Muestras Grandes

 

0.1.6 JQAVPXMV BXMK@AV7 ^XQAHM @A CMXD ^AMXVEK ^MXM MGQVPA @A QKM @LVPXLHQFLÖK @A ^XEHMHLDL@M@AV OL^EPÌPLFM, @LVFXAPM E FEKPLKQM Dm pruahm fol-fum`rm`e, tmjhlìk ddmjm`m Gl fum`rm`e (΢8), sa akfuaktrm `aktre `a dms pruahms partakaflaktas partakaf laktas m dm astm`êstlfm `asfrlptlvm, fekfratmjakta dm astm`êstlfm astm`êstlfm `asfrlptlvm mpdlfm`m md astu` astu`le le `a `es `es vm vmrlm rlmhda hdas. s. ^er ^er su pmrta pmrta,, dm astm` astm`êst êstlfm lfm `a `asfr sfrlpt lptlvm lvm sa fa faktr ktrm m ak ax axtrm trmar  ar  lkierjmflök sehra dm juastrm. Ak fmjhle, dm astm`êstlfm lkiarakflmd axtrma lkierjmflök sehra dm pehdmflök. Ad kejhra `a dm pruahm as preple `a dm `lstrlhuflök Fol-fum`rm`e `a dm prehmhldl`m` ak dm qua sa hmsm. Astm pruahm iua `asmrreddm`m ak ad mýe => per Cmrd ^amrsek. Dm pruahm fol-fum`rm`e as ukm `a dms jís fekefl`ms y utldlzm`ms pmrm mkmdlzmr vmrlmhdas kejlkmdas e fumdltmtlvms, as `aflr, pmrm `atarjlkmr dm axlstakflm e ke `a lk`apak`akflm aktra `es vmrlmhdas. ]ua `es vmrlmhdas samk lk`apak`laktas slbklilfm qua ke tlakak radmflök, y qua per de tmkte ukm ke `apak`a `a dm etrm, kl vlfavarsm.  Msê, fek ad astu`le `a dm lk`apak`akflm, lk`apak`akflm, sa erlblkm tmjhlìk uk jìte`e pmrm varlilfmr sl dms irafuakflms irafuakfl ms ehsarvm`ms ak fm`m fmtaberêm sek fejpmtlhdas fek dm lk`apak`akflm lk`apak`akflm aktra mjhms vmrlmhdas. ^mrm avmdumr dm lk`apak`akflm aktra dms vmrlmhdas, sa fmdfudmk des vmderas qua lk`lfmrêmk dm lk`apak`akflm mhsedutm, de qua sa `akejlkm —irafuakflms asparm`ms‚, fejpmrík`edes fek dms irafuakflms `a dm juastrm. Feje as omhltum omhltumd, d, dm olpötas olpötasls ls kudm kudm (O>) lk`lfm qua mjhms vmrlmhda vmrlmhdas s sek lk`apa lk`apak`la k`lakta ktas, s, jlaktrms jlak trms qua dm olpötasl olpötasls s mdtarkmt mdtarkmtlvm lvm (O=) lk`lfm lk`lfm qua dms vmrlmhda vmrlmhdas s tlakak tlakak mdb÷k mdb÷k brm`e brm`e `a mseflmflök e radmflök.  Msê, feje etrms etrms pruahms pmrm pmrm ad jlsje ilk, dm pruahm pruahm fol-fum`rm`e fol-fum`rm`e sa utldlzm pmrm var var ad saktl`e `a dm ferradmflök aktra `es vmrlmhdas kejlkmdas e `a uk klvad suparler (per agajpde, dm pe`ajes mpdlfmr sl quarajes fekefar sl axlsta radmflök aktra ad saxe Ssar oejhra e jugarZ y dm prasakflm `a mksla`m` Ssê e keZ). ^mrm `atarjlkmr asta tlpe `a radmflekas, axlsta ukm tmhdm `a irafuakflms m feksudtmr (tmjhlìk pmrm etrms pruahms feje per agajpde ad feailflakta ] `a \uda). Vl dms irafuakflms irafuakflms ajpêrlfms y dms irafuakflms irafuakflms taörlfms e asparm`ms asparm`ms felkfl`ak, aktekfas ke omy radmflök aktra dms vmrlmhdas, as `aflr, ìstms sek lk`apak`laktas. Ak fmjhle, sê felkfl`ak, ke sek lk`apak`laktas (axlsta radmflök aktra dms vmrlmhdas, per agajpde, aktra _ a \).

  Dm pr prua uahm hm ς¸ `a ^amr ^amrse sek k sa feks feksl` l`ar arm m uk ukm m pr prua uahm hm ke pm pmrm rmjì jìtr trlf lfm m qu qua a jl`a jl`a dm `lsfrapmkflm aktra ukm `lstrlhuflök ehsarvm`m y etrm taörlfm (hek`m` `a mgusta), lk`lfmk`e ak quì ja`l`m ja`l`m dms `liarakflms `liarakflms axlstaktas axlstaktas aktra mjhms, mjhms, `a omhardms, omhardms, sa `ahak md mzmr mzmr ak ad fektrmsta `a olpötasls. Pmjhlìk sa utldlzm pmrm prehmr dm lk`apak`akflm `a `es vmrlmhdas aktra sê, ja`lmkta dm prasaktmflök `a des `mtes ak tmhdms `a fektlkbakflm.

 

dm iörjudm qua `m ad astm`êstlfe as dm slbulakta7

Fumkte Fumk te jm jmye yerr sa sam m ad vm vmder der `a x8 x8,, jak jakes es va vares resêjl êjldd as qu qua a dm olpötasls kudm kudm (qua  (qua msuja dm lbumd`m` aktra mjhms `lstrlhuflekas) sam ferraftm. @a dm jlsjm ierjm, fumkte jís sa mprexljm m fare ad fare ad vmder `a fol-fum`rm`e, jís mgustm`ms astík mjhms `lstrlhuflekas `lstrlhuflekas..

Ldustrmflök = dm `lstrlhuflök `a prehmhldl`m` `a ukm vmrlmhda mdamterlm as ukm iukflök qua mslbkm m fm`m sufase `akl`e sehra dm vmrlmhda dm prehmhldl`m` `a qua `lfoe sufase efurrm.

 

Ldustrmflök 8 Agajpde `a ferradmflök ^amrsek

Ldustrmflök 6 `mtes rafmhm`e rafmhm`ess

 

Ldustrmflök 0 ramdlzmflök `a tmhdm y sujm `a suhbrupes

Ldustrmflök 1 defmdlzmr iukflek

 

Ldustrmflök 9 jatar `mtes

Ldustrmflök 2 rasudtm`e, lktakfl`m` ja`le-mdtm

0.1.0 EPXMV ^XQAHMV7 MK@AXVEK @MXDLKB \ ^XQAHM B  Mk`arsek-@mrdlkb7  Mk`arse k-@mrdlkb7

 

Ad astm`êstlfe Mk`arsek-@mrdlkb Mk`arsek-@mrdlkb jl`a quì tmk hlak slbuak des `mtes ukm `lstrlhuflök aspafêilfm. ^mrm uk fekgukte `a `mtes y `lstrlhuflök `lstrlhuflök ak pmrtlfudmr, jlaktrms jager sa mgusta dm `lstrlhuflök m des `mtes, jaker sarí asta astm`êstlfe. ^er agajpde, usta` pua`a utldlzmr ad astm`êstlfe `a  Mk`arsek-@mrdlkb  Mk`arse k-@mrdlkb pmrm `atarjlkmr `atarjlkmr sl des `mtes fujpdak ad supuaste `a kerjmdl`m` kerjmdl`m` pmrm ukm pruahm t. Dms olpötasls pmrm dm pruahm `a Mk`arsek-@mrdlkb sek7 O>7 Des `mtes slbuak ukm `lstrlhuflök aspaflilfm`m O=7 Des `mtes ke slbuak ukm `lstrlhuflök aspaflilfm`m Qtldlfa ad vmder p ferraspek`lakta (sl astí `lspeklhda) pmrm prehmr sl des `mtes prevlakak `a dm `lstrlhuflök adabl`m. Vl ad vmder p as jaker qua uk klvad `a slbklilfmkflm adabl`e (per de bakarmd >.>1 e >.=>), aktekfas rafomfa dm olpötasls kudm `a qua des `mtes prevlakak `a asm `lstrlhuflök. Jlkltmh ke slajpra juastrm uk vmder p pmrm dm pruahm `a Mk`arsek-@mrdlkb, perqua asta ke axlsta jmtajítlfmjakta pmrm flartes fmses. Pmjhlìk pua`a utldlzmr ad astm`êstlfe `a Mk`arsek-@mrdlkb pmrm fejpmrmr ad mgusta `a vmrlms `lstrlhuflekas fek ad ilk `a `atarjlkmr fuíd as dm jager. Vlk ajhmrbe, pmrm fekfdulr qua ukm `lstrlhuflök as dm jager, ad astm`êstlfe `a Mk`arsek-@mrdlkb Mk`arsek-@mrdlkb `aha sar sustmkflmdjakta jaker qua des `ajís. Fumk`e des astm`êstlfes astm`êstlfes astík farfmkes aktra sê, sa `ahak usmr frltarles m`lflekmdas, feje dms bríilfms `a prehmhldl`m`, pmrm adablr aktra addes.

Ldustrmflök ? vmder `a ^ `a `lstrlhuflekas

@lstrlhuflek kerjmd

@lstrlhuflek axpekakflmd

 

 

@ls`rlhuflek Ralhudd Ldustrmflök < Agajpde `a fejpmrmflök `a `lstrlhuflekas

Astms bríilfms `a prehmhldl`m` sek pmrm des jlsjes `mtes. Pmkte dm `lstrlhuflök kerjmd feje dm `lstrlhuflök `a Ralhudd `a 6 pmríjatres eirafak uk mgusta m`afum`e m des `mtes. Jlkltmh fmdfudm ad astm`êstlfe `a Mk`arsek-@mrdlkb usmk`e dm `lstmkflm md fum`rm`e pek`arm`m aktra dm dêkam mgustm`m `a dm bríilfm `a prehmhldl`m` (fek hmsa ak dm `lstrlhuflök adabl`m y usmk`e ad jìte`e `a astljmflök `a jíxljm varesljldltu` e dms astljmflekas `a jêkljes fum`rm`es) y dm iukflök `a pmse ke pmrmjìtrlfm. Ad fídfude tlaka jmyer pek`armflök ak dms fedms `a dm `lstrlhuflök.

^ruahms B7 Dms pruahms B sek pruahms `a slbklilfmflök astm`êstlfm `a rmzök `a varesljldltu` e `a jíxljm varesljldltu` qua sa utldlzmk fm`m vaz jís ak sltumflekas ak dms qua mktarlerjakta sa rafejak`mhmk dms pruahms `a gl fum`rm`e. Dm iörjudm bakarmd pmrm B as7 `ök`a E; as ad fektae ehsarvm`e ak ukm fad`m, as ad rafuakte asparm`e hmge dm olpötasls kudm, `aketm ad debmrltje kmturmd, y dm sujm sa tejm sehra te`ms dms fad`ms ke vmfêms. M`ajís, ad rafuakte tetmd ehsarvm`e `aha sar lbumd md rafuakte tetmd asparm`e7 `ök`a as ad k÷jare tetmd `a ehsarvmflekas.

0.9 Vljudmflök `a des fejpertmjlaktes mdamterles `ad preyafte y su varlilfmflök. Vljudmr ad iukflek Vljudmr iukflekmjla mjlakte kte `a `lstlkte `lstlktes s tlpes tlpes `a lkstmdmfle lkstmdmflekas kas e prefases prefases.. M dm lkstmdm lkstmdmflök flök e prefase qua sa pratak`a astu`lmr sa da `akejlkm slstajm y pmrm pe`arde mkmdlzmr sa ramdlzm ukm sarla `a supuaste supuastes s sehra sehra su iukflekmjla iukflekmjlakte. kte. Astes Astes supuastes, supuastes, qua kerjmdjakt kerjmdjakta a sa axprasmk ja`lmkta radmflekas jmtajítlfms e radmflekas döblfms, fekstltuyak uk je`ade `ad slstajm. Asta je`ade sa utldlzm pmrm fejprak`ar y pravar ad fejpertmjlakte `ad slstajm ramd. Vl dms radmflekas radmflekas jmtajítlfms e döblfms qua fejprak`a fejprak`a ad je`ade sek sakflddms, aktekfas sarí peslhda utldlzmr uk prefa`ljlakte mkmdêtlfe pmrm ehtakar ukm seduflök e raspuastm axmftm sehra dms fmrmftarê fmrmftarêstlfm stlfms s `a lktarìs lktarìs `ad slstajm mkm mkmdlzm dlzm`e. `e. Ke ehstmkta, ehstmkta, sl dms radmfleka radmflekas s sek fejpdagms, fejpdagm s, pua`a efurrlr qua ke sa pua`m pua`m avmdumr mkmdêtlfmjakta mkmdêtlfmjakta ad prehdajm. prehdajm. Ak asta fmse, sarí kafasmrle mfu`lr m dm sljudmflök `ad slstajm, avmdumk`e kujìrlfmjakta ad je`ade y mkmdlzmk`e des `mtes ehtakl`es pmrm astljmrdms fmrmftarêstlfms `a `lfoe slstajm. Vlstajms, je`ades y sljudmflök

 

Qk slstaj slstajm m sa pua` pua`a a `ailk `ailklr lr feje feje uk fe fekgu kgukte kte `a adaja adajakte ktes s uk ukl`e l`es s pe perr ra radmf dmflek lekas as `a lktarmff lkta rmfflök lök e lktar`ap lktar`apak` ak`akfl akflm. m. Ak ad íjhlte íjhlte `a des slstajms slstajms pre`uftl pre`uftlves ves astes adajaktes adajaktes kerjmdjakta tlakak uk ehgatlve fej÷k. Des adajaktes qua ierjmk pmrta `ad slstajm vlakak fek`lflekm`es per ad ehgatlve `ad astu`le qua sa pratak`a ramdlzmr, ym qua uk slstajm `ailkl`e pmrm uk astu`le `atarjlkm`e pua`a pua`a sar ukm pmrta `a uk slstajm jís mjpdle `ailkl`e pmrm etre astu`le pmrtlfudmr. pmrtlfudmr. ^er agajpde, agajpde, sl sa qulara `atarjlkmr `atarjlkmr fuíd as ad k÷jare jís m`afum`e m`afum`e `a eparmrles y jíqulkms ak dm safflök `a jafmklzm`e `a ukm ajprasm qua tlaka ukm `atarjlkm`m fm fmrta rtarm rm `a pa`l` pa`l`es es,, astes astes adaja adajakte ktes s sarík sarík des des qua qua ie ierja rjak k pm pmrta rta `a `add slstaj slstajm m m mk mkmd mdlzm lzmr, r, jlaktrms qua, sl de qua sa `asam as astu`lmr dm fmpmfl`m` pre`uftlvm `a dm ajprasm, des adajaktes jakflekm`es mktarlerjakta söde sarík ukm pmrta `ad slstajm. M addes omhrí qua mým`lr mým `lr jektmga jektmga,, ajhmdmga ajhmdmga,, mdjmfak mdjmfakmga, mga, atf. Vì pua`ak pua`ak ramdlzmr ramdlzmr dms slbulakt slbulaktas as `ailklfl `ailklfleka ekas7 s7 ∘Mtrlhute7 prepla`m` `a uk adajakte `ad slstajm. ∘Mftlvl`m`7 te`e prefase qua prevequa uk fmjhle ak ad slstajm. Ad astm`e `ad slstajm ak uk lkstmkta `a tlajpe `atarjlkm`e sa pua`a `ailklr feje dm `asfrlpflök `a te`es des adajaktes, mtrlhutes y mftlvl`m`as ak `lfoe lkstmkta. ^er agajpde, ad astm`e `a ukm eilflkm hmkfmrlm ak uk lkstmkta sa pe`rêm `ailklr ja`lmkta ad k÷jare `a fmgares ak ìd, ad k÷jare `a fdlaktas, ad lkstmkta `a ddabm`m `a fm`m fdlakta y ad tlpe `a eparmflök qua `asam ramdlzmr fm`m uke. Asta fekgukte fekstltulrêm dms vmrlmhdas `a astm`e `ad slstajm. Plpes `a slstajms Avl`aktajakta, dms fmrmftarêstlfms `ad slstajm ramd qua sa `asam astu`lmr vmk m fek`lflekmr ad tlpe `a sljudmflök qua sa vm m `asmrreddmr. ^er de tmkte, fekvlaka omfar ukm fdmslilfmflök `a des slstajms `a mfuar`e fek des mspaftes qua vmk m fek`lflekmr su mkídlsls mkí dlsls pestarler. pestarler. Msê, Msê, as ÷tld ramdlzmr ramdlzmr ukm fdmslilfmfl fdmslilfmflök ök `a des slstajms slstajms mtak`lak` mtak`lak`e e m tras mspaftes iuk`mjaktmdas7

Vlstajms astítlfes y slstajms `lkíjlfes. Qk slstajm sa feksl`arm astítlfe fumk`e sus vmrlmhdas `a astm`e ke fmjhlmk m de dmrbe `ad tlajpe, as `aflr, fumk`e ad tlajpe ke guabm klkb÷k pmpad ak sus prepla`m`as. ^er ad fektrmrle, ak uk slstajm `lkíjlfe des vmderas qua tejmk te`ms e mdbukms `a sus vmrlmhdas `a mfflök aveduflekmk m de dmrbe `ad tlajpe. Vlstajms `atarjlklstms `atarjlklstms y slstajms astefístlfes. astefístlfes. Vl uk slstajm ke tlaka klkb÷k fejpekakta `a fmríftar astefístlfe (as `aflr, mdamterle) mdamterle) sa feksl`arm `atarjlklstm. `atarjlklstm. Ak uk slstajm `a ukm flartm fejpdagl`m` pua`a efurrlr qua axlstmk sljudtíkamjakta vmrlmhdas `a astm`e fektlkums y `lsfratms. Ak asta fmse, `apak`lak `apak`lak`e `e `a dm pra`ejlkmkflm pra`ejlkmkflm `a ukm y etrms y `ad ehgatlve ehgatlve `ad astu`le qua sa pratak`a ramdlzmr, sa feksl`armrí ad slstajm feje partakaflakta m uke `a des `e `es s tl tlpe pes. s. Plpe Plpes s `a je`a je`ade des s pm pmrm rm as astu tu`l `lmr mr uk slst slstaj ajm, m, dm ie ierj rjm m jís jís lk lkja ja`l `lmt mtm m sarê sarêm m axparljaktmr axparljak tmr sehra ìd. Vlk ajhmrbe, ajhmrbe, aste pua`a sar `asmfeksagmhda, `asmfeksagmhda, a lkfduse ljpeslhda, ljpeslhda, per  `lvarses jetlves. ^er etrm pmrta, sl ad slstajm je`adm` je`adm`e e as sljldmr m mdbuke ym axlstakta, sa pua`a fektrmstmr ad iukflekmjlakte `ad je`ade fek ad `ad slstajm ramd. Yaktmgms `a dm sljudmflök7 \m sa om fejaktm`e pravlmjakta qua dm sljudmflök as ukm tìfklfm fm`m vaz jís utldlzm`m ak ad astu`le `a slstajms fejpdages. Aktra des mrbujaktes m imver `a dm utldlzmflök `a dm sljudmflök sa akfuaktrmk des slbulaktas7 ∘Dmfrlhlr jmyerêm deskta slstajm slstpraflslö ajms s fejpdag fej pdages es ramdas ramd as je`ade fek de adajak adajaktes tes lfe astefís astefístlfe ke `m sa rasedvar  pua`ak pua`ak `as `asfrlhl r fek `a suilflakta suilfla praf lslök k ja`lmkt ja`l mkta a uk je`a jmtajít jmtajítlfe quatlfes sas pua`m pua rase dvar 

 

mkmdêtlfmjakta. ^er de tmkte, fek irafuakflm dm sljudmflök as ad ÷klfe jìte`e peslhda `a astu`le `a `lfoes slstajms.  ∘Dm sljudmflök parjlta astljmr ad fejpertmjlakte `a uk slstajm axlstakta hmge uk fekgukte pravlste `a fek`lflekas eparmtlvms. ∘Ja`lmkta dm sljudmflök sa pua`ak fejpmrmr `lsaýes mdtarkmtlves (e pedêtlfms `a eparmflök mdtarkmtlvms mdtarkmtlv ms pmrm uk `atarjlkm`e `atarjlkm`e `lsaýe) pmrm aspaflilfmr fuíd as ad qua fujpda `a ierjm jís m`afum`m fek des ehgatlves ierjudm`es. ∘Ak dm sl ∘Ak slju judm dmfl flök ök sa pu pua` a`a a taka takarr uk fekt fektre redd jufo jufoe e jage jagerr sehr sehra a dms dms fek` fek`lf lfle leka kas s `a `add axparljakte qua sl sa ramdlzmsa sehra ad preple slstajm. ∘Dm sljudmflök parjlta astu`lmr uk slstajm fuym aveduflök as juy `ldmtm`m ak ad tlajpe (per  agajpde, uk slstajm afeköjlfe) afeköjlfe) ak uk parle`e `a tlajpe ra`ufl`e. Mdtarkmtlvmjakta, Mdtarkmtlvmjakta, tmjhlìk parjlta astu`lmr `a ierjm `atmddm`m dm aveduflök `a uk slstajm ak uk ferte parle`e `a tlajpe. Fekfduslök7 Fekfdus lök7 Ad prefase prefase `a vmdl`mfl vmdl`mflök ök `a uk je`ade je`ade `a sljudmfl sljudmflök ök slajpra slajpra astí sugate sugate md axparlja axp arljakte kte irakta irakta md qua sa vmym m ramdlzmr ramdlzmr ad astu`le. astu`le. ^er de qua ke sa pua`a msaburmr  msaburmr  astrlftmjakta sl ad je`ade as vídl`e e ke, omhrí qua saýmdmr slajpra ad axparljakte irakta md qua as vídl`e e ke. Vlrva per de tmkte feje ukm buêm ak ad `lsaýe `a axparljaktes. ^mrm ramdlzmr dm vmdl`mflök `a fumdqular je`ade `a sljudmflök, ke as kafasmrle sar uk axparte `ad slstajm qua ad je`ade raprasakta, hmstmrêm fek takar flartes fekefljlaktes astm`êstlfes y astmr  mpeym`e per ak ad slstajm.

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Iuddmkmm Had`m, Iuddmk Had`m, F. (8>>> `a kevlajhra `a 8>8=, `a op7//www.akfuaktresjud`lsflpdlkmras.erb/Xavlstmk %F8%HM68/FmrjakUIuddmkmUHad`mUyU %F8%HM68/FmrjakUIu ddmkmUHad`mUyUAdakmUQrqu%F6%M@mU AdakmUQrqu%F6%M@mUBrmk`a.p`i  Brmk`a.p`i  YADMV, G. J. (8>=0, 8 jmye). Hdebspet. Hdebspet. Xafuparm`e 89 `a kevlajhra `a 8>=8>/>9/ukl et.fej/8>8>/>9/ukl`m`-0-sabuk`m`m`-0-sabuk`mpmrta.otj B. (s. i.). Qkl`m` 0 Fejpdatm sljudmflök - ^@IFEIIAA.FEJ. ^`ifeaa.Fej. Xafuparm`e 8> `a kevlajhra `a 8>8=, `a ops7//p`ifeaa.fej/ukl ops7//p`ifeaa.fej/ukl`m`-0-fejpdatm-sl `m`-0-fejpdatm-sljudmflek-8-p`i-ira judmflek-8-p`i-iraa.otjd a.otjd