Muestreo Aguas para Analisis Microbiologico

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh 8 dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

8

IFKGTN\I

Gsthfogagr go priagdnengbti phrh oh pohbnlnahanñb dgo eugstrgi dg hcuh, phrh hbèonsns enarifnioñcnai, trhbspirtg, ehbgki y hoehagbhengbti dg eugstrhs mhsth qug sg oogvg h ahfi go hbèonsns.

6

HOAHBAG

Qg gbliah gb go eugstrgi phrh nbvgstnchanibgs enarifnioñcnahs dg haugrdi aib oh NQI 8>47=

1

LWBDHEGBTI TGÑVNAI

Go sntni dg eugstrgi dgfg frnbdhr ahrhatgråstnahs rgprgsgbthtnvhs y tgbgr gb augbth auhoqungr vhrnhanñb vgrtnaho, mirnzibtho y tgepirho, y sg dgfg ndgbtnlnahr aib prgansnñb, tgbngbdi gb augbth hspgatis hdnanibhogs gspgaålnais dg enarifnioicåh. Gs aibvgbngbtg gvnthr pubtis dg eugstrgi nbgsthfogs, y sg dgfg tgbgr gb augbth oh mgtgricgbgndhd dgo snstgeh mndrèuonai. Gb gstudnis sifrg glnahanh dg oh dgsnblgaanñb, go pubti dg eugstrgi sg dgfg gsaicgr dg ehbgrh qug sg hsgcurg qug oh rghaanñb sgh aiepogth. Oh mgtgricgbgndhd dgo snstgeh pugdg nblounr gb ois rgsuothdis gb ois sncungbtgs hspgatis;  

Bi gs gqunvhogbtg tiehr ubh eugstrh dg dgfhki dg oh supgrlnang, ubh eugstrh dg oh oh supgrlnang, i ubh eugstrh "aibthenbhdh" dg dgfhki dg oh supgrlnang durhbtg oh rgaupgrhanñb h trhvîs dg oh pgoåauoh dg oh supgrlnang. Gb hocubis ahsis (pir gkgepoi, gb ohcis y pnsanbhs), oh aibagbtrhanñb gb oh pgoåauoh dg oh supgrlnang pugdg sgr 8::: vgags supgrnir h oh dg dgfhki dg oh supgrlnang.

 

Tidis ois pubtis dg oh rgd bi sib gqunvhogbtgs, yh qug pugdg mhfgr gx gxtrgeis trgeis y sgaanibgs eugrths gb dibdg sg rgduag go louki, phrtnauohregbtg sn oh rgd gs honegbthdh dg dis lugbtgs.

 

Oh ahondhd h oh s shondh hondh dg ub thbqug fngb fngb egzaohdi cgbgrhoegbtg gs oh enseh qug gb go augrpi dg hcuh, pgri pugdg sgr fhsthbtg dnlgrgbtg dg oh ahondhd h oh gbtrhdh.

4

TÎABNAH DG EWGQTVGI

4.8

ZGVQIBHO

Zhrh tidhs ohs pgrsibhs qug rghonzhb go eugstrgi, sg dgfg dgsarnfnr oh ahphanthanñb lireho, ois rgcnstris dgo gbtrgbhengbti y oh dgtgrenbhanñb dg oh aiepgtgbanh, y gsth nblirehanñb dgfg gsthr diauegbthdh hpripnhdhegbtg.

Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

Zècnbh 6 dg 81  

\grsnñb; :8

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

4.6

VGANZNGBTGQ ZHVH EWGQTVHQ

4.6.8 Cgbgrhondhdgs Zhrh ohs eugstrhs dg rutnbh (pir gkgepoi, eugstrgi gb ois crnlis, hcuhs dg ouchrgs rgarghanibhogs y hcuhs dg pnsanbhs) utnonag fitgoohs onepnhs y gstîrnogs. Go viouegb dg ohs fitgoohs dgfgråh sgr sulnangbtg phrh hbhonzhr tidis ois phrèegtris sionanthdis. Zhrh eugstrgi egdnhbtg nbegrsnñb gb hcuh onepnh utnonag fitgoohs gstîrnogs thbti gb go nbtgrnir aiei gb go gxtgrnir, y pritgcndhs, pir gkgepoi, aib phpgo `rhlt, phpgo dg houenbni i fioshs poèstnahs. Thefnîb sg pugdgb utnonzhr fioshs gstîrnogs.Oh fiosh sg hfrg nbegdnhthegbtg hbtgs dg oh tieh dg oh eugstrh, y sg pugdg aioiahr gb ubh vhrh u itri hphrhti dg eugstrgi gstgrnonzhfog. Aiei hotgrbhtnvh, oh phrtg gxtgrnir dg ohs fitgoohs dg eugstrgi sg pugdg dgsnblgathr egdnhbtg ub dgsnblgathbtg hdgauhdi nbegdnhthegbtg hbtgs dg nbegrsnñb, aiei pir gkgepoi nsipriphbio ho 3:%, y sg dgkhb sgahr hbtgs dg su usi. Gsti bi gs hdgauhdi phrh hbèonsns dg fhatgrnhs qug lirehb gspirhs. Gb oh ehyiråh dg ahsis sib sulnangbtgs fitgoohs dg 7:: eO phrh oh egdnanñb dg anbai ahtgciråhs dg enariirchbnseis, ahdh ubh dg ohs auhogs nbviouarh ub eèxnei 8:: eO. Gb hocubis ahsis, sib bgagshrnis vioûegbgs ehyirgs, pir gkgepoi;  

Zhrh hbèonsn hbèonsns s dg hcuh gefitgoohdh (67: eO pir phrèegtri)0

 

Zhrh Ogcnibgooh spp. i Qhoeibgooh spp. (mhsth 8 O)0

 

Zhrh vnrus, qunstgs dg Cnhrdnh Cnhrdnh,, iianstis dg Arytispirndnue Arytispirndnue,, hegfhs gb hcuhs onepnhs, sg gxhenbhb vhrnis ontris dg hcuh. Wsuhoegbtg, ubh gthph dg aibagbtrhanñb sg mhag gb go sntni ushbdi ub lnotri dg ahrtuami qug ougci sg trhbspirth ho ohfirhtirni.

Ohs fitgoohs pugdgb sgr dg vndrni i dg dnlgrgbtgs poèstnais (pionpripnogbi, piongstnrgbi, piongtnogbi, pionahrfibhti). Wsuhoegbtg sg prglngrg go vndrni phrh rgutnonzhanñb, engbtrhs qug go piongtnogbi gs dgsgamhfog. Zhrh fitgoohs dg vndrni, ohs thphs pugdgb sgr thpibgs dg poèstnai i dg vndrni gsegrnohdi, ubh thph poèstnah h prgsnñb phrh fitgoohs i khrrhs poèstnahs, i ubh thph egtèonah risahdh phrh auhoqungrh dg goohs. Ohs hfgrturhs dg ohs fitgoohs thphdhs aib thpibgs poèstnais i dg vndrni sg dgfgråhb pritgcgr hdnanibhoegbtg dg oh aibthenbhanñb utnonzhbdi, pir gkgepoi, phpgo dg houenbni. Auhbdi sg bgagsnthb vioûegbgs ehyirgs, pir gkgepoi phrh go gbshyi dg vnrus, Qhoeibgooh Qhoeibgooh   spp., hegfhs, iianstis dg Arystipirndnue Arystipirndnue,, qunstgs dg Cnhrdnh Cnhrdnh,, hocubhs vgags gs bgagshrni hbhonzhr vhrnis ontris dg hcuh.

Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh 1 dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

Zhrh gvnthr dnlnauothdgs gb go ehbgki, rglrncgrhanñb y hcnthanñb dg gstis vioûegbgs, sg rgaiengbdh ubh gthph dg aibagbtrhanñb nb sntu (pir loiauohanñb, agbtrnluchanñb i lnotrhanñb). Qg pugdgb ushr fiefhs pgrnstèotnahs aib tufis gstîrnogs. Gb auhbti h oh ahondhd dg ois ehtgrnhogs h utnonzhr sg dgfg tgbgr gb augbth oi sncungbtg;  

Ohs thphs egtèonahs, gspgan gspganhoegbtg hoegbtg ohs dg houenbni, pugdgb priduanr tixnan tixnandhd dhd auhbdi sg siegtgb ho hutiaohvg. Gsti sg pugdg gvnthr aioiahbdi ub rgvgstnengbti h prugfh dg luchs y rgsnstgbtg ho ahoir.

 

Hocubis ehtgrnhogs thefn thefnîb îb pugdgb cgbgrhr sufpriduatis tñxnais auhbdi sg gstgrnonzhb ho ahoir, nbaousi gb mirbi sgai, i pugdgb nbduanr ahefnis gb go pM.

 

Hocubhs ehrahs dg hocidñb ushdi ushdi phrh mhagr thpibgs phrh gqunpis gqunpis dg vndrni pugdgb oogchr h sgr tñxnais sn sg ahongbthb gxagsnvhegbtg h tgepgrhturhs dgehsnhdi hoths.

 

Ohs thphs dg poèstnai h prgsnñb aioiahdhs h ohs fitgoo fitgoohs hs tngbgb vhrnhs vgbthkhs y yh h qug sib mgreîtnahs ho ncuho qug ohs thphs risahdhs, y sg pugdgb dgkhr hfngrths, oi qug lhanonth go oogbhdi y pnpgtghdi. Auhbdi gstè hfngrth, oh thph pgrehbgag ubndh h oh fitgooh, y oh thph gstè thefnîb pritgcndh aibtrh aibthenbhanñb.

4.6.6 Gstgrnonzhanñb dg ohs fitgoohs Qn ohs fitgoohs dg vndrni y sus thphs sg rgutnonzhb, sg ohvhb aib ub dgtgrcgbtg snb lñsliri, bi tñxnai, sgcundi dg ub gbkuhcug prilubdi aib hcuh dgstnohdh i dgsnibnzhdh. Aioiqug ohs fitgoohs gb go hutiaohvg h (868 ¸ 1)º A durhbtg 87 enb aiei eåbnei. Ehbtgbch ohs thphs sugoths, phrh pgrentnr qug go vhpir rggepohag tidi go hnrg durhbtg oh gogvhanñb dg tgepgrhturh, y phrh nepgdnr qug ohs fitgoohs poèstnahs aiohpsgb ho gblrnhrsg. Hprngtg fngb ohs thphs risahdhs dgspuîs dg oh gstgrnonzhanñb. Aioiqug gb go hutiaohvg ois thpibgs dg vndrni sgphrhdis dg oh fitgooh, i usg ub sgphrhdir dg phpgo i houenbni phrh nepgdnr qug go thpñb sg hdmngrh ho gblrnhrsg. Qn gs bgagshrni, gstgrnonag ohs fitgoohs gb ub mirbi sgai ho egbis durhbtg 8 m h (83: ¸ 8:)ºA. Qgphrg ois thpibgs dg vndrni gsegrnohdi dgo augooi dg oh fitgooh, egdnhbtg ubh tnrh dg phpgo i trizi dg anbth phrh gvnthr qug sg hthsqugb durhbtg go gblrnhengbti. Aibtriog oh glnahanh dgo priagsi dg gstgrnonzhanñb egdnhbtg nbdnahdirgs quåenais i fnioñcnais. Auhbdi oh gstgrnonzhanñb bi gs pisnfog pir bnbcûb itri egdni, oogvg h ahfi oh dgsnblgaanñb suegrcngbdi ohs fitgoohs hfngrths gb hcuh mnrvngbdi, ho egbis durhbtg 1: enb. Nbegdnhthegbtg dgspuîs dg oh gfuoonanñb, vhaåg ohs fitgoohs y aioiqug ohs thphs siegtndhs h gfuoonanñb y gbvugoths gb phpgo `rhlt. Ohs fitgoohs dg piongtnogbi sg pugdgb gstgrnonzhr egdnhbtg gxpisnanñb h ñxndi dg gtnogbi chsgisi, pgri dgfndi h su tixnandhd, go priagdnengbti sg oogvh h ahfi gb nbsthohanibgs gspganhonzhdhs y sg dgkh qug

Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh 4 dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

trhbsaurrh tngepi phrh oh dgsiranñb dgo ñxndi dg gtnogbi. Zir thbti, bi sg ush aiei priagdnengbti dg ohfirhtirni dg rutnbh. Oh gxpisnanñb h ois rhyis cheh priduandis pir ubh lugbtg dg AI ñ As, i h gogatribgs hagogrhdis aib sulnangbtg gbgrcåh (8 h 6 x 8:4) gs ubh tîabnah dg gstgrnonzhanñb euy glnangbtg, dnspibnfog gb nbsthohanibgs gspganhonzhdhs. Bi mhy hatnvndhd hbtnfhatgrnho rgsnduho, pgri hocubis ehtgrnhogs sg pugdgb vgr hotgrhdis pir oh pionegrnzhanñb dgspuîs dg nrrhdnhanñb rgpgtndh.

4.6.1 NBHATN\HANÑB DG DGQNBLGATHBTGQ Zhrh gvhouhr oh ahondhd enarifnioñcnah dgo hcuh dgsnblgathdh pir ub ixndhbtg (pir gkgepoi; aoiri, aoirhenbh, friei, u izibi), dgtgbch oh haanñb dgo ixndhbtg thb pribti sg tieh oh eugstrh. Hcrgcug ub hcgbtg rgduatir tho aiei tnisuolhti dg sidni h ohs fitgoohs dg eugstrhs. Oh ehsh tgñrnah dg tnisuolhti dg sidni (pgbthmndrhthdi) bgagshrnh phrh nbhatnvhr 8 ec dg aoiri gs 3,8 ec. Hså, sg hcrgch :,8 eO dg ubh siouanñb dg tnisuolhti dg sidni ho 8,=%, pir ahdh 8:: eO dg ahphandhd dg oh fitgooh. Gsti nbhatnvhrè ho egbis 6 ec/O y mhsth 7 ec/O dg aoiri onfrg rgsnduho, dgpgbdngbdi dg oh dnbèenah dg nbhatnvhanñb, qug gs sulnangbtg phrh oh ehyiråh dg eugstrhs. Gb hocubhs anraubsthbanhs, pir gkgepoi gb ohs piagths phrh ois pngs, qug mhy gb ohs pnsanbhs, ohs egdndhs dg dgsnblgaanñb (pir gkgepoi, grrhdnahanñb dg ohOgcnibgooh oh Ogcnibgooh gb ois snstgehs dg dnstrnfuanñb dg hcuh pithfog), sg pugdgb gbaibtrhr aibagbtrhanibgs dg aoiri ehyirgs y sgrè bgagshrnh ubh ehyir disns pripiranibho dg tnisuolhti dg sidni. Go tnisuolhti dg sidni bi sg dgstruyg ho siegtgroi ho hutiaohvg i h ahoir sgai. Agranñrgsg dg qug go pM dg oh siouanñb dg tnisuolhti dg sidni gstè hprixnehdhegbtg bgutrho (ub pM fhki pugdg ahushr dgsaiepisnanñb). Go tnisuolhti dg sidni bi tngbg glgati gb oh eugstrh y sg pugdg ushr thefnîb phrh hcuhs bi aoirhdhs. BITH. Qg mh hlnrehdi qug oh Ogcnibgooh Ogcnibgooh   gs sgbsnfog ho sidni y qug gs prglgrnfog go tnisuolhti dg pithsni, pgri bi sg mh dgtgathdi bnbcûb glgati hdvgrsi dgo sidni h oh aibagbtrhanñb ushdh phrh nbhatnvhr ohs aibagbtrhanibgs dg aoiri usuhogs. Zhrh itris dgsnblgathbtgs gs bgagshrni tiehr ohs egdndhs dg nbhatnvhanñb airrgspibdngbtgs. Qn bi gs pisnfog bn lhatnfog oh nbhatnvhanñb, sg dgfg rgpirthr. Qg mhb rgaiegbdhdi hcgbtgs qugohbtgs phrh pritgcgr h ohs fhatgrnhs dg oh haanñb tñxnah dg egthogs pgshdis thogs aiei aifrg i anba. Qg pugdg ushr èandi gtnogbdnbntrnoitgtrhhaîtnai (GDTH) i bntrnoihagthti sñdnai aiei siouanñb lnotrhbtg gstgrnonzhdh, h ubh aibagbtrhanñb lnbho dg hprixnehdhegbtg 7: ec pir ontri, pgri sñoi sg dgfgråh hcrgchr auhbdi sgh bgagshrni (pir gkgepoi, hcuh trhthdh aib pohth i aifrg). Oh pohth thefnîb sg pugdg nbhatnvhr aib suoluri dg sidni. Hcrgcug 8 eO dg ubh siouanñb dg suoluri dg sidni (:,:8 %) h 8 o dg eugstrh.

4.6.4 Aibtrio dg ah ahondhd ondhd dg ohs fitgoohs dg eugstrhs Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

Zècnbh 7 dg 81  

\grsnñb; :8

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

4.6.4.8 Dgtgrenbhanñb dg oh gstgrnondhd Go ohfirhtirni dgfg hsgcurhr oh gstgrnondhd dg ohs fitgoohs dg eugstrhs, yh sghb prgphrhdhs nbtgrbhegbtg i sg hdqungrhb gb go aiegrani, yh sghb dg vndrni i dg poèstnai. Ohs fitgoohs prgphrhdhs aiegranhoegbtg sg dgfgråhb dgsphamhr aib ub agrtnlnahdi dg gstgrnonzhanñb aiei aibdnanñb dg hagpthanñb, y thefnîb sib rgaiegbdhfogs ois gbshyis dg gstgrnondhd gb go oitg qug sg gstè ushbdi. Gsti sg rgohanibh aib go oitg dg fitgoohs dgspuîs dg gtnqugthdi, oh hdnanñb dg hcgbtgs dg nbhatnvhanñb gb dibdg sgh pgrtnbgbtg, p grtnbgbtg, y hoehagbhengbti. Oh gstgrnondhd dg ohs fitgoohs usuhoegbtg sg pugdg chrhbtnzhr egdnhbtg go aibtrio dgo priagsi dg gstgrnonzhanñb. Qn bi gs pisnfog, sg dgfgråh siegtgr h gbshyi oh gstgrnondhd dg ois rganpngbtgs. h) Eîtidi mhangbdi ridhr oh fitgooh. Aibsnstg gb nbtriduanr dg 6: eO h 7: eO dg hchr butrntnvi lubdndi gb oh fitgooh dg gbshyi y rgaufrnr ohs phrgdgs aib hchr, mhangbdi ridhr oh fitgooh engbtrhs sg gblråh (hponahbdi hocubhs ciths dg hcuh, sn gs bgagshrni). Oh nbaufhanñb h (66 ¸ 6)º A durhbtg 7 dåhs bi dgfgråh priduanr arganengbti. f) Eîtidi aib ahodi oåqundi Aibsnstg gb aioiahr dg 6: eO h 7: eO dg tniconaiohti u itri ahodi butrngbtg gb go nbtgrnir dg oh fitgooh, sg mhag ridhr oh fitgooh phrh muegdgagr ohs phrgdgs y sg nbaufh h (66 ¸ 6)º A durhbtg 7 dåhs. Qn mhy gstgrnondhd, bi dgfg hphrgagr turfngdhd.

4.6.4.6 Dgtgrenbhanñb dg oh prgsgbanh dg hcgbtgs nbhatnvhbtgs Oh prgsgbanh dg tnisuolhti sg pugdg vgrnlnahr aib go eîtidi yidieîtrnai. N6 + 6Q6I16 - 

6 N- + Q4I/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh < dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

4.4.8.8 Cgbgrhondhdgs Go eugstrgi gb go crnli pugdg tgbgr dnlgrgbtgs pripñsntis; h) Dgtgrenbhr oh ahondhd dgo hcuh gb oh rgd dg dnstrnfuanñb f) Aibiagr oh ahondhd dgo hcuh auhbdi louyg dgo crnli phrh aibsuei (aiei sg gbtrgch gb go crnli, y qug sg pugdg hotgrhr pir oh rgd dg sgrvnani dgbtri dg oh gdnlnahanñb). a) Aibiagr oh ahondhd dgo hcuh auhbdi sg aibsueg, gs dganr, auhbdi louyg dgo crnli Oh egkir lireh dg tiehr ohs eugstrhs phrh gvhouhr oh ahondhd gb oh rgd dg dnstrnfuanñb (ahsi h) gs gb crnlis gspganhogs qug gstîb agrah dg oh rgd dg dnstrnfuanñb, gstîb onepnis, snb haagsirnis, y qug pugdhb sgr dgsnblgathdis Qg pugdgb ushr crnlis birehogs phrh gvhouhr oh ahondhd dg ohs rgdgs dg dnstrnfuanñb (ahsi h) sn sg pugdgb dgsnblgathr, pgri gb ahsi dg qug ois rgsuothdis bi sghb aohris, aibsndgrg oh rgd dg sgrvnani aiei ubh lugbtg pitgbanho dg aibthenbhanñb. Oh sntuhanñb dgsarnth gb go ahsi f) gs go eîtidi gsaicndi phrh gvhouhr oh ahondhd dgo hcuh pithfog, nbaoundh oh nblougbanh dg oh rgd dg sgrvnani dgbtri dg oh gdnlnahanñb. Gb gstg ahsi, bi sngeprg mhy dnspibnfogs crnlis qug sg pugdgb dgsnblgathr (mnpiaoirnti, nsipriphbio 3:%). Oh sntuhanñb dgsarnth gb go ahsi a) gs go eîtidi phrh gvhouhr oh ahondhd dgo hcuh pithfog gb sntuhanibgs gspganhogs, pir gkgepoi oh fûsqugdh dg enariirchbnseis aiei gsthlnoiaiais Dgpgbdngbdi dg su pripñsnti, pugdg sgr bgagshrni, i pugdg sgr nbairrgati; - Vgtnrhr ois dnspisntnvis y gogegbtis aioiahdis. - Dgsnblgathr go crnli. - Ohvhr prilubdhegbtg Go eugstrgi dg ois thbqugs dg hoehagbhengbti dg hcuh pithfog usuhoegbtg sg mhag gb ub crnli gb go pubti dg shondh. Ohs eugstrhs dg pir dgfhki dg oh supgrlnang hocubhs vgags sg tiehb dgo pripni thbqug, gb auyi ahsi sg rgqungrgb fitgoohs gstîrnogs thbti gb go nbtgrnir aiei gb go gxtgrnir  Hsgcûrgsg dg qug ohs eugstrhs sg tiegb hsîptnahegbtg, aib ohs ehbis onepnhs y ushbdi cuhbtgs gstîrnogs0 hdgeès, oh eugstrh sg dgfg pritgcgr dg airrngbtgs dg hnrg y shopnahdurhs. Durhbtg go oogbhdi, go nbtgrnir dg oh thph dg oh fitgooh bi dgfg gbtrhr gb aibthati aib bhdh Dgkg hocûb gsphani dg hnrg gb oh fitgooh phrh hcnthroh hdgauhdhegbtg hbtgs dgo hbèonsns. Thpg oh fitgooh nbegdnhthegbtg. Bi usg gsth eugstrh dg hcuh phrh oh egdnanñb dg tgepgrhturh i auhoqungr itri phrèegtri dgtgrenbhdi gb go sntni.

Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh 3 dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

4.4.8.6 Hcuh dg pohbths dg trhthengbti y thbqugs dg hoehagbhengbti Gb pohbths dg trhthengbti dg hcuh y thbqugs dg hoehagbhengbti dgfgb tgbgr crnlis dgstnbhdis phrh eugstrgi, gb ahdh shondh dg oh rgd dg dnstrnfuanñb y gb itris pubtis dg eugstrgi. Gstis crnlis sg dgfgb sgr dg ehtgrnho gstgrnonzhfog y ehbtgbgrsg onepnis, gtnqugthdis aohrhegbtg y ushrois gxaousnvhegbtg phrh eugstrgi.

4.4.8.1 Hcuh gb oh rgd dg dnstrnfuanñb Zhrh dgtgrenbhr oh ahondhd gb oh rgd dg dnstrnfuanñb, rghonag go eugstrgi gb oh rgd dg dnstrnfuanñb i agrah dg gooh (usuhoegbtg gb sgcundh dgo egdndir dg hcuh). Bi rghonag go eugstrgi gb crnlis c rnlis auyis vèsthcis citggb, y gb oi pisnfog. Gvntg crnlis aib egzaohdirgs. Vgtnrg auhoqungr fiqunooh i auhoqungr itri haagsirni qug tgbch go crnli Gonenbg auhoqungr suangdhd (ñxndi, oheh, crhsh u itri ehtgrnho gxtrhøi), y hfrh y angrrg rgpgtndhegbtg go crnli phrh gonenbhr oh eucrg dgo crnli. Dgsnblgatg go crnli. Zistgrniregbtg, hfrh go crnli mhsth oh enthd dgo louki y dgkg qug airrh hcuh go hcuh. Ougci aioiqug oh fitgooh hfngrth gb go louki dg hcuh y ooîbgoh fhki aibdnanibgs dg hsgpsnh. Zhrh dgsnblgathr oh fiah dg ub crnli poèstnai, dgspuîs dg onepnhr euy fngb, sueîrkhoi dg 6 enb h 1 enb gb ub vhsi dg prganpnthdis aib mnpiaoirnti dg sidni (hprixnehdhegbtg 8 c/O) i nsipriphbio i gthbio (3: %). Aiei hotgrbhtnvh, sg pugdg ushr ub mnsipi i fitgooh dg ohvhdi i dnspisntnvi snenohr, phrh dgsnblgathr go gxtgrnir y oh ehyir phrtg pisnfog dgo nbtgrnir.

4.4.8.4 Hcuh gbtrgchdh gb ggoo crnli dg ois aib aibsuendirgs suendirgs Zhrh dgtgrenbhr oh ahondhd gbtrgchdh gb go crnli dg ois aibsuendirgs, hsgcûrgsg dg qug bnbcubh aibthenbhanñb dg oh supgrlnang gxtgrbh dg oh eugstrh hoahbag oh eugstrh.  Hbtgs dg oogbhr oogbhr ohs fitgoohs, gonenbg gonenbg auhoqun auhoqungr gr suangdhd (ñxndi, (ñxndi, oheh, crhsh u itri ehtgrnho ehtgrnho gxtrhøi) gxtrhøi) qug sg pugdh dgsprgbdgr. Bi rghonag eugstrgi gb vèsthcis qug citggb. Vgtnrg auhoqungr fiqunooh dgo crnli u itri haagsirni i gogegbti aioiahdi. Dgsnblgatg go crnli Zistgrniregbtg, dgkg qug go hcuh louyh go tngepi sulnangbtg phrh hsgcurhr qug oh eugstrh bi tgbch glgati rgsnduho pir oh tgepgrhturh i go dgsnblgathbtg. Aioiqug oh fitgooh fhki go crnli snb agrrhr, y èfrhoi bugvhegbtg.

4.4.8.7 Hcuh phrh aibsuei Zhrh dgtgrenbhr oh ahondhd dgo hcuh auhbdi sg aibsueg, sg dgfgråh tgbgr gb augbth oh aibthenbhanñb dgo hcuh pir ohs fhatgrnhs dgo gxtgrnir dgo crnli y dg auhoqungr haagsirni i dnspisntnvi. Zir thbti, ois haagsirnis sg dgfgråhb ehbtgbgr aioiahdis y go crnli bi sg dgfgråh dgsnblgathr hbtgs dgo eugstrgi.

4.4.6 Hcuh dg ehbhbtnhogs y pizis Go hbèonsns dgo hcuh dg pizis pugdg tgbgr dnlgrgbtgs pripñsntis; Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh = dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

8) Aibiagr oh ahondhd dgo hcuh suftgrrèbgh. 6) Aibiagr oh ahondhd dgo hcuh dgo pizi. 1) Aibiagr oh ahondhd dgo hcuh auhbdi sg ush. Dgpgbdngbdi dgo pripñsnti, pugdg sgr bgagshrni gsaicgr dnlgrgbtgs tnpis dg eugstrgi, y hquå gs pgrtnbgbtg gsthfogagr oh dnlgrgbanh gbtrg pgrlirhanibgs i pizis gb ois qug gstèb nbsthohdis fiefhs gb lireh pgrehbgbtg. Ohs Thfohs 8 y 6 prgsgbthb ub phbirheh dgo tnpi dg eîtidi dg eugstrgi qug sg dgfgråh gsaicgr gb pizis dgpgbdngbdi dgo pripñsnti, aib i snb ub dnspisntnvi dg eugstrgi nbsthohdi gb lireh pgrehbgbtg.

Thfoh 8. Eugstrgi dgo hcuh dg pizis phrh dnlgrgbtgs pripñsntis, gb pizis aib dnspisntnvis dg fiefgi nbsthohdis gb lireh pgrehbgbtg, aib shondh i thph egtèonah Zripñsnti

Tnpi dg hcuh

Fiefgi

Ahondhd dgo hcuh suftgrrèbgh Ahondhd dgo hcuh dgo pizi Ahondhd dgo hcuh auhbdi sg ush

Hcuh suftgrrèbgh Hcuh dg pizis Hcuh auhbdi sg aibsueg

Qå (gxtgbsnvi) Bi (eåbnei) Bi

Dgsnblgaanñb dgo crnli Qå Qå Qå

Thfoh 6. Eugstrgi dg hcuh dg pizis phrh dnlgrgbtgs pripñsntis, gb pizis snb dnspisntnvis dg fiefgi nbsthohdis gb lireh pgrehbgbtg Zripñsnti

Tnpi dg hcuh

Ahondhd dgo hcuh suftgrrèbg suftgrrèbgh h Ahondhd dgo hcuh dgo pizi Ahondhd dgo hcuh auhbdi sg ush h  Dgspuîs dg fiefgi gxtgbsnvi. f  Qñoi fiefgi eåbnei.

Hcuhs suftgrrèbghs Hcuh dg pizis Hcuh auhbdi sg aibsueg

Aib fiefh suegrcnfog (onepnh) h f

Aib ubh fitgooh gstîrno gb go nbtgrnir y gb go gxtgrnir + -

Dg ubh aufgth +

Ohs pgrlirhanibgs i pizis gb ois qug mhy ubh fiefh nbsthohdh pgrehbgbtgegbtg usuhoegbtg thefnîb dgfgråhb tgbgr ubh shondh. Dgpgbdngbdi dgo pripñsnti dgo eugstrgi gs bgagshrni fiefgi gxtgbsnvi i bi, y dgsnblgaanñb i bi dgo crnli. Fiefgi gxtgbsnvi phrh pripñsnti 8 sncbnlnah qug go fiefgi dgfgråh durhr mhsth qug sg hoahbag aibduatnvndhd goîatrnah y tgepgrhturh aibsthbtg, i ho egbis mhsth qug sg chrhbtnag 1 vgags oh rgbivhanñb dgo viouegb dgo pizi. Zhrh go pripñsnti 6 sñoi gs bgagshrni ub frgvg nbtgrahefni dg hcuh, hpgbhs phrh supgrhr oh nblougbanh dg oh dgsnblgaanñb dgo crnli. Zhrh go pripñsnti 1 bi gs bgagshrni fiefgi bn dgsnblgaanñb dgo crnli. Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh > dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

Zhrh go pripñsnti 8, go eugstrgi dg pgrlirhanibgs i pizis snb ubh fiefh nbsthohdh gb lireh pgrehbgbtg (Thfoh 6) sg mhag aib ubh fiefh suegrcnfog. Gsth fiefh sg ush siohegbtg phrh hcuhs onepnhs, y sg dgfg chrhbtnzhr ub fiefgi gxtgbsnvi. Zhrh go pripñsnti 6, dg prglgrgbanh sg dgfgråh ushr ub dnspisntnvi dg fiefgi gstîrno qug nbaouyh ub pirthdir aib ohstrg. Aiei hotgrbhtnvh, sg pugdg ushr ubh fiefh onepnh suegrcnfog sñoi dgspuîs dg qug sg mhyh rghonzhdi ub fiefgi eåbnei prgvnhegbtg. Zhrh go pripñsnti 1, auhbdi go hcuh dg ois pizis i pgrlirhanibgs snb dnspisntnvis dg fiefgi gs ushdh pir ois aibsuendirgs, pir gkgepoi, egdnhbtg aufgths, oogbg ubh fitgooh dg eugstrgi gstîrno aib hcuh dg oh aufgth.

4.4.1 Hcuh dg pnsanbhs Zhrh eugstrgi dgspuîs dg ois lnotris, i gb tufis qug honegbthb pnsanbhs, dgfg mhfgr dnspibnfogs crnlis dgdnahdis phrh eugstrgi Oogbg ohs fitgoohs dg oh enseh ehbgrh qug phrh ois crnlis dg oh rgd dg dnstrnfuanñb Zhrh eugstrgi dgo louki dg hcuh h oh pnsanbh (dgspuîs dg aohrnlnahanñb, trhthengbti g nbygaanñb dg aoiri), tieg oh eugstrh h ubh dnsthbanh dgo pubti dg nbygaanñb, gb dibdg go rgsndui dg dgsnblgathbtg sgh gsthfog. Ohs nbspgaanibgs birehogs dgo hcuh dg oh pnsanbh nbaouygb eugstrgi dgfhki dg oh supgrlnang (-8: ae h -1: ae) ushbdi ubh vhrh dg eugstrgi, gb oh phrtg ipugsth h oh gbtrhdh. Wsg fitgoohs onepnhs y gstîrnogs. Gb husgbanh dg ub louki dg hcuh vgrtnaho, sg dgfgråh sgogaanibhr go pubti dg eugstrgi eès hpripnhdi y rgprgsgbthtnvi. Oh fitgooh sg nbtriduag mirnzibthoegbtg phrh gvnthr pîrdndh dg tnisuolhti, y ougci sg cnrh vgrtnahoegbtg mhsth qug sg mhyh rgaiogathdi sulnangbtg hcuh. BITH. Gb oh supgrlnang dgo hcuh dg oh pnsanbh, gb hcuhs trhbqunohs, sg lireh ubh enariahph aib haueuohanñb dg enariirchbnseis aiei go gsthlnoiaiai, dgbtri dg ohs bhths loithbtgs. Gb hocubhs pnsanbhs oh aibthenbhanñb dg oh supgrlnang thefnîb sg pugdg gvhouhr egdnhbtg eugstrgi dgo drgbhkg pgrnlîrnai dg rgfisg.

4.4.4 Hcuhs supgrlnanhogs 4.4.4.8 Hcuhs dg fhobghrnis Ohs hcuhs dg ois fhobghrnis (ohcis, råis, ehrgs) usuhoegbtg sg aohsnlnahb dgspuîs dg ubh sgrng dg egdnanibgs, durhbtg ubh gsthanñb. Ois pubtis dg eugstrgi sg dgfgb dglnbnr gstrnathegbtg.

Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh 8: dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

Ois pubtis dg eugstrgi dgfgråhb sgr rgprgsgbthtnvis dg oh ahondhd dgo hcuh gb dibdg sg gbaugbtrhb oh ehyiråh dg ois fhønsths, i dibdg sg gspgrh qug sg prgsgbtg aibthenbhanñb, dgpgbdngbdi dgo pripñsnti dgo eugstrgi. Tieg eugstrhs dg dgfhki dg oh supgrlnang (-6: ae h 1: ae), gb ubh aiouebh dg hcuh dg 8 e h 8,7 e dg prilubdndhd. Zistgrniregbtg, oogbg oh fitgooh cnrèbdioh mhanh ois ohdis y mhanh hrrnfh phrh gvnthr aibthenbhanñb. Gb dibdg gxnstgb airrngbtgs, ehbtgbch oh fitgooh vgrtnaho. Gb hocubhs pohyhs bi sg oicrh ubh aiouebh dg hcuh dg 8 e, y gs bgagshrni tiehr oh eugstrh h ubh prilubdndhd egbir. Gsti sg dgfgråh tgbgr gb augbth y sg dgfgråh prgsthr htgbanñb gspganho h ois glgatis dg oh rg-suspgbsnñb BITH. Wbh dg ohs prnbanphogs lugbtgs dg vhrnhanñb gb oh ahondhd dgo hcuh dg ohs pohyhs gs oh rgsuspgbsnñb dg fhatgrnhs hdsirfndhs gb oh hranooh i angbi ircèbnai. Oh hrgbh crugsh prgsgbtg gb ohs zibhs mndridnbèenahs bi hdsirfg oh ehyiråh dg aibthenbhbtgs. \hrnhs ahushs bhturhogs y hrtnlnanhogs dg rg-suspgbsnñb pugdgb nbargegbthr ois rngscis shbnthrnis y sg dgfgråhb tiehr gb augbth, pir gkgepoi, ohs iohs dg prnehvgrh, ohs tiregbths, go phsi dg ois fitgs. Qnb gefhrci, ub eugstrgi dglgatuisi pugdg tgbgr go ensei glgati (pir gkgepoi, oogbhdi dgehsnhdi agrah dgo libdi, hcnthanñb dgo sgdnegbti, go eivnengbti dgo pripni fhrai).

4.4.4.6 Ehrgs, ohcis, råis; dgsdg ub fitg. Ois phtribgs gsthanibhogs, oh gstrhtnlnahanñb vgrtnaho dgo hcuh dgo ohci y dgo ehr, y oh egzaoh dgo hcuh dgo råi sg dgfgråhb aibsndgrhr ho sgogaanibhr ois sntnis gxhatis dgo eugstrgi. Mhy dnspibnfogs euamis dnspisntnvis phrh tiehr eugstrhs fhki oh supgrlnang i dg prilubdndhd ogkis dg oh aisth0 phrh oi auho sgrvnråh ohs fitgoohs iaghbicrèlnahs ushdhs gb quåenah pgri qug sghb gstgrnonzhfogs Go snstgeh K-[ aibsnstg gb ubh fitgooh dg vndrni gstîrno aib vhaåi. Qg og aioiah ub thpñb dg ahuami y ub tufi dg vndrni, sg sgooh y sg difoh dg ehbgrh qug qugdg agrah dg oh augrdh. Auhbdi oh fitgooh gstè h oh prilubdndhd dgsghdh sg gbvåh ub egbshkgri gb oh augrdh, sg riepg go tufi y sg oogbh oh fitgooh. Gs pisnfog utnonzhr ubh fitgooh Bhbsgb. Qg mhb ushdi snstgehs aib kgrnbchs y itrhs tîabnahs dnlgrgbtgs, gb dibdg ohs eès aieponahdhs ehbtngbgb oh eugstrh dg hcuh h oh prgsnñbnb prgsnñbnb sntu, sntu, phrh go gstudni dg fhatgrnhs fhrilåonahs. Auhbdi sg ushb gstis dnspisntnvis, i ubh vhrh gb hcuhs piai prilubdhs, ehbtgbch gb ub eåbnei oh pgrturfhanñb dg ois sgdnegbtis pir phrtg dgo ipgrhdir, go fhrai, go hbaoh, gta. Gb ub fhrai h oh dgrnvh, tieg ohs eugstrhs dgo ohdi dg sithvgbti, bi h fhroivgbti. Dg ub fhrai hbaohdi i dnrncndi, tñegohs dg oh prih. Qg dgfgråh enbnenzhr auhoqungr aibthenbhanñb pir ohs augrdhs qug pirthb ois nbstruegbtis gstîrnogs, ushbdi, pir gkgepoi, hohefrg dg hagri nbixndhfog i ubh ahdgbh gb go libdi dg oh oåbgh.

Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh 88 dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

Fitgoohs Bns`nb

Fitgoohs Bhbsgb

4.4.7 Hcuhs rgsnduhogs Wsg cuhbtgs dgsgamhfogs phrh eugstrgi fhki oh supgrlnang, phrh enbnenzhr go rngsci dg nblgaanñb phrh go pgrsibho dg eugstrgi. Vgtnrg oh suangdhd dg oh supgrlnang gxtgrnir dg ohs fitgoohs, aioiqug îsths gb fioshs onepnhs y trhbspñrtgohs sgphrhdhs dg ohs eugstrhs dg hcuh pithfog. Qib hponahfogs ois priagdnengbtis y dnspisntnvis dg eugstrgi

4.4.< Enariirchbnseis hsianhdis h oh supgrlnang Tieg eugstrhs dg fnipgoåauoh rhsphbdi egaèbnahegbtg oh supgrlnang aib ubh gspètuoh gstîrno, auamnooh i mnsipi. Aioiqug gb suspgbsnñb oh eugstrh dg pgoåauoh gb ub rganpngbtg phrh eugstrhs gstîrno, y hbhonag dgspuîs dg mieicgbgnzhr. Ohs fhatgrnhs qug ahushb airrisnñb sg fusahb gb ois sgdnegbtis iftgbndis dg eugstrhs oåqundhs h trhvîs dg lnotrhanñb, dgahbthanñb i agbtrnluchanñb. Ohs phrtåauohs dg egtho airriådi sg pugdgb iftgbgr rhsphbdi Ohs fhatgrnhs rgduatirhs dg suolhtis hocubhs vgags sg pugdgb gbaibtrhr gb go hcuh, pgri su phpgo gb oh airrisnñb dgo egtho sg aieprugfh ho onepnhr dgbtri dg oh tufgråh, gb vgz dg mhagr go eugstrgi siohegbtg gb go hcuh.

Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh 86 dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

4.7

LIVEHTI DG EWGQTVGI ‑ AHDGBH DG AWQTIDNH

Ndgbtnlnqug gb lireh ûbnah, gtnqugtg oh fitgooh y oogbg go lirehti dg eugstrgi (rgcnstri dg eugstrgi) nbegdnhthegbtg hbtgs i dgspuîs dgo eugstrgi. e ugstrgi. Go lirehti dgfg nbdnahr, aiei eåbnei, go biefrg y dnrgaanñb dgo aongbtg, oh onsth dg phrèegtris pir hbhonzhr, oh lgamh, mirh y sntni dgo eugstrgi, ho ncuho qug go biefrg dg oh pgrsibh qug tieh ohs eugstrhs. Thefnîb gs bgagshrni nbdnahr oh bhturhogzh (irncgb) dg oh eugstrh y go pripñsnti dgo hbèonsns, yh qug pugdgb hyudhr h oh sgogaanñb dg ois eîtidis. Zugdgb sgr bgagshrnis itris eîtidis phrh oh airrgath nbtgrprgthanñb dg ois rgsuothdis (pir gkgepoi, tgepgrhturh, fniandhs, pubti dg eugstrgi gxhati, y auhoqungr ifsgrvhanñb sifrg lgbñegbis qug pugdgb hlgathr oh ahondhd enarifnioñcnah dgo hcuh).

7.

TVHBQZIVTG ^ HOEHAGBHENGBTI HOEHAGBHENGBTI

7.8

TVHBQZIVTG

Zriaurg qug go tngepi qug trhbsaurrh gbtrg go eugstrgi y go hbèonsns sgh oi eès airti pisnfog. Zhrh hcuhs pithfogs, ndghoegbtg go hbèonsns dgfgråh aiegbzhr go ensei dåh. Ehbtgbch ohs eugstrhs rglrncgrhdhs durhbtg go trhbspirtg, ndghoegbtg (7 ¸ 1)º A, h egbis qug sg nbdnqug hoci dnlgrgbtg gb ohs eugstrhs gspgaålnahs. Thbch aundhdi dg bi aibcgohrohs (gxagpti ois vnrus). Zritgkh ohs eugstrhs dg oh ouz siohr. Zhrh eugstrhs trhbspirthdhs durhbtg pgråidis dg eès dg = mirhs, gs bgagshrni mhagr sgcunengbti y rgcnstrhr oh tgepgrhturh. Ohs aibdnanibgs dg trhbspirtg sg dgfgb diauegbthr. Gs bgagshrni tgbgr gb augbth ois sncungbtgs hspgatis;  

Bi aioiqug ohs pnohs dg mngoi gb aibthati aibthati dnrgati aib oh eugstrh, yh qug sg pugdgb aibcgohr.

 

Hkustg go bûegri, v viouegb iouegb y pisnanñb dg ohs pnohs dg mngoi dg haugrdi aib go bûegri dg eugstrhs, oh ehsh y oh tgepgrhturh nbnanho.

Diauegbtg go priagdnengbti rgqugrndi phrh tngepis dg trhbspirtg prioibchdis (2 = m).

7.6

TNGEZI GBTVG GO EWGQTVGI ^ GO HBÈONQNQ

Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;

 

 

Nbstntuti dg Mndrioicåh, Egtgirioicåh y Gstudnis Hefngbthogs Enbnstgrni dg Hefngbtg, \nvngbdh y Dgshrriooi Tgrrntirnho ‑ Vgpûfonah dg Aioiefnh QWFDNVGAANÑB DG GQTWDNIQ HEFNGBTHOGQ - CVWZI DG HAVGDNTHANÑB Añdnci; ]]]]]]

Lgamh; 8=/:>/6::=

\grsnñb; :8

Zècnbh 81 dg 81  

Zriagdnengbti dg Eugstrgi dg Hcuhs

Go tngepi qug trhbsaurrg gbtrg go eugstrgi y go hbèonsns nbaouyg go trhbspirtg, rgcnstri y priagshengbti gb ohfirhtirni. Go tngepi gbtrg go eugstrgi y go hbèonsns pugdg rgduanr oh aiblnhfnondhd dg ois rgsuothdis. Gb aibsgaugbanh, qungbgs tiehb ohs eugstrhs y qungbgs ohs hbhonzhb dgfgb trhfhkhr aibkubthegbtg phrh mhagr qug go bûegri dg eugstrhs qug sg hbhonagb ho dåh sncungbtg dgo eugstrgi sghb eåbnehs. Go tngepi trhbsaurrndi dgfgråh sgr go eåbnei pisnfog y sg dgfg rgcnstrhr gb ois nbliregs dg ohfirhtirni. Dg haugrdi aib go Qthbdhrd Egtmids go tngepi eèxnei dg < -= m gs go hagpthdi

=.

FNFONICVHLÅH

NBTGVBHTNIBHO IVCHBN[HTNIB LIV QTHBDHVDN[HTNIB. Shtgr Xuhonty. Qheponbc lir Enarifnioicnaho Hbhoysns. Cgbgvg; NQI, 6::47=).

Gohfirhdi pir; Nvibbg Fgrbngr Ohfirhtirni Otdh Lgamh; Qgptngefrg 8= dg 6::=

Vgvnsir pir; Lgamh;

Hprifhdi pir; Lgamh;