh dmsymrm`mt @lrjm Wjbmtmh dmsie ci mtms cmri Ihclhjsim. @jticm`stmkibmh `lhcisi plbiti` smtu tmeuh, m`msi cjdlhstrmsi, blhnm`mh `jdmtimh m`ikmt `lhfbi` ihtjrhmb, `lhfbi` momdm, idiormh ymho dmsu` `j Ihclhjsim djrupm`mh kjkjrmpm `jnmcimh ymho emrus cisjbjsmi`mh.

=1

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Ihclhjsim cjtjrilrmtjc cuj tl m spi`j ih cjmtes frld ihtjrhmb glhfbigts mhc ihtjrhmb glhfbigts fluoet, rjfbjgtiho tej fmtmb glhsjqujhgjs lf tej rjbioilus glhfbigt ih Dmbmggms mhc ihciojhlusiddiormht glhfbigts mgrlss tej gluhtry, pmrtigubmrby ih _jst@mbidmhtmh. Ihclhjsim ems mbsl jxpjrijhgjcm sukstmhtimb cjtjrilrmtilh ih plbitigmb ihstmkibity lvjr tej bmst yjmr.Nm`mrtm mhc ltejr dmnlr gitijs smw sjvjrmb stucjht-bjc prltjsts ih Wjptjdkjr mhc Lgtlkjr ;1=9.=1  

Kjrkmomi fm`tm ci mtms mcmbme prmodjh-prmodjh kjsmr ymho duhgub ci pjrdu`mmh kmhosm, hmduh emb ihi ticm` kjrmrti kmewm cmbmd s`mbm di`rl, rjtm`mh rmdkut ticm` pjrhme tjrnmci smdm sj`mbi. Nustjru prlkjbmdti`m ymho cimhoomp sjpjbj sjpjrti pjrsjbisiemh si M cmh si K ci pmsmr `mbmu ticm` cisjbjsmi`mh sjgmrm prlplrsilhmb cmpmt djhnmci pmhcjdi ymho djhnmbmr `j `lhfbi` su`u, momdm cmh rms (WM[M). Sihcm`mh pjrmho`mt hjomrm, pjhjom` eu`ud kjrsihjroi cjhomh dmsymrm`mt cmbmd djhmhomhi kjrkmomi dmsmbme ihi sucme gu`up dunmrmk, hmduh pjhtiho nuom djhyi`mpi pjrslmbmh ihi cjhomh djbiemt sjgmrm rihgi msmb dumsmb `jnmcimhhym. Sjrnuh djdkjrsie`mh kjhie-kjhie pjdi`irmh momr plstur dmsymrm`mt bjkie sjemt cmh djdibi`i iduh ymho `umt djbmbui dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ymho kjrplhcmsi ihtjormsi `jibdumh djrupm`mh nmbmh utmdm djhj`mh `umhtitms `jnmcimh tjrsjkut. Qlsisi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmh ihtjormsi `jibdumh djhyi`mpi kjrkmomi fm`tm jdpiris, cmh fm`tm fm`tumb, cimtms

dm`m suemrushym dubmi sj`mrmho pjhoumtmh dlcjrmsi =1Ihstitutj

flr Jglhldig & Qjmgj (IJQ), Oblkmb Qjmgj Ihcjx Djmsuriho Qjmgj ih M Gldpbjx _lrbc , ;1;1 e.=3. ==

 

Due. ]msid

kjrmomdm cibm`u`mh sjgmrm dmsiv cmh tltmbitms pmcm sjtimp jbjdjh. Ihtjormsi `jibdumh djdib`i pjrmh utmdm cmbmd djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Qltjhsi ihi cmpmt cibiemt sjkmk bjdkmom pjhcici`mh tjdpmt djhidkm ‒mir kjr`me— ibdu pjhojtmeumh emdpir tjbme mcm djrmtm cisjtimp njho`mb kudi pjrtiwi. Sicm` ducme djhoemcmho pjrtudkuemh j`lhldi `mpitmbisdj, sj`ubmrisdj. Hmduh kjsmr emrmpmh ni`m ‒mir kjr`me— tjrsjkut tjrsjkut sjbmbu ciouhm`mh djdpjrsukur si`mp dlcjrmsi dmsym`mrm`mt, dm`m plelh `jrmomdmh cmh `jkjrmomdmh dmsymrm`mt m`mrhym m`mh djhoeunmd nmud cmbmd niwm djdkjhmd`md fmemd-fmemd djhyidpmho `j cmbmd pusmrm pjrmcmkmh. Qltjhsi bjdkmom pjcici`mh cmbmd djdkmhouh dicjrmsi kjrmomd ihi m`mh ciurmi bjkie bmhnut pmcm kmk III ihtjormsi `jibdumh. K.  @jkutuemh Dmhusim Qmcm prihsiphym, sjtimp dmhusim djdibi`i kutirmh `jkutuemh ymho emdpir smdm. Mcm `jkutuemh pridjr (utmdm), sj`uhcjr (`jkutuemh pjhcu`uho) cmh `jkutuemh tjrsijr (pjhuhnmho). @jkutuemh pridjr, kjrupm rmsm `jdjrcj`mmh, mdmh, sjrtm `jkutuemh pmcm dm`mhmh cmh dihudmh. @jkutuemh sj`uhcjr kjrupm `jhcmrmmh ymho kmi`, pjrmbmtmh jbj`trlhi`. Wjcmho`mh `jkutuemh tjrsijr sjpjrti rj`rjmsi, rj`rjmsi, `mrym wismt wismtm m cmh bmih-bmih. Djs`ipuh emb ihi sifmthym icmfi, `jtiom emb ihi djrupm`mh `jkutuemh dmhusim sjgmrm udud. Sjrcmpmt kjrkmomi gmrm, cmbmd djdjhuei

`jkutuemh, mcm cjhomh gmrm ymho kmi` mcm pubm cjhomh gmrm djbmdpmui gmrm ihi tjromhtuho pmcm gmrmpmhcmhokmtms. cmh Qjdjhuemh `lhcisi dmsiho-dmsiho. Wjkmoimh kjrpmhcmhomh kmewm `jhcmrmmh mcmbme `jkutuemh sj`uhcjr, hmduh sjkmoimh bmih djdmhcmho kmewm `jhcmrmmh mcmbme `jkutuemh pridjr. Mnmrmh momdm cmh rjoubmsi `lhstitusilhmb djdkjri`mh pmhcumh momr cmbmd pjdjhuemh `jkutuemh tjrsjkut =;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

sjhmhtimsm djdpjremti`mh `mjcme ymho kjrbm`u. @jti`m `jkutuemh cipjrlbje cmh cipjhuei cmri sudkjr mtmu icj ymho ojrsmho cmri momdm, dm`m nustjru `jsjsmtmhbme m`mh djhjr`md fitrme dmhusim itu sjhciri. Mcm pjbm`u `lrupsi `mrjhm emsrmt `lhsudtifhym ticm tjrkjhcuho, mcmpubm ymho tjr`mpmr ci rudme sm`it `mrjhm emsrmt dm`mhhym ticm` tjr`lhtrlb. Qmcm s`mbm dm`rl, pjdjhuemh tjremcmp `jkutuemh slsimb sjpjrti smrmhm pjhcici`mh, pmsmr, iriomsi, smrmhm cmh prmsmrmhm biho`uhomh, tjdpmt ikmcme djrupm`mh tmhoouho nmwmk kjrsmdm mhtmrm pjdjrihtme sjkmomi pjhojblbm `jkinm`mh cmh dmsymrm`mt sjkmomi pjhjridm dmhfmmt smrmhm cmh `jkinm`mh tjrsjkut. Ni`m `jkutuemh ihi ticm` tjrpjhuei cjhomh kmi` dm`m cmpmt djhikub`mh rjm`si. @lhfbi` ihcivicu, `jrusuemh, ojrm`mh rmci`mb, tjrlrisdj, mhgmdmh cisihtjormsi kmhosm, mcmbme kjrkmomi jfj` ymho djhnmci cmdpm` hjomtivj ticm` tjrsmburhym `jkutuemh cjhomh kmi`. Cmbmd M  Eistlry lf Olc> Sej 3.111 Yjmr ]ujst lf Nucmisd, Gerisitimhitiy mhc Isbmd,  Isbmd,   @mrjh Mdstrlho djhyjkut`mh> …momdm sjsuhoouehym kjrsifmt prmodmti`. @itm m`mh djhym`si`mh kmewm sjkume icj tjhtmho Suemh ticm`

emrus kjrsifmt blois mtmu ibdime, ymho pjhtiho  pjhtiho   kism citjridm.   @jti`m icj itu sucme ticm` jfj`tif bmoi, im citjridm. m`mh ciomhti– ciomhti–tjr`mcmho cjhomh icj bmih ymho kjrkjcm sjgmrm rmci`mb. rmci`mb. Emb ihi ticm` cipusiho`mh lbje `jkmhym`mh `mud dlhltjis sjkjbud jrm `itm sj`mrmho `mrjhm djrj`m tmeu kmewm omomsmh djrj`m tjhtmho Suemh ticm`bme sm`rmb, djbmih`mh pmsti m`mh djhombmdi pjrukmemh.== 

==@mrjh

Mdstrlho, M  Eistlry lf Olc> Sej 3.111 Yjmr ]ujst lf  Nucmisd, Gerisitimhitiy mhc Isbmd,  Sjrnjdme ^mihub Md, Wjnmrme Suemh> @isme Qjhgmrimh Suemh ymho cibm`u`mh lbje Lrmho-lrmho Ymeuci, @ristjh, cmh Isbmd sjbmdm 3.111 Smeuh (Gjt.VI0 Dizmh> ;11;),e. ;;. =7

 

Due. ]msid

@jkutuemh mcmbme emb fitrme cmh tjbme citmhmd`mh cmbmd ciri sjtimp dmebu` tjrdmsu` dmhusim. Sjhtuhym dmhusim m`mh djrmsm mdmh cmh gu`up ni`m `jkutuemh tjrsjkut cmpmt tjrpjhuei cjhomh kmi`. Mcm ymho djdjhueihym cjhomh `lhsistjh djdpjremti`mh `lriclr momdm hmduh ticm` sjci`it pubm ymho kjrsi`mp djbmdpmui kmtms. Ku`mh emhym cmbmd pjrslmbmh prlfmh cuhimwi, kme`mh cmbmd ikmcme ymho m`eirhym smhomt djrj`m sm`rmbpuh. Hmki eu`udmh djbmrmho =;  Qmcm j`strjdisdj. djhcmpmt cmri hjomrm cmh momdm. Kjrmomd dmsmbme ymho tjrnmci pmcm dmhusim pmcm ihtihym `mrjhm ticm` sihjroihym mhtmrm emrmpmh cmh rjmbitmshym. Qjrdmsmbmemh cmpmt pubm tjrnmci ni`m `jkutuemh pmbiho cmsmr dmhusim ticm` tjpjhuei cjhomh kmi`. Wjnjhm` `itm djdpjremti`mh `jnmcimh ruhtut ymho sjdpmt djhgjcjrmi kmhosm ihi. M`si `ucjtm Qmrtmi @lduhis

Ihclhjsim ci Dmciuh tmeuh =935 cmh ci Nm`mrtm tmeuh =96:, Ojrm`mh CI/SII ci Mgje =9:7, Lromhismsi Qmpum Djrcj`m Smeuh =967, Ojrm`mh Mgje Djrcj`m (OMD) tmeuh =951, @jrusuemh Wmdkms =9?1 cmh =999 @jrusuemh Mdklh tmeuh ;11;. Wjdum trmojci tjrsjkut tjrnmci `mrjhm dmhusim mtmu `jbldpl` tjrtjhtu djdibie ‒nmbmh bmih— cmbmd djrjmbismsi`mh djrjmbismsi`m h `jkutuemhhym. `jkutuemhhym. @mbmu fm`tm ihi mcmbme `jnmcimh ymho tjrnmci pmcm dmsm bmbu ymho djhoikmt`mh `jruoimh dmtjri dmupuh `lrkmh, dm`m pjrbu pubm djojdu`m`mh emsib risjt bjdkmom hlh pjdjrihtme cjhomh sjhtrmbismsi risjt mcvl`msi ci kicmho cjdl`rmsi cjdl`rm si `jkjkmsmh plbiti` cmh cmh em` msmi dmhusim WJSM[M Ihstitutj flr Cjdlgrmgy   mhc Qjmgj. Emsib risjt WJSM[M Ihstitutj flr Cjdlgrmgy   mhc Qjmgj djhuhnu``mh kmewm pltjhsi `lhfbi` ihcivicu, `jrusuemh, ojrm`mh rmci`mb, tjrlrisdj, mhgmdmh cisihtjormsi kmhosm cmbmd plstur

=;Emicmr

Kmoir, Isbmd Suemh, Isbmd Dmhusim, e.=76

=3

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim smhomt pjrbu uhtu` cipjr`umt. Kjri`ut emsib risjt WJSM[M Ihstitutj flr Cjdlgrmgy  pmcm  pmcm tmeuh ;1=1, … tjhgmtmt :9 tjdpmt ikmcme ymho djhombmdi omhooumh cmbmd kjrkmomi kjhtu`hym> pjhyjrmhomh, pjhyjojbmh, pjhlbm`mh, bmrmhomh m`tivitms ikmcme, cmh bmih-bmih. Cmri :9 tjdpmt ikmcme tjrsjkut, dmylritms djhidpm njdmmt @ristimhi (37 tjdpmt 9= ikmcme), Medmciyme (9 tjdpmt ikmcme), Zdmt Isbmd (; tjdpmt ikmcme), BCII (; tjdpmt ikmcme), Zdmt Kuccem (; tjdpmt ikmcme),cmh _memki (= tjdpmt ikmcme).=7 

Djbiemt kjrkmomi `jnmcimh tjrsjkut dm`m `itm m`mh djbiemt kmewm cmbmd dmsymrm`mt tjbme eibmho sjkume sjhci `jsmcmrmh kmewm Ihclhjsim djrupm`mh kmhosm cjhomh dmsymrm`mt ymho kjrmomd cmh kjrmomdm. Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm emrus kjrmcm pmcm plsisi pmbiho cjpmh cmbmd djhnmwmk kjrkmomi plbjdi` tjrsjkut. @jdkmbi pmcm mnmrmh momdm sjgmrm tltmbitms, ticm` djdkjri`mh pjhfmsirmh pmrsimb ymho nustjru djdkmwm simb. Cmbmd rjfjrjhsi momdm-momdm sjgmrm `eusus Isbmd djhyjkut`mh mcm kjkjrmpm emb ymho pjrbu cinmom ym`hi momdm, niwm, m`mb, emrtm sjrtm `jelrdmtmh. Bidm plih ihi djrupm`mh `jkutuemh ku`mh emhym uhtu` udmt Isbmd hmduh `jkutuemh sjburue udmt dmhusim. Dmemouru cmri pjrourumh tihooi tjr`jdu`m Zhivjrsitms Hizmdiyme, Eunnmtub Isbmd   Idmd mb- Oemzmbi djdkmoi `jkutuemh dmhusim `j cmbmd tiom kmoimh utmdm, ymitu cemrury (`jkutuemh pl`l`), emny (`jkutuemh sj`uhcjr) cmh tmesihy (`jkutuemh tjrsijr). @jtiom `jkutuemh ihi sjhmhtimsm mcm pmcm sjtimp dmhusim cmh m`mh kjrkmur cjhomh `jihoihmh, hmduh emhym dmhusim kinm`bme =7M`elb

Fircmus, c``, Hjomrm Djhymho`mb @lhcisi @jkjkmsmh

  (Qustm`m Dmsymrm`mt Wjtmrm0 Kjrmomdm/kjr`jym`ihmh Nm`mrtm, ;1==), e.91-9=. ci Ihclhjsim ;1=1  (Qustm`m =:

 

Due. ]msid

ymho cmpmt djdkjri`mh `bmsifi`msi `jkutuemh pl`l`, sj`uhcjr, cmh tjrsijr cimtms `jihoihmhmhym smnm. Wjbmhnuthym kjbimu djrmho`mi `jkutuemh Cemrury (`jkutuemh pl`l`) djhnmci bidm kmoimh, ym`hi eifcz mc-cih   (djdjbiemrm momdm), eifcz mhhmfs   (djdjbiemrm niwm), eifczmb-mqb   (djdjbiemrm m`mb), eifcz mb-dmb  (djdjbiemrm  (djdjbiemrm emrtm), eifcz mb-  ircb (djdjbiemrm (djdjbiemrm @jelrdmtmh ).=3  Ni`m `jkutuemh ihi cmpmt tjrpjhuei cmh cmh tjrjmb tjrjmbismsi ismsi cjhomh cjhomh kmi`, dm`m nudbme nudbme `lhfbi`

ihcivicu, `jrusuemh, ojrm`mh rmci`mb, tjrlrisdj, mhgmdmh cisihtjormsi kmhosm cmpmt citj`mh smdpmi titi` hmcir. Kjri`ut ubmsmh `jkutuemh-`jkutuemh tjrsjkut > =.  Eifcz mc-cih  (djdjbiemrm momdm) Dmhusim djdkutue`mh pmhcumh cmh nmbmh eicup ymho smhomt fuhcmdjhtmb ym`hi momdm. Wjtimp udmt kjrmomdm djhoidpbjdjhtmsi`mh mnmrmh momdm sjsumi cjhomh mpm ymho tjrgmhtud cmbmd `itmk sugi dmsiho-dmsiho. Wjdum momdm djhoemrmp`mh udmthym uhtu` sjhmhtimsm djdjbiemrm si`mp cmh tjtmp djhnuhnuho hibmi-hibmi `jkmi`mh cmbmd djhnmbmhi `jeicupmh. Cjhomh si`mp tjrsjkut, dm`m sjgmrm ticm` bmhosuho sjombm m`tivitms udmt djrupm`mh tjrnjdmemh fm`tumb stmtus momdm itu sjhciri. Sjrsjkutbme sjkume ei`mymt mcm sjolblhomh dmhusim ymho ticm` djdibi`i momdm kme`mh djrj`m ticm` ym`ih mcmhym Suemh Ymho Dme Jsm, dm`m im cikmwm `j tjhome smducjrm. Cikjri`mhbme `jpmcmhym sjkume smdpmh, sjkibme cmyuho cmh sjojrm tihoomb`mh. Mpm ymho tjrnmci `jducimh cmbmd emtihym djhnjrit ‒Suemh ‒ Suemh tlblhobme m`u — Kjrkmomi `jnmcimh kmi` ymho cibm`u`mh pjrlrmhomh, dmupuh `jbldpl` sjgmrm tic ticm` m` bmhosuho bmhosuho m`m m`mh h djhgjd djhgjdmri mri

=3[icwmh

Nmdmb, Dmqmseic Mb- Wymri’me Wymri’me Cmh [jbjvmhsihym Cmbmd @lhtj`s @j`ihimh   (Nurhmb Ibdime mb-Wyir’me Vlb 5 Hl = ;1=1, IMIH Dmhmcl), e.5. =6

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

icjhtitms sjburue pjhomhut momdm tjrsjkut. M`mh tidkub cmdpm` trmudmtis ni`m djbiemt icjhtitms mtmu sidklb momdm. @jti`m emb ihi tjrnmci cmbmd s`mbm ymho bums m`mh djhooiriho

stiodm kmewm `mhcuhomh mnmrmh momdm djdibi`i kmhym` pjhyidpmhomh. Cmdpm` ymho pmbiho djhojri`mh mcmbme momdm m`mh djhnmci dldl` ymho emrus cinmuei. Kjkjrmpm isu tjrlr tjrlr cmbmd `lhtj`s Ihtjrhmsilhmb, isu momdm djrupm`mh cldmih utmdm ymho pmbiho sjriho djnmci tmobihj . Djs`ipuh emb ihi cibm`u`mh lbje kjkjrmpm l`hud mtmu `jbldpl` hmduh ojhjrmbismsi ojhjrmbis msi udmt m`mh djhmhoouho m`ikmthym. Emsib risjt Oblkmb Sjrlrisd Ihcjx ;1=9   ymho djhojdu`m`mh dmsie tjrcmpmt Isbmdibistorlup ymho citjhomrmi dmsie oioie djbm`u`mh tjrlr sjnm` kjrcirihym smdpmi sj`mrmho. @jbldpl` tjrsjkut mcmbme Smbikmh, Isbmdig Wtmtj Irmq mhc mhc Sej Bjvmht (IWIB), Kl`l Emrmd cmh @elrmsmh Gemptjr lf Sej Isbmdig Wtmtj.=:   Wjgmrm emrfime djdkmwm icjhtitms ymho icjhti` cjhomh momdm mtmu icjhtitms tjrtjhtu sjpjrti hmdm Smbikmh, Isbmdig Wtmtj Irmq mhc mhc Sej Bjvmht (IWIB), Kl`l Emrmd cmh @elrmsmh Gemptjr lf Sej Isbmdig Wtmtj . Emb ihi m`mh djhnmci djhu ymho djhouhcmho sjbjrm ‒pjhmsmrmh— pukbi` kjrcmdpm` pmcm cum emb ym`hi dmhfmmt mtmu kme`mh bjkie kmhym` kmemymhym. Dmhfmmt mcmbme pukbi` m`mh djhomcm`mh stuci mtmu risjt tjhtmho bmtmr kjbm`mho ojrm`mh tjrsjkut. Kjkjrmpm cimhtmrmhym m`eirhym djhjdu`mh `jsidpubmh kmewm momdm mcmbme emb ymho kjhmr cmh pjribm`u lrmho tjrsjkutbme tjrsjkutbm e ymho `jbiru. Ni`m djrj`m tjbme djho`bmid kmewm mnmrmh momdm mcmbme sjkume `jkjhmrmh dm`m emb ihi

=:Hmtilhmb

Glhslrtiud flr Sej Wtucy lf Sjrrlrisd mhc [jsplhsjs tl Sjrrlrisd, Oblkmb Sjrrlrisd Ihcjx Djmsuriho Sej Idpmgt lf Sjrrlrisd   ;1=9.(Zhivjrsitms lf Dmrybmhc, Wychjy> Hlvjdkjr ;1=9), e.=3-=? =?

 

Due. ]msid

cmpmt djhojdkmbi`mh ‒prmsmho`m kmi`— pukbi` tjremcmp momdm. Djs`ipuh sj`ibms mcm dmhfmmt ymho cipjrlbje hmduh kmemymhym nmue bjkie kjsmr. Kmemym ymho cidm`suc mcmbme sjombm icjhtitms cmh sidklb momdm pjbm`u m`mh djhnmci ihtjrprjtmsi cmri mnmrmh momdm ymho djrj`m mhut. @mud ymho djhmrue ‒rmsm ticm` sjhmho— pmcm udmt tjrtjhtu m`mh djhnmci`mh emb ihi sjkmomi cmsmr pjdkjhmrmh ymho simp ciemdpmr`mh `j rmhme pukbi`. [isjt Oblkmb Sjrlrisd Ihcjx ;1=9   djhoubms nudbme dmsymrm`mt ymho djhnmci `lrkmh tjrlr Ni`m cikmhciho`mh cjhomh `jbldpl` bmih. Sjrbiemt Isbmdibistorlup  djhjdpmti   djhjdpmti urutmh puhgm` ymho kjrtmhoouho nmwmk nmtuehym `lrkmh tjrkmhym` m`ikmt tjrlr. =6 

=6Hmtilhmb

Glhslrtiud flr Sej Wtucy lf Sjrrlrisd mhc [jsplhsjs tl Sjrrlrisd, Oblkmb Sjrrlrisd Ihcjx Djmsuriho Sej Idpmgt lf Sjrrlrisd  ;1=9,  ;1=9, e. =: =5

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Cmri tmkjb ihi tjrbiemt kmewm sjbmih `jbldpl` Smbikmh, Isbmdig Wtmtj Irmq mhc mhc Sej Bjvmht (IWIB), Kl`l Emrmd cmh @elrmsmh Gemptjr lf Sej Isbmdig Wtmtj   dmsie tjrcmpmt pjbm`u tjrlr bmih ymho ticm` ci`jtmui hmduh `j jdpmt `jbldpl` ihibme ymho ci`bmid lbje Oblkmb Sjrlrisd Ihcjx ;1=9   ymho pmbiho kmhym` djdm`mh `lrkmh. Qjrolbm`mh ymho djdkmwm icjhtitms momdm djrupm`mh trmojci `jdmhusimmh ymho smhomt djdpriemtih`mh cmh djhom`ikmt`mh pjhcjritmmh kjr`jpmhnmhomh. Ku`mh emhym pmcm zmdmh dlcjrh hmdud emb sjrupm, cimbmdi pubm lbje pmrm Hmki cmh hjomrm-hjomrm kjsmr pmcm dmsm bmbu. Ihcl Wmhtmbim djhojdu`m`mh, Wjnmrme Jrlpm nuom ticm` pjrhme sjpi cmri pjrmho momdm. Qmsgm momdm prltjstmh bmeir pmcm pjrdubmmh mkmc `j-=6, wibmyme Jrlpm cimdu` lbje pjrmho momdm cmh pjrmho smucmrm. Qjhtiho ci`jdu`m`m`mh kmewm `jti`m itu ci Jrlpm kjr`jdkmho cum `jbldpl` pjhomhut momdm ymitu prltjstmh cjhomh dmylritms dmylrit ms pjhomhtu mcm ci Kjbmhcm, Ihooirs cmh Wwjcim cmh @mtlbi` cjhomh dmylritms pjhomhut tjrcmpmt ci Wpmhylb, Qrmhgis cmh Qrltuois. Kjbmhcm

=9

 

Due. ]msid

kjrfmemd `mtlbi` djbmwmh Wpmhylb djbmwmh `jbmbidmh j`lhldi cmh pjhihcmsmh momdm sjbmdm 51 Smeuh. Qjrmho ihi ci`jhmb cjhomh pjrmho 51 Smeuh (=:65-=635). =? @lhfbi` ihtjrhmb sjsmdm udmt kjrmomdm mtmu j`stjrhmb mhtmr udmt kjrmomdm cmpmt cirjcmd cjhomh djhudkue`mh `jsmcmrmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm `jpmcm sjdum udmt momr `jnmcimh sjprti cimtms ticm` tjrubmho `jdkmbi. ;.  Eifcz mhhmfs  ( djdjbiemrm niwm ) Niwm cmbmd `lhtj`s ihi ku`mh emhym niwm ymho mcm cmbmd ciri dmhusim hmduh djhnmom sjburue niwm dmebu` sjgmrm `lbj`tif. Sjrdmsu` fblrm, fmuhm, cmh j`lsistjd ymho mcm ci cmbmdhym. Lbjehym itu ticm` mcm rumho kmoi dmhusim djhomtmshmdm`mh `jsjdpurhmmh pjhgiptmhym mtmu `juhooubmh rmshym, kme`mh `jkjsmrmh `umhtitmshym sjkmomi bjoitidmsi uhtu` djbm`u`mh emb ymho djbmdpmui kmtms pmcm dmebu` bmih tmhpm cicmsmri cjhomh mroudjht cmh eu`ud ymho `umt. @lhsjp Isbmd cmbmd djhnmom niwm ku`mh emhym kjrbm`u pmcm smmt cmdmi, sjpjrti jti`m djhoemromi tmdu, eicup kjrtjtmhoom, mturmh kjrihtjrm`si cjhomh ymho kjrbmimh pjdmemdmh, hmduh pmcm `lhcisi pjrmhopuh Isbmd tjtmp djdkjrbm`u`mh `jtjhtumh djdjbiemrm niwm (Eifcz ( Eifcz mhhmfs)   ymho smhomt pmhtmho uhtu` cibmhoomr. Sicm` klbje djdkuhue wmhitm, mhm`-mhm`, pjdibi` kimrm (rmeik), tjdpmt ikmcme, lrmho ymho kjrusim sjpue, djhjkmho plelh, djdkm`mr plelh, djdkuhue ejwmh pimrmmh, kme`mh tmwmhmh pjrmhopuh cinmom cinmomdjdkihmsm`mh niwmhym. Wi`mpdusue pmcm dusue cipjrihtme`mh uhtu`tjtmp bmhosuho tmhpm djhyi`smhym bjkie cubu, djrupm`mh kjkjrmpm cimhtmrm mcmk

cmh jti`m pjrmho pjrmho ymho emrus cipmtuei cipmtuei lbje udmt udmt Isbmd. Zdmr =?Ihcl

Wmhtmbim, Ibdu Qjrkmhcihomh Momdm (Gjt.I0 (Gjt.I0 Mbmuccih Qrjss> Dm`mssmr, ;1=;), e.=7:. ;1

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

kih @emttmk r.m. sjhmhtimsm djwmsimt`mh `jpmcm pmsu`mh dusbid uhtu` djbm`u`mh emb ymho smdm cmh ni`m cibmhoomr, dm`m kjbimu ymho bmhosuho djbm`u`mh j`sj`usi `jpmcm prmnurit ymho djbm`u` djbm`u`mh mh pjbmhoomrmh. Djdjbiemrm niwm cmbmd `lhtj`s dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cisjsumi`mh cjhomh pmhcumh `itmk sugi cmh hmsjemt-hmsjemt h msjemt-hmsjemt cmri tl`le momdm dmsiho-dmsiho. Djhoemciri tmwsiyme, sjdihmr `jomdmmh, djdjhuei nmcwmb ikmcme sjgmrm pjrilci` kjkjrmpm gmrm ymho cmpmtlbje citjdpue momr niwm djrupm`mh tjtmp kjrsie cmh ticm` ducme tjrpmpmr fmemdfmemd ymho sjsmt. Emb ihi smhomt `lhtrms cjhomh pjribm`u l`hud udmt dmhusim kmi` ymho ymho kjrmomdm mtmupuh ticm ticm`. `. M`si ojhlsicm, ojhlsicm, pjhorusm`mh tjdpmt ikmcme smdpmi pjhoeibmhomh hymwm tl`le-tl`le momdm cmh dmsymrm`mt ticm` kjrclsm djrupm`mh trmojci ymho sjriho djhnmci kume kikir ci djcim dmssm ymho djrupm`mh cmdpm` `jticm`pmemdmh hibmi niwm ymho cititip`mh Suemh `jcmbmd sjtimp nmsmc dmebu`hym. Ni`m sjdut smnm, ticm` klbje ciusir cjhomh djbmbmphym djbmbui `lkmrmh mpi, kmomidmhm cjhomh `lrkmh niwm dmhusim ymho ticm` kjrclsm cmh ticm` tmeu mpm-mpm. Isbmd djdkjri`mh `jtjomsmh eu`udmh ymho sjtidpmb cjhomh pmrm pjbm`u `jnmemtmh. Ni`m mcm ihcivicu djhoeibmho`mh hymwm sjsjlrmho tmhpm cicmsmri cjhomh mbmsmh ymho kjhmr sjpjrti `mrjhm djdkjbm `jelrdmtmh, dm`m eu`udmh ymho m`mh

cjmtefihmbty) . Djs`ipuh kjrkmomi citjridm eu`udmh dmti ((cjmtefihmbty)  m`si pjhlbm`mh cmh `ldpbmih cmri kjrkmomi piem tjremcmp `jtjomsmh Isbmd cmbmd djdkjri`mh eu`udmh, hmduh cjdi`imhbme Isbmd djhnmom cmh djhoelrdmti niwm dmhusim. 7.  Eifcz mb-mqb ( djdjbiemrm m`mb )

;=

 

Due. ]msid

Dmhusim sjkmomi dmebu` sjdpurhm sjkmk cimhuojrmei m`mb uhtu` kjrfi`ir. Smhpm m`mb dm`m j`sistjhsi `jeicupmh dmhusim ticm` bjkie smdm cjhomh dmebu` bmihhym. Ltm` mcmbme lromh bmeir sjcmho`mh m`mb mcmbme rumho ltm` ymho djdumt pltjhsi cmh jhjroi ymho bumr kimsm. Ni`m cimhmbloi`mh pmcm mrus bistri` mtmu bmptlp, dm`m ltm`hym mcmbme prlsjslr cmh m`mb mcmbme mpbi`msihym. Qjhoidpbjdjhtmsimh pjdjbiemrmmh m`mb cmbmd `jeicupmh kjrmomdm djrupm`mh emb pmbiho jsjhsi. Emb ihi cisjkmk`mh sjdum dmhusim kmi` ymho djdibi`i momdm dmupuh ticm`, cimhuojrmei smtu lromh ltm` pjrlrmho cjhomh fuhosi sjkmomidmhm cimtms. Zdmt ymho djdibi`i bmhcmsmh momdm ymho `umt, dm`m pltjhsi m`mbhym ticm` m`mh tjrgjdmr lbje mnmrmh ymho djhyidpmho. Cjdi`imh pubm sjkmbi`hym m`mb ymho ticm` mcm sjbmput momdm cicmbmdhym m`mh djhnmci kimho pjdkmwm dmsmbme (trlukbj (trlukbj dm`jr ) cmbmd dmsymrm`mt. dmsymrm`mt. Djrj`m ihibme ymho smhomt rjhtmh tjrpmpmr lbje fmemdfmemd ymho djhyidpmho. Isbmd djhnuhnuho pjhoelrdmtmh tjremcmp `jdubimmh pjhgiptmmh dmhusim cjhomh djdkjri`mh kmtmsmh momr tjreihcmr cmri pjribm`u ymho djbmdpmui kmtms.

@isme tiom pjducm ymho ihoih ikmcme sjgmrm tltmb kjrikmcme sjpmhnmho eicup, kjrpumsm sjudur eicup, cmh ticm` djhi`me nustjru cibmrmho lbje Hmki-`mrjhm wmtm` dlcjrmt cmri mnmrmh Isbmd ihibme, ticm` ci`jhmb =5

`lhsjp rmẖkčhiyyme   (`jrmeikmh)   Wj`ibms, tiom pjducm cmbmd hmrmsi tjrsjkut djbm`u`mh emb plsitif `mrjhm djwm`mf`mh ciri uhtu` sjhmhtimsm kjrikmcme sjpmhnmho emnmt cmh djhihoomb`mh `jcuhimmh. Hmduh sjgmrm m`mb, ni`m ihi tjrnmci nustjru cmpmt djrusm`

=5Emicmr

Kmoir, Isbmd Suemh, Isbmd Dmhusim, e.=76

;;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

m`mb cmh sisi `jeicupmh dmsymrm`mt m`mh djhombmdi olhgmhomh. Sicm` mcm lrmho kj`jrnm ci `mhtlr, ci smwme, ci `jkuh, `mrjhm pmcmthym nmcwmb ikmcme pmcmemb uhtu` djdjhuei `jkutuemh `jkutuemh rmom dmhusim, emb-emb fisi` tjtmp emrus cibm`u`mh. Sicm` djhi`me pmcmemb sucme kjrsymrmt kmi` fisi` dmupuh kmtih, cl`udjh mcdihistrmsi djdjhuei hmdud djdibie djhomsiho`mh ciri cmri ihtjrm`si dmhusim, djhnmci dm`m `jkjrbmhosuhomh nudbmeWjbmih udmt udmt m`mh tjrmhgmd‒rmeik— tjr`i`is cmbmd pjrnmbmhmh dmsm. tjrmhgmd, emb bmih ymho smhomt djhoemwmtir`mh mcmbme hjomrm cmbmd `lhcisi tjrmhgmd. Nudbme sudkjr cmym dmhusim ymho dmpmh djrupm`mh ihvjstmsi kmhosm ci dmsm cmtmho, hmduh emb ihi m`mh djhnmci tjlri smnm ni`m rjojhjrmsi djbmbui pjrhi`memh ticm` tjrnmci. Ibdumh Dusbid Ikhu `embcuh cmbmd Duqmccidme   djhymtm`mh `mrm`tjr tjrkmi` cmri dmhusim mcmbme ymho sjcmho-sjcmho smnm. Wjpjrti `jcjrdmwmhmh ymho kjrmcm cimhtmrm pjdklrlsmh cmh `jkm`eibmh. Kjoitu nuom cjhomh `jkjrmhimh cimhtmrm

tihcm`mh hj`mc cmh `jtm`utmh. Cmh kjrkmomi `mrm`tjr bmihhym.=9  @mbmu eicup sj`jcmr eicup dm`m dm`m kmki ci eutmhpuh eicup, `mbmu `jrnm sj`jcmr `jrnm, `jrm nuompuh kj`jrnm , cjdi`imh Kuym Emd`m djhutur`mh. Kmki cmh `jrm mcmbme dmebu` eicup cjhomh nudbme njhis ymho kjrmomd cmh eicup djhyjkmr ci eutmh, kme`mh mcm kjkjrmpm cimhtmrmhym djhnmci pjbiemrmmh cmh tihoomb kjrsmdm dmhusim cmh tjhtuhym dmebu` tjrsjkut ci `mruhimi pubm ltm` pjrejwmh. Qjrikmemsm ihi djhnmci kmemh rjhuhomh, kmewm spjsijs dmhusim kmi` ymho du`id cmbmd `lduhitmshym, dmupuh tjrpisme cjhomh bmtmr kjbm`mho kjrmomd, m`mh kjrwmtm` sjpjrti dmdmbim tjrsjkut ni`m ltm`hym emhym ciouhm`mh =9Ikhu

@Ḫmbcuh, Duqmccidme , tjrn. Dmsturi Iremd, c``, Ikhu @Ḫmbcuh, Du`mccidme ,  (Gjt.VII0 Qustm`m Mb-@mutsmr>Nm`mrtm Sidur, ;1=6). e. 777. ;7

 

Due. ]msid

uhtu` kj`jrnm djdjhuei `jkutuemhym cmh udurhym ticm` cidm`sidmb`mh. Isbmd djhoemrmd`mh kjrkmomi dm`mhmh cmh dihudmh sjpjrti dihudmh `jrms cmh dm`mh kmki, sjrtm kjrkmomi prlcu` ymho tjrwunuc cmri cum uhsur kjhcm ihi. Mcm sjkmoimh dmsymrm`mt `jrms cmh kmki ticm`fmemd bjkie cicmri dihudmhkmewm kimsm dihudmh ymho cipm`mi uhtu` djhoomhomt`mh kmcmh cmh ejwmh ymho cmpmt cipjbiemrm sjkmomidmhm tjrhm` bmihhym. Hmduh cmbmd djhnmom m`mb cmri `jkuru`mh `jcumhym dm`m sjgmrm tjoms Isbmd djhoemrmd`mh uhtu` udmthym.

3.  Eifcz mb-dmb (djdjbiemrm emrtm) Emrtm mcmbme sjombm kjhtu` kjhcm ymho djdibi`i hibmi, kmi` kjrkjhtu` dmtjri dmupuh hlh dmtjri. Emrtm cmbmd kjhtu` dmtjri tjrdmsu` surmt-surmt pjhtiho cl`udjh kjremrom, blomd dubim, tmmffjitj (kmtu cjhomh `umbitms ci mtms ihtmh), tjdpmt tihoomb, pmhgmihcjrm cmh bmih-bmih. Wjcmho`mh emrtm ymho ticm` tjrbiemt tjrdmsu` ibdu, clm, cmh mdmb nmriyme. Wjdum njhis emrtm ihi, wmnik cipjbiemrm momr sjhmhtimsm djdkjri`mh dmhfmmt kmoi pjdibi`hym mtmu lrmho bmih. Djdjbiemrm emrtm cmbmd plbm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cibm`u`mh djbmbui djdjbiemrm idmh `jpjrgmymmh cmri fmemd sjsmt, djdjbiemrm ikmcme, tjdpmt emrtm sugi, ymho cmh djdjbiemrm eukuhomhtjdpmt mhtmr udmt. Djdjbiemrm kjrupm fisi`, cmpmt cibm`u`mh cjhomh djdkjri`mh sudkmhomh `j `lrkmh kjhgmhm, fm`ir dis`ih, mtmu smhtuhmh `j mhm` ymtid pimtu. Eifcz mb-dmb   (djdjbiemrm emrtm), djhcsi`ripsi`mh dltivmsi momr udmt Isbmd djhymbur`mh tjhmom cmh fi`irmhhym uhtu` sjhmhtimsm djdkjri`mh dmhfmmt kumt ciri sjhciri cmh lrmho bmih cmri emrtm kjhcm ymho im pjrlbje. Mbbme swt, djdkjri`mh pubm nmbmh kmoi djrj`m ymho kjbud ;3

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

kjr`jgu`upmh cmbmd pjrslmbmh emrtm uhtu` tjtmp djdkjri`mh dmhfmmt, djhyjsumi`mh cjomh `jdmdpumhhym. @mbmu puhym emrtm kjrupm fi`irmh, dm`m sudkmhosie pjdi`irmhhym itu sjhmhtimsm ci mrme`mh uhtu` djhgjrme`mh lrmho cisj`itmrhym. Emrtm kjrupm tjhmom cmpmt pubm cidmhfmmt`mh cjhomh turut tjrbikmt pmcm kjrkmomi `joimtmh slsimb mtmu `jmomdmmh.

Mbbme swt. djhomhuojrme`mh emrtm `jpmcm ymho `mym, cmh `jgu`upmh `jpmcm ymho bmih, djhoihtjrprjtmsi`mh kmewm udmt cmbmd djhomkci `jpmcm Suemh m`mh sjdpurhm ni`m djdpjremti`mh eukuhomhhym cjhomh sjsmdm dmebu`. Mcm kudi, mcm bmhoit, mcm pmhms mcm pubm cihoih. Mcm lrmho kjremrtm mcm nuom ticm`. Hmduh cimhtmrm nmbmh ymho kism djhuhtuh lrmho `j ricem-Hym mcmbme Suemh djhoemcir`mh lrmho bmih cjhomh `lhcisi ymho smhomt tjrkmtms dmsmbme emrtm, momr lrmho kjremrtm cmpmt kjrkmoi mtmu djdpjrlbje tjdpmt ‒ pjdkjrsiemh emrtm — cjhomh djhoubur`mh tmhomh `jpmcm djrj`m. Cisihi emcir `jmcibmh cmbmd Suemh djhgiptm`mh dm`bu`. :.  Eifcz mb-ircb ( djdjbiemrm @jelrdmtmh) Djdjbiemrm `jelrdmtmh tjrdmsu` djdjdjbiemrm ciri cmh lrmho bmih cmri kjrkmomi emb ymho cmpmt djhlcmi `jelrdmtmh ciri sjkmomi dmebu` ymho sjdpurhm. @jelrdmtmh ihi tjrdmsu` jti`m, pjhoemrommh, si`mp tlbjrmh, cmh kjrkmomi emb ymho kjr`mitmh cjhomh hibmi-hibmi mebm`. @jelrdmtmh ihi ku`mh emhym cidibi`i lbje smtu udmt smnm hmduh cidibi`i pubm lbje pjhomhut momdm bmih. Djhnmci dmhusim ymho kmi` sjgmrm ticm` bmhosuho djhnmci kmoimh cmri djhnmom `jelrdmtmh momdmhym. Qrlsjs eu`ud pmrm pjbm`u pjhistm momdm djrupm`mh kmoimh cmri djhnmom `jelrdmtmh. Dmsymrm`mt hjojri pmrm ‒dmtmclr— Wpmhylb, djdkjri`mh pjhoelrdmtmh pmcm `mud dusbidih, sjkmk ;:

 

Due. ]msid

tjbme djdkjri`mh `lhtrikusi `jdmnumh ihtjbj`tumb cmh spiritumb (?==D-=39;D). (?==D-=39;D). Qjrilcj Isbmd ci Mhcmbusim, djrj`m djdmsu``mh `j cmbmd sjnmrme hmsilhmb Wpmhylb. ;1 

Wi`mp mcmbme dlcjrsidjdjrihtme`mh udmt Isbmd udmthym cmbmd uhtu` djdjbiemrm `jelrdmtmh smbiho djhmsjemti cmbmd `jkmi`mh cmh djdkmtmsi ciri cmbmd djbm`u`mh djbm`u` mh emb tjrbmrmho. Kjrpjhmdpibmh ymho slpmh, smhtuh cmbmd kjrsi`mp mcmbme wunuc cmri djdjbiemrm `jelrdmtmh. Wjkmk djhoelrdmti lrmho bmih cjhomh cjdi`imh smdm smnm cjhomh djhoelrdmti ciri sjhciri. Djhoelrdmti `jpjrgmymmh lrmho bmih smdm smnm cjhomh djhoelrdmti `jpjrgmymmh sjhciri. Mnmrmh momdm djbmui cidjhsi ihi ymho djdkumt `jru`uhmh mhtmrudmt mtmu bihtms kjrmomdm tjrwunuc. Sjrcmpmt sjkume riwmymt ymho djhomkmci`mh wunuc pjhoelrdmtmh pjhoelrdmtmh `mud dusbidih `jpmcm momdm bmih, …kmhosm Ymeuci cisi`sm lbje lrmho-lrmho lrmho-lrmho Hmsrmhi pmcm tmeuh =199 D cmh tjdpmt ikmcme djrj`m cikm`mr. Wjcmho`mh ci dmsm Wmbmeuccih Mb-Myyuki, cim smhomt djhomsiei kmhosm Ymeuci. @jti`m Wembmeuccih djhojdkmbi`mh mb-]ucs pmcm tmeuh ==5?D `j tmhomh `mud dusbidih, cim djdkjri`mh izih ;= `jpmcm lrmho Ymeuci uhtu` `jdkmbi `j `ltm sugi.   Witumsi ihi ticm` kjrmrti, kjrmrti, kmewm dmhusim dmhusim emrus djhnmci ciri ymho bmih momr djdpjrlbje `jelrdmtmh. Kjrsi`mp sjwmnmrhym sjkmomidmhm mnmrmh momdm itubme em`i`mt `jelrdmtmh dmhusim ymho em`i`i. Lrmho tjrsjhyud `jpmcm ;1Fmtei

^moerut,mh-Hmwmzib mb-@ukrm fi Mt- Smri`e mb-Isbmdi,  Isbmd Sjrn, Dmsturi Iremd & Dmbi` Kjhgmhm-Kjhgmmh Kjsmr cmbmd Wjnmrm Wupmr (Gjt.I0 Qustm`m mb-@mutmsmr> Nm`mrtm, ;1=3), e.9. ;=Fmtei

^moerut,Sjrn.Dmsturi Iremd & Dmbi` Wupmr,  Kjhgmhm-  kjhgmhm Kjsmr cmbmd Wjnmrme Isbmd (Qustm`m mb-@mutsmr), e.369. ;6

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

`itm dm`m sjgmrm ticm` bmhosuho m`mh djhgiptm`mh murm plsitif pmcm lrmho bmih. Kjrwmnme duruho cmbmd kjromub m`mh djdkmwm sumsmhm djhcuho cmbmd pjromubmh. Sjrsjhyud ihi ku`mh emhym tmtm`rmdm flrdmb cmbmd pjcldmh prltl`lb, mtmu djhnmci stmhcmr lpjrmsilhmb cmbmd pjbmymhmh, hmduh nmue cmri itu sjhyud mcmbme kmoimh cmri mnmrmh momdm ymho sjtmrm cjhomh mdmbmh sjcj`me. Qrm`tj` pjhoelrdmtmh ymho cibm`u`mh udmt dusbid ci Wpmhylb, djhnmci plhcmsi mwmb `jdmnumh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ci Jrlpm (rjhmismhs ) …`jdmnumh Jrlpm ticm` tjrbjpms cmri cmdpm` pjdjrihtmemh Isbmd ci Wpmhylb. Wmrnmhm Jrlpm kmhym` djhidkm Ibdu cmri Isbmd. Wpmhylb djrupm`mh pusmt pjrmcmkmh Isbmd ymho smhomt pjhtiho sj`mbious sjkmomi smihomh Kmocmc ci Sidur. Lrmho Jrlpm @ristjh kmhym` kjbmnmr ci pjrourumhmh tihooi Isbmd ci smhm. Isbmd djhnmci ‒ouru— pjrourumh pjrouru kmoi `lduhitms Jrlpm.;;  Djhnmom `jelrdmtmh emrus tidkmb kmbi` cmh emb ihi ku`mh emhym `jwmnikmh ihcivicu hmduh `mjcme udud ymho kjrbm`u kmoi udmt dmhusim. @jti`m mcm lrmho mtmu `jbldpl` ymho djbm`u`mh emb ymho ticm` tjrelrdmt, dm`m `jelrdmtmh kmoi `itm uhtu` djburus`mhhym, Qmcm `lhcisi ‒tjrtjhtu— `j`umtmh fisi` cmpmt pubm ciouhm`mh uhtu` djhj`u` lrmho mtmu `jbldpl` ymho ticm` djhnmom `jelrdmtmh. Wumtu `jti`m tjrnmci pjrmho cmesymt mhtmrm pmsu`mh dusbid cmh pmsu`mh [ldmwi. Qmsu`mh dusbid cmbmd nudbme kjsmr ci`jrme`mh cmri iku `ltm @embifme @ embifme Mkkmsiyme ci Kmoecmc djhunu @lrm Mddurime (Sur`i). Ni`m N i`m djhoouhm`mh ;;Wucirdmh,

Isbmd cmh Qjrmcmkmh Wpmhylb> Gmtmtmh @ritis Kjkjrmpm Fm`tlr Qjhyjkmk @jsu`sjsmh Isbmd Wpmhylb , , Jb-Emrm`me, Nurhmb Kucmym Isbmd Vlb.;; Hl.= Nmhumri-Nuhi ;1;1, e.7. ;?

 

Due. ]msid

 ollobjdmp   Nmrm` Irm` (Kmoecmc) cjhomh wibmyme Sur`i kjrnmrm` =.376 @d., Nmrm` ihibme ymho tjhoojbmd cmh eibmho cmbmd `m`i cmh `jhcmrmmh pjrmho `muh dusbidih. Qjrmho kjr`jgmdu` sjbmdm 6 kubmh cmh cim`eiri cjhomh `jdjhmhomh ci piem` Dusbid. Qjrmho ihi tjrnmci sjkmomi wunuc pjremtimh `embifme cmbmd djhnmom ‒`jelrdmtmh ‒`jelrdmtmh sjlrmho wmhitm dusbid— dusbid— pmcm dmsm itu. Ni`m pmcm `lhtj`s sj`mrmho, nudbme `mud dusbidih pmcm wibmyme tjrtjhtu timp smmt djhcmpmti kjrkmomi kjhtu` pjhomhimymmh cmh pjhcjritmmh nudbme `lrkmh hymwm sjdm`ih kjrtmdkme sjpjrti dusbid sjpjrti ci Qmbjstihm, Wurim, Ihcim,tihoomb [leihoym, sjkmomi udmth dusbid ticm` cikjkmr`mh cimd.dm`m Djhnmom `jelrdmtm `jelrdmtmh udmt Ismbd ci wibmyme tjrsjkut cmpmt cibm`u`mh cjhomh kjrkmomi gmrm. Kjrcimblo djbmbui nmbur cipbldmti`, m`si cmdmi, djdkjri`mh clhmsi mtmu djhubis mrti`jb tjhtmho `lhcisi ci wibmyme tjrsjkut. G.  Dmhusim Dlcjrh cmh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm Dlcjrh tjr`mcmho ciicijhti``mh cjhomh pjhmdpibmh fisi` pmcmemb em`i`mthym dlcjrh ku`mh emhym pm`mimh mpm ymho mhcm pm`mi, bmptlp djrj` mpm ymho ouhm`mh, hmdud dlcjrh mcmbme ihstmbmsi gmrm pi`ir cmh si`mp. Lrmho ymho kjrpi`ir kinm` cmh si`mp kmi` mcmbme lrmho dlcjrh. Wjcmho`mh lrmho ymho kjrpi`ir `m`u cmh kjrsi`mp stmtis, sjriho ci`mbuhoi ojbmr `urmho omub, ticm` dlcjrh, nmdmh cubu, sjrtm kjkmomi istibme ymho djomrme pmcm `jtihoombmh zmdmh. Dlcjrh nuom ku`mh emhym kjrkigmrm wm`tu `mrjhm ibdumh-ibdumh dusbid djhombmdi `jdmnumh pmcm mkmc 5D smdpmi cjhomh `j =; D sjkjbud `jdmnumh pjhojtmeumh ci Jrlpm pmcm mkmc `j =:. Mcm dmhusim ymho eicup pmcm zmdmh sj`mrmho hmduh djrj`m bjkie djdibie nmue cmri eiru`pi`u` eiru`pi`u ` dmhusim, cmh djhnmbmhi eicup sjgmrm trmcisilhmb. Ni`m tjrcmpmt sjkume `lduhitms dmsymrm`m dmsymrm`mtt

;5

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

ymho eicup cmdmi sjnmetjrm dm`m emb ihi mcmbme cimhtmrm ihci`mtlr dlcjrh. Ni`m pmcm dmsm `jkmho`itmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh cisjkmk`mh smrnmhm Jrlpm kmhym` `j Mhcmbusim, Wpmhylb djhidkm ibdu pjhojtmeumh Isbmd, dm`m smrnmhm dusbidpuh pmcm zmdmh dlcjrh ihi emrus djhomdkib i`tikmr uhtu` djhojdkmbi`mh wmrismh ibdu pjhojtmeumh tjrsjkut uhtu` djdkmhouh pjrmcmkmh Isbmd. Wjkume pjrsfj`tif djhjrnjdme`mh dmhusim dlcjrh citmhcmi cjhomh dmhusim ymho eicup pmcm duhgubhym rjhmismhs.   Wjkume dmsm cidmhm `j`moudmh tjremcmp rjhmismhs. `jkucmymmh-`jkucmymh, kmi` smstrm dmupuh sjhi djhcmpmt tjdpmt ymho sjemrushym. Djhoomhti`mh ltlritms ojrjnm ymho djhnmci pjhomtur hlrdm dmsymrm`mt ymho djhnmci`mh tjdm rlemhi, ibmei cmh sj`itmr ‒cuhim smhm— djhnmci tjdm ymho plpubmr cipjrkihgmho`mh pmcm jrm itu.;7  Omomsmh tjhtmho tlbjrmhsi momdm mcmbme prjstmsi bmih ymho cisudkmho`mh lbje eudmhisdj Qjhgjrmemh Jrlpm mkmc `j=5 `jpmcm pjrmcmkmh dlcjrh.;3  Emb ihi cicmsmri pubm sjkmk zmdmh sjkjbud rjhmismhs pmrm ibdumh ticm` djdibi`i pjbumho uhtu` djdpukbi`msi`mh emsib risjt mtmu tjlri-tjlri pjhojtmeumh `mrjhm kjremcmpmh cjhomh ltlritms ojrjnm sjkmomi pjhjhtu. Cimhtmrm ibdumh ymho ciomhnmr eu`udmh smdpmi djhihoomb `mrjhm djbmwmh ltlritms ojrnm mcmbme Kmpm` Ibdu Fisi`m Dlcjrh, Ombibjl Ombibji . Ombibjl Ombibji mcmbme ibdumh ymho bmeir pmcm mkmc `j=: djhihoomb cmbmd biho`uhomh tjrislbmsi, `mrjhm djhcu`uho tjlri Glpjrhigus kmewm dmtmemri mcmbme pusmt tmtm surym.

;7Ejhry

W. Wmkmri, Clstljvm`y Djhoouomt Dmhusim Dlcjrh   (Gjt.:0 @mhisius> Yloym`mrtm, ;115),   e.7=. ;3F.

Kuci Emrcidmh, Eudmhidj cmh Wjsucmehym @jpustm`mmh Qlpubjr Ormdjcim> Nm`mrtm, ;1=;), e.7.

(Gjt.I0

;9

 

Due. ]msid

Wjnmtihym ihstitusi-ihstitusi dmsymrm`mt djhnmci djcim djdpjr`umt ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmh m`tivitms dmsymrm`mt momr cmpmt tjrkjhtu` `jdmnumh ci kjrkmomi kicmho `jeicupmh. @jti`m sjdum m`tivitms dmsymrm`mt cmpmt kjrnmbmh cjhomh kmi` cmh kjhmr cmbmd `lhtj`s momdm, dm`m emb ihibme djrupm`mh rjmbismsi cmri dm`hm dlcjrh. M`rmd Ceiymucccih Zdmri cmbmd ku`uhym Dmsymrm`mt Dmcmhi djdmpmr`mh > Qjrmcmkmh ymho kjsmr mcmbme pjrmcmkmh ymho djhgiptm`mh biho`uhomh ymho glgl` sjgmrm plbiti`, slsimb, j`lhldi, `ubturmb cmh dmtjrimb cmh djhomhtmr`mh sjsjlrmho djhomdmb`mh pjrihtmepjrihtme Suemh cmbmd sjburue m`tivitmshym tmhpm cirihtmhoi lbje ihstitusi-ihstitusi dmsymrm`mt. dmsymrm`mt. Ihstitusi tjrsjkut ticm` klbje djhyjkmk`mh mcmhym `lhtrmci`si mhtmrm `jym`ihmh kjrmomdm cmh pjrkumtmh, mtmu djhj`mh sjsjlrmho uhtu` djhyidpmho cmri `jwmnikmh-`jwmnikmhym tjremcmp Mbbme, Suemh sj`mbimh mbmd.;:  @jti`m kmrmt citutupi lbje ‒`mkut pjdi`irmh— `mrjhm gmdpurtmhomh ltlritms bjdkmom `jmomdmmh dmsu` cmbmd sjtimp sjhci `jeicupmh, nustjru nmue ci `mwmsmh sjdjhmhnuho Mrmkim kmoimh Msim Kmrmt tjbme tjrkjhtu` pjrmcmkmh ymho smhomt dmnu cmh kjremsib djhjblr`mh ibdumh cmbmd sjombm kicmho. Sjdpmt ymho cidm`suc mcmbme Irm`, Djsir cmh Wpmhylb pmcm jrm pjdjrihtmemh `embifme Isbmd.

Dmhusim cmbmdtmtmhmh pjrsfj`tif Isbmd dmhusim ymho dlcjrh eicup cmbmd momdm Isbmdmcmbme cmh djhomdmb`mhhym sjgmrm `mffme itubme dmhusim dlcjrh. @jti`m ihoih djhojtmeui `mpmh fmnmr dlcjrh dubmi tjrkit ;:M`rmd

Ceiymuccih Zdmr, Dmcihme Wlgijty mt Sej Sidj lf Sej rlpejt> Its Gemrmgtjrsistigs mhc Lromhizmtilmh,Sjrn. Duh’id M. Wirry, Dmsymrm`mr Dmcmhi (Gjt.II0 Ojdm Ihsmhi Qrjss> Nm`mrtm, =999 D), e.77. 71

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

dm`m nmwmkmhhym m`mh kjrsifmt tjhtmtif, Sjromhtuho pmrmciodm ymho cikmhouh cmbmd djdm`hmi mrti dlcjrh. Ni`m dlcjrh mcmbme `jsjidkmhomh mhtmrm tudkue cmh `l`lehym plstur ihtjbj`tumb-spiritumb dm`m Isbmd ymho cirismbme`mh `jpmcm [msububbme Duemddmc smw.djdjhuei `ritjrim mrti dlcjrh. @jemcirmh Isbmd djhgjrme`mh kucmym Mrmk nmeibiyme ymho smrmt cjhomh `jdusyri`mh cmh `jsjsmtmh sjrtm djhnmci rmedmtmh bib’mbmdih . Emb ihi ciku`ti`mh cjhomh `lduhitms dmsymrm`mt pubm dlcjrh pmcm tjbme jrm tjrgiptmhym itu ym`hi Dmsymrm`mt Dmcmhi/Dmcihme. Qjhubis djhnmci`mh mnmrmh Isbmd sjkmomi cmsmr ihci`mtlr dlcjrh `mrjhm mnmrmh Isbmd ku`mh emhym djrismbme`mh tjhtmho rjbmsi `jpmcm Suemh hmduh djhomtur pubm rjbmsi `jpmcm sjsmdm dmebu` kmi` ci cuhim dmupuh ci m`eirmt. Mcmk kjrtmdu, djhyuoue`mh eicmhomh, mcmk ci `mdmr dmhci smdpmi ymho pmbiho sjcjremhm sjpjrti plsisi smmt ticur mcm cinjbms`mh cmbmd mb-]ur’mh. mb-]ur’mh. Ku`mh emhym cidjhsi bmeir mtmu emb-emb tj`his `jeicupmh sjpjrti gmrm dm`mh ymho kmi`, hmduh smdpmi pubm emb-emb trmhsjhcjh, djhompm cibmrmho djbm`u`mh m`tivitms dm`mh cmh dihud cmbmd `jmcmmh kjrciri, djhompm emrus kjrwuceu sjkjbud sembmt cmh djdku`m dusemf mb-]urmh, djhompm djhymtu`mh bm`i cmh wmhitm emrus eicup cmbmd i`mtmh

pjrhi`memh cmh bmih-bmih. Wjcjrjt pjrtmhymmh ihi nmwmkmhhym m`mh citjdu`mh cmbmd Isbmd cmh risjt ibdime dmsm `ihi smtu pjrsmtu tjbme djdku`ti`mh `ldcjrjhmh cmri mnmrmh Isbmd. Cmbmd `jeicupmh dmsm sj`mrmho, dlcjrh ihi bjkie cjhomh emb kjrfi`ir kjrglrm` ymho smihs dmnu cmh tj`hlbloi sjrtm cicldihmsi kjrkmomi pmrmciodm cjhomh kjrsmhciho cjhomh momdm hmduh cmbmd plsisi cucu` kjrnmrm` ci dmsymrm`mt. @mbmu emb ihi djhnmci `ritjrim dlcjrh dm`m `jdmnumh risjt cmh tj`hlbloi bjkie pjsmt ci hjomrm Kmrmt, dmsu` cmbmd `ritjrim mrti ‒dlcjrh— ‒ dlcjrh— hjomrm-hjomrm hjomrmC.  Ormhc Cjsmih

7=

 

Due. ]msid

Djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm djbmbui ihtjormsi `jibdumh pjrspj`tif pjhcici`mh Isbmd mcmbme dmtm rmhtmi ymho ticm` tjrpisme`mh. Dmhusim ticm` cmpmt mkmi cmri `jrmomdmh `mrjhm cim mcmbme dmebu` slsimb cmh ticm` bjpms cmri `jmomdmmh `mrjhm dmhusim mcmbme dmebu` spiritumb. Kjri`ut ormhc cjsmih djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdmd djbmbu ihtjormsi `jibdumh.

Djdkmhouh dmsymrm`mt momr `jdkmbi djdibi`i `jsmcmrmh m`mh pjhtihohym dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, dm`m emb djhcmsmr ymho bjkie mwmb cipjr`umt mcmbme djhmhmd`mh `jsmcmrmh kjrpjribm`u djbmbui cmsmr `jibdumh cmh pjdmemdmh, cmbmd emb ihi djhyjsumi`mh cjhomh mnmrmh momdm dmsiho-dmsiho. Djhoihtjormsi`mh ibdu cmbmd djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm tjbme tjridpbjdjhtmsi cmbmd biho`uhomh sj`lbme sjpjrti djhoisi dmtjri cmh ku`u pjbmnmrmh cjhomh mnmrmh momdm cmh sucme tjpmt `irmhym biho`uhomh `jbumrom cmh dmsymrm`mt cmpmt pubm ‒djhjrnjdme`mh —  dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm sjsumi ibdu cmh bmtmr momdm ymho cidibi`ihym. Hlrdmtif/ tjlblois cmbmd kmomh tjrsjkut kjrdm`hm kmewm m`mr dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, kjrsudkjr cmri hlrdm 7;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

`jtuemhmh. Wjdum mnmrmh momdm djhomdkib pmhcumh `jeicupmh cmh `jdmtimh sjsumi ymho tjrdm`tuk cmbmd `itmk sugi dmsiho-dmsiho. Isbmd cjhomh mb-]ur’mh, mb-]ur’mh, @ristjh Mb-  @itmk , @mtlbi` mb-@itmk , Eihci cjhomh _jcm , Kucem cjhomh `itmk Sripitm`m  cmh  cmh @elho-Gu cjhomh Weiseu _uniho . Wjcmho`mh `lhstitusilhmb mcmbme bmhcmsmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd cmsmr hjomrm kmi` ymho tjrgmhtud sjgmrm tj`s cmbmd rjoubmsi mtmu pjruhcmho-uhcmhomh dmupuh ymho cmpmt cidm`hmi sjgmrm `lhtj`stumb. Wjcmho`mh bmhcmsmh hlrdmtif/tjlblois hlrdmtif/tjl blois cmh `lhstitusilhmb mcmbme kmoimh ymho ticm` tjrpisme`mh cmri dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, `mrjhm hjomrm Ihclhjsim kjrcmsmr`mh `jpmcm @jtuemhmh Ymho Dmem Jsm ymho kjrmrti hjomrm ihi dmsymrm`mthym kjrmomdm, cmh

plhcmsi `lhstitusilhmb `mrjhm hjomrm ihi djdibi`i djrupm`mh hjomrm ymho kjrbmhcsm`mh eu`ud uhcmhouhcmho cmh fmbsmfme hjomrm.

77

 

Due. ]msid

73

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

KMK II DLCJ[MWI KJ[MOMDM

‫ ي‬  ‫ﻉ‬      ‫م ه‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬   ‫ط ةؿ ك‬      ‫ه ي‬  ‫ه‬          ‫ك‬        ‫ ك‬       ‫ﻉ‬  ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬‫ ك‬   ‫ك‬    ‫ه‬   ‫ﻉ‬  ‫ ه‬‫ هط‬‫ي‬    ‫ه‬         ‫ ه‬   ‫ يك‬        ‫ ك‬              ‫ ة‬        ‫ك‬         ‫ك‬     ‫ﻉ ك‬     ‫ﻉ‬   ‫ ه‬   ‫ك‬     ‫ي‬ ‫ ك‬  ‫ هط‬‫ي‬     ‫يك‬          ‫ ك‬    ‫ن‬    ‫ك‬  ‫ ي‬ ‫ يٽ ك‬ ‫ ي‬‫ ك‬  ‫ه‬     ‫ ك‬         ‫ ك‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ يٽ ك‬            ‫ يٽه‬      ‫ك‬ ‫ ي‬  ‫ﻉ‬    ‫ي‬‫ك‬ ‫ ك‬  ٣٧  ‫ ك‬‫ ي‬ ‫ ه‬     ‒Cmh cjdi`imh (pubm) @mdi tjbme djhnmci`mh `mdu (udmt Isbmd), udmt ymho mcib cmh pibiemh momr `mdu djhnmci sm`si mtms (pjrkumtmh) dmhusim cmh momr [msub (Duemddmc) djhnmci sm`si mtms (pjrkumtmh) `mdu. Cmh @mdi ticm` djhjtmp`mh `ikbmt ymho djhnmci `ikbmtdu (sj`mrmho) djbmih`mh momr @mdi djhojtmeui (supmym hymtm) simpm ymho djhoi`uti [msub cmh simpm ymho djdkjblt. Cmh suhooue (pjdihcmemh `ikbmt) itu tjrmsm mdmt kjrmt, `jgumbi kmoi lrmho-lrmho ymho tjbme cikjri pjtuhnu` lbje Mbbme0 cmh

7:

 

Due. ]msid

Mbbme ticm` m`mh djhyim-hyim`mh idmhdu. Wjsuhoouehym Mbbme Dmem Qjhomsie bmoi Dmem Qjhymymho `jpmcm dmhusim.—  dmhusim.—  ]W mb-Kmqmrme/;>=37  mb-Kmqmrme/;>=37  M.  Qjhojrtimh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm Momdm djrupm`mh `mtm ymho ticm` pjrhme tmhcus uhtu` cimho`mt djhnmci tjdm sjdihmr pmcm flrud flrdmb, tjdm cis`usi ci rumho `jbms mtmu pjrgm`mpmh ci plnl` pjdu`idmh. Wjnm` mwmb citjdu`mhhym dlcjb `jpjrgmymmh dmhusim `uhl sjiriho itu pubm duhgub kjhie-kjhie `jtuemhmh cmbmd `jeicupmh dmhusim kjrupm mhidisdj, cihmdisdj cmh Qmcm sjgmrm pjr`jdkmhomh sjbmhnuthym `jpjrgmymmh ihitltjdisdj. cirj`lhstru`si tltmb djhnmci mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh. Momdm emcir pubm cmbmd rj`lhstu`s rj`lhstu`sii tjrsjkut. Qmsgm cituruh`mhhym momdm smdmwi `j kudi, emb tjrsjkut ticm` sjrtm djrtm djdkumt dmhusim cmpmt djhomdmb`mhhym sjgmrm sjdpurhm. Kme`mh mnmrmh tjrsjkut tjbme djhombmdi dmbfuhosi   cmri pjcldmh eicup udmt djhnmci cmbie uhtu` djhjou` `juhtuhomh sjsmmt lbje pmrm ‒l`hud— udmt. Kjrkmomi `lhfbi` cmh pjrmho kjsmr pmcm dmsm bmbu pjhyjkmk ymho pmbiho plpubmr cinmci`mh pjdyjkk mcmbme momdm. Qmcm mkmc pjrtjhomemh ci hjomrm Qrmhgis tidkub pjrmho smucmrm `mrjhm momdm. [mnm Qrmhgis, Frmhglis I (=:=:-=:=?) kjprjhcirimh kmewm cmbmd hjomrm emhym mcm sjlrmho [mnm, smtu momdm cmh smtu eu`ud. Wjkmk itu, lrmho Qrmhgis Qrltjstmh (@mud Euoujhlt), cipjrbm`u`mh ticm` mcib. Sm` bmdm `jducimh nudbme @mud Euoujhlt sjdm`ih kjsmr m`eirhym djbjtusbme pjrmho kmsmr sjbmdm 5 `mbi, kjhtmhomh tmeuh =:6;-=:69.;6 Cmbmd tubismh ihi cisjkut`mh pubm kmewm pmrm pjdkmwm rismbme Suemh cmh udmthym djhombmdi pjhousirmh tmhme `jbmeirmhhym cimhtmrmhym cmri djhombmdi pjhyi`smmhkme`mh cmh kjrkjrmpm mhgmdmh

;6Ihcl

76

 

Wmhtmbim, Ibdu Qjrkmhcihomh Momdm, e. =7:.

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

pjdkuhuemh cjhomh cmbie ymho smdm momdm. Hmki Bute cjhomh `mud Wmcud, Zdmt Hmki Hue ci usir cmri `mudhym Kmhi [msik, Hmki Ism cjhomh Kmhi Isrmjb kme`mh Hmki Duemddmc smw, ci usir cmh cibjdpmri kmtu pmcm smmt djbm`u`mh cm’wme `jpmcm wmrom Sem’if cmh einrme cmri Dj`me djhunu Dmcihme `mrjhm `mud ]urmisy ticm` pjrhme kjrejhti djbm`u`mh tj`mhmh fisi` cmh psi`lblois `jpmcm Hmki Duemddmc smw. cmh udmthym, mcmbme `mrjhm cmbie momdm. Djhoihomt `jnmcimh dmsm bmbu ymho smhomt kjrpltjhsi m`mh tjrnmci `jdkmbi pmcm dmsm sjbmhnuthym dm`m pjrbu, djhoemcir`mh momdm `j tjdpmt cmh fuhosihym sjdubm ym`hi tjrsjrmp `jbumr cmri tjdpmt sugihym sjkmomi pjcldmh eicup djhojdkmbi`mh djhojdkmb i`mh dmhusim `j nmbmh ymho burus. Cuhim cjhomh sjombm cihmdi`mhym djhnmci`mh tjdm ‒momdm— sjkmomi emb ymho dmsie smhomt pjrbu uhtu` cicmbmdi cmh ciidpbjdjhtmsi`mh lbje pmrm pjhomhuthym, djbmbui jrd ‒dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm— si`mp `jkjrmomdmmh dmhusim t jrd `jdkmbi cipjrtmrue`mh. cipjrtmrue`mh. Kjkjrmpm tmeuh tjrm`eir, tjdm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm `jdkmbi kjromuho sjgmrm hmsilhmb smdpmi `mhgme Ihtjrhmsilhmb. Qjhoouhmmh `mtm dlcjrmsi `jdkmbi djhnmci plpubmr, tjr`mit pjbm`smhmmh rjslbusi `jdkmr Wicmho Qjrsjri`mtmh Kmhosm-kmhosm pmcm sicmho Qbjhlhym tmhoomb 5 Cjsjdkjr ;1=?, Emb Cj`bmrmsi cmh Qrlormd M`si Kucmym Cmdmi (Cjgbmrmtilh (Cjgbmrmtilh mhc Qrlormdj lf Mgtilh lh m Gubturj lf Qjmgj ) [jslbusi pjrtmdm kjrnucub ‒Dlcjrmtilh —, —, cjhomh djhjtmp`mh  djhjtmp`mh  tmeuh ;1=9 sjkmomi tmeuh dlcjrmsi Ihtjrhmsilhmb (Sej ( Sej Ihtjrhmtilhmb Yjmr lf Dlcjrmtilh ). ). Djdmsiv`mh tjdm dlcjrmsi sjgmrm oblkmb dm`m pmcm tmhoomb =6 QKK djhjtmp`mh sjkmomi emri ‒Ihtjrhmtilhmb Cmy lf Biviho Slojtejrih Qjmgj— Emri Eicup kjrsmdm cmbmd Cmdmi ihtjrhmsilhmb. i htjrhmsilhmb.;? 

;?Emrcymhtl,

Dlcjrmsi (Sjdpl, (Sjdpl, Jcisi : Nmhumri ;1=9), e. =. 7?

 

Due. ]msid

Kjri`ut kjkjrmpm cjfjhisi ymho djdibi`i `lrjbmsi cjhomh kjrmomdm. Cmbmd mnmrmh, ymho Isbmdkjrmrti `mtm wmṧmṤiyme  dlcjrmsidlcjrmsi bjkie cj`mt cjhomh mrti tjhome. Mbbme swt kjrfirdmh ]W mb-Kmqmrme/;>=37 >

‫ ي‬  ‫ﻉ‬      ‫م ه‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬   ‫ط ةؿ ك‬      ‫ه ي‬  ‫ه‬          ‫ك‬       ‫ ه‬‫ هط‬‫ي‬     ‫ه‬      ‫ ك‬  ‫ ة‬   ‫ك‬     ‫ه‬    ‫ﻉ‬    Cmh cjdi`imh pubm `mdi tjbme djhnmci`mh `mdu (udmt Isbmd) —udmt pjrtjhomemh—  momr   momr `mdu djhnmci sm`si mtms (pjrkumtmh) dmhusim. Cmh momr rmsub (Duemddmc) djhnmci sm`si mtms pjrkumtmh `mdu.  ;5   Istibme ymho smdm

‫ وطؿـد‬ ‫ و‬djhomrme pmcm hjomrm ci

nmzirme mrmkiyme ym`hi istibme symrqi mwṧmṤe   (tidur kmoimh tjhome). ‫ وطؿـد‬ ‫ و‬kjrmrti udmt ymho mcib, ymho ticm` kjrmt sjkjbme kmi` `j cuhim dmupuh `j m`eirmt, tjtmpi sjidkmho cihmtmrm `jcumhym.;9  Dlcjrmt cmbmd `mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm Ihclhjsim kjrmrti sjbmbu djhoeihcmri pjhouho`mpmh

(pjdkigmrmmh) js`trjd, sjbmbu djhoeihcmri si`mp nmbmh mtmu tihcm`mh ymho ymho j`strjd, `jgjhcjruhomh `j mrme tjhome.71  Nelh D. Jgelbs cmh Emssmh Wemciby djhojdu`m`mh, dlcjrmsi kjrmsmb `mtm dlcjrmtilh /’dmcə’rmisyjh /`k. /`k. Wi`mp sjcmho, si`mp ticm` kjrbjkie-  bjkiemh.   Dlcjrmtlr/’dmcə’rmitər  bjkiemh. Dlcjrmtlr/’dmcə’rmitər . `jtum (djjtiho  (djjtiho ) pjbjrmi,

;5

mb-]ur’mh Smnwic[I,cmh(Kmhcuho0 Sjrnjdme cibjho`mpi cjhomh Sjrnjdme Ku`emrm @jdjhtjrimh Momdm Wyodm Jxmdjcim Mr`mhbjjdm> Nuhi ;1=1), e.;=. ;9Ku`emrm

mb-]ur’mh Smnwic cmh Sjrnjdme cibjho`mpi cjhomh

Sjrnjdme @jdjhtjrimh Momdm [I,e.;=. 71Zdi

Geubsud cmh _ihcy Hlvim, @mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm Ihclhjsim (Gjt.I0 (Gjt.I0 @msei`l> Wurmkmym, ;116), e.366. 75

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

pjhjhome (lf (lf cisputj ))..7= Mb-_msteu  mcib  mcib cmh kjrsifmt tjhometjhome bjkie cmri itu cihmdm`mh tmfriite cmh tmqseiir (tjrbmbu djhoj`mho mtmu sjdpit). @jcum sifmt tjrm`eir ihi smhomt cigjbm. Cimhtmrm tiom tjrsjkut, umho pmbiho dubim mcmbme wmsmte   (pjrtjhomemh). Mrtihym ticm` kjrbjkiemh, ticm` `jtjrbmbumh cmh ticm` djhoj`mho7;  wmsmtemh   Mz-^inmz djhomtm`mh kmewm `mtm djdpuhymi cum mrti, ym`hi ―mcbmh ―mcbmh wm `eiymmrmh   (mcib cmh tjhome-tjhome). @jcum bmfmz tjrsjkut kjrkjcm tmpi djdpuhymi dm`hsm ymho smdm ym`hi, mcib mcmbme ci tjhoome-tjhome cmh citjhome-tjhome kjrmrti mcib. Cimhtmrmhym imbme smbmt wustem, sjkmomidmhm tjrtjrm ci cmbmd firdmh-Hym> Qjbiemrmbme sembmtdu cmh (pjbiemrmbme) sembmt wustem. Wjkmomidmhm tjrtjrm ci cmbmd firdmh-Hym >  >  Qjriembme sembmtdu cmh (pjbiemrmbme) sembmt wustem. Cmh kjrciribme (cmbmd smbmtdu)   cjhomh `eusus (]W-Mb-Kmqmrme ;>;75)..77  Wjcmho`mh momdm kjrdm`hm prihsip `jpjrgmymmh 73

`jpmcm Suemh cjhomh mturmh symrimt tjrtjht.   Kjrmomdm cmpmt pubm citjrnjdme`mh sjkmomi pjcldmh ymho djhomtur tmtm `jidmhmh (`jpjrgmymmh) cmh pjrikmcmtmh `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem @umsm sjrtm tmtm `micme ymho kjreukuhomh cjhomh pjromubmh dmhusim cjhomh dmhusim sjrtm biho`uhomhhym. Ci Kmrmt, lrmho djbiemt ‒momdm— sjkmomi sjkume sistjd tjrpmcu tjhtmho `jpjrgmymmh, 7=Nleh

D. Jgelbs cmh Emssmh Wemcibby, @mdus Ihooris Ihcljsim

(Gjt.UUV0QS. Ormdjcim> Nm`mrtm, ;117), e.753. 7;D.

Ceuem Mkcub Nmkkmr & H. Kuremhuccih, Jhsi`blpjcim Dm`hm mb- ]ur’mh ]ur’mh Wymrme mbFmmzeub ]ur’mh , (Gjt.I0 Fitrme [mkkmhi, Kmhcuho, ;1=;), e.?=7. 77D.

Ceuem Mkcub Nmkkmr & H. Kuremhuccih, Jhsi`blpjcim Dm`hm mb- ]ur’mh ]ur’mh Wymrme mbFmmzeub ]ur’mh , e.?=7,?=7 73Zdi

Geubsud cmh _ihcy Hlvim, @mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm Ihclhjsim (Gjt.I0 (Gjt.I0 @msei`l> Wurmkmym, ;116), e.=9. 79

 

Due. ]msid

`jbjdkmommh, cmh ritumb wmnik, ymho kjrpusmt pmcm Suemh supjrhmturmb, ymho mdmbmh-mdmbmhhym pmcm cmsmrhym kjrsifmt prikmci cmh tjrtutup rmpmt cmri sjombm `joimtmh ‒sj`ubjr—. Sjtmpi `mtm`mtm cmbmd kmemsm bmih ymho `itm tjrnjdme`mh sjkmomi ‒momdm— emdpir sjbmbu djhomgu pmcm sjsumtu ymho bjkie kjsmr, ticm` cisjkut`mh sjgmrm njbms cmh bjkie bums.7: Cjfjhisi momdm cmbmd kicmho fjhldjhlbloi cmh tjlblois sjkmomi kjri`ut, pjhombmdmh Ihtismri mtmuQjhcj`mtmh em`i`mt cmri momdm cmh pjhombmdmh  `jmomdmmh. ihi djbiemt ci kmbi` kjrkmomi   j`sprjsi pjdi`irmh, tihcm`mh cmh ihtjrm`si  ihtjrm`si  slsimb, `jkjrmomdmmh dmhusim djdibi`i humhsm kmtih ymho bjkie sj`jcmr pjrslmbmh psi`lbloi. Im  Im  sjkume pjrnudpmmh cjhomh sjsumtu ymho djbjkiei cmh djhomtmsi `jfmhmmh cuhim, ymho sugi cmh mouho Mcmpuh pjhcj`mtmh tjlblois djbjtm`mh momdm sjkmomi prjrlomtivj tuemh sjhciri. [jmbitms  [jmbitms  sjnmti momdm mcmbme sjkmomidmhm dmhm ymho ci`mtm`mh mnmrmh momdm dmsiho-dmsiho.76  Djdpjremti`mh pjrpmcumh cum pjhojrtimh tjrsjkut dm`m dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cimrti`mh sjkmomi si`mp kjridkmho cmbmd djhoidpjbjdjhtmsi`mh mnmrmh momdm, kmi` cmbmd ihtjrh sjsmdm pjdjbu` momdm dmupuh j`stjrh, mhtmr

pjdjbu` momdm. Djhudkue`mh si`mp dlcjrmsi ticm` bmhosuho emcir kjoitu smnm hmduh djbmbui `lhstru`si pjdmemdmh ymho dmpmh cmh pjhoidpbjdjhtmsimh ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjsumi cjhomh tuhtuhmh momdm.

7:@mrjh

Mdstrlho, Fijbcs lf Kbllc> [jbioilhs mhc Eistlry lf Vilbjhgj, Sjrn. Yubimhi Biputl, Fijbcs lf Kbllc   > Djhourmi Eukuhomh Momdm cjhomh @j`jrmsmh (Gjt.I0 Dizmh> Kmhcuho, ;1=6), e. e . 7. 76Sej

_meic Ihstitutj, Bmplrmh Smeuhmh @jkjkmsmh Kjrmomdm/Kjr`jym`ihmh Kjrmomdm/Kjr`jym`ih mh cmh Ihtlbjrmhsi ;1=3 ‒Ztmho _mrismh Qjdjrihtme Kmru , e.7 31

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm emrus cipmemdi sjkmomi si`mp kjrmomdm ymho sjidkmho mhtmrm pjhomdmbmh momdm sjhciri (j`s`iusif   (j`s`iusif  ) cmh pjholrdmtmh `jpmcm prm`ti` kjrmomdm lrmho bmih ymho kjrkjcm `jym`ihmh (ih`busif  ).7?  Cmbmd ku`u Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm ymho citjrkit`mh lbje Kmcmh bitkmho cmh Ci`bmt @jdjhtjrimh Momdm tmeuh ;1=9 djdkumt mhmbloi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm sjkmomi ojrm` cmri pihooir ymho sjbmbu gjhcjruho djhunu pusmt mtmu sudku (gjhtripjtmb ) kjrbmwmhmh mrti cjhomh j`strjdisdj ym`hi ojrm` ymho kjrojrm` djhnmuei sudku, djhunu sisi tjrbumr cmh j`strjd (gjhtrifuomb  (gjhtrifuomb ). ). Ikmrmt kmhcub nmd, mcm ojrm` ymho cihmdis, ticm` kjrejhti ci sumtu sisi bumr sjgmrm j`trjd, djbmih`mh kjrojrm` djhunu `jtjhome-tjhome. `jtjhome-tjhome.75  Cmri sjoi kmemsm, dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, mtmu Ismbd wmsmtiyme   (sjrmpmh cmri kmemsm Mrmk ) cmh Isbmd Dlcjrmt (sjrmpmh cmri kmemsm Ihooris ) djdibi`i `jsmdmmh ihtjrprjtmsi. Ni`m `mtm wmsmtiyme cisjrmp `jcmbmd kmemsm

Ihclhjsim djhnmci pjhomtur mtmu pjhjome `ldpjtisi lbje rmom cjhomh cmsmr euruf ymho smdm djhnmci isd Fm’ib ‒wmsit —. —. Wembmt wustem sjtjbme smbmt sjgmrm udud kjrmrti djhuhnu``mh pjho`eususmh cmh pjhtihohym pjhnmommh cmh pjrwmtmh smbmt wustem. Wmbmt wustem smbmt ymho citjhometjhome cmh ymho pmbiho utmdm.79 Cjdi`imh pubm cjhomh `mtm dlcjrmtilh djhnmci dlcjrmtlr sjkmomi pjhjhome cmbmd djhomrme`mh pjrtjdumh. Dlcjrmt sjbmbu djhoeihcmri pjhouho`mpmh (pjdkigmrmmh) ymho j`strjd, sjbmbu

7?Jcy

Wutrishl,M`tumbismsi Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm ci Bjdkmom Qjhcici`mh, Nurhmb Kidms Isbmd Vlb.=; Hl;,;1=9. e.771. 75Kmcmh

Bitkmho cmh Ci`bmt @jdjhtjrimh Momdm [I , Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm , Gjt. I (L`tlkjr ;1=9), e. 77. 79D.

Ceuem Mkcub Nmkkmr & H. Kuremhuccih, Jhsi`blpjcim Dm`hm mb- ]ur’mh ]ur’mh Wymrme mbFmmzeub ]ur’mh , e.?=7,?=7 3=

 

Due. ]msid

djhoeihcmr si`mp, mtmu tihcm`mh `jgjhcjruhomh `j nmbmh tjhome.31 

ymho

j`strjd,

Djdpjremti`mh kjrkmomi pjhojrtimh cimtms, dm`m cmpmt cisidpub`mh kmewm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm mcmbme djhoidpbjdjhtmsi`mh djhoidpbjdjh tmsi`mh mnmrmh momdm sjgmrm uhivjrsmb sjsumi cjhomh mnmrmh cmh `jpjrgmymmh dmsmiho-dmsiho. Zhivjrsmb cmbmd mrtimh dmhusim `lhsistjh djhomdmb`mh momdm cjhomh kmi` `jpmcm sjsmdm pjdjbu` momdm dmupuh pjribm`u kjrmomdm `jpmcm bihtms momdm cmh `jpjrgmymmh. K.  Wudkjr Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm ci Ihclhjsim @jti`m Mcmd eicup ci surom cjhomh sjombm mhuojrme cmh fmsibitms ymho mcm, hmduh. cim tjtmp djrihcu`mh djrihcu`mh

`jemcirmh slsl` ymho cmpmt djhcmdpihoihym djhnmbmhi tmpm` `jeicupmh cmh kjrikmcme `jpmcm Mbbme swt., Cigiptm`mhbme Emwm sjkmomi iku uddmt dmhusim. Djrj`m cipjrsmtu`mh cmbmd tmbimh pjrhi`memh cism`si`mh lbje pmrm dmbmi`mt `jti`m itu, djs`ipuh pmcm m`eirhym djrj`m kjrcum emrus cituruh`mh `j kudi `mrjhm djbm`u`mh tihcm`mh ymho djbmdpui kmtms. Wurom sjkmomi ihtjrprjtmsi fmsibitms mtmu smrmhm cmh prmsmrmhm ymho cmpmt djdjhuei sjdum `jkutuemhhym, hmduh pmcm m`eirhym dmhusim emrus kjrsidpue kmewm simpmpuh ticm` m`mh kism eicup tmhpm lrmho bmih. Emb ihibme ymho djhuhnu``mh kmewm dmhusim mcmbme dmebu` slsimb. Bm`i-bm`i djdkutue`mh wmhitm. Duric djdkutue`mh kidkihomh ouru, kme`mh pmrm smrnmhm ymho djdibi`i `jcmbmdmh ibdupuh cmpmt djrjho`ue kjrkmomi `jsu`sjsmh sjkmk cicu`uho lbje `jemcirmh lrmho bmih. Ei`dme cituruh`mhhym Mcmd m.s cmh Witi Emwm djhnmci mwmb

31Zdi

Geubsud cmh _ihcy Hlvim, @mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm ,e.366. Ihclhjsim ,e.366. 3;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

djhyjkmrhym `jturuhmh udmt dmhusim ci du`m kudi, kjrsu`u-su`u kjrsu`usu`u cmh kjrkmhosm-kmhosm. Nmue sjkjbud cmtmhohym pjhyjkmrmh momdm cmri bumr Ihclhjsim, dmsymrm`mt tjbme kjrihtjr`msi cjhomh sjkume sistjd `jpjrgmymmh cipmhcmho sjkmomi cmri sistjd `jpjrgmymmh `jpjrgmy mmh prmsjnmrme.ymho @jpjrgmymmh ihi djs`ipuh sjoi nudbme pjhyjkmr ticm` mcm cmtm riib, hmduh pjhomhuthym pmcm dmsm mwmb `jkjrmcmmh dmhusim tjbme tjrsjkmr pmcm

kjrkmomi wibmyme ci cuhim. Mbirmh @jpjrgmymmh @jpjrgmymmh ymho cidm`suc cmbmd pjhjbitimh ihi mcmbme Wumtu pmemd ymho ymho djhom`ui mcmhym Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm, ku`mh kjrmsmb cmri wmeyu Suemh (smdmwi), hmduh kjrsudkjr pmcm kucmym kmhosm ymho djhomhcuho hibmi-hibmi spriritumb `jrlemhimh wmrismh bjbueur ymho eicup cmh tjbme djdkucmym cmbmd dmsymrm`mt sjkmomi emsib pjhmbmrmh cmym giptm, cmym rmsm cmh cmym `mrsm cmh emsib `mrym dmhusim. 3=  @jpjrgmymmh ihi tjrciri cmri pjrgmym `jpmcm pltjhsi dmhfmmt cmh ducemrmt   rle (mhidisdj)  (mhidisdj) , pjrgmym `jpmcm mcmhym pltjhsi dmhfmmt cmh ducemrmt   pmcm kjhcm, dmebu` (cihmdisdj) ( cihmdisdj) sjrtm `jpjrgmymmmh kmewm dmebu` cibumr dmhusim djdibi`i sifmtsifmt `jtuemhmh cmh djdibi`i `jdmdpumh tjrsjhciri hmduh dmhusim ticm` djdibi`ihym (Sltjdisdj  (Sltjdisdj 3; ).

3=Hmhcmh

Is`mhcmr, Mdjbym Oustihm, c``, Qjhoumtmh Qjrmh Ihtjbinjh cmbmd Qjhomwmsmh Mbirmh @jpjrgmymmh cmh Mbirmh @momdmmh cmbmd Dmsymrm`mt (QM@JD) cjdi @jtjrtikmh cmh @jtjhtrmdmh Zdud, e.;;. 3;_jkstjr

djdkjri`mh cjfjhisi tltjdisd, kjbijf ih `ihseip wite lr m dystigmb rjbmtilhseip kjtwjjh m orlup lr mh ihcivicumb mhc m tltjd 2~ ... cjrivjs welbj trikjs lr fmdibijs frld mh mhidmb lr pbmht   -Ihtjrhmtilhmb Jhgygblpjcim  Jhgygblpjcim  2wite tej icjm lf tej plwjrfub mhidmb ~ is gblsjby glhhjgtjc. (Sltjdisd mcmbme `jpjrgmymmh mcmhym eukuhomh disti` mhtmr `jbldpl` mtmu ihcivicu, tltjd nuom kjrmrti njhis su`u tudkuemh cmh ejwmh). Qrm`ti` tltjd ihi djhnmci`mh spjsijs fblrm cmh fmuhm tjrtjhtu sjkmomi dmebu` sm`rmb, djdibi`i `j`umtmh ymho cmpmt 37

 

Due. ]msid

Djs`ipuh `jkjrmcmmh tiom `jpjrgmymmh tjrsjkut kjr`jdkmho pmcm zmdmh prmsjnmrme hmduh prm`tj` cmh pjhomhuthym dmsie mcm smdpmi sj`mrmho. Emb ihi pubm ymho djhnmci cmsmr sjeihoom trmhsdisi momdm sjtjbme pjrilcj prmsjnmrme kjrm`eir, tjbme djdibi`i rumho plhcmsi ‒kjhie-  ‒ kjhie- 

kjhie `jtuemhmh — cmbmd dmsymrm`mt. Emb ihi m`mh `lhtrms, ni`m djhymdpmi`mh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm pmcm dmsymrm`mt ymho ticm` djym`ihi mcmhym ‒Suemh— smdm sj`mbi.  sj`mbi.   emdpir sjdum udmt dmhusim djdpjrgmymi mcmhym Suemh ymho djhomtur mbmd rmym ihi. Lrmho-lrmho Yuhmhi @uhl djhomhut pmemd plbitjisdj (`jym`ihmh kmhym` tuemh)> kihtmho mcmbme tuemh (cjwm), Vjhus mcmbme (tuemh) Cjwm @jgmhti`mh, Dmrs mcmbme Cjwm Qjpjrmhomh, Qjpjrmhomh , Dihjrvmmcmbme Cjwm @j`mymmh, sjcmho`mh Suemh tjrtihooi tjrtiho oi mcmbme Mplbbl mtmu Cjwm Dmtmemri. Lrmho-lrmho Eihcu -dmsm bmdpmu nuom djdpuhymi kmhym` cjwm, ymho ciym`ihi sjkmomi tuemh-tuemh. @jym`ihmh itu tjrgjrdih mhtmrm bmih cmbmd Ei`mymt Dmemkmrmtm37. Wjgmrm omris kjsmr plbm `jym`ihmh dmsymrm`mt `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm tjrkmoi cum ym`hi momdm cmh mbirmh `jkmtihmh. Momdm cmbmd hjomrm tjbme djhcmpmt stmtus cmh icjhtitms spjsifi`. Wjeihoom hmdm, tjdpmt ikmcme cmh sjburue m`tivitms udmthym cmpmt cibjdkmom`mh cjhomh kmi`. Emb ihi kjbud tjrnmci pmcm cidjhsi mbirmh `jkmtihmh. Sjrcmpmt kjkjrmpm fm`tlr, sjeihoom ticm` ducme djdkjri icjhtitms spjsifi` cmbmd uhcmho-uhcmho tjhtmho mbirmh `jkmtihmh. Fm`tlr tjrsjkut mhtmrm bmih nudbme mbirmh `jkmtihmh kjrpmrimsi cjdi`imh pubm cjhomh nudbme pjhomhuthym. Djs`ipuh cjdi`imh, Ihclhjsim sjkmomi hjomrm ymho kjrcmsmr`mh `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm cmh cihiskme`mh `jpmcm dmhusim, sjeihoom ticm` klbje citjkmho, cidm`mh mtmu djhoouhm`mh tjhmomhym djdkmhtu dmhusim. 37]urmise

Weiemk, _mwmsmh mb- ]urmh ]urmh Smfsir Dmuceu’I, e. =3

33

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

pjhnmkmrmhhym mcm cmbmd `lhstitusi hjomrm ym`hi ZZC =93: cmh Qmhgmsibm, tjtmp djdkjri`mh rumho m`tivitms kmoi pjhomhut mbirmh `jkmtihmh. Cmbmd Qjhjtmpmh Qrjsicjh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim Smeuh =96:, sjbmih`jkmtihmh. 6 momdm rjsdi tjrcmpmt nuomHldlr rumho = uhtu` kmcmh/mbirmh Sjremcmp kmcmh/mbirmh `jkmtihmh, pjdjrihtme kjrusmem djhymbur`mhhym `jmrme pmhcmhomh ymho sjemt cmh `mrme Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm. 33Emb ihi djhnmci hibmi bjkie si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm dmsmymrm`mt Ihclhjsim. Qjhoouhmmh icild , kmcmh/mbirmh `jkmtihmh sjgmrm mcmbme kmemsm ymho kjrsifmt udud uhtu` djhom`ldicir kjrkmomi fmemd ymho dmsie mcm ci dmsymrm`mt. Qjhtiho pubm ci`jtmeui kmewm dmsie ci bumr tjrcmpmt 6 momdm momdm ymho tjrgmhtud cmbmd uhcmho-uhcmho, cmri husmhtmrm, djs`ipuh nudbme pjhomhuthym dmsie rjbmtif, `jpjrgmy `jpjrgmymmh mmh bl`mb cmh mbirmh `jkmtihmh tjtmp mcm. Kjrcmsmr`mh mrti`jb cmri Sirtl.ic.3:  Qmcm tmeuh ;1=7 Ihclhjsim, dmsie tjrcmpmt 311 riku lrmho pjhomhut momdm husmhtmrm, cmh ;:% cimhtmrmhym kjrmomdm Kueuh. Kjri`ut momdm cmh fmemd ymho mnmrmhhym dmsie mcm smdpmi sj`mrmho > =.  ;.  7.  3.  :. 

Wudmtjrm, mcm Qmrdmbid  cmh  cmh Dubmnmci Hmklblh0 @jhj`js Kmhtjh mcm Wuhcm _iwitmh0   @uhihomh Nmwm Kmrmt, Momdm Nmwm0   Nmwm Kmrmt mcm, momdm Kueuh 0 Nmwm Sjhome Nmwm Sidur @jnmwjh, Qirwlcu`sihl, cmh Kuci Bueur0   6.  Kmbi. Eihcu Kmbi  mtmu  mtmu Eihcu Cemrdm 0 33Biemt

Qmsmb = Qjhjtmpmh Qrjsicjh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim Hldlr = Smeuh =96: tmhoomb ;? Nmhumri =96: tjhtmho Qjhgjomemh Qjhymbmeouhmmh cmh/mtmu Qjhlcmmh Momdm   3:Sirtl.ic.

cjhomh dlttl ‒ Njrhie, djhombir, djhgjrme`mh kjrsmdm—   djrupm`mh bjdkmom lhbihj ymho djdibi`i bisjhsi cmri Cjwmh Qjrs Ihclhjsim ymho kjrmhooltm`mh cmri kjrkmomi prlfjsi. Sjrku`m uhtu` sjdum olblhomh cmh ticm` kj`jrnm uhtu` `jpjhtihomh plbiti`. 3:

 

Due. ]msid

?.  Bldkl`, _jtu Sjbu 0 5.  Qubmu Wudkm, Djrmpu0  Wudkm, Djrmpu0   9.  @mbidmhtmh mcm @memrihomh0   =1. Wubmwjsi Wjbmtmh mcm Slbltmho  cmh  cmh Mbu` Slclbl0 ==. Wubmwj Wubmwjsi si Ztmrm, Qme`mdpjtmh 0 =;. Dihmemsm Wubmwjsi Ztmrm, Slhmms _mbimh0   Hmurus.   =7. Qubmu Wjrmd Dmbu`u, Hmurus. Hmdm momdm ci mtms kjbud tjrdmsu`, gmkmho-gmkmho mbirmh ymho tjr`mhcuho ci cmbmd sjtimp mnmrmhhym. mnmrmhhym. Kjrmho`mt cmri emb ihi Ihclhjsim dmsie djdibi`i cmh djhnmci ku`ti kmewm `emzmhme momdm cmh kucmym Ihclhjsim smhomt kjrmomd. @jkjrmcmmh mbirmh momdm/`jpjrgmymmh djs`ipuh ticm` tjrpjrihgi sjgmrm cjtmib hmdm cmh icjhtitms djrj`m cmbmd uhcmho-uhcmho, hmduh pjdjrihtme tjtmp djdkjri`mh rumho uhtu` mbirmh momdm/`jpjrgmymmh tjrsjkut djbm`smhm`mh `joimtmh `jmomdmmh ymho kjr`mitmh cjhomh `jpjrgmymmh djrj`m.36  Qmcm tmeuh =9:7 Cjpmrtjdjh Momdm djhymdpmi`mh bmplrmh mcmhym 761 (tiom rmtus jhmd pubue) momdm kmru cmh `jkmtihmh/`jpjrgmymmh. 3?  Wjiriho pjrputmrmh wm`tu, mbirmh momdm/pjhomhut `jpjrgmymmh djhombmdi pjhyusutmh nudbme `mrjhm kjrkmomi fm`tlr mbmdime cmh ibdime hmduh, pjhomdmbmh mnmrmh tjrsjkut djhuhnu``mh kmewm si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm tjbme bjkie mwmb djrj`m idpbjdjhtmsi`mh nmue emri sjkjbud tjdm ‒dlcjrmsi ‒dlcjrmsi momdm—   djhnmci tjdm cis`usi, sjdihmr ci

36Qjhjtmpmh

Qrjsicjh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim Hldlr = Smeuh =96:

tmhoomb ;? Nmhumri =96: tjhtmho Qjhgjomemh Qjhymbmeouhmmh cmh/mtmu Qjhlcmmh Momdm.  3?Hmhcmh

Is`mhcmr, Mdjbym Oustihm, c``, Qjhoumtmh Qjrmh Ihtjbinjh cmbmd Qjhomwmsmh Mbirmh @jpjrgmymmh cmh Mbirmh @momdmmh cmbmd Dmsymrm`mt (QM@JD) cjdi @jtjrtikmh cmh @jtjhtrmdmh Zdud, e.;?. 36

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

`jducimh emri. Cjhomh djdpjremti`mk kjrkmomi fm`tm cimtms dm`mcicmpmt cikumtkjrsudkjr sjkume cjs`ripsi kmewm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm Ihclhjsim cmri tiom kmoimh ym`hi kucmym, mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh, cmh momdm. Kjri`ut pjhubis kumt cmbmd kjhtu` pirmdicm sudkjr dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm.

Kucmym, mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh, cmh momdm, tjrihtjormsi cmbmd dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim, sjeihoom mhtmrm smtu cjhomh kmoimh bmihhym djdibi`i `jtjr`mitmh. @jti`m djdkigmrm`mh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ci Ihclhjsim dm`m cmpmt cibiemt pmcm sisi kucmym, mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh cmh momdm. @jtiom sisi ihi tjbme djhniwmi si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm dmsymrm`mt ci Ihclhjsim. @jkjrmcmmh kucmym, mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh, cmh momdm ci dmsymrm`mt smdpmi smmt ihi dmsie smhomt `jhtmb, pjdkmurmh `jtiomhym ducme citjdu`mh. Qmcm mgmrm flrdmb dmupuh hlh flrdmb, uhsur kucmym sjpjrti tmri-tmrimh, pm`mimh mcmt, sjhmhtimsm ciemcir`mh. Cjdi`imh pubm pmcm `joimtmh pjdkjrsiemh sjhnmtm pusm`m `jrmnmmh, pjbjtm`mh

kmtu pjrtmdm pmcm kmhouhmh kmru, djdkmhouh njdkmtmh

3?

 

Due. ]msid

kmru, `jhcmrmmh mtmu kmrucicmbmdhym. dm`m uhsur momdmdjrjsdi`mh cmh mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh m`mhrudme emcir pubm Djs`ipuh Kmcmh Qjrsjri`mtmh Kmhosm-kmhosm djhnmci`mh tmeuh ;1=9 sjkmomi tmeuh dlcjrmsi, hmduh sjgmrm fm`tm dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim tjbme bjkie mwmb djhomdmb`mh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cjhomh djbmbui tiom sudkjr cmbmd cimormd tjrsjkut cimtms. @jtiom uhsur tjrsjkut sjhmhtimsm smbiho djhom`ldlcmsi djhom`ldlcmsi cmh djdpjrlbje djdpjrlbje tjdpmt ymho smdm. @jistidjwmmh pjbm`smhmmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ci Ihclhjsim `mrjhm dmsie djdibi`i dmsymrm`mt cjhomh bmtmr kjrmomd. Momdm ymho tjrsjkut cmbmd uhcmhouhcmho mcm 6 kume, mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh/`jkmtihmh dmsie mcm nuom pubuemh kjbud bmoi gm`upmh rmomd kucmym ymho djbidpme. @jtiomhym djdibi`i `lhtrikusi cmbmd djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Momdm sjkmomi kmoimh cmri dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, cmbmd prjspj`tif pjhcici`mh Isbmd djhnmci`mh mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh cmh Wuhhme Hmki sjkmomi sudkjr utmdmhym. Djs`ipuh `mud lrijhtmbis kjrpjhcmpmt kmewm mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh mcmbme emsib m`udubmsi `juhooubmh tutur bismh cmri kmhosm Mrmk cmh kmoimh cmri kucmym ymho tjbme ciwmris`mh sjgmrm turuh tjduruh, hmduh mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh sjhciribme ymho djhouho`mp`mh `jdu`nizmtmhhym ymho ciwmeyu`mh djbmbui [msububbme Duemddmc smw. Djbm`smhm`mh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cjhomh kmi` emrus kjrsudkjr cmri mnmrmh, mtmu pjcldmh ymho kjrisi `jkjhmrmh. Mir ymho njrhie ymho cmpmt djhgu`upi `jcmemommh dmebu`, sjhmhtimsm kjreubu cmri dmtm mir ymho kjrsie pubm cmh mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh djhnmci sudkjr cmri sjombm

`jkjhmrmh tjrsjkut. Sicm` mcm pjrtjhtmhomh `mhcuhomh, kmi` ci`mni cmri sucut fm`tumb dmupuh ouousmh kjrfi`ir sjgmrm rmsilhmb. Momdm djhnmci`mh `itmk sugi sjkmomi cmsmr cmbmd kjrmomdm, sjeihoom udmt ticm` pjrbu djdkumt ojrm`mh tmdkmemh mnmrmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm djhoi`uti pjrojrm`mh 35

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

cmh pjrdihtmmh zmdmh. Bjkie tjpmthym mcmbme sudkjr dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ci Ihclhjsim pmcm pirmdicm cimtms sjhmhtimsm djdibi`i pjhyjsumimh uhtu` cisjrmp `j cmbmd `jeicupmh dlcjrh. Ni`m mcm sudkjr mtmu pjcldmh ymho sjnm` `jduhgubmhhym djhombmdi pjrukmemh hmrmsi sjgmrm pjrilci` `mrjhm pjrukmemh zmdmh mtmu djdibi`i kjkjrmpm vjrsi dm`m ‒`jkjhmrmh ymho ltjhti`— `mhcuhomhhym m`mh smhomt djhmri` uhtu` cicis`usi`mh. [medmt @urhim cmbmd ku`uhym, Djrjtms Nmbmh Djhnmci Qlbitisi Srmhsflrdmtif djhouho`mp`mh, Wjgmrm fm`tumb mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh mcmbme `itmk ymho cikmwm lbje [msububbme smw. cmh kjrkmemsm Mrmk, dm`m sjgmrm rmsilhmb emhym mcm tiom `jduho`ihmh msmb mb]ur’mh. Qjrtmdm `mrmhomh kmhosm Mrmk, `jcum   `mrmhomh Hmki Duemddmc smw cmh `jtiom kjrmsmb cmri Mbbme swt.35  Bjkie

bmhnut

ciurmi`mh

cmbmd

tubismh

tjrsjkut

djhymtm`mh, ni`mkmemsmhym mb-]urmh djhoouhm`mh mcmbme `mrmhomh kmhosm cjhomh mroudjh kmemsm MrmkMrmk cmh mwmb pjhyjkmrmhhym sjgmrm kjrtmemp `jpmcm su`u-su`u ci Mrmk Dj`me dm`m emb mbmsmh ihi ticm` djdibi`i bmhcmsmh ymho `umt. Wjkmk ni`m emb tjrsjkut kjhmr, dm`m lrmho Mrmk ymho tjr`jhmb cjhomh `jdmdpumhhym kjrsymir cmpmt

djhyusuh smtu surme mtmu smtu mymt smnm ymho dmdpu kjrsmhciho cjhomh tj`s cmh `mhcuhomh mb-]ur’mh. mb-]ur’mh. Hmduh sjpmhnmho sjnmrme, hjojri pmrm pjhymir ihi ticm` mcm smtupuh ymho cmpmt djdkumt `mbidmt sjdismb mymt cmbmd mb-]ur’mh. mb-]ur’mh. Qmsgm wmfmthym [msubbme Duemddmc smw., Dusmibmdme mb@mczmk djho`bmid ciri sjkmomi Hmki, cmh tjbme djdpjrlbje wmeyu cmh djhymdpmi`mh `jpmcm `mudhym. Wumtu `jti`m Mdru kih Mse kjrcimblo cjhomh Dusmibmdme, tjhtmho Wurme Mb-Mser ymho cituruh`mh `jpmcm Duemddmc smw. 35D.

[medmt @urhim c``. Djrjtms Nmbmh Djhnmci Qlbitisi Srmhsflrdmtif (Gjt.I0 MbMzemr Qrjss> Klolr, ;113), e.67. 39

 

Due. ]msid

Dusmibmdme puh `jducimh djhymdpmi`mh `jpmcm Mdru kih Mse kmewm cim tjbme djhjridm surme ymho sjnjhis, sjkmomi kjri`ut >

‫ ق‬ ‫و‬  ‫ ق‬ ‫و‬  ‫ وه‬‫ئ‬‫ و‬ ‫ قؽ‬‫ وغ و‬‫ و‬ ‫د قج‬‫و‬  ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ و‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ ت‬ ‫و‬    ‫و‬ ‫ و‬    ‒_memi kubu, wmemi kubu, sjsuhoouehym `mdu emhymbme sjkutmh cmh duhgub, sjcmho`mh `jsjburuemhdu mcmbme bukmho.—   Dusmibmdme djdihtm pmhcmhomh Mdru kih Mse tjhtmho surme tjrsjkut, Mdru kih Mse djhymtm`mh, Cjdi Mbbme, sjsuhoouehym `mdu sjhciri tmeu kmewm sjsuhoouehym m`u djhojtmeui `mbmu `mdu kjrcustm ..—  —  Mroudjh `jcum , mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh mcmbme `mrmhomh Hmki Duemddmc smw. emb ihi nuom ticm` rmsilhmb. Wjkjbud cimho`mt djhnmci [msub, Duemddmc smw. mcmbme sjlrmho ymho uddi  (ticm`  (ticm` djdmemdi kmgm tubis) djs`ipuh cjdi`imh

kjbimu djdibi`i emti ymho kjrgmemym. Qmcm jrm mwmb `jhmkimh Duemdmc smw. wmeyu cigmtmt ku`mh lbje kjbimu sjhciri hmduh cicmdpihoi lbje pmrm smemkmt ymho dubim. @ldpmrmsi hmrmsi cmh mrti cum sudkjr utmdm mnmrmh Isbmd ym`hi mb]ur’mh cmh suhhme, dm`m m`mh cicmpmt`mh `jcumhym djdibi`i omym kmemsm tjrsjhciri. Qlsisi emcispuh mcmbme sjkmomi pjhnjbms emb ymho kjrsifmt lpjrmsilhmb `mhcuhomh mb]ur’mh. Nmci mbmsmh `jcum nuom ihi ticm` fm`tumb cmh rmsilhmb. Mroudjh `jtiom , mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh mcmbme wmeyu cmri Mbbme swt. cmh emb ihi djhnmci plhcmsi `jidmhmh udmt dusbid ymho tjrmho`ud cmbmd ihci`mtlr `jidmhmh udmt Isbmd ym`hi ru`uh Idmd. Kjkjrmpm fm`tm ymho djhourmi`mh `jdu`nizmtmh mb-]urmh mcmbme cmri sjoi tj`s cmh isi tjtmp `lhsistjh cmri sjnm` ciwmeyu`mh smdpmi smmt ihi. Mb-]urmh djhomhcuho emb-emb ymho distjri pmcm ci`jducimh emri smtu pjrsmtu tjrku`ti djbmbui risjt cmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh. :1

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Qjdkmemsmh dmsmbme rjprlcu`si cmh msmb dumsmb dmhusim cmri sjb tjbur, djhnmci sjoudpmb cmrme, cmoiho, citlpmho tubmho pmcm dmsm itu (=311 Smeuh ymho sibmd) mcmbme pjdkmemsmh ymho ticm` pjrhme tjrpi`ir`mh, hmduh mb]ur’mh tjbme djhoubmshym djhoubmshym sjgmrm cjtmib cmh rihgi. Fm`tm sjbmhnuthym mcmbme mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh cmpmt cikmgm`mh cmbmd sjdum `lhcisi. Kjcm cjhomh tj`s ymho bmih. Ni`m isihym djhyjru`mh tjhtmho gihtm cmh `jkmemoimmh dm`m ticm` tjpmt ni`m cismdpmi`mh pmcm smmt lrmho cmbmd `jmcmmh kjrcu`m. Ni`m hmrmsihym mcmbme tjhtmho cu`m cmh `jdmbmhomh dm`m ticm` pmtut cikmgm`mh pmcm `lhcisi lrmho sjdjhtmrm kjrojdkirm sjpjrti pjrhi`memh mtmu djhymdkut `jbmeirmh mhm`. mb]ur’mh ticm` cjdi`imh. Qmcm `lhcisi kmemoim mtmu `lhcisi cu`m, sjhciri mtmu kjrnmdmme, bm`i-bm`i mtmu pjrjdpumh, cjwmsm mtmu mhm`-mhm`, `lhcisi gumgm gjrme mtmu djhcuho,

dmsm pjrmho mtmu dmsm cmdmi

mb-]urmh tjtmp cmpmt

ciemcir`mh sjkmomi kmgmmh ymho kjrhibmi ikmcme, djdkjri dmhfmmt kmoi pjdkmgmhym cmh ymho djhcjhomr`mhhym. Djhyjhtue dusemf cmh djdkmgmhym emrus cmbmd `lhcisi sugi. @l`lehym mb-]urmh cmbmd sjombm cidjhsi sjeihoom `itmk tjrsjkut djhnmci pjcldmh udmt Isbmd cmbmd djhnmbmhi `jeicupmh cmh sudkjr si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm udmt Isbmd. Djs`ipuh mb-]urmh mcmbme `itmk kmoi udmt Isbmd hmduh tjtmp kjrisi mnmrmh uhtu` tjtmp djdkmhouh rjbmsi ymho kmi` cjhomh dmhusim sjgmrm `jsjburuemh kmi` ymho sjomdm dmupuh bihtms momdm. Wudkjr dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm sjbmih `itmk sugi mcmbme cmri mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh ymho smdpmi smmt ihi dmsme tjrmwmtt cjho cjhomh mh kmi`. Kjrkmomi emsib pjhjbitimh kjri`ut djdkjri`mh ihflrdmsi tjhtmho pjhomdmbmh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ymho cibm`u`mh lbje mbirmh momdm/pjhomhut `jpjrgmymmh. Emssj N,c`` cmbmd mrti`jbhym, Cis`ridihmsi Hjomrm tjremcmp Momdm ci Ihclhjsim Wtuci mtms Qjrslbmh Qlsisi Eu`ud Slwmhi Slbltmho Qmsgm Qjhom`umh Momdm [jsdi djhubis, Bm Ouou (:1 tmeuh) ymho tjbme djhyjbjsmi`mh pjdmsmhomh :=

 

Due. ]msid

mtmp dmsnic mb Dunmeicih KlbmKubu. Djhuruthym, pmhitim pjdkmhouhmh dmsnic ymho bmhosuho djhoeukuhoihym. Bmhnut cim, pjrdihtmmh tjrsjkut ticm` kjreukuhomh Wmdm sj`mbi cjhomh `mpmsitmshym sjkmomi pjhomhut Slwmhi Slbltmho39  tjtmpi cmbmd eukuhomh ymho kjrsifmt prlfjssilhmb ym`hi prlfjsihym sjkmomi tu`mho `myu ymho kism djdmsmho mtmp sjpjrti ymho sjcmho cikutue`mh lbje pmhitim pmdkmhouhmh dmsnic.:1  Bjkie bmhnut cmbmd tubismh tjrsjkut cisjkut`mh Bmuhom Wjtti, cmri `jgib, ojhjrmsi Slwmhi Slbltmho djdmho tjbme citmhmd`mh si`mp-si`mp sjpjrti itu

(pjrsmtumh ci ihtjrhmb `jbldpl`) ymho ticm` emhym tjrkmtms pmcm pjrslmbmh `jmomdmmh, tjtmpi nuom slsimb `jdmsymrm`mtmh. Ihi djhuhnu``mh kmewm, piem` bumr puh (dusbid) djhom`ui slbicitms cmh slbicmritms ihtjrhmb Slwmhi Slbltmho. :=  Msjp Bu`dmh Em`id cmbmd Qlbiti` Icjhtitms Momdm Bl`mb, djhubis tjtmho Mbirmh @jpjrgmymmh Qjrnmbmhmh (M@Q) sjkmomi sumtu mnmrmh ymho kjrkmsis`mh momdm wmrismh bjbueur (`mrueuh) ci dmsymrm`mt Wuhcm Bjkm` Kmhtjh (Wuhcm _iwitmh). Mnmrmh M@Q sjkmomidmhm ymho tjrtumho cmbmd Cmsm _msitm djhuhnu``m djhuhnu``mh h si`mp pjhoemymt `jpjrgmymmh ymho tlbjrmh, tjrku`m cmh kjr`jpjrgmymmh tjremcmp Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm. Nmti ciri 39Slwmhi

Slbltmho   mcmbme momdm bl`mb ymho kjr`jdkmho ci

@jburmemh Mdpmritm Wubmwjsi Bmdm, @jgmdmtmh Sjbbu Slbltlmho Bidpuj, @mkupmtjh Wicjhrjho [mppmmho, Wjbmtmh. Slwmhi djhom`ui mcmhym Suemh ym`hi ‒Cjwmtm Wjwwmj— ymho cisjkut ‒Qmtltlj— cmh djdpjrgmymi `jemcirmh Bm Qmhmuhoi sjkjomi pjhjridm wmeyu cmri Cjwmtm Wjwwmj. Biemt Nmdmbuccih Is`mhcmr,—@jpjrgmymmh @lduhitms Slbltmho— mb-Smcmkkur, Vlbudj V Hl. = (Nuhi ;1=9)> e.5?-55. :1Emssj

N, c``., ‒Cis`ridihmsi Hjomrm tjremcmp Momdm ci Ihclhjsim Wtuci mtms Qjrslmbmh Qlsisi Eu`ud Slwmhi Slbltmho Qmsgm Qjhom`umh Momdm [jsdi—  [jsdi—  @mwistmrm , Vlbudj = Hl (; Moustus ;1==)> e.=57. :=Emssj

N, c``., ‒Cis`ridihmsi Hjomrm tjremcmp Momdm ci Ihclhjsim Wtuci mtms Qjrslmbmh Qlsisi Eu`ud Slwmhi Slbltmho Qmsgm Qjhom`umh Momdm [jsdi, e. =57. :;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

cmh `jprikmcim `jprikmcimhhym hhym tjrsjkut kjrkmsis pmcm Wuhcm _iwitmh.:;  Msjp bu`dmh em`id nuom djhymdpmi`mh kmewm M@Q eicup kjrkmur cjhomh dmsymrm`mt sj`itmrhym. Slwmhi tlbltmho cmh Wuhcm wiwitmh mcmbme kjkjrmpm kmoimh cmri momdm husmhtmrm ymho pjhomhuthym dmsie mcm smdpmi smmt

ihi. Kicmho bj`tur @emzmhme @jmomdmmh Kmbmi Bitkmho Dm`mssmr cmbmd Bmplrmh Smeuhmh ;1=9 Emb Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm cmbmd Srmcisi Bismh Dmsymrm`mt su`u Kmnmu Omhtmrmho @j`j, @mkupmtjh Kmhtmjho, djhubis sjkume mrti`jb tjhtmho M`kmruom . Srmcisi M`kmruom mcmbme trmcisi bismh sjdmgmd ymho cibm`smhm`mh sjtimp sjtimp kubmh Wym’kmh. Qrlsjs m`kmruom  tjrcmpmt   tjrcmpmt smstrm bismh kjrupm mru`, sudpme, cmh tmrimh. Qlsisi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd trmcisi ihi mcmbme unmrmh cmbmd tj`s ymho djhomnm` sjburue jbjdjh pjstm uhtu` smbiho djhnmbih `jutuemh cmh `jkubmtmh kjrsmdm, hmduh tjtmp djhnuhnuho tihooi dusymwmrme, cmbmd prihsip `jkinm`smhmmh eicup kjrcmdpihomh mhtmrm wmrom, rmnm, cmh pjhomhut `jpjrgmymmh ymho kjrkjcm, uhtu` sjhmhtimsm smbiho djhoemromi smtu smdm bmih.:7  Qltjhsi momdm, mbirmh cmh `jpjrgmymmh ihi ciihtjormsi`mh `jcmbmd sjkume djcim hjomrm ymho djhnmci pjcldmh utue ymho kjrbm`u cmbmd tmtmhmh eicup kjrkmhosm cmh kjrhjomrm cmh djhnmci cmsmr hjomrm ym`hi Qmhgmsibm. Qmhgmsibm djhnmci pjcldmh eicup kmhosm Ihclhjsim, sudkjr cmri sjombm eu`ud, cmh pjrnmhnimh bueur dmsymtm`mt Ihclhjsim. Qmhgmsibm flrdmb djdpuhymi m`mr ymho cmbmd pmcm sjnmrme, pjrmcmkmh pjrmcmkmh ,momdm, eicup, `jtmtmtmhjomrmmh, `jtmtmtmhjomrmmh, :;Msjp

Bu`dmh Emdic, ‒Qlbiti` Icjhtitms Momdm Bl`mb Wtuci tjhtmho Mbirmh @jpjrgmymmh Qjrnmbmhmh Gipmrmy Kmhcuho— mb -Mf`mr, Vlbudj = Hl.; (Nuby ;1=5), e.=;1. :7Bmplrmh

Smeuhmh ;1=9 Emb Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm cmbmd Srmcisi Bismh Dmsymrm`mt, Kicmho bj`tur @emzmhme @jmomdmmh Kmbmi Bitkmho Dm`mssmr, e.7-3. :7

 

Due. ]msid

`joltlhorlylhomh, stru`tur slsimb, cmri dmsymrm`mt

Ihclhjsim ymho cigiptm`mh lbje `jkucmymmh cmh mbirmh pjdi`irmh mtmu sjdmhomt `jkmtihmh kmhomsm Ihclhjsim.:3  Qmcm cmjrme bmihpuh dmsie tjremdpmr kmhym` nudbme `jmrifmh bl`mb ymho djhomhcuho hibmi-hibmi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Cmri kjrkmomi sudkjr cmh rjmbitms ymho mcm, cmpmt cirmnut sjkume kjhmho djrme kmewm Ihclhjsim djdibi`i `emzmhme dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ymho kjrsudkjr cmri mnmrmh momdm, mbirmh `jkmtihmh cmh `jmrifmh bl`mb. Wjkume sihjroitms ymho pjrbu cirmwmt cmh cikjri`mh mprjsimsi djbmbui risjt ibdime cmh djhomho`mthym `j rmhme pukbi`.

 

G. Qmhgmsibm cmh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm Ihclhjsim djdibi`i `jmhj`mrmomdmh emymti ymho djdkjhtmho cmri wibmyme tidur smdpmi kmrmt. Qltjhsi cmrmt, mir, cmh ucmrm ci Ihclhjsim tjrkibmho ci mtms cikmhciho cjhomh tjdpmt cmh hjomrm bmih. Wmtwm Ihclhjsim nuom tjrolblho jhcjdi` ::  cmh kjkjrmpm cimhtmrmhym bmho`m. Fm`tlr `jmhj`mrmomdmh emymti djhyjkmk`mh `lhcisi biho`uhomh cmh `jpjrgmymmh mhtmrm smtu tjdpmt cjhomh tjdpmt bmihhym kjrmomd pubm. Dmsymrm`mt ymho tihoomb ciwibmyme pjouhuhomh djdpjrgmymi kmewmkjhgmhm ouhuhosjpjrti cmpmt cimnm` kjrcimblo sjeihoom sjkjbud tjrnmci ouhuho djbjtus, mtmu blhoslr dm`m pjhnmom ouhuho m`mh djhcmpmt pjsmh ‒wmhosit  ‒wmhosit —momr —momr pjrsjdkmemh sjojrm ciojbmr. Cjdi`imh pubm cjhomh dmebu` `eusus djdibi`i tjdpmt tjrsjhciri cmbmd `jpjrgmymmh dmsymrm`mt. Ni`m cipjremti`mh :3Wuwmrhl,Qmhgmsibm

 (Gjt.90 @mhisius> Kucmym Kmhosm Ihclhjsim  (Gjt.90

Yloym`mrtm>;119), e.=?. ::Jhcjdi`

mcmbme fblrm cmh fmuhm ymho emhym mcm cmh citjdu`mh pmcm smtu wibmyme tjrtjhtu smnm. Wjpjrti, Kjl Hims ci Wudmtjrm, Kjru` Djhtmwmi ci Djhtmwmi, @ldlcl ci [ihgm Qubmu Fblrjs, Mhlm ci Wubmwjsi,Kuruho Kicmcmri Embdmejrm ci Embdmejrm Dmbu`u Ztmrm. :3

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

pmcm rudme `uhl mtmu `ldpbj`s rudme mcmt m`mh cibiemt kjrkmomi bu`ismh mtmu u`irmh ymho djhmdpib`mh kjrkmomi dmebu` mtmu ejwmh ymho cimhoomp smgrmb. Cimhtmrm dmebu` tjrsjkut mcmbme kuruho omrucm. Wj`ibms tjhtmho kuruho Omrucm ymho djhnmci bmdkmho Qmhgmsibm ciicjhti`mh spjsijs kuruho pjdmhosm cjhomh hmdm bmtih Wpizmjtus kmrtjbsii / Nmvmh Emw` ymho plpubmsihym tjrmhgmd. tjrmhgmd.  Sjhtuhym Ni`m cimcm`mh risjt smtwm tjhtmho `jkjrmcmmh kuruho omrucm ymho djhnmci bmdkmho cmri Qmhgmsibm, dm`m m`mh subit djdkjkjr`mh fm`tm njhis ymho tjpmt uhtu` omrucm. Hmduh tjrcmpmt spjsijs dmebu` tjrkmho ymho pmbiho cj`mt cjhomh kjhtu` fisi` kuruho omrucm ym`hi cmri njhis jbmho Nmwm cmh sjkmoimh bmoi djhymtm`mh kuruho omrucm Qmhgmsibm Qmhgmsi bm icjhti` cjhomh jbmho rmnmwmbi. Kjrkmomi `isme `jmomdmmh ymho djdprjsjhtmsi`mh hibmi-hibmi dlrmb ymho cijdkmh lbje kuruho Omrucm. Ci`isme`mh, Omrucjym/Omrucm mcmbme kuruho wmemhm (`jhcmrmmh) ymho djdkmwm pmhni-pmhni cjwm _ishu (cjwm pjdjbiemrm mbmd sjdjstm). Omrucjym djhcmpmt `jelrdmtmh ihi sjtjbme djhuhnu``mh cemrdm km`ti cmh oioie kjrnumho djdkjkms`mh ikuhym (cjwi wihmtm) cmri =111 j`lr hmom. :6  Dmsymrm`mt Kmbi djym`ihi kmewm kmewm omrucm mcmbme ‒Sumh— sjombm dmebu` ymho cmpmt tjrkmho cmh rmnm mouho pmrm kuruho.:?  Djs`ipuh cjdi`imh sjbmih Eihcu sidklb kuruho omrucm ciouhm`mh pubm lbje kjrkmomi `jrmnmmh Isbmd Husmhtmrm, sjpjrti `jsubtmhmh Sjrhmtj. @jrmnmmh Isbmd Ihclhjsim pmcm dmsm mwmb, Wmducjrm Qmsmi ci Mgje (=;6;=:;3) nuom djhoouhm`mh sidklb kuruho ymho smhomt dirip cjhomh kjhtu` Qmhgmsibm.

:6Fjdi

J`m [medmwmti, Djhjrl`m Omrucm Qmhgmsibm cmri @isme Omrucjym (Gjt. I0 ZK.Qrjss> Dmbmho, ;1=9), e.66-69. :?Ejri

Ejrcimwmhtl, c``, Qrjhmdjcim Orlup, ;1=5), e.;3.

Wpritumbisdj

Qmhgmsibm

(Gjt.I0

::

 

Due. ]msid

Qmhgmsibm djrupm`mh fmbsmfme eicup kmhosm cmh citjtmp`mh sjkmomi bmdkmho hjomrm.:5  Wjeihoom ni`m ihoih djbiemt tmtmhmh eicup dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsmi dm`m bjwmt Qmhgmsibm pihtuhym. Ni`m mcm hjomrm bmih ymho bumshym sjpjrti Ihclhjsim dm`m `jduho`ihmh kjsmr hjomrm tjrsjkut m`mh tjrkmoi `j cmbmd kjkjrmpm hjomrm kmoimh mtmu hjomrm fjcjrmb. Nustjru emb ihi ticm` tjrnmci ci Ihclhjsim, sjkmk wibmyme Ihclhjsim Ihclhjsim ‒cibihcuhoi— lbje pjr`msmhym kuruho omrucm, ym`hi Qmhgmsibm. @lrjbmsi Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cjhomh Qmhgmsim sjpjrti eukuhomh dmtm mir cjhomh tudkuemh. Qmhgmsibm mcmbme dmtm mirhym cmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm mcmbme kjrmomd tudkuemh ymho eicup `mrjhm ‒kjr`me— mir tjrsjkut. Qmhgmsibm bmeir cmri mirdurhi kucmym rjbinius Ihclhjsim cjhomh djhoouhm`mh kuruho jbmho njhis omrucm sjkmomi bmdkmhohym cmh sjdlklymh Keihhj` Suhoomb I`m kjrkjcm hmduh tjtmp smtu cmbmd pitm ymho tjrgjho`rmd `umt ci`m`ihym Qmcm hjomrm bmih, kuruho jbmho nuom djhnmci kmoimh bmdkmho hjomrm mtmu kjhcjrm sjpjrti hjomrm Ymdmh, Djsir, Ylrcmhim, Irm`, Njrdmh, @iroistmh, Hmdikim, Mdjri`m Wjri`mt, Mustrim, Mrdjhim, Mbmkmhim, Semibmhc cmh bmih-bmih. Hmduh Hmduh Omrucm Qmhgmsibm ci Ihclhjsim djdibi`i `j`emsmh sjkmk tjbme djhuhnu``mh `jsm`timhhym cjhomh djhymtu`mh kjrkmomi bmtmr su`u, momdm, rms cmh `jpjrgmymmh `jcmbmd smtu `jsmcmrmh hmsilhmb ym`hi Hjomrm @jsmtumh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim, djhoemcmpi olhgmhomh-olhgmhomh hmsilhmb sjnm` zmdmh `jdjrcj`mmh smdpmi smmt ihi. Bmho`me ymho smhomt tjpmt ni`m sibm cmbmd Qmhgmsibm sjhmhtimsm ci`udmhcmho`mh pmcm smmt upmgmrm, cmri bjdkmom pjhcici`mh tiho`mt cmsmr smdpmi tiho`mt bjdkmom hjomrm. @lrjbmsi Qmhgmsibm cjhomh

:5Cjtmib

Omrucm

Qmhgmsibm

cmpmt

cibiemt

pmcm

Qjrmturmh

Qjdjrihtme [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim Hldlr 66 Smeuh =9:= tmhoomb =? L`tlkjr =9:= tjhtmho Bmdkmho Hjomrm. :6

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm mcm pmcm sjtimp niwm Zbmsmhhym cmpmt cipjremti`mh sjkmomi kjri`ut >

Qmhgmsibm.

Jsm  =). Wibm Qjrtmdm, @jtuemhmh Ymho Dmem Jsm  Wibm ihi djhnmci pjdku`m ymho djhuhnu``mh kmewm Ihclhjsim mcmbme hjomrm kjrmomdm ymho pjrgmym `jpmcm Suemh. Hjomrm kjrcmsmr`mh `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Jsm cjdi`imh ymho tjrhgmhtud cmbmd pmsmb ;9 mymt = Zhcmhouhcmho Cmsmr =93:. Sjrdm`tuk cmbmd Qjhjtmpmh Qrjsicjh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim Hldlr = Smeuh =96: kmewm Momdm ymho cipjbu` lbje pjhcucu` Ihclhjsim imbme Isbmd, @ristjh, @mtlbi`, Eihcu, Kucem, @elho Gu (Glhfusius).:9  Qlhcmsi ihibme ymho djhom`ikmt`mh fmemd-fmemd kjrsjkrmhomh cmh ticm` djdpjrgmymi Suemh, ticm` cikjri rumho kjrhmfms smdm sj`mbi, mtmu `jsjdpmtmh tudkue wmbmu emhym kmrmho sj`jnmp ci wibmyme Ihclhjsim. @jym`ihmh cmh kjrmomdm ku`mh emb ymho kmru cmbmd dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim, hmduh tjbme mcm sjnm` rikumh tmeuh ymho bmbu. Kjhie-kjhie `jpjrgmymmh `uhl mhidisd, cihmdisdj, tltjdisdj, prm`tj`hym dmsie cmpmt citjdu`mh smdpmi smmt ihi. Sjdpmt `jrmdmt, plelh `jrmdmt, `jris `jrmdmt smdpmi pmcm gihgih `jrmdmt djhnmci `emzmhme tjrsjhciri cmbmd stuci `jpjrgmymmh cmh kucmym Ihclhjsim. Dmsymrm`mt smhomt djhymcmri pjrmhmh momdm cmbmd `jeicupmh. Wjeihoom dmtjri momdm cmh cmsmr icjlbloi `jpjrgmymmh `jpmcm Suemh tjbme dubmi citmhmd`mh cmh cimnmr`mh `jpmcm `jbumrom sjnm` `jgib, cimnmr`mh ci sj`lbme sjrtm cisjdmrm``mh ci dmsymrm`mt. @mbjhcjr rjsdi

pjdjrihtme timp tmeuh djhjrkit`mh surmt `jputusmh kjrsmdm djhtjri uhtu` djhom`ldlcir kjrkmomi pjrmymmh

:9Biemt

Qmsmb = Qjhjtmpmh Qrjsicjh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim Hldlr = Smeuh =96: tmhoomb ;? Nmhumri =96: tjhtmho Qjhgjomemh Qjhymbmeouhmmh cmh/mtmu Qjhlcmmh Momdm  

:?

 

Due. ]msid

emri rmym `jmomdmmh mtmu tmeuh sugi `jmomdmmh. Wurmt ihi citumho`mh cmbmd emri bikur guti kjrsmdm ymho citmhcmtmhomhi lbje Siom Djhtjri ym`hi Djhtjri Qjhcmymouhmmh Mpmrmtur Hjomrm & [jflrdmsi Kirl`rmsi (QMH-[K), Djhtjri Momdm cmh Djhtjri `jtjhmom`jrnmmh. Wibm ihi, djhoouhm`mh kihtmho cjhomh wmrhm jdms sjkmomi isymrmt kmewm Ymho Dmem Jsm cmbmd sjombm dmhifjstmsihym djhcmpmt plsisi ymho tjrtihooi cmbmd `jeicupmh dmsymrm`mt. ;). Wibm `jcum, @jdmhusimmh ymho mcib cmh kjrmcmk  kjrmcmk  @jdmhusimmh, `jmcibmh cmh mcmk djrupm`mh kmoimh ihti cmri dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm sjhmhtimsm djhoemcir`mh dmhusim cjhomh si`mp ymho mcib kmi` `mpmsitmshym sjkmomi dmsymrm`mt dmupuh sjkmomi pjdidpih cmbmd hjomrm. Wjdum bmtmrkjbm`mho djhcmpmt pjrbm`umh ymho istijdjwm kmi` cmbmd pjbmymhmh ci smrmhm pukbi` mtmu pjrbm`umh ci wibmyme ymho sifmthym privmsi. @jmcibmh nuom kjrmrti kmewm sjburue m`tivitms ikmcme cmh mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh djhcmpmt rjdpmt ymho smdm ci cmbmd bmhcmsmh `lhstitusi. Emb ihi djrupm`mh pjdm`hmmh cmri bmdkmho sibm `jcum ym`hi rmhtmi jdms (tjrsusuh cmri ojbmho ymho kjrkjhtu` biho`mrmh cmh sjoi jdpmt). Kmewm `jdmhusimmh djrupm`mh dmtm rmhtmi ymho cmpmt djhymtu`mh dmsymrm`mt ymho djdibi`i bmtmr `jrmomdmh cmh

`jkjrmomdmmh. Qjhoidpbjdjhtmsimh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm pmcm sibm Qjhoidpbjdjhtmsimh `jcum, @jmcibmh Wlsimb kmoi sjburue Dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim cmpmt cibm`u`mh kjrsi`mp slpmh cmh smhtuh `jpmcm sjdum lrmho, smbiho djbjho`mpi cmbmd `j`urmhomh, smbiho djdkjhmei ci cmbmd `jgu`upmh. M`tif cmbmd `joimtmh mdmb sjrtm clhmsi `jpmcm djrj`m ymho djdkutue`mh. Qjdjrihtme cmh dmsymrm`mt ciumr momdm/mbirmh `jprgmymmh tjrsjkut, djdkjri`mh si`mp `llpjrmtif    cmh tlbjrmhsi `jkjrmcmmh djrj`m. Slbltmho   cmh Mbu` tlclbl   :5

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

tjtmp cmpmt eicup emrdlhis cjhomh pjhcucu` mommd ci Wubmwjsi Wjbmtmh, cjdi`imh pubm cjhomh fmemd cmh `jpjrgmymmh ci wibmyme bmihhym. [jsplh `jeicupmh emrdlhis cmh kjrcmdpihomh ihi, m`mh smhomt kjrkjcm ni`m cmbmd dmsymrm`mt mcm cimhtmrm dmsymrm`mt ymho kjrmomdm cjhomh fmemd/ mbirmh mhti momdm. ni`m Ni`m emb ihi, bjkie cimho`mt bmoi pmcm flrud ibdime Ihtjrhmsilhmb, dm`m Ihclhjsim djrupm`mh cjstihmsi utmdm, risjt kucmym cmh momdm. @jtiom, Qjrsmtumh Ihclhjsim 7). Wibm @jtiom,  Wibm ihi, djhoouhm`mh omdkmr plelh kjrihoih sjkmomi bmdkmho pjrsmtumh Ihclhjsim. Qlelh Kjrihoih djrupm`mh njhis plelh cmri fmdiby dlrmgjmj `jbumrom plelh hmho`m. Cjs`ripsi fisi` plelh kjrihoih djdibi`i cmemh ymho `l`le cmh cmuh ymho rihcmho. Emb djdkjri `jsmh kmewm `jrihcmhomh `jrihcmhom h plelh djrupm djrupm`mh `mh tjdpmt kjrkmomi fm fmemd, emd, cmh mbirmh ymho dmsymrm`mt smdm-smdm kjrtjcue mtmumcm eicupcmbmd emrdlhis. @mrm`tjr cmpmt fisi` ymho bmihhym mcmbme djdibi`i m`mr ymho tjreunmd nmue ci cicmbmd tmhme

cmh djhnmci plelh ymho cmpmt djhyidpmh mir cmh djhmemh jrlsi. Emb ihi djdkjri`mh isymrmt kmewm pjrsmtumh kjrm`mr cmri `jrmomdmh kucmym Ihclhjsim ymho djhnmci dlcmb djdmnu`mh kmhosm. Hmsilhmbisdj mtmu `jkmhosmmh mcmbme pmemd ymho djym`ihi `jkjhmrmh fi`irmh kmewm sjtimp kmhosm sjemrushym kjrsmtu pmcu cmbmd `lduhitms plbiti` 61  @jdjrcj`mmh ymho cipjrlbje sjtimp hjomrm tjrdmsu` Ihclhjsim sjtjbme kjrmcm cmbmd gjho`rmdmh pjhnmnme, djhnmci fm`tm kmewm dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim djdibi`i sjdmhomt pjrnumhomh, pjrsmtumh cmh sjdmhomt djdibi`i (sjhsj lf kjblhoiho ). ). @lhtj`s Wjdmhomt djdibi`i Ihclhjsim pmcm dmsm sj`mrmho ku`mh bmoi djdmhooub sjhnmtm ci 61Mbi

Dmgesmh Dljsm,Hmsilhmbisdj @imi @lhtru`si Kjrkmsis Momdm  (Gjt.  (Gjt. I0 B` is> is> Yloym`mrtm, ;11?), e. 7;.  

Wlsimb

:9

 

Due. ]msid

djcmh pjrmho, hmduh kjrsmtu kjrnumho djbmwmh `jtjrkjbm`mhomh, `jdis`ihmh cmh mhgmdmh cisihtjormsi kmhosm. Qjrsmtumh mcmbme `j`umtmh. Dmsymrm`mt kjrsmtu `mrjhm djrj`m djdibi`i bmtmr kjrkjcm hmduh smtu `jihoihsh eicup ymho pjhgmpmimh tunumh kjrkmhosm cmh kjrhjomrm ym`hi djhgjrcms`mh `jeicupmh cmh turut djhgipmtm`mh pjrcmdmimh cuhim. Smhpm pjrsmtumh dm`m fmemd-fmemd sjsmt m`mh tudkue bimr smtu pjrsmtu cmh pmcm `lhcisi m`ut dmhomhgmh ojhjrmsi kmhosm. Sjrcmpmt dldjhtud kjrsjnmrme cmbmd djdkmhouh pjrsmtumh Ihclhjsim ym`hi i`rmr Wudpme Qjducm ymho cipjrihomti sjkmomi emri kjsmr `jhjomrmmh ymho cipjrihomri sjtimp tmhoomb ;5 L`tlkjr sjtimp tmeuh cjhomh emrmpmh sjdmhomt

pjrsmtumh

cmh

`jkmhosmmh

tjtmp

tjrpmtri.

Wl`jmrhi

djhymtm`mh, Dmri `itm pjremti`mh kmomidmhm, niwm dlcjrmsi ymho cikmhouh `jbldpl` pjducm cmh pjbmnmr cmbmd `joimtmh @lhorjs Qjducm Ihclhjsim. Wjbmih Lromhismsi tjrciri cmri pjducm-pjducm cjhomh kjrkmomi bmtmr kjbm`mho, su`u, momdm, trmcisi cmri wibmyme tidur, tjhome cmh kmrmt. Nlho Nmvm, Nlho Mdklh, nlho Kmtm`, Nlho Gjbjkjs, Nlho Isbmdijtjh Klhc, Nlho Wudmtrmhjh Klhc, mcmbme kjkjrmpm pjreidpumh pjducm ymho emcir cmbmd `lhorjs Qjducm I pmcm tmeuh =9;6 cmh @lhorjs Qjducm II ;?-;5 L`tlkjr =9;5. @jkmho`itmh Isbmd ihclhjsim sjnm` pjrdubmmh mkmc `j-;1 djrupm`mh kmoimh cmri `jkmho`itmh hmsilhmb. Nmci sjnm` sjdubm lrmho-lrmho Duemddmciyme cmh HZ ticm` emhym djrmsm dusbid, djbmih`mh nuom ihclhjsim. kjoitu pubm, kmewm @ristimhitms, prltjstmh cmh @mtlbi`, citjridm kjoitu kmi` ci pmho`umh kmhosm tmhpm cipjrslmb`mh `mitmhhym cjhomh pjhnmnme itu smdm smnm `mrjhm

61

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

djrj`m sjnm` tmeuh =9;1-mh m`tif tjrbikmt cmbmd ojrm`mh `jdjrcj`mmh.6=  Emb ihi cmpmt cipjremti`mh cjhomh pjhjomsmh djrj`m ci tj`s sudpme pjducm ymho djnmci emri kjsmr `jhjomrmmh ymho cipjrihomti timp ;5 L`tlkjr. Sj`s sudpme pjducm mwmbhym djhoouhm`mh jnmmh vmh lpeuysjh cldihmh   djhnmci`mh euruf vlgmb ‒u— tjrtubis ‒lj— sjpjriymho `mtm sljdpme  pljtrm  cmh pljtri  djhnmci sudpme, pjdljcm  sudpme,  pjdljcm  uhtu` pjducm,   uhtu` pjducm,   pljtrm    cmh pljtri   djhnmci putrm cmh putri, `jducimh djhyjsumi`mh djhyjsumi`mh cjhomh cjhomh jnmmh kmru.

WZDQME QJDZCM  QJDZCM  @mdi Qutrm cmh Qutri Ihclhjsim, djhom`u kjrtudpme cmrme ymho smtu, tmhme mir Ihclhjsim. @mdi Qutrm cmh Qutri Ihclhjsim, djhom`u kjrkmhosm  ymho smtu, kmhosm Ihclhjsim. @mdi Qutrm cmh Qutri Ihclhjsim, djhnuhnuho kmemsm  pjrsmtumh, Kmemsm Ihclhjsim.

Sjrcmpmt fm`tm djhmri`, Kmcmh Qusmt Wtmtisti` pmcm tmeuh ;1=1 djdkjri`mh `jtjrmhomh kmewm nudmb su`u ci Ihclhjsim kjrnudbme =77= su`u. Simp-timp su`u djdibi`i suk-su`u mtmu mhm` cmri su`u kjsmr ymho mcm. Nudbme su`u tjrsjkut djdibi`i kmemsm tjrsjhciri ymho djdjrbu`mh trmhsbmtlr   mtmu ibdu kmemsm sjtjdpmt sjkmomi smrmhm `lduhi`msi. Kjr`me `jemcirmh kjrkmomi pjducm pmcm `lhorjs pjducm `j-9 ci Wlbl, `itm cmpmt smbiho djhympm djhoouhm`mh smbme djcim pjdjrsmtu ym`hi kmemsm pjrsmtumh.

6=Frmhz

Dmohis Wusjhl,WN,c``. Momdm, @jtjrku`mmh cmd (Gjt.I0 Qmrmdmcihm> Nm`mrtm Wjbmtmh, Cjdl`rmsi Emrmpmh cmh Smhtmhomh (Gjt.I0 ;1=:), e.=:. 6=

 

Due. ]msid

@lhorjs pjducm `j-9 ci Wlbl tmhoomb ;?-7= Cjsjdkjr =9;6 sjdm`ih djdpjr`umt sjdmhomt `jdjrcj`mmh cjhomh djdutus`mh pjcldmh kjsmr kjsmr Nlho Nmvm momr kmemsm Djbmyu bjkie kmhym` cipjrouhm`mh ymho `jducimh `itm hmdm`mh kmemsm Ihclhjsim.6; 

Djdkmhouh pjrsmtumh djbmbui kmemsm Ihclhjsim djrupm`mh djcim strmtjois uhtu` bjkie djhoemrdlhis`mh bmoi kjrkmomi momdm cmh fmemd ymho mcm ci dmsymrm`mt. m`mh, ‒  Nmhomh djwmrisi mku sudpme Wlj`mrhl djhymt m`mh,  pjducm, tmpi wmrisibme mpi sudpme pjducm. @mbmu sj`jcmr djwmrisi mku, smucmrm-smucmrm m`mh pums cjhomh Ihcjhjsim  ymho sj`mrmho sucme smtu kmemsm, smtu kmhosm, cmh smtu tmhme mir, tmpi ihi ku`mh tunumh m`eir.—   Wi`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ymho tjrgjrdih cmri sibm `jtiom pjrsmtumh cmpmt cibm`u`mh cjhomh tjtmp kjrihtjrm`si cjhomh kjrkmomi bmtmr kjrmomdm cmbmd djbm`smhm`mh m`tifitms sjemri-emri, djhoelrdmti djhoelrdmti ru rudme dme pjrikmcmtmh, pjrikmcmtmh, cmh djhoeihcmri emb-emb ymho cmpmt djhyubut pjhlcmmh mtms hmdm momdm. 3). Wibm @jjdpmt, @jrm`ymtmh ymho Cipidpih lbje Ei`dmt @jkinm`smhmmh cmbmd Qjrdusymwmrmtmd Qjrwm`ibmh @jrm`ymtmh kmewm djbmbui pjrdusymwmrmtmh m`mh cipjrlbje ei`dme cmh `jkinm`smhmmh. Qjrdusymwmrmtmh cmbmd emb ihi kjrdm`hm bums dubmi cimblo, cis`usi, mucijhs, semrihosjssilh, `lhorjs, du`tmdmr smdpmi sicmho istidjwm. Qjrdusymrmtmh djrupm`mh djcim mdpue cmbmd djhyi`mpi kjrkmomi emb ymho tjrnmci. @jputusmh ymho cimdkib cmri dusymwmrme djbmeir`mh `jsjpm`mtmh mtmu dufm`mt cmh dmhfmmthym cmpmt cirmsm`mh kjrsmdm. Wjdm`ih kmhym`

6;Wri

Wurcmhiymtuh,  Dm`hm Wudpme Qjducm, (Gjt.I0 QS. Kmbmi Qustm`m0 Nm`mrtm Sidur, ;1=;), e.7. 6;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

dmsu`mh ymho kjr`umbitms dm`m sjdm`ih utue pubm emsib

dufm`mt ymho cipjrlbje. Qjhoouhmmh `jpmbm kmhtjho djhnmci bmdkmho sibm ihi cjhomh dm`suc kmewm kmhtjh djrupm`mh dmebu` ymho sjhmhtimsm eicup kjr`jbldpl` cmh kjrslsimbismsi, djdibi`i `j`umtmh sjkmomi sidklb pltjhsi dmsymrm`mt cmh wibmyme. Qjbm`smhmmh pjrdusymwmrmtmh cmbmd sibm ihi djhjoms`mh `jemcirmh kjrkmomi pjrwm`ibmh mtmu bmtmr djhnmci nmbmh uhtu` djdpjrlbje ei`dmt cmh `jkinm`shmmh cmbmd djhnmbmhi `jeicupmh kjrkmhos cmh kjrhjomrm Qmcm dmsymrm`mt trmcisilhmb, dusymwmrmepuh dusymwmrmepuh djhnmci mojhcm rutih ymho cibm`smhm`mh cmbmd kjrkmomi emb. Suruh `j smwme, djdku`m bmemh kmru, pjrhi`memh, mgmrm mcmt, sjdumhym sjhmhtimsm cimwmbi cjhomh dusymwmrme. Djs`ipuh nmue cmri `jsmh flrdmb sjpjrti spmhcu`, pjdkmgmmh tmtm tjrtik, dlcjrmtlr, hmrmsudkjr sjrtm pmhitim pjbm`smhm, `joimtmh dusmymwmrme tjtmp tjrbm`smhm cjhomh `eicdmt cmh sumsmhm sjcjremhm. @mud bjbm`i ymho kjrusim kjbim m`mh djdpjrsibme`mh cucu` `jpmcm `mud ymho bjkie sjpue udurhym. Wjcmho`mh `mud wmhitm mcm ymho cucu` cmbmd dusymwmrme, sjkmoimh ymho bmih djdpjrsimp`mh `lhsudsi trmcisilhmb sjkmomi fmsibitms dumsymwmrme. Emb ihi djrupm`mh rjmbitms kmewm dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim, sjnm` mwmb tjbme djdibi`i sjkume wmcme pjhomdkibmh `jputusmh (cjgisilh dm`iho) kjrupm dusymwmrme.  dusymwmrme.  :)Wibm `jbidm, :)Wibm Ihclhjsim   Ihclhjsim

@jmcibmh Wlsimb kmoi sjburue rm`ymt

Sjrcmpmt cum `mtm `jmcibmh cmbmd Qmhgmsibm ym`hi tjrdm`tuk pmcm sibm `jcum, `jdmhusimmh ymho mcib cmh kjrmcmk   cmh sibm `jbidm `jmcibmh slsimb kmoi sjburue rm`ymt Ihclhjsim  . Mcib    djdibi`i pjrsmdmmh mrtisjidkmho, cjhomh dlcjrmt ym`hi ticm` kjrmcm ci `iri ticm` ci `mhmh, plsisi ci tjhome-tjhome. Wjeihoom cjhomh cjdi`imh pmrm pjhciri Qmhgmsibm smhomt djdmemdi `lhcisi `jrmomdmh dmsymrm` dmsymrm`mt, mt, 67

 

Due. ]msid

dmsm cjpmh Ihclhjsim cjhomh sjhmhtimsm djhnunuho si`mp dlcjrmt cmbmd djhjtmp`mh tj`s sibm Qmhgmsibm. Cimhtmrm tunumh kjrkmhosm cmh kjrhjojrm djhgiptm`mh `jmcibmh slsimb.67  Qjhoouhmmh pmci cmh `mpms cmbmd sibm `j bidm tjrsirmt `j`umtmh pmhomh cmh j`lhldi. Wjeihoom dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim ku`mh emhym dmpmh cmri sjoi pmhomh (WCM) hmduh djdibi`i pubm sudkjr cmym dmhusim (WCD) ymho `ldpjtitif. @j`umtmh hmrmsi cmh dm`hm kmtih ymho mcm cmbmd sibm Qmhgmsibm, tjbme djhnmci rue `jeicupmh ymho kjrbm`u ci sjburue wibmyme Hjomrm @jsmtumh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim. Wjhmhtimsm kjridmh `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm, djhuhnuho tihooi hibmi `jdmhusimmh, mcmk, djdkmhouh pjrsmtumh cmh `jsmtumh, sjhmhtimsm kjrdusymwmrme, cmh kjr`jmcibmh slsimb ihibme wmnme kmhosm Ihclhjsim. @mtm `jdmhusimmh, `jmcibmh, dusymwmrme djdibi`i mrti kmewm cmbmd djhnmom `jsmtumh cmh kmhosm ihi sjhmhtimsm djdpjremti`mh fm`tlr-fm`tlr `jdmhusimmh, `jmcibmh slsimb ymho citjtmp`mh cmbmd dusymwmrme. @jmcibmh djrupm`mh smbme smtu sifmt dubim Sumeh ymho tjr`mhcuho cmbmd sibm pjrtmdm ym`hi `jtuemhmh Ymho Dmem Jsm. Wjtimp dmhusim djhoemrmp`mh `jmcibmh slsimb djhnmci `lhcisi ymho djwmrhmi `jeicupmh. @jmcibmh slsimb cmbmd djdpjrlbje pjhcici`mh ymho bmym`, fmsibitms pjrmwmtmh `jsjemtmh ymho djdmcmi, smdpmi `jmcibmh slsimb cmbmd djbm`smhm`mh pjrikmcmtmh. Sjrsjcimhym kmemh kmgmmh cjhomh kjrkmomi tjdm tjhtmho `jeicupmh kjrmomdm cmh `jpjrgmymmh ci Ihclhjsim pmcm sj`lbme cmsmr djrupm`mh wunuc pjremtimh pjdjrihtme momr `jmcibmh slsimb tjbme cipjr`jhmb`mh cipjr`jhmb` mh sjnm` cihi `jpmcm pjsjrtm cici`. C.  Qjhomrusutmdmmh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

67Biemt

63

Qrjmdkubj  Zhcmho-uhcmho  Zhcmho-uhcmho Cmsmr =93:.

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Wjtimp udmt cmpmt eicup kjrcmdpihomh cjhomh tjtmp djhojcjpm`mh hibmi-hibmi tlbjrmhsi. Emb ihi ticm` bmhosuho tjrnmci kjoitu smnm. Hmduh kjrmwmb cmri fm`tlr pjdkimsmh ymho kjr`jbmhnutmh (glhtihuitm  (glhtihuitm s). s). Qjdkimsmh djdprm`tj`m djdprm`tj`mh h mdmbmh momdm ci `jbumrom cmh kjr`jbmhnutmh ci sj`lbme cmh dmsymrm`mt mcmbme bmho`me ymho tjpmt uhtu` djhmhmd`mh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm sjnm` cihi. Qmcm jrm mwmb, momdm sjriho djhnmci ‒cmsmr— cmbmd djrjmbismsi`mh `jihoihmh cmh djdmsiv`mh `jkutuemh. Qmcmemb momdm ku`mhbme sjpjrti djdibie `jhcmrmmh uhtu` smdpmi `j tunumh hmduh momdm mcmbme plhcmsi `jeicupmh ymho djhomtur dmhusim momr eicup cmbmd `jtjrmturmh. Kjrkmomi `lhfbi` pmcm dmsm bmbu djhnmci pjbmnmrmh pjhtiho tjhtmho urojhsi cmri pjhomrusutmdmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Cmbmd prjspj`tif pjhcici`mh Isbmd, Hmki Duemddmc smw. cmbmd djhymdpmi`mh rismbmehym cibm`u`mh sjgmrm sjdkuhyi. Emb ihi ci`mrjhm`mh sjbmih nudbme pjhoi`ut dmsie smhomt `urmho, bmho`me ihi pubm citjdpue sjkmomi upmym djdihidmbisir tjrnmcihym pjrojsj`mh mhtmrm `jpjrgmymmh `mud ]urmisy cjhomh mnmrmh Isbmd ymho nustjru cmpmt djhidkub`mh `lrkmh. @mud ]urmisy ymho kjrpjomho pmcm momdm bjbueur djrj`m djdmhcmho kmewm Isbmd mcmbme sudkjr mhgmdmh ymho m`mh djhoojsjr `jpjrgmymmh cmh `jkimsmh djrj`m sjpjrti djhyjdkme kjrembm, `mtjolri rmsimb, cmh pjhoelrdmtmh tjremcmp `mud wmhitm. Wi`mp `jkjrmomdmmh sjpjrti ihibme ymho pjbu uhtu` djhcmpmt pjhgjrmemh. Sicm` djdmhcmho kmewm momdm mcmbme tjhtmho kmomidmhm pjrikmcmtmh `jpmcm Suemh, hmduh momdm mcmbme sjburue emb ymho djhniwmi sjburue `jeicupmh dmhusim. Djhomhtmr dmsymrm`mt `j cmbmd si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, dm`m kjrkmomi bjdkmom pjdjrihtme djhcjsmih bmho`me `lhstru`tif cmbmd djdmsiv`mh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm.

@jdjhtjrimh Momdm sjkmomi bjdkmom pjdjrihtme tjdpmt 6:

 

Due. ]msid

bjdkmom kjrmomd `jmomdmmh kjrhmuho djbm`u`mh pjhoumtm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd sjombm bihi `jeicupmh. @jdjhtjrimh momdm djhoihomt`mh uhtu` djdpjr`umt dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm djbmbui > =.  Kidkihomh `jmomdmmh pjhoeubu. Mnmrmh Isbmd smhomt djhcu`uho pjbm`smhmmh symrimt cmh sisi flrdmb mcdihistrmtif cmbmd djhomtur eicup `jkjrmomdmmh cmh kjrhjomrm. Wjeihoom sjtimp m`tivitms udmt Isbmd sjhmhtimsm tjtmp kjrbmhcms`mh mturmh eu`ud Isbmd cmh eu`ud hjomrm. Emb ihi djrupm`mh kmoimh cmri dm`suc `jkjrmcmmh eu`ud Isbmd, dmqčseic Wyčrime   ym`hi djdjbiemrm momdm, djdjbiemrm m`mb, djdjbiemrm hymwm, djdjbiemrm emrtm cmh djdjbiemrm `jturuhmh. Cmbmd mnmrmh udmt Isbmd pjrhi`memh djrupm`mh emb ymho sm`rmb uhtu` djhymtu`mh sjlrmho bm`i cmh pjrjdpumh ymho djdjhuei symrmt pisi` dmupuh cl`udjh mcdhistrmtif cmbmd i`mtmh ymho sme. Qjbm`smhmmh mgmrm pjrhi`memh sjhmhtimsm cibm`smhm`mh cmbmd kjhtu` mgmrm rjsjpsi cjhomh djhouhcmho kmhym` lrmho. Dm`suc cmri pjbm`smhmmh mgmrm tjrsjkut sjbmih cmri syimr momdm, nuom djrupm`mh smrmhm semriho-ihflrdmsi cmh `lduhi`msi kmewm tjbme tjrnmci pjrukmemh sjrtm pjhmdkmemh icjhtitms cmbmd susuhmh `jbumrom. Dldjh pjrhi`memh cmpmt cinmci`mh sjkmomi djcim cmbmd djdm`sidmb`mh cisjdihmsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Emb ihi cijsjkmk`mh pmcm mgmrm pjrhi`memh emcir uhcmhomh

cjhomh kjrkmomi bmtmr kjbm`mho pjdmemdmh cmh prlfjsi. Wjkume pjpmtme djhymtm`mh Mh mppbj m cmy `jjps tej clgtlr mwmy. (Wjkutir mpjb sjtimp emri djhgjome cl`tjr cmtmho.) Emb ihi kjrdm`hm kmewm ni`m pjhymdpmimh tjhtmho pjhtihohym dlcjrmsi cismdpmi`mh sjgmrm rutih smhomt kjsmr emrmpmh vitmbitms `jru`uhmh mhtmr udmt kjrmomdm tjtmp 66

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

pmcm plsisi ymho pridm. Qjhoeubu cmbmd mcmt djbmyu djdibi`i plsisi sjpjrti embhym rmnm djdibi`i titme ymho smhomt kjrpjhomrue cmbmd `jeicupmh dmsymrm`mt. Hmduh pmcm dmsm sj`mrmho, pjhoeubu djrupm`mh pjomwmi hjojri sipib ymho djhcucu`i nmkmtmh fuhosilhmb ymho cikjri tuoms, tmhoouho nmwmk, wjwjhmho cmh em` uhtu` djbm`u`mh `joimtmh pjbmymhmh cmh kidkihomh hi`me mtmu runu`, pjhojdkmhomh `jpjhoeubumh, cmh kidkihomh dmsymrm`mt Isbmd.63  Nudbme pjrsjhtmsj pjhoeubu ci Ihclhjsim kjrcmsmr`mh cmtm cmri ettp>//sidki.`jdjhmo.ol.ic /sidpjhoeubu/ pjhoeubu  pjhoeubu  mcmbme =:3361 lrmho cjhomh

sjkmrmh wibmyme sjkmomi kjri`ut >

Djdpjremti`mh nudbme pjhoeubu tjrsjkut, dm`m smhomt kjsmr pjbumho cisjdihmsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmpmt djhnmci kmoimh dmtjri cmbmd pjhymdpmimh pjdkmemsmh kjrkmomi mgmrm tjrdmsu` pjrhi`memh. Msudsihym djrj`m ymho djhcjhomr`mh pjhymdpmimh tjhtmho dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmpmt cieidkmu uhtu` kjrpjrmh sjkmomi mojh ihflrdmsi `jpmcm `jbumrom, tjtmhoom mtmu tjdmh ymho ticm` emcir emb dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. 63Qjrmturmh

Djhtjri Momdm [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim Hldlr ;1 Smeuh ;1=9 tjhtmho Qjhgmtmtmh Qjrhi`memh, pmsmb = mymt (:)0 6?

 

Due. ]msid

Qjhoeubu cibumr Isbmd cmpmt kjrupm pjho`eltkme, hmsmsudkjr, pjdkigmrm mtmu kjrkmomi istibme bmihhym. Djbmbui pjrmh pjhoeubu ihibme m`mh tjrnmci udpmh kmbi` (fjjckmg` ) mhtmrm pjdmemdmh ymho mcm ci dmsymrm`mt cjhomh `mpmsitms pjdmemdmh cmh `jibdumh sjlrmho pjhoeubu. Kjrkmomi dmsmbme `jmomdmh cmpmt cismbur`mh sjgmrm kmi` cjhomh djdm`sidmb`mh pjrmh pjhoeubu. ;.  @jrnmsmdm cjhomh Sl`le Momdm Wjtimp wmrom djdibi`i tl`le mtmu fiour ymho djdibi`i wikmwm ymho djhurut msudsi djrj`m mcmbme pmtut uhtu` cicjhomr sjtimp pjr`mtmmhhym, cipmtuei sjombm pjrihtmehym `mrjhm djdibi`i `mrisdm, `jtmubmcmhmh, cmh `jcmbmdmh ibdu. Qjrmh tl`le tjrsjkut cmbmd dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm djdibi`i pjrmh sjhtrmb sjkmk tl`le momdm ku`mh emhym tl`le ymho cmpmt djdkjri`mh djrj`m nmwmkmh mtms kjrkmomi prlkbjdmti`m `jeicupmh, hmdud djrj`m mcmbme pjhgjrme ymho cmpmt djdjhuei rumho cmemom spiritumb dmhusim.

Cmbmd Isbmd tl`le momdm ci`jhmb cjhomh kjrkmomi istibme. Zstmc ci surmu cmh plhcl` pjsmhtrjh, Sjuho`u   ci Mgje, Kuym  uhtu`   uhtu` ubmdm cmri cmjrme Dihmho`mkmu Wudmtjrm Kmrmt, Sumh Ouru  uhtu`  uhtu` istibme ci pubmu Bldkl`, @imi/@ymi  ci  ci dmsymrm`mt Nmwm, Wyji`e/Cmtu  ci   ci @mbidmhtmh, Mhcrjouruttm   ci Kuois Wubmwjsi Wjbmtmh, Mhmhoouru   Dmhcmr Wubmwjsi Kmrmt. Emkik/Wmyic   mcmbme djrj`m ymho ciym`ihi dmsie djdibi`i omris `jturuhmh cmri [msububbme Duemddmc smw. Nudbme cmh `jemcirmh djrj`m sjhmhtimsm mcm ci tjhome `jeicupmh udmt Isbmd. Cjdi`imh pubm cjhomh sjkutmh tl`le pmcm momdm bmih, mcm Qjhcjtm uhtu` udmt @ristjh, [ldl/Zs`up/Qmstlr  uhtu`   uhtu` momdm @mtlbi`, Kei`su/Kei`suhi   uhtu` momdm Kucem, Qjcmhcm/pmhcitm   uhtu` momdm Eihcu, cmh _jh Wei/Uuj Wei  uhtu`  uhtu` momdm @elho Gu. 65

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Sl`le momdm ci Ihclhjsim ymho tjromkuho cmbmd Flrud @jru`uhmh Zdmt Kjrmomdm (F@ZK), djdibi`i bmhcmsmh cmh tuoms utmdm cmbmd djhnmom `jru`uhmh mhtmr udmt kjrmomdm ymho kjrmcm cmbmd hmuhomh pjdjrihtmo cmjrme. Emb ihi cmpmt cipjremti`mh pmcm pmsmb = Kmk I @jtjhtumh Zdud Qjrmturmh Kjrsmdm Djhtjri Momdm cmh Djhtjri cm`md Hjojri Hldlr > 9 Smeuh ;116 cmh Hldlr > 5 Smeuh ;116 djhyjkut`mh > Flrud @jru`uhmh Zdmt Kjrmomdm, ymho sjbmhnuthym cisiho`mt F@ZK, mcmbme flrud ymho cikjhtu` lbje dmsymrm`mt cmh cifmsibitmsi lbje Qjdjrihtme cmbmd rmho`m djdkmhouh, djdjbiemrm, cmh djdkjrcmym`mh udmt kjrmomdm uhtu` `jru`uhmh cmh `jsjnmetjrmmh. `jsjnmetjrmmh.6: 

@jkjrmcmmh F@ZK ci cmjrme smhomt pjhtiho sjkmk isu dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm smhomt djdibi`i pjbumho uhtu` ciidpjbjdjhtmsi`mh djhoihomt F@ZK ci cmjrme djdibi`i nmrm` sjhtuemh ymho smhomt cj`mt udmt kjrmomdm ci cmjrme kme`mh sjtimp pjr`jdkmhomh `jru`uhmh kjrmomdm ihflrdmsihym cmpmt cipjrlbje djbmbui flrud tjrsjkut. Zpmym djdpjr`umt F@ZK ci cmjrme _m`ib Qrjsicjh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim pmcm @mkihjt Ihclhjsim Dmnu, E. Dm’ruf Mdih cmh Djhtjri cmbmd Hjojri Sitl @mrhmvimh djhjoms`mh pjrbuhym pjdkjhtu`mh F@ZK tiho`mt Hmsilhmb sjkmomi nmbur `llrcihmsi udmt kjrsjgmrm hmsilhmb. Embturut ihi djrupm`mh `jru`uhmh isymrmt pjhtiho kmewm pjdjrihtme pusmt djdjomho mhcib cmbmd djrmwmt cmh djhnmom `jru`uhmh udmt kjrmomdm.

6:Qjrmturmh

Kjrsmdm Djhtjri Momdm cmh Djhtjri cmbmd Hjojri Hldlr> 9 Smeuh ;116/ Hldlr > 5 Smeuh ;116 Sjhtmho Qjcldmh Qjbm`smhmmh Suoms @jpmbm Cmjrme/_m`ib @jpmbm Cmjrme cmbmd Qjdjbiemrmmh @jru`uhmh Zdmt Kjrmomdm, Qjdkjrcmymmh Flrud

@jru`uhmh Zdmt Kjrmomdm, cmh Qjhcirimh [udme Ikmcmt.   69

 

Due. ]msid

Sl`le momdm sjkmomi rjprjsjhtmsi cmri `jcmbmdmh pjdmemdmh cmh pjhoidpbjdjhtmsimh ibdu momdm pmcm kjrkmomi udmt djdibi`i pjrmh ymho smhomt pjhtiho cmbmd djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Cmri sjoi pjbumho, tl`le momdm sjgmrm pjrilci` djdpjrlbje `jsjdpmtmh uhtu` djhymdpmi`mh hmsjemt-hmsjemt `jomdmmh cjhomh vlbudj wm`tu ymho kjrmomd. Kme`mh pmcm `lhcisi `j`ihimh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cjhomh djbikmt`mh tl`le momdm cmpmt cisidm` bmhosuho sjtimp emri sjgmrm lhbihj. Wmmthym tl`le momdm djhomdkib pjrmh cmbmd djhnmom `jutuemh kmhosm Ihclhjsim cjhomh djhnmci tl`le ymho cmpmt djhomyldi

sjrtm djdkjri`mh pjhgjrmemh kmoi pmrm pjdjbu` udmt kjrmomdm. Sjhtuhym cjhomh djdpjrkjsmr rumho titi` tjdu ci mtms pjrkjcmmh pjdmemdmh ymho mcm. Wjgmrm `msmt dmtm pjrmh F@ZK cmbmd djhnmom `jru`umh mhtmr udmt kjrmomdm tjbme tjrbm`smhm sjpjrti `jru`umh pjhyjbjsmimh pjrsjbisiemh pjhcirimh rudme ikmcme, pjbm`smhmmh pjrtjdumh kjr`mbm biho`up F@ZK, tjrbikmt m`tif pmcm `joimtmh mdmb, djdkjri`mh kmhtumh slsimb bmihhym. Wmhomt kjsmr omuho Flrud @jru`uhmh Zdmt Kjrmomdm (F@ZK) ci Ihclhjsim djhnmci runu`mh kmoi hjomrm bmih ymho djdibi`i `jeicupmh dmsymrm`mt cjhomh pjdmemdmh ymho kjrmomd. Wjbmih F@ZK, pjdjrihtme Ihclhjsim nuom djdibi`i bjdkmom `eusus ymho djhmhomhi pjhomwmsmh mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh mtmu mbirmh `jmomdmmh cjhomh `jwjhmhomh mhtmrm bmih djbm`u`mh pjhgjomemh pjhymbmeouhmmh cmh/mtmu pjhlcmmh momdm. Emb ihi sjgmrm sjgmrm tjoms tjoms tjrdm`tuk tjrdm`tuk cmbmd tuoms cmh wjwjhmhohym cmbmd djhomwmsi mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh/`jkmtihmh ymho kjr`jdkmho cmbmd dmsymr`mt cmh sifmthym djdkmemym`mh, Sicm` cmpmt cismho`mb kmewm ci cmbmd dmsymrm`mt tjrcmpmt mbirmh-mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh/`jkmtihmh ymho kjhmr, ymitu ymho djdkjri `jpmcm pjhoi`uthym ?1

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

`j`umtmh niwm, cmh kjrsmhcmr`mh `jpjrgmymmh `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm. Cismdpiho mbirmhmbirmh ymho kjhmr itu mcm mbirmh-mbirmh ymho sjsmt ymho ticm` kmi` kmoi dmsymrm`mt cmh hjomrm, cmh olblhomh ihi ticm` sjdm`ih kjr`urmho nudbmehym, djbmih`mh djhuhnu``mh djhuhnu`` mh ormfi` ymho kmi`.66 

Bjdkmom ihi kjrmcm cmbmd hmuhomh @jnm`smmh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim ymho kjrmhooltm`mh Nm`sm Mouho [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim, uhsur @jdjhtjrimh cmbmd hjojri, `jdjhtjrimh momdm, `jdjhtjrimh pjhcici`mh cmh `jkucmymmh, `jkucm ymmh, piem` Sjhtmrm Hmsilhmb Ihclhjsim, Qlbisi [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim, Kmcmh Ihtjbinjh Hjomrm, cmh Flrud @lduhi`msi @jru`uhmh udmt Kjrmomdm (F@ZK). Bjdkmom ihi kjrhmdm Sid Qjhomwms Mbirmh @jpjrgmymmh cmh Mbirmh @jmomdmmh cmbmd Dmsymrm`mt (QM@JD). Qjdkjhtu`mh F@ZK cmh Sid Qjhomwms QM@JD mcmbme ku`ti pjremtimh pjdjrihtme tjremcmp `jkjrbmhosuhomh momdm cmbmd dmsymrm`mt sjrtm djdpjrtjoue kmewm Hjomrm @jsmtumh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim mcmbme hjomrm kjrcmsmr mtms @jtuemhmh Ymho Dmem Jsm.6?  GHH Ihclhjsim tmhoomb ;? Hlvjdkjr ;1=5, djdkjritm`mh tjhtmho bmuhgeiho sjkume mpbi`msi ymho cmpmt djhom`ldlcir bmplrmh dmsymrm`mt m`mh tidkubhym mbirmh mtmu m`tivitms ymho momdm djhguriom`mh. Mpbi`msi ihi kjrhmdm WDM[SQM@JD ymho cibuhgur`mh lbje @jnm`smmh Sihooi C@I Nm`mrtm. Djs`ipuh ci`jducimh emri mpbi`msi ihi djhouhcmho prl-`lhtrm cmri kjrkmomi piem` hmduh pmbiho ticm` pjhoouhmmh tj`hlbloi cmbmd djdkmhouh `jsmcmrmh

66Hmhcmh

Is`mhcmr, Mdjbym Oustihm, c``, Qjhoumtmh Qjrmh Ihtjbinjh cmbmd Qjhomwmsmh Mbirmh @jpjrgmymmh cmh Mbirmh @momdmmh cmbm Dmsymrm`mt (QM@JD) cjdi @jtjrtikmh cmh @jtjhtrmdmh Zdud, (Emsib Qjhjbitimh Bitkmho @jnm`smmh [I0 Diswmr> Nm`mrtm,;1=?), e.7?-75. 6?Zhcmho-uhcmho Cmsmr Hjomrm [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim Smeuh =93:, KMK UI, Qmsmb ;9 mymt (=) ?=

 

Due. ]msid

cmh `jru`uhmh udmt kjrmomdm djdmsu`i kmkm` kmru ym`hi cisjdjhmsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm djbmbui pjrmho`mt tj`hlbloi.

Lptidmbismsi pjrmh pjhoeubu cmh tl`le momdm ciemrmp`mh dmsymrm`mt djdpjrlbje pjhgjrmemh kjrkmomi emb tjrdmsu` dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Emb ihi pjhtiho sjkmk cjhomh djhyjkmrhym kjrkmomi kmemh kmgmmh, ihflrdmsi djcim lhbihj sjrtm pjdkigmrmmh cmri dubut `j dubut kjrpltjhsi tjrnmcihym `jsmbmefmemdmh cmbmd djdmhcmho sjsumtu. @jti`m mcm ihci`msi mrldm ymho djhomhgmd `jru`uhmh kjrmomdm dm`m tl`le momdm ihi djhnmci omrcm tjrcjpmh ymho cimdmhme`mh dmsymrm`mt uhtu` djdkjri`mh pjridkmhomh si`mp pmcm situmsi ymho mcm. @jemcirmh tl`le momdm cmbmd kjrkmomi emb djhnmci djcim ‒pjhgjrme— sj`mbious ‒pjhyjnu`— cihciho-cihciho cihciho-cihciho kmtih udmt kjrmomdm. 7.  Qjhcici`mh @jmomdmmh Wjtimp momdm `eusushym ymho mcm ci Ihclhjsim djdibi`i mnmrmh ymho tjbme cipjr`jhmb`mh `jpmcm pjdjbu`hym dubmi bmeir smdpmi `jdkmbi `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm. Mnmrmh ihi cimdkib cmri sudkjr utmdm ym`hi `itmk sugi dmsiho-dmsiho momdm. @itmk Wugi mb-]urmh uhtu` udmt Isbmd, mb-@itmk uhtu` @ristjh, mb-@itmk uhtu` @mtlbi`, Sripitm`m uhtu` udmt Kucem, Vjcm/_jcm uhtu` udmt Eihcu, cmh Weiseu _uniho udmt @elho-geu. Mbirmh `jkmtimhpuh djdibi`i pjcldmh tjrsjhciri kmoi pmrm pjhomhuthym. Zdmt kjrmomdm ymho djdmemdi mnmrmhhym sjgmrm uhivjrsmb sjrtm djhomdmb`mh `mhcuhomh `itmk sugi djrj`m dm`m cmpmt cihibmi sjkmomi cutm-cutm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm kjrmomdm . Qjhcici`mh `jmomdmmh cmbmd djdkmhouh pjhomrusutmdmmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmpmt cibm`u`mh djbmbui tripusmt pjhcici`mh, ym`hi `jbumrom, sj`lbme cmh dmsymrm`mt. Ni`m pjhcici`mh momdm emhym tjrbm`smhm cmbmd biho`uhomh `jbumrom cmh sj`lbme hmduh ticm` tjrnmci pmcm dmsymrm`mt, dm`m mhm` m`mh tjrpjhomrme `jti`m kjremcmpmh cjhomh `lhcisi dmsymrm`mt ymho kjrsjkrmhomh ?;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

mhtmrm pjhcici`mh `jmomdmmh ymho cipjrlbjehym cmbmd `jbumrom cmh dmtjri ymho cipjmnmrihym ci sj`lbme. Emb ihibme ymho djhyjkmk`mh tiom smrmhm pjhcici`mh tjrsjkut emrus tjrihtjormsi cjhomh kmi` cmh `l`le `mrjhm djhnmci fm`tlr pjhjhtu cmbmd djdkmhouh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Djrunu` cmtm @jdjhtjrimh cmbmd Hjojri Cirj`tlrmt Njhcjrmb Kihm Qjdjrihtme Cjsm ymho ciuhcue 13 Moustus ;1;1 cmri wjk. ettp>//prlcjs`jb.kihmpjdcjs.`jdjhcm ettp>//prlcjs`jb.kihmpjd cjs.`jdjhcmori.ol.ic/onpjhcu ori.ol.ic/onpjhcucu`  cu`  \cjtib/   Nudbme `jpmbm `jbumrom ci Ihclhjsim kjrnudbme \cjtib/ ?:.93;.5?: niwm cjhomh mhooltm `jbumrom sjkmhym` 919.996.337 Niwm. Djhomhmbisis nudbme tjrsjkut cipjrbu`mh kjrkmomi gmrm `lhstru`tif momr dlcrmsi kjrmomdm cmpmt tjridpbjdjhtmsi cjhomh kmi` cmbmd rumho `jbumrom. Mcm bmho`me cisjdihmsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cibm`u`mh uhtu` nudbme wmrom ymho pmcmt cjhomh bmtmr momdm cmh `jpjrgmymmh ymho kjrmomdm djbmbui djdm`sidmb`mh pjrmh tl`le pjhcici`, tl`le dmsymrm`mt, tl`le momdm, bjdkmom pjdjrihtme, dmupuh bjdkmom hlh pjdjrihtme (HOL). Djbmbui surmt jcmrmh, surmt `jputusmh, pjcldmh tj`his momr bjdkmom-bjdkmom tjrsjkut sjhmhtimsm djhoemcir`mh dmtjri dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm sjsumi cjhomh `lhcisi dmsymrm`mt ymho djrj`m emcmpi. J.  Smhtmhomh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm Kjrkmomi cihmdi`m djrupm`mh emb ymho wmnmr kmoi dmsymrm`mt. Hmduh m`mh djnmci ticm` wmnmr ni`m cihmdi`m tjrsjkut cirjsplh cjhomh si`mp ymho ticm` sjemrushym. Glhtle mhm` M kjrmomdm kjrmomdm M kjrdmih ci rud rudme me mhm` mhm` K kjrmomdm K. Lrmho tum mhm` M djbmrmho kjrdmih mhm`hym `j rudme K `mrjhm kjrkjcm momdm. Emb ihi djrupm`mh si`mp ymho ticm` plsitif sjkmk cmpmt djhgjcjrmi pjrmsmmh ihcivicu cmh djhyubut `jtjrsihoouhomh kjr momdm. Cisihibme pjhtihohym djhomnmri mhm` cmh `jbumrom tjhtmho mrti cmri ldcjrmsi kjrmomdm ?7

 

Due. ]msid

Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm emrus cipmemdi sjkmomi si`mp kjrmomdm ymho sjidkmho mhtmrm pjhomdmbmh momdm sjhciri (j`s`busif   (j`s`busif  ) cmh pjhoelrdmtmh `jpmcm prm`ti` kjrmomdm lrmho bmih ymho kjrkjcm `jym`ihmh (ih`busif  ). @jsjidkmhomh mtmu nmbmh tjhome cmbmd prm`ti` kjrmomdm ihi hisgmym m`mh djhoeihcmr`mh `itm cmri si`mp j`strjd kjrbjkiemh, fmhmti` cmh si`mp rjvlbusilhjr cmbmd kjrmomdm. Wjpjrti tjbme ciisymrmt`mh sjkjbudhym, dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm djrupm`mh slbusi mtms emcirhym cum `utuk j`strjd cmbmd kjrmomdm, `utuk ubtrm`lhsjrvmtif mtmu j`strjd`mhmh sisi, cmh bikjrmb mtmu j`strjd `iri cisisi bmih.65cismtu   Suhtutmh kucmym oblkmb cjhomh m`sjs tm` tjrkmtms cjhomh djhombirhym kjrmomd fmemd ci Ihclhjsim, sjdm`ih djdkumt kmhosm Ihclhjsim tjrnjkm` pmcm cum sisi sjgmrm kjrsmdmmh. Qrlcu` bumr hjojri tjrihci`msi djdibi`i `umbitms ymho ticm` `mbme kjrsmiho cjhomh prlcu` cmbmd hjojri, tjrkmtmshym sudkjr cmym dmhusim ymho cmpmt djhojblbme sudkjr cmym mbmd sjhciri, djnmci bimho bmtjh cmh m`sjs fmemd msiho uhtu` dmsu` `j Ihclhjsim. Qmcm `lhtj`s `j`ihimh, wmrom hjomrm Ihclhjsim tjbme tjrkmomi pmcm cum olblhomh ym`hi wmrom cjhomh stmtus wmrom hjomrm Ihclhjsim cmh wmrom hjomrm msiho ymho tihoomb ci Ihclhjsim. kme`mh cmbmd bmhcmsmh `lhsitusi `jkjrmcmmh wmrom hjomrm msiho djhcmpmt rumho uhtu` djhcmpmt icjhtitms sjkmomidmhm wmrom hjomrm Ihclhjsim. Qjhcucu` wmrom hjomrm Ihclhjsim cmh lrmho msiho ymho djdibi`i izih tihoomb tjtmp ymho kjrudur =? (tunuekjbms) tmeuh mtmu tjbme `mwih mtmu pjrhme `mwih wmnik djdibi`i J-@SQ (Zhcmho  65Jcy

Wutrishl,M`tumbismsi Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm ci Bjdkmom

Qjhcici`mh, Nurhmb Kidms Isbmd Vlb.=; Hl;, e.771. ?3

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

uhcmho Hldlr ;3 Smeuh ;1=7 Qmsmb 67 Mymt (=) tjhtmho Mcdihistrmsi Qjhcucu`). Qjhtiho djhnmci gmtmtmh kmewm pjhcucu` bumr Ihclhjsim cjhomh bmtmr kjbm`mho `jpjrgmymmh cmh pjdmemdmh ymho kjrmomd m`mh kjrslsimbimsi cjhomh `jpjrgmymmh cmh kucmym Ihclhjsim cmh emb ihi m`mh djbmeir`mh glrm` cmh kucmym eicup kmru kmi` cmbmd kjhtu` m`ubturmsi dmupuh msidibmsi kucmym. Ku`mh kjrmrti kmewm lrmho msiho m`mh djdkmwm cmdpm` kuru` cmbmd tmtmhmh `jeicupmh kjrmomdm cmh kjrkmhosm hmduh, `jcmtmhomh djrj`m `j hjojri ihi pjrbu djhcmpmt pjremtimh `eusus cmh citihnmu cmri kjrkmomi mspj`, sjeihoom ci`jducimh emri stmtus cmh `jkjrmcmmh djrj`m ci Ihclhjsim djhnmci djcim ymho djdpjr`umt pjrsmtumh (ihtjormtiho (ihtjormtiho flrgj ). ). Sicm` djhoejrmh`mh ni`m tjrcmpmt kjrmomd isu kjrs`mbm oblkmb ymho djhomhgmd cisiihtjormsi sjkume kmhosm ticm` tjr`jgumbi Ihclhjsim. Qjrbu `jsiompmh cmh `jwmspmcmmh pjhue cmbmd djhoemcmpi kjrkmomi dumtmh ymho cikmwm lbje ojrklho ihtjrhmsilmb ymho kjrhmdm oblkmbismsi. Mdkib kmi`hym kumho kuru`hym mcmbme bmho`me tjpmt cmbmd sjombm emb. Wjbmih tmhtmhomh oblkmbismsi, plstur pjdmemdmh dmsymrm`mt tjremcmp mnmrmh momdm pjrbu djhcmpmt pjremtimh sjgmrm dm`sidmb. Isu rmci`mbisdj, tjrlrisdj, j`strid `mhmh, j`strid `iri, ojrm`mh sjpmrmtis djrupm`mh cimhtmrm tmdsib ymho tidkub m`ikmt cmri `j`jbirumh djdm`hmi cmh djhoidpbjdjhtmsi`mh mnmrmh momdm mtmu cmdpm` tjrpmpmr lbje fmemd cmh mnmrmh ymho smbme. Emb ihi tjhtuhym emrus citmhomhi sjgmrm `lbj`tif lbje sjburue pjrmho`mt hjomrm cmh dmsymrm`mt dubmi sjnm` cihi, cmh

dubmi cmri sj`mrmho. Djhomhmbisis fjhldjhm ymho mcm sjnm` Ihclhjsim djdprl`bmdir`mh `jdjrcj`mmh smdpmi smmt sj`mrmho, smhomt tjrku`m pjbumho, `jduho`ihmh ojrm`mh sjrupm m`mh sjriho tjrnmci djs`ipuh cmbmd kjhtu` bmih cjhomh pm`jt ?:

 

Due. ]msid

ymho tjrolblho bjkie rmpi cmh sistjdmti`. Qjdmemdmh ymho ticm` kjhmr, `jticm`pumsmh dmsymrm`mt tjremcmp `jkinm`mh pjdjrihtme cmh kjrkmomi bmih ymho djdkumt `lhcisi tjrsjkut sjtimp wm`tu cmpmt djhnmci m`ut. Kjbud bmoi mtdlsfir pjromubmh ihtjrhmsilhmb ymho djhj`mh`mh uhtu` tjrnmcihym ihtjrm`si cmh nmbihmh `jrnmsmdm cjhomh cuhim bumr cmbmd s`mbm bums. Kjsmr emrmpmh hibmi-hibmi `jmrifmh `jmrifmh bl`mb dibi` Ihclhjsim tjtmp j`sis kjrtmemh djs`ipuh cmbmd `jpuhomh kucmym oblkmb, sjkmk itubme cimhtmrm dlcmb utmdm cmbmd djrmwmt djrmwmt cmh djhnmom stmkibitms kmhosm. Ni`m cimhmbisis sjgmrm djhcmbmd kjkjrmpm cmtm eistlris sjrtm cmtm jdpiris ymho tjrnmci dm`m ticm` mcm nmbmh bmih `jgumbi djhyusuh bmho`me prjvjhtif cmh strmtjoi ci sjburue jbjdjh dmsymrm`mt cmh pjrmho`mt hjomrm uhtu` djhoembmu fmemd cmh mbirmh ticm` kjhmr momr dushme cmri kudi pjrtiwi. Djhyidm` kjrkmomi `jnmcimh cmh pjdmpmrmh kjrkmomi bjdkmom risjt m`mh djdkmwm stiodm kmewm pmcm prihsiphym momdm ticm` cmpmt djdkumt `jcmdmimh ci du`m kudi nustjru momdm sjriho djhnmci mroudjhtmsi cmbmd djrjsplh kjrkmomi pjr`jdkmhomh ymho mcm. Wjlrmho pm`mr stuci momdm cmri Zhivjrsitms _mseihotlh ci Wt. Bluis, Eustlh Guddiho Wdite   cmbmd pjhomhtmr ku`uhym M Glhgisj Ihtruclgtilh djhojdu`m`mh kmewm, ticm` sjdum prjsjpsi lrmho kmrmt tjhtmho Isbmd mcmbme kjhmr mcmhym cmh smhomt pjrbu djhojbmklrmsi `itmk momdm bmihhym cjhomh

djhymhciho`mh djhymhciho` mh `jtjomsmh cmbmd mb-]urmh Sej plpubmr _jstjrh idmoj lf Isbmd is lf mrjbioilh lf vilbjhgj, tej dlst vilbjht ih tej wlrbc tlcmy if hlt ihmbb eistlry. Semt is uttjrby uhtruj. Sejrj mrj vilbjht  pmssmojs ihtej @lrmh, kut tejy mrj hl dlrj vilbjht temh sldj pmssmojs ih tej Kikbj, mhc (m pliht lftjh lvjrbll`jc ky rjplrtjrs wel qultj tejd lut lf glhtjxt) tejy rjbmtj spjgi﬍gmbby tl lggmsilhs wejhDuemddmc wms struoobiho cjspjrmtjby tl `jjp ?6

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

tej rjvjbmtilhtemt wms jhtrustjc tl eid frld kjiho wipjc lff tej fmgj lf tej jmrte .69  Simp momdm djdibi`i gmrm cmbmd djhuhnu``mh gihtmhym tjremcmp momdm djrj`m. Mcm ymho djrmym`mh emri kjsmr `jmomdmmh cjhomh tjdkm`mh djrimd kmdku, mcm ymho djhnmci`mh mgmrm `jmomdmmh cirmho`mimh cjhomh fjstivmb sjkmomi `mbmhcjr tmeuhmh, smdpmi mcm pubm ymho djbm`u`mh ritumb cjhomh djdltlho ejwmh tjrhm` cmbmd nudbme ymho kmhym`. Emb ihi mcmbme kmoimh cihmdi`m cmri kjrmomdm ci Ihclhjsim. Hjomrm djdkjri`mh pubm rumho uhtu` djbm`u`mh `joimtmh ikmcme sjbmdm cmbmd `lriclr ymho sjemrushym. Wjkume pjrmcmkmh ticm` kism dmti djbmih`mh cikuhue lbjoe tmhomh-tmhomh pjdibi`hym sjhciri. Qiemb kmrmt djhomwmbi sjrmhomhhym cmbmd pjrmho icjlbloi ymho kjr`llrcihmsi cjhomh lrmho-lrmho duhmfi` ymho kjhgi tjremcmp hjomrm, `jducimh djhoirid`mh `mud disilhmris cmh djdkmho`it`mh djdkmho`it`mh sjpmrmtisdj. ?1  Qmcm zmdmh sj`mrmho, kjrmomd fmemd cmh mbirmh

tudkue cidmhm-dmhm sjpjrti tudkuemh ci dusid eunmh. Fmemd ihi djrupm`mh pjhoidpjbjdjhtmsimh cmri gmrm pmhcmho dmsymrm`mt tjremcmp kjrkmomi emb `jeicupmh. Hjomrm Ihclhjsim kjrcmsmr`mh @jtuemhmh Ymho Dmem Jsm hmduh emb ihi kjbud kjrmrti pjrkjcmmh pjhcmpmt, kjhturmh cjhomh mtms hmdm momdm ticm` tjrnmci. Wmmt itubme udmt kjrmomdm cjhomh pmhni cmh pjrismi mnmrmhhym kjrciri m`mh 69Eustlh

Wdite, Isbmd> M Glhgisj Ihtruclgtilh (Jcitilh I0 EmrpjrGlbbihs j-kll`s, Gmbiflrhim, ;11=), e.Vi. ?1Mzyudmrci

Mzrm, Wurmu Qjhcici`mh Isbmd Srmcisilhmb cmbmd Srmhsisi cmh Dlcjrhismsi Sej [igj mhc Cjgbihj lf Sej Dihmho`mkmu> M Srmcitilhmb Isbmdig Jcugmtilhmb Ihstitutilh ih _jst Wudmtjrm curiho tej Cutges Glblhimb Olvjrhdjht ,  Sjrn. Iciho [msyicih cmri Mzyudmrci Mzrm, e. ==. ??

 

Due. ]msid

kjremcmpmh smtu ojbmhoomho cjhomh fmemd ymho gmrm pmhcmhohym kjrsjkrmhomh kjrsjkrmhomh cjhomh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Zdmt kjrmomdm, kme`mh udmt dmhusim ymho ticm` pjrgmym `jpmcm mnmrmh momdm sm`mbipuh, sjhmhtimsm sjhmhti msm djhoemrmp`mh pjribm`u ymho kmi` momr cmpmt eicup kjrcmdpihomh sjrtm kjrihtjrm`si cjhomh lrmho bmih cjhomh rmsm pjhue `j`jbumrommh. Emb ihi wmnmr sjkmk `jcmdmimh, `jkmemoimmh, djrupm`mh fitrme eicup dmhusim. Wjcmho`mh `jmcmmh ymho djhomhgmd hymwm, emrtm, kjhcm, cmh pjrmcmkmh djrupm`mh emb ymho smhomt cieihcmri. Hmduh pjribm`u tjrsjkut mcm pmcm sjtimp ihti mnmrmh momdm, cmh kism tjrgmpmi ni`m si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmpmt cimdmb`mh cjhomh kmi` cmbmd `jeicupmh kjrkmhosm. Wjgmrm tjlrjtis ibdu momdm kjbud gu`up uhtu` djhgiptm`mh `jemrdlhismh eicup kjrmomdm, hmduh emrus cisjrtmi cjhomh pjhomdmbmh sjgmrm tltmbitms sjsumi momdm cmh timp `jpjrgmymmh. Ikhu

]myyid djhymtm`mh Ibdu mcmbme djhyjrmp kjhtu` sjsumtu ymho ci`jtmeui cmri bumr bmbu djhou`ue`mhhym ci cmbmd niwm. Wjcmho`mh mdmb mcmbme djhtrmhsfjr pjhojtmeumh cmri cmbmd niwm djwunuc`mhhym ci bumr niwm. ?=  Ibdu cmh pjdmemdmh momdm ymho ticm` cimdmb`mh sjpjrti plelh ymho ticm` kjrkume emhym cmpmt citjdpmti kjrtjcue ci `mbm tjri` dmtmemri hmduh sjtjbme itu citihoomb`mh, tudkmho cmbmd pusmrm sjnmrme `jeicupmh. Wjemrushym Wjemrushym ihtismri cmri `mhcuhomh mnmrmh kjrmomdm cmpmt djdkjri`mh dmhfmmt `jpmcm dmhusim `jsjburuemh `mrjhm momdm ku`mh emhym cidjhsi prikmci hmduh emrus djdkjri`mh dmhfmmt pmcm lrmho bmih. Ojrm`mh Ojrm`mh 71 Wjptjdkjr =96:, pjbm`u kld ciri, m`si tjrlr cmh ojrm`mh sjpmrmtis bmihhym, kmi` ymho cibm`lhi ?=Ikhu

]myyid mb-Nmuziyyme, Fmwmicub Fmwmic Djhyjbjmdi Wmducrm Ei`dme cmh Bmutmh Ibdu Djhoompmi Quhgm` @jtmnmdmh Kmtih

Djhunu Mbbme (Qustm`m Idmd Msy-Wymfi0 Nm`mrtm, ;1=;), e.7:;. ?5

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

lbje pjrsjlrmhomh (blhj (blhj wlbf ),  dmupuh cmbmd s`mbm kjsmr ku`mhbme ojrm`mh rihomh ymho omuhohym tjrnmci cmbmd s`mbm bl`mb hmduh ojrm`mh ihi djhoolyme`mh stmkibitms hjomrm cjhomh sidpmtismh cmbmd nudbme ymho smhomt kjsmr. Kmi` ymho djhomtmshmdm`mh fmemd, olblhomh mtmu momdm tjrtjhtu. Mpm`me djrj`m ku`mh wmrom hjomrm, mtmu djrj`m ticm` djdibi`i momdm, djrj`m mcmbme lrmho-lrmho ymho pihtmr, kme`mh sjkmoimh kjsmr djdibi`i rjbmsi s`mbm ihtjrhmsilhmb, pmemd cjhomh tj`hlbloi cmh tjhtuhym cmbmd `tp tjrtubis hmdm momdm djrj`m ymho mhut. Cmbmd ku`u @lhspirmsi Ihtjbinjh cmh Ojrm`mh [mci`mb djdmpmr`mh djdmpmr`mh   sjkume fm`tm ymho djdkumt diris >

Sjrklho`mrhym nmrihomh lromhismsi ojrm`mh Nmdm’me Isbmdiyme lbje @jplbisimh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim ymho sukyj` pjbm`u mtmu mhooltmhym tjrhymtm distjri dmsylritms wmrom cmh kmhosm Ihclhjsim, djhyism`mh cmh tucuemh ymho djhojdu`m sjbmdm ihi kjbud tjruho`mp. ?;  Emb sjpjrti ihibme ymho djdkumt dmhusm dlcjrh ‒ticm` pjrbu— kjrmomdm tjrnmcihym `jrusuemh mhtmr momdm, m`si tjrlr, djhombie`mh prjsjpsi dmsymrm`mt kmewm momdm ymho dubimhym dubimh nustjru cjhomh kjrkmomi `jnmcimh, djhnmci pjdkjhmrmh kmewm momdm ticm` cipjrbu`mh bmoi. Qukbi` m`mh djbm`u`mh ojhjrmbismsi tjremcmp icjhtitms tjrtjhtu sjgmrm suknj`tif, djs`ipuh mcm cimhtmrm dmsymrm`mt ymho smhomt dm`bud cmh djbiemt kjrkmomi fjhldjhm `jmomdmmh sjkmomi emb ymhe emrus cisi`mpi sjgmrm plsitif. Hmduh pjhubis omris kmwmei kmewm momdm cmh udmt djdibi`i tjdpmt dmsiho-dmsiho cmh emb ihi dmsiho kism djoeihcmri ojhjrmbismsi. Wjeihoom ni`m mcm udmt ymho ?;Zdmr

Mkcue,

@lhspirmsi

Ihtjbinjh

cmh

Ojrm`mh

Isbmd

(Gjt.I0 Gjhtjr flr Cjdlgrmgy mhc Wlgimb Nustigj Wtucijs, Nm`mrtm, [mci`mb (Gjt.I0 ;117), e.5. ?9

 

Due. ]msid

djbm`u`mh emb djhyidpmho dm`m cum sucut pmcmho ymho cmpmt cimhmbisis mcmbme pjbm`uhym cmh mnmrmhhym. Momdm djrupm`mh mturmh `jeicupmh cmri Suemh Ymho Jsm kjrsifmt mkmci, hmduh gmrm pmhcmho udmthym smhomt icmfi. Qjrspj`tif ihibme ymho pjrbu uhtu` ciburus`mh. Kjri`ut, kjkjrmpm emb ymho sjriho cinudpmi cmbmd dmsymrm`mt ymho djhnmci tmhtmhomh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Smhtmhomh tjrsjkut sjriho

ciicjhti``mh cjhomh `jtjrbikmtmh icjhtitms momdm tjrtjhtu cmh mroudjhtmsi sjrumh djbmwmhhym mtms hmdm djhomdmb`mh ‒mnmrmh ‒mnmrmh momdm —, —, sjrtm mhtmrm kucmym hmsilhmb djhoemcmpi kucmym oblkmb. ym`hi > =.  Oblkmbismsi Oblkmbismsi mcmbme tjrnmcihym pjrtjdumh s`mbm ihtjrhmsilhmb mhtmrm kjrkmomi emb tjrdmsu` fmemd cmh kucmym. Cmbmd `mdus kmemsm Ihclhjsim oblkmbismsi mcmbme prlsjs dmsu`hym `j rumho biho`up cuhim.?7  Djrupm`mh emb ymho emrus cisi`mpi cjhomh kinm` sjkmk ni`m ticm` cjdi`imh dm`m dmsymrm`mt m`mh djhoemcmpi `jsubitmh cjhomh kjrkmomi pjr`jdkmhomh cmh `jdmnumh ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Djdkmhouh pjdmemdmh tjhtmho oblkmbismsi kjri`ut cipmpmr`mh dmhfmmt cmh tmhtmhomh oblkmbismsi kmoi dmsymrm`mt dmsymrm` mt Ihclhjsim > m.  Dmhfmmt oblkmbismsi Wjkmoimh kjsmr kjhcm-kjhcm ci biho`uhomh `itm mcmbme emsib ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmh tj`hlbloi. Mcm ymho dmsie smhomt sjcjremhm sjpjrti `ursi cmh djnm mcmpubm ymho tjrsusuh cmri cjhomh ihstrudjht ymho tjrolblho rudit sjpjrti, tjbjvisi, gldputjr cmh wifi. Djbjho`mpi `jkutuemh dmsymrm`mt m`mh pjrmho`mt tj`hlbloi sjdm`ih djducme`mh ?7Zdi

Geubsud cmh _ihcy Hlvim, @mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm Ihclhjsim , e.;:9. 51

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

dmsymrm`mt djbm`smhm`mh m`tivitms cmh tjhtuhym djdkutue`mh `jtjrsjcimmh smrmhm cmh prmsmrmhm ymho

kjr`umbitms. Qrlcu` ihcustri cmbmd hjojri tjbme djhuhnu``mh s`mbm ymho djhoojdkjri`mh cjhomh tjrkithym sistjd `umbitms ymho kjrstmhcmr hmsilhmb ym`hi WHI (Wtmhcmr Hmsilhmb Ihclhjsim). Wtmhcmr ihi djhnmci stmhcmr `umbitms ymho djdkjri`mh omrmhsi tjremcmp ihcustri ymho ciemsib`mh cmh ticm` `mbme kjrsmiho cjhomh stmhcmr ihtjrhmsilhmb. Djs`ipuh cjdi`imh pmcm sisi bmih, tjrcmpmt nuom pjrmho`mt tj`lhlbloi ymho cidibi`i lbje ‒mhm` ‒ mhm` hjojri — hmduh dmsie cmbmd tmemp pjhyjdpurhmmh sjpjrti `jhcmrmmh rlcm cum, rlcm tiom, rlcm jdpmt, smdpmi smrmhm tj`hlbloi `lduhi`msi. Zhtu` djhnmdih tjrsjcimhym cmh prmsmrmhm ymho djhuhnmho pjdkjhtu`mh sudkjsmrmhm cmym dmhusim dm`m cuhim sjgmrm oblkmb emrus cibikmt`mh. Lbjehym itu tjrnmcibme pjhoiridmh kmrmho `j cmbmd hjojri (idplr) kjrsmdm cjhomh sudkjr cmym dmhusim ymho cmpmt djholpjrmsi`mh djholpjrmsi`m h tj`hlbloi tjrsjkut. Kjrkmomi djrj` ihtjrhmsilhmb tjbme emcir ci sj`itmr `itm. Mbmt-mbmt rudme tmhoom, mbmt `mhtlr, `jhcmrmmh, mbmt `lduhi`msi, mbmt `jsjemtmh cmh smrmhm pjhcici`mh. Dmsymrm`mt tjbme djdpjrlbje dmhfmmt plsitif cmri tjrnmcihym ihtjrm`si bihtms hjomrm cmbmd cidjhsi oblkmbismsi. Qjdkjhtu`mh `jrnmsmdm cjhomh hjomrm bmih cmbmd kicmho slsimb. J`lhldi, kucmym, cmh bdu pjhojtmeumh djrupm`mh sisi plsitif cmri oblkmbismsi. Hjomrm ticm` sjomh djhoutus dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim uhtu` djhidkm ibdu pjhojtmeumh ci bumr hjojri. Qmcm pjrmho`mt prlcu` bumr hjojri ymho tjrolblho rudit uhtu` cilpjrmsi`mh dm`m m`mh cum lpsi ymho m`mh citjdpue, pjrtmdm djhouhcmho lrmho bumr hjojri uhtu` djdkjri`mh mrmemh pjhoouhmmh mbmt tjrsjkut cmh ymho `jcum mcmbme djhoutus putrm-putri tjrkmi` kmhosm `j hjojri msmb kmrmho tjrsjkut ci prlcu`si, uhtu` djhcmbmdi sjtimp sisihym. 5=

 

Due. ]msid

Djbmbui prlcu` oblkmbismsi dmsymrm`mt cmpmt djhojtmeui kjrkmomi emb ymho tjrnmci cisjburue cuhim. @jnmcimh ymho tjrnmci pmcm bihtms kjhum pmcm djhit itu nuom cmpmt ci`jtmeui kjritmhym. Qjhoombmhomh kmhtumh `jdmhusimmh `j kjrkmomi wibmyme `lhfbi`, kjhgmhm, mtmu wmkme emhym cmpmt ci`jtjeui ni`m dmsymrm`mt djdku`m ciri cjhomh djbm`u`mh ihtjrm`si sjgmrm oblkmb. Ihclhjsim `mym cjhomh sudkjr cmym mbmd cjhomh nudbme pjhcucu` ymho tjrolblho pmcmt ci du`m kudi. Emb ihi djrupm`mh pltjhsi ymho pjrbu uhtu` cidmnu`mh uhtu` djhoidkmhoi `jemcirmh lrmho cmh prlcu` ‒bumr hjojri— ymho djhcldihmsi `jkutuemh dmsymrm`mt sjkmomi tunumh pmsmr (`lhsudjh  ( `lhsudjh ) kjrmhnm` djhnmci suknj` ( prlcusjh ). ). Ku`mh emhym djhnmci`mh msjt fblrm fmuhm, pjhihoombmh kucmym, sjkmomi `ldlciti j`splr mtmu emb `jni ymho sjriho cibm`u`mh lbje pmrm pjbm`u pjhyjbuhcupmh. Hmduh djnmci`mh sudkjr cmym tjrsjkut sjkmomi pjbumho uhtu` djdmnu`mh tmrmf `jeicupmh dmsymrm`mt cjhomh gmrm djbm`u`mh pukbi`msi cmh cl`udjhtmsi ymho kjrlrijhtmsi pmcm `uhnuhomh cjstihmsi risjt ibdime cmh wismtm tiho`mt cuhim. k.  Smhtmhomh oblkmbismsi @jsmh ymho tidkub `jti`m djhcjhomr istibme oblkmbismsi mcmbme sjombm emb ymho cmtmho cmri bumr cmh dmsu` `jcmbmd hjojri kmi` cmbmd kjhtu` fisi` sjpjrti emsib ihcustri, kmrmho idplr sjrtm fmemd ymho djhoi`utihym. Cmbmd ibdu kucmym ni`m tjrnmci cum pjrtjdumh mrus mhtmrm kucmym smtu cjhomh bmihhym dm`m m`mh djhidkub`mh m`ubturmsi ym`hi pjrpmcumh cmh pjhyjsumimh cum pmrms kucmym hmduh dmsiho-dmsiho tjtmp djhjrmp`mh `jkucmymmh msbi. M`ubturmsi kucmym sjpjrti, kmti`djdkm`mr cjhomh djsih, djhjhuh `mih sutjrm cjhomhdjdkumt djsih smdpmi cupm djhoouhm`mh djhoouhm`m h pjdmhms bistri`.

5;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Cimhtmrm kjkjrmpm hjomrm ymho djdibi`i kucmym cjhomh `umhtitms ymho kjrmomd, Ihclhjsim djrupm`mh kmoimh cmri emb tjrsjkut. Wjtimp prlpihsi djdibi`i icjhtitms kucmym tjrsjhciri. @jpjrgmymmh, ritumb kucmym, kjhtu` rudme mcmt, pm`mimh mcmt, sjhnmtm trmcisilhmb, kme`mh kjkjrmpm cimhtmrmhym djdibi`i `mrym tubis dlhudjhtmb ymho dmsu` cmbmd `mtjolri djdlry lf tej wlrbc   ymho cisplhslri lbje kmcmh Ihtjrhmsilhmb kicmho pjhcici`mh, `jibdumh cmh `jkucmymmh (ZHJWGL). (ZHJWGL).  Ni`m msjt `jromdmd kucmym cidm`sidmb`mh `jkjrmcmmhhym m`mh cmpmt djhnmci smrmhm strmtjois djdkmhouh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmh fibtjrismsi bmnu cmh pmpmrmh hjomtif cmri oblkmbismsi. djhoemcmho Cidjhsi pjhcici`mh djbmbui pjhcj`mtmh kucmym, cmpmt djhgjtm` sudkjr cmym dmhusim Ihclhjsim cmpmt cidm`sidmb`mh. Emb ihi cisjkmk`mh sjbmih momdm cmh `jpjrgmymmh, kucmym djrupm`mh `jkimsmmh ymho tjbme bjkie mwmb emcir cmbmd `jeicupmh dmhusim ci cuhim ihi. @jkucmymmh pmbiho ticm` djdibi`i tunue uhsur ymitu > `jsjhimh, kmemsm cmh smstrm, ibdu pjhojtmeumh, tj`hlbloi, dmtm pjhgmemrimh, sistjd hibmi cmh hldm sjpjrti pjrmturmh mcmt-istimcmt, `jym`ihmh cmh `jpjrgmymmh?3  Djhurut pmhcmhomh mhtrlplblo, em`i`mt kucmym mcmbme sjsumtu ymho sjdiltig, ym`hi kjhtu` `mnimh tjremcmp cuhim sihymb cmh sidklb. Wjeihoom mhmbisis kucmym ticm` cicmsmr`mh pmcm j`spjridjh pmcm pjhjbitimh sjbmih kucmym sjprti ibdu eu`ud, tjtmpi kucmym cimhmbisis pmcm ihtjrprjtmsi dm`hm. ?:  @jkucmymmh kjrmsmb cmri `mtm kucmym ymho cikjri mwmbmh `j cmh m`eirmh mh. Qmcm kmemsm Wmhsj`jrtm kuccemyme djrupm`mh kjhtu` nmdm` cmri kuccei (kuci mtmu m`mb) cimrti`mh sjkmomi emb-emb ymho kjr`mitmh cjhomh kuci m`mb ?3Wutmrhl

HW, = Mkmc @jkmho`itmh Hmsilhmb cmh @jkmho`itmh Qjrpustm`mmh, e. =1= ?:_ini Wuwmrhl, Ibdu Qjrpustm`mmh Qjrpustm`mmh cmh @lcj @lcj Jti` Qustm`mwmh ( Gjt. Gjt. I0 Nlonm`mrtm> Mr-[uzz Djcim, ;1=7), e. =;?-=;5 =;? -=;5

57

 

Due. ]msid

dmhusim.?6  Wjeihoom cjhomh cjdi`imh kucmym sjhmhtimsm kjrpiem` pmcm kuci cmh m`mb dmhusim, cmh sjombm fmemd ymho ticm` sjbmrms cjhomh pjhojrtimh tjrsjkut (kuci cmh m`mb) ticm` cmpmt ci`mtjoltri`mh sjkmomi cjfjhisi cmri kucmym. @ljhtnmrmhihormt djhyjkut`mh `jkucmymmh sjkmomi sjburue sistjd omomsmh, tihcm`mh, cmh emsib `mrym dmhusim cmbmd rmho`m `jeicupmh dmsymrm`mt, cmh cinmci`mh dibi` kjrsmdm djbmbui kjbmnmr. Bjkie bmhnut kjbimu djhutur`mh > gubturmb ) sjkmomi `mtm sifmt djhmhcmi titi` Kucmym ((gubturmb  pmhcmho pjrdmsmbmemh. Qjrsfj`tif ( gubturmb (gubturmb  pjrspjgtivj) djbiemt pmcm hlrdmkucmym cmh hibmi ymho tjr`mhcuho cmbmd omomsmh, pjribm`u, cmh `mrym dmhusim. Ci cmbmdhym mcm rjfbj`si cmh prlyj`si ymho djbiemt pjrmh ibdumh cmh pjdihmt ibdu slsimb ymho bmih ci dmsm cjpmh. Qjrmh cmbmd plsisihym sjkmomi ihtrjprjtjr, kmsig sgijhtist, sjkmomi glhsubtmht, cmh sjkmomi mgtivist ymho dmdpu kjr`lduhi`msi.??  @jti`m kucmym tjbme djhnmci `jkimsmmh dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim, dm`m cmdpm` ymho m`mh tjrwunuc mcmbme Ihclhjsim m`mh djhnmci sjkume hjomrm cjhomh dmsymrm`m ymho ru`uh. Wjcmho`mh cmdpm` nmho`m pmhnmho mcmbme dmsymrm`mt cmh kmhosm Ihclhjsim m`mh kmho`it cmri sjombm `risis djhunu hjomrm dmnu. @itm pjrbu djdkmems pjdkmhouhmh `jkucmymmh ci`mit`mh cjhomh upmym djdpjrkmi`i `jdmdpumh. @jdmdpumh uhtu` mpm < uhtu` rjglvjry, kmho`it cmri `lhcisi sjrkm `risis cmh `ritis. Kmho`it uhtu`

?6Wurmhtl

M_, @lduhi`msi Wlsimb Kucmym (Gjt.I0 Ormem Ibdu> Yloym`mrtm, ;1=1), e.;7. ??_icimhtl

Kmdkmho,  Qjrspj`tif Kucmym> @udpubmh Subismh @ljhtnmrmhihormt Djdlrimb Bjgturjs I-V /;113-;115 (Jcisi =0 Nm`mrtm> QS. [mnm Ormfihcl Qjrsmcm, ;119), e.xi-xii 53

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

djdpjrkmi`i `jeicupmh kjrsmdm. Kmho`it uhtu` `jsjnmetjrmmh, ym`hi `jkjkmsmh, `jmcibmh cmh slbicmritms.?5  ;.  Wj`ubmrisdj Isbmd djdibi`i kmoimh udmt ymho dibitmh. Djs`ipuh cmri pjhomdmbmh mnmrmh momdm dmsie smhomt tjrkmtms hmduh `jti`m momdm ymho djdmhooib djrj`m djhymeutihym nmrmho `j dmsnic, hmduh `mbmu dmsnic cjhomh sjojrm. Wmym nmrmho mhcm omhoou dm`m mhcm m`mh kjremcmpmh cjhomh smym . @mbidmt sjpjrti ihi mcmbme `mbidmt sjdmhomt ymho m`mh citjdu`mh ni`m mcm ihcivicu mtmu `jbldpl` ymho djhglkm djhousi` `jkjrmcmmh smrmhm ikmcme. Wjdmhomt sjpjrti ihi ymho djhnmci pjhyjkmk ‒mbjroi— `mud sjsmt cmbmd djhyjkmr`mh fmemdhym. Lbjehym itu citjdpue cjhomh gmrm bmih cjhomh `jdmsmh ymho bjkie kjrsmemkmt, ym`hi j`spmhsi j`lhldi cmh kucmym. Kjrkmomi fmemd cmh ojrm`mh ymho djhoolymho `jkjrmcmmh momdm. Emb ihi cim`ikmt`mh, mcm sjkmoimh pmhcmhomh `jti`m zmdmh dlcjrh, momdm emhym mcm cmbmd `itmk sugi cmh tjdpmt ikmcme. Momdm emhym kmoimh cmri flrdmbitms kjbm`m. Kjrpjrmh `jti`m, pjbmhti`mh pjnmkmt, mgmrm mqi`me, mqmc hi`me, mtmu pjyjbjhoomrmmh smbmt njhmzme, cibumr itu kj`jrnm mtmu djbm`smhm`mh m`tivitms bmihhym,

`jemcirmh momdm momdm ticm` cikutue`mh bmoi. @jti`m ikmcme `ikbmthym `j `m’kme sjtjbme ikmcme `ikbmthym djhomrme `j tjdpmt bmih —. —. Ni`m ojnmbm ihi duhgub cmbmd dmsymrm`mt dm`m ym`ih cmh pjrgmym kmewm sj`ubmrimsi sjdjhtmrm tjbme mcm ci sj`itmr `itm. Sjlri Wj`ubmrismsi @bmsi` cjhomh pjrudus mwmb Wmiht-Widlh cmh Muoust Gldtj, djdkjri`mh omomsmh kmewm

?5_icimhtl

Kmdkmho,  Qjrspj`tif Kucmym> @udpubmh Subismh @ljhtnmrmhihormt Djdlrimb Bjgturjs I-V /;113-;115, e.=1. 5:

 

Due. ]msid

dlcjrhitms cmh momdm ticm` duho`ih kjrsmtu-tejy kjrsmtu- tejy nust clh’t dix! Bmbu pmrm kmpm` slsimb Dlcjrh (Dmrz, Cur`ejid, cmh _jkjr), djs`i cjhomh mbmsmh kjrkjcm, smdm-smdm sjpm`mt kmewm jrm momdm m`mh bjwmt. Dm`ih dlcjrh dmsymrm`mt, dm`ih `ldpbj`s pjhmtmmh eicup, sjdm`ih rmsilhmb cmh sjdm`ih ihcivicumb ihcivicumb dj djrj`m, rj`m, cmh dm`ih dm`ih nmue djrj`m cmri hibmi momdm (bjss ( bjss rjbioilus).?9   Wj`ubmrisdj njbms smhomt cjhomh momdm cmh cmsmr hjomrm, sjkmk fmemd kjrtjhtmhomh tjrsjkut djhomkmi`mh pjrmh momdm cmbmd sjombm emb mtms hmdm `jdlcjrjhmh. Djdkjri`mh pjhmfsirmh dlcjrh dm`m pjrbu cibiemt cmbmd `lhtj`s mpm ymho m`mh djhnmkmr`mhhym. Ni`m `jdlcjrjhmh cmbmd pjrspj`tif pjhcici`mh Isbmd, dm`m mnmrmh dlcjrh itubme ymho dlcjrh. Wjkmk fm`tm sjnmrme tjbme djdku`ti`mh kmewm `jdmnumh ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjkmomi kmkm` kmru cuhim dlcjrh ticm` tjrbjpms cmri emsib pjrmcmkmh Isbmd. Dlcjrh djdibi`i dm`hm ymho smhomt bums djhymho`ut `jdmnumh ihtjbj`tumb cjhomh pjhjdumh-pjhjdumh tjrkmru sjrtm spritiumb `jdmnumh ihtjbj`tumb tjrsjkut sjdm`ih djhcj`mt`mh cmh djhymcmr`mh ciri pjrmh momdm cmh mcmhym Suemh. Wjeihoom emb ymho wmnmr ni`m sj`ubmrisdj

djhnmci fmemd ymho emrus tjtmp cisi`mpi cjhomh tjoms cmh kinm`. Sjhtuhym cjhomh djhnmci`mh sj`ubmrisdj sjkmomi kmemh `mnimh cmh djbiemthym cmri kjrkmomi sucut sjgmrm `ldpbj`s. 7.  [mci`mbisdj [mci`mb kjrmrti mdmt `jrms djhuhtut pjrukmemh (uhcmho-uhcmho csk) dmnu cmbmd kjrfi`ir cmh kjrkumt, ?9Qippm

Hlrris cmh [lhmbc Ihobjemrt, Wj`ubmrismsi ci Sihnmu @jdkmbi Momdm cmh Qlbiti` ci Cuhim Cjwmsm ihi tjrn.^mid [lfiqi (Wmgrjc mhc Wjgubmr) [jbioilh mhc Qlbitigs _lrbcwicw (Gjt. =0 Qustm`m Mbvmkjt> Smhojrmho, ;119), E.UV 56

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

sjgmrm djhcmsmr. @jti`m `mtm rmci`mb djhnmcmi rmci`mbisdj, dm`m kjrmrti tjlri ymho rmci`mb cmbmd plbiti`> pmemd ymho djhoihoiho`mh pjrukmemh slsimb cmh plbiti` cjhomh gmrm crmsmtis cmh `j`jrmsmh0 si`mp j`strid cmbmd kicmho plbiti`.51  Ojrm`mh rmci`mb bmeir cmri wunuc `jticm`tjridmmh pjrslhmb cmh dmsymrm`mt tjremcmp `lhcisi cisj`itmrhym. Mcm pjrtjhtmhomh cjhomh mnmrmh `jkmi`mh ymho cipjrlbje cjhomh `lhcisi fm`tumb. Nmci pjhojtmeumh momdm sjsumi cjhomh gmrm pmhcmho ymho cii`uti kjrpjhomrue tjremcmp si`mp cmh pjribm`u rmci`mb. Mymt-mymt cm`wme, mdmr dm`ruf hmei duh`mr, cmh  niemc , nuom pjdmemdmh tjrtjhtu tjhtmho ymho cimhoomp ku`mh Isbmd, `mfir, cmh dusue, tjbme cipjrsjpsi cmh ciihtjrprjtmsi sjcjdi`imh rupm ymho sjbmhnuthym djhooiriho sjsjlrmho kjrsi`mp cmh kjrpjribm`u rmci`mb.5=  Ni`m djdpjremti`mh kjritm ci djcim dmssm kjritm, ymho

bjkie cldihmh kjrpiem` pmcm tjdm dmtjrimbisdj, ejclhisd, `ridihmb, djhnmci pjhyjkmk tudkuehym omym eicup vubomr cmh djdkumt dmsymrm`mt djdibi`i nmrm` cjhomh mnmrmh momdm. Qmcm em`i`mthym. sjtimp cihciho sugi cmri momdm dmhmpuh ticm` djdkjhmr`mh emb ymho kjrsifmt djbmdpmu kmtms cmh djhnmue`mh dmhusim cmri tuhtuhmh momdm. Wjnmtihym djcim sjhmhtimsm djdkjri`mh pjridkmhomh ihflrdmsi uhtu` djhgjrcms`mh `jeicupmh dmsymrm`mt. Djcim ku`mh emhym pjhoeikur ciri cmh `jbmurom hmduh djcim mcmbme smrmh pjhcici`mh ymho djhgjrcms`mh.

51Zdi

Geubsud cmh _ihcy Hlvim, @mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm Ihclhjsim , e.:61. 5=Hurnmhhme,

Fm`tlr Qjdigu Duhgubhym [mci`mbisdj Isbmd mtms Hmdm Cm`wme (Nurhmb Cm`wme, Vlb UIV, Hl. ; Smeuh ;1=7), e.==. 5?

 

Due. ]msid

Djrsjplh emb ihi tjrcmpmt kjkjrmpm plbm ymho ciouhm`mh uhtu` cmpmt djhjpis omym eicup sjprti ihi. Mcm ymho djhomdkib si`mp m`ldlcmtif, hmduh ticm` sjci`ti pubm ymho ‒mbjroi— cmh kjremsrmt sjojrme djhom`eirihym cjhomh djbm`u`mh pjrukmemh sjgmrm gjpmt, djhidkub`mh jfj` bums cjhomh gmrm `j`jrmsmh. Cmbmd mnmrmh momdm Isbmd smhomt njbms omris `jkmi`mh cmh emb-emb ymho djbmdpmui kmtms. @jti`m, ihcivicu mtmu `jbldpl` ticm` djbiemt `jsjsumimh rjmbitms ci dmsymrm`mt cjomh mnmrmh momdm dm`m djrj`m gjhcjruho ‒djdpjrihomt`mh— cjhomh gmrm rmci`mb …`jbldl` -`jbldpl` -`jbldpl`

Dusbid

rmci`mb

djbiemt

dmsymrm`mt `itm djhombmdi sj`umrismsi, cj`mcjhsi dlrmb cmh `risis `jpididpihmh. Emb tjrsjkut bmhtms djdmhtmp`mh `jym`ihmh kmewm slbusihym mcmbme Isbmd. Qjromubmh kjkms, pjrdisivisdj, mklrsi, `jhm`mbmh rjdmnm, bjdmehym suprjdmsi eu`ud (@@H), cmh sjdm`ih ticm` kjrdlrmbhym pmrm pjdidpih kmhosm djdkjri `jym`ihmh kmewm sj`ubmrismsi tjbme omomb djhnmci kmoimh cmri `jeicupmh kmhosm.5;  Ni`m cimhmbisis sjgmrm gjrdmt, himt cmh lrijhtmsi cmri `mud rmci`mb djhcjs`ripsi`mh sjkume tunumh dubim djhojdkmbi`mh nmbmd eicup dmhusim momr sjsumi cjhomh tuhtuhmh momdm, hmdud pmcm prm`tj`hym m`mh citjdu`mh `jomhnmbmh ymho smhomt kjrsjkrmho kjrsjkrmhomh mh cjhomh himt tjrsjkut. Zdmt kjrmomdm ymho ticm` djdibi`i bmhcmsmh momdm ymho `umt, gjhcjruho smhomt ducme tjrpmpmr lbje fmemd rmci`mb. Ku`mh kjrdm`hm bmho`me djhomhtisipmsi cmh djoeihcmri rmci`mbisdj `itm emrus kjrnmbmh smtuomris (`eittme  (`eittme ) cjhomh

5;Ejrci

Wmermsmc & Mb Gemicmr, Fuhcmdjhtmbisdj, [jci`mbsidj, Sjrlrisdj, Qjrspj`tif Mtms Momdm, Dmsymrm`mt cmh Hjomrm , (Frjjcld Fluhcmtilh0 ;1=? Gjhtrj flr Wtrmtjoig Wtucijs-Zhivjrsity lf Ihclhjsim (GWW-ZI, e. V 55

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

fmemd tjrtjhtu cmh djhyjru`mh momr `jsjromdmh djhnmbmh`mh mnmrmh momdm cibm`u`mh, hmduh pjrkjcmmh ymho tjrm`ldlcir cjhomh kmi` nustjru m`mh djhnmci `j`mymmh iddmtjrimb sjkume momdm. Ci Ihclhjsim ojrm`mh fuhcmdjhtmis cmh rmci`mbisdj momdm ududhym kjrsifmt bl`mb, sjkmomi durhi hmsilhmbis momdm, ku`mh tjrlris Ihtjrhmsilhmb,

sjkmomidmhm kmhym` tjrnmci ci Sidur-tjhome. @mbmupuh mcm nmrihomh, sifmthym mcmbme smhomt blhoomr `mrjhm djdmho sjkmoimh cmri djrj`m mcmbme vjtjrmh Dunmeicih Mfomhistmh, ymho cibmtie Mdjri`m Wjri`mt djbmmh ihvmsi Zhi Wlvijt `j Mfomhistmh.57  Wjbmih djhuhnu``mh si`mp `jticm`tjrtjridmmh tjremcmp `jkinm`mh pjdjrihtme, fmemd rmci`mb nuom djhmhmd`mh pmcm pjhomhuthym momr ticm` djhjridm fmemd bmih djs`ipuh djdibi`i momdm ymho smdm. Ojrm`mh rmci`mb ku`mh emhym djdkmemym`mh kmhosm hmduh djdkmemym`mh pubm udmt kjrmomdm. Kjrcmsmr`mh urmimh tjrsjkut, cmpmt citmri` pjhojrtimh kmewm rmci`mbisdj Isbmd mcmbme sjkume ojrm`mh kjrkmsis Isbmd ymho cidm`suc`mh uhtu` djbm`u`mh pjdkmrumh cmbmd dmsmbme slsimb, plbiti`, mtmu `jmomdmmh, cibm`u`mh cjhomh gmrm crmstis, `jrms, cmh tmhpm `ldprldi `jpmcm piem`-piem` ymho cimhoomp dusue, cjhomh smtu prihsip kmewm emhym Wymrimt Isbmd ymho dmdpu djhomtmsihym sjeihoom pjhcirimh Hjomrm Isbmd cmh pjhjrmpmh Wymrimt Isbmd djhnmci icj pjrnumhomhhym.53  Djhojdkmbi`mh dmhusim `jpmcm mnmrmh momdm klbje smnm cibm`u`mh bjkie cmri smtu gmrm hmduh, djbm`u`mhhym 57BmdkmhoSrinlhl.

C``, Djdjtm`mh @lhfbi`, Djdku`m Nmbmh Ihclhjsim

(Gjt. I0GWQW0Yloym`mrtm =99;), e.=5. Cmdmi (Gjt. 53Hurnmhhme, Fm`tlr Qjdigu Duhgubhym [mci`mbisdj Isbmd mtms Hmdm Cm`wme (Nurhmb Cm`wme, Vlb UIV, Hl. ; Smeuh ;1=7), e. 3. 59

 

Due. ]msid

cjhomh plbm ymho cmh m`si ymho djbmdpmui kmtms djs`ipuh himthym smdm nustjru m`mh smhomt kjrtjhtmhomh cjhomh hibmi-hibmi momdm. Djdkjri`mh jcu`msi tjhtmho cmdpm`

rmci`mbisdj, slsimbismsi `joimtmh `jmomdmmh, pjbmtiemh kjbm hjomrm smdpmi pmcm cisjdihmsi djrupm`mh urojhsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd djhoemcmpi cmdpm` rmci`mbisdj. 3.  Sjrlrisdj Djs`ipuh dmhusim djdibi`i si`mp fitrme gjhcjruho pmcm `jkmi`mh hmduh, `mrjhm pjhomrue fmemd cmh `jmcmmh djhnmci pjhyjkmk rmomd plbm ‒`jomcuemh— m`mh sjbmbu djhoi`uti sjtimp bmho`mehym. sjkmomi pjsmh `umt pjhtihohym si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Wuigicj kldkjr , [lfi` Msemruccih pjbm`u kld @mrtmsurm 7 Nuhi ;1=9 djrupm`mh bubusmh sj`lbme kjbmkjb momdm. Kjrcmsmr`mh emsib pjdjri`smmh mpmrmt `jplbisimh ymho kjrsmho`utmh tjbme tjrpmpmr lbje fmemd Isbmdig Wtmtj Irmq mhc Wurime  (IWIW).   (IWIW). Ku`mh emhym itu, 3 kubmh `jducimh, tjpmthym pmcm tmhoomb =1 L`tlkjr ;1=9, Djh`lplbeuh`md, _irmhtl djhombmdi bu`m tusu` pmcm smmt `uhnuhomh `j Zhivjrsitms Dmtembub Mhwmr Qmhcjojbmho, Kmhtjh. Qjbm`uhym mcmbme sjpmsmho sumdi istjri djhoouhm`mh pismu hihnm (`uhmi  (`uhmi ). ). Qjbm`u tjrsjkut cicuom tjrpmpmr pubm fmemd ymho kjrmfibimsi cjhomh IWIW ym`hi ojrm`mh dibitmh Ihclhjsim Nmdmme Ihclhjsim Nmdmme Mksemrut Smukme  (NMS).  (NMS). Ni`m cibm`u`mh `ldpmrmsi pjbm`u pjrtmdm cmh `jcum, dm`m cmpmt ciurmi sjkume `jsidpubmh kmewm m`si tjrlr cmpmt smnm cibm`u`mh tmhpm djdmhcmho wm`tu, tjdpmt kme`mh smsmrmh. Wjgmrm psi`lbloi m`si tjrlr djbjcm``mh kld, cmh mtmu djbm`u`mh tihcm`mh kjrkmemym ymho djhomhgmd niwm dmhusim, ticm` mcm dmhusim hlrdmb ymho ‒hj`mt— djbm`u`mhhym. Qjdiguhym cmpmt kjrupm, ‒`jticm`tjridmmh— tjremcmp rjmbitms mtmu tjrpmpmr lbje fmemd ymho djhyidpmho. Cmbmd Sjrlrisdj @mhmh Ihclhjsim 91

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Cihmdi`m cmh Qjhmhooubmhomhhym djhyjkut`mh pjhyjkmk tjrlrisdj, Emb djhcmsmr duhgubhym tjrlrisdj cimhtmrmhym mcmbme icjlbloi cmh tjlbloi. @jcum fm`tlr tjrsjkut djrupm`mh emb ymho pmbiho fuhcmdjhtmb cmbmd pjrojrm`mh tjrlrisdj, `mrjhm icjlbloi cmh tjlbloi mcmbme mbmsmh kmoi sjsjlrmho cmbmd tihcm`mh rmci`mb ymho djhouhtuho`mh `jbldpl`hym sjhciri.5:  Qjhjrnmdmemh Icjlbloi cmh tjlbloi ymho `m`u cmpmt djhnmci pjhyjkmk sukurhym kjhie-kjhie tjrlrisdj. Sjrlrisdj djrupm`mh dmsmbme oblkmb sjgmrm ymho sjriho pmcm kjrkmomi hjomrm, kmi` ymho cibm`u`mh pjrlrmhomh (blho wlbf )   dmupuh ymho cibm`u`mh sjgmrm kjr`jbldpl`. Wmdm embhym cjhomh ojrm`mh rmci`mb, tjrlris pmcm ududhym kjrmwmb cmri m`si pjrlrmhomh mtmu sjdpmbmh `jbldpl` tjrtjhtu ymho ticm` pums tjremcmp `jkinm`mh pjdjrihtme cmbmd djhjrmp`mh sjkume `jkinm`mh. @jbldpl` ihi `jducimh djhnmci jdkril `jbldpl` sjpmrmrtis. Qjr`jdkmhomh tjrlrisdj kjrmwmb fmhmtisdj mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh ymho kjrukme djhnmci pjdkuhuemh kmi` pjbm`u pjrlrmhomh dmupuh cibm`u`mh sjgmrm kjr`jbldpl` `jpmcm pjhoumsm ymho cipmhcmho tirmhi ltlritjr. 56  Qjdidpih tjrtihooi udmt @ristjh @mtlbi` Qmus Frmhsis`us kjrsmdm cjhomh Idmd Kjsmr mb-Mzemr, Fmceibmtu  Wymi`e  C[. Medmc Duemddmc Medmc Mte-Semyyik'  Mte-Semyyik'  djhoutu` `jrms sjombm emb ymho djhcu`uho `jkjrmcmmh tjrlris dubmi cmri sjoi pjhcmhmmh, pjrsjhnmtmmh, strmtjoi cmh pjbikmtmh djcim cmbmd djbm`u`mh m`sihym. Sjrlrisdj djrupm`mh `jnmemtmh

5:Lksmtmr,

c``, Sjrlrisdj @mhmh Ihclhjsim Cihmdi`m cmh Qjhmhooubmhomhhym (Gjt.I0 Jbjx Djcim @ldputihcj> Nm`mrtm, ;1=5), e. =7. 56Lksmtmr,

c``, Sjrlrisdj @mhmh Ihclhjsim Cihmdi`m cmh Qjhmhooubmhomhhym, e,=;. 9=

 

Due. ]msid

ihtjrhmsilhmb ymho emrus ciejhti`mh, sjbmih djhgiptm`mh `jtm`utmh cmbmd dmsymrm`mt, tjrlrisdj nuom sjriho djhoouhm`mh momdm cmbmd djbmhgmr`mh m`sihym. Qmcmemb momdm mpmpuh ci cuhim ihi ticm` djdkjhmr`mh udmthym uhtu` djbm`u`mh tjrlr. Sjrrlrisd is cjpblrmkbj mhc terjmtjhs tej sjgurity lf  pjlpbj, kj tejy ih tej Jmst lr tej _jst, tej Hlrte lr tej Wlute, mhc cissjdihmtjs pmhig, tjrrlr mhc  pjssidisd, kut teis is hlt cuj tl rjbioilh, jvjh wejh tjrrlrists ihstrudjhtmbizj it. It is cuj, rmtejr, tl mh mggudubmtilh lf ihglrrjgt ihtjrprjtmtilhs lf rjbioilus tjxts mhc tl plbigijs bih`jc tl euhojr, plvjrty, ihnustigj, lpprjssilh mhc pricj. Seis is wey it is sl hjgjssmry tl stlp supplrtiho tjrrlrist dlvjdjhts fujbbjc ky fihmhgiho, tej prlvisilh lf wjmplhs mhc strmtjoy, mhc ky mttjdpts tl nustify tejsj dlvjdjhts jvjh usiho tej djcim. Mbb tejsj dust kj rjomrcjc ms ihtjrhmtilhmb gridjs temt terjmtjh sjgurity mhc wlrbc  pjmgj. Wuge tjrrlrisd dust kj glhcjdhjc ih mbb its flrds mhc jxprjssilhs.5?   Qjbm`u tjrlris djbm`u`mh pjrbmwmhmh cjhomh gmrm ymho ticm` cikjhmr`mh cmh smhomt djdkmemym`mh. Djhjridm mnmrmh ymho ticm` kjhmr (cl`trih), kjrouru pmcm lrmho ymho ticm` tjpmt, mtmu djdpjbmnmri sjsumtu tmhpm kidkihomh ouru cmpmt djbmeir`mhpjdmemdmh ymo `jbiru. Cmbmd mnmrmh Isbmd tjrlrisdj cjhomh sjombm m`sihym ticm` cikjhmr`mh cjhomh cmbie mtmu tunumh mpmpuh. Emb ihi cisjkmk`mh cmdpm` tjrlr djdkumt `jrusm`mh dmtjrib cmh djhyjkmr`mh `jtm`utmh (strmhoj  (strmhoj ) cmbmd niwm udmt dmhuism. M`si ojrm`mh tjrlris m`mh kjrcmdpm` `jrusm`mh 5?Clgudjht

lh ‒Eudmh Frmtjrhity flr _lrbc Qjmgj mhc Biviho Slojtejr— siohjc ky Eis Elbihjss Qlpj Frmhgis mhc tej Ormhc Idmd lf Mb-Mzemr Memdmc mb-Smyyik (Mku Cemki, 3 Fjkrumry ;1=9), e. 3.

9;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

dmtjri cmh hlhdmtjri kme`m ymho pmbiho kjrkmemym mcmbme djhoihoomb`mh bu`m `jniwmmh. Sjrlr djhoomhoou cmh djhgiptm`mh `jtm`utmh (`jhojrimh, `jgjdmsmh, csk) ymho cibm`u`mh lbje lrmho mtmu olblhomh tjrtjhtu. 55  Qjdjrihtme cmh dmsymrm`mt emrus kjrsihjroi cmbmd djbmwmh m`si tjrlr. Sicm` mcm rumho sjci`itpuh uhtu` djdkimr`mh tjrlr tjrnmci. @jhojrimh, `jgjdmsmh ymho citidkub`mh lbje m`sit tjrlr cmpmt djdkumt budpue m`tivitms `jeicupmh. Qmcm `lhcisi bjdme sjpjrti ihi dm`m cmdpm` bmih ymho m`mh duhgub mcmbme pmrm pjbm`u tjrlr sjdm`ih bjbumsm djbm`u`mh m`sihym. :.  Wpmrmtis Wpmrmtis mcmbme lrmho mtmu olblhomh ymho djhgmri cu`uhomh gmrm djdjgme kjbme kmhosm.59  Qmcm dubmhym sjpmrmtis djrupm`mh rjsplh tjremcmp pjribm`u `jticm`pumsmh cmh `jticm`tjridmmh sjkume `jbldpl` mtmu `lduhitms tjremcmp sjkume `jkinm`mh cmh djrj`m djhnmwmk emb tjrjkut cjhomh gmrm j`strid sjpjrti `j`umtmh kjrsjhnmtm, pjhgubi`mh tl`le-tl`le pjhtiho, cmh m`si tjrlr. Cmbmd mnmrmh momdm Isbmd ticm` pjrhme djhoisymrmt`mh udmthym uhtu` djbm`u`mh ojrm`mh sjpmrmtis. Cmbmd sjnmrme Ihclhjsim tjrgmtmt kjkjrmpm `jbldpl` sjpmrmtis tjbme djhoolyme`mh stmkibitms Hjomrm. Ojrm`mh Mgje Djrcj`m, Ojrm`mh Qmpum Djrcj`m, `jbldpl` kjrsjhnmtm cmh bmih-bmih. M`si `jbldpl` spmrmtis ihibme ymho `jducimh ymho sjriho djbm`u`mh m`si tjrlr.

55Zdi

Geubsud cmh _ihcy Hlvim, @mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm  e.6:9. Ihclhjsim  e.6:9. 59Zdi

Geubsud cmh _ihcy Hlvim, @mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm Ihclhjsim  e.6=6.  e.6=6. 97

 

Due. ]msid

@msus Mgje cmh Qmpum djrupm`mh smbme smtu kjtu` pjrbmwmhmh itu citmhcmi lbje duhgubhym, `jihoihmh uhtu` djhjhtu`mh hmsik sjhciri ( sjbf-  (sjbf-  cjtjrdihmtilh), kme`mh bjkie nmue ihoih djdisme`mh ciri (sugjssilh/sjpmrmtilh) (sugjssilh/sjpmrmtilh) cmri Ihclhjsim91  Emb ymho wmnmr ni`m udmt kjrmomdm m`mh djrjsplh cjhomh kjrkmomi gmrm tjremcmp fmemd-fmemd ci mtms `mrjhm kjrcmdpm` kuru` tjremcmp pjribm`u `jkjrmomdmmh dmsymrm`mt. Wjbmih fmemd tjrsjkut dmsie tjrcmpmt fmemd bmih ymho kjr`mitmh cjhomh pjhtihohym dlcjrmsi kjrmomd. Kjrkmomi cmdpm` fmemd tjrsjkut ku`mh kjrmrti ticm` klbje cipjbmnmri cmh cifmemdi. Nustjru fmemd tjrsjkut cmh fmemdfmemd bmihhym smhomt pjhtiho uhtu` cibm`u`mh pjho`mnimh sjgmrm djhcmbmd momr cipjrlbje sjkume pjrspj`tif cmh mroudjh ymho `umt cmbmd djhomdkib `jsidpubmh. Djhcmbmdi kjrkmoi rjfjrjhsi, djdkmwmhym `j rumho cis`usi, cimblo cjhomh pmrm pm`mr, mcmbme kjrkmomi bmho`me `lhstru`tif, djhomhtisipmsi tudkuehym pjrspj`tif ymho `jbiru tjremcmp cihmdi`m ymho mcm.

91BmdkmhoSrinlhl.

C``, Djdjtm`mh @lhfbi`, Djdku`m Nmbmh Ihclhjsim Cmdmi (Gjt. (Gjt. I0GWQW0Yloym`mrtm =99;), e.:. 93

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

KMK III IHSJO[MWI @JIBDZMH @JIBDZMH

‫ك‬  ‫ ع‬ ‫ك‬‫ ع‬  ‫مك‬ ‫ك ع‬  ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ ع‬‫عك‬ ‫ ع‬‫ ك‬ ‫ ع‬ ‫ ؿ‬  ‫ ك‬ ‫ك‬     ‫مك ع‬  ‫ كد‬ ‫إ‬

‫ ع‬  ‫مك ع‬   ‫ ع‬ ‫ك‬‫ م‬  ‫ك م‬  ‫ ع‬   ‫ك‬‫ ع‬ 

Cmh momr lrmho-lrmho ymho tjbme cikjri ibdu, djym`ihi kmewm (Mb ]urmh) itu kjhmr cmri Suemh-du bmbu djrj`m kjridmh cmh emti djrj`m tuhcu` `jpmcm-Hym. Cmh suhooue Mbbme pjdkjri pjtuhnu` kmoi lrmho-lrmho ymho kjridmh `jpmcm nmbmh ymho burus. 9= (]W.mb-Emn/;; > :3)  :3)  m.  @lhsjp Ibdu cmbmd pjhcici`mh Isbmd Ibdu cmbmd Isbmd djdibi`i tjdpmt dubim, sjeihoom lrmho ymho djdibi`i ibdu cimhuojrmei plsisi bjkie tihooi 9=Ku`emrm

mb-]ur’mh Smnwic cmh Sjrnjdme cibjho`mpi cjhomh Sjrnjdme @jdjhtjrimh Momdm [I, e. 775. 9:

 

Due. ]msid

cjrmnmthym cikmhciho cjhomh ymho bmihhym. Ibdu nuom djrupm`mh kmoimh `jsjdpurhmmh ikmcme. Emb ihi cidm`suc`mh momr sjlrmho emdkm djhojtmeui `mjcme`mjcme ikmcme, wmnik, suhhme, embmb, emrmd cmh djhojrti simpm ymho djhyjdkme cmh simpm ymho cisjdkme. Istirmemthym lrmho ymho djdibi`i ibdu bjkie citm`uti sjtmh cmri pmcm kj`jrnmhym lrmho ymho ticm` djdibi`i ibdu cjdi`imh `mtm kinm``lhtrikusi djhouho`mp`mh. ihi cisjkmk`mh uhtu` djdkjri`mh tjremcmpEmb dmebu` cmh mbmd sjdjstm sjrtm djhnmci rjmbitms djhsyu`uri hi`dmt m`mb, mcmbme djbmbui ibdu. Sjhtuhym ibdu ymho cidm`suc mcmbme ibdu ymho cipmhcu lbje hibmi-hibmi Isbmd. Idmd Wymfii rmeidmeubbme tm’mbm  djhymtm`mh  djhymtm`mh >

‫و‬‫و‬ ‫و‬  ‫و وؽد وج و‬ ‫و‬‫ و‬  ‫ي‬ٛ  ‫و‬‫و‬ ‫و‬  ‫و‬‫ب و‬‫د‬ ‫و وؽد وج‬ ‫و‬‫ و‬  ‫ي‬  ‫و‬‫و‬ ‫و‬   ‫ و‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫و وؽد وج‬ ‫و‬ .   ‫ي‬

Wimpm ymho djhoejhcm`i cuhim dm`m cjhomh ibdu, simpm ymho djhoejhcm`i m`eirmt cjhomh ibdu cmh simpm ymho djhoejhcm`i` `jcumhym dm`m cjhomh ibdu. @mtm Ibdu   cisjrmp cmri kmemsm Mrmk ym`hi, ‫ﻉ‬  ymho tjrciri cmri euruf  ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻉ‬, Flrdmsi `mtm ymho bmeir cmri euruf ihi ihi `jducimh ymho kjr`jdkmho djhnmci `mtm mbid cmh ubmdm. Mbid djrupm`mh smbme smtu cimhtmrm hmdm-hmdm Mbbme Ymho Dubim. Ym`hi ‫ﻉ‬  Mbid   (Dmem Djhojtmeui). Wjeihoom `jti`m ibdu cimhuojrme`mh `jpmcm dmhusim, dm`m sjyloymhym ibdu tjrsjkut djhnmci dmhifjstmsi cmri pjrgi`mh `jdmsbmemt mh dmebu`. gmemym ‫ﻉ‬  ymho ciouhm`mh uhtu` `jdmsbmemtmh Wjtimp pjrmcmkmh ymho mcm ci cuhim ihi ticm` tjrbjpms cmri `jcmbmdmh ibdu cmh tj`hlbloi dmsymrm`mt pmcm smmt itu. @ldpbj`s pirmdic ci Oizm Djsir, Sjdkl` [m`smsm Gihm, Smn 96

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Dmemb Ihcim, Ihcim, Klr Klrlkucur lkucur Ihclhjsim, djrupm`mh djrupm`mh pjhihoombmh ymho dmsu` cmbmd cjrjtmh Sunue @jmnmikmh Cuhim (Wjvjh _lhcjrs Lf _lrbc). Kmhouhmh ihi djhnmci bumr kimsm sjkmk cicu`uho lbje plstur djome, dmtjrimb kmhouhmh `l`le, cmh cjsmih ymho `ems. Djs`ipuh kjkjrmpm kmhouhmh tjrsjkut dmsie djhnmci distjri, tjhtmho kmomimdmhm gmrm djdkmhouhhym, dmtjrimb cmri dmhm, simpm mrsitj`hym, hmduh smtu `mtm pmsti kmewm ibdu ymho djrj`m pjrlbje, smhomt mwmb dmnu ni`m cikmhciho `lhcisi wm`tuhym. Djs`ipuh pmdlr cmri kmhouhmh tjrsjkur djdkmemhm `j sjburue hjojri hmduh kjkjrmpm cimhtmrmhym dmsie pjrbu cibm`u`mh risjt tjhtmho `jbmym`mh kmhouhmh tjrsjkut sjkmomi sjkume `mrym ymho tjtmp djdpjremti`mh mspj`

`jdmhusimmh `jti`m prlsjs pjdkmhouhmhhym ci`ldpmrmsi`mh cjhomh emsib ymho cipjrlbjehym. Kjrkmomi pjr`jdkmhomh ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmh pjrmcmkmh dmsm bmbu cmpmt cipjrlbje sjnmrmehym pmcm tj`s sugi `jmomdmmh sjpjrti `mhcuhomh mb-]ur’mh. mb-]ur’mh. Mb-]urmh sjkmomi pjcldmh cmh nmbmh eicup uddmt Isbmd djdkjri`mh rumho ymho bums cmbmd djhnmom cmh djrmwmt ibdu pjhojtmeumh. @mtm ‫ﻉ‬ ymho tjrciri cmri euruf   ‫ﻘ‬  ‫ﻉ‬  sjombm pjrukmemh `mtm ymho tjrnmci pmcmhym (wmzmh  ( wmzmh ) kjrubmho sjkmhym` 5:3 `mbi. D. ]urmise Weiemk cmbmd Smfsir mb-Diskme djhnjbms`mh, @mtm (  ‫' )ﻉ‬čbmdȀh   mcmbme kjhtu` nmdm` cmri `mtm ( (‫ﻭ‬  ‫― )ﻉ‬čbmd . Im tjrmdkib cmri m`mr `mtm ymho smdm cjhomh ibdu   mtmu mbmdmt   (tmhcm). Wjtimp njhis dm`ebu` ymho djdibi`i giri ymho kjrkjcm cjhomh sjbmihhym, dm`m giri itu djhnmci mbmdmt mtmu tmhcm kmoihym. Mtmu, cim djhnmci smrmhm/ mbmt uhtu` djhojtmeui wunuc smho Qjhgiptm. Cmri sihi `mtm tjrsjkut kimsm cipmemdi cmbmd mrti mbmd rmym   mtmu sjombm sjsumtu sjbmih Mbbme . Wjdjhtmrm pm`mr tmfsir djdmemdi `mtm mbmd  cmbmd   cmbmd mrti `udpubmh sjnjhis dm`ebu` Mbbme ymho eicup, kmi` eicup sjdpurhm dmupuh 9?

 

Due. ]msid

tjrkmtms. Eicup citmhcmi lbje ojrm`, rmsm cmh tmeu. Mcm mbmd dmbmi`mt, mbmd dmhusim, mbmd kihmtmho, mbmd tudkue-tudkuemh, tjtmpi ticm` mcm istibme mbmd   kmtu `mrjhm kmtu ticm` djdibi`i rmsm, ticm` kjrojrm` ticm` nuom tmeu, wmbmu tjhtmho cirihym sjhciri. 9;  Ni`m `jdkmbi djdutmr nmrud sjnmrme pjhcici`mh Isbmd, dm`m m`mh citjdu`mh ihflrdmsi kmewm =611 tmeuh sjkjbud

ci`jhmbhym istibme pjhgjrmemh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ci kjhum Jrlpm (rjhmismhs  (rjhmismhs ) tjrcmpmt kiho`mi eistlris ymho kjremsib djhomkmci`mh `jnmcimh dlhudjhtmb cmh djhnmci prlblo bmeirhym sjdmhomt ci kicmho ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Dldjh kjrsjnmrme tjrsjkut, tjrnmci `jti`m Mbbme swt. djhuruh`mh wmeyu pjrtmdm `jpmcm Duemddmc smw. djbmbui dmbmi`mt Nikrib m.s.. _meyu ihi mcmbme pjhjtmpmh mtmu pjhlkmtmh Duemddmc smw. Wjkmomi [msububbme @emtidub Mhkiym’  (Hmki  (Hmki tjrm`eir mtmu pjhutup pmrm Hmki).97  Wjkmomidmhm cmbmd firdmh Mbbme swt. ]W mb-―Mbmq/ mb-―Mbmq/ 96> = >

‫ك‬  ‫ٽ‬ ‫ ﴼ ﴸ‬ ‫ب‬  ‫مك‬‫ ٽ‬ ‫ك‬  ‫ ك‬ ‒Kmgmbme cjhomh (djhyjkut) hmdm Suemhdu Ymho Djhgiptm`mh——93  Djhgiptm`mh Qjrihtme djdkmgm ciwmeyu`mh `jpmcm hmki Duemddmc smw. ymho smdm sj`mbi kjbud djhojhmb kmgm tubis tjhtuhym djhomhcuho ei`dme, sjeihoom `mtm tjrsjkut djhnmci wmeyu 9;D.

]urmise Weiemk, Smfsir mb- Diskč  Diskč e Qjsmh, @jsmh cmh @jsjrmsimh mb- ]ur’mh ]ur’mh (Gjt.V0 Nm`mrtm> Bjhtjrm Emti, ;11:), e. 7;. 97S.E.

Sembems, W.J.c``, Smfsir Qmsj, @mnimh Wurme Mb-Fmtieme cmh Wurme-surme Nuz Mddm, (Nm`mrtm> Kmbj @mnimh Mb-]ur’mh QmŐj, ;11=), e. ;3?. mb-]ur’mh Smnwic cmh Sjrnjdme cibjho`mpi cjhomh Sjrnjdme @jdjhtjrimh Momdm [I, e. :9?. 93Ku`emrm

95

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

pjrtmdm ymho cifirdmh`mh lbje Mbbme swt. cmh cituruh`mh ci tjhome su`u Mrmk ymho smhomt pmhcmi kjrsymir. Qjremtimh su`u-su`u Mrmk prm-Isbmd tjremcmp `emzmhme ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjpjrti djhubis cmh dmsie `mbme kmhym`

cikmhciho cjhomh pjhymir. Kme`mh ci`mbmhomh su`u ]urmisy pmcm smmt Isbmd bmeir emhym tjrcmpmt =? lrmho ymho djdpuhymi `jdmdpumh djhubis, cmh Ci mhtmrmhym mcmbme Zdmr, Ztsdmh, Mbi, Mku Zkmicme, cmh Ymzic kih Mku Wufymh.9:  =? lrmho ymho pmhcmi djhubis cmbmd kjhtmhomh wibmyme Mrmk ku`mhbme pjrsjhtmsj ymho djho`emwmtir`mh kmoi djrj`m, sjkmk pmcm smmt itu tjrkmhouh dihcsjt   kmewm trmcisi bismh djhcmpmt tjdpmt istidjwm cikmhciho djrj`m ymho pmhcmi djhubis. Kmpm` Wlsilbloi cmh Ibdumh Dusbid, Ikhu @Ḫmbcuh cmbmd Duqmccidme  kjrpjhcmpmt  kjrpjhcmpmt > @jtmeuibme, `jmebimh kjrsymir kmhosm Mrmk mcmbme sjkume `jelrdmtmh. Zhtu` itubme djrj`m djdibie symir cmbmd pjhubismh ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmh sjnmrme djrj`m cmh djhnmci`mh symir sjkmomi ‒sm`si— sjdum pjrkumtmh djrj`m, kjhmr mtmupuh smbme. Djrj`m djhnmci`mhhym sjkmomi cmsmr runu`mh, kmi` cmbmd kicmho `jibdumh mtmupuh `jkinm`smhmmh eicup. Kmoi kmhosm Mrmk sjhciri, hmburi kjrsymir tjbme cjdi`imh `umt djbj`mt sjkmomimdmhm hmburi-hmburi bmihhym. Hmburi kjrkmemsm, sjdumhym, sjkjhmrhym cmpmt ciupmym`mh djbmbui prlsjs `rjmtivitms cmh pjroudubmh cmbmd kmemsm djrj`m sjgmrm tjrus djhjrus-djhjrus eihoom m`eirhym djhcj`mti hmburi kmhosm Mrmk tjrsjkut.96 

9:Mous

[ifmi, Qjrpustm`mmh Isbmd @lhsjp, Wjnmrme, cmh   (Gjt.=0 @lhstrikusihym cmbmd Djdkmhouh Qjrmcmkmh Isbmd Dmsm @bmsi`  (Gjt.=0 Nm`mrtm> QS. [mnm Ormfihcl Qjrsmcm, ;1=7). e. 76. 96Ikhu

@Ḫmbcuh, Duqmccidme , tjrn. Dmsturi Iremd, c``, Ikhu @Ḫmbcuh, Du`mccidme , e. =1::. 99

 

Due. ]msid

Wucut `ldpmrmsi trmcisi bismh cjhomh wmeyu mb-]urmh citmut`mh cjhomh `lhcisi slsimb dmsymrm`mt Mrmk pmcm smmt wmeyu pjrtmdm tjrsjkut cituruh`mh, smhomt djduho`ih`mh tjrku`m msudsi kmoi lrmho dmsymrm`mt Mrmk Nmeibiyme kme`mh dmsymrm`mt dmsm `ihi ymho kjrpmhcmhomh kmewm mymt cmbmd mb-]urmh mcmbme m`udubmsi `jfmsiemh cmh emsib mcmptmsi cmri kucmym bismh lrmho Mrmk (Bisčhmh ( Bisčhmh ―Mrmkiyymh) cmbmd kjhtu` symir kme`mh bmhgmho kjrcmbie kmewm mb-]urmh mcmbme emb idmnihmtif cmh `mrym dmhusim. Djhoembmu pjdi`irmh tjrsjkut, E.D. Emdic mb-Eusmihi kjr`ldjhtmr > Ei`dme ibmei djhoejhcm`i `jkjrmcmmh Hmki cmh [msub ymho tuhm m`smrm, ticm` cmpmt djdkmgm cmh djhubis…ku`ti ymho djym`ih`mh itu sj`mbious nuom djdmtme`mh tucuemh cmh prmsmho`m kuru` ymho ciejdkus-ejdkus`mh lbje dusue-dusue momdm Isbmd, ymho sjbmbu djhjrim``mh, kmewm mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh itu ku`mh bmih emhymbme kumtmh Duemddmc sjhciri. 9?  Cjdi`imh mymt ymho pjrtmdm, ci mhtmrm bidm mymt cmbmd surmt mb-― mb-―Mbmq ymho pjrtmdm cifirdmh`mh Mbbme swt. @mtm kmgmbme ) ً‫( م‬  mcmbme kjhtu` fi’ib Mdr mtmu `mtm `jrnm pjrihtme ymho ducme cifmemdi `jti`m kjrsmdkuho cjhomh lknj`. Hmduh cmbmd mymt ihi ticm` tjrgmhtud sjkume icjhtitms lknj` ymho ejhcm` cikmgm. Djhomhmbisis, `jtimcmmh lknj` cmbmd mymt tjrjkut D. ]urmise Weiemk kjpjhcmpmt > @mtm iqrm’   tjrmdkib cmri `mtm `jrnm ) ً (  ymho pmcm dubmhym kjrmrti ‒djhoidpuh—. Mpmkibm mhcm djrmho`mi euruf mtmu `mtm `jducimh mhcm djhougmp`mh rmho`mimh `mtm tjrsjkut dm`m mhcm tjbme tjbme djhoeidpuhhym ym`hi djdkmgmhym. 9?E.D.E.

Mb-Emdic mb-Eusmihi, Djdkmhouh Qjrmcmkmh> Wjnmrme Duemdmc smw. Wjnm` Wjkjbud Ciutus Djhnmci [msub (Gjt.I0 Kmhcuho> Qustm`m Eicmyme, ;111), e. ;:3. =11

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Cjhomh cjdi`imh, rjmbismsi `mtm tjrsjkut ticm` djhoemrus`mh mcmhym sumtu tj`s tjrtubis sjkmomi lknj` kmgmmh, ticm` pubm ciugmp`mh sjeihoom tjrcjhomr lbje lrmho bmih. @mrjhmhym cmbmd `mdus`mdus citjdu`mh mhj`m rmomd mrti cmri `mtm tjrsjkut, mhtmrm, djhymdpmi`mh, djhjbmme, djdkmgm, djhcmbmdi, djhjbiti, djhojtmeui giri-giri sjsumtu, cmh sjkmomihym, ymho sjdumhym kjrdumrm pmcm mrti djhoeidpuh .95  Qjhomhjomrmemh cmh `jistidjwmmh `mtm ) ً‫( م‬  djhnmci mwmb cmri turuhhym wmeyu `jpmcm [msububbme smw. wmbmupuh bl`msi cmh `lhcisi dmsymrm`mt tjdpmt turuhhym wmeyu pjrtmdm ) ً‫( م‬ djhouhooub`mh symir djdkjri`mh pjsmh ymho cmpmt kmewm mprjsimsi mnmrmh Isbmd cmbmd djdkmhouh sjdmhomt ibdu pjhojtmeumh smhomt kjsmr. Mbbme swt. djdpjrtjoms rismbme, kmewm ibdu pjhojtmeumh ticm` emhym gu`up pmcm cidjhsi bismh smnm (djdkmgm) hmduh mcm `jbmhnutmhhym ym`hi djhyjkit hmdm SuemhDu. Cishibme bjtm` `jihcmemh mb-]urmh, sjdum plsisi mymt, cmh surme smhomt prjsisi. Djdpjrlbje kjr`me ibdu ticm` gu`up cjhomh djdkmgm, djbmbu`mh `mnimh mtmu risjt hmduh emrus cikmrjhoi cjhomh djhoemcir`mh Suemh cicmbmdhym. ibdu pjhojtmeumh tmhpm ciniwmi hibmi-hibmi momdm dm`m ibdu pjhjojtmeumh tjrsjkut m`mh dushme ci pihooir pusmrm. Qmcmemb Hmki Duemddmc smw. pjrhme djhymdpmi`mh kmewm mdmbmh ymho ticm` putus pmembmhym mcmbme ibdu ymho kjrdmhfmmt, mhm` smbje ymho sjbmbu djhclm`mh, cmh sjcj`me nmriyme.

95D.]urmise

Weiemk, Smfsir mb- Diskče, Diskče, Qjsmh, @jsmh cmh   (Nm`mrtm0 Bjhtjrm Emti, ;11:), e. 79;-797. @jsjrmsimh mb- ]ur’mh  ]ur’mh  (Nm`mrtm0

=1=

 

Due. ]msid

Cjdi`imh kjsmr pjremtimh Hmki Duemddmc smw. tjremcmp ibdu pjhojtmeumh, sjtjbme tjrnmcihym pjrmho Kmcmr pmrm tmwmhmh ymho ticm` djbm`u`mh `jnmemtmh pjrmho, ticm` mcm kimym sjkmomi tjkusmh hmduh djdibi`i `jdmdpumh kmgm tubis dm`m Hmki djwmnik`mh `jpmcm djrj`m uhtu` djhomnmri sjpubue mhm` dusbid kmgm tubis. Hmsmruccih Zdmr, cmbmd Qihtu-pihtu djhunu @jkmemoimmh Kjbmnmr 9 Wjhi Eicup Kmemoim ci Cuhim cmh M`eirmt   djhojdu`m`mh kmewm bmeirhym `lduhitms Mb`itmk ci kmhosm Mrmk djrupm`mh jfj` iqrm.   cmri `mtm iqrm. Qjrihtme Iqrm ticm` emhym djhmhcmi tjbme cidubmihym tuoms Duemddmc sjkmomi hmki cmh rmsub, tjtmpi nuom sj`mbious djbmtie dmsymrm`mt hmki Duemddmc sjkmomi dmsymrm`mt Mb`itëk mtmu ymho bjkie ci`jhmb cjhomh mebi `itmk (meb ( meb mb-`ittëk ). ). Cjhomh turuhhym mb]urmh `jpmcm kmhosm Mrmk cmh `jducimh djhyjkmr tjrus cmh `jducimh tjrsjkmr `j kjrkmomi dmsm dm`m sjgmrm ltldmtis `lduhitms Mb`itëk sjdm`ih djbums.99  Ni`m ojblrm ibdu pjhojtmeumh djhcmpmt tjdpmt jsjhsi cmbmd mnmrmh Isbmd cjhomh pjhlkmtmh hmki Duemddmc sjkmomi [msub djbmbui ) ً‫( م‬, dm`m sjnmtihym dmhusim pmcm jrm sjbmhnuthym djhcjsmih cupbi`msi, momr ibdu djhcmpmt tjdpmt ymho sjemrushym. Fm`tm sjnmrme ihi `jducimh djdkjri`mh idprjsi cjhomh djhnmci`mh prmsymrmt, ibdu cmbmd kjhtu` pjhom`umh sjpjrti inmzme, sjrtifi`mt ihtjrhmsilhmb, hlkjb mtmu bmihhym djhnmci `ritjrim utmdm uhtu` cibmhti` cmbmd nmkmtmh tjrtjhtu. Ibdu pjhojtmeumh djrupm`mh `jhisgmymmh sjkmk gitrm sjlrmho pjdidpih mtmu hjomrm djrupm`mh gjrdihmh simpm ymho djdibie pjdidpih tjrsjkut cmh tmrmf `jibdumh wmromhym.

99E.

Hmsmruccih Zdmr, Qihtu-pihtu Djhunu @jkmemoimmh Kjbmnmr 9 Wjhi Eicup Kmemoim Ci Cuhim Cmh M`eirmt (Gjt.I0 Giputmt> Mb Oemzmbi Gjhtjr, ;115), e. 93.  93.  =1;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

k.  Qlbm Ihtjormsi ibdu cmbmd sjnmrme pjhcici`mh Isbmd Ihtjormsi djrupm`mh hldihm ymho kjrmrti pjdkmurmh eihoom djhnmci `jsmtumh yo utue mtmu kubmt.=11  Ihtojrmsi cmbmd kmemsm Ihooris kjrmrti kjrsmtu pmcu, utue. Ihtjormtj/’ihtəorjit =. Djhoihtjormsi`mh ;. DjhymtuDjhymtu pmcu`mh 7. Djhoomkuho`mh djdpjrsmtu`mh (twl ( twl tlhs ih tl lhj )..ihtjormtj )..ihtjormtj slgijty   dmsymrm`mt ymho utue, dmsymrm`mt tmhpm pjdkjcm wmrhm `ubit =1=  Srmcisi ihtjormsi ibdu cmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd Isbmd djrupm`mh wmrismh pjrmcmkmh ymho tjbme tjrnmci cmri mwmb rismbme Isbmd cisjkmr`mh smdpmi pmcm jrm `jnmymmh Isbmd. Wi`mp dlcjrmsi cmh ihtjormsi udmt dusbid cmpmt cibiemt djbmbui djbmbui pjrhymtmmh pjrhymtmmh Qeibipe @. Eitti, Eitti, cmbmd cmbmd Eistlry lf Sej Mrmks Frld Sej Jmrbijst Sidjs tl Sej Qrjsjht   djhyjkut`mh Wjlrmho @ristjh Hjstlrimh tjbme ciuhcmho `embifme uhtu` djho`mni ibdu fisi`m Ikhu Dms`mwmie.

Sej tejIsḪčq.. trmhsbmtlr, ms tej jxprjss wms seji`e ḣuhmyhlfikh ḣuhmyh wmsMrmks mh Ikčci, I,j, it, m Hjstlrimh Geristimh frld mb- ḣĩrme ḣĩrme mhc ms m ylute mgtjc ms cispjhsjr tl tej peysigimh Ikh- Dčsmwmye.=1;   Qmrm pjdidpih dusbid, `embifme mtmu subtmh djdkjri`mh rumho `jpmcm ibdumh dusbid uhtu` djbm`u`mh ihtjormsi `jibdumh cmri Yuhmhi, Gihm cmh Ihcim. Wjnm` `jbmeirmhhym Isbmd ticm` pjrhme djhlbm` kjrihtjrm`si

=11Zdi

Geubsud cmh _ihcy Hlvim, @mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm Ihclhjsim (Gjt.I0 (Gjt.I0 @msei`l> Wurmkmym, ;116), e.717. =1=.

Nleh D. Jgelbs cmh Emssmh Wemcibby, @mdus Ihooris Ihcljsim,

e.7;6. =1;Qeibipe

@. Eitti, Eistlry lf Sej Mrmks Frld Sej Jmrbijst Sidjs tl Sej Qrjsjht (Sjhte Jcitilh0 Eioejr mhc Furtejr Jcugmtilh Cjvisilh Dmgdibbmh> Blhclh, =9?1), e.7=;

=17

 

Due. ]msid

cjhomh pjrmcmkmh bmih. @jti`m dmsm jdkrilhmbhym, Isbmd sucme kjremcmpmh cjhomh cum pjrmcmkmh kjsmr, Qjrsim cmh [ldmwi, tjtmpi Isbmd ticm` dihcjr cmh ojhtmr. Wjgmr `jibdumh `jducimh tjrku`ti, pmrm gjhcj`iwmh Dusbid dmdpu djhyjrmp kjrkmomi `emzmhme `jibdumh msiho, djbmbui prlsjs mclpsi cmh mcmptmsi, ymho sjkjhmrhym djrupm`mh djrupm`m h prlsjs Isbmdismsi ibdu.=17  Djhojhmi si`mp `jtjrku`mmh ibduwmh Isbmd cmh smhomt pmtut djhnmci ihspirimsi si`mp ‒`jnunurmh ibdime— kmoi ibdumh-ibdumh sjtjbmehym. Cmbmd pjhomhtmr Hurgelbise Dmnic cmbmd ku`u, Isbmd cmh Qjrmcmkmh Cuhim Qjhomrue Isbmd mtms Jrlpm Mkmc Qjrtjhomemh   ymho cismcur cmri sjlrmho Isbmdisist (mebi `mnimh Isbmd) _. Dlhtoldjry _mtt, djhymtm`mh > Ku`u-ku`u ymho kjrkigmrm sudkmhomh Isbmd tjremcmp pjrmcmkmh Kmrmt sucme gu`up kmhym` citubis lrmho. Djs`ipuh cjdi`imh, kmrmt tjtmp smnm ticm` djhom`ui mcmhym utmho kuci tjremcmp pjrmcmkmh Isbmd. Ihi kjrkjcm pmcm ududhym si`mp `mud Dusbid. Lrmho Dusbid cmri cubu sucme djhom`ui kmewm fibsmfmt cipihnmd cmri Yuhmhi,

dmtjdmti`m cipihnmd cmri Ihcim, `idim cipihnmd cmri Gihm, cmh sjtjrushym. Itu sjdum cim`ui tmhpm mcm embmhomh smdm sj`mbi.=13 

Qmcm jrmihtjormsi kmhi Mkkmsiyme jrmtjdpmt `jjdmsmh pjhojtmeumh, `jibdumhsjkmomi djhcmpmt ymho ibdu bums =17Mcimh

Eusmihi, _mnme Qjrmcmkmh Kmrmt cmri Ejojdlhi @ristjh `j Cldihmsi Wj`ubjr-Bikjrmb (Gjt.I> Ojdm Ihsmhi0 ;11:), e. UUUIII. =13_.Dlhtoldjry

_mtt, Sej Ihfbjhgj lh Isbmd Djcijvmb Jurlpj (Isbmd cmh Qjrmcmkmh Cuhim Qjhomrue Isbmd mtms Jrlpm Mkmc Qjrtjhomemh. (Gjt. III0 Nm`mrtm> QS. Ormdjcim Qustm`m> ;113), e. x-xi.

=13

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

pubm emb ihi ciku`ti`mh cjhomh emcirhym lrmho-lrmho Qjrsim cmri `jbumrom Kmrmdi`me ymho tjbme bmdm kjrojbut cmbmd kucmym cmh pjrmcmkmh Yuhmhi.=1:  Ihtjormsi `jibdumh cmri ibdu Yuhmhi puh djhombmdi pjrpmcum pjrpmcumh h cjhomh Isbmd. Qjhjrnjdmemh pjrtmdm cidubmi cmri ku`u kjrkmemsm Wurime, ymitu ku`u-ku`u Yuhmhi ymho sucme citjrnjdme`mh `j cmbmd kmemsm Wurime.kmemsm WjtjbmeMrmk. itu pjhjrnjdmemh `mrym Yuhmhi `j cmbmd Sjrutmdm kicmho `jcl`tjrmh cmh Ibdu mstrlhldi ymho kjrouhm uhtu` djhjhtu`mh mrme `ikbmt. Ojrm`mh ihi kjrbmhosuho sjbmdm =11 Smeuh.=16  Wjbmih Isbmdismsi ibdu pjhojtmeumh, pjdjrihtme pmcm smt itu nuom djhuhnu``mh si`mp dlcjrmt cjhomh djbikmt`mh kjrkmomi bmtmr cmh prlfjsi cmbmd djdmnu`mh ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Wi`mp sjpjrti ihi ymho sjemrushym lbje ibdumh sj`mrmho ym`hi bjkie kmhym` djbm`u`mh cimblo-cimblo bihtms

`jym`ihmh ymho cmpmt djhoemsib`mh rj`ldjhcmsi ymho kjrdmhfmmt uhtu` cimdmb`mh. Wi`mp dlcjrmsi `embifme cmbmd djdkmhouh ihtjormsi `jibdumh, Ku`u Wjnmrme pmrm @embifme djhouho`mp`mh, Qmrm pjhjrnjdme pmcm Jrm @embifme Mb-Dm`duh Ymeym kih Mki Dmhseur, ]ustm Kih Buqm, Wmkimh kih Wmkit kih ]urm, cmh Euhmih kih Isemq ymho ciojbmri Mku ^mic mbIkmci (=93E-;67E/5=1-5??D). Euhmih kih Isemq mcmbme ibdumh Hmsrmhi ymho djhcmpmt `jelrdmtmh cmri mbDm`duh uhtu` djhjrnjdme`mh ku`u-ku`u Qbmtl, Mristltjbjs….Kme`mh Mb-Dm`duh Mb-Dm`duh nuom pjrhme djhoirid =1:Due.

Icris, Ejojdlhi Fibsmfmt Yuhmhi cmbmd Qjdi`irmh Qjhcici`mh Isbmd, Nurhmb Cihmdi`m, Vlb.=; Hl.; Cjsjdkjr ;1=;, FSI@, IMIH Wmdmrihcm. =16Ejpi

Mhci Kmstlhi, Wjnmrme pmrm @embifme (Gjt.I0 Qustm`m Mb@mutsmr> Nm`mrtm, ;116),e.95. =1:

 

Due. ]msid

utusmh `jpmcm [mnm [lmd, Bjl Mrdjhim uhtu` djhcmpmt`mh `mrym-`mrym ibdime Yuhmhi `uhl ymho `jducimh citjrnjdme`mh `j cmbmd kmemsm Mrmk=1?  Sicm` cmpmt cipuho`iri emnmtmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjpjrti, risjt, pjhjrnjdmemh `mrym-`mrym fibsuf `uhl, djhcmpmt rjsplh plsitif ku`mh emhym cmbmd `mbmhomh smrnmhm dusbid hmduh smrnmhm Jrlpm puh emsrmt `jihoihtmeumh sjdm`ih djhoojbjom`. Djrj`m `moud tjremcmp `jdmnumh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho cikmhouh lbje pjrmcmkmh Isbmd ymho djhnmci mroudjh djrj`m kjrmho`mt `j Wpmhylb. Wjbmdm mkmc `j=;, pmrm smrnmhm Jrlpm kjrklhclho-

klhclho `j Wpmhylb uhtu` djdpjbmnmri `emzmhme ibdu `mud Dusbidih. Cjhomh kmhtumh `mud ihtjbj`tumb Dusbid cmh Ymeuci, djrj`m djbm`u`mh prlyj` pjhjrnjdmemh kjsmr-kjsmrmh uhtu` djdklylho `j`mymmh ihtjbj`tumb ihi `j kmrmt. Sjrnjdmemh kjrkmemsm Mrmk mtms fibsmfmt Qbmtl, Mristltjbjs, cmh fiblslf-fiblslf `uhl bmihhym `ihi citjrnjdme`mh bmoi `j cmmd kmemsm bmtik cmh uhtu` pjrtmdm `mbihym tjrsjcim kmoi dmsymrm`mt dmsymrm` mt Jrlpm Ztmrm.=15  Djbmbui fm`tm tjrsjkut cmpmt cicmpmt`mh ihflrdmsi kmewm kjrmomdm smrnmhm si`mp Jrlpm dlcjrmsi mtmu smrnmhm dusbidmhtmrm cjhomh`embifme smrnmhmcjhomh Jrlpm djhcjs`ripsi`mh kmewm, `jdmnumh pjrmcmkmh sjkume kmhosm pmbiho ticm` dlcmb `jsmcmrmh cmh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ymho djhnmci symrmt utmdmhym. Qmsgm ruhtuehym pjrmcmkmh Isbmd, rjhmismhs djhnmci pihtu kmoi smrmnm Jrlpm

=1?Ejpi

Mhci Kmstlhi, Wjnmrme pmrm @embifme (Gjt.I0 Qustm`m Mb@mutsmr> Nm`mrtm, ;116),e.95. =15@mrjh

Mdstrlho, e. ;?6.

=16

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

uhtu` djhomdmb`mh ibdu ymho djrj`m pjrlbje cmri pjrnmbmhmhhym `j Wpmhylb. Djs`ipuh pjhyjkmrmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh pmcm dmsm bmbu djhombmdi kjkjrmpm `mbi pjhyjsumimh cmri Yuhmhi, [ldmwi `jducimh cismcur cmbmd pjrsfj`tif Isbmd, `jducimh citjrnjdme`mh `j cmbmd kmemsm bmtih ticm` djhyubut`mh emsrmt ibdime, sjnmrmwmh sjnmrmwmh tjr`jdu`m tjr`jdu`m msmb Ihooris Mrhlbc Slydkjj cjdi`imh pubm _ibb Curmht sjlrmho pjdi`ir

Mdjri`m djdkjri`mh mprjsimsi `jpmcm ibdumh dusbid mtms kjrkmomi emsib risjt cmh tjlri ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho djrj`m omoms, Mrhlbc Slydkjj djhymtm`mh tjrstidlhihym tjremcmp `juhooubmh ibdumh dusbid, Wjsuhoouehym kicmho ymho cipibie lbje Ikh @embcuh bjwmt `jdmdpumh ihtjbj`tumbhym kmewm im tjrbjkie cmeubu cmbmd dmsmbme ihi. Sicm` mcm sjlrmhopuh cmri ojhjrmsi sjkjbudhym mtmu ymho eicup sjzmdmh cjhomhhym ymho djhouhooubihym. =19   Sjrcmpmt `mrm`tjristi` tjrsjhciri ymho djhnmci giri`ems sjlrmho ibduwmh dusbid cmh emb ihi ticm` cidibi`i lbje smrnmhm Jrlpm `mbm itu. Emb ymho cidm`suc mcmbme ibduwmh dusbid sjhmhtimsm djbm`u`mh ihtjormsi ibdu cjhomh hibmi-hibmi momdm. Qjhyjdpurhmmh Ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho tjbme kjr`jdkmho sjkjbud Isbmd cmtmho cjhomh ihflrdmsi ymho kjrsudkjr cmri mb-]urmh djhoemsib`mh sjkume tjlri-tjlri ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho pmripurhm cmh djdkumt smrnmhm-smrnmhm Jrlpm kjrklhclhc-klhclho kjbmnmr pmcm pmcm ibduwmh ibduwmh dusbid. dusbid. Ci`jducimh emri emsib `mrym `mrym ibduwmh dusbid ci smcur, citjrnjdme`mh `jcmbmd kjrkmomi kmemsm smdpmi mcm titi` sjnmrme ymho ‒eibmho— kmewm pjhgmpmimh ibdu pjhojtmeumh pmcm dmsm sj`mrmho djrupm`mh djrupm`m h `lhtrikusi cmri udmt dusbid.

=19Fmtei

^moerut,mh-Hmwmzib mb-@ukrm mb-@ukrm fi Mt- Smri`e mb-Isbmdi, 

e.7=. =1?

 

Due. ]msid

g.  Zrojhsi ihtjormsi `jibdumh Ihtjormsi `jibdumh cmbmd Isbmd kjrfuhosi sjkmomi rmedmt uhtu` sjburue mbmd. [medmt cmbmd emb ihi ku`mh

emhym cuhim djbmih`mh rmedmt sjhciri uhtu` m`eirmt uhtu` nuom. `jeicupmh Lbjehym itu ibdu ticm` kjrciri djbmih`mh cimyldi lbje hibmi-hibmi Isbmd. Djhoihomt `jdkmbi tuoms dmhusim cigiptm`mh ci du`m kudi dm`m smhomt pjhtiho dmhusim djhojtmeui kmomidmhm djhojblbm mbmd ihi momr cmpmt cidm`sidmb`mh sjpjhuehym uhtu` pjhomkcimh `jpmcm Mbbme swt. Djcim uhtu` djhojtmeui gmrm djhojblbm mbmd ihi mcmbme djbmbui ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho tjr`mhcuho Emcis.  cmbmd mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh cmh Emcis.  @jdmnumh ibdu cmri dmsm `j dmsm djhuhnu``mh cmdpm` dubticidjhsi. Mcm ibdu ymho kjrdmhfmmt uhtu` `jeicupmh dmhusim hmduh ci bmih sisi, `jti`m ibdu tjrsjkut cismbmeouhm`mh cismbmeouhm`m h m`mh djhnmci dmbmpjtm`m. Wjkume `isme djhmri` @jti`m tjrnmcihym pjrmho pmsifi`, Mdjri`m Wjri`mt djdihtm ibduwmh fisi`m, Mbkjrt Jihstjih uhtu` djdkumt sjhnmtm djbmwmh ihvmsi Njpmho. Wiho`mt gjritm Mbkjrt Jihstjih kjrsmdm fisi`mwmh ymho bmih kjromkuho cmbmd sjkume prlyj` risjt. Djrj`m kjremsib djhjdu`mh sjkume flrdubm ymho djhnmci `jducimh gi`mb km`mbdjbubuebmhtme`mh kld pjdushme dmsmb kld mtld.`jbm` Kld tjrsjkut Eirlseidm pmcm tmhoomb 6 Moustus =93: cmh Hmomsm`i 9 Moustus =93:. Kjhgmhm ibdu cmh mdmb ticm` cmpmt cieihcmri djbmih`mh cjhomh djhojtmeui sjdum `jtjrmhmosmh ymho cikmwm lbje [msubbme cmbmd dmsmbme ibdu cmh pjhojtmeumh, cmh djdmhtmp`mh himt sjdmtm-dmtm `mrjhm Mbbme cmh emri m`eirmt cmbmd emb himt cmh `jejhcm`. Mpmkibm sjsjlrmho ticm` djidibi`i

=15

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

pjhojtmeumh cmh himt tjrsjkut, hisgmym m`mh rusm`bme ibdu cmh mdmbhym.==1  Kjkjrmpm smmt sjtjbme kld tjrsjkut djbjcm`, tmdpm` kuhom mpi ymho smhomt kjsmr. [lkjrt Bjwis piblt pjsmwmt pjdkmwm dmut Jhlbm Omy ymho djdkmwm kld cmh `rupjsmwmt cmbmd m`si tjrsjkut, djhymdpmi`mh uho`mpmh pjhyjsmbmh tjbme tjrbikmt cmbmd m`si ihi. Cmdpm` cmri bjcm`mh tjrsjkut sjbmih `lrkmh niwm, nuom kjrm`ikmt wmrom Njpmho ymho `jhm rmcimsi kld tjrsjkut djhombmdi gmgmt cmh djhombmdi `mh`jr sjrtm `jrusm`mh biho`uhomh. Djhojhmi pltjhsi si`mp cjstru`tif dmhusim, Mbbme swt. tjbme djdpjrihomt`mh cmbmd ]W Mr-[ũd/71>3=. Mr-[ũd/71>3=.

  ‫ع‬     ‫م‬         ‫ ك‬

‫مك‬ ‫ض‬   ‫ ع‬  ‫ع‬      ‫كر‬   ‫ك‬ ‫ كط‬ ‫نم‬  ‫ع كج‬‫و‬   ‫ ع‬     ‫ه‬   ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫كؽ‬  ‫ ع‬  ‫ع‬  ‫ ك‬ ‫ع‬  ‫ك‬ ‫د‬       ‫ ع‬      ‫ص‬      ‫ؽك‬  ‫ع‬   

Sjbme tmdpm` `jrusm`mh ci cmrmt cmh ci bmut cisjkmk`mh pjrkumtmh tmhomh dmhusim, Mbbme djhoejhcm`i momr djrj`m djrmsm`mh sjkmoimh cmri (m`ikmt)pjrkumtmh djrj`m. Momr Djrj`m `jdkmbi `j  nmbmh ymho kjhmr.===   Kld mtld djrupm`mh `mrym prjstisius cmbmd sjnmrme ibdu pjhojtmeumh hmduh emrus tjtmp djhnuhnuho hibmi-hibmi `jdmhusimmh cmh ciouhm`mh uhtu` `jdmsbmemtmh dmebu`. Qmsgm `jnmcimh tjrsjkut, Nubius [lkjrt Lppjhejidjr `lbjom Jihstjih cmbmd prlyj` tjrsjkut, djhnmci sidklb ibduwmh

==1Ikhu

]myyid mb-Nmuziyyme, Fmwmicub Fmwmic Djhyjbjmdi

Wmducrm Ei`dme cmh Bmutmh Ibdu Djhoompmi Quhgm`e.7:3. @jtmnmdmh Kmtih (Qustm`m Idmd mri-Wymfi0 Nm`mrtm, ;1=;), Djhunu Mbbme ===Ku`emrm

mb-]ur’mh Smnwic cmh Sjrnjdme cibjho`mpi cjhomh Sjrnjdme @jdjhtjrimh Momdm [I, e.315.

=19

 

Due. ]msid

dmsm `ihi ymho sjgmrm tj`his uhooub hmduh sjgmrm dlrmb ticm` pmsti.==; Cim`eir fm`tm sjnmrme tjrsjkut Mbkjrt Jihstjih cmdpm`   djhymtm`mhihipjhyjsmbmhhym, mhcmi`mh smym  pjhjdumh m`mh djhnmci dmbmpjtm`m smym tmeu  m`mh  djdibie  nmci tu`mho sjrvis mrblni ci pmsmr cjdi`imh idkuehym. @jti`m jhjroi mtld cikumt djhnmci sjhnmtm dm`m cmdpm`hym m`mh djnmci dmbmpjtm`m, hmduh ni`m jhjroi mtld tjrsjkut ciflrdubmsi dm`m cmpmt djhnmci jhjroi bistri` ymho kjrdmhfmmt cmbmd `jeicupmh dmhusim. Ibdu pjhojtmeumh ku`mhbme kjkms hibmi hmduh ibdu pjhojtmeumh smrmt cjhomh hibmi-hibmi pjhomkcimh `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm sjkmomidmhm tunumh pjhgiptmmh dmebu`. Ibdu pjhojtmeumd ku`mh sjhnmtm kjrdlhglho cum ymho dmdpu djbjhymp`mh dusue cmh dmdpu djbihcuhoi ciri cmri sjrmhomh dusue pmcm smmt kjrsmdmmh. Ibdu pjhojtmeumh mcmbme sjhnmtm kjrdlhglho smtu ymho ciouhm`mh uhtu` pjrmho djbmwmh `jtjrkjbm`mhomh cmh djdgjrme`mh udmt dmusim. Bjcm`mh nudbme pjhcucu` djrupm`mh pjrdmsmbmemh oblkmb pmcm dmsm `ihi. Emb ihi citjhomrmi nudbme pjhcucu` emrus kjridkmho cjhomh `jtjrsjcimmh bmpmhomh `jrnm. Qmcm plsisi ihi jhjroi mtld cmpmt cinmci`mh nmwmkmh uhtu` djdkmho`it`mh djdkmho`it` mh jhjroi djsih ihcustri cmh ciemrmp`mh cmpmt djhj`mh nudbme pjhomhoourmh cmh mho`m `jdis`ihmh. Cmbmd mrti`jb, Eistlry Jihstjih   djhyjkut`mh kmewm tunumh utmdm pjhojtmeumh mcmbme ciouhm`mh uhtu` `jpjcubimh cmh kjr`me kmoi udmt dmhusim.

==;Qmub

Wtmrtejd, Sej Kio Icjm   Lppjhejidjr & Kld Mtld   tjrn. Frmhsisgm Qjtrmnmhi Wjri Icj Kjsmr Lppjhejidjr & Kld Mtld (Gjt.=10 Jrbmhoom>Nm`mrtm, ;11=), e.57.

==1

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Glhgjrh flr dmh eidsjbf dust mbwmys glhstitutj tej geijf lknjgtivj lf mbb tjgehlbloigmb jfflrt -- glhgjrh flr tej kio, uhslbvjc prlkbjds lf elw tl lromhizj eudmh wlr` mhc tej cistrikutilh lf glddlcitijs ih suge m dmhhjr ms tl mssurj temt tej rjsubts lf lur sgijhtifig teih`iho dmy kj m kbjssiho tl dmh`ihc, mhc hlt m gursj." ==7   @jti`m ibdu pjhojtmeumh cjhomh sjombm rudpuhhym ticm` tjrihtjormsi cjhomh kmi` lbje momdm, dm`m ibdu tjrsjkut m`mh djhnmci klldjrmho. Wjlrmho wmrom [usim, Di`mib @mbmsehi`lv tjbme kjremsib djdkumt sjhmpmh sjrku M@-3? (Mvtldmt (Mvtldmt @mbmsehi`lvm =93? ). ). Hmduh cjdi`imh, @mbmshi`lv djhombmdi `jrjsmemh sjpmhnmho eicuphym sjkmk sjhnmtm ymho im tjdu`mh dubmhym uhtu` djdkjbm hjomrmhym, dmbme djhnmci mbmt pjdkuhue dmssmb ymho cmpmt cipjsmh lbje hjomrm ymho djdkutue`mh sjhnmtm tjrsjkut. Djholdjhtmri kjrmomd pjhjdumh tjr`ihi sjrtm cmdpm` ymho citidkub`mhym, citidkub`mhym, smrnmhm stuci momdm tjr`jdu`m, Eustlh Wdite djhymtm`mh pjhyjsmbmh cmh djrmsm`mh mcm ymho eibmho cmbmd `jrmho`m ibdu lrmho dlcjrh dmsm `ihi. Cim djrmsm`mh ticm` mcmhym `lrjbmsi mhtmrm pmhcmhomh lrmho dlcjrh cmh emsib tjdumhhym cjhomh Dmem Qjhgiptmhym. Sm` cisjhomnm smrnmhm dlcjrh tjrpjrmho`mp cmbmd jpistjdlbloi ymho ticm` djdkjri`mh rumho pmcm `jtuemhmh cmh pjhom`umh mcmhym `jeicupmh `jeicupmh ci kmbi` cuhim ihi.==3 

==7Sej

Gjhtjr lf Eistlry lf Qeysigs, Mdjrigmh Ihstitutj lf Qeysigs, Grjmtjc Hlvjdkjr =996, [jvisjc ;113 ettp>//www.mip.lro/

eistlry/jihstjih/,,  e. 73. eistlry/jihstjih/ ==3Mzemr

Mrsymc, Djdkmhouh Zihvjritms Djhunu Qjrmcmkmh

Isbmd Dlcjrh, e.:. ===

 

Due. ]msid

Kjrkmomi pjr`jdkmhomh ibdu pjhojtmeumh pmcm `jnmcimh tjrsjkut tjbme djhoojsjr cmri mrti pjhtiho ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmri pjhgjrcjsmh udmt dmhusim djhnmci pjhcu`uho `j`umsmmh dmhusim mtmu cmbmd kmemsm fiblslf Ihooris, Frmhgis Kmglh (=:6=-=6;6). (=:6=-=6;6). ‒pjhojtmeumh mcmbme `j`umsmmh,—   `j`umsmmh,— Qjhojtmeumh dmhusim (eudmh (eudmh `hlwbjcoj ) icjhti` cjhomh `j`umsmmh dmhusim (eudmh (eudmh plwjr). Wjnm` smmt itu, ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho dubmhym sugi cmh bueur kjrukme djhnmci pjhcu`uho `j`umsmmh cmh `jnmymmmh `jbldpl` tjrtjhtu cmri dmhusim.==:  Ibdu ymho ticm` tjrihtjormsi cjhomh hibmi momdm, m`mh djdkumt pjdi`irmh ymho `jbiru, gmrmpmhcmho ymho `jbiru cmh djdkiho`mi si`mp ymho `jbiru. Kjkmrmpm fiour kjrpjhomrue ymho cmbmd sjnmrme, djhnmci sm`si cmdpm` djhojri`mh cmri ibdu ymho ticm` tjrihtjormsi. Djrj`m tjrolblho pihtmr, `umt djhjbmme kjrkmomi ku`u, cmh smhomt djdibi`i pjhomrue hmduh pjdmemdmh djrj`m kjbud sjdpmt tjrsjhtue lbje hibmi-hibmi momdm. Muouzt @ukizj` tjdmh `mrik Eitbjr ci _ihm, djhymtm`mh, ‒m`u ‒ m`u ticm` kism djdkmymho`mh Mclbf Eitbjr tmhpm ku`u, ku`u mcmbme cuhimhym..Eitbjr ticm` djdkmgm cjdi pjhojtmeumh mtmu  pjhgjrmemh, djbmih`mh uhtu` pjsjpsihym sjhciri— ==6 .  Bjkie bmhnut, Ojlrojs Vmh Vrj`ejd djhymtm`mh kmewm, Eitbjr

==:Wlhhy

Yubimr, Qmrmciodm Djdkmhouh Dmsymrm`mt Wmihs cmh Sj`hlbloi,  [jflrdmsi Qjhojdkmhomh Ihcustri cmh Sj`hlbloi,  Djhunu Ihclhjsim Kmru> Djhoomoms [jflrdmsi Sltmb   (Gjt.I0 Kmhcuho> Qustm`m Eicmyme, =995). e.;3;. ==6Ojlrojs

Vmh Vrj`ejd, Eitbjr & Eis Olc, Mbie Kmemsm Hllr Gebis, Suemh Eitbjr (Gjt.I0QS. Djcim`itm> Nm`mrtm, ;1==), e.61-6=.

==;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

`jti`m kjrusim cum pubue tmeuh tjbme kism djdmemdi fibsuf ymho ruwjt sjpjrti Hijtzegj ==?, Dmrx cmh Wglpjhemujr. ==5  Kjhgmhm ibdu mcmbme ni`m sumtu cisipbih ibdu ticm` sjsumi cjhomh `jejhcm` Mbbme swt. cmbmd dmsmbme momdm, ymitu `jejhcm` ymho cigihtmi cmh ciricemiHym. Emb ihi kism tjrnmci `mrjhm cum emb > tjr`mcmho cisjkmk`mh lbje rusm`hym ibdu itu sjhciri, mtmu cisjkmk`mh lbje rusm`hym himt sjsjlrmho cmbmd djhj`uhihym. ==9  Djdpjremti`mh cmdpm` dislrijhtmsi ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmbmd nmomc `jeicupmh dmhusim, dm`m `jemcirmh momdm sjnm` cmri pjrtmdm djrupm`mh plhcmsi `jeicupmh ymho ticm` pjrbu citmwmr bmoi. Momdm djrupm`mh mwmb `jeicupmh (first  (first   lf bifj ) nmbmh eicup (wmy (wmy lf bifj ) sjdmhomt `jeicupmh (spirit (spirit lf bifj ) cmh lrijhtmsi m`eir sjombm sjsumtu (jhciho (jhciho lf bifj )).. Bjkie pmrme bmoi, dmhusim tmdpm`hym djhnmci sjdm`ih ticm` kjrtmhoouho nmwmk cmri sjkjbudsjkjbudym. Suemh-tuemh kumtmh sjhciri cjhomh

==?Ejicjoojr

djhmfsir`mh djtmfisi`m Hijtzgej , bjwmt `mtm, @jejhcm` @umsm, Hieibsidj, @j`jdkmbimh Ymho Wmdm sjgmrm Mkmci, Dmhusim ymho Djbmdpmui cmh @jmcibmh. `mtm `uhgi djdibi`i mrti sjgmrm ltlhld, tjtmpi pusmt `uhgi mcm pmcm `jejhcm` `umsm. Ejicjoojr djho`rit` sjmomi sudkjr mspirmsi dlcjrh ymho Omym kjrunuho pmcm pjhoumsmmhHijtzgej mbmd cmh kudi. Biemt, Wjtyl _iklwl, Fibmsmfmt Hijtzsgej. Gjt.I> Ombmho Qrjss0 ;113), e.;31-;3=. ==5Ojlrojs

Vmh Vrj`ejd, Eitbjr & Eis Olc, Mbie Kmemsm Hllr Gebis, Suemh Eitbjr (Gjt.I0QS. Djcim`itm> Nm`mrtm, ;1==), e.:9-61. ==9==9Ikhu

]myyid mb-Nmuziyyme, Fmwmicub Fmwmic Djhyjbjmdi Wmducrm Ei`dme cmh Bmutmh Ibdu Djhoompmi Quhgm` @jtmnmdmh Kmtih Djhunu Mbbme (Qustm`m Idmd Msy-Wymfi0 Nm`mrtm, ;1=;), e.7:7. ==7

 

Due. ]msid

emhym eu`ud-eu`ud fisi`m ymho djhjdmhi, `itm ticm` kjrtmhoouho nmwmk mtms smtu puh. M`ikmthym `itm djdkumt `j`mgumh pmcm sjsmdmd dmebu`, ym`hi kihmtmho-kihmtmho, cmh pmcm j`lsistjd ci sj`ibiho `itm, kjrusmm djdkuru bjkie cmri `jhymdmhmh cmh `jsjhmhomh `itm, tjtmpi ticm` pjrhme djhjdu`mh `jpumsmh.=;1  @jciocmymmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho ticm` tjrihtjormsi cjhomh mnmrmh Isbmd tjbme djhnjrjdus`mh dmhusim uhtu` mkmi tjremcmp fitrmehym. Lbjehym itu ihtjormsi `jibdumh ku`mh emhym djrupm`mh mbtjrhmtif hmduh cim mcmbme nmbmh utmdm ymho m`mh djhojdkmbi`mh dmhfmmt cmri ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmh djhnmci`mh dmhusim momr eicup sjkmomidmhm fitrmehym. @jti`m ibdu pjhojtmeumh ticm` tjrihtjormsi, dm`m sjgmrm bmeir cmpmt djdjdjhuei `jihoihmh dmhusim hmduh sjgmr kmtih emb ihi dmsie smhomt pjrbu cicis`usi`mh. Djs`i momdm cmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh djrupm`mh djcim djhgmri `jkjhmrmh hmduh dmhusim ymho

‒`jbiru— djhoouhm`mh pltjhsi tjrsjkut cmpmt djdkumt momdm cmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjpjrti djhnmci smrmho rmtu bjkme ymho `lslho cmh citihoomb`mh. @jdkmbibme dmhusim djhgmri nmbmh eicup bmih. Qirmdicm Ibdu Qjhojtmeumh  Qjhojtmeumh  Djdmhcu ibdu momr smdpmi pmcm dm`suc utmdm ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymitu smrmhm djhojhmb ciri cmh djcim pjhcj`mtmh ciri `jpmcm Mbbme swt., dm`m cipjrbu`mh pjdkimsmmh ymho `jducimh djhnmci kucmym ibdime cmbmd sumtu dmsymrm`mt. Zhtu` djwmris`mh kucmym ibdime =;1Yuvmb

Hlme Emrmri, Wmpijhs m Krijf Eistlry lf Eudmh`ihc Sjrnjdmemh, Ymhtl Dusetlfm, Wmpijhs Wjnmrme [iho`ms Zdmt Dmhusim cmri ^mdmh Kmtu Eihoom Qjr`irmmh @jpuhmemhhym (Gjt.=0QS. Qustm`m Mbvmkjt> ;1=?), e.39:. ==3

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

tjrsjkut, prlsjs pjhcici`mh cmpmt cibm`u`mh djbmbui tiom upmym ymho smbiho `mit djhomit, ymitu > (=) pjdkimsmmh ihflrdmtilh ), (emkit ), (;) prlsjs pjhomnmrmh cmh pjdkjbmnmrmh (tjmgeiho (tjmgeiho mhc bjmrhiho prlgjss), cmh (7) `jtjbmcmhmh (rlbj dlcjb).=;=  Wjcmho`mh uhtu` djhojtmeui tmempmh-tmempmh momrm smdpmi pmcm tiho`mt Bitjrmsi ibdu  pjhojtmeumh tjrtihooi, sjkmomi kjri`ut >

dm`m mburhym cmpmt cipjremti`mh

Smempmh ihi djrupm`mh mhm` tmhoom ymho emrus cibmbui lbje dmhusim ni`m ihoih djdmemdi kjrkmomi emb tjrdmsu` ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Ikhu @Ḫmbcuh, cmbmd Duqmccidme , djhomwmbii tmempmh ihi cjhomh `jdmdpum djhomwmb `jdmdpumh h djdmemdi kmgm tubis sihjroi cjhomh wmeyu pjrtmdm ymho cituruh`mh `jpmcm [msububbme smw. Emb mwmb ymho emrus cibm`u`mh mcmbme =;=Wurmhtl

M_, @lduhi`msi Wlsimb Kucmym Gjt.I, Ormem Ibdu, Yloym`mrtm, ;1=1, e.;5. ==:

 

Due. ]msid

djdmemdi kjhtu` tubismh ymho djhuhnu``mh `mtm-`mtm ymho cmpmt ciugmp`mh. sjbmhnuthym mcmbme djdmemdi `mtm ymho djhuhnu``mh pjhojrtimh-pjhojrtimh. Wjtjbme djdmemdi urutmh-urutmh pjhojrtimh `mtm `jducimh djhomdkib `jsidpubmh cmri prjdis-prjdis ymho sucme plpubjr cmbmd ibdu bloi`m. Qjhojrtimh tjrsjkut cidurhi`mh mtmu cimkstrm`si`mh cmbmd pjdi`irmh cmh djhoemcmp`mhhym pmcm rmedmt Mbbme swt. cmh mhuojrmeHym.=;; 

=.  Djdmemdi kjhtu` tubismh cmh djdkmgm Djdmemdi kjhtu` tubismh cmh djdkmgm djrupm`mh bmho`me mwmb cmbmd djdmemdi sjombm emb tjrdmsu` ibdu pjhojtmeumh. @jdmnumh ibdu pjhojtmeumh pmcm jrm Yuhmhi/[ldmwi Yuhmhi/[ldm wi `uhl, Isbmd smdpmi pmcm `jkmho`itmh rjhmismhs ci Jrlpm gi`mb km`mbhym mcmbme cmri `jdmdpumh kmgm tubis. Djdkmgm cmbmd emb ihi ku`mh emhym tjrkmtms pmcm tj`s ymho cmpmt cibiemt lbje dmtm hmduh smdpmi pmcm dm`hm cikmbi` tj`s ymho mcm. Kjrkmomi tjlri cmh ihflrdmsi pjhojtmeumh bmeir cmri pjhoumsmmh cmh pjdmemdmh `jdmdpumh kjhtu` tubismh/djdkmgm. Kmemh kmgmmh cmh tubismh cmbmd `llhtj`s ihi mcmbme kmemh kmgmmh ymho djdkjri`mh dmhfmmt cmh `lhtrikusi tjremcmp pjrmcmkmh dmhusim. Zdmt Isbmd djnmci`mh mb-]urmh sjkmomi kmgmmh cmh tubismh ymho cipjr`jhmb`mh sjnm` mwmb `jpmcm mhm`-mhm` cjhomh emrmpmh momr smho mhm` djdibi`i plhcmsi momdm ymho `l`le. Djhojhmi pltjhsi djdkmgm sjrtm cmdpm`hym cmbmd djhomhtmr pmcm tmempmh pjrmcmkmh, D. ]urmise =;;Ikhu

@Ḫmbcuh, Duqmccidme , tjrn. Dmsturi Iremd, Dmbi` Wupmr cmh Mkicuh ^ueri, Ikhu @Ḫmbcuh, Du`mccidme, e. 9 995 95-999.

==6

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Weiemk djhymtm`mh kmewm sjdum pjrmcmkmh kjrtmemh cmh kjrmwmb cmri djdkmgm. Wjdum pjrmcmkmh ymho kjremsib kjrtmemh bmdm, nustru cidubmi cmri smtu `itmk (kmgmmh). Qjrmcmkmh Qjrmcmkmh Yuhmhi ci

dubmi cjhomh Ibimc `mrym Eldjr pmcm mkmc `j-9 sjkjbud Dmsjei. Im kjrm`eir cjhomh emcirhym @itmk Qjrnmhnimh Kmru. Qjrmcmkmh Jrlpm cidubmi cjhomh `mrym Hjwtlh (=63=-=?;?) cmh kjrm`eir cjhomh fibsmfmt Ejojb (=??1-=57=). Qjrmcmkmh Isbmd bmeir cjhomh `jemcirmh Mb-]urmh.=;7  Ni`m ihoih djhojdkmbi`mh `jnmymmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjkmomidmhm ymho pjrhme cigmpmi lbje udmt Isbmd, dm`m djdkmgm cmh djho`mni mb-]urmh djrupm`mh nmwmkmhhym. Mb-]urmh mcmbme dmtm mir ibdu pjhojtmeumh ticm` emkis dmsm uhtu` djho`mnihym. Djs`ipuh cikjcme lbje kjrkmomi bmtmr kjbm`mho `jibdumh cmh prlfjsi, mb-]urmh sjbmbu djhoemdpmr`mh nmwmkmhhym. Mb-]urmh bmym`hym sjkume pjrdmtm ymho djdmhgmr`mh gmemym ymho kjrkjcm-kjcm kjrkjcm- kjcm sjsumi cjhomh sucut pmhcmho dmsiho-dmsiho.=;3  ;.  Djdmemdi `mtm/ugmpmh Djdmemdi `mtm/ugmpmh cmbmd emb ihi mcmbme `jdmdpumh dmhusim djdmemdi timp rihgimh `mtm cmbmd sjtimp kmemh kmgmmh cmh djhyjrmp dm`hm bmeir dmupuh dm`hm kmtih sjtimp `mtm cmri ugmpmh lrmho ymho kjribdu. @j`jbirumh cmbmd djdmemdi `mtm/ugmpmh ihibme djbmeir`mh disuhcjrstmhciho. Emb disuhcjrstmhciho.  Emb ihi sjriho tjrnmci ni`m sjsjlrmho ticm` djdkmgm sjgmrm `ldprjejhsif kmemh kmgmmh cmh ticm` djhoi`uti ugmpmh lrmho kjribdu smdpmi djrj`m sjbjsmi kjrkigmrm. Djrj`m m`mh gjhcjruho gjhcjruho d djhomdkib jhomdkib pjhoombmhpjhoombmh `mtm mtmu ugmpmh ymho sjemrushym sjgmrm kmemsm =;7

D. ]urmise Weiemk, _mwmsmh mb- ]urmh ]urmh Smfsir Dmuceu’i mtms Qjbkmomi Qjrslmbmh Zdmt (Gjt.=70 Dizmh> Kmhcuho, =996), e.6. =;3D. ]urmise Weiemk, _mwmsmh mb- ]urmh ]urmh Smfsir Dmuceu’i mtms Qjbkmomi Qjrslmbmh Zdmt (Gjt.=70 Dizmh> Kmhcuho, =996), e.7. ==?

 

Due. ]msid

ticm` kjrciri sjhciri hmduh dmsie pjrbu pjhnjbmsmh bjkie bmhnut. Zgmpmh ymho cidm`suc cmbmd emb ihi tjhtuhym ugmpmh ymho djdkjri`mh dmhfmmt sjpjrti hmsjemt momdm, ugmpmh sjlrmho ymho djhymdpmi`mh cm`wme cmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjrtm ugmpmh kmi` bmihhym. Djbmbui tiho`mtmh pjdmemdmh `mtm cmh ugmpmh dm`m Ibdu pjhojtmeumh djdibi`i dmrwme uhtu` cicjhomr`mh. cicjhomr`mh. Djholdjhtmri Djholdjhtmri emb ihi, Idmd mb-@emteik djdkjri`mh pjrihomtmh, tjhtmho lrijhtmsi ugmpmh cmbmd djhuhtut ibdu. Wjlrmho pjbmnmr djhoeihcmri sjsumtu ymho sim-sim, kmi` pjrkumtmh dmupuh ugmpmh ymho ticm` kjrdmhfmmt. Sjrtmwm tjrkmem`-kmem`. Wu`m sjhcm ourmu, tjrutmdm ci tjhome udud. @mrjhm itu kism djhoeibmho`mh `jwikmwmmhdu ciemcmpmh lrmho bmih, djrj`m ticm` bmoi sjomh `jpmcmdu nuom ticm` bmoi djhoelrdmti ibdu ymho jho`mu mnmr`mh. =;:  Qmcm `lhtj`s dmhusim dlcjrh djdmemdi `mtm/ugmpmh ihi tjripbjdjhtmsi cjhomh kmi` cmbmd `jeicupmh slsimb dmsymrm`mt. Dmrm`hym stucygbuk   dmemsiswm dmupuh pjbmnmr, dmnjbis tm`bid, sjdihmr, wlr`selp, cis`usi ci gmfé mtmu kjcme ku`u ci plnl` `mdpus. Wjdum bmtmr kjbm`mho cmpmt smdpmi pmcm tmempmh ihi, kmi` djrj`m ymho djym`ihi `jkjrmcmmh Suemh (tejis) dmupuh ticm`. 7.  Qrjdis-prjdis Qrjdis mcmbme `mbidmt ymho cinmci`mh cmsmr pjhomdkibmh `jsidpubmh.=;6  Emb ihi kjrmrti cmbmd =;:Duemddmc

kih Wembie Mb-Ztsmidih, Wymre Ebiyme Semmbkib ―ibdi, Sjrn. Medmc Wmkiq, Wymrme Mcmk cmh Dmhfmmt Djhuhtut Ibdu (Qustm`m Idmd Msy-Wymfi’I0 Nm`mrtm, ;11:),e.31. =;6Zdi

Geubsud cmh _ihcy Hlvim, @mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm Ihclhjsim (Gjt.I0 (Gjt.I0 @msei`l> Wurmkmym, ;116), e.:3?. ==5

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

djhomdkib sjkume `jsidpubmh tjremcmp fjhldjhm ibdu pjhojtmeumh ci pjrbu`mh `mbidmt pjhcu`uho. Isbmd djhoouhm`mh cum `muhiyme. sudkjr prjdis ym`hi djbmbmu qmubiyme   cmh mymt ]mubiyme kjrmsmb cmrimymt-mymt sjrmpmh kmesm Mrmk ym`hi ‫ د‬  ymho kjrmrti pjr`mtmmh cmbmd emb ihi mcmbme firdmh Mbbme swt. ymho tjrdm`tuk cmbmd mb-]ur’mh. mb- ]ur’mh. Wjcmho`mh `muhiyme kjrmsmb cmri `mtm    ymho kjrmrti ku`ti. @muhiyme djrupm`mh ku`ti `jmouhomh Mbbme swt. ci mbmd sjdjstm. Djdkmhouh prjdis cmri cum cmsmr tjrsjkut djdkumt ibdu pjhojtmeumh `jpmcm tunumh pjhgiptmmh dmebu` ym`hi sjkmomi smrmhm pjhomkcimh ciri `jpmcm Mbbme swt.

Wmrnmhm Jrlpm cldihmh djhoouhm`mh mymt `muhiyme cmbmd djdkmhouh prjdis-prjdis. Wjeihoom tjlri ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho ciemsib`mh tjbme smdpmi pmcm emb ymho cmpmt cikmgm lbje rmsil. Wjtjbme Isbmd cmtmho, `jrmho`m ibdu pjhojtmeumh ihi cipjrtjoms cjhomh djhoemcir`mh prjdis kjrupm mymt qmubiyme . Cum sudkjr prjdis ihibme ymho djdkumt `emzmhme ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmbmd Isbmd djhombmdi `jdmnumh pjsmt. Qmrm ibdumh dusbid sjpm`mt kmewm dmhusim djdibi`i tiom dmgmd ihstrudjht uhtu` djhmho`mp `jsjburuemh rjmbitms, ym`hi pmhgm ihcjrm, m`mb cmh ihtjbj`, sjrtm ihtuisi (ymho djbiputi wmeyu cmh ibemd), sjdjhtmrm ibdumh-ibdumh Kmrmt sjgmrm prihsipib emhym djhom`ui smtu ihstrudjht ym`hi pmhgm ihcjrm.=;?  Qrjdis tjrkmoi cum ym`hi prjdis dmylr cmh prjdis dihlr.=;5  Cmbmd djdkmhouh `jsidpubmh ymho kjhmr dm`m =;?Mzemr

Mrsymc, Djdkmhouh Zihvjritms Djhunu Qjrmcmkmh Isbmd Dlcjrh (Gjt.I0 Mbmuccih Qrjss> Dm`mssmr, ;119), e.=9. =;5Qrjdis

dmylr   ym`hi prjdis ymho kjrisi tjrd ymho djhnmci dmylr prjci`mt `jsidpubmh. Qrjdis Dihlr  Dihlr  ym`hi pjrjdis ymho djhnmci suknj` ==9

 

Due. ]msid

`mbidmthym emrus kjrciri cimtms prjdis prjdis ymho kjhmr. kjhmr. Glhtle > Wjdum djdibi`i sjhciri( prjdis ( prjdis dmylr  ( prjdis dihlr )) Dmtmemrikihtmho mcmbme njhisgmemym kihtmho @jsidpubmhhym Dmtmemri djdibi`i gmemym sjhciri. Momdm pjrgmym `jpmcm `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm (prjdis dmylr) Isbmd mcmbme momdm, `jsidpubmhhym mcmbme Isbmd pjrgmym `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm. m`mb ymho ci`lhtrms`mh ci`lhtrms`m h cjhomh wmeyu ymho djdkmwm pjhojtmeumh cmri bumr ciri dmhusim, ym`hi cmri Mbbme Wwt.=;9  Wjeihoom cjhomh kjrpmcuhym mymt qmubiyme cmh `muhiyme dm`m tjrnmci `jsjidkmhomh mhtmrm ihtjbj`tumb cmh spiritumb. 3.  Bloi`m/@jsidpubmh Kjrkmomi fjhldjhm mbmd djdkumt dmhusim dmdpu djdkumt kjrkmomi djcim uhtu` djdpjrtmemh`mh `jbmhosuhomh eicuphym. Fjhldjhm tjrsjkut mcm ymho emhym djbiemthym sjgmrm sj`ibms hmduh mcm pubm ymho djhcjsmih mhmbisis kjrkmomi fm`tm cikmbi` fjhldjhm itu. Glhtle sjcjremhm, djhompm mir wuceu sjbmbu nmtue djhomrme `j kmwme, ku`mh djnmci titi` mir ymho tjrkmho `j ucmrm. Djhompm cmuh-cmuh ymho tjbme `jriho cmbmd u`urmh kjsmr mtmu `jgib sjbmbu nmtue `j kmwme. Kmoi dmhusim ymho emhym smdpmi pmcm tiho`mtmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh tiho`mtmh `jtiom dm`m cim m`mh djdkmhouh msudsi kmewm mir djhjtjs cmh cmuh `jriho nmtue `mrjhm djdibi`i dmssm. Hmduh emb plbm ihi ticm` tjrnmci pmcm ibdumh-ibdumh dusbid dmupuh smrnmhm kmrmt.

sjkume @jsidpubmh. Dismb > Wjdum ymho kjrhymwm m`mh dmti ( Qrjdis ), Dmhusim mcmbme dmebu` kjrhymwm ( Qrjdis Dihlr ). ). Dmhusim Dmylr ), m`mh Dmti (@jsidpubmh ). ). Biemt pjdkmoimh prjdis. Zdi Geubsud cmh _ihcy Hlvim, @mdus Kjsmr Kmemsm Ihclhjsim (Gjt.I0 (Gjt.I0 @msei`l> Wurmkmym, ;116), e. :3?.

=;9Ejhhi

Wymfrimhm Hmsutilh, Jpistjdlbloi ]ujmtilh> Eukuhomh Mhtmrm M`mb, Qjhoihcjrmmh, Ihtuisi cmh _meyu cmbmd Kmhouhmh @jibdumh Isbmd (Mbduficm Vlb =. Hl= Nubi-Cjsjdkjr ;1=6), e.?;. =;1

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Wir Ismmg Hjwtlh   `jti`m citmhym, kmomidmhm im djdkmhouh tjlri eu`ud ormvitmsi. Cim djhnmwmk, ‒Cjhomh djdi`ir`mhhym—. Kmhym` lrmho pjrhme djbiemt mpjb nmtue `j tmhme pjrsis smdm ymho cibiemt Hjwtlh. Djs`ipuh `jnmcimh ihi kjrubmho timp emri, hmduh cmbmd ltm` (djbiemthym (djbiemthym kjrkjcm ) Hjwtlh tidkub pjrtmhymmh, djhompm mpjb ihi nmtue `j kmwme, ku`mh nmtue `j mtms.=71  Qltjhsi bloi`m ihi pubm ymho djdkumt dmhusim cmpmt djhyjsumi`mh ciri cjhomh biho`uhomh cisj`itmrhym. Dmsymrm`mt ymho eicup ci cmtmrmh rjhcme djrj`m cldihmh sjsumi biho`uhomh tjrsjkut. Cjdi`imh pubm cjhomh dmsymrm`mt ymho du`id ci cj`mt bmut djrj`m bjkie cldihmh kj`jrnm sjkmomi pjbmut mtmu hjbmymh. @jti`m eunmh bjkmt dm`m djrj`m m`mh dmsu` ci olm mtmu djdkumt rudme sjkmomi tjdpmt pjrbihcuhomh cmri gumgm kuru` cmh sjrmhomh ejwmh kums. Qjrmh bloi`m cmbmd djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmpmt cibm`u`mh cjhomh Wjbmih djbiemt kjrkmomi fjhldjhm `jmomdmmh sjgmrm lknj`tif. djdpjremti`mh ihflrdmsi ci djcim dmssm tjtmp cibm`u`mh vjrifi`msi `jdkmbi djbmbui `mnimh sudkjr mtmu djhouhcmho sjlrmho prlfjssilhmb uhtu` djdkjri`mh nmwmkmh. :.  Qjdi`irmh Cmbmd Qjdi`irmh djhcmbmd ku`mh emhym tuoms pjdjrihtme mtmu pmrm fibsuf hmduh kjrfi`ir sjgmrm djhcmbmd cmpmt cibm`u`mh lbje sjdum bmtmr. Kjrfi`ir sjgmrm djhcmbmd smhomt

cipjhomruei lbje `jcmbmdmh ‒kmgmmh— cmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh cipjhomruei ymho citmdpuho lbje sjtimp dmhusim. Wjdm`ih cmbmd kmgmmh cmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjsjlrmho sjdm`ih kjrpltjhsi pubm cim uhtu` kjrfi`ir djhcmbmd. Djs`ipuh cjdi`imh uhtu` =71_urymhmhl,Sej

Sluge lf Wupjr Dihc (Gjt.II0 Jbjx Djcim @ldputihcl> Nm`mrtm, ;116), e.9. =;=

 

Due. ]msid

djdmhcu pjdi`irmh djhcmbmd momr ticm` djhyidpmho dm`m cipjrbu`mh djdpjrcmbmd `jdkmbi m`tivitms djdkmgmhym djbmbui rjfjrjhsi momdm. Smhpm pmhcumh momdm dm`m smymp pi`irmh dmhusim m`mh tjrkmho tmhpm mrme cmh kjrsmrmho pmcm rmhtiho ymho rmpue. Momdm cmh ibdu pjhojtmeuh djbm`u`mh pjho`mnimh cjhomh gmrm kjrkjcm ym`hi ibdu pjhojtmeumh djho`mni `jkjhmrmh cjhomh gmrm djbm`u`mh risjt `jducimh cipjrgmymi djbm`u`mh pjhcj`mtmh `jpjrgmymmh hmduh `jducimhmomdm cinmkmr`mh djbmbui `mnimh ibdu pjhojtmeumh. @mrjh Mdstrlho cmbmd sjnmrme Suemh djhyjkut`mh Ihtjbj`tumbisdj ymho kjrbjkiemh m`mh djrusm` idmh, tjtmpi momr Suemh ticm` cinmci`mh mbmt uhtu` djhcu`uho jolisdj `itm sjhciri, pjhombmdmh `jmomdmmh emrus cisjrtmi pjhibmimh m`urmt tjhtmho `mhcuhomhhym. =7=  @jtjrkmtmsmh fisi` dmhusim uhtu` djhojtmeui emb-emb djtmfisi` djdkumt ibdu pjhojtmeumh ticm` cmpmt djhjrnjdme`mh sjgmrm `ldprjejhsif tjhtmho em`i`mt ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Lbjehym itu ciemcir`mh momdm uhtu` djhnmci plhcmsi (djs`ipuh (djs`ipuh mcm prjspsi djhymtm`mh momdm mcmbme bmhcmsmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ) bmhcmsmh citihoomb`mh sjtjbme ibdu pjhojtmeumh tm`j-lff. Hmduh momdm mcmbme plhcmsi cmsmr, rudme ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho kjrpmcu sjgmrm `l`le, tjdpmt kjrikmcme cmh djbihcuhoi cmri pmpmrmh gumgm

‒fmemd— ymho ticm` kmi`. Wmbme smtu mbmsmh djhompm momdm tmdpm` ticm` rjbjvmh pmcm dmsm sj`mrmho mcmbme `mrjhm kmhym` ci mhtmrm `itm ticm` bmoi djdibi`i rmsm kmewm `itm ci`jbibihoi ymho omik. @ubtur ibdime tjbmecuhim djhcici` `itm uhtu` lbje djdusmt`mh pjremtimh emhym`itm `jpmcm fisi` cmh dmtjrimb ymho emcir ci emcmpmh `itm. Djtlcj djhyjbici`i cuhim sjpjrti ihi djdmho tjbme djdkmwm kmhym` emsib. M`mh tjtmpi, smbme smtu m`ikmthym mcmbme `itm, sjkmomidmhm ymho tjbme tjrnmci, `jeibmhomh `jpj`mmh tjhtmho ymho

=7=@mrjh

Mdstrlho, e. ;??.

=;;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

"spiritumb" mtmu "sugi" sjpjrti ymho djbiho`upi `jeicupmh dmsymrm`mt ymho bjkie trmcisilhmb pmcm sjtimp tiho`mtmhhym cmh ymho cmeubuhym djrupm`mh kmoimh jsjhsimb. =7;  Djhomhmbisis plbm kjrfi`ir ibdumh sj`ubjr cmbmd djhgmri `jkjhmrmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh tmhpm pmhcumh momdm Msyrmf Emsmh Semkmb , djhojdu`m`mh @jkjhmrmh ticm` m`mh kjr`umsm, `jkmi`mh ticm` m`mh tjrsjkmr, `mbidmt idmh ticm` m`mh djhnmci tihooi, cmh kjhcjrm `jdubimmh ticm` m`mh kjr`ikmr djbmbui pmrm pjhnumb dmkëci (prihsip). pjhnumb prihsip lrmholrmho ymho kjrmdmb cjdi djhojru` `juhtuhomh cmh djrmup cuhim. Sjrnmci pmcm lrmho riym’ ymho  ymho  ticm` kjrmdmb `jgumbi cibiemt cmh cicjhomr dmhusim, cisjkut dmhusim cmh sjdum tjbuhnu` djhomrme pmcmhym.=77  Hmbmr sj`ubmr `urmho djhymcmri eukuhomhhym cjhomh momdm, pmcmemb sjnm` wm`tu ymho smhomt bmdm fibsmfmt Kmrmt

kmhym` kjbmnmr cmri trmcisi pjdi`irmh rjbioilus (@ristimhi) Kmhym` `lhsjp pjhtiho cmbmd ibsmfmt cmh eudmhilrm kjrm`mr pmcm `j`ristjhmh, dismbhym `lhsjp dmrtmkmt dmhusim ymho kjrmsmb cmri `lhsjp @ristimhi tjhtmho dmhusim sjkmomi idmol Cji  (gitrm  (gitrm Mbbme)..=73  6.  Mbbme swt.

=7;@mrjh

Mdstrlho M  Eistlry lf Olc> Sej 3.111 Yjmr ]ujst lf  Nucmisd, Gerisitimhitiy mhc Isbmd,  Sjrnjdme ^mihub Md, Wjnmrme Suemh> @isme Qjhgmrimh tuemh ymho cibm`u`mh lbje Lrmho-lrmho Ymeuci, @ristjh, cmh Isbmd sjbmdm 3.111 Smeuh (Gjt.VI0 Dizmh> ;11;),e. ;5-;9. =77Msyrmf

Emsmh Semkmb, Smrkiyme [ueiyme Mbm Smki’ih, Mbie Kmemsm> Duemddmc Emdkmb> Smrkiyme [ueiyme Mbm Smki’ih.   (Gjt.I0 Wlbl> Mqwmd, ;1==), e. =6. =73F.

Kuci Emrcidmh, Eudmhidj cmh Wjsucmehym , e. ?9. =;7

 

Due. ]msid

Kjrkmomi pjhjdumh tjbme djdkmwm pjrukmemh kjsmr pmcm pjrmcmkmh dmhusim cm djdkumt `jeicupmh dmhusim sjdm`ih ducme tjrdmsu` pjdmhfmmtmh tj`hlbloi cmbmd `jeicupmh kjrmomdm. @jti`m dmsm mczmh ci`udmcmho`mh pjrtmdm `mbi Kibmb djhmi`i kmhouhmh tihooi uhtu` djbm`smhm`mhhym. Qmcm jrm sj`mrmho emb ihi cimcmptmsi cjhomh djhoouhm`mh djhmrm. Qmcm dmsm mwmb dusbid ci Ihclhjsim, kjrmho`mt `j Dj`me djbm`smhm`mh djbm`smhm`mh emni djhoouhm`mh `mpmb bmut hmduh `ihi `j Dj`me cmpmt cibm`u`mh cjhomh djhoouhm`mh pjsmwmt tjrkmho. Jvlbusi djsih cmri cijsjb, djsih ihcustri, smdpmi pjrmho`mt slftwmrj tm` `msmt dmtm (_ifi. (_ifi. Kbujtllte ) sjdm`ih djdkumt pmrm ibdumh dmsu` `j cmbmd ‒djcmh `jihoihtmeumh— cmh emsrmt ibdime ymho bjkie cmbmd cmh bjkie kmhym` bmoi. Dubmhym emhym `mpmb `mpmb tjrkmho tjrkmho sjkmomi sm smrmhm rmhm pukbi` m`eirhym pmbiho

dutm`eir mcmbme pjsmwmt ubmho mbi` ymho tjbme su`sjs djhomhtmr dmhusim djbm`u`mh risjt mhtmr pbmhjt `j bumr mho`msm. Wjtjbme itu `jduho`ihmh dmhusim m`mh djhnmci`mh kjhcm-kjhcm mho`msm sjkmomi kmemh pjdkigmrmmh, cis`usi, kme`mh risjt ci pbmhjt bmih uhtu` djhjdu`mh lknj` ibdime kmru ymho bjkie prjstisius. Mb-]urmh tjbmo djdkjri`mh pjhnj`msmh kmewm `jbm` dmhusim m`mh djbihtmsi bmhoit, kihtmho cjhomh kjrdlcmb`mh `j`umtmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Citjdu`mhhym tmhcm-tmhcm `jeicupmh ci pbmhjt Dmrs djrupm`mh sjkume emb ymho djhoomirme`mh cmbmd cuhim smihs. Hmduh cmbmd prjspj`tif Isbmd djs`ipuh ibdu pjhojtmeumh dmhusim itu tjbme smdpmi `j smdpub kjbm`mho kmtms dm`sidmb `jdmdpumhhym hmduh tmhpm momdm sjdumhym ticm` m`mh kjrmrti. Wjdum pjr`jdkmhomh cmh pjhjdumh dutm`eir udmt dmhusim pmcm m`eirhym m`mh djhomrme nuom pmcm mcmhym Ymho Dmem Djhojtmeui ci mtms pjhojtmeumh dmhusim. Ikhu ]myyid mb-Nmuziyyme djhouho`mp`mh, dltivmsi tjrtihooi cmbmd djhuhtut ibdu mcmbme uhtu` djrmie ibdu mb-]ur-mh cmh ms-Wuhhme, djdmemdi sjombm sjsumtu ymho cmtmho cmri Mbbme swt. cmh

=;3

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

[msub-Hym sjsumi cjhomh ymho ci`jejhcm`i-Hym, cmh djhojtmeui eu`ud-eu`ud ymho cituruh`mh-Hym.=7:  Siho`mt lrijhtmsi ibdu pjhojtmeumh pmbiho puhgm` mcmbme uhtu` djhojhmb Mbbme swt. Mb-]mcei Mku Km`mr kih Mb-―Mrmku Mb―Mrmku rmeidmeubbme djhnjbms`mh, ‒Sjr`mcmho ibdu itu djhnmci `jkihmsmmh kmoi pjdibi`hym, ni`m im djhgmrihym uhtu` sjbmih wmnme Mbbme. Dm`hm emcits ihi kmewm himt itu djrupm`mh ru`uh mdmb mtmu symrmthym, ymho djhjhtu`mh `jmksmemh sumtu mdmbmh. Ni`m timcm himt, dm`m mdmbmh itu

ticm` mrtihym. Ni`m himt sucme rusm`, `jihoihmh emti nuom djhnmci rusm`. @jrusm`mh emti tjromhtuho pmcm `jrusm`mh himt sjsjlrmho.=76  Qmrue wm`tu sjkjbud mnmrmh Isbmd ymho cikmwme lbje [msuubbbme Duemddmc smw. kjrkmomi pmrm ibdumh cmh pjdi`ir djhglkm djrj`lhstru`si djrj`lhstru`si kjrkmomi fm`tm tjhtmho mcmhym ‒`j`umtmh bmih— ci mtms `j`umtmh dmhusim. Hmduh pjhojtmeumh dmhusim pmcm smmt itu, emhym smdpmi pmcm tiho`mt `jjdpmt cmri bidm tiho`mtmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho ciubms lbje Ikhu @Ḫmbcuh.  @Ḫmbcuh.  Cmbmd smihs kmrmt prlsjs uhtu` djhgmpmi `jkjhmrmh sucme mcm, tjtmpi `jkjhmrmh itu sjhciri ‒kjbud tjrgmpmi—. Wjkmbi`hym cmbmd Isbmd `jkjhmrmhhym sucme mcm, tjtmpi prlsjs uhtu` djhgmri ku`ti =7?

`jkjhmrmhhym `jkjhmrmhhy m sjriho`mbi ticm` cirudus`mh.

 

=7:Ikhu

]myyid mb-Nmuziyyme, Fmwmicub Fmwmic Djhyjbjmdi Wmducrm Ei`dme cmh Bmutmh Ibdu Djhoompmi Quhgm` @jtmnmdmh Kmtih Djhunu Mbbme (Qustm`m Idmd Msy-Wymfi0 Nm`mrtm, ;1=;), e.7:=. =76Mku

Mkcibbme Duemddmc, Mmfmtub ―Ibdi. Kjhgmhm Ibdu Sjrn. Mku Zdmr Kmsyir (Gjt.I0 Qustm`m Mt-Smz`im, Nm`mrtm, ;11:), e,=?-=5. =7?Dunmdib

]ldmr, Jpistjdlbloi Qjhcici`mh Isbmd cmri Djtlcj [msilhmb eihoom Djtlcj @riti` (Gjt. Jrbmhoom0 Nm`mrtm, ) e.=73 =;:

 

Due. ]msid

[jmbitms mbmd sjdjstm, sjpjrti djhompm kuruho kism djhompuho ci ucmrm, djhompm mcm rmomd rms dmhusim, kmomidmhm pjrputmrmh tmtm surym, djdkumt ibdu pjhojtmeumh djhcjsmih `mjcme djhnmci mroudjh ibdime cmh rmsilhmb. bdu pjojtmeumh sjkjbud cmtmhohym ‒rismbme

Isbmd kjbud cmpmt djhouho`mp djhouho`mp sjgmrm rihgi tjremcmp fjhldjhm-fjhldjhm tjrsjkut. Wmihs dlcjrh kmrmt sjriho djhomhoomp rjhcme stmtus `jibdumh-`jibdumh `jmomdmmh. @jti`m kjrkigmrm tjhtmho emb-emb ymho omik, ibdu momdm ticm` cipmhcmho ibdime `mrjhm sjkume ibdu kmru kism ci`mtmh ibdime mpmkibm lknj`-lknj`hym kjrsifmt jdpiris. Qmcmemb ibdu-ibdu momdm ticm` kism djhoeihcmr cmri pjdkigmrmmh emb-emb ymho omik, sjpjrti Suemh, dmbmi`mt, cmh sjkmomihym sjkmomi pjdkigmrmmh pl`l`hym.=75  Qmrm ibduwmh sjriho`mbi kjrkigmrm kjrkigmrm ttjhtmho jhtmho pjhjdumhpjhjdumhpjhjdumh dmhusim ymho djdpjhomruei mtmu kme`mh djhoukme nmbmhhym sjnmrme `jdmhusimmh. Sjtmpi, sjpjrti citubis Mkkms Mb-'Mqqmc cmbmd Mku Mb-Mhkiyym'>  Mb-Mhkiyym'>  Qjhjdumh ymho ci`mit`mh  ci`mit`mh  cjhomh Hmki Ikrmeid m.s. djrupm`mh djrupm`mh pjhjdumh dmhusim ymho tjrkjsmr, tjrkjsmr, cmh ymho ticm` cmpmt cimkmi`mh lbje pmrm ibduwmh mtmu sjnmrmwmh. Im ticm` cmpmt cikmhciho`mh cjhomh pjhjdumh rlcm, mpi, bistri`, mtmu rmemsim-rmemsim rmemsim-r memsim mtld kjtmpmpuh kjsmrhym pjhomrue pjhjdumh-pjhjdumh tjrsjkut- ymho sjdum itu ci`umsmi lbje dmhusim. Qjhjdumh Ikrmeid djhoumsmi niwm cmh rmom dmhusim. Qjhjdumh Ikrmeid djhnmci`mh dmhusim ymho tmcihym tuhcu` `jpmcm mbmd djhnmci dmdpu djhoumsmi mbmd, sjrtm djhibmi kmi` kuru`hym kuru`hym.. Qjhjdumh dmhusim =75Wymdsubrinmb,

Ihtjormsi @jibdumh Zdud cmh Momdm, Nurhmb Qjhjbitimh cmh Qjdi`irmh @jisbmdmh, Vlb 3 Hl.=0 ;1=?, e.==6. =;6

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

cmpmt djhnmci`mhhym kjrbm`u sjwjhmho-wjhmho, tjtmpi

`jsjwjhmhomh-wjhmhomh ihi ticm` duho`ih cibm`u`mhhym sjbmdm pjhjdumh Ikrmeid m.s. tjtmp djhoeimsi niwmhym. Qjhjdumh tjrsjkut kjr`mitmh cjhomh mpm ymho ci`jtmeui cmh ticm`-ci`jtmeuihym kjr`mitmh `jcucu`mhhym sjkmomi dm`ebu`,, cmh eukuhomh dm`ebu` ihi cjhomh Suemh, mbmd dm`ebu` rmym, cmh dm`ebu`-dm`ebu` sjsmdmhym.=79  Zbmdm sjkmomi pjwmris `jdubimmh pmrm Hmki, sjhmhtimsm djhoihtjormsi`mh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho djrj`m dibi`i sjkmomi smrmhm ‒djhom`rmk`mh ciri — cjhomh Suemh. Hmsmrucih Zdmr djhymtm`mh pmrm ubmdm ymho djdibi`i `jfmqiemh momdm nuom smhomt pmhcmi cmbmd kicmho mstrlhldi, `jcl`tjrmh cmh dmtjdmti`m. Wjdm`ih djrj`m djhcmbmdi ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjdm`ih djrj`m djrmsm cj`mt cjhomh Suemhhym.=31  Hmki Ikrmeid m.s. cmbmd djhjdu`mh `jkjhmrmh cidubmi cjhomh djbm`u`mh pjdkmgmmh fjhldjhm-fjhldjhm mbmd sjpjrti, kubmh bjkie tjrmho kjrsihmr ci dmbmd emri cikmhciho kihtmho ymho bmih, hmduh `jjsl`mh emrihym Hmki Ikrmeid djbiemt bmoi Dmtmemri bjkie kjsmr cmri kubmh. Hmduh smmt Dmtmemri djhomyue ciri `j mrme kmrmt cmh pjrbmemh tjhoojbmd, hmki Ikrmeid m.s. puh djbm`u`mh pjrjhuhomh pjrjhuhomh cjh pjdi`irmh djhcmbmd tjremcmp fjhldjhm-fjhldjhm tjrsjkut. Wjtjbme djhoudpub`mh kjrkmomi ihstrudjh cmh pjrmho`mt ibdu pjhojtmeumh dubmi cmri djdkmgm, djdmemdi `mtm, prjdis-prjdis, bloi`m/`jsidpubmh, pjdi`irmh cmbmd cmh smdpmi `jpmcm puhgm` tmhoom pjhojtmeumh ymho jsjhsi ym`hi Mbbme swt. Wumtu `jti`m Hmki smw. kjr`mtm `jpmcm Mbi kih Mki Sembik ‒Wjsjlrmho kjrusmem djhcj`mt `jpmcm Mbbme cjhomh kjrdmgmd mdmb smbje0

=79D.

]urmise Weiemk, _mwmsmh mb- ]urmh ]urmh Smfsir Dmuceu’i mtms Qjbkmomi Qjrslmbmh Zdmt (Gjt.=70 Dizmh> Kmhcuho, =996),e.;=-;;. =31E.

Hmsmruccih Zdmr, Qihtu-pihtu Djhunu @jkmemoimmh Kjbmnmr =1?.  9 Wjhi Eicup Kmemoim Ci Cuhim Cmh M`eirmt, e. =1?.  =;?

 

Due. ]msid

cj`mt`mhbme ciridu pjhojtmeumh. =3= 

=3=Fmtei

`jpmcm

Mbbme

cjhomh

ibdu

Ym`mh, Sl Kj M Dusbid Sjrn. Kuremh _irmsukrmtm  (Gjt. I0 GV. Gjhcj`im Wjhtrm Dusbid> Dusbid Emrmpmh Mbbme cmh [msubhym  (Gjt. Nm`mrtm, S,te,), e.:9. =;5

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

KMK IV DJDKMHOZH DLCJ[MWI KJ[MOMDM DJBMBZI IHSJO[MWI @JIBDZMH M.  Idpbjdjhtmsi Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm cmh Ihtjormsi @jibdumh Qjrspj`tif Qjhcici`mh Isbmd @jsmcmrmh pjribm`u dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm pjhtiho cibm`u`mh cmbmd sjtimp jbjdjh. Sjhtuhym cisjsumi`mh cjhomh tiho`mt pjdmemdmh cmh `lhcisi dmsymrm`mt. @jemcirmh jhmd momdm cmh kjrkmomi mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh m`mh kjrkmur cmbmd sjtimp sjhci `jeicupmh kjrmomdm cmh kjrkmhosm ci Ihclhjsim. Qmcm bjdkmom pjhcici`mh tiho`mt cmsmr, smhomt ducme citjdu`mh cmbmd smtu `jbms tjrcmpmt kjkjrmpm pjsjrtm cici` cjhomh bmtmr momdm ymho pjdmemdmh ymho kjrkjcm. Dlcjrhismsi pjhcici`mh Isbmd ihi, kmomidmhmpuh ticm` bmhtms kjrmrti bjhymphym pjrmh surmu cmh sj`lbme-sj`lbme sj`lbmesj`lbme momdm ‒trmcisilhmb— ymho sjdmtmsjdmtm -

dmtm djhomnmr`mh ibdu momdm. Sjtmpi subit cijbm``mh =;9

 

Due. ]msid

`jhymtmmh, kmwm djrj`m ihi tjrtihoomb, sjeihoom sjbjpms pmcm =931-mh surmu cmh sj`lbme-sj`lbme momdm, trmcisilhmb djhnmci dihlritms cikmhciho`mh sj`lbme-sj`lbme Isbmd dlcjrh.=3;  Cmbmd `lhtj`s ymho bjkie bums, pmcm sjkume biho`uhomh m`mh citjdu`mh bmtmr kjbm`mho momdm cmh fmemd ymho kjrmomd pubm. Qmcm bjdkmom pjdjrihtmemh smdpmi bjdkmom swmstm, `jemcirmh `mrymwmh cjhomh bmtmr pjdmemdmh ymho kjrkjcm mcmbme emb ymho budrme. @jti`m kjbud mcm pjdmemdmh ymho kmi` tjremcmpm mnmrmh momdm dm`m cmpmt djhnmci cihciho pjdisme, rmsm supjrilritms cmh si`mp jol cldihmsi smtu fmemd cjhomh fmemd bmihhym. Mcmhym plstur lomhismsi pjhcici`mh pmcm @jdjhtjrimh Momdm [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim djrupm`mh bjdkmom ymho cmpmt djhnmci djcim strmtjois cmbmd djdkudi`mh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Emb ihi cisjkmk`mh bjdkmom pjhcici`mh momdm tjbme tjr`jblbm cjhomh kmi` cmh kjrmcm cikmwme hmuhomh pjdjrihtme. Wjbmih itubjdkmom dubmi cmri tiho`mt pmbiho cmsmr smdpmi pjrourumh tihooi, pjhcici`mh momdm tjbme tjrstru`tur cmh `jemcirmhhym tjrsjkmr bums ci Ihclhjsim. Kjri`ut pliht utmdm ymho djhnmci`mh pjhcici`mh Isbmd pmcm @jdjhtjrmih Momdm sjkmomi omrcm tjrcjpmh cmbmd djhcu`uho djhcu`u ho si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm > =.  Bjdkmom Qjhcici`mh Isbmd @jdjhtjrimh

Momdm

djdibi`i

kjkjrmpm

Wj`njh

pjhcici`mh tihooi ymho djhom`ldlcir jhmd momdm ci =3;Mzyudmrci

Mzrm, Wurmu Qjhcici`mh Isbmd Srmcisilhmb cmbmd Srmhsisi cmh Dlcjrhismsi Sej [igj mhc Cjgbihj lf Sej Dihmho`mkmu> M Srmcitilhmb Isbmdig Jcugmtilhmb Ihstitutilh ih _jst Wudmtjrm curiho tej Cutges Glblhimb Olvjrhdjht ,  Sjrn. Iciho [msyicih cmri Mzyudmrci Mzrm (Gjt.I0 Blols _mgmhm Ibdu> Nm`mrtm, ;117) e.;=-;;. =71

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Ihclhjsim cjhomh tuoms djhoidpjbjdjhtmsi`mh cmh djhgjrcms`mh `jeicupmh kjrmomdm cmh kjrkmhosm. Cirj`tur Qjhcici`mh Isbmd djhmuhoi bjdkmom pjhcici`mh Isbmd tjrdmsu` pjrourumh tihooi/uhivjrsitms. Nudbme Qjrourumh Sihooi Isbmd Hjojri sjnudbme =? Zhivjrsitms Isbmd Hjojri, ;3 Ihstitut Momdm Isbmd Hjojri cmh =? Wj`lbme Sihooi Momdm Isbmd. Wjcmho`mh Qjrourumh Sihooi Isbmd Wwmstm tjrciri cmri 65 Ihstitut Momdm Isbmd, 677 Wj`lbme Sihooi Momdm Isbmd, cmh =1? FMI=37  Djdpjremti`mh ihflrdmsi tjrsjkut, dm`m `itm m`mh djdpjrlbje cmtm kmewm bjdkmom pjhcici`mh, Isbmd sjgmrm `eusus djdibi`i pltjhsi ymho bjkie bums uhtu` djdmsiv`mh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. [mucemtub Mtfemb (Qjhcici`mh mhm` Zsim Cihi),  ,Dmcrmsme Ikticmiyme (Qjhcici`mh (Qjhcici`mh Cmsmr), Dmcrmsme Ssmhmwiyme (Wj`lbme Djhjhome Siho`mt Qjrtmdm), Dmcrmsme Mbiyme   (Wj`lbme Djhjhome Siho`mt Mtms), pjsmhtrjh Ihstitut Momdm Isbmd, Wj`lbme Sihooi Momdm Isbmd, Zhivjrsitms Isbmd kmi` ymho ci`jblbme lbje swmstm dmupuh hjomrm cmpmt kjr`lhtrikusi djhoiho`mt`mh `jsmcmrmh dmsymrm`mt tjremcmp pjhtihohym dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Wihjroitms tripusmt pjhcici`mh (@jbumrom, sj`lbme cmh

dmsymrm`mt) djrupm`mh `uhgi djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. @jbumrom sjkmomi rudme pjrtmdm pjsjrtm cici` djhojhmb biho`uhomhhym, djrupm`mh smrmhm jfj`tif djhmhmd`mh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Wjtjbme djrj`m dmsu` sj`lbme, `jdkmbi cisuoue`mh dmtjri pjdkjbmnmrmh ymho kjrlrijhtmsi pmcm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. @uhgi tjrm`eir mcm ci dmsymrm`mt. Mtdlsfir `jeicupmh dmsmymrm`mt ymho `lhcusif m`mh djhcu`uho plstur dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ojhjrmsi kmhosm. Djdkmhouh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm =37Cmtm

Jdis Qjrourumh Sihooi Isbmd, Cirj`tur Njhcjrmb Qjhcici`mh Isbmd @jdjhtjrimh Momdm [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim. =7=

 

Due. ]msid

djbmbui bjdkmom pjhcici`mh Isbmd cmpmt ciidpbjbjdjhtmsi`mh pmcm djcim flrdmb, ih flrdmb cmh hlh flrdmb, cjhomh urmimh sjkmomi kjri`ut m.  Bjdkmom pjhcici`mh flrdmb (Wj`lbme) Bjdkmom pjhcici`mh flrdmb djrupm`mh bjdkmom pjhcici`mh ymho djhojblbm pjhcici`mh sjgmrm prlfjsilhmb kmi` cmbmd hmuhomh ihstmhsi pjdjrihtme dmupuh swmstm. Bjdkmom pjhcici`mh djdibi`i njhnmho cmri pjhcici`mh mhm` usim cihi (QMZC) smdpmi cjhomh pjrourumh tihooi (Zhivjrsitms, Idstitut, mtmu M`mcjdi). Sjdpmt ihi djhnmci rumho pjhcici`mh tjdpmt ihtjrm`si kjrkmomi bmtmr kjbm`mho. Wjeihoom cikutue`mh pjhcj`mtmh tjrsjhciri cmbmd djhojblbmhym. Qjhcj`mtmh ymho cidm`suc mcmbme djbmbui pjcldmh pjhyjbjhoomrmmh pjhcici`mh ymho tjrihtjormsi cjhomh `jkutuemh `jbumrom cmh dmsymrm`mt. Qjhojhmbmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm pmcm bjdkmom pjhcici`mh flrdmb cmpmt ciidpbjdjhtmsi`mh lbje sjburue

tjhmom pjhcici`, tjhmom `jpjhcici`mh, cmh pjsjrtm cici` djbmbui kjrkmomi `joimtmh djhyjsumi`mh cjhomh `lhcisi cidmhm bjdkmom tjrsjkut kjrmcm. Sjtmp djhojcjpmh`mh tlbjrmhsi cimtms cihciho dmylritms mtmu dihlritms. Djdkjri`mh `jsjdpmtmh `jpmcm sjburue udmt kjrmomdm uhtu` djhpjrlbje pjhcici`mh ymho bmym` kjrmomdm mcmbme rjmbitms tm` tjrkmhtme`mh cmri cu`uhomh hjomrm. @ihi tmhtmhomh kmoi dmsymrm`mt mcmbme kmoidmhm djdm`sdib`mh ciri uhtu` djholptidmb`mh fmsibitms tjrsjkut cmbmd djdkmhouh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Ku`u Qjbmnmrmh, kmhouhmh sj`lbme, kmhtumh kjmsiswm, dlkibjr pjhcici`mh sjdumhym cmpmt cikjri`mh lbje pjdjrihtme dmupuh bjdkmom pjdjremti pjhcici`mh cmbmd djhuhnmho tjrgmpmihym gitm-gitm eicup kjrkmhosm cmh kjrhjomrm ym`hi djhgjrcms`mh `jeicupmh kmhosm cmh turut djhgiptm`mh pjrcmdmimh cuhim. =7;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Bjdkmom flrdmb, pjhcici`mh Isbmd ticm` emhym djdkjri`mh dmtjri ymho kjrsifmt spiritumb cmh `mjcme`mjcme djbm`u`mh ikmcme dmeḄme hmduh pjhoumtmh pmcm emb-emb slsimb tjtmp pubm citjrmp`mh. Idpbjdjhtmsi dlcjrmsi pmcm bjdkmom pjhcici`mh ihi ci`mni djbmbui sudkjr mb-]urmh cmh Emcis cmh djdpjrtjdu`mhhym cjhomh kjrkmomi fmemd ymho rjbjvmh cjhomhhym. Mebm` `jpmcm sjsmdm dmebu`, djdibie pjdidpih, Niemc, dusymwmrme, urmimh tjhtmho `mfir, mbirmh-mbirmh cmh dmczemk cmbmd mnmrmh Isbmd djrupm`mh dmtjri ymho smrmt cjhomh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Djbmbui bjdkmom pjhcici`mh flrdmb, pjsjrtm cici` djdibi`i `jrmho`m kjrfi`ir cmh kjrsi`mp plsitif cmbmd djhnmbmhi `jeicupmhhym. `jeicupmhhym. Djrj`m ihibme ymho `jbm` djhnmci ojhjrmsi pjdmkmemru ymho djdibi`i m`ebm` dubim, kjrutur `mtm ymho slpmh, djhnmom si`mp tjremcmp pjdjbu` mnmrmh momdm bmih,

tjhoomho rmsm. Mebm` sjpjrti tjrolblho djhnmci djc djcim im syimr Isbmd ymho smhomt jfj`tif cmri sjoi wm`tu, tjhmom, cmh dmtjri. Djbmbui mebm` ymho dubim udmt bmihpuh dmdpu djbiemt cmh djhjrnjdme`mh djhjrnjdme` mh `jdubimmh mnmrmh Isbmd. k.  Bjdkmom pjhcici`mh hlh-flrdmb Bjdkmom pjhcici`mh ih-flrdmb kjrkjhtu` sjdi flrdmb djdibi`i mturmh tjrsjhciri, kmi` kjrkjhtu` tjrubis (Mhoomrmh cmsmr/mhoomrmh rudme tmhoom, pjcldmh lromhismsi) dmupuh `jsjpm`mtmh ihtjrhmb. @jkjrmcmhhym kjrsifmt fbj`sikjb sjpjrti ojcuho `eusus, rumho `eusus, mtmu djhnmci`mh rudme prikmci sjkmomi tjdpmthym. tjdpmthym. Idpbjdjhtmsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm pmcm bjdkmom pjhcici`mh ih-flrdmb djhnmci djcim pjhtiho cmbmd djdkmhouh `jsmcmrmh udmt kjrmomdm. Zdmt Isbmd smhomt m`rmk cjhomh kjrkmoi bjdkmom pjhcici`mh ihflrdmb sjpjrti dmnjbis tm`bid, `jbldpl` pjhomnimh, pmouyukmh `jmomdmmh, `lduhitms rjdmnm dmsnic, cmh kjrkmomi lromhismsi `jmomdmmh bmihhym. J`sistjhsi bjdkmom pjhcici`mh ihi, smhomt pmtut cipjreituho`mh cmh cidm`sidmb`mh pjrmhhym, `mrjhm bjdkmom ihi ku`mh emhym =77

 

Due. ]msid

kjrmcm cmbmd s`mbm bl`mb hmdud djdibi`i njnmriho hmsilhmb cmh ihtjrhmsilhmb. @jkjrmcmmh bjdkmom pjhcici`mh ihi cmpmt djrmho`ub sjdum bmtmr kjbm`mho pjhcici`mh mtmu prlfjsi cjhomh vlbudj `joimtmh ymho kjr`jsihmdkuhomh. kjr`jsihmdkuhomh. Djhmhmd`mh hibmi-hibmi mebm` ymho kjrsudkjr cmri mb]ur’mh cmh suhhme suhhme [msububbme smw. djrupm`mh `mjcme udud ymho djhnmci cmsmr pjdkjhtu`mh bjdkmom tjrsjkut. Wjbmih pjhoumtmh cmbmd sisi spiritumb, bjdkmom pjhcici`mh ihi nuom djbm`smhm`mh kjrkmomi `joimtmh rutih, dmupuh ihsicjhtib. @joimtmh rutih sjpjrti `mnimh, cis`usi, pjhomnimh

sjcmho`mh `joimtmh ihsicjhtib sjpjrti kjrojrm` cmbmd pjhoombmhomh kmhtumh uhtu` `lrkmh kjhgmhm, `lrkmh pjrmho mtmu pjhcmdpihomh eu`ud `jpmcm dmsymrm`mt. Bjdkmom pjhcici`mh ih-flrdmb sjhmhtimsm djdkmwm kjrkmomi mtrikut mtmu sidklb sjkmomi pjhmhcm `jtjrbikmtmhhym cmbmd kjrkmomi `joimtmh. @lstud sjrmomd, symb `lduhitms, stig`jr   `jhcmrmmh, kme`mh kjkjrmpm cimhtmrmhym djdibi`i kjhcjrm tjrsjhciri. @jkjrmcmmh djrj`m pmcm kjrkmomi `joimtmh ihtjrhmb `jmomdmmh dmupuh bihtms `jym`ihmh djhnmci smrmhm cmbmd djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Qjhomnimh tjdmti` cjhomh dmtjri dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, cis`usi `jpjducmmh tjhtmho pjrsmtumh cmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, pjhoombmhomh kmhtumh djrupm`mh kjrkmomi `joimtmh ymho cmpmt djdpjr`umt si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm udmt. g.  Bjdkmom pjhcici`mh ih-flrdmb Wjkume hjomrm dmnu kjrmwmb cmri `umbitms sjkume hjomrm `jgib ymho kjrhmdm `jbumrom. @jbumrom cmbmd pjhcici`mh Isbmd djhgm`up sjburue udmt Isbmd ymho djym`ihi sjpjhue emti ru`uh Idmh cmh djbm`smhm`mh ru`uh Isbmd. @jbumrom djhnmci pihtu pjrtmdm sj`mbious kjhtjho tjrm`eir ymho emrmpmh tjrkjhtu`hym si`mp ymho kmi`. Emb ihi =73

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

cicmsmri `jbumrom djrupm`mh tjdpmt djbm`u`mh jvmbumsi cmh djhou`ur pjr`jdkmhomh `lohitif, mfj`tif, psi`ldltlri` mhm` tjremcmp `jdmnumh ymho cipjrlbjehym sjbmdm ci sj`lbme cmh pjhyjsumimh ymho cibm`u`mhhym cmbmd dmsymrm`mt.

Djdkmhouh sjkume `jbumrom djrupm`mh ku`ti `ji`utsjrtmmh cmbmd djhoi`uti suhhme [msububbme smw. Wjeihoom kjrkmomi dlcjb pjdkihmmh cmh pjhcici`mh `jbumrom hmki djhnmci rjfjrjhsi udmt Isbmd cmbmd djdkihm cmh djhcici` `jbumromhym pubm. Wucme tikm smmthym djdkmhouh `jdkmbi tjlri-tjlri tiplbloi pjhcici`mh `jbumrom ymho icjmb kmoi udmt Isbmd sjdum cjhomh djrunu` pjhnjbmsmhhym sjsumi cmbmd hmse. Mebm` hmki Duemddmc djrupm`mh gjrdihmh cmri sudkjr mnmrmh mb-]urmh. Dlcjb hmki djhcici` cmh djdkjsmr`mh Fmtidme mz-^merme, Emsmh cmh Eusmih, djhcmdpihoi Misyme, kjrihtjrm`si cjhomh smemkmt cmh kjrihtjrm`si cjhomh pjdjbu` momdm bmih. Ihtjormsi `jibdumh cmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd biho`uhomh ih-flrdmb cmpmt tjrnmci ni`m lrmhotum/wmbi djdibi`i Ibdu mtmu pjdmemdmh ymho gu`up tjhtmho djhomdmb`mh mnmrmh-mnmrmh Isbmd cmbmd `jbumrom. Wjlrmho mhm` m`mh bjkie gjpmt djdmemdi cmh djhomdmb`mh kjrkmomi emb ni`m sjtimp emri djrj`m sjhmhtimsm cikidkiho cmh cikjsmr`mh cjhomh mnmrmh Isbmd. Dmtjri ihtjormsi `jibdumh cmpmt cinmkmr`mh djbmbui `isme-`isme pmrm hmki, `isme lrmho smbje cmh sjnmrme ibduwmh-ibduwmh dusbid. Djbikmt`mh `jbumrom pmcm `joimtmh slsimb, djbm`u`mh `uhnuhomh wismtm `mrym `j kjrkmomi situs `jmomdmmh, djhnjhou` tjdmh ymho sjdjhtmrm sm`it mcmbme kjrkmomi emb sjcjremhm ymho cmpmt cibm`u`mh hmduh cmdpm`hym smhomt kjsmr cmbmd kjhm` sjlrmho mhm`. Mhm` ymho tjbme djdibi`i plhcmsi ymho `l`le cmbmd emb spiritumb cmh ihtjbj`tumb djhnmci emrmpmh `jbm` cmpmt djdkmhouh pubm sjkume `jbumrom sm`ihme dmwmccme wm rmedme ymho djhnmci titi` =7:

 

Due. ]msid

mwmb cmri sjkume `j`umtmh spiritumb cmh ihtjbj`tumb

`jbumrom kjsmr ymho cisjkut cjhomh hjomrm.  hjomrm.   ;.  Sjhmom Qjhcici` cmh Sjhmom @jpjhcici`mh cmh pjsjrtm cici` Sjhmom pjhcici` tjrciri cmri sjburue ouru cmh clsjh kmi` ymho kj`jrnm ci kmwme hmuhomh pjdjrihtme @jdjhtjrimh Momdm dmupuh cmbmd biho`up @llrcihmtlr Qjrourumh Sihooi Isbmd Wwmstm. Wjcmho`mh tjhmom `jpjhcici`mh mcmbme eudmhrjslurgjs sjkume bjdkmom ymho djhojblbm bjdmkmom pjhcici`mh. @jemcirmh tjhmom pjhcici` cmh tjhmom `jpjhcici`mh cmbmd biho`up `jdjhtjrimh momdm djdibi`i pjrmh sjhtrmb cmbmd djdkihm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Qltjhsi ihi tjhtu smnm cicu`uho lbje bmtmr kjbm`mho pjhcici`mh cmri tjhmom pjhcici` cmh tjhmom `jpjhcici`mh. Sjhmom pjhcici` cmh tjhmom `jpjhcici`mh dhidmb bubusmh Cipbldm kme`mh ticm` sjci`it pubm pjhcici`mh njhnmho Cl`tlr. Dmylritms pjrourumh tjbme djdibi`i dmem ouru ymho kjrojbmr ouru kjsmr cmbmd kjrkmomi kicmho `jibdumh. Qjsjrtm cici` kmi` duric, smhtri, dmupuhh dmemsiswm ymho djdpjrlbje dmhfmmt cmri prlsjs kjbmnmr djhomnmr ymho cikjri`mh lbje tjhmom pjhcici` ciemrmp`mh cmpmt djhnmci cutm `jeicupmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ci dmsym`mrmt. Wjkjbud Djhtjri Momdm djhjtmp`mh tmeuh ;1=9 sjkmomi tmeuh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, cmbmd jrm sjnmrme Ihclhjsim tjrgmtmt pmrm smhtri kmi` ymho dmsie m`tif dmupuh tjbme djhnmci mbudhi kjromkuho kjsmdm tjhtmrm hmsilhmb Ihclhjsim uhtu` djhoembmu pjhnmnme, kme`mh djhnmci pjrismi `jti`m tjrnmci rjvlbusi fisi` pmcm jrm pjhnmnmemh cmh turut tjrbikmt djhoemhgur`mh pjhcu`uho Q@I. Dmemsiswm cmh pmrm pjducm cmri kjrkmomi wibmyme Ihclhjsim kjrsmtu cmbmd hmuhomh Nlho Isbmdi hjh Klhc, mcm pjrwm`ibmh cmri sudmtjrm, nmwm (nlho nmvm), Wubmwjsi (Nlho Gjbjkjs) cmri tjrhmtj cmh sjtjrushym. Wjgmrm `lhtj`tumb djrj`m tjbme =76

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

djhuhnu``mh si`mp dlcjrmsi ymho cibm`u`mh lbje pjsjrtm cici`. 7.  @joimtmh J`strm`uri`ubjr J`strm`uri`ubjr Wjtimp bjdkmom pjhcici`mh dubmi cmri tiho`mt cmsmr smdpmi pjrourumh tihooi djdkjri`mh fmsibitms kjrupm `joimtmh j`strm`uri`ubjr j`strm`uri`ubjr uhtu` sjtimp pjsjrtm cici`. Fmsibitms ihi kjrupm lromhismsi mtmu bjdkmom `eusus sjgmrm kjrnjhnmho. Dm`suc `jkjrmcmmh bjdkmom tjrsjkut mcmbme uhtu` djdkjri`mh supbjdjh ibdu pjhojtmeumh, kj`mb `jtjrmdpibmh, sjbmih pjhojtmeumh ymho djrj`m pjrlbje cmbmd prlsjs kjbmnmr pmcm bjdkmom pjhcici`mh flrdmb. Djbmbui bjdkmom tjrsjkut ciemrmp`mh pjsjrtm cici` djdpjrlbje tiom emb sj`mbious ym`hi `jgjrcmsmh `lohitif, mfj`tif, cmh psi`ldltlri`. Bjdkmom pjhcici`mh sjemrushym djdkumt flrdubm momr `joimtmh j`strm`uri`ubjr djdibi`i vmrimh ymho kjrmomd, momr pjsjrtm cici` djdibi`i emrc s`ibb dmupuh slft s`ibb. Wjlrmho ouru ci Zhomrmh djdkjri`mh pjrhymtmmh > @joimtmh j`strm`uri`ubjr ci sjdum sj`lbme emdpir sjrmomd cmh sj`jcmr mcm sjkmomi pjbjho`mp, dismbhym kicmho `jtm`wmmh `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm djbmbui kmgm tubis mb-]urmh (KSM), `mnimh Mb-`itmk uhtu` Hmsremhi, kicmho `jlbmermommh, `jsjhimh, sjpjrti tmri, sjhi, dusi` cmh crud kmhc, kicmho slsimb sjpjrti QD[ (Qmbmho Djrme [jdmnm) cmh Qmtrlbi @jmdmhmh Wj`lbme), kicmho bmitemh @jpjdidpihmh sjpjrti Qrmdu`m dmupuh Qmsu`mh

=7?

 

Due. ]msid

Qjhoikmr Kjhcjrm (QMW@IK[M@M), cmh kicmho pjhojdkmhomh pjhojdkmhom h km`mt `mrym `mrym ibdime rjdmnm (@I[). =33  Kjhtu` `joimtmh j`strm`uri`ubjr ymho cmpmt cinmci`mh sjkmomi pjhcu`uho dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm sjpjrti `buk stuci, dmtjri dmnmbme cihciho tjdmti` tjhtmho dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. djbm`smhm`mh `joimtmh slsimb bihtms momdm, kmhgedmr`iho , smdpmi kjsmtupmcu djhoombmho kmhtumh uhtu` clhmsi `jpmcm pmrm `lrkmh kjhgmhm. 3.  @uri`ubud @uri`ubud djrupm`mh cjsmih pjhgmpmimh cmbmd prlsjs kjbmnmr djhomnmr. @umbitms lutput pjdkjbmnmrmh cmpmt ciu`ur cmri `jtjrsjcimmh cmh pjoidpjbjdjhtmsimh `uri`ubud. Djhcu`uho m`sjbjrmsi cmbmd dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm dm`m `uri`ubud pjdkjbmnmrmh sjbmih cicjsmih cmbmd pjhgmpmimh prlsjs kjbmnmr djhomnmr sjyloymhym pubm `uri`ubud cikumt cjhomh dumtmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Djhcjsmih `uri`ubud tjrsjkut pmbiho ticm` pubm djbikmt`mh s`mcjdisi, tl`le momdm, kucmymwmh cmh djrj`m ymho cipmhcmho djdibi`i pjdmemdmh cmh pjhombmdmh ymho kmi` cmbmd mnmrmh momdm tjrtjhtu Wjkjbud djhjtmp`mh `uri`ubud ymho m`mh cipm`mi, sjkmi`hym pjdjrihtme sjkmomi tlpbjmcjr   pjdmho`u `jkinm`mh, djbm`u`mh survjy `lhcisi njhis dumtmh dmtjri ymho m`mh ciisi pmcm dmtjri pjbmnmrmh ymho m`mh cismdpmi`mh. Wjtjbme citjdu`mh plbm cmh isi dmtjri ymho tjpmt, dm`m tmemp sjbmhnuthym mcmbme djbm`u`mh slsimbismsi sjgmrm kjrtmemp momr `uri`ubud tjrsjrmp cjhomh kmi`, =33Mhi

Smrumstuti, J`stm`uri`ubjr sjkmomi Kj`mb Eicup Dmhciri (Ojrkmho Dmnmbme Qjhcici`mh,Jcisi 3 Se,V-;11:, Bjdmkmom Qjhjbitimh

cmh Qjhojdkmhomh Yloym`mrtm,), e.76

Qjhcici`mh

Zhivjrsitms

Duemddmciyme

=75

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

djdibi`i smrmhm cmh prmsrmhm ymho djhcu`uhohym cmh simp uhtu` citjrmp`mh. Sjrcmpmt sucut `rusimb ymho sjriho djhnmci tmhtmhomh `uri`ubud pjhcici`mh ci Ihclhjsim ym`hi pjr`jdkmhomh kme`mh pjrukmemh `uri`ubud pmcm sjtimp pjromhtimh pjdmho`u `jkinm`mh. Wjnmtihym emb tjrsjkut ticm` pjrbu tjrnmci sjkmk m`mh djdkutue`mh pjhyjsumimh cmh pjhyjbmrmsmh cjhomh `uri`ubud ymho kjrbm`u sjkjbudhym. @mbmupuh mcm pjrukmemh, sjkmi`hym pmcm dumtmh isi ymho sifmthym smhomt sukstmhsi ku`mh pjrukmemh sjgmrm uhivjrsmb. Glhtle rjsplh tjhmom pjhcici` cjhomh pjhodkmhom `uri`ubud cipmpmr`mh lbje Mrip Hurmedmh, ouru ymho prl @K@ smhomt kjrmdkisi uhtu` djhjrmp`mh @K@ sjutuehym djdkjri`mh tuoms ymho kmhym` cmh djhjrmp`mh mturmh cisipbih tihooi, sjeihoom tjr`jsmh ouru itu ticm` kjrpjrmsmmh cmh ticm` djbiemt situmsi cmh `lhcisi siswm. =3:  Wjnm` Ihclhjsim djrcj`m pjr`jdkmhomh `uri`ubud nuom djhombmdi pjr`jdkmhomh. Smeuh pjbmnmrmh =93? [jhgmhm pjbmnmrmh ci urmi ci`jdms cmbmd rjhgmhm tjrurmi, pmcm tmeuh =963 [jhgmhm pjhcici`mh Wj`lbme Cmsmr, Smeuh =965 @uri`ubud Wj`lbme Cmsmr, Smeuh =9?7 @uri`ubud Qtlyj` Qjrihtis Wj`lbme Qjdkmhouhmh (QQWQ), =9?: @uri`ubud Wj`lbme Cmsmr, =953 @uri`ubud =953, @uri`ubud =993, =99? [jvisi @uri`ubud =993, ;113 [ihtismh @uri`ubud Kjrkmsis @ldpjtjhsi (@K@), ;11:/;116 @uri`ubud Siho`mt Wmtumh Qjhcici`mh (@SWQ) cmh ;1=7 @uri`ubud ;1=7. Ni`m djbiemt pjrsfj`tif pjsjrtm cici`

pjrukmemh `uri`ubud mcm kjrmomd rjsplh, kjri`ut rjsplh sjlrmho pjsjrtm cici` emb @uri`ubud Kjrkmsis @ldpjtjhsi. =3:Mrip

Hurmedmh, _mnme Msbi @K@ ci Dmtm Qjsjrtm Cici`, (Ojrkmho Dmnmbme Qjhcici`mh,Jcisi 3 Se,V-;11:, Bjdmkmom Qjhjbitimh cmh Qjhojdkmhomh Qjhcici`mh Zhivjrsitms Duemddmciyme Yloym`mrtm,), e.;: =79

 

Due. ]msid

@jti`m @K@ cioubir`mh tmhoompmh siswm sj`lbme `urmho kjoitu mhtusims. Ihi ciku`ti`mh cjhomh `urmhohym dihmt siswm uhtu` djhojtmeui cmh djdmemdi @K@. Glkm tmhym`mh pmcm siswm mpm itu @K@, djrj`m pmsti m`mh djhnmwmk ‒@K@ mcmbme `uri`ubud kjrkmsis `ldpjtjhsi, tmpi smym ticm` tmeu mpm itu `ldpjtjhsi..`umhtitms dmtm pjbmnmrmh cmbmd @K@ kjbud cisjsumi`mh cjhomh `jdmdpumh siswm. @urmho bjkie mcm =6 dmtm pjbmnmrmh Momdm, Dmtjdmti`m, Fisi`m,@idim, Kilbloi, Ojlormfi, Wjnmrme, J`lhldi, Kmemsm Ihooris, Kmemsm Ihclhjsim, @jmromhjomrmmh, @jsjhimh, Si& @, @ldputjr, Lbmermom, ci tmdkme bifjs`ib. Wjdum emrus ci`umsmi cjhomh kmi` cmh djbjwmti kmtms dihidmb bmplrmh pjhcici`mh, sjeihoom siswm ciemrmp`mh djhnmci lrmho supjr ojhius.=36  Kjkjrmpm tjhmom pjhcici` `eusuhym ouru, djdjrbu`mh wm`tu ymho ticm` sjci`it uhtu` djhyjsumi`mh cjhomh pjhojdkmhomh `uri`ubud ymho mcm. @mbmupuh djrj`m tjtmp djbm`smhm`mh prlsjs kjbmnmr djhomnmr cjhomh djhoouhm`mh `uri`ubud kmru, dm`m djrj`m emrus djdmemdi cmh djbm`smhm`mh cjhomh kmi` dm`suc cmh tunumh pjbm`smhmmh `uri`ubud tjrsjkut..

:.  Kmemh cmh Ku`u Mnmr Kmemh cmh ku`u mnmr cmpmt cinmci`mh sjkmomi djcim cmbmd djdmsiv`mh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. emb tjrsjkut cibmtmr kjbm`mhoi, ku`u cmpmt cikmgm cmh cipihnmd pjsjrtm cici` uhtu` cipjbmnmri ci rudme. Kmemh cmh ku`u mnmr ymho =36Mrip

Hurmedmh, _mnme Msbi @K@ ci Dmtm Qjsjrtm Cici`, (Ojrkmho Dmnmbme Qjhcici`mh,Jcisi 3 Se,V-;11:, Bjdmkmom Qjhjbitimh cmh Qjhojdkmhomh Qjhcici`mh Zhivjrsitms Duemddmciyme Yloym`mrtm,), e.;: =31

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

djdumt dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm pmbiho ticm` kjrisi pjhojhmbmh tjremcmp rmomd momdm cmh `jpjrgmymmh `jpjrgmymmh ci Ihclhjsim, hmdmhmdm tjdpmt sugi cmh ikmcme, `itmk sugi timp momdm, cmh kjkjrmpm ihflrdmsi ymho kjrsifmt udud ymho cidibi`i lbje sjtimp momdm. Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm djbmbui djcim ku`u cmh kmemh mnmr cmpmt pubm cibm`u`mh cjhomh djhoisi kjkjrmpm embmdmh tjrsjkut cjhomh kjrkmomi omdkmr tjhtmho dlcjb-dlcjb kjrpm`mimh cmh upmgmrm momdm ymho mcm ci Ihclhjsim. Qjhoouhmmh tl`le gjritm ihspirmtif, `lhcisi slsimb ihtjrm`simhtmr cjhomh icjhtitms ymho djhomrme pmcm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm m`mh sjdm`ih djhcj`mt`mh pjsjrtm cici` kmewm eicup cmdmi kjrcmdpihomh cjhomh pjdjbu` momdm sjgmrm ticm` bmhosuho djrupm`mh mdmbmh cmbmd momdm. Djhyusuh cjhomh dumtmhm`mcjdisi, dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm pmbihokmemh/ku`u ticm` tjtmpmnmr nuom djbikmt`mh tl`le momdm, cjsmih ormfis, ihcivicu, mebi psi`lbloi, cmh

djrj`m ymho djdibi`i `ldpjtjhsi cmbmd kicmho dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Djs`ipuh emb tjrsjkut ku`mh djrupm`mh ymho ducme hmduh sjkume ku`u ymho tjrkit sjtjbme cisusuh cmh cirjvijw lbje kjrmomd bmtmr prlfjsi, smhomt kjsmr emrmpmh ku`u tjrsjkut cmpmt cisjrmp cjhomh kmi` lbje pjsjrtm cici`, sjkmk prlsjs ticm` m`mh pjrhme djhoeimhmti emsib. Ku`u tjrsjkut cmpmt citjdpmt`mh ci pjrpustm`mmh mtmu cikjri`mh `jpmcm pjsjrtm cici` `jducimh djrj`m djhgjritm`mh djhgjritm`m h ubmho mtmu djhyusuh rjsjhsi ku`u/kmem ku`u/kmemh h mnmr ymho tjbme djrj`m kmgm. Klbje nuom cibm`u`mh cjhomh djdkjri`mh pjsjrtm cici` tm`jeldj   cjhomh gmtmtmh djdkumt `mrmhomh kjkms tjremcmp `lhcisi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ymho djrj`m biemt ci biho`uhomh sjtjdpmt. Suomstuoms ci mtms, `jducimh cirjvijw lbje dmsiho-dmsiho ouru =3=

 

Due. ]msid

dmtm pjbmnmrmh mtmu clsjh pjhomdpu sjdkmri cigurme`mh ihput mtmu smrmh `lhstru`tif. Ni`m emb ihi tjrnmci sjgmrm `lbj`tif dm`m njklbmh pjhcici`mh Isbmd m`mh djhnmci omrcm tjrcjpmh cmbmd djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd mnmrmh Isbmd cmpmt cibm`u`mh cjhomh djhoidpbjdjhtmsi`mh mnmrmh Isbmd ymho sjnmti cmh sjrtm djdkmhouh `jsmcmrmh kjrmomdm kmewm Isbmd sjbmih rmedmt uhtu` `mud dusbid sjgmrm ih`busif hmduh Isbmd nuom mcmbme rmedmtmh bib’ mbmdih.  mbmdih.  K.  Qlbm Ihtjormsi Ihtjormsi @jibdumh p pmcm mcm Qjrourumh Sihooi Isbmd. Ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjkmomi kmoimh ymho ticm` tjrpisme`mh cmbmd `jeicupmh dmhusim djhnmci sjhci utmdm cmbmd djdkmhouh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Emb ihi cisjkmk`mh ibdu pjhojtmeumh tjbme kjrsjhtuemh sjgmrm

`lhstitusilhmb ihtjormsi `jibdumhHldlr pmcm pjrourumh tjrdm`tuk cmbmd Zhcmho-uhcmho ;1 Smeuh tihooi ;117 tjhtmho Wistjd Qjhcici`mh Hmsilhmb. Qjhcici`mh hmsilhmb kjrfuhosi djhojdkmho`mh `jdmdpumh cmh djdkjhtu` wmtm` sjrtm pjrmcmkmh kmhosm ymho kjrdmrtmkmt cmbmd djhgjrcms`mh `jeicupmh kmhosm, kjrtunumh uhtu` djhojdkmho`mh pltjhsi pjsjrtm cici` momr djhnmci dmhusim ymho kjridmh cmh kjrtmqwm `jpmcm Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm, kjrm`ebm` dubim, sjemt, kjribdu, gm`mp, `rjmtif, dmhciri cmh djhnmci wmrom hjomrm ymho cjdl`rmtis cmh kjrtmhoouho nmwmk Ihclhjsim cjhomh nudbme pjhcucu` dusbid tjrkjsmr, djdibi`i pjbumho kjsmr sj`mbious tmhtmhomh uhtu` djhojdkmbi`mh `jnmymmh sjnmrme ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho pjrhme citmdpu` pmcm jrm `jjdmsmh ( olbcjh ( olbcjh moj)   pjrmcmkmh   Isbmd. Emb ihi ku`mh djrupm`mh emb ymho pjrmcmkmh dustmeib sjkmk bjdkmom pjhcici`mh tihooi Isbmd tjrsjkmr bums ci pjblsl` Ihclhjsim. Fm`tlr bmihhym mcmbme sudkjr cmym mbmd Ihclhjsim djdibi`i hibmi bjkie cimkmhciho hjomrm =3;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

ymho bmih. Ni`m cjhomh sl`lhomh sudkjr cmym mbmd ymho djbidpme cmh kmhouhmh plstur cmym dmhusim ymho dm`m Ihclhjsim m`mh djhnmci runu`mh utmdm risjt dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmh ihtjormsi `jibdumh. Emcirhym bjdkmom pjhcici`mh Isbmd, dubmi cmri tiho`mt cmsmr smdpmi pjrourumh tihooi sjdm`ih djdku`m mrmb ymho bums uhtu` djdflrdubmsi sjtimp dmtm pjbmnmrmh mtmu dmtm `ubime cjhomh hibmi-hibmi momdm mtmu ymhob bjkie ci`jhmb cjhomh ihtjormsi `jibdumh. Qjsjrtm cici` (duric, smhtri, dmemsiswm, cmh bmih-bmih) ymho tjbme djdpjrlbje dmhfmmt

cmri ibdu ymho tjrihtjormsi ciemrmp`mh cmpmt djhojdkmbi`mh ibdu pjhojtmeumh `jtjdpmt ymho sjemrushym ym`hi sjkmomi smrmhm pjhgjrcmsmh `jeicupmh kmhosm. @ihi fjhldjhm ‒ejojdlhi kmrmt— cmbmd Isbmdig Isb mdig Wtucijs ci kjrkmomi pjrourumh tihooi Isbmd suhoouesuhooe djrupm`mh emb ymho djhgjhomho`mh0 sjsumtu ymho `irm-`irm =1 tmeuh bmbu, ticm` tjrkmymho`mh lbje kmhym` gjhcj`imwmh Dusbid Ihclhjsim. Wjpmhnmho tmeuh ;113, `jti`m smym cmh sjnudbme tjdmh-tjdmh IHWIWSW (Ihstitutj (Ihstitutj flr Sej Wtucy lf Isbmdig Seluoet mhc Givibzmtilh ) djbm`u`mh sjnudbme mgmrm wlr`selp tjhtmho pjdi`irmh Isbmd cmh Kmrmt ci kjkjrmpm pjrourumh tihooi cmh plhcl` pjsmhtrjh, pmemd pburmbisd momdm, djtlcj ejrdjhjuti`m cmbmd stuci mb-]ur’mh, mb]ur’mh, bikmrjbisdj bikmrjbisdj dlrmb, cmh sjkmomihym sucme djhyjkmr bm`smhm virus mtmu ‒ pjhym`it djhubmr —ymho —ymho omhms. Qmemd-pmemd ymho djdklho`mr msms-msms Isbmd, kme`mh ymho tjrmho-tjrmhomh djbjgje`mh

=37

 

Due. ]msid

Isbmd, djhcmpmt`mh sl`lhomh bums ci `mbmhomh clsjh cmh dmemsiswm pjrourumh tihooi Isbmd.=3?  Ihsitut Momdm Isbmd (IMI), Wj`lbme Sihooi Momdm Isbmd (WSMI) djrupm`mh bjdkmom pjhcici`mh tihooi cmbmd hmuhomh Cirj`tur Njhcjrmb Qjhcici`mh Isbmd @jdjhtjrimh

Momdm, kmi` ymho tjbme kjrstmtus hjojri dmupuh swmstm. Qlsisi pjrourumh tihooi tjrsjkut djdibi`i `ldpjtitlr cmri pjrourumh tihooi udud ymho turut djdmcmt`mh wmemhm pjrourumh pjrourum h tihooi ci Ihclhjsim. Qmcm sisi `umhtitms pjrourumh tihooi udud bjkie cimtms pjrourumh tihooi Isbmd. Emb ihi `jducimh djhnmci tmhtmhomh kmoi @jdjhtjrimh Momdm cmh uddmt Isbmd uhtu` djdkumt bmho`me strmtjois cmh cmri m`si `lbj`tif momr pjrourumh tihooi Isbmd tjtmp uhooub sjoi `umhtitms cmh `umbitms. Qjrourumh tihooi udud cjhomh kicmho ibdu udud cmpmt ciihtjormsi`mh `j cmbmd bjdkmom pjhcici`mh Isbmd cjhomh djcim ihtjormsi `jibdumh. Emb ihi m`mh djdku`m mbms pmrmciodm dmsym`mrm`mt kmewm pjrourumh tihooi Isbmd tjbme djhoidpbjdjhtmsi`mh mpm ymho tjbme kjrbm`u ci dmsm `jdmnumh ibdu pjhojtmeumh pmcm jrm `jnmymmh pjrmcmkmh Isbmd. Ku`mh emb ymho ticm` duho`ih gmemym pjrmcmkmh Isbmd m`mh `jdkmbi tjrkit bjkie mwmb ci kudi Ihclhjsim. Ihtjormsi `jibdumh pmcm pjrourumh tihooi djrupm`mh djcim strmtjois cmbmd `jdkmbi djhsihjroi`mh ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmh momdm. Qjrourumh tihooi djdjomho pjrmhmh pjhtiho `mrjhm tjdpmt tjrsjkut djrupm`mh djhgjtm` sudkjr cmym dmhusim tiho`mt tihooi. Wjburue icjhtitms tjrtihooi kicmho m`mcjdi` mcm ci tjdpmt ihi. Dmemsiswm, dmemtjrpjbmnmr, dmemouru mcmbme ojbmr ymho smhomt `jhtmb cjhomh cjrmnmt ibdu pjhojtmeumh. @jti`m ojbmr =3?Mcimh

Eusmihi, _mnme Qjrmcmkmh Kmrmt cmri Ejojdlhi @ristjh `j Cldihmsi Wj`ubjr-Bikjrmb (Gjt.I> Ojdm Ihsmhi0 ;11:), e. UUVI. =33

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

dmem cikjri`mh `jpmcm dmebu` kjrmrti sifmt-sifmt `jdubimmh Dmem (D euruf kjsmr), pmcm Mbbme swt. i`ut pubm

tjridpbjdjhtmsi tjridpbjdjhtm si cjhomh kmi` pmcm ihcivicu i hcivicu tjrsjkut. Qjrourumh tihooi timp tmeuh djhgjtm` sjtimp tmeuh bubusmh ymho simp `jdkmbi `j dmsymrm`mt djhomdmb`mh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho djrj`m pjrlbje. Qmrm mbudhi ihibme ymho djnmci cutm ihtjormsi `jibdumh cmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ci dmsymrm`mt. Djrj`m m`mh djdkmhouh sjkume tmtmhmh `jbumrom, djhnmci pjhgjrme ci sj`lbme sjrtm djdkjri `lhtrikusi plsitif `jpmcm dmsymrm`mt (tripusmt pjhcici`mh). Ni`m ihtjormsi `jibdumh tjrnmci cmbmd s`mbm kjsmr ci sjtimp bjdkmom pjhcici`mh tihooi, dm`m Ihclhjsim m`mh djdibi`i sudkjr cmym dmhusim `ldpjtitif ymho djdibi`i `jcmbmd ibdu pjhojtmeumh sjrtm `jdmpmhmh spiritumb. Qjhcici`mh mcmbme djcim pjhojdkmhomh ihtjbj`tumb dmhusim. @j`umtmh dlrmb cmh spritiumb mcm cmbmd `jbumrom, Jcugmtilhmb cjmbs wite tej cjvjblpdjht lf tej ihtjbbjgtumb plwjrs lf djh. Sejir dlrmb mhc spiritumbs plwjrs mrj tej spjejrj lf tej fmdiby....=35Cjdi`imh [lkjrt D. Eutggeihs, djhouho`mp`mh. fmdiby.. djhouho`mp`mh. Wjgmrm udud, ihtjormsi `jibdumh djhnmci tjdm sjhtrmb ymho djhnmci bmtmr kjbm`mho ‒einrmehym  ‒einrmehym — kjrkmomi ihstitut momdm djhnmci uhivjrsitms. Emb ihi djrupm`mh rjsplh plsitif pjdjrihtme cmbmd djdkmhouh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho tjrihtjormsi. Cu`uhomh dmtjri dmupuh hlhdmtjri cmbmd djhgiptm`mh ihtjormsi `jibdumh djrupm`mh sjkume `jemrusmh. Djs`ipuh ihtjormsi `jibdumh sjgmrm tjlri cmh idpbjdjhtmsi djrupm`mh djcim djdpjr`umt mssjt sudkjr cmym dmhusim hmduh `mbmu ticm` cu`uhomh, dm`m emb ihi

=35

[lkjrt D. Eutggeihs, Sm`iho sicjs Gbmseiho lh Jcitilh ;11: Vijw DgOrmwGlhtrlvjrsimb Jcugmtilhmb Issujs, Seirtjjhte Eibb/Cuse`ih M Cjvisilh lf Sej DgOrmw-Eibbb Gldpmhijs Zhitjc Wtmtj Lf Mdjrigm, e.=3.

=3:

 

Due. ]msid

emhym m`mh djhnmci trjhc   pjdkmrumh smdpub ymho kjbud tjrihtjormsi smdpmi suktmhsihym. Kjri`ut m`mh ciurmi`mh kjkjrmpm plbm ihtjormsi `jibdumh ymho tjbme ciidpbjdjhtmsi`mh pmcm kjrkmomi hjomrm cmh pjrourumh tihooi. Hurnmdmb cmbmd, mrti`jbhym, Dlcjb -dlcjb Ihtjormsi `jibdumh Qjrourumh Sihooi Isbmd djhourmi`mh ihtjormsi `jibdumh kjrupm dlcjb ihtjormsi `jibdumh Dlcjb IFIMW ci Wtig`eld, M`mcjdi Wmihs Isbmd Dmbmysim (MWMWI), Dlcjb Isbmdig Vijw , Dlcjb Kugumibsidj, Kugumibsidj, Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdumh kjrkmsis Fibsmfmt @bmsi` Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdum kjrkmsis Smsmwuf, Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdumh kjrkmsis Fiqie, Dlcjb @jbldpl` Indmbi (Indmbi =39  Orlup), cmh Dlcjb `jbldpl` Mbiomroe (Mbiiomro Orlup). Kjkjrmpm dlcjb tjrsjkut djdibi`i `jsmdmmh plbm ym`hi djhnmci`mh mb-]ur’mh mb-]ur’mh sjkmomi sudkjr ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmh pjtuhnu` `jeicupmh. Kjri`ut m`mh ciubms kjkjrmpm cihmtrm, dlcjb ihtjormsi `jibdumh tjrsjkut, citmdkme`mh cjhomh dlcjb ihtjormsi cjhomh plbm ymho bmih > mbmysim m  (MWMWI). =.  M`mcjdi Wmihs Isbmd D mbmysi

Dlcjb ihtjormsi `jibdumh ymho cibm`u`mh lbje M`mcjdi Wmihs Isbmd Dmbmysim (MWMWI) djhnmci pjhgmpmimh utmdm pmrm ibduwmh hjomrm Nirmh ihi. Djrj`m `jdkmbi djhoeicup`mh trmcisi `jibduwmh cjhomh djhcu`uho gitmgitm uhtu` djhojdkmbi`mh kmemsm Mrmk sjkmomi kmemsm pjrsmtumh ibduwmh dusbid ci sjburue cuhim. MWMWI duhgub pjrtmdm `mbi pmcm Dji =9?? cmh djrupm`mh smtu usmem ymho pjhtiho cmbmd `joimtmh ihtjormsi `jibdumh Isbmd ci Dmbmysim `mrjhm uhtu` pjrtmdmhym, pmrm ibduwmh Dusbid ci Dmbmysim kjromkuho uhtu`, mhtmrm bmih, djhoeicup`mh trmcisi `jibdumh ymho kjrcmsmr`mh kjrcmsmr`mh pmcm mnmrmh @itmk sugi mb mb--]ur’mh. ]ur’mh.   =39Hur

Nmdmb,Dlcjb-Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdumh Qjrourumh Sihooi @jmomdmmh Isbmd, @mkibme, Vlb.; Hl.= Nuhi ;1=?, e. 93-95 =36

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

MWMWI djhcu`uho gitm-gitm uhtu` djhojdkmbi`mh kmemsm Mrmk, sjbm`u kmemsm Mb-]ur’mh, Mb-]ur’mh, `jpmcm `jcucu`mhhym ymho em` cmh msbi sjkmomi kmemsm ibdu kmoi sjburue Cuhim Isbmd, cmh kjrusmem djhymtu`mh ibduwmh-ibduwmh Dusbid `j mrme djdmnu`mh dmsymrm`mt Isbmd cmbmd kicmho smihs cmh tj`hlbloi.=:1  Lrisihmbitms sudkjr ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho tjbme djdkmwm Isbmd `j puhgm` pjrmcmkmh sjdumhym djhoouhm`mh kmemsm Mrmk. Djs`ipuh ci`jducimh emri `mrym-`mrym tjrsjkut kmhym` cismcur `j cmbmd kmemsm bmih. hmduh djho`mni sudkjr msbihym m`mh cipjrlbje lknj`tivitms ihflrdmsi mtms `mhcuhomh tubismh tjrsjkut. Kjrkmomi `mrym dlhudjhtmb Isbmd ymho citjrnjdme`mh `j cmbmd kmemsm bmtih djrupm`mh `mrym ibdumh dusbid. Cimhtmrm tubismh ymho pmbiho tjr`jhmb mcmbme `itmk `jcl`tjrmh ]mhuh fi Seik   `mrym Ikhu Wihm (951-=1?7) ymho cismcur `jcmbmd kmemsm Ihoojris djhnmci Gmhlh lf Djcigihj `mrym Mvigjhhm (Ikhu Wihm). Djdkmgm ]mhuh fi Seik   cjhomh tj`s msbi kjrkmemsm Mrmk m`mh cipjrlbje lrisihmbitms sudkjr, hmduh ku`mh kjrmrti cmbmd kmemsm bmtih tjrsjkut ticm` ciklbje`mh. Wjkmk dmsihodmsiho ku`u tjrsjkut mcmbme upmym dmhusim cmbmd djdkudi`mh ibdu pjhojtmeumh cjhomh djhnmci`mh hibmihibmi momdm sjkmomi m`mrhym. Isbmdig mdig Vijw   ;.  Dlcjb Isb

Dlcjb Isbmdig vijw djdibi`i `jicjhti`mh cjhomh dlcjb ihtjormsi `jibdumh pmcm plih pjrtmdm. Ni`m pliht pjrtmdm bjkie spjsifi` djbm`u`mh pjhcj`mtmh kmemsm sjkmomi `jydmstjr djdkmhouh ihtjormsi `jibdumh cmbmd dlcjb Isbmdig vijw, jdpmt pibmr ymho cmpmt djdkjhtu` =:1Hur

Nmdmb,Dlcjb-Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdumh Qjrourumh Sihooi

@jmomdmmh Isbmd , e.5;. =3?

 

Due. ]msid

ihtjormsi `jibdumh ym`hi idmh sjkmomi cmsmr stru`tur cuhim (wlrbc strugturj , idmh ), ), ibdu sjkmomi stru`tur pjhojtmeumh (`hlwbjcoj strugturj , mb-'ibd ), ), fiqie sjkmomi stru`tur hibmi (vmbuj strugturj , mb-fiqe )0 )0 `j`embifmemh sjkmomi stru`tur dmhusim (eudmh (eudmh strugturj , `embèfme ). ).=:=  Qjhoomoms cmh djhojdkmho`mh dlcjb ihi mcmbme Mbpmrsbmh Mgi`ojhg Ouru Kjsmr Fibsmfmt pmcm Fmtie Zihvjrsity, Zihvjrsi ty, Istmhkub Sur`i. Qibmr pjrtmdm ihtjormsi `jibdumh Isbmdig vijw mcmbme stru`tur cuhim (wlrbc (wlrbc strugturj , idmh ). ). Wtru`tur idmh djrupm`mh plhcmsi utmdm ymho emrus djhniwmi sjtimp m`tivitms dmhusim tjrdmsu` ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Lbjehym itu cmbmd pjrspj`tif pjhcici`mh Isbmd ymho pjrtmdm cipjr`jhmb`mh `jti`m sjlrmho mhm` pjrtmdm bmeir `jcuhim mcmbme pjhoumtmh cidjhsi mqicme, kjrupm mczmh ci tjbihom `mhmh cmh iqmdme citjbihom `iri. Kjridmh `jpmcm Mbbme swt. djrupm`mh ru`uh pjrtmdm `jidmhmh udmt dusbid. Wjtjbme djdibi`i cmsmr idmh dm`m sjbmhnuthym mcmbme djdpjr`umt ihtjormsi `jibdumh djbmbui, ibdu sjkmomi stru`tur pjhojtmeumh (`hlwbjcoj strugturj , mb-'ibd ). ). Idmh djrupm`mh humhsm kmtih ymho djhgiptm`mh `jkmemoimmh dmhusim. Cmbmd djbm`u`mh flrdubmsi `jkmemoimmh tjrsjkut momr cmpmt kjrdmhfmmt nuom kmoi dmhusim bmih cmh mbmd sjdjstm, dm`m pjhcj`mtmh stru`tur ibdu pjhojtmeumh djhnmci smrmhm djdmhtmp`mh idmh sjsjlrmho. Idmh tmhpm ibdu kmomi`mh bjhtjrm ci tmhomh kmyi , hmduh ibdu tmhpm idmh kmomi`mh bjhtjrm citmhomh pjhguri. Cjdi`imh Kuym Emd`m djhjoms`mh `jtjr`mitmh mhtmrm idmh cmh ibdu. Wjtjbme idmh cmh ibdu dmsie mcm cidjhsi sjbmhnuthym ym`hi mdmb. Qjcldmh ymho cinmci`mh runu`mh cmbmd djbm`u`mh m`tivitms vmbuj mdmb tjrdm`tuk cmbmd fiqie sjkmomi stru`tur hibmi ((vmbuj

strugturj , mb fiqe ). ). Isbmd djdibi`i smrnmhm smrnmhm dusbid ymho djdibi`i `jdmpmhmh idmh cmh `jcmbmdmh pjdmemdmh cmbmd kjrkmomi kicmho ibdu tjrdmsu` Fiqe. Wjtimp cihmdi`m =:=Hur

Nmdmb, Dlcjb-Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdumh Qjrourumh Sihooi @jmomdmmh Isbmd, e.5;-57. =35

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

`jeicupmh dusbid cmpmt ci`mni cjhom djhnmci`mh sudkjr mnmrmh Isbmd sjkmomi runu`mh utmdm. Mhnurmh cmh pmhtmhomh cmpmt cipjrlbje flrdubmhym cmbmd fiqe. @ldpbj`sitms idmh, ibdu cmh mdmb ymho cmpmt djdkjri`mh dmhfmmt tidkmb kmbi` `jpmcm dmhusim cmri mbmd cuhim smdpmi m`eirmt. Smempmh tjrm`eir ihtjormsi `jibdumh dlcjb isbdmigvijw   mcmbme `j`embifmemh sjkmomi stru`tur dmhusim (eudmh ( eudmh strugturj , `embèfme ). ). @j`embifmemh mcmbme djhnmci`mh ciri sjhciri sjkmomi plbm ymho smrmt cjhomh idmh, ibdu cmh mdmb ymho cmpmt djnmci ihspirmsi cmh dltivmsi `jpmcm udmt bmih. Qlbm `j`embifmemh ymho djhnmci pmtrlh kmoi udmt Isbmd mcmbme pmrm Hmki cmh rmsub sjrtm lrmho-lrmho smbje. Djrj`mbme ymho bjkie tmeu tuoms cmh tmhoouho nmwmk sjkmomi `embifme. =:;  @embifme ku`mh emhym pjrslmbmh nmkmtmh pjdjrihtmemh mtmu nmkmtmh plbiti` hmduh `embifme cmbmd emb ihi mcmbme `mpmsitms ciri ymho cimhuojrme`mh Suemh `jpmcm lrmho kjridmh. Wjeihoom sjnm` pjrilcj hmki Mcmd ms. cigiptm`mh smdpmi cjhomh emri `imdmt ‒`jelrdmtmh  ‒ `jelrdmtmh — sjkmomi `embifme tjtmp cinmom. 7.  Dlcjb Kugumibsidj Dlcjb ihi djhoouhm`mh hmdm smbme sjlrmho mebi djcis Qjrmhgis, Dmurigj Kugmibbj, ymho pjrhme djhoojojr`mh cuhim Isbmd `jti`m djhubis sumtu ku`u ymho kjrnucub "Bm Kikbj, bj Glrmh jt bm Wgijhgj— , ymho nuom tjbme citjrnjdme`mh

`j cmbmd kmemsm Ihclhjsim. Dlcjb ihi kjrtunumh djhgmri `jsjsumimh pjhjdumh ibdime cjhomh mnmrmh momdm tjrdmsu` mymt Mb-]ur’mh. Mb-]ur’mh.=:7  Djdpjremti`mh plbm ihi, dm`m m`mh tjrnmci cum cihciho ymho djhnmci tmhtmhomh, ym`hi pmrm ibdumh ymho djhgmri `jkjhmrmh cmh djbm`u`mh risjt hmduh =:;Ikhu

Duemnir, @embifme Mbbme ymho Djdpjrkmi`i (Gjt.I0 Ormdjcim> Nm`mrtm, ;1=5), e.7:. =:7Hur

Nmdmb, Dlcjb-Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdumh Qjrourumh Sihooi @jmomdmmh Isbmd. e.5;-57. =39

 

Due. ]msid

ticm` kjrmho`mt cmri hibmi-hibmi momdm m`mh subit djhjridm emb tjrsjkut kme`mh m`mh tjrnmci ojsj`mh `jrms mhtmrm pjhjdumh ibdime ymho djrj`m pjrlbje cjhomh momdm. Cmsmr ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho djhomouho`mh rmsilhmb emhym djdkjri`mh bjoitidmsi pmcm emb ihcrmwi sjcmho`mh emb ymho ticm` `msmt dmtm (kmtihiyme  (kmtihiyme ) smhomt tjrkmtms kme`mh ticm` tjrnmho`mu lbjehym. Emb ihi m`mh kjrkjcm ni`m risjt ymho cibm`u`mh lbje smrnmhm ymho cipmhcu lbje mnmrmh momdm. Wjkmk kmoi djrj`m sjdum m`tivitms dmhusim pmcm em`j`mthym ticm` tjrbjpms cmri niwm `jmomdmmh sjrtm djrupm`mh djrupm`m h smrmhm pjhomkcimh pjhomkcimh `jpmcm Mbbme sswt. wt. 3.  Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdumh kjrkmsis Fibsmfmt @bmsi` Dlcjb Ihtjormsi ciomoms lbje Wjyyjc Elssjih Hmsr djhoombi wmrismh fibsmfmt Isbmd `bmsi`. Dlcjb tjrsjkut, pjdi`ir Dusbid `bmsi` kjrusmem djdmsu``mh Smueic `j cmbmd s`jdm tjlri djrj`m. Qrihsip Smueic , ymitu @jsmtumh Suemh cinmci`mh sjkmomi prihsip `jsmtumh mbmd tmki'i. =:3  Fibsmfmt djrupm`mh cidjhsi `mnimh ymho djdibi`i dmylritms pjdihmt pmcm jrm mwmb pjrmcmkmh Isbmd. Emb ihi cicmsmr`mh,

pjr`jdkmhomh ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmbmd Isbmd tjrcmpmt `lhtrikusi cmri ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho tjbme tudkue sukur sjkjbudhym ym`hi fibsmfmt. @jemcirmh dlcjb ihi kjrdm`suc djhojdkmbi`mh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho cidibi`i dmhusim djhnmci kmoimh ticm` tjrpisme`mh cjhomh `lhsjp tjlbloi. Isbmdismsi ibdu djrupm`mh wmtm` isbmd cmh pmhcmhomh eicup Isbmd, ihtjormb tjremcmp ibdu (jpistjdlbloy  (jpistjdlbloy ) cmh `lhsjp tuemh (tejlbloy).=::  Qmcm dmsm sj`mrmho kmrmt djhnmci `ldpjtitlr slsimb ymho djrmdmi`mh nmomc ibdu =:3=:3Hur

Nmdmb, Dlcjb-Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdumh Qjrourumh Sihooi @jmomdmmh Isbmd. e.9?-95. =::Fmuzmh

Mceid, Fibsmfmt Isbmd Wjkume _mgmhm @jfibsmfmtmh @bmsi` Eihoom @lhtjdplrjr (Gjt.I0 GV. Bitjrmsi Husmhtmrm> Dmbmho, ;1=5), e.;65. =:1

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

pjhojtmeumh, sjeihoom pmcm `lhcisi ihi dmsymrm`mt cituhtut djhom`tif`mh hmbmr `ritishym momr sjbj`tif djhyidm` pjr`jdkmhomh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho mcm. :.  Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdumh kjrkmsis Fiqie, Dlcjb ihtjormsi `jibdumh kjrkmsis fiqie, djdkutue`mh strmtjoi tjrsjhciri `mrjhm mhtmrm fiqie cmh ibdu pjhojtmeumh, dmsiho-dmsiho djdibi`i lrijhtmsi ymho spjsifi`. Fiqie kjrisi `mjcme cmh plsisi eu`ud m`tivitms udmt kmi` rjbmsihym cjhomh Mbbme swt. dmupuh `jpmcm sjsmdm dmebu` sjcmho`mh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ibdu pjhojtmeumh dmsu` cmbmd `jrmho`m lhtlbloi, jpistjdlbloi, m`silbloi. Emb ihibme ihibme `jducimh `jducimh cijbmklrmsi lbje Isdmib [mni [mni mb-Fmruqi Qmc tmeuh =95; cmbmd ku`uhym, Isbmdizmtilh lf @hlwbjcoj> Ojhjrmb Qrihgipbjs mhc _lr` Qbmh citjrkit`mh

Ihtjrhmtilhmb Ihstitutj lf Isbmdig Seluoet  lbje , _mseihtlh. Djs`ipuh cjdi`imh djhojhmi pjhjrmpmh plbm ihi dmsie tjrnmci sibmho pjhcmpmt. Emb ihi cisjkmk`mh `mrjhm pjhcj`mtmh ismdm sj`mbi ticm` djhoouhm`mh wmrismh smihs Isbmd ymho cipjblplri lbje Ikh Wihm, mb-Kiruhi cmh sjkmomihym. Kmoi mb-Fmruqi, mb-Fmruqi, ‒smihs Isbmd— sjpjrti itu ticm` Isbmdi `mrjhm ticm` kjrsudkjr cmri tj`s Mb-]ur’mh Mb- ]ur’mh cmh Emcis.=:6  Hmduh pjhcmpmt tjrsjkut dmsie smhomt pmtut uhtu` ci`mni, djhoihomt Fiqie djdibi`i sudkjr ymho smdm cjhomh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ym`hi mb-]urmh, Emcis (sudkjr eu`ud ymho cisjpm`mti), hmdud Fiqie cicu`uho pubm cjhomh sudkjr ymho bmih ym`hi eu`ud Isbmd ymho ticm` cisjpm`mti sjpjrti (Istisemk, (Istisemk, Dmsbmeme mb-dursmbme, Zrf, Wmccucz czmrè'me cmh bmih-bmih ). ). 6.  Dlcjb ihtjormsi `jibdumh pmcm Zhivjrsitms Wmihs Isbmd Dmbmysim =:6Hur

Nmdmb, Dlcjb-Dlcjb Ihtjormsi @jibdumh Qjrourumh Sihooi

@jmomdmmh Isbmd. e.99. =:=

 

Due. ]msid

Dlcjb ihtjormsi `jisbmdmh ymho ciidpbjdjhtmsi`mh ci Zhivjrsitms Wmihs Isbmd Dmbmysim cibm`u`mh cjhomh djhgiptm`mh mtdlsfir ihtjormsi `jibdumh cmbmd biho`uomh `mdpus. Djdkmhouh mtdlsfir `mdpus smhomt citjhtu`mh cjhomh visi cmh disi `mdpus tjrsjkut kjrciri. Ni`m `mdpus cldihmh `j pjho`mnimh kicmho smihs dm`m sidklb cmh kjrkmomi mtrikut `jmrme smihs m`mh smhomt udud cicmpmt`mh ci `mdpus tjrsjkut. Idmd Wuprmylol djdkjri`mh cjs`ripsi kmewm pjhmtmmh ihtjrilr cmh js`tjrilr `mdpus sjhmhtimsm kjreubu cmh kjrdumrm pmcm ihtjormsi `jibdumh. Qmcm embmdmh cjpmh `mdpus tjrbiemt tubismh Iqrm cmh tjrcmpmt kmhouhmh `m’kme cj`mt cjhomh tubismh Iqrm tjrsjkut. =:? 

Qjhoouhmmh `mtm Iqrm citjdpmt`mh ci cjpmh `mdpus djdkjri`mh pjhjomsmh kmewm `mdpus tjrsjkut mcmbme `mdpus Isbmdi ymho djhnuhnuho ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Wjeihoom simpm smnm ymho dmsu` `mdpus tjrsjkut m`mh tjrihspirmsi djbmbui sidklb iqrm cmh djbm`u`mh pjho`mnimh ibdu pjhojtmeumh ymho kjrudkjr cmri mb-]urmh. Iqrm sjkmomi wmeyu pjrtmdm ymho cituruh`mh pmcm smmt pjhlkmtmh Hmki Duemddmc smw. djhnmci dldjhtud pjhtiho ymho djhnmci titi` kjrmho`mt ibdu pjhojtmeumh cmh djdkmwm Isbmd cmbmd pmcm puhgm` pjho`mnimh ibdu pjhojtmeumh. Qjhoouhmmh

@m’kme

bmhnut

Idmd

Wuprmylol,

djhjoms`mh kmewm sjtimp m`tivitms dmhusim emrus sjhmhtimsm djhomrme `j `ikbmt, Wjeihoom @m’kme ku`mh emhym mrme `ikbmt djbm`smhm`mh ikmcme dmeḄme   sjpjrti smbmt bidm wm`tu hmduh djnmci `ikbmt pubm `joimtmh  omirudmeḄme  sjpjrti   sjpjrti tj`hlbloi, slsimb, kucmym, cmh bmih-bmih. Qjhoouhmhmmh sidklb cmh wmrom cmbmd kjrkmomi emb djrupm`mh rjprjsjhtmsi cmri icjhtitms ymho cikmwm. Djs`ipuh ibduwmh dmsie djbm`u`mh risjt cmh pjhcmbmmdh

=:?ettps>//www.uih-dmbmho.mg.ic/r/=:131=/ihtjormsi-isbmd-

cmh-smihs-ci-uhivjrsitms-smihs-isbmd-dmbmysim.etdb   cmh-smihs-ci-uhivjrsitms-smihs-isbmd-dmbmysim.etdb =:;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

pjriemb @m’kme sjkmomi pusmt kudi hmduh Ibduwmh Dusbid, Kih Fmceb Mbbme Mb-―Zdri Mb-―Zdri (_mfmt ?9? E) cmbmd risjthym djhyidpub`mh kmewm sjdum hjomrm djhoemcmp `ikbmt (`mkme). Cim tjbme kjremsib djdkumt pjtm cuhim, cmh biho`mrmh pjtuhnu` `ikbmt.=:5  Qjhoouhmmh kjhtu` @m’kme pmcm `mdpus tjrsjkut

djhnmci`mh ihtjormsi `jibdumh sjdm`ih tjrmsm. Wjbmih kjhtu` `m’mkme pmcm pihtu ojrkmho Zhivjrsitms Wmihs Isbmd Dmbmysim, kjrkmomi pjrourumh tihooi Isbmd ci Ihclhjsim nuom djhoouhm`mh icjhtitms ymho djhuhnu``mh sjdmhomt ihtjormsi `jibdumh. Wjpjrti Kmhouhmh @mdpus ZIH Dmbi` Dmubmhm Iktmeid Dmbmho, djrmhgmho `ldpbj`s kmhouhmh `mdpus cjhomh djhoi`uti kjhtu` Kisdibbčei [medčh [meid. Wtrmtjoigg Wtucijs ?.  Dlcjb ihtjormsi `jibdumh Isbmdig mhc Wtrmtjoi Ihstitutj (IWWI)

Isbmdig mhc Wtrmtjoig Wtucijs Ihstitutj (IWWI) mcmbme lromhismsi ymho fl`us pmcm `joimtmh risjt, pukbi`msi, pjhjrnjdmemh, pjhcici`mh, `jkinm`mh cmh mcvl`msi kjrkmsis ci @umbm Budpur. Wudkjr cmym Dmhusim IWWI, tjrciri mtms kjrkmomi prlfjsi sjpjrti pmrm ihtjbj`tumb cmh prlfjsilhmb cjhomh `lditdjh uhtu` tjrbikmt cmbmd trmcisi ihtjbj`tumb cmh spiritumb Isbmd cmbmd djhnmwmk tmhtmhomh dlcjrh cmh plstdlcjrh `lhtjdplrjr Cr. Mdrmh Duemddmc sjkmomi Cirj`tur Msim Sjhoomrm @mbmd [jsjmrge mhc Djcim (@[D) ymho kjrkmsis ci Mku Cemki, ZJM cmh nuom `jtum IWWI djhouho`mp`mh kmewm mebm` hmki djhnmc runu`mh m`tivitms dmhusim. Djdkmhouh sjdmhomt mnmrmh Isbmd djbmbui pjcj`mtmh sjpjrti ymho

=:5Duemddmc

Mkcub Emdic Msy-Wymrqmwi cmh Duemddmc [mnm’I Mte-Semebmwi, mb-@m`kme mb-Dusymrrmfme wm mb-Emnmr mb-Mswmc ([u’yme ―Ibdiyyme) Sjrn. Sjrn. @m’kme [memsi @ikbmt Cuhim, Buqdmh Nuhmici cmh @embifurrmedmh Fmte (Gjt.I> Dizmh Djcim0 Kmhcuho, ;119), e. =5;-=57. =:7

 

Due. ]msid

cibm`u`mh lbje pmrm pjgihtm Hmki Duemddmc smw. kjbimu nuom djhoisymrmt`mh kmewm hjomrm djbmyu cmpmt cinmci`mh

Cčrub sjkmomi hjojri pjgihtm hmki Duemddmc smw. ((Cčrub Dueikkih )).. @jtjrbikmtmh pjdjrihtme cmh dmsymrm`mt djrupm`mh gmrm pmbiho jfj`tif cmbmd djhoidpbjdjhtmsi`mh mnmrmhmnmrmh Isbmd. Qjdjrihtme djdibi`i nmbur cmh `jkinm`mh sjkmomi cmsmr eu`ud dmsymrm`mt cmbmd djbm`smhm`mh m`tivitms. Wjcmho`mh dmsymrm`mt djrupm`mh pjbm`u utmdm ymho ciemrmp`mh cmpmt djhnmci tmubmcmh kmoi dmsymrm`mt bmihhym. Lbjehym itu cjhomh sjdmhomt Cčrub Dueikkih   djhnmci rjfjrjhsi cmbmd djbm`u`mh m`tivitms sjemri-emri.

Kjrkmomi dlcjb ihtjormsi `jibdumh cimtms, cmpmt djhnmci runu`mh cmbmd djhojblbm bjdkmom pjhcici`mh, sjpjrti `mdpus, pjsmhtrjh, mtmu sj`lbme (Ihtjbj`tumb Wpritumb). Ni`m dmsymrm`mt dusbid cmh pjdjrihtme kjrsihjroi cmbmd djdkmhouh ihtjormsi `jibdumh cmbmd sjombm emb dm`m kjrkmomi kjhtu` `joimtmh mtmu kjhtu` kmhouhmh, pihtu ojrkmho pjr`mhtlrmh, sjhmhtimsm kjrlrijhtmsi pmcm ihtjormsi `jibdumh (Wmrmhm Qrmsmrmhm). G.  Lptidmbismsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, Kucmym cmh Mbirmh @jpjrgmymmh Mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh djdibi`i pjcldmh tjrsjhciri ymho djhnmci pjomhomh pmrm pjhomhuthym. Qjcldmh kjrisi kmomimdmhm djdkmhouh rjbmsi cjhomh Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm, rjbmsi `jpmcm sjsmdj dmhusim cmh dmebu` bmihhym. Qjcldmh ihi bmeir cmri fmemd fmemd cipmc cipmcu u cjhomh cjhomh hibmi `jmrifmh `jmrifmh bl`mb. @jkjrmcmmh mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh ihi sjriho subit cinjbms`mh sjgmrm rihgi sjkmk tjbme tjrnmci m`ubturmsi mhtmrm kucmym cmh momdm. Sjrdm`tuk cmbmd Qjhjtmpmh Qrjsicjh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim Hldlr = Smeuh =96: ...Sjremcmp =:3

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

kmcmh/mbirmh `jkmtihmh, pjdjrihtme kjrusmem djhymbur`mhhym `jmrme pmhcmhomh ymho sjemt cmh `mrme Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm =:9  Djs`ipuh ticm` tjrm`ldlcir sjgmrm tjoms cmbmd pjrmturmh pjdjrihtme sjbmih momdm rjsdi tjrsjkut, dmsie tjrcmpmt rmtusmh momdm bl`mb/mbirmh `jkmtihmh ymho dmsie j`sis ci Ihclhjsim. Syblr (=59=) cmk Frmzjr (=9==) kjrpjhcmpmt> (m) Kmewm `jpjrgmymmh `jmomdmmmh trmcisilhmb kism citmfsir`mh sjhibmi cjhomh `jpjrgmymmmh mbmd cuhim cmh prihsip-prihsip cihmdi` ymho djhcmsmrihym (k) kmewm sjdum `jpjrgmymmh itu tjrsjkmr uhtu` tunumh djhnjbms`mh cmh djdkjri`mh cmsmr rmsilhmb uhtu` usmem-usmem djholhtrlb biho`uhomh mbmd> cmh kmomidmhmpuh dmsie ciym`ihi kmewm tunumh-tunumh ihi ticm` emhym cidjhojrti djs`ipuh pjdi`irmh `jmomdmmh trmcisilhmb kism cipmemdi-kmewm mcm `jkutuemh-`jkutuemh cmh pjremtimh-pjremtimh ymho pjhtiho, ymho kjrkjcm sjgmrm siohifi`mh cmri m`tivitis, smtu pjhnjbmsmh cmh `lhtrlb ymho cuhimwi ihi, ymho djrupm`mh djrupm`m h kjhtu` mwmb isi pjdi`irmh `jmomdm `jmomdmmh. mh.=61  Emb ihi djhnmci cidjhsi ymho smhomt pjhtiho `mrjhm ci Ihclhjsim tjrcmpmt jhmd momdm ymho cim`ui sjgmrm `lhstitusi ym`hi Isbmd, @ristjh, Qrltjstmh, Eihcu, Kucem cmh @lhoeugeu. Hmduh ku`mh kjrmrti stmtus mnmrmh/`jpjrgmymmh ci bumr cmri momdm tjrsjkut ticm` cikjri`mh rumho sj`mbipuh uhtu` djbm`smhm`mh ikmcmehym nustjru, pjdjrihtme Ihclhjsim tjtmp tlbjrmh cjhomh =:9Qjhjtmpmh

Qrjsicjh [jpukbi` Ihclhjsim Hldlr = Smeuh =96: tmhoomb ;? Nmhumri =96: tjhtmho Qjhgjomemh Qjhymbmeouhmmh cmh/mtmu Qjhlcmmh Momdm   =61Dmr`

[. _llcwmrc, Isbmd ih Nmvm> Hlrdmtivj Qijty mhc Disitgisd , Sjrn. Emiruh Wmbid EW Isbmd Nmwm> @jsmbjemh Hlrdmtiv vjrsus @jkmtihmh (Gjt.II0 B@ iW> iW> Yloy`mrtm, ;113), e. 76. =::

 

Due. ]msid

`jkjrmcmmhhym djrj`m ci tjhome dmsymrm`mt. Zhcmhouhcmho Cmsmr =93: djhyjkut`mh cmbmd, pmsmb (=) Hjomrm kjrcmsmr mtms @jtuemhmh Ymho Dmem Jsm.  Jsm.  (;) Hjomrm djhnmdih `jdjrcj`mmh timp-timp pjhcucu` uhtu` djdjbu` momdmhym dmsiho-dmsiho cmh uhtu` kjrikmcmt djhurut momdmhym cmh `jpjrgmymmhhym itu. Mbirmh @jpjrgmymmh ymho cidm`suc cmbmd pjhjbitimh pjhjbiti mh ihi mcmbme >Wumtu pmemd ymho djhom`ui mcmhym Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm, ku`mh kjrmsmb cmri wmeyu Suemh (smdmwi), hmduh kjrsudkjr pmcm kucmym kmhosm ymho djhomhcuho hibmi-hibmi spriritumb `jrlemhimh wmrismh bjbueur ymho eicup cmh tjbme djdkucmym cmbmd sjkmomi pjhmbmrmh =6=  giptm, cmym rmsm cmhdmsymrm`mt cmym `mrsm cmh emsibemsib `mrym dmhusim.cmym C.  Dlcjrmsi Dlcjrmsi udmt `jpjrgmymmh

kjrmomdm, kjrmomdm,

kucmym. kucmym.

mbirmh

Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ku`mh emhym djhojhmi `lhtj`s cmh pjrmhmhmhhhym cmbmd djdkjhtjhoi dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim cmri pmpmrmh fmemd ymho djhyidpmho sjgmrm pjrslhmb smdpmi pmcm kmemym ymho kjrcmdpm` pmcm cisihtjormsi kmhosm, hmduh dlcjrmsi nmue bjkie cmbmd mrtimh `jdkmbi djhomdmb`mh hibmi-hibmi momdm sjgmrm `mffme . tjhtmho kmomidmhm si`mp `jtjrtjridmmh tjremcmp `jemcirmh ‒icjhtitms ymho bmih— ci bumr ciri `itm, `i tm, hmduh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm djdkumt `itm sjhmhtimsm kjrcmdmi cjhomh ciri sjhciri, kjrcmdmi cjhomh lrmho ymho ticm` sjfmemd cjhomh `itm, cmh sjhmtism djdpjrk djdpjrkjsmr jsmr titi` tjdu cmbmd `jrmomdm `jrmomdmh h ymho mcm. Djhjdu`mh titi` emhym m`mh tjrnmci djbmbui pjhcmbmdmh mnmrmh momdm. Mb-`emteik mb-Kmocmci djhnjbms`mh, =6=Hmhcmh

Is`mhcmr, Mdjbym Oustihm, c``, Qjhoumtmh Qjrmh Ihtjbinjh cmbmd Qjhomwmsmh Mbirmh @jpjrgmymmh cmh Mbirmh @momdmmh cmbmd Dmsymrm`mt (QM@JD) cjdi @jtjrtikmh cmh @jtjhtrmdmh Zdud,

e.;;. =:6

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Lrmho ymho djdibi`i wm`tu bumho, cikjri `mruhim kmcmh sjemt Mbbme cikjri-Hym `jgihtmmh uhtu` tjrkjkms cmri tiho`mt `jklclemh, cmh cikjri tj`mc ymho `umt cmbmd emtihym uhut` djhcmbmdi momdm, sjyloymhym kjrsjojrm djhuhtut ibdu, `mrjhm ci`emwmtir`mh ni`m tjrnmci sjsumtu ymho djhyjkmk`mh upmymhym itu tjrejhti, mtmu tjrnmci pjrukmemh `lhcisihym ymho djhoembmhoihym uhtu` djhuhtut ibdu.=6;  Hmduh, ku`mh kjrmrti sjdum momdm mcmbme smdm, emb ihi `jbiru pubm nuom mcm ymho djdkjri`mh ihtjrprjtmsi cjdi`imh . Cmbmd mnmrmh Isbmd `lhsjp tmueic djrupm`mh emb djhcmsmr cmh djhnmci ru`uh pjrtmdm kjrkjcm cjhomh mnmrmh cmh m`mrmh momdm bmih. Cjhomh cjdi`imh idpjbjdjhtmsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim bjkie kjrlrijhtmsi pmcm pjdkjrimh rumho kmoi pjhomhut fmemd cmh momdm bmih uhtu` djbm`smhm`mh ikmcme sjsumi cjhomh mnmrmh djrj`m sjhciri. Wmbme smtu cmri jdpmt Ihci`mtlr dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm tjrcmpmt rumho uhtu` kucmym, ym`hi m`ldlcmtif tjremcmp `jkucm `jkucmymmh ymmh bl`mb, (`lditdjh `jkmhosmmh, tlbjrmhsi, mhti`j`jrmsmh0 cmh, mcmbme m`ldlcmtif tjremcmp `jkucmymmh bl`mb).=67  Ni`m `itm djdku`m bjdkmrmh sjnmrme Isbmd pjhomdmbmh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm dm`m m`mh citjdu`mh fm`tm kmemwm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm djhnmci kmoimh eicup udmt Isbmd. ^mdmh fmteub Dj`me   Hmki Duemddmc smw. ticm` djbmrmho udmt cmri momdm bmih uhtu` djbm`smhm`mh ikcme djrj`m. Zdmr Kih @emttmk `jti`m djhjridm hjomrm Djsir

=6;Mku

Mkcibbme Duemddmc, Mmfmtub ―Ibdi. Kjhgmhm Ibdu Sjrn. Mku Zdmr Kmsyir (Gjt.I0 Qustm`m Mt-Smz`im, Nm`mrtm, ;11:), e,=6. =67Kmbmi

Bitkmho @jdjhmo [I, Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm  (Nm`mrtm,   (Nm`mrtm, Kmbmi Bitkmho @jdjhmo [I ;1=9).e. 37.  37.   =:?

 

Due. ]msid

Cjdi`imh pubm `jti`m pmhobidm pjrmho Wmbmeuccih mb Myuki djdku`m hjomrm Djsir tjtmp djdkjri`mh pjhoelrdmtmh tjremcmp sydklb momdm hmsermhi ymho nmtue ci bmhtmi cmh djhomdkibhym sjrtm djhjdpmt`mhhym ci mtms djnm. Wubtmh Duemddmc mb-Fmtei `jti`m pjdkjkmsmh `ltm @lhstmtihlpjb djdkjri`mh `jbumsmh kmoi pjhomhut momdm bmih uhtu` eicup ci cmbmd wibmyme pjdjrihtmemhhym. Kjri`ut m`mh cipmpmr`mh tjhtmho hibmi-hibmi ihtjormsi cmbmd momdm tmhoomb ymho ci Ihclhjsim. Wjnm` djdpjrlbje `jdjrcj`mmmh =? Moustus =93: kmhosm Ihclhjsim djhoemcmpi kjrmomd tmhtmhomh kmi` ymho kjrsifmt ihtjrhmb dmupuh j`stjrhmb. Smhtmhomh kjrsifmt j`stjrhmb kjrupm pjhnmnmemh fisi` cmh icjlbloi, sjcmho`mh tmhtmhomh ihtjrhmb mcmbme `jdis`ihmh cmh `jtjrkjbm`mhomh. `jtjrkjbm`mhomh. Djs`ipuh citlpmho cjhomh sudkjr cmym mbmd ymho djbidpme, hmduh kjbud djhnmci nmdihmh uhtu` djdkumt wmrom Ihclhjsim djrmsm`mh `jcmdmimh cmh `jcmubmtmh sjkmomidmhm ymho ciemrmp`mh sjtimp wmrom hjomrm. Ku`mh kjrmrti bums cmh pltjhsi wibmyme ticm` djdibi`i mhcib cmbmd djdmnu`mh sjkume kmhosm hmduh fm`tlr `jtjrsjcimmh sudkjr cmym dmhusim djrupm`mh fm`tlr utmdm cmbmd djhiho`mt`mh `umbitms `mrm`tjr kmhosm tjrsjkut. Wjgmrm tj`stumb dmupuh `lhstj`tumb emb ihi djhuhnu``mh kmewm kmhosm Ihclhjsim mcmbme kmhosm ymho kjrmomdm. @jrmomdmh cmbmd eicup kjrmomdm mcmbme `ezmhme cmh fitrme cmri kmhosm Ihclhjsim

ymho cismtu`mh cmbmd fmbsmfme keihhj`m Suhoomb I`m. Wjeihoom ni`m cimhmbisis sjgmrm sm`smdm hibmi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm pmsti m`mh citjdu`mh cmbmd sjtimp mnmrmh momdm ci Ihclhjsim. Wjtjbme djhourmi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd pjrspj`tif pjhcici`mh Isbmd, kjri`ut cipmpmr`mh pubm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd mnmrmh dmsiho-dmsiho momdm ci Ihclhjsim. =.  @ristjh @ristjh   =:5

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Kjhymdih F .Ihtmh, cmbmd tubismhhym, Disi @ristjh Ci Ihclhjsim> @jsm`simh @ristjh Qrltjstmh   djhymtm`mh dmsu`hym @j`ristjhmh `j Ihclhjsim pmcm mkmc `j-=6 cimwmbi cjhomh pjhyjkmrmh momdm `mtlbi` lbje Qlrtuois, sjbmhnuthym cibmhnut`mh lbje Kjbmhcm ymho djdkmwm momdm Qrltjstmh ci Ihclhjsim  Ihclhjsim  pmcm mwmb mkmc `j-=?.=63  Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd trmcisi @ristjh, djnmci gmrm pmhcmho uhtu` djhjhomei j`strjdihitms tmfsir mnmrmh `ristjh ymho cifmemdi sjkmoimh uddmthym. Cimhtmrm `imt ymho cibm`u`mh mcmbme djbm`u`mh ihtjrm`si sjdm`sidmb duho`ih mhtmrm momdm ymho smtu cjhomh momdm ymho bmih, mhtmrm mbirmh ymho smtu cjhomh mbirmh ymho bmih cmbmd ihtjrhmb momdm. =6:  Cmbmd @ristjh mcm nuom istibme ‒`msie— `jpmcm Mbbme cmh `jpmcm sjsmdm dmhusim. @msie mcmbme `uhgi cmri sjkume eukuhomh slsimb.=66   Ni`mbmu sjlrmho kjr`mtm> ‒M`u   djhomsiei Mbbme,—   cmh im djdkjhgi smucmrmhym, dm`m im mcmbme pjhcustm, `mrjhm kmrmhosimpm ticm` djhomsiei smucmrmhym ymho cibiemthym, ticm` duho`ih djhomsiei Mbbme, ymho ticm` cibiemthym. (= Ylemhjs 3>;1).  3>;1). 

;.  @mtlbi` Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm nuom cmpmt cibiemt cmbmd pjrspj`tif Ojrjnm @mtlbi`. Ojrjnm @mtlbi` bjkie tjrkimsm djhoouhm`mh istibme ‒tjrku`m— cmri lpmcm ‒dlcjrmt— tjremcmp ‒fuhcmdjhtmbis— cmh ‒trmcisilhmbis—

(ymho djhlbm` pjdkmrumh cmbmd

=63Kjhymdih

F .Ihtmh. Disi @ristjh Ci Ihclhjsim> @jsm`simh @ristjh Qrltjstmh. Wlgijtms Cji Vlb.; Hl.; L`tlkjr ;1=:, e.7;?-7;5. =6:Jcy

Wutrishl,M`tumbismsi Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm ci Bjdkmom Qjhcici`mh, Nurhmb Kidms Isbmd Vlb.=; Hl;, e.7;3.   =66Qriymhtl _iclcl, @mrhmwmti, Dlcjrmsi Momdm cmh Qjdmemdmh [mci`mbisdj ci Ihclhjsim. QMWGM Nurhmb Sjlbloi cmh Qjhcici`mh Momdm @ristjh. Vlb.=:> Hldlr ;, L`tlkjr ;1=9,  e .==. .==. =:9

 

Due. ]msid

pjhojrtimh Ojrjnm @mtlbi`).=6?  Disi `mtlbi` dutm`eir djhyumrm`mh pjhom`umh tjremcmp mcmhym `jkjhmrmh ci bumr ojrjnm, cmh ^jhciho Qrltjstmh djdkjri`mh `jkjkmsmh ymho smhomt bikjrmb `jpmcm sjtimp ihcivicu uhtu` djhjdu`mh `jkjhmrmh.=65  7.  Eihcu Msmb-usub momdm Eihcu ci cuhim cidubmi cmri cmtmhohym kmhosm cmri cmrmtmh Jrlpm, mhtmrm Bmut Eitmd cmh Bmut @mspim (Kmhosm Mrym) `j Ihcim sjnm` =:11 WD cmh djhomcm`mh ihtjrm`si cjhomh kmhosm Crmvicm. Kmhosm Crmvicm ihi tjbme ci`jhmb sjkmomi kmhosm ymho djdkmhouh pjrmcmkmh ci Ihcim ymho kjrpusmt ci cum mbirmh suhomi ym`hi Wuhomi Omhoom cmh Wuhomi Ihcus cjhomh cum `ltm kjsmr ymitu Dlejhnl-Cmrl cmh Emrmppm. Kjrkmomi vjrsi kjrpjhcmpmt tjhtmho prlsjs dmsu`hym momdm Eihcu `j

Ihclhjsim. Mcm ymho kjrpjhcmpmt djbmbui nmbur pjrcmomhomh ymho cibm`u`mh lbje pmrm pjcmomho cmri Ihcim. Mcm pubm pjhcmpmt ymho djhymtm`mh kmewm lrmho Ihclhjsim `j Ihcim kjbmnmr Eihcu cmh `jducimh `jdkmbi djhyjkmr`mhhym ci Ihclhjsim. Momdm Eihcu dmsu` ci Ihclhjsim cipjr`irm`mh dmsu` pmcm mwmb mkmc `j IV ymho citmhcmi cjhomh kjrcirihym `jrmnmmh kjsmr kjrglrm` Eihcu ym`hi @jrmnmmh @utmi ci Eubu Wuhomi Dmem`md @mbidmhtmh Sidur cmh @jrmnmmh Smrudmhjomrm ci Nmwm Kmrmt. @itmk sugi momdm Eihcu mcmbme `itmk _jcm. Dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cmbmd trmcisi Eihcu m`mrhym cmri jdpmt Yuom   ymho cidubmi cmri Wmtym Yuom , Srjtm Yuom , Cwmpmrm Yuom  cmh   cmh @mbi Yuom  jdpmt.   jdpmt. Zdmt Eihcu djhoidpjbjdtmsi`mh djhoidpjbjdtmsi`mh sjtimp yuom mnmrmh-mnmrmhym mnmrmh-mnmrmhym sjkmomi kjhtu` dlcjrmsi..Mnmrmh eihcu ymho utmdm mcmbme =6?Jcy

Wutrishl,M`tumbismsi Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm ci Bjdkmom Qjhcici`mh,, e.7;3.  =65Ihcl

Wmhtmbim, Ibdu Qjrkmhcihomh Momdm (Gjt.I0 (Gjt.I0 Mbmuccih

Qrjss> Dm`mssmr, ;1=;), e.=73. =61

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

susibm, ymitu kmomidmhm djhnmom eukuhomh emrdlhis mhtmrm sjsmdm dmhusim, ymho djhnmci smbme smtu cmri tiom pjhyjkmk `jsjnmetjrmmh. @msie smymho mcmbme emb utmdm cmbmd dlcjrmsi ci sjdum momdm. =69  Mnmrmh Eihcu nuom djhomnmr`mh `jsjidkmhomh cmbmd djhnmbmhi `jeicupmh Dl`smrtemd Nmomceitm Ym Gm Iti Cemrdm ym`hi sjidkmho mhtmrm bmeirime cmh niwm (mtdm). Ni`m eicup dmhusim sjidkmho cim m`mh djhgmpmi `jkmemoimmh ymho sjdpurhm (dl`sm). 3.  Kucem

Momdm Kucem kjrmsmb cmri Ihcim kmoimh utmrm cmh cipjr`irm`mh tjbme mcm sjnm` mkmc `j-6 WD. Mnmrmh Kucem cimnmr`mh lbje Wiccemrtm Omutmdm. Momdm Kucem djhgmpmi dmsm puhgm`hym pmcm jrm [mnm Msel`m (;?7-;7; WD) ymho djhjtmp`mh momdm Kucem sjkmomi momdm rjsdi hjomrm. Wjbmih Wtupm, timho Msel`m djrupm`mh kmhouhmh pjrikmcmtmh tjr`jhmb ymho tjbme cikmhouh lbje [mnm Msl`m. _ibmyme `jrmnmmhym djbiputi sjkmoimh kjsmr wibmyme Ihcim. Momdm Kucem dmsu` ci Ihclhjsim pmcm jrm @jrmnmmh Wriwinmym ci Qmbjdkmho (6:1 D) cmh `jrmnmmh Dmnmpmeit (=;97-=:11D) ymho kjrpusmt ci Nmwm Sidur. Momdm Kucem dmsu` ci Ihclhjsim djbmbui nmbur bmut cmh pjrcmomhomh. Mnmrmh jsjhsi dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm, cmbmd momdm Kucem cmpmt cibiemt cmri Qjhgjrmemh Wmho Kuccem ymho kjrmsmb cmri Wicemrtm Omutmdm im djhoi`rmr`mh jdpmt  prmsjtym , ymitu kjrusmem djhlblho sjsmdm dmebu`, djhlbm` sjdum `jihoihmh hmfsu `jcuhimwimh, djdpjbmnmri, djdpjbmnmri, djhoemymti, djhoemymti, cmh djomdmb`mh Cemrdm, sjrtm kjrusmem djhgmpmi Qjhgjrmemh

=69

Jcy Wutrishl,M`tumbismsi Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm ci Bjdkmom Qjhcici`mh, Nurhmb Kidms Isbmd Vlb.=; Hl;, e.7;3. =6=

 

Due. ]msid

Wjdpurhm.=?1 Cmbmd mnmrmh Kucem nuom cimnmr`mh pubm uhtu` djhoelrdmti sjsmdm pjdjbu` bihtms momdm. Djbmbui mnmrmh ihi `jeicupmh cmpmt tjrnmbih sjgmrm kmi` cmh emrdlhis.  emrdlhis.  :.  @elho-Gu Momdm @elho-gu cipjr`irm`mh cmtmho `j Ihclhjsim kjrsmdmmh cjhomh pmrm pjcmomho Silho`l` sj`itmr mkmc `j-

7 Dmsjei. Emb ihi cibmtmr kjbm`mhoi kmhosm Silho`l` pmcm smmt itu tjbme djbm`u`mh pjbmymrmh cmh pjrcmomhomh `j kjrkmomi hjomrm tjrdmsu` Ihclhjsim. Weiseu _uniho djrupm`mh `itmk sugi @elho-Gu. Mnmrmh @elho-Gu smrmt pubm cjhomh si`mp dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm cimhtmrmhym, cimhtmrmhym, uddmt @elhoeugu ymho  nuhzi   (kjridmh cmh bueur kuci)  yih   mcmbme djdmhcmho `jeicupmh djbmbui  yih ymho, `mrjhm `mrjhm yih  fiblslfi, pjdi`irmh cmh spritumbitms udmt @elhoeugu, ymho ihoih eicup cmbmd cml. Yih ymho   mcmbm si`mp tjhome, ku`mh si`mp j`strjd. Wjsumtu ymho `urmho smdm kuru`hym cjhomh sumtu ymho kjrbjkiemh.=?=  Cmbmd @elho-gu tjrcmpmt pubm mnmrmh eicup Yjh cmh Bi tjhtmho mnmrmh `jsjidkmhomh ymho emrus cinmom. Lrmho emrus djdibi`i sifmt-sifmt ymho cisjkut ‒Geuho Yuho— ymitu si`mp sjhmhtimsm kjrmcm kjrmcm citjhome-tjhome citjhome-tjhome mhtmrm eicup kjrbjkiemh cmh `j`urmhomh ymho djdkjri`mh `jsjidkmhomh sjkmomi pjhojhcmbi pjrkumtmh ymho kjrbjkiemh.=?;  Djdpjremti`mh kjrkmomi mnmrmh momdm cimtms, dm`m m`mh cipjrlbje sjkume `jsidpubmh kmewm mnmrmh dlcjrmsi

=?1Jcy

Wutrishl,M`tumbismsi Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm ci Bjdkmom Qjhcici`mh, e.7;:. =?=Jcy

Wutrishl,M`tumbismsi Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm ci Bjdkmom Qjhcici`mh, e. 7;:. =?;Medmc

^mr`msi, Djhojhmb Ql`l`-Ql`l` Mnmrmh @lho Eugu.   Mb-McYmH. Vlb.IU Hl. = Nmhumri-Nuhi ;1=3, e.;3. =6;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

cmbmd eicup kjrmomdm tjr`mhcuho cmbmd sjdum mnmrmh momdm, mbirmh `jpjrgmymmh mtmu `jkmtihmh sjrtm `jmrifmh bl`mb dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim. Kme`mh prlsjs dmsu`hym

momdm-momdm ci mtms djhuhnu``mh niwm dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm dmsymrm`mt pmcm smmt itu tjbme dubmi tjrkmhouh. Emb ihi ciku`ti`mh cjhomh rjsplh kmi` dmsymrm`mt Ihclhjsim tjremcmp `jcmtmhomh pmrm pjcmomho cmri kjrkmomi bmtmr momdm. Djhomhmbisis emb tjrsjkut, dm`m pjhomdmbmh mnmrmh momdm, djhnmci pjrismi tjrcjpmh kjrkmomi ojrm`mh mtmu fmemd ymho m`mh djhyjsmt`mh udmt cmpmt cidihidmbisir cmh cimhtisipmsi pjhyjkmrmhhym. Sjhtuhym pjrmh timp udmt kjrmomdm cmpmt djhnmci ‒wmrhiho  ‒ wmrhiho — cmh kmoimh cmri `lhtrlb slsimb tjremcmp `jeicupmh kjrmomdm ci dmsymrm`mt. Qjdkjhtu`mh `lduhitms tl`le momdm sjpjrti Dmnjbis Zbmdm Ihclhjsim (DZI), cmh Dmnjbis Zdmt @ristjh Ihclhjsim (DZ@I), @lhfjrjhsi _mbi Ojrjnm Ihclhjsim (@_I), Qmrismcm Eihcu Cemrdm Ihclhjsim (QECI), Qjrwm`ibmh Zdmt Kuccem Ihclhjsim (_MBZKI)Dmnjbis Sihooi Momdm @elhoeugu Ihclhjsim (DMSM@IH), djhnmci bjdkmom ymho cmpmt djhyjrmp kjrkmomi pjr`jdkmhomh cmh cihmdi`m `jmomdmmh timp-timp pjdjbu` momdm cmh djhomrme`mhhym sjsumi cjhomh `jpjrgmymmh dmsiho-dmsiho. Wjkmk cidjhsi momdm djhgm`up sjdum emb rjbmsi dmhusim cjhomh Suemh Ymho Dmem Jsm, `jpmcm sj-Idmh sj-@jym`ihmh cmh rjbmsi dmhusim cjhomh sjburue giptmmh. F.  Qjrsmucmrmmh [msm pjrsmucmrmmh djrupm`mh hibmi-hibmi bueur dmhusim ymho dmdpu djbihtmsi sjombm bmtmr kjbm`mho. Qjrsmucmrmh cmbmd Isbmd ikmrmt smtu kmcmh dmhusim. @jti`m `ubit cioioit sjrmhoom dm`m sjgmrm ltldmtis ltm` m`mh djrjsplh cmhpjrbu tmhomh m`mh djhousi` tjrsjkut. Smhomh ticm` `llrcihmsi cjhomh sjrmhoom tjbihom, djhuhoou ihstru`si bicme. Hmduh gu`up smtu smnm rmsm sm`it dm`m sjburue tukue m`mh djdkjri`mh rjsplh sjgmrm pjhue =67

 

Due. ]msid

sjkmoidmhm mdmhme ymho cititip`mh Suemh `jpmcm djrj`m. Ni`m prjsjpsi ihi cimcmpmtmsi `jcmbmd `jeicupmh dm`m rmsm sm`it ihi kism kjrusudkjr cmri kjrkmomi emb sjpjrti sjrmhomh dusue, cikmwme `j`umsmh pjdidpih ymho cembid, pjhlcmmh momdm. Qjrsmucmrmmh ihi ku`mh emhym cismtu`mh lbje i`mtmh `jbumrom hmduh cii`mt lbje mqicme. I`mtmh mbudhi (I@M) pjrsumcmrmmh `lduhitms M, Lromhismsi K, mcmbme bmho`me djdmcu`mh `llrcihmsi cmh ihflrdmsi cicmbmd rmho`m tjtmp djhnmom cmh djhnmbih hmdmhym pjrsmucmrmmh. Qmcm dmsm sjbmhnuthym pjrsmucmrmmh ihi dmsu` `jcmbmd rmhme bjdkmom cjhomh djdkjhtu` `lduhitms kjsmr. Kjri`ut ubmsmh njhis-njhis pjrsmucmrmmh djhnmci omrcm tjrcjpmh cmbmd djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm > =.  Qjrsmucmrmmh sjmomdm Qjrsmucmrmmh sjmomdm mcmbme emb pjhtiho cmbmd djdkmhouh dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm. Emb ihi djrupm`mh icjhtitms kmewm ni`m pjrsmucmrmmh cmbmd sjmomdm cmpmt tjrnmbih cjhomh kmi`, dm`m pjrtudkuemh j`lhldi dmsymrm`mt m`mh djhiho`mt, kjrkmomi mbirmh mtmu fmemd djhyidpmho cmpmt tjrmtmsi, `jeicupmh m`mh tjrnmbih sjgmrm ru`uh. [msm pjrsmucmrmmh m`mh djdkmwm sjkume `j`umtmh kmru cicmbmd sjkume `jbldpl` mtmu dmsymrm`mt. Omdkmrmh pjrsmucmrmmh sjmomdm tjromdkmr `jti`m Mku Dusm mbMsy’mri djdkmwm bidmpubue lrmho bm`i-bm`i bm`i-bm`i pjhcucu` Ymdmh djhunu Dj`me cim`ikmt`mh slbicmritms pjhcucu` tjrsjkut cjhomh Mku Dusm mb-Msy’mri, mb-Msy’mri, [msububbbme djdkjri sjkutmh djrj`m ‒olblhomh Msy’mri—

LrmhoLrmho-lrmho lrmho Msy’mri ihi kibmmtmu djrj`m `j`urmhomh dm`mhmh cmbmd pjpjrmhomh citidpm pmgj`bi`, dm`m djrj`m `udpub`mh sjdum dm`mhmh ymho djrj`m dibi`i pmcm sjbjdkmr `mih, bmbu djrj`m kmoi =63

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

rmtm. Djrj`m tjrdmsu` olblhomh`u, tjrdmsu` olblhomh djrj`m.=?7 

cmh

smym

Djrj`m, duho`ih smnm ticm` cj`mt cmbmd sibsibme `jbumrom hmduh `mrjhm rmsm pjrsmucmrmmh ymho `umt djrj`m tjtmp kjrnumho smdpmi smmt ihi. Wjkume `mtm kinm` djhymtm`mh >

‫د و‬‫ و‬  ‫ و‬‫ و‬‫و ل‬  ‫ؽ إ‬  Kjrmpm kmhym` smucmrm ymho ticm` cibmeir`mh lbje smtu iku .— .— Z`euwme mrtihym kjrsmucmrm. Wmucmrm sjidmh cmbmd Isbmd mcmbme smucmrm sjmomdm, djym`ihi sjdum ymho mcm cmbmd ru`ud Idmh, kjridmh `jpmcm Mbbme swt. kjridmh `jpmcm Dmbmi`mt, kjridmh `jpmcm [msub-[msub Mbbme, kjridmh `jpmcm `itmk Mbbme, kjridmh `jpmcm dmeb` oemik, sjrtm kjridmh `jpmcm ]mcem   cmh ]mcmr. Qjrsmucmrmh ihi ticm` tjri`mt lbje icjhtitms hjomrm, dmupuh tjritlrimb. @jti`m djrj`m tjbme kjridmh `jpmcm emb-emb tjrsjkut kjrmrti djrj`m mcmbme sumcmrm sjidmh mtmu smucmrm smtu mqicme. ]W. Mbi Idrmh/7>=17 >

‫ي‬    ‫ ر‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ وع‬ ‫د إ‬ ‫ و‬‫ و‬ ‫د‬‫در‬‫ و‬ ۞  ‫د‬ ‫ إ‬‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬‫ و‬ ‫ ـ‬‫ وآ‬ ‫د إ‬ ‫ و‬ ‫د‬‫دعو‬‫و‬  ‫ل‬‫ و‬‫ؤ‬ ‫ وس و‬ ‫و ٱ‬‫ وع‬ ‫ي‬   ‫ و‬ ‫د ـ‬‫ ب و‬  ‫ و‬  ‫ي‬‫وغو‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬    ‫ و‬ ‫و‬   ‫وإ و‬‫و‬  ‫د ـ‬‫وع و‬  ‫م‬    ‫و‬  ‫و‬ ‫ي‬‫إ‬‫و و‬      ‫ و‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫د إ‬    ‫و‬     ‫و‬   ‫ي‬ ‫ و‬ ‫و‬  ‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ؽ‬‫إ‬‫د‬ ‫ و‬  ‫ و‬ ‫ ٱ‬ ‫ و‬     Cmh kjrpjomhobme `mdu sjdumhym `jpmcm tmbi (momdm) Mbbme, cmh nmhomhbme `mdu kjrgjrmi-kjrmi, cmh ihomtbme m`mh hi`dmt Mbbme `jpmcmdu `jti`m cmeubu (dmsm Nmeibiyme) kjrdusue-dusuemh, dm`m =?7Ejpi

Mhci Kmstlhi, =1= Wmemkmt Hmki (Gjt.VI0 Qustm`m mb@mutsmr, ;115), e. =75.

=6:

 

Due. ]msid

Mbbme djdpjrsmtu`mh emtidu, bmbu `mrjhm hi`dmt Mbbme, djhnmcibme `mdu lrmho ymho kjrsmucmrm0 cmh `mdu tjbme kjrmcm ci tjpi nurmho hjrm`m, bmbu Mbbme djhyjbmdmt`mh `mdu cmripmcmhym. Cjdi`imhbme Mbbme djhjrmho`mh mymt-mymt-Hym `jpmcmdu, momr `mdu djhcmpmt pjtuhnu`.  pjtuhnu`.  Smbi pjrsmucmrmmh sjmqicme cmbmd Isbmd smhomt cinuhnuho tihooi. Emb ihi cmpmt cipjremti`mh pmcm sjtimp pjbm`smhmmh ikmcme. Glhtle sjcjremhm, sjlrmho pjnmkmt hjomrm `jti`m tjrbmdkmt cmtmho smbmt kjrnmdmme dm`m cim m`mh `jeibmhomh tjdpmt uhtu` djhcmpmt semf pjrtmdm. Hmduh `jti`m bjkie mwmb cmtmho `j Dmsnic djs`ipuh cmri `mbmhomh dmsymrm`mt udud dm`m cim m`mh djdpjrlbje semf pmbiho cjpmh. Cjdi`imh pubm ni`m mcm udmt dusbid ymho djhombmdi emb ymho kjrkmemym, dm`m `jwmniikmh dusbid sjojrm djdkjri`mh kmhtumh. Dmri `itm pjremti`mh kmomidmhm `jdmdpumh cipbldmsi cmh si`mp jdpmti Mku Mse-Weicciq djdkjkms`mh Kibmb kih [mkme cmri pjrbm`umh dmni`mhhym, Zdmyyme . =?3 

=?3Kibmb

Kih [mkme, kjrmsmb cmri Emksyi (Jtelpim) Kibmb mcmbme `lrkmh trmcisi pjrkucm`mh pmcm zmdmh Mrmk Nmeibiyme, Zdmyyme mcmbme dmni`mhhym. Kmhosm Jtelpim smhomt tjr`jhmb djdibi`i `j`umtmh fisi` cmh `jdmdpumh djrj`m kjrmcmptmsi cjhomh mbmd. Cmbmd sjnmrme tjrsjkut pubm tl`le cmri Jtelpim, _mesyi Kih Emrk, mebi sjhnmtm tldkm`.@jti`m pjrmho Zeuc pmdmh [msububbme smw. Emdzme ouour citmhomh _mesyi(;; Dmrjt 6;:D/7 E). Sunue tmeuh `jducimh, Qmsgm _mesyi dmsu` Isbmd tldkm` ymho smdm cipm`mi `jdkmbi, uhtu` djhom`eiri eicup hmki pmbsu Duzmibmdmh mb- @mczmk cmbmd pjrmho Ymdmdme (Cjsjdkjr 67;D/== E). Kibmb Kih [mkme tjtmp istmqmdme cjhomh mnmrmh tmueic djs`ipuh cisi`sm bjejrhym cibibit tmbi citihcie kmtu citjri` dmtmemri. Kibmb `jducimh

cikjkms`mh lbje Mku Km`mr Ms-Weicciq r.m.cjhomh tjkusmh sjkjsmr 9 uqiyme jdms mtmu sjtmrm cjhomh [p. ===.;9=.111.-Cjdi`imh kjsmr pjremtimh Mku Km`mr Mse Weicciq r.m., tjremcmp pjrsmucmrmh sjmqicme, djs`ipuh Zdmyme djhmi``mh nudbme tmwmrmhhym sjkmomi symrmt djdjrcj`m`mh Kibmb, Mku Km`mr m`mh djhymhooupihym. =66

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Kjhtu` pjrsmucmrmmh udmt Dusbid cmpmt pubm cism`si`mh pmcm pjbm`smhmmh smbmt kjrnmdmme ci dmsnic, sjprti Dmsnicib Emrmd. Wjkmomi dmsnic tjrkjsmr, Dmsnicib Emrmd djdibi` cmym tmdpuho sj`itmr 911 riku nmdmme. Djhomtur semf (kmrismh) cmbmd njnjrmh ymho tjrmtur cjhomh nudbme `mpmsistms rmtusmh riku nmdmme, ku`mhbme emb ymho ducme cibm`u`mh `jgumbi tjbme cibm`smhm`mh trmihiho `eusus mtmu obmci kjr`mbi-`mbi. Hmduh emb tjrsjkut ticm` tjrnmci pmcm udmt Isbmd `jti`m m`mh djbm`smhm`mh smbmt kjrnmdmme. @mud dusbid cmh cmri kjrkmomi hjomrm, ticm` pjrhme kjrtjdu sjkjbudhym `ihi djrj`m kjrsmtu, smdm-smdm djhoemcmp`mh wmnmehym ` j`j `ikbmt. @jti`m iqmdme cmh idmd tjbme kjrmcm ci cjpmh djrj`m, `mud dusbid cmbmd eituhomh ticm` bjkie cmri ; djhit m`mh djdkjhtu` semf sjgmrm mutldmtigby   tjrsusuh tjrmtur. Emb ihi djhuhnu``mh pjrsmtumh udmt, smbmt kjrnmdmme nuom djhuhnu``mh pjrsmtumh mqicme ym`hi `jym`ihmh m`mh `jjsmmh Mbbme swt. Zhtu` djhgiptm`mh pjrsmtumh cmh `jsmtumh,  `jsmtumh,  ku`mh smnm mhtmr su`u mtmu kmhosm, tjtmpi `jsmtumh mbmd sjdjstm, `jsmtumh `jeicupmh cuhim cmh m`eirmt, hmturmb cmh suprmhmturm suprmhmturmb, b, `j `jsmtumh smtumh ibdu, idmh, cmh rmsil, `jsmtumh `jkjhmrmh, `jsmtumh `jprikmcimh dmhusim, `jsmtumh `jdjrcj`mmh cmh cjtjrdihisdj, `jsmtumh slsimb, plbiti` cmh j`lhldi, cmh `jsjdumhym kjrmcm ci kmwme smtu `jjsmmh,ymitu @jjsmmh Mbbme Wwt.=?: 

Emb ihi ku`mh emhym hmrmsi hlrdmtif, hmduh ciku`ti`mh lbje fm`tm sjnmrme tjhtmho kmomidmhm `embifme mb djhojrme`mh pmsu`mhhym cmri Kmoecmc djhunu Mrdjhim uhtu` kjrtjdpur, sjkmk sjlrmho wmhitm dusbidme tjbme

=?:D.

]urmise Weiemk, _mwmsmh mb- ]urmh ]urmh Smfsir Dmuceu’i mtms Qjbkmomi Qjrslmbmh Zdmt (Gjt.=70 Dizmh> Kmhcuho, =996), e.6. e.=7 =6?

 

Due. ]msid

cibjgje`mh ci tjhome pmsmr lbje pmsu`mh [ldmwi. Cjdi`imh pubm `jti`m [msububbme smw. djhcjhomr `mkmr kmewm tjrcmpmt sjlrmho dusbidme cipjrdmbu`mh ci Dj`me kjbimu djhoutus kmbmtjhtmrmhym uhtu` djhoojdpur su`u tjrsjkut cmh djhoeu`ud sjburue pjbm`uhym. @jti`m Fmtteub Dj`me, pmsu`mh dusbidih ymho tjrciri cmri `mud duemnirih cmh `mud mhsemr djdmsu`i `mkme, dm`m lrmho ymho uhtu` djhoudmhcmho`mh mczmh djhcmpmt pjrtmdm `mbi`jdubimmh ci Dj`me mcmbme Kibmb kih [mkme. Djs`ipuh wmrom Dj`me pjrhme djhousir `mud Dusbidih pmcm jrm mwmb pjhyimrmh Isbmd hmduh rldklhomh `mud Dusbidih ymho i`ut cmbmd rldklhomh Fmteub Dj`me   ticm` djbm`u`mh emb histm sjkmomidmhm ymho tjbme djhidpm djrj`m sjkjbudhym. Wi`mp djhudkue`mh pjrsmucmrmmh ihi ci ubms sjgmrm mpi` lbje Wmifuccih ^ueri, lrmho-lrmho Mhsemr cjhomh su`mrjbm djdkmoi `j`mymmh ymho djrj`m dibi` (rudme, emrtm kjhcm, tjrhm` cmh bmciho) uhtu` cikjri`mh `jpmcm rmtusmh lrmho duemnirih. Hmduh si`mp pjrsmucmrmmh ihi cismdkut cjhomh `smtrim lrmho Duemnirih. @mud pjhcmtmho cmri Dj`me ihi (Duemnirih) ticm` dmu djhnmci kjkmh lrmho-lrmho Dmcihme. Lrmho Duemnirih

ihipuh djbm`u`mh mpm ymho djrj`m bm`u`mh ci Dj`me sjpjrti kjrcmomho, sjeihoom `mud Mhsemr cmh Duemnirih djdkmhouh `jdmnumh j`lhldi sjgmrm kjrsmdm.=?6  Wjbmih mnmrmh Isbmd ymho ducme citjridm lbje m`mb, i`mtmh sj`mtcjhomh mhtmrm su`u si `mym si dis`ih, mqicme mhtmrm ymho su`u djrjtms tjr`jdu`m ymhocmh bmih, mhtmrm rms ymho smtu cjhomh bmihhym djrupm`mh fm`tlr pjdku`m, Isbmd ducme citjridm ci sjdum `mbmhomh. Djholhtmri emb tjrsjkut pjhubis kjr`jkmhosmmh Bikmhlh,

=?6Wmifuccih

^ueri, Wjnmrme Qjr`jdkmhomhhym ci Ihclhjsim, e.3:-36.

@jkmho`itmh

Isbmd

cmh

=65

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Fmtei Ym`mh djhymtm`mh, pjrsmucmrmmh mcmbme djhymtu`mh niwm cmh rle sjsjlrmho cjhomh momdm cmh `jym`ihmhhym.=??  Qjdjbu` cmri kjrkmomi `mbmhomh cmh bmtmr kjbm`mho m`mh djbmeir`mh gmrmpmhcmho ymho kjrmomd pubm sjeihoom emb ymho bmzid ni`m cmbmd sjtimp momdm ticm` tjr`jgumbi Isbmd m`mh ci tjdu`mh kjrkmomi dmczemk. @jrmomdmh dmczemk cmbmd Isbmd, emb tjrsjkut djrupm`mh `emzmhme ymho ticm` pjrbu uhtu` cipjrtjhtmho`mh sjkmk Mbbme swt. cjhomh tjoms djhymtm`mh kmewm pjrkjcmmh cmbmd uddmt Isbmd mcmbme rmedmt. Kjrkmomi emb tjrsjkut, djhnmci plih pjhtiho kjtmpm kjsmr pjremtimh mnmrmh Isbmd cmbmd djhnmom pjrsmtumh cmh `jsmtumh uddmt, emhym prjci`mt tmqwmbme ymho djdkjcm`mh cjrmnmt udmt Isbmd. Zdmt Isbmd klbje smnm kjrmsmb cmri kjrkmomi bmtmr kjbm`mho prlfjsi, rms `mu`mslic,

dlholblic, hjorlic cmh rms rms ymho bmih hmduh, `jti`m djrj`m djbm`smhm`mh ikmcme, kjrwuceu, smbmt, pumsm rmdmcemh, zm`mt, qurkmh, kjrihtjrm`si cmbmd `jeicupmh slsimb kme`mh `jti`m djhihoomb cuhimpuh djrj`m djhcmpmt pjbmymhmh cmh pjrbm`umh ymho smdm. Wi`mp pjrsmucmrmmh ihibme ymho djhnmci, cimhtmrm fm`tlr sjeihoom mrmk nmeibiyme djhjhtmho `jrms mnmrmh Isbmd pmcm dmsm mwmb pjhyjkmrmhhym. Nustjru emb ihi kjrkmhciho tjrkmbi` cjhomh pmhcmhomh dmhusim. Cjhomh ticm` mcmhym omp-omp sjpjrti dihlritms cmh supjrilritms lbje Eustlh Wdite cmbmd Sej _lrbcs [jbioilhs Lur Orjmt _iscld Srmcitilhs, kjr`ldjhtmr, Dusbids bi`j tl rjgmbb temt tej first dujzzih, Kibmb,wms mh Jteilpimh wel prmyjc rjoubmrby flr tej

=??Fmtei

Ym`mh, Sl Kj M Dusbid Sjrn. Kuremh _irmsukrmtm  (Gjt. I0 GV. Gjhcj`im Wjhtrm Dusbid> Dusbid Emrmpmh Mbbme cmh [msubhym  (Gjt. Nm`mrtm, S,te,), e.=36. =69

 

Due. ]msid

glhvjrsilh lf tej @lrjise –‒weitjs—  –‒weitjs—   wel wjrj pjrsjgutiho tej jmrby kjbijvjrs, dmhy lf weld wjrj kbmg`.=?5   Wjnm` Isbmd cirismbme`mh `j kudi =311 sibmd, sjnmrme ticm` pjrhme djhgmtmt kmewm mcm `jbms slsimb cmbmd djhomdmb`mh mnmrmh Isbmd. Cipbldmt cmh pjnmkmt smbmt msemrhym urusmh hjomrm sjcmho`mhemhym ymho tiom bmihrm`mmt tjtmp `mrjhm jdpmt pmcmthym rm`mmt smnm. Qjhousmem, pumsm rmdmcemh bjkie cmri tiom pubue emri `mrjhm mhuojrme `jbjkiemh emrtm ymho cidibi`ihym sjcmho`mh ymho bmih cikjri `jrihomh cikmwme tjtmp tiompubue emri, njhmzme pjhousmem `mih `mfmhhym kjrdltif `jti`m djhihoomb cuhim, bmihhym cmpmt djhoouhm`mh `mih `mfmh kimsm smnm. Wj`mbi bmoi itu

ticm` pjrhme cmh ticm` pjrhme Isbmd djdkjcm`mh pjrbm`umh mhtmrm smtu olblhomh dmsymrm`mt cjhomh bmihhym. Ku`mh emhym i`mtmh pjrsmucmrmmh sjmqicme `jti`m eicup ci cuhim hmduh `jti`m djhihoomb cuhimpuh i`mtmh ihi tjtmp `umt djhom`mr. Fm`tmhym cmpmt cibiemt pmcm duhmnmt pmrm `emtik mtmu idmd sjtjbme smbmt fmrceu cjhomh sjhmhtimsm sjhmhti msm djclm`mh cmh djdlelh`mh mdpuh uhtu` `mud dusbidih/dusbidmt dusbidih/dusb idmt ymho dmsie eicup eicup dmupuh dmupuh ym ymho ho tjbme tjbme djhihoomb cuhim cisjburue pjhnuru cuhim. Isymrmt hibmi pjrsmucmrmmh ihi cmppmt cipjremti`mh pmcm emcis [msububbme smw

    ‫ وؤ و و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ و‬   ‫ و‬   ‫و و‬‫ و‬‫و‬ ٛ ٛ‫د‬ ‫ و‬   ‫ و‬‫و‬     ‫و‬ ‫ د‬‫ و‬  Kmrmhosimpm ymho djdlelh`mh mdpuhmh kmoi lrmho-lrmho ymho kjridmh (bm`i-bm`i cmh  pjrjdpumh), dm`m Mbbme tjbme djhgmtmt kmoihym

=?5Eustlh

Wdite, Sej _lrbcs [jbioilhs Lur Orjmt _iscld

(Wjglhc Jcitilh> Emrpjr Wmh Frmhsisgl0 Gmbiflrhim, =99=), Srmcitilhs e,;:3. =?1

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

cjhomh sjtimp lrmho ymho kjridmh (bm`i-bm`i cmh  pjrjdpumh) sjkmomi smtu pmembm `jkmi`mh. (E.[. Siridczi) ; .  Z`euwme _mtmhim _mtmhime e

Wmucmrm sjkmhosm kjrmrti sjtimp icjhtitms ymho bmeir ci Ihclhjsim djs`ipuh djhjtmp pmcm tjdpmt kjrkjcm,

cikjsmr`mh cmbmd momdm cmh `jpjrgmymmh kjrkjcm, hmduh `jbmeirmhhym ci Ihclhjsim, dm`m lrmho tjrsjkut mcmbme smucmrm sjkmhosm. I`mtmh ihi smhomt njbms, tjrtjrm cmbmd dm`hm bmdkmho hjomrm Qmhgmsibm Keihhj`m Suhoomb I`m cmh sibm `jtiom pjrsmtumh Ihclhjsim cjhomh bmdkmho plelh kjrihoih..  Widpub pjrsmucmrmmh cjhomh bmdkmho plelh kjrihoih kjrihoih djbmdkmho`mh `jrihcmhomh uhtu` sjburue wmrom hjomrm, `j`umtmh cmemh cmbmd djhnmom pjrsmtumh, sjrtm m`mr tuhoomho ymho djhoeunmd kudi sjkmoi sidklb jrmthym pjrsmucmrmmh. Cjhomh tudkuehym rmsm pjrsmucmrmmh dm`m m`mh tudkue pubm rmsm `jpjdibi`mh (sjhsj ( sjhsj lf kjblhoiho ) tjremcmp tmhme mir, dm`m sjburue icjhtitms su`u, momdm, cmh `jpjrgmymmh kjrpmcu djhnmci smtu ym`hi Ihclhjsim. Ymssjr Mrmfmt, djhymtu`mh sjburue lromhismsi Isbmd ci Qmbjstihm uhtu` djhoemcmho Isrmjb ym`hi Mb-Fmtme ymho `jducimh djnmci lromhismsi QBL (Qmbjstihj (Qmbjstihj Bikjrmtilh Lromhitmtilh ). ). [msm pjrsmucmrmmh ihibme ymho djdkumt rm`ymt Qmbjstihm rjbm djhgurme`mh niwm cmh rmomhym uhtu` pjdkjkmsmh kmoi ‒hjojri ‒hjojri pmrm hmki—   ihi. Kjri`ut cimblo slrmho rjbmwmh kjrsmdm ojhjrmsi ducm Qmbjstihm [jpukbi`m.gl.ic.   kjrcmsmr`mh kjritm cmri [jpukbi`m.gl.ic. @mbimh eicup susme sjpjrti ihi, pmcmemb `mbimh kism djhgmri `jeicupmh ymho bjkie kmi` ci bumr Nmbur Omzm. @jhmpm ticm` einrme smnm, dismbhym `j Mdjri`m mtmu JrlpmSicm` m`mh Qjrhme   (Eldj, Hjw, Ihtjrmhtilhmb, [jpukbi`m.gl.ic ;= Mprib ;1=;). =?;

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

Qmcm `lhtj`s `j`ihimh, djcim pjrnumhomh dmsie tjrku`m bjkmr uhtu` djhuhnu``mh rmsm pjrsmucmrmmh sjkmhosm, ym`hi kjrsmtu djbmwmh pjhnmnme cmbmd kjhtu` `jdis`ihmh cmh `jtjrkjbm`mhomh. Djs`ipuh emb ihi ticm` ducme hmduh cjhomh djhoemymti pjrnumhomh pmrm pmebmwmh ojhjrmsi dmsm `ihi sjdm`ih tjrtmhtmho uhtu` `jdkmbi djhom`tumb`mh dm`hm pjrsmucmrmmh sjkmhosm ymho cidibi`i pmsgm `jdjrcj` `jdjrcj`mmh. mmh. 7.  Z`euwme Kmsmriyme   Z`euwme kmsmriyme   djrupm`mh i`mtmh pjrsmucmrmmh `mrjhm smdm dmhusim. Mcm pubm ymho djhymtm`h kmewm i`mtmh pjrsmucmrmh `mrjhm smdm dmhusim cjhomh djhoouhm`mh istibme u`euwme ihsmhiyme . Qjrsmucmrmmh ihi djrupm`mh pjrsmucmrmmh ymho djbihtmsi pjrkjcmmh momdm, rms, cmh kmhosm. Djdpjrjrmt pjrsmtumh mhtmr uddmt dmhusim cjhomh cmsmr `jym`ihmh smdm dmebu` giptmmh Suemh. Qmsm dmsm mwmb sjnmrme dmhusim, j`spmhsi sjkume kmhosm supjrilr `j kmhosm bmih djhnmci situmsi ymho budrme. Djrj`m kjr`ldpjtisi djbm`u`mh pjhnjbmnmemh cmh djhgmri cuhim kmru ymho cmpmt cinmci`mh sjkmomi sudkjr dmtjrimb cmbmd djdkmhouh kmhosmhym. Qmcm `lhcisi j`strid pmrm pjhnjbmnme ihi sjriho djhoouhm`mh `j`umtmh pjrsjhnmtmmh uhtu` djhj`mh pjhcucu` msbi. Cjhomh cmbie mtmu cmsmr mpmpuh emb ihi smhomt kjrtjhtmhomh cjhomh hibmi-hibmi pjrsmucmrmmh udmt dmhusim. Sicm` mcm fm`tlr pjdkjcm ymho djdkumt hibmi `jistidjwmmh cmri wmrhm `ubit, rms, mtmu kjrkmomi pjhibmimh fisi` bmihhym. Cmbmd pjrspj`tif Isbmd, dmhusim cmri Emwm. kmpm` cmh ymho smtu ym`hi omris Hmki Mcmd m.s.kjrmsmb cmh Witi Ni`m iku dmhusim djdibi`i `jturuhmh ymho smdm ym`hi Hmki Mcmd m.s. sjkmomi Kmpm`

=?7

 

Due. ]msid

cmh Witi Emwm sjkmomi iku, dm`m `jturuhmh-`jturuhmhhym djdibi`i rjbmsi `jbumrom ym`hi kjrsmucmrm. Hmki Duemddmc smw. sjhciri mcmbme lrmho ymho pmbiho dubim hmduh cmbmd `lhtj`s pjrsmucmrmmh ihi djdkjri`mh mprjsimsi ymho smhomt kjsmr. Wmemkmt ‗smemkmt hmki kjrmsmb cmri kjrkmomi su`u cmh kmhosm mcm cmri su`u ]urmise, Jtelpim, Qjrsim kme`mh mcm pubm cmri kmhosm [ldm. [jbmsi [msububbmepuh pmcm smmt djhnmci hmki djhnmbih eukuhomh cipbldmti` cjhomh kjrkmomi hjomrm mci`umsm pmcm smmt itu, sjpjrti rmnm Mh-Hmnmsyi pjdjrihtme kmhosm Jteilpim. [mnm Ejrm`bius @mismr [ldmwi ci [ldm cmh Mb-Duqmwqis Qjhoumsm Djsir. Sjrcmpmt pubm kjkjrmpm smemkmt hmki ymho kjrmsmb cmri kjrkmomi bmrmr kjbm`mho su`u. Wmkiq (istibme ( istibme smemkmt hmki ymho pjrtmdm djdjbu` Isbmd ) mcm cmri `mbmhomh hlh-Mrmk (Mnmd), mcm Weuemik Mr-[udi mcmbme smkiq cmri kmhosm [ldmwi, Wmbdmh mb Fmrisi mcmbme smkiq cmri kmhosm Qjrsim, cmh Kibmb kih [mkme mcmbme smkiq cmri kmhosm Emkmsyme. Djrj`m `jducimh djhjridm mnmrmh Isbmd cmh turut kjrnumho kjrsmdm rmsububbme smw. Sicm` mcm pjrkjcmmh kmhosm Mrmk cjhomh kmhosm hlh-Mrmk (Mnmd), ymho djdkjcm`mh mcmbme cjrmnmt dmhusim ci sisi Mbbme djbmui tmqwm. Cimhtmrm sisi bmih, mroudjht mnmrmh Isbmd gjpmt citjridm lbje udmt dmhusim mcmbme Isbmd djdkjri`mh tjdpmt ymho smdm, `jwmnikmh cmh em` ymho smdm kmoi dmhusim. Ku`mh emhym itu udmt Isbmd nuom cipjrihtme`mh uhtu` djhnmom niwm, djhoemromi `jkjrmcmmhhym, sjrtm kjrkumt kmi` `jpmcm dmhusim tmhpm djdmhcmho bmtmr kjbm`mho, su`u, momdm cmh rms. Mbbme swt. kjrfirdmh cmbmd surme ]W. mb-Dčicme mb-Dčicme /: > 7;,

 ‫ٱ‬ ‫ل‬                       ‫و‬  ‫و‬  ‫و‬     ‫ و‬     ‫ ـ‬ ‫و‬  ‫ و‬ ‫و و‬  ‫ و‬  ‫إ‬‫و‬       ‫ن‬    ‫ع‬     ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ٱ‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬  ‫ط‬ ‫ و‬‫إ‬‫ٽ‬ ‫وؤو‬  ‫و‬‫وإ‬‫و و‬ ‫ وى‬‫وؤو‬ ‫و‬‫ و‬ ‫ ـ‬‫ وآ‬ ‫ وط‬‫إ‬‫ٽ‬ ‫ و‬ ‫و و‬  ‫و‬‫وإ‬‫و و‬ ‫وؽض‬‫ٽ‬   ‫ لج‬    ‫و و‬

=?3

 

Djdkmhouh Dlcjrmsi Kjrmomdm

‫ٱ‬ ‫وؽض‬‫ٽ‬     ‫ر و‬ ‫ و‬ ‫و‬  ‫ي‬     ‫ ـد‬‫و‬ ‫ إم‬ ‫ؠإ‬  ‫ٱ‬ ‫و‬ٛ  ٛ  ‫و‬‫ؽ‬ ‫ي‬   ‫و‬   ‫ و‬ ‫و‬ ‫وم‬‫و‬  ۞    ‫ ـ‬‫آ‬‫وو‬     ‒Lbje `mrjhm itu @m di di tjtmp`mh (sumtu eu`ud) kmoi Kmhi Isrmib, kmewm> kmrmhosimpm ymho djdkuhue sjlrmho dmhusim, ku`mh `mrjhm lrmho itu (djdkuhue) lrmho bmih, mtmu ku`mh `mrjhm djdkumt `jrusm`mh ci kudi, dm`m sjm`mh-m`mh cim tjbme djdkuhue sjdmu dmhusim. Kmrmhosimpm djdjbiemrm `jeicupmh sjlrmho dmhusim, dm`m sjm`mh-m`mh cim tjbme djdjbiemrm `jeicupmh sjdmu dmhusim. Wjsuhoouehym [msub `mdi tjbme cmtmho `jpmcm djrj`m cjhomh (djdkmwm) `jtjrmhomh-`jtjrmhomh  ymho njbms. Sjtmpi `jducimh kmhym` cimhtmrm djrj`m sjtjbme itu djbmdpmui kmtms ci kudi  —  —=51  _unuc pjremtimh tl`le momdm ihtjrhmsilhmb tjremcmp hibmi pjrsmucmrmh sjsmdm dmhusim, `jdkmbi citjoms`mh cmbmd sjkume cl`udjh ymho citmhcmtmhomhi ci Mku Cemki 3 Fjkrumri ;1=9 lbje pjdidpih tjrtihooi udmt @ristjh @mtlbi` sj`mbious pjdidpih tjrtihooi `ltm Vmti`mh, Qmus Frmhsis`us kjrsmdm cjhomh Idmd Kjsmr mb-Mzemr, Fmceibmtu  Wymi`e  C[. Medmc Duemddmc Medmc Mte-Semyyik'  Mte-Semyyik'  cmbmd cl`udjh ymho kjrnucub ‒Eudmh ‒Eudmh Frmtjrhity flr _lrbc Qjmgj mhc Biviho Slojtejr — siohjc ky Eis Elbihjss Qlpj Frmhgis mhc tej Ormhc Idmd lf Mb-Mzemr Memdmc mb-Smyyik. Cl`udjh ymho kjrnudbme : embmdmh ihi cidubmi cjhomh djhyjkut hmdm Suemh sjrtm djhcjs`ripsi`mh `jsmdmmh em` cmh `jwmnikmh dmhusim cmh djhymtu`mh cicmbmd pjrsmucmrmmh cjhomh hibmi `jkmi`mh, gihtm cmh pjrcmdmimh,

=51Ku`emrm

mb-]ur’mh Smnwic cmh Sjrnjdme cibjho`mpi cjhomh Sjrnjdme @jdjhtjrimh Momdm [I,e.==7. =?:

 

Due. ]msid

Ih tej hmdj lf Olc wel ems grjmtjc mbb eudmh kjihos jqumb ih rioets, cutijs mhc ciohity, mhc wel ems gmbbjctejd tl bivj tlojtejr ms krltejrs mhc sistjrs, tl fibb tej jmrte mhc dm`j `hlwh tej vmbujs lf ollchjss, blvj mhc pjmgj .=5=  Cmbmd cl`udjh cl`udjh ihi tjrsjkut, tjrtubis pubm pubm hmr hmrmsi msi ymho djdibi`i mrti smdm cjhomh tjrnjdme ]W. mb-Dčicme mb- Dčicme /: > 7;. Wimpm ymho djdjbiemrm niwm sjsjrlmho dm`m smdm smnm cim cjhomh djdjbiemrm sjburue udmt dmhusim. Cjdi`imh pubm `mbmu sjsjlrmho djbm`u`mh pjdkuhuemh dm`m smdm smnm cim djdkuhue sjburue uddmt dmhusim, Ih tej hmdj lf ihhlgjht eudmh bifj temt Olc ems flrkiccjh tl `ibb, mffirdiho temt weljvjr `ibbs m  pjrslh is bi`j lhj wel `ibbs tej welbj lf eudmhity, mhc temt weljvjr smvjs m pjrslh is bi`j lhj wel smvjs tej welbj lf eudmhity.=5;   Wurme mb-Dčicme mb-Dčicme nuom cikjri hmdm surme mb-Zquc mb -Zquc (surme pjrnmhnimh ). ). @mrjhm cmbmd surme ihi kmhym` djhoubms tjhtmho djdkmhouh cmh djhnmom rjbmsi sjsmdm dmhusim cmh djhnmom djrj`m sjkmomidmhm djhnmom smucmrm sjhciri. Emb ihibme ymho djhnmci ihti cmri dlcjrmsi kjrmomdm ym`hi tjtmp kjrpjomho tjoue pmcm mqicme (Emkbu ( Emkbu Dihmbbme ) cmh tjtmp djhnmbih ihtjrm`si `jpmcm sjsmdm dmhusim (Emkbu (Emkbu Dihmhhčs) . Qjrcmdmimh ci mtms cuhim sjkmomi kmoimh cmri