Muestra Metodologia

 

SAXK^ C@ OP@^S]@K Ou`str`k Jk Xrkmbmagïs Xrkmbmagïstank. tank. @s bqu`g ou`str`k `j `g qu` gb prkmbmagacbc c` s`g`nnaþj c` nbcb ujacbc ou`s ou`strbg trbg jk `s afubg ja nkjknacb.(^umi`tavb) nkjknacb.(^umi`tavb) C`jtrk c` `st` tapk s` ebggb > oátkcks gks nubg`s skj9 

Xkr nkjv`ja`jnab9 @j `stb s` s`g`nnakjbj b gbs ujacbc`s c` `stucak qu` s` `jnu`jtr`j caspkjamg`ss bg oko`jtk c` gb r`nkg`nnaþj c` cbtks. ^u v`jtbib `s qu` `s oâs lânag, caspkjamg` `nkjþoank y bnn`samg` y pu`c` cbr ujb vasaþj ajanabg mu`jb. ^` usb `j `stucaks `xpgkrbtkraks.

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Xkr nbsks Nkjs`nutavks9 `s nubjck `gaf` b nbcb pbna`jt` qu` nuopgb nkj gks nrat`raks c` s`g`nnaþj c`jtrk c` uj ajt`rvbgk c` ta`opk `sp`nïlank k ebstb bgnbjzbr uj jùo`rk c`lajack c` pbna`jt`s. @s `g o`ikr y `g oâs lânag.

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Xkr nuktbs9 `s nubjck s`g`nnakjbj ujacbc`s c` `stucak c` nbcb ujk c` gks sumfrupks qu` nkopkj`j gb pkmgbnaþj `j ujb nuktb pr`c`t`roajbcb

 

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Ou`str`k Xrkmbmagïstank.

Gks oátkcks prkmbmagïstanks c` ou`str`k skj gks qu` o`ikr s` bn`rnbj b gkfrbr gb r`pr`s`jtbtavacbc c` gb ou`strb. O`ikr bn`rnboa`jtk b gb r`bgacbc. C`jtrk c` gk oátkcks prkmbmagïstanks `stâj9 Bg`btkrak

saopg`9 Nbcb ajcavacuk ta`j` gb oasob prkmbmagacbc c` s`r s`g`nnakjbck

 pbrb `g `stucak ^ast`oâtank9

Skcks gks ajcavacuks s` s`g`nnakjbj b ajt`rvbgks r`fugbr`s.

@strbtalanbck9

^` cavac` prao`rk b gb pkmgbnaþj `j `strbtks p`rtaj`jt`s (sumfrupks)

y gu`fk c` nbcb `strbtk s` s`g`nnakjb gb ou`strb bg`btkrab. Xkr

nkjfgko`rbcks9 @s gb s`g`nnaþj c` frupks c` ujacbc`s c` `stucak, `j gufbr c`

ujacbc`s c` `stucak ajcavacubg`s. Ougta`tâpank9

^` `l`ntùb `j pbsks k lbs`s (`tbpbs) y ebmatubgo`jt` ajvkgunrb oâs

c` uj oátkck c` ou`str`k.

 

^@^FK @J @G OP@^S]@K @s aopkrtbjt` r`nkjkn`r gb pksamagacbc c` t`j`r s`sfks c` ou`str`k `j ju`strks `stucaks yb qu` `ggk o`rob su vbgac`z `xt`rjb (nbpbnacbc c` trbjspkgbr r`sugtbcks b gb  pkmgbnaþj). Gbs prajnapbg`s lu`jt`s c` s`sfk `j `g ou`str`k skj9 •

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 Jk r`spu`stb. @stucak skgbo`jt` c` vkgujtbraks

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Ou`str`k sþgk c` gks r`fastrbcks. Xárcacb c` nbsks c` nkrtb curbnaþj.

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^`sfk `stbnakjbg.

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Bnn`samagacbc c` âr`bs s`g`nnakjbcbs.

 

SBOBÒK C@ OP@^S]B Pjb v`z c`t`roajbcb gb lkrob `j qu` s`g`nnakjbr`oks ju`strb ou`strb, `s j`n`sbrak nkjkn`r nuâjtks `g`o`jtks r`qu`raoks `stucabr `j `ggb. @st` nkjknaoa`jtk `s aopkrtbjt`, yb qu`, sa gb ou`strb `s ouy p`qu`òb, s` nkrr` `g ra`sfk c` jk c`t`ntbr r`sugtbcks vâgacks y cbr pkr j`fbtavk uj r`sugtbck pkr `staobnaþj ajbc`nubcb c` su tbobòk, y

. sa `s c`obsabck frbjc`, pu`c` `xpkj`r b gks sui`tks c` `stucak b uj ra`sfk ajj`n`sbrak y b c`sp`rcanak c` r`nursks Xbrb nbgnugbr `g tbobòk c` ou`strb, c`m` gkfrbrs` uj `quagamrak `jtr` gk c`s`bmg` y gk lbntamg`, c`p`jca`jck c` gb caspkjamagacbc caspkjamag acbc c` ta`opk, p`rskjbg, bnn`samagacbc, pr`supu`stk, `tn.

BGFPJK^ NKJN@XSK^ S@Þ]ANK^ Bjt`s c` pbsbr b gks bsp`ntks prântanks c`g nâgnugk c`g tbobòk c` ou`strb, nkjsac`rboks nkjv`ja`jt` r`nkrcbr bgfujks nkjn`ptks t`þranks `jtr` gks qu` s` `jnu`jtrbj9

 

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 ]`gbnaþj nkj t`krïb c` prkmbmagacbc`s y nkjn`ptks c` eapþt`sas bgt`rjb y jugb

@g nâgnugk c`g tbobòk c` gb ou`strb s` `jnu`jtrb sust`jtbck `j gb S`krïb c` gb prkmbmagacbc y `j gbs  pru`mbs c` eapþt`sas. C` bnu`rck nkj gb t`krïb c` gb prkmbmagacbc, prkmbmagacbc, `s prântanbo`jt` aopksamg` bs`furbr qu` uj ebggbzfk `s v`rcbc`rk nkj uj 288% c` prkmbmagacbc. Xbrb skgunakjbr `stk, s` pgbjt`b ujb eapþt`sas nkjtrbrab k eapþt`sas eapþt`sas

jugb `jtkjn`s `jtkjn`s `g ajv`stafbckr ajv`stafbckr trbtb c` c` prkmbr prkmbr qu` `stb `s lbgsb, y sa gk gkfrb, `s c`nar gb gb r`nebzb,

`jtkjn`s aopgïnatbo`jt` aopgïnatbo`jt ` bn`ptb gb eapþt`sas bgt`rjb. B `st` iuanak s` g` bsafjb uj jav`g c` prkmbmagacbc prkmbmagacbc,, s` eb bn`ptbck nkok safjalanbtavk b jav`g`s obykr`s c` 10%. •

 @rrkr tapk A y `rrkr tapk AA  C`p`jca`jck c`g tapk c` `stucak qu` r`bgan`oks, gb eapþt`sas jugb pu`c` blarobr qu` jk `xast` bsknabnaþj

`jtr`

gbs vbrabmg`s pr`cantkrbs y c` c`s`jgbn`, k qu` jk `xast`j cal`r`jnabs `jtr` gb ou`strb c` `stucak y gb

 pkmgbnaþj, k qu` jk `xast`j cal`r`jnabs. @s c`nar, sko`t`r ju`strb eapþt`sas jugb b pru`mb pbrb v`ralanbr sa `s

pksamg` r`nebzbrgb k jk, t`j`oks nubtrk pksamg`s r`sugtbcks9

 

b) @g prao`rk `s qu` r`nebn`oks gb eapþt`sas jugb nubjck jk c`maoks r`nebzbrgb, `s c`nar, qu` blaro`oks qu` sï `xast` bsknabnaþj k cal`r`jnabs nubjck `j r`bgacbc jk `xast`j, y `stk s` nkjkn` nkok

`rrkr tapk A.

 m) ^`fujck, qu` jk r`nebn`oks gb eapþt`sas jugb nubjck c`maoks r`nebzbrgb, `s c`nar, qu` `j `g `stucak jk s` `jnu`jtr` bsknabnaþj k cal`r`jnab, nubjck `j r`bgacbc sa gb eby y `stk s` nkjkn` nkok

`rrkr tapk AA.

n) S`rn`rk, jk r`nebzbr gb eapþt`sas jugb pkrqu` v`rcbc`rbo`jt` jk s` pu`c` r`nebzbr, `s c`nar, v`rcbc`rbo`jt` v`rcbc`rbo`jt` jk `xast` cal`r`jnab k bsknabnaþj. c) Xkr ùgtaok, gk qu` oâs c`s`b `g ajv`stafbckr, qu` `s r`nebzbr gb eapþt`sas jugb nubjck r`bgo`jt` c`m`oks r`nebzbrgb, `s c`nar, nkoprkmbr qu` ju`strb eapþt`sas c` trbmbik `s na`rtb nubjck r`bgo`jt` gk `s (nubcrk =).

 

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Gb   prkmbmagacbc c` nko`t`r uj `rrkr tapk A s afubg b gb safjalanbnaþj c`g `stucak y f`j`rbgo`jt` s` saomkgazb nkj gb g`trb fra`fb y s` bn`ptbj nkok safjalanbtavks vbgkr`s c` 0% k o`jkr`s. ^u nkjtrbpbrt` `s gb nkjlabjzb c`g `stucak (2-) y s` bn`ptbj vbgkr`s c` 10% k obykr`s. Gb prkmbmagacbc c` nko`t`r nko`t`r `rrkr tapk AA s` saomkgazb pkr gb g`trb fra`fb y f`j`rbgo`jt` s` bn`ptbj bn`ptbj vbgkr`s c`g =8% k o`jkr`s. @s gb nbpbnacbc c`g `stucak c` c`t`ntbr v`rcbc`rbs bsknabnakj`s k cal`r`jnabs `jtr` frupks, nkok s` o`jnakjþ, nkrr`spkjc` b 2- y s` bn`ptbj vbgkr`s c` 58% k obykr`s. Gk bjt`rakr s` `i`opgalanb `j `g nubcrk >.

 

=.=.3. Nbrbnt`rïstanbs y jùo`rk c` vbrabmg`s qu` s` c`s`b o`car  •

 ^` r`la`r` b gb vbrabmg` nkj o`canakj juo`ranb k `j prkpkrnakj`s

 

=.=.0. Gb obfjatuc c` gb cal`r`jnab qu` s` nkjsac`r` c` aopkrtbjnab k safjalanbtavb (∌) •

Gb obfjatuc c` gb cal`r`jnab `s laibcb pkr uj ajv`stalbckr nkj nkjknaoa`jtks c`g `v`jtk c` `stucak

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@s gb cal`r`jnab b bn`ptbr `otr` `g vbgkr r`bg y `g r`sugtbck c` uj `stucak.

 

=.=..2. SBOBÒK C@ OP@^S]B Q ^AFJALANBNAÞJ •

@g tbobòk c` gb ou`strb `stucabcb iu`fb uj pbp`g aopkrtbjt` `j gb pksamagacbc c` `jnkjtrbr ujb cal`r`jnab `stbcïstanbo`jt` safjalanbtavb `jtr` frupks. @j ujb ou`strb p`qu`òb s` pu`c` jk `jnkjtrbr cal`r`jnabs safjalanbtavbs pkr `stbcïstanb, bujqu` `stb cal`r`jnab v`rcbc`rbo`jt` `xastb (ajnr`o`jtb prkmbmagacbc c` `rrkr).

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B obj`rb c` nkjngusaþj blaroboks tr`s nko`jtbraks9

b) @g nâgnugk c`g tbobòk c` gb ou`strb `s ujb bprkxaobnaþj b gk c`s`bmg` y s` t`jcrâ qu` biustbr b gb lbntamagacbc (ta`opk, nkstk, `tn.).  m) Pjb ou`strb c`obsabck c`obsabck frbjc` pkcrâ pkcrâ bgbrfbr ajùtago ajùtago`jt` `jt` uj `stucak y nbusbr qu qu`` cal`r`jnabs saj aopkrtbjnab. n) @s sa`opr` pr`l`ramg` ajnr`o`jtbr gb nkjlabmagacbc c` gb r`nkg`nnaþj c` gks cbtks qu` `g tbobòk c` gb ou`strb.

 

>.2. @^SPCAK^ C@^N]AXSA\K^

@st` tapk c` `stucaks s` r`bgazbj `j uj skgk frupk y ebmatubgo`jt` pr`t`jc`j `staobr uj  pbrâo`trk c` gb pkmgbnaþj pkmgbnaþj b pbrtar c` ujb ujb ou`strb c` gb oasob oasob

 

>.2.2. @stucaks nuyk kmi`tavk `s gb `staobnaþj c` ujb prkpkrnaþj ^kj `stucaks qu` ajt`jtbj r`spkjc`r pr`fujtbs nkok »nuâg `s gb pr`vbg`jnab,  prkpkrnaþj k pkrn`jtbi` c`g l`jþo`jk `j `stucak; ^kj `stucaks `j gks qu` b  pbrtar c` gks vbgkr`s kms`rvbcks `j ujb ou`strb y utagazbjck gb ajl`r`jnab `stbcïstanb, s` musnb `staobr `g vbgkr c` canek pbrâo`trk `j gb pkmgbnaþj 9

^a gb pkmgbnaþj c` ckjc` s` kmt`jcrâ gb ou`strb, `s o`jkr c` 0888 sui`tks, `s j`n`sbrak bpganbr 

 

>.2.=. @stucaks nuyk kmi`tavk `s gb `staobnaþj c` ujb o`cab @st` tapk c` `stucaks r`spkjc`j b gb pr`fujtb »nuâg `s `g vbgkr prko`cak c` U  pbrâo`trk `stucabck `j gb pkmgbnaþj; @g nâgnugk `s saoagbr b gk r`l`rack `j tbobòk c` ou`strb pbrb ujb prkpkrnaþj. C`m`j laibrs` `g jav`g c` nkjlabjzb y gb pr`nasaþj c` gb `staobnaþj qu` c`t`roajbrâj gb bopgatuc c`g ajt`rvbgk bgr`c`ckr c` gb o`cab qu` s` c`s`b `staobr. Gb cal`r`jnab `s qu` nkj gbs vbrabmg`s nubjtatbtavbs, gb o`cacb c` gb vbrabmagacbc `stâ prkpkrnakjbcb pkr gb vbrabjzb c` su castramunaþj `j gb pkmgbnaþj. C` tbg obj`rb qu` gb lþrougb `s9

^a gb pkmgbnaþj c` ckjc` s` kmt`jcrâ gb ou`strb, `s o`jkr c` 0888 sui`tks, `s j`n`sbrak bpganbr