MS04TOC - Asphalt Handbook - MANUAL SERIES N 4

 

 Table  T able of Contents Foreword . . . . . . .  Acknowledgments  Acknowle dgments  T  Table able of Contents Contents . List of Illustrations

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List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ASPHALT . . . . . 1.1 HISTORICAL REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Hi H istorical Milestones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ASPHALT T CEMENT CEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2  ASPHAL 1.3  TYPES OF ASPHALT ASPHALT P PA AVEMENT CONSTRUC CONSTRUCTION TION . 1.3.1 Plant Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Surface Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 DESIGN OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 Surface Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.3 Base and Subbase Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. 1.4.4 4 De Dete term rmin inin ing g Requ Requir ired ed Pavemen ementt Th Thic ickn knes esss . 1.4.5 Stage Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OVERVIEW OF THE HANDBOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 CHAPTER 2 2.1

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2.3

2.4

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PETROLEUM ASPHALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REFINI REFI NING NG AND AND PR PROP OPER ERTI TIES ES OF ASPH ASPHAL ALT T BI BIND NDER ERS S 2.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Refining Crude Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Characteristics of Asphalt Binders . . . . . . . . . . HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: ASPHALT CEMENT . . . . 2.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23 23 23 26 28 28

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28 39

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44 44 44 47 63 69 69 72 77

Tests for Cutback Asphalts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specifications for Cutback Asphalts . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2.2.2 Tests for Asphalt Cements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Specifications for Asphalt Cements . . . . . . . DOMINANT PRACTICE: PERFORMANCE GRADED (PG) ASPHALT BINDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Asphalt Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 PG Asphalt Binder Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 PG Asphalt Binder Specification . . . . . . . . . EMULSIFIED AND CUTBACK ASPHALTS . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Tests for Emulsified Asphalts . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 Specifications for Emulsified Asphalts . . . . . 2.4.4 2.4.5

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2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

 AIR-BLOWN ASPHAL  AIR-BLOWN ASPHALTS TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 Properties, Specifications, and Tests . . . . . . . .  ASPHALT  ASPHAL T MODIFICATION MODIFICATION AND AND ADDITIVES ADDITIVES . . . . . . . 2. 2.6. 6.1 1 Reas Reason onss for for Usin Using g Addi Additi tiv ves an and d Mo Modi dific ficat atio ion n. 2.6.2 Types of Modifiers and Additives . . . . . . . . . . 2. 2.6. 6.3 3 Addi Additi tion onal al Tes ests ts fo forr Modi Modifie fied d As Asph phal altt Bi Bind nder erss . SUPPLEMENTARY ASPHALT TOPICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.1 Control of Asphalt Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.2 Asphalt Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.3 Temperature-Volume Relationship . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.4 Frequently Asked Asphalt Questions . . . . . . . . SAFE SA FETY TY PR PROC OCED EDUR URES ES FOR FOR HO HOT T ASPH ASPHAL ALT T BI BIND NDER ER .

CHAPTER 3 3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

4.2

4.3

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83 83 83 86 86 86 92 99 99 101 102 106 10 107 7

MINERAL AGGREGA AGGREGATES TES AND MIXTURE ADDITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

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111 111 111 113 117

3.1.5 Aggregate Properties . . . . . . . . COMPOSITE AGGREGATE ANALYSIS. . 3.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2 Gradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT. . . . 3.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Reclaiming Existing Pavements .  AGGREGA  AGG REGATE TE AD ADDITIVES DITIVES . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 Mineral Filler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.3 Antistrip Additives . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.4 Other Additives . . . . . . . . . . . .

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119 134 134 134 147 147 147 152 152 152 154 155

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HOT HO T MIX ASPH PHA ALT (H (HM MA) DES ESIG IGN N . . . . . . . 15 159 9

DENSE-G DENS E-GRA RADED DED ASPHA ASPHAL LT PAVEMEN VEMENT T MIX DESIG DESIGN N 4.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2 4.1 .2 Desir Desired ed Prope Propertie rtiess Consi Consider dered ed fo forr Mix Design Design 4.1.3 Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture Behavior . . . . . . . . . 4. 4.1. 1.4 4 Obje Object ctiv ives es an and d Appl Applic icat atio ions ns of HMA HMA Tes esti ting ng . .  VOLUMETRIC  VOLUM ETRIC CALCULA CALCULATIONS TIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 .2..3 Anal Analyz yzin ing g a Comp Compac acte ted d Pavement ent Mixt ixture ure . . . SUPERPAVE HMA MIX DESIGN SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . 4..3 3..2 1 4

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 AGGREGATES  AGGREGA TES FOR HO HOT T MIX ASPHAL ASPHALT T (HMA) . 3.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2 Origin of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3 Sources of Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.4 Aggregate Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHA HAP PTE TER R4 4.1

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161 161 163 167 17 170 0 172 172 172 17 173 3 186

Inatrto M erdiu alcstiSoenle. c. t.io. n. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

18 86 6 1

Table of Contents

 

4.3.3 Design Aggregate Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.4 Design Asphalt Binder Content . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 4.3. 3.5 5 St Step epss th that at Can Can Be Tak aken en to Ad Adju just st Pr Prop opert ertie iess 4.3.6 Moisture Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MARSHALL METHOD OF MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.4.1 Introduction and Historical Context . . . . . . . 4.4.2 Description of Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.3 Mix Design Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HVEEM METHOD OF MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.5.1 Introduction and Historical Context . . . . . . . 4.5.2 Description of Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.3 Mix Design Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RAP MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 4.6.1 Materials Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.2 Mix Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  AGGREGA REGATE TE P PAC ACKING KING A ANAL NALYSIS YSIS USING THE 4.7  AGG BAILEY METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPECIALIZED ASPHALT MIXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.8.1 Stone Matrix Asphalt Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.2 Open-Graded Friction Course . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.3 Asphalt-Treated Permeable Base . . . . . . . . . . PERFORMANCE TESTING OF HMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 4.9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.2 Modulus Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.3 Creep Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.4 Flexural Fatigue Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.5 Empirical Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.6 Wheel-Tracking Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 MIX SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10.1 Pavement Layers and Traffic Levels . . . . . . . 4.10.2 D De ense Graded Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10.3 Determi rmining the Appropriate Mix Type . . . . . CHAPTER 5 5.1

5.2

MS-4

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188 194 194 194 196 198 198 198 201 204 204 204 205 210 210 213

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215 217 217 223 228 230 230 230 232 234 236 237 242 242 243 244

SOILS AND DRAINAGE FOR  ASPHALT  ASPHAL T PA PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

SOIL-SUBGRADE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 5.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.2 Objectiv Objectives es for Classifying Subgrade. . . 5.1.3 Classification Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODS FOR EVALUA EVALUATING SUBGRADE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Laboratory Test Methods. . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.3 Field Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.4 Strength Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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249 249 249 249

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251 251 252 263 269

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5.3

DRAINA DRAI NAGE GE OF ASPH ASPHAL ALT T PAVEME VEMENT NT STRU STRUCT CTUR URES ES . 5.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.2 Surface Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3 Design for Large Paved Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.4 Subsurface Drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.5 Geosynthetic Fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 6 6.1

6.2

6.3

7.3

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27 270 0 270 271 273 274 278

THICKNESS DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

6.1.1 Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.2 Input Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.3 Highways, Roadways, and Streets . . . . . . 6.1.4 Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.5 Heavy Wheel Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.6 Planned Stage Construction . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.7 Overlay Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER DESIGN METHODS 6.2.1 Empirical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2 Mechanistic-Empirical Methods . . . . . . . . 6.2.3 The Perpetual Pavement Method. . . . . . . DESIGN MANUALS AND SOFTWARE . . . . . . . . .

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284 287 289 291 293 295 295 297 297 297 298 302

SW-1 Asphalt Pavement Thickness Design Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

304

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MANUF MAN UFAC ACTUR TURE E OF HO HOT T MIX AS ASPHA PHAL LT . . . 307

 TYPES OF PLANT PLANT FACILITIE FACILITIES/PRODUCT S/PRODUCTION ION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 Batch Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.2 Drum-Mix Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EQUIPMENT COMMON TO BOTH TYPES OF FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.1 Liquid Asphalt Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.2 Aggregate Stockpiling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 .2..3 Virgi gin n Aggr Aggre egat gate and and RAP Coldold-F Feed Bins Bins. . . . 7.2.4 Aggregate and RAP Transfer Conveyors. . . . . . 7.2.5 Aggregate Dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.6 Dust Collection Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.7 Dust-Return Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.8 Mineral Filler Additive Storage and Feed Silos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. 7.2. 2.9 9 Li Lime me Addit dditiv ive e Bulk Bulk St Stor orag age e an and d Feed eed Silo Siloss . . . 7.2.10 F Fiiber Additive Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.11 Finished Product Storage Silos and Load-Out Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  THE BATCH BATCH PLA PLANT NT PRODUC PRODUCTION TION PROCESS PROCESS . . . . . . 7.3. 7.3.1 1 7.3.2

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283

CHAPTER CHAPTE R7

7.2

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INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.3.1

7.1

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Aggre Aggregat gate e Grad Gradatio ation n Cont Control rol with a Batch Batc h Plan Plant Asphalt Content Control with a Batch Plant. . . t. .. ..

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Table of Contents

 

7.4

7.5

7.3.3 Mixing/Coating with a Batch Plant . . . . . . . . . . 7.3. 7.3.4 4 Recyc ecycle led d Mix Mix Prod Produc ucti tion on wi with th a Ba Batc tch h Pl Plan antt . . .  THE DRUM-MIX DRUM-MIX PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRO PROCESS CESS . . . . . . . . . . 7.4. 7.4.1 1 Th The e De Dev vel elop opme ment nt of the the Dr Drum um-M -Mix ix Pr Proc oces esss . . . 7. 7.4. 4.2 2 Aggr Aggreg egat ate e Grad Gradat atio ion n Co Cont ntro roll in a Dr Drum um-M -Mix ixer er . 7. 7.4 4.3 Asph sphalt alt Con onttent Contro ntroll in a Dru rum m-M -Mix ixe er . . . . . 7.4.4 7.4 .4 Mixin Mixing/C g/Coat oating ing with with a Drum/C Drum/Cont ontinu inuous ous Pla Plant nt . 7. 7.4. 4.5 5 Recy Recycl cled ed Mix Mix Prod Produc ucti tion on wi with th a Dr Drum um-M -Mix ixer er . . MIX DEFICIENCIES AND PROBLEM SOLVING . . . . . . . 7. 7.5. 5.1 1 Drum Drum-M -Mix ix Pr Prod oduc ucti tion on Pr Prob oble lemm-So Solv lvin ing g Gu Guid ide e. . 7.5.2 Batch-Plant Production Problem-Solv Problem-Solving ing Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 8 8.1 8.2

8.3

8.4

8.5

8.6

8.7

MS-4

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337 33 338 8 340 34 340 0 342 342 34 345 5 347 348 348 350 350 350

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HOT MIX ASPHALT PAVING . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

PRE-PAVING CONFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PREPARING THE SURFACE FOR PAVING . . . . . . . . . 8.2.1 Surface Preparation and Protection . . . . . . . . 8. 8.2. 2.2 2 Prep Prepara arati tion on of Exis Existi ting ng Pavem avemen entt fo forr Ov Over erla lay y 8.2.3 Horizontal and Verti rtical Grade Control. . . . . . 8.2.4 Prime Coats and Tack Coats . . . . . . . . . . . . . DELIVERY OF HMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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359 360 360 36 362 2 362 363 366

8.3.1 Types of Haul Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.2 Delivery of HMA to the Paver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3. 8.3.3 3 Co Cont ntro roll of Mate Materi rial al Surg Surge e in Fr Fron ontt of Paver . . . . . . 8.3.4 Load Tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.5 Visual Inspection of the HMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAVING EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.1 Asphalt Paving Machine—Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.2 Types of Tractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.3 Screeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.4 Automatic Screed Controls (Types and Operational Differences). Differences). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.5 Leveling Effect of the Paver and the Free-Floa Free-Floating ting

366 370 37 370 0 374 375 376 377 379 381

Screed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.6 Fumes Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.7 Observati Observation on of the HMA Pavement Behind the Screed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  JOINT CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.1 Transverse or Construction Joints . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.2 Paving Start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.3 Longitudinal Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.4 Notched-Wedge Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RELATED PAVING OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.1 Hand-Spreading Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 8.6. 6.2 2 Supp Supple leme ment ntal al Opera Operati tion onss an and d Ap Appu purte rtena nanc nces es .

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396 398 398 399 401 403 404 404 404 404

FOREMAN’S/INSPECTOR’S CHECK SHEET. . . . . . . . . . . .

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xi

 

CHA HAP PTE TER R9 9.1 9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMPACTION BASICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.1 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . 9.2.2 Need for Compaction . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.3 Mechanics of Compaction . . . . . . . 9.2.4 Factors Affecting Compaction . . . . 9.2.5 Cool Weather Paving . . . . . . . . . . COMPACTION EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1 Static Steel-Wheel Rollers . . . . . . . 9.3.2 Pneumatic-Tire Rollers . . . . . . . . . 9.3.3 Vibratory Rollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.4 Guidelines for Choosing a Roller . 9.3.5 New Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.6 General Operational Notes . . . . . ROLLING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.1 Test Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.2 Determining Roller Requirements . 9.4.3 Lift Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.4 General Rolling Hints . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.5 Sequence of Roller Operations . . . 9.4.6 Rolling Joints and Edges . . . . . . . .  TROUBLESHOOTING  TROUBLESH OOTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.1 Pickup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.2 Low Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.3 Erratic Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.4 Roller Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 10 10.1

HOT HO T MIX ASPH PHA ALT COM OMP PACTIO ION N . . . . . . . 413

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SAMPLING METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.1 Representative Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.2 Random Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.3 Aggregate Sampling Methods . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.4 HMA Mixture Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.5 Asphalt Binder Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3  TESTING METHODS 10.3.1 Aggregate Gradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 10 .3.2 .2 Fr Frac actu ture red d Face Facess and and Aggr Aggreg egat ate e An Angu gula lari rity ty . 10.3.3 Asphalt Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.4 Maximum Theoretical Specific Grav ravity . . . . 10.3 10 .3.5 .5 Bu Bulk lk Spec Specifi ificc Gra Gravity vity (Lab (Labor orat ator ory y De Dens nsit ity) y) 10.3.6 10.3.7

415 416 416 417 418 419 424 426 426 427 429 431 433 433 434 434 434 435 435 436 440 443 443 443 444 444

QUALITY CONTROL AND ACCEPT ACCEPTANCE ANCE OF HOT MIX ASPHALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1.1 Quality-Assurance Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1.2 Job-Mix Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.2

xii

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447 447 449

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451 451 453 454 458 463 464 464 465 465 466 467 467 467

Air Voids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

468 468

Table of Contents

 

SAMPLING AND TESTING PLAN FOR QUALITY CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.1 Selection of Sampling Methods and Sample Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.2 Selection of Testing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.3 Written Quality-Control Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.4 Test Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 PLANT PRODUCTION QUALITY-CONTROL DATA ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.1 Job-Mix Formula Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.2 Mixture Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.3 Plant Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLA ACEME CEMENT NT QUAL QUALITY ITY-C -CON ONTR TROL OL DATA AN ANAL ALYS YSIS IS . . 10.6 PL 10.6.1 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.2 Compaction Control Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.3 Mixture Compactability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.4 Thickness and Spread Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6.5 Pavement Smoothness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ACCEPT EPTANCE ANCE PO POINT INT AN AND D TE TEST ST RESUL RESULTS TS . . . . . . . . . 10.7  ACC 10.7.1 Asphalt Content and Gradation . . . . . . . . . . . 10..7. 10 7.2 2 Aggre ggrega gatte Angu Angullarit arity y (Fra (Fract ctu ured red Face aces) . . . . . 10.7 10 .7.3 .3 Vol olum umet etri ricc Prop Proper erti ties es (V (Voi oids ds,, VM VMA, A, VFA) VFA) . . . . 10.7.4 Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7.5 Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7.6 Ride Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ACCEPT EPTANCE ANCE CR CRITERIA ITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8  ACC 10.8.1 Historical Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10..8. 10 8.2 2 Modern dern Acc cce eptan ance ce (wit ith h Volu olume mettrics rics)) . . . . . 10.8.3 General Compaction Requirements . . . . . . . . 10.8.4 Statistical Acceptance—Percent Within Limits (PWL) Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 PERFORMANCE-BASED SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . 10.9.1 Specification Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9.2 Perfo rformance-Related Specifications . . . . . . . . 10.9.3 Performance-Based Specifications . . . . . . . . . PERF RFOR ORMA MANC NCE E SPEC SPECIF IFIC ICA ATI TION ONS— S—W WAR ARRA RANT NTIE IES S. . . 10.10 PE 10.10.1 Performance Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.10.2 Monitoring Perfo rformance Parameters . . . . . . . 10.10.3 Dispute Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4

CHAPTER 11 11.1

MS-4

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476 476 477 481 48 483 3 483 486 489 490 492 493 493 493 493 49 494 4 494 496 496 499 500 50 500 0 501

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506 513 513 514 514 516 516 516 517 517

PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS . . . . . 11.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.2 The Pavement Management Concept . 11.1.3 Pavement Management Components . 11.1.4 11.1.5

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Pavement Management Analysis Levels . . . . . . . . Role of Pavement Management in Pavement Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

526 527 xiii

 

11.2

11.3

11.4

PAVEMENT EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 11 .2.2 .2 Fu Func ncti tion onal al Char Charac acte teri rist stic icss an and d Eval Evalua uati tion on . . . . 11. 1.2 2.3 St Stru ruct ctur ural al Charac aracte teri risstic icss and and Eval Evalua uattion ion . . . . . 11. 1.2 2.4 Use of Paveme ement Condi ndition ion Inf Informa ormattion ion . . . . . PAVEMENT DISTRESS SURVEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.1 Distress Survey Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. 1.3. 3.2 2 Typi ypical cal Asp Aspha halt lt Pavem eme ent Dis isttres ress Typ ype es. . . . . PAVEMENT PRESERVATION PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.1 11. 4.1 Est Establ ablish ishing ing a Pa Pave vemen mentt Pre Preserv servati ation on Pro Program gram 11.4.2 Selecting the Appropriate Treatment . . . . . . . . 11.4.3 Types of Maintenance Maintenanc e and Rehabilitation  Treatments  Treatm ents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.4 Prioritizing Project Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.5 Maintaining Maintainin g the Pavement Preser Preservation vation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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529 529 52 529 9 534 536 536 539 539 541 558 558 560

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ASPHALT IN PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE

569

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PATCHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

571 573 573

CHAPTER 12 12.1 12.2

12.2.2 Full-Depth (Deep) Patching . . 12.2.3 Surface Patch (Skin Patch) . . . 12.2.4 Spray-Injection Patching . . . . . 12.3 CRACK SEALING/FILLING . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.2 Crack-Sealing Procedures . . . . 12.3.3 Crack-Filling Procedures . . . . .  ASPHALT T SURFACE SURFACE TREA TREATMENTS TMENTS . . . . 12.4  ASPHAL 12.4.1 Pavement Surface Preparation . 12.4.2 Spray-Applied Sealers . . . . . . . 12.4.3 Chip Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.4 Slurry Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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573 576 580 582 583 583 585 586 587 588 589 605

12.4.5 Microsurfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.6 Cape Seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.7 Sand Seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5  THIN OVERLA OVERLAYS YS (MAINTE (MAINTENANCE NANCE BLANKET) BLANKET) . 12.6 GUIDANCE ON MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

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610 613 614 615 616

CHAPTER 13 REHABILITATION REHABILITATION METHODS FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 6 19 13.1 13.2

HMA OVERLAY OVER ASPHALT PAVEMENTS 13.1.1 Considera rattions in Overlay Selection . PREPARING PAVEMENTS FOR OVERLAYS . . . 13.2.1 Local Weak Areas (Patching) . . . . . . . 1 13 3..2 2..2 3

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L linFgillCinogu/rSse eas.li.ng . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cerv ae ck

6 62 26 6

Table of Contents

 

13.3

13.4

13.5

13.6

13.7

13.2.4 Widening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2.5 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2.6 Interlayer Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . MILL AND INLAY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3.1 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3.2 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HOT IN-PLACE RECYCLING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4.1 Pavement Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4.2 Material Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4.3 HIPR Construction Processes . . . . . . 13.4.4 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COLD-MIX RECYCLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.2 Central Plant (CP) Cold Recycling . . . 13.5.3 Stationary Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5.4 Placement of the Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . COLD IN-PLACE RECYCLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.2 Mix Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.3 Equipment and Methods . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.4 Placement of CIPR Materials . . . . . . . 13.6.5 Compaction of CIPR Layers . . . . . . . . 13.6.6 Curing and Aeration . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.7 Wearing Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6.8 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FULL-DEPTH RECLAMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7.1 Stabilization with Chemical Additives 13.7.2 Stabilization with Asphalt Materials . . 13.7.3 Construction of a FDR Pavement . . . . 13.7.4 Shaping and Compaction Procedures 13.7.5 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 14 14.1 14.2

14.3

14.4

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628 629 629 637 640 641 642 642 643 644 649 652 652 652 653 654 655 655 656 658 661 661 663 664 664 666 666 667 669 672 674

REHABILITATION REHABILITA TION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS WITH HMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1.1 Reflection Cracking . . . . . . . . . . SAW-AND-SEAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2.1 Design Considerations . . . . . . . 14.2.2 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRACTURED SLAB TECHNIQUES. TECHNIQUES. . . . . . 14.3.1 Crack/Break and Seat . . . . . . . . 14.3.2 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RUBBLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4.1 Project Selection and Overview . 14.4.2 Design Considerations . . . . . . . 14.4.3 14.4.4

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679 679 682 683 683 687 687 689 693 693 693

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specification Criteria and Inspection . . . . . . . . . .

694 700

xv

 

CHAP CHAPTER TER 15 15.1

15.2

15.3

15.4

15.5

15.6

15.7

15.8

15.9

xvi

SPECIAL SPEC IAL USES OF ASPH ASPHAL ALT T AND HMA . . 703

COLD MIX ASPHALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1.2 Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1.3 Suitability for Pavement Constru ruct ctiion . . . . . . 15.1.4 Mix Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1.5 Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1.6 Types of Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1.7 Proportioning Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1.8 Construction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1.9 Methods of Preparing Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 15 .2.1 .1 Ap Appl plic icat atio ion/ n/Us Uses es for for Hydr Hydrau auli licc Stru Struct ctur ures es . . . 15.2.2 Hydraulic Mix Design Requirements . . . . . . . 15.2.3 Construction Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . HMA UTILIZATION IN RAILWAY TRACK BEDS . . . . . 15.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.2 Desirable Benefits and Applications Applications of HMA Underlayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.3 Prevailing Design Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.4 Typical Installation Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ATHLETIC  A THLETIC AND RECREA RECREATION TION F FACILITIE ACILITIES S. . . . . . . . . 15.4.1 Types of Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4.2 Basic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4.3 Pavement Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ASPHALT  ASPHAL T ROOFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5.2 Types of Asphalt Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAVEMENT NOISE MITIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6.2 Nature of Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. 5.6. 6.3 3 Noi oise se Charac aracte teri risstic icss of HMA Paveme ements nts . . . . MISCELLANEOUS ASPHALT USES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7.1 Bridge-Deck Paving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7.2 Construction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7.3 Industrial Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7.4 Roof Deck Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LEACHING PADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8.1 Uses of Leaching Pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8.2 Design of Leach Pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8.3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8.4 Construction of Leaching Pads . . . . . . . . . . . ENVIR VIRON ONM MENTAL APP APPLIC LICATI TION ONS S OF ASP SPH HALT ALT . . . . 15.9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 15 .9.2 .2 Exam Exampl ples es of Envi Enviro ronm nmen enta tall Uses Uses of Asph Asphal altt . .

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705 705 705 706 706 706 708 710 712 715 724 724 724 727 730 734 734

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735 736 737 740 740 741 742 744 744 744 746 746 746 747 750 750 750 751 751 753 753 753 753 753 75 755 5 755 75 755 5

Table of Contents

 

15.10 USES OF HMA FOR RACE AND TEST TRACKS . . . . . . . . .

15.10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.10.2 Materials Requirements . . . . 15.10.3 Construction Practices . . . . 15.11 POROUS PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 15.11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.11.2 General Design Principles . . 15.11.3 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.11.4 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.12 COLORED ASPHALT . . . . . . . . . . . .  WARM ARM MIX ASPHALT ASPHALT P PA AVEMENTS . 15.13  W 15.13.1 Potential Benefits . . . . . . . . 15.13.2 Various WMA Technologies .

MS-4

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757 757 758 759 761 761 761 763 763 764 765 765 765

xvii

 

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Figure Figure Figure Figure

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Pavement Placement in 1907 on Pennsylvania  Avenue,  A venue, Washington, D.C. .............. ............................. .............................. ............... Petroleum Petroleum Asphalt Flow Chart .............. ............................. ....................... ........ Hot Mix Asphalt Manufacturing Facility .............. ...................... ........ Placement of Hot Mix Asphalt .............. ............................. ....................... ........ Spread of Wheel Load through Pavement Structure ............................... .............................................. .............................. ......................... .......... Asphalt Pavement Cross-Sec Cross-Sections tions Showing Some Common and Typical Asphalt Pavement Structures .............................. ............................................. .............................. ......................... .......... Pavement Deflection Results in Tensile and Compressive Compressiv e Stresses in Pavement Pavement Structure ..............

4 8 10 11 13

14 16

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1

Petroleum Petroleum Asphalt Flow Chart .............. ............................. ....................... ........

25

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13

Asphalt Institute Vacuum Viscomete Viscometerr Tube .............. ................. ... Absolute Viscosity Bath with Tubes.............. Tubes............................. ............... Cross-arm Viscometer Viscometer Tube ............................ ......................................... ............. Kinematic Viscosity Bath with Tubes.............. Tubes........................... ............. Penetrometer Penetrometer ............................. ............................................ .............................. .................... ..... Penetration Penetration Test .............................. ............................................. .............................. ............... Cleveland Cleveland Open Cup Test............... .............................. .............................. ............... Thin Film Oven .............................. ............................................. .............................. ............... Rolling Thin Film Oven ............... .............................. .............................. .................. ... Rolling Thin Film Oven Bottles .............................. ................................... ..... Trimming Trimming Direct Specimen .............. ............................. ............................ ............. Ductility Test.............. .............................. ............................... .............................. .................... .....

29 29 31 31 33 33 34 36 37 37 38 39

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20

41 42 45 45 47 48

2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24

Asphalt Binder Properties—P Properties—Penetration enetration Grading ....... Asphalt Binder Properties—Visc Properties—Viscosity osity Grading ........... Time-Temperature Time-Temperature Superposition Superposition .............. ............................. .................. ... Behavior Behavior of Asphalt Binders as Shear Rate Changes .. Rotational Viscosity Equipment ............... .............................. .................... ..... Rotational Viscosity Operation............................. ..................................... ........ Graphical Graphica l Representation of Shear Modulus (G*) and Phase Angle (δ) .............................. ............................................. ....................... ........ DSR Operation ............................... .............................................. .............................. ............... Dynamic Shear Rheometer............... .............................. ............................ ............. Asphalt Sample Configuration in DSR ......................... ......................... Stress-Strain Output.............. Output............................. .............................. ......................... ..........

50 50 51 52 53

Figure 2.25 Figure 2.26

Stress-Strain Output of Viscoelastic Viscoelastic Material ............... Dynamic Shear Rheometer Calculations...................... ......................

53 54

Figure Figure Figure Figure

MS-4

xix

 

Figure 2.27 Figure 2.28 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36

Figure 2.37 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53

Bending Beam Rheometer ............................. ........................................... .............. Bending Beam Rheometer Deflection Deflectio n (Mold Assembly)............................. ......................................... ............ Bending Beam Rheometer Graph ............... .............................. ................. .. Direct Tension Specimens .............................. ............................................ .............. Direct Tension Tester............... .............................. .............................. ...................... ....... Direct Tension Loading ............. ............................. ............................... ................... .... Stress-Strain Curves for Direct Tension .............. ....................... ......... Pressure Aging Vessel (PA (PAV) ......... ................... .................... .................... ............ Pressure Aging Vessel Pans ............... .............................. ........................... ............ Perfomance Graded Asphalt Binder Specification Tab Table......... le........................ .............................. .............................. ................. .. Thermal Stress Curves for Critical Cracking Temperature ............................... .............................................. ................... .... Saybolt Furol Viscosity .............. .............................. ............................... ................... .... Distillation Distillation (Emulsion) .............................. ............................................. ................... .... Flash Point (Tag (Tag Open Cup) ................ ............................... ........................ ......... Distillation Distillation (Cutback) ............................. ............................................ ...................... ....... Ring-and-Ball Softening Point .............. ............................. ........................ ......... SBR Latex Modification of Hot Asphalt Cement.......... SBS Pell Pellets ets ............................. ............................................ .............................. ........................ ......... SBS Blending System for Asphalt Terminals ............. ............... .. Preparing Separation Test Samples............. ............................ ................. .. Elastic Recovery Recovery Test Specimen ................ ............................... ................... .... Elastic Recovery Recovery Test Operation .............................. .................................. .... Force Ductility Test Operation ............... .............................. ...................... ....... Force Ductility Output .............................. ............................................. ................... .... Toughness and Tenacity Equipment and Operation ... Toughness and Tenacity Output ............... .............................. ................... .... Creep Recovery Recovery Output ............................. ............................................ ................... ....

55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 62 64 68 73 76 79 80 84 88 88 89 93 94 95 95 96 97 97 98

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1

Sources of Natural Aggregates in U.S. ............. ......................... ............ 114

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

Rock Quarry Excavation Excavation............... .............................. .............................. ................. .. Aggregate Segregation .............. .............................. ............................... ................... .... Sieving of Aggregate .............................. ............................................. ...................... ....... Example of Aggregate Siev Sieve e Analysis .......................... .......................... Round Versus Fractured Particles ............... .............................. ................. .. Los Angeles Abrasion Machine .............. ............................. ...................... ....... Relationship Between the Different Specific Gravities of an Aggregate Particle .............. ............................. ................. .. Gradation Types .............................. ............................................. ............................. .............. FHWA FHWA Chart ............................. ............................................ .............................. ...................... ....... Example Gradation Curves ............... .............................. ........................... ............ Milling Machine ............... ............................... ............................... ............................. ..............

Figure Figure Figure Figure

xx

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12

115 120 122 123 123 127 129 134 138 139 148

List of Illustrations

 

Chapter 4

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20

Figure 4.21 Figure 4.22 Figure 4.23 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28

Figure 4.29 Figure 4.30 Figure 4.31 Figure 4.32 Figure 4.33 Figure 4.34 Figure 4.35 Figure 4.36 Figure 4.37

MS-4

Components of HMA Mixture ............... .............................. ....................... ........ Voids in a Compacted HMA Mixture .............. ........................... ............. Hot Mix Asphalt Component Diagram .............. ........................ .......... Apparent Specific Gravity of Aggregate .............. ...................... ........ Bulk Specific Gravity of Aggregate .............................. .............................. Equipment for Maximum Specific Gravity Gravity.... ......... .......... .......... ..... Effective Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregate.............. ........................ .......... Determination of Dry Mass of Specimen ............... .................... ..... Determination of SSD Mass of Specimen ............... .................... ..... CoreLok Device .............. .............................. ............................... .............................. ............... HMA Sample in Sealed Bag ............. ............................ ............................ ............. Superpave Superpave Gyratory Compactor............... .............................. .................... ..... Superpave Superpave Gyratory Compactor Mold Configuration.. Mixture Compaction Characteristics from the SGC ..... Composite Photo of Gyratory Compactors .............. ................. ... Temperature-Viscosity emperature-Viscosity Relations Relationship hip.............. ............................. ............... Typical Superpave Superpave Mix Design Curves .............. ........................ .......... Marshall Compaction Hammer ............. ............................ ....................... ........ Marshall Stability and Flow Machine .............. ........................... ............. Test Properties Proper ties for Hot Mix Design Data  by the Marshall Marshall Method Method ............................. ............................................ .................. ... California Kneading Compactor............... .............................. .................... ..... Hveem Hveem Stabilomete Stabilometerr Machine ............... .............................. ....................... ........ Test Property Proper ty Curves for Hot Mix Design Data Using Using the Hveem Hveem Method............. ............................ ....................... ........ SMA Mix in Colorado ............................... .............................................. .................... ..... Cellulose Cellulose Fiber.............. ............................. .............................. .............................. .................. ... Mineral Fiber ............................. ............................................ .............................. .................... ..... Draindown Basket................ ............................... .............................. ......................... .......... Comparison of Splash Spray Characteristics of an OGFC Surface (foreground) to a Conventional Surface (background)............................... .............................................. .................... ..... Resilient Resilient Modulus Test Set-up ............... .............................. ....................... ........ Axial Static Creep Test—Strain Response ............... .................... ..... Rate of Change in Compliance as a Function of Loading Time ............................. ............................................ .............................. ............... Rate of Change in Axial Strain as a Function of Loading Loading Cycles (Time) .............................. ............................................. ............... Beam Fatigue Test Apparatus............................. ....................................... .......... Typical Plot of Fatigue Data in Constant Strain Beam Fatigue Fatigue Test................ ............................... .............................. ............... Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Wheel-Tracking Device .............. ............................. .................. ... Typical Results from a Hamburg  Wheel-Tracking  Wheel-T racking Device .............................. ............................................. .................. ... Asphalt Pavement Pavement Analyzer.............. ............................. ............................ .............

161 168 173 175 175 177 179 180 181 182 183 189 190 191 192 193 195 199 200 202 206 207 208 217 219 220 222

223 231 232 233 234 235 236 238 238 239

xxi

 

Figure 4.38 Figure 4.39 Figure 4.40

Asphalt Vibratory Compactor............... .............................. ........................ ......... 240 Typical AP APA A Test Results ............................. ............................................ ................. .. 241 Recommended Recommended Mix Types ............... .............................. ............................. .............. 245

Chapter 5

Figure Figure Figure Figure

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

CBR Test Assembly ............................... .............................................. ........................ ......... Correction of Load-Penetration Load-Penetration Curves ....................... ....................... Sample Form for Recording CBR Data ........................ ........................ Hveem Stabilometer Stabilometer ............. ............................. ............................... ........................ .........

254 256 257 259

Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6

Apparatus for Resilie Resilient nt Modulus Testing of Soils........ Forms for Resilient Modulus Tests on Compacted Fine-Grained Soils.............................. ..................................... ....... Hand-Operated DCP ............... .............................. .............................. ...................... ....... Automated DCP Mounted on a Trailer ............... ........................ ......... Falling Weight Deflectom Deflectometer eter .............................. ....................................... ......... Ice Lenses Forming Beneath the Pavement Structure Cause Frost Heav Heave e ................ ............................... ........................ ......... Two Typical Subdrain Installations................ .............................. ..............

262

Figure Figure Figure Figure

5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10

Figure 5.11

264 265 267 268 277 279

Chapter 6

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

Layere Layered d Elastic Model............................. ............................................ ...................... ....... Typical Tractor-T Tractor-Trailer railer Used on Highwa Highways ys .................. .................. Typical General Aviation Type Aircraft ............... ........................ ......... Commercial Passenger Aircraft ............................. .................................... ....... Straddle Carrier at Port Facility.............. ............................. ...................... ....... Screenshot of SW1, Thickness Design Software... Software.......... .......

285 290 291 293 294 304

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6

Components of a Modern Batch Plant ........................ ........................ Flow of Material through a Batch Plant ...................... ...................... Components of a Modern Drum-Mix Plant ............... ................. .. Flow Process through a Drum-Mix Plant .................... .................... Vertical Asphalt Storage Tanks ............... .............................. ...................... ....... Cold-feed Bins with Belt Feeders ............... .............................. ................. ..

310 310 311 312 314 317

Figure 7.7 Figure 7.8 Figure 7.9

Bin for Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement..... Pavement.................... ...................... ....... Aggregate Conve Conveyors yors on a Drum Plant .............. ....................... ......... Flights Lift and Drop Material Through the Hot Gases of the Dryer ............... ............................... ............................... ........................ ......... Knockout Box on Drum-Mixer Plant ............... ........................... ............ Cyclone and Baghouse on Drum-Mix Plant  with Dust Return and Mineral Mineral Filler S Silos ilos ............... ................... .... Scrubber on Drum-Mix Plant .............................. ....................................... ......... The Internal Components of a Baghouse............. .................... ....... Fines-Return Fines-Return System on Drum-Mix Plant .................... .................... Fines-Return Fines-Return System with Storage Silo ............... ........................ ......... Continuous Weigh Pod for Baghouse Dust or

318 319

Chapter 7

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

Figure 7.10 Figure 7.11 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16

Figure 7.17

xxii

320 323 323 324 324 325 327

Filler on Drum Plant .............................. ............................................. ...................... ....... 328 Self-Erecting Silo with Weigh Scale in Silo .............. .................. .... 330

List of Illustrations

 

Figure 7.18 Figure 7.19 Figure 7.20 Figure 7.21 Figure 7.22 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32

Stationary Silos over Truck Scale ............... .............................. .................. ... Modern Batch Plant Fitted with Recycle System, Baghouse, Filler S Silo, ilo, and Mix Storage Sil Silos os ............... Material Flow Across a Typical Screen Deck ............... Hot-Bin Sampling Device ............... .............................. .............................. ............... Twin-Shaft Pugmill Mixer Showing the Key Components to the Mixer .............. ............................. .............................. ............... Parallel-Flow Parallel-Flow Drum-Mixer Flow .............................. ................................... ..... Counterflow Drum-Mixer Drum-Mixer Flow ............................ .................................... ........ Separate Dryer and Mixer Flow .............................. ................................... ..... Double-Barrel Unitized Dryer/Mixer Flow .................. .................. Manual Calibration Chart for Cold-Fee Cold-Feed d Bin ............... Computerized Computerized Cold-Feed Cold-Feed Calibration Screen............... Computerized Computerized Mix Formula Screen .............. ............................. ............... Drum-Mix Asphalt Flow Control .............. ............................. .................... ..... Mixing Flights/Drum-Mixer Flights/Drum-Mixer Plant .............. ............................. .................. ... Mixing Tips/Double-Barrel Tips/Double-Bar rel Unitized Dryer/Mixer Plant............................. ............................................ ............................ .............

331 332 334 335 337 341 341 341 342 343 344 345 346 348 349

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1

Distributor Distributor Applying a Prime Coat ............... .............................. ............... 363

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

Standard Dump Truck .............................. ............................................. .................... ..... Semitrailer Dump Truck .............. ............................. .............................. .................. ... Bottom Dump Trailer ............................... .............................................. .................... ..... Horizontal Discharge Truck ............................ ......................................... ............. Proper Method for Breaking the Load ........................ ........................ Proper Loading of Paver Paver ............................... .............................................. ............... Material Transfer Transfer Device ............................... .............................................. ............... Windrow Windrow Paving ............................. ............................................ .............................. ............... Asphalt Paving Machine .............. ............................. .............................. .................. ... Schematic of Asphalt Paver Paver .............. ............................. ............................ ............. Rubber-Tire Laydown Machine with a Hopper Insert .............................. ............................................. .............................. .................. ...

367 367 368 369 371 372 373 374 376 377

Track-Mounted Track-Mounted Laydown Laydown Machine............. ............................ .................. ... Contact Sensor for Material Control ............... ............................ ............. Ultrasonic Noncontact Sensor for Material Control ............................. ............................................ .............................. .............................. ............... Free-Floating Screed .............................. ............................................. ....................... ........ Screed with Variable-Width ariable-Width Extensions ............... ....................... ........ Screed with Fixed-Width Fixed-Width Extensions ........................... ........................... Improperly Aligned Screed Extension ............... ......................... .......... Dual Stringlin Stringline e Reference Set Up for  Airfield Paving Paving ............................. ............................................ .............................. .................. ... Thirty-Foot Mobile Reference ............... .............................. ....................... ........ Sonic Sensor Mobile Reference Reference System ....................... .......................

379 381

8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12

Figure 8.13 Figure 8.14 Figure 8.15 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20

Figure 8.21 Figure 8.22 Figure 8.23

MS-4

378

382 383 386 387 389 391 392 393

Distance Required for Screed Change to Fully Occur ............................. ............................................ ............................... ....................... ....... 394

xxiii

 

Figure 8.24 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32

Placement of Kraft Paper Bond Breaker on a Transverse Transverse Joint Joint .............................. ............................................. ........................... ............ Applying Tack Coat on a Transverse Transverse Joint .............. .................. .... Segregation Along Outside Edge of Mat............... Mat...................... ....... Notched-Wedge Notched-Wedge Joint.............................. ............................................. ...................... ....... Building Superelevated Superelevated Curves with HMA .................. .................. Asphalt Curb Machine ............... ............................... ............................... ................... .... Roller Mounted with Pipe for Rolled-In Joints ............ Rolled-In Rumble Strips .............................. ............................................. ................. .. Milled-In Rumble Strips .............................. ............................................. ................. ..

398 400 402 403 406 407 409 409 410

Chapter 9

Figure Figure Figure Figure

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4

Figure 9.5 Figure 9.6 Figure 9.7 Figure Figure Figure Figure

Pass-Co Pass-Coverage verage Defined.............................. ............................................. ................... .... Pav Pavement ement Durability versus Air Voids.......................... .......................... Forces at Work During Compaction .............. ............................ .............. Time Allowed for Compaction, Based on  T  Temperature emperature and Thickness of Mat Mat and  T  Temperature emperature of U Underlying nderlying Base ............................. ................................. .... Static Steel-Wheel Steel-Wheel Roller ............................. ............................................ ................. .. Self-Propell Self-Propelled ed Pneumatic-Tire Pneumatic-Tire Roller............... ........................... ............ Vibratory Roller ............... .............................. ............................... .............................. ..............

9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11

Impact Spacing ............................. ............................................ .............................. ................. .. Density Growth Curve..................... Curve.................................... ............................. .............. Correct Rolling Pattern............... .............................. .............................. ................... .... Forces Acting when Tiller Wheel or Drive  Wheel is Forward .............................. ............................................. ........................... ............ Figure 9.12 Rolling a Transv Transverse erse Joint .............................. ............................................ .............. Figure 9.13 Options for Longitudinal Joint Compaction ............. ............... ..

416 418 419

423 426 428 430 432 435 437 438 440 441

Chapter 10

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

10.1A 10. 1A 10.1B 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13

Random C Core ore Locati Locations ons Worksheet (English) ............. Random Core Locations Worksheet (Metric) ............. ............... .. Stockpile Sampling ............................... .............................................. ........................ ......... Belt Sampling ............................ ............................................ ............................... ................... .... Hot Bin Sampling .............................. ............................................. ........................... ............ Truck Sampling ............................... .............................................. ............................. .............. Windrow Sampling ............................... .............................................. ........................ ......... Plate Sampling.............................. ............................................. .............................. ................. .. Asphalt Coring.............................. ............................................. .............................. ................. .. Temperature Measurements Measurements .............. ............................. ........................... ............ Control Chart Ex Example ample.............. .............................. ............................... ................... .... Quality Control Summary Example ............... ............................. .............. Air Voids Investigation Investigation Example Example ............... .............................. ................... .... Use of Depth Gauge Gauge to Measure Loose Loose Mat Thickness ............................ ............................................ ............................... ................... ....

456 457 458 459 460 461 461 462 462 469 478 480 481 491

Figure Air ir Voids oids ............................. ................. .. Figure 10.14 10.15 Reference Reference Density Density at at 4% 5% A A Air ir V V Voids oids .............. .............. ............................. ................. .. 502 503 Figure 10.16 Reference Density at 3% A Air ir V Voids oids .............. ............................. ................. .. 504 xxiv

List of Illustrations

 

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Figure 11.2 Figure 11.3

Typical Pavement Pavement Condition as a Function of Time.... Typical Pavement Pavement Management Components.............. Average Average North Carolina Network Conditions Under a “Worst-First” “Worst-First” as a Preservation Strategy......... Automated Automated Data-Collect Data-Collection ion Van ............... .............................. .................... ..... Locked-Wheel Locked-Wheel Skid Trailer .............................. ........................................... ............. Schematic Diagram of FWD Testing Equipment ......... Sample Link between Pavement Condition Index (PCI) and Repair Type .............. ............................. ......................... .......... Sample Distress Map ............................. ............................................ ....................... ........ Alligator (Fatigue) Cracking ............. ............................ ............................ ............. Block Cracking ............................... .............................................. .............................. ............... Edge Cracking .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. .................. ... Longitudinal Cracking .............................. ............................................. .................... ..... Transverse Transverse Cracking .............................. ............................................. ....................... ........ Reflection Reflection Cracking ............................. ............................................ ......................... .......... Slippage Cracks .............................. ............................................. .............................. ............... Shoving .............................. ............................................. ............................... ............................ ............ Rutting .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. ............... Depression.............................. ............................................. ............................... ....................... ....... Upheaval Upheaval ................ ............................... .............................. .............................. ......................... .......... Utility Cut............... Cut.............................. .............................. .............................. ......................... .......... Potholes Potholes ............................. ............................................ ............................... ............................ ............ Raveling Raveling ............................. ............................................ ............................... ............................ ............ Bleeding............................. ............................................ ............................... ............................ ............ Polished Polished Aggregate.............................. ............................................. ......................... .......... Loss of Cover Cover Aggregate Aggregate.............. ............................. .............................. .................. ... Longitudinal Streaking ............................. ............................................ .................... ..... Sample Decision Tree................ ............................... .............................. .................... ..... Sample Benefit Calculation .............. ............................. ............................ .............

522 523

Removing Removing the Surface and Base ............................. .................................. ..... Applying a Tack Coat to the Vertical Sides............... .................. ... Backfilling the Patch Area with HMA ............. .......................... ............. Spreading the Mix Over the Patch Area .............. ...................... ........ Checking Patched Surface with a Straightedge........... Patcher Truck................... Truck.................................. .............................. .............................. ............... Medium-Size Milling Machine ............... .............................. ....................... ........ Small-Size Milling Machine .............. ............................. ............................ ............. Skid Steer Loader Equipped with a Small Milling Head .............................. ............................................. ......................... .......... Figure 12.10 Spray-Injection Patching Machine ............. ............................ .................. ... Figure 12.11 Cleaning of Cracks with Hot Compressed Air.............

574 575 575 576 577 577 578 578

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28

528 531 533 535 537 540 543 544 544 545 546 547 548 549 549 550 551 552 553 553 554 555 556 557 561 564

Chapter 12

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9

579 580 583

Figure 12.12 Properly Sealed Crack ............... .............................. .............................. .................... ..... 584 Figure 12.13 12.13 Placing Crack Crack Filler with Hand Hand Wand............. .......................... ............. 585

MS-4

xxv

 

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 12.18 12.19 12.20 12.21 12.22 12.23 12.23 12.24 12.25 12.26

Preparation of Surface with Pow Power er Sweeper Sweeper ............. ............... .. Asphalt Distributor Distributor ............... ............................... ............................... ........................ ......... Proper Nozzle Angle Setting ................ ............................... ........................ ......... Overlapping Overlapping Spray Fans .............................. ............................................. ................. .. Tailgate Vane Spreader Spreader .............................. ............................................. ................... .... Truck-Attached Truck-Attached Mechanical Spreader .............. .......................... ............ Self-Propelled Self-Propelled Mechanical Spreader .............. ............................ .............. Pneumatic-Tire Pneumatic-Tire Roller.............. ............................. .............................. ...................... ....... Slurry Seal Machine.............................. ............................................. ........................ ......... Flow D Diagram iagram of a Typical Slurry Seal M Mixer ixer.............. Microsurfacing Machine .............................. ............................................. ................. .. Microsurfacing Spreader Box............... .............................. ........................ ......... Rut-Filling Box............... .............................. .............................. .............................. ................. ..

588 595 596 596 597 598 598 600 607 608 611 612 612

625 627 628 632 634

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Figure Figure Figure Figure

13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5

Overlay Cost and Repair Cost versus Percentage of Area Repaired.............. ............................. ............................... .............................. .............. Placing a Level Leveling ing Course with a Motor Grader ......... Leveling Leveling Wedge Construction............... .............................. ........................ ......... Placement of Paving Paving Geotexti Geotextile le ................ ............................... ................... .... Placement of Strip Membrane .................................... ....................................

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17

Onsite Asphalt Rubber Blending Equipment .............. Large High Capacity Milling Machine.............. .......................... ............ Medium Sized Milling Machine.............. ............................. ...................... ....... Tungsten Tungsten Carbide Milling Teeth ................ ............................... ................... .... Micromilled Surface.............. Surface.............................. ............................... ........................ ......... Blending Chart .................................... ................................................... ........................ ......... Surface Recycli Recycling ng Pre-heaters ............... .............................. ...................... ....... Close up of Scarifying Tines ............... .............................. ........................ ......... Repaver Repaver ............................. ............................................ .............................. ............................. .............. Repaver Repaver Mi Mixer xer............................. ............................................ .............................. ................... .... Multistage Remixing Train .............. ............................. ............................. .............. Milling Head on First Unit .............. ............................. ............................. ..............

635 637 638 639 639 644 645 646 647 648 649 650

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

13.18 13. 18 13.19 13.20 13.21 13.22 13.23 13.24 13.25 13.26 13.27 13.28 13.28 13.29

Windrow of Material Material behind behind First Unit............... ........................ ......... RAP Stockpiles ............................. ............................................ ............................... .................. Typical Pavement Pavement for C Cold old In-place In-place R Recycling ecycling ............ Single-Unit CIPR Machine .............................. ............................................ .............. Multi-unit CIR Train............... .............................. .............................. ........................ ......... CIPR Mix in a Windrow .............................. .............................................. .................. Steel-Wheel Steel-Wheel Finish Roller ............................ ............................................ .................. Laboratory Asphalt-F Asphalt-Foaming oaming Plant ............................. ............................... Modern FDR Reclaimer ............................. ............................................ ................... .... Pulverized Pulverized M Material aterial Exiting the Reclaimer............... ................... .... Reclaimer with N Nurse urse Truck.............. ............................. ........................... ............ Motor Grader Shaping Reclaimed Surface............ Surface................... .......

651 653 656 659 660 661 662 669 670 671 672 673

Figure 13.30 Reclaimed Surface Before Compaction .............. ....................... ......... 674

xxvi

List of Illustrations

 

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13

Stresses in an HMA Overlay Due to Temperature Changes .............. ............................. .............................. ............................... ............................ ............ Shear Forces in Overlay Overlay Due to Traffic........................ ........................ Deep Saw Cut with Reservoir Reservoir ............... ............................... ....................... ....... Marked Joints Prior to Sawing .............. .............................. ....................... ....... Secondary Reflect Reflection ion Crack ............. ............................. ............................ ............ Placement of Sealant .............. ............................. ............................... ....................... ....... Illustration of a Crack and Seat Pav Pavement ement ................ .................. .. Guillotine Hammer Being Used for Crack and Seating JCPC Pavement Pavement .............................. ............................................. .................. ... Crack Pattern of Cracked and Seated Pav Pavement ement ......... Typical Drainage System............................... .............................................. ............... Resonant Concrete Pav Pavement ement Breaker............... ......................... .......... Multiple-Head Multiple-Head Pav Pavement ement Breaker .............. ............................. .................. ... Grid Roller Roller Used for for Compaction of of Rubblized PCCP.............. .............................. ............................... .............................. ...............

680 680 684 685 685 686 687 690 691 695 696 698 699

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

Measurements for Determinin Determining g Windrow Quantities .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ......................... .......... 712

Blade Mixing ............................. ............................................ .............................. .................... ..... Rotary Mixer—Pu Mixer—Pulvimixer lvimixer Type ............... .............................. .................... ..... Schematic of Travel Travel Plant ............... .............................. .............................. ............... Cold Mix Continuous Mixing Facility .............. .......................... ............ Flow Chart for Cold Mix Design Procedure .............. ................ .. Asphalt-Lined Asphalt-Lined Reservoir .............. .............................. ............................... ................. .. HMA Placed as an Underlayment Underlayment ............... .............................. ................. .. HMA Placed as an Overlayment Overlayment .............. ............................. .................... ..... Placing HMA Underlayment Underlayment in S Southern outhern Kansas ........ Placing Underlayment Underlayment by Backdump Backdumping ing and Spreading.............................. ............................................. .............................. ......................... .......... Figure 15.12 Asphalt Running Track.............. ............................. .............................. .................... .....

716 717 718 720 721 725 734 735 738

Figure 15.13 Asphalt Tennis Court .............. ............................. ............................... ....................... ....... Figure 15.14 Effect of Distance on Traffic Noise over over a Paved Pav ed Surface .............................. ............................................. .............................. .................. ... Figure 15.15 A Typical Asphalt-Line Asphalt-Lined d Reservoir Reservoir ............. ............................ .................. ... Figure 15.16 HMA-Surfaced Race Track............................. ............................................ ............... Figure 15.17 Roller Compacting HMA on Race Track ...................... ...................... Figure 15.18 15.18 A Typical Porous Porous Pa Pavement vement System .............. ............................. ...............

741

MS-4

15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11

739 740

748 756 757 760 762

xxvii

 

List of Table Tables s

Chapter 2

 T  Table able 2.1  T  Table able  T  Table able  T  Table able  T  Table able  T  Table able  T  Table able

2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

Methods Used to Produce Produce and Process Process  Asphalt Materials Materials ............... .............................. .............................. ............................ ............. 24 Asphalt Cement Cement Speci Specification fication Tests ............................. ............................. 43 Emulsified Emulsified Asphalt Asphalt Grades ............... .............................. ............................ ............. 70 Specification Tests for E Emulsified mulsified Asphalt Grade Gradess ...... 78 Specification Tests for C Cutback utback Asphalt Grades .......... 82 Ranges of Storage Storage and Mixing Temperatures .............. 100 Percent Percent Capacities for V Various arious Depth Depthss of Cylindrical Tanks in Horizontal Horizontal Position Position ..................... ..................... 105

Chapter 3

 T  Table able  T  Table able  T  Table able  T  Table able

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

 T  Table able 3.5  T  Table able 3.6  T  Table able 3.7  T  Table able 3.8  T  Table able 3.9  T  Table able 3.10  T  Table able 3.11  T  Table able 3.12

Different Aggregate Classifications Classifications .............................. .............................. 112 Typical Properties Properties of Common Common Aggregates Aggregates .............. ................. ... 112 Coarse-Aggregate Coarse-Aggregate Standard Grading Sizes ............... .................. ... 124 AASHTO M 323, Superpave Superpave Aggregate Aggregate Consen Consensus sus Properties .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ......................... .......... AASHTO MP 8, Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) (SMA)  Aggregate Quality Quality Require Requirements ments .............................. ................................. ... Typical Mix Mix Grading Sizes and Compositions Compositions (from ASTM D 3515) 3515) ............................. ............................................ ....................... ........ Example Blending Blending Table Table ............................... .............................................. ............... Trial-and-Error Trial-and-Error Calculations Calculations for Comb Combining ining  Two Aggregates .............................. ............................................. .............................. ............... Trial-and-Error Trial-and-Error Solution for Combini Combining ng Thre Three e  Aggregates .............................. ............................................. ............................... ....................... ....... Adjusting Adjusting Perce Percentages ntages by Volume to P Percentages ercentages  by Weight Weight .............................. ............................................. .............................. ......................... ..........

132 133 137 141 142 143 145

Calculation of Surface Area.............................. .......................................... ............ 146 ASTM D 242 Gradation Limit Limitss for Mineral Filler Filler......... 153

Chapter 4

 T  Table able  T  Table able  T  Table able  T  Table able  T  Table able

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

 T  Table able 4.6  T  Table able 4.7  T  Table able 4.8

MS-4

Basic Data for for Sample of Paving Mixture ............... .................... ..... Superpave Superpave Aggregate Aggregate Consensus Consensus Requirements Requirements.......... Superpave Superpave Mixture Gradations Gradations ............. ............................ ....................... ........ Superpave Superpave Gyratory Compactive Compactive Effort ....................... ....................... Superpave Superpave Volumetric Volumetric M Mixture ixture Design Requirements Requireme nts ............. ............................. ............................... .............................. .................... ..... Marshall Design Design Criteria............................. ............................................ .................. ... Hveem Hveem Design Crit Criteria eria ............................. ............................................ .................... ..... Binder Selection Selection Guidel Guidelines ines for RAP Mixtures............ Mixtures............

174 187 188 191 196 203 209 214

xxix

 

 Table  Tab le 4.9  Table  Table  Table  Tab le  Table  Tab le  Table  Tab le

4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13

Typical Gradat Gradations ions for SMA Mixes (Percent (Perce nt P Passing assing b by y Volume) ............... .............................. ........................ ......... Typical OGFC OGFC Gradations .............................. ............................................ .............. Typical Gradations Gradations Used for for A ATPB TPB ................ .............................. .............. Traffic Level Level De Definitions finitions .............................. ............................................. ................. .. Coarse Versus Fine G Graded raded Mixes Mixes.............................. ................................ ..

218 225 229 243 244

Chapter 5

 Table  Tab le 5.1

Common Test Methods Methods for Soil Strength/Stiffness ...... 252

 Table  Tab le  Table  Table  Table  Tab le  Table  Tab le

Routine S Soil oil Tests .............. ............................. .............................. ........................... ............ Measurement Points Points for CBR Test............... est.............................. ................. .. Standard P Penetration enetration Loads for CBR Test .................... .................... Correlations ffor or the Det Determination ermination of Resilient Resilient Modulus .............................. ............................................. .............................. ........................... ............

5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

253 255 256 269

Chapter 6

 Table  Tab le 6.1  Table  Tab le 6.2  Table 6.3  Table  Table  Tab le 6.4

Comparison of Selected Mechanistic-Emp Mechanistic-Empirical irical Highway Highwa y Pave Pavement ment D Design esign Methods ............... ........................... ............ Comparison of Selected Mechanistic-Emp Mechanistic-Empirical irical  Airport Pavement Pavement Des Design ign Methods .............................. .............................. Asphalt Inst Institute itute Des Design ign Manuals and Software... Software.......... ....... Contact Informatio Information n for Select Selected ed Pavement Pavement Design Methods............... .............................. ............................... .............................. ..............

299 300 302 303

Chapter 9

 Table  Tab le 9.1

Summary of Influences on Compaction ............... ...................... ....... 425

Chapter 10

 Table  Table  Table  Tab le  Table  Tab le  Table  Tab le

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4

Testing Outline Outline for Quality-Assurance Quality-Assurance Programs ........ Minimum Sample Sample Size for for Aggregates Aggregates ............. ......................... ............ Sample Random Random Number Sample Sample Locations.............. ................ .. Sample Stratified Stratified Random N Number umber Sample Locations.............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................... ............ Standard Test Methods Methods for Asphalt C Content ontent of

448 452 454

Hot Mix Asphalt.................. Asphalt... .............................. .............................. ........................... ............ Example Quality Quality Control Sampling and Testing Plan for for HMA............................. ............................................. ............................... ................... ....  Table  Tab le 10.7A Quality-Control Quality-Control Placement Data Summary Example ............... .............................. .............................. .............................. ........................... ............  Table  Tab le 10.7B Quality-Control Quality-Control Placement Data Summary Example (Metric) ............................ ............................................ .............................. ..............  Table  Tab le 10.8 Example Specification Specification Limits Limits on Quali Quality ty Characteristics................ Characteristics. .............................. .............................. ............................... ..................  Table  Tab le 10.9 PWL Table (FHW (FHWA A Format) ............... .............................. ........................... ............  Table  Tab le 10.10 Pay Reduction Reduction Factors for HMA Production Production............... .................

467 474

 Table  Tab le 10.5  Table  Tab le 10.6

455

484 485 508 510 512

Chapter 11

 Table  Tab le 11.1

xxx

Sample Decision Decision Matrix ............... .............................. .............................. ................. .. 561

List of Tables

 

Chapter 12

 T  Table able 12.1  T  Table able 12.2  T  Table able 12.3  T  Table able 12.4  T  Table able 12.5  T  Table able 12.6

Quantities of Asphalt Asphalt and Aggregate ffor or Single-Surface Treatments Treatments .............. ............................. .............................. ............... Quantities of Asphalt Asphalt and Aggregate pe perr Square Yard (Square Meter) for Double-Surface Treat Treatment ment ............ Quantities of Asphalt Asphalt and Aggregate pe perr Square  Yard  Y ard (Square Me Meter) ter) for Tripl Triple-Surface e-Surface T Treatment reatment ...... Suggested Temperatures for for Spraying Asphalt ............ Slurry Mixture Gradings............................. ............................................ .................. ... Quantities of Asphalt Asphalt and Aggregate pe perr Square  Yard  Y ard (Square Me Meter) ter) for Cape Cape Seal ............... .............................. ...............

592 593 594 601 606 614

Chapter 13

 T  Table able 13.1  T  Table able 13.2  T  Table able 13.3

Some Alternatives Alternatives for P Pavem avement ent Rehab Rehabilitation ilitation........... 623 Typical Paving Paving Nonwov Nonwoven en Geote Geotextile xtile Specifications Specificatio ns ............................. ............................................ .............................. .................... ..... 630 Gradations for SAMIs ............. ............................ ............................... ....................... ....... 636

Chapter 15

 T  Table able 15.1  T  Table able 15.2  T  Table able 15.3  T  Table able 15.4  T  Table able 15.5  T  Table able 15.6  T  Table able 15.7  T  Table able 15.8  T  Table able 15.9

Guide for for Uses for Asphalts in in Cold Mix ............. ..................... ........ Aggregates for for Open-Graded Emulsion Emulsion Mixes Mixes ............ Aggregates for for Emulsified Emulsified Dense-Graded Dense-Graded Asp Asphalt halt Mixtures ............................. ............................................ ............................... ............................ ............ Aggregate for for Emulsified Emulsified Sand Mix Mixes es .............. .......................... ............ Typical Asphalt Temperatures fo forr Cold Mix Construction .............................. ............................................. .............................. .................... ..... Types of Rollers Su Suitable itable for for the Compaction Compaction of Cold Mix Asphalt Bases Bases............... .............................. .............................. .................. ... Application Forms of Asphaltic M Materials aterials fo forr Hydraulic Structures .............................. ............................................. ....................... ........ Mix Compositions Compositions for for Formed In-Place  Asphalt Liners Liners .............................. ............................................. .............................. .................. ... Noise Levels Levels Associated w with ith Common

707 708 709 710 714 723 726 729

 Activitiess ...............................  Activitie .............................................. .............................. ......................... .......... 747

MS-4

xxxi

 

 

Index

 A

origin of bedrock, 111–113 production, 117–119

    x     e

 Absorbed asphalt (P ba128 ), 173  Absorption, of an content aggregate,  AC (Asphalt Cement) Cement) system, 41  Acceptance criteria, of HMA construction projects general compaction requirements, requ irements, 501–506 historical acceptance, 500 modern, 500–501 statistical acceptance, 506–512  Acceptance practices, 447  Acceptance testing aggregate angularity, 493–494

sources of, 113–116  Aggregates for HMA, composite composite analysis calculation of surface area, 145–146 composite-aggregate size designations, 135–136 composite-aggregate size fractions, 136 gradation adjustments for specific gravities, 144–145 gradation blending calculations, 139–144 gradation types, 134–135

asphalt content and gradation, 493 compaction, 494–496 ride quality, 496–498 for thickness, 496  volumetric properties, 494  Additives and modification, modification, of asphalts rationale of use, 86 tests for, 92–98 types, 86–91  Aggregate absorption, 170  Aggregate additives antistrip additives, 154–155 fibers, 155–156

power gradation curve, 136–139  Aggregates for HMA, properties, 112 deleterious substances, 130–132 freeze-thaw/weathering resistance, 130 particle shape and surface texture, 122–126 particle size and grading, 121–122 pore structure, porosity and absorption, 128 segregation, 120 specifications, 132–133 specific gravity, 128–130

mineral filler, 152–153 roofing-shingle scrap, 156 scrap tires (ground rubber), rubber ), 156  Aggregate angularity, angularity, 465 acceptance for, 493–494  Aggregate cleanliness, 131  Aggregate coatings, 131  Aggregate dryer, 319–322  Aggregate gradation, 464–465  Aggregate packing properties, in HMA  CA, FAc and FAf ratios, 216 PCS percentage, 215  Aggregates, for hot mix mix asphalt (HMA) mixture classification, 112

stone matrix asphalt (SMA) aggregate quality requirements, 133 toughness, 126–128  Aggregate spreader, 597–599  Aggregate stockpiling facility, facility, 315–317  Air-blown asphalts, 26, 727 properties and specifications, 83–85  Air-voids, 129, 168, 172 in compacted mixture, 184–185 testing for, 468  Akkadian asphaltic, 3  Alligator (fatigue) cracking, 164, 536,

MS-4

542–543

773

     d     n      I

 

 American Association Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications  AASHTO M 323, 213  AASHTO M 20 asphalt binder, binder, 40  AASHTO M 43 (ASTM D 448), 122  AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL), 449  AASHTO M 320 binder specifications,  AASHTO MP 323,63–65 121  AASHTO PP 41, 217  AASHTO PP 48–03, 192  AASHTO R 35, 189, 194  AASHTO T 19, 220, 225  AASHTO T 40, 463  AASHTO T 110, 720  AASHTO T 164, 210  AASHTO T 166, 220  AASHTO T 209, 211, 467  AASHTO T 246, 204  AASHTO T 247, 204  AASHTO  AASHTO T T 283, 292, 196, 261 221  AASHTO T 304, 466  AASHTO T 307, 261  AASHTO T 308, 210, 657  AASHTO T 324, 237  AASHTO T 165 and T 167, 227  AASHTO T 89 and T 90 (ASTM D 4318), 131  AASHTO T 11 (ASTM C 117), 132  AASHTO T 84 (ASTM C 128), 128–129  AASHTO T 85 (ASTM C 127), 128–129  AASHTO T 96 (ASTM C 131), 127  AASHTO T 104 (ASTM C 88), 130  AASHTO T 112 (ASTM C 142), 132  AASHTO T 176 (ASTM D 2419), 131  AASHTO T 195 (ASTM D 2489), 338  AASHTO T 327 (ASTM D 6928), 127  AASHTO T 166 (ASTM D 2726) procedure, 179–180  AASHTO T 209 or ASTM D 2041, 176–178  American Concrete Institute (ACI), (ACI), 449  Anionic emulsified asphalts (ASTM D 977), 77  Antioxidants, 91  Antistripping additives, 91–92

774

 Apparent specific gravity (Gsa), 129 of aggregate, 175–176  AR (Aged Residue) system, 41  Arizona Department of Transportation Transportation method, for binder content, 729  Asphalt, see also PG asphalt binder tests; specific asphalts  additives and modifications, 86–98 aging effects, 46–47  American Society fordefinition, Testing and Materials (ASTM) 23  background, 3–4  behavior in different temperatures, 44–47  binders, 8 cement, 7–9, see also Tests, for asphalt cement early application of, 3 frequently asked questions, 106 historical milestones, 5–6 natural, 7 pavements,  see  Pavements  Pavements paving refiningmixtures, methods,10–12 3–4 safety procedures for binders, 107 sampling, 101–102 surface treatments, 12  Asphalt absorption (P ba), 181  Asphalt binder, 186 for chip sealing, 590–591 selection by Hveem method, 205 selection by Marshall method, 200 selection for hydraulic purpose, 729–730  Asphalt binder sampling, 463  Asphalt built-up roof, 745  Asphalt concrete floors, 751  Asphalt content defined, 173 in the mixture, effect of, 169–170 testing for, 466–467  Asphalt coring, 462  Asphalt distributor, 594–597  Asphalt foaming, 27  Asphalt Institute Mix Design Program SW-2, 198  Asphalt Institute Mix Design  Technologies  Techno logies Certification Program for technicians, 449  Asphalt Institute vacuum viscometer, viscometer, 28–29

Index

 

 Asphalt mastic floors, 751  Asphalt mastic seals, 732–733  Asphalt Pavement Pavement Analyzer (AP (APA), A), 237–240  Asphalt properties, in RAP mixture, 211–213  Asphalt proprietary mixes, 573  Asphalt retention, of geotextiles, geotextiles, 630  Asphalt roll roofing, 744–745  Asphalt 744  Asphalt shingles, surface treatments cape sealing, 613–614 chip sealing, 589–604 microsurfacing, 610–613 pavement surface preparation, 587 sand sealing, 614 slurry sealing, 605–610 spray applied sealers, 588–589  Asphalt temperatures, control of  mixing, 99–100 precautions, 100–101 spraying, 100  Asphalt-treated permeable base (ATPB) description, 228 mix design characteristics and procedures, 228–229  Asphalt Vibratory Compactor, Compactor, 237  Asphalt weigh bucket, 336  ASTM C 29, 225  ASTM C 136 (AASHTO T 27), 121  ASTM D8-88, 635  ASTM D 140, 463  ASTM D 1559, 198  ASTM D 1560, 204  ASTM D 1561, 204  ASTM D 2041, 211, 467  ASTM D 2172, 210  ASTM D 3666, 449  ASTM D 4552, 589  ASTM D 4694, 535  ASTM D 4867, 196  ASTM D 5821, 466  ASTM D 6307, 210, 657  ASTM D 6390, 222  ASTM D 6433, 536  ASTM D 1557/AASHTO T 180, 743  ASTM D 1075 and D 1074, 227  ASTM D 946 asphalt binder, 40  ASTM D 698 or D 1557, 254  ASTM E 274, 532

MS-4

 Athletic or recreational facility, facility, using HMA   basic design, 741 pavement thickness, 742–743 types of facilities, 740–741  Atmospheric residue, 25

B Backer rods, 584–585 Baghouse dust, usage of, 326 Bailey Method, 215 Ballast thickness, 737 Batch production process, 309–311 aggregate gradation control, 332–336 asphalt content control, 336–337 mixing/coating, 337–338 production problem-solving guide, 353–355 recycled mix production, 338–339 Batchtype pugmills, 719 Beach sands, 114 Beam theory, 54 Belly-dump trailers, 700 Belt-type conveyors, 318 Bending beam rheometer (BBR), 54 stiffness, 212 tests, 211 Benkelman Beam, 534 Bermudez asphalt, 7 Bicycle/walking paths, in asphalt, 742 Bins, for virgin aggregate and RAP cold-feeds, 317–318 Bitumen, 23 Bituminous surface treatment, see  Chip  Chip seal Blade mixing, for cold-laid pavements, 715–716 Blast Furnace Slag (BFS), 116, 128 Bleeding, or flushing, 554 Blend formula, in modern batch-plant production, 333 Blending chart, 643–644 Blisters, 633 Block copolymer, 87 Block cracking, 543 Bonding roof deck and pavement, 752 Breakdown rolling, 436–439, 649, 662

775

    x     e      d     n      I

 

Bridge-deck paving construction methods, 750–751 dense-graded asphalt concrete mixtures, 750 Brittle, defined, 56 Bucket-elevator method, 338–339 Bulk specific gravity, 129 of aggregates, 175–176 of the HMA mixture, 179–181

Coal-tar products, 23 Coarse aggregate angularity (CAA), 466 Coarse-graded aggregate structures, 135 Coarse graded mix, 215 Cohesiometer, 205 test, 204 Cohesion, of mix, 164 Cold In-Place Recycling (CIPR) process

testing for, 467–468 Burlington Norther Northern-Santa n-Santa Fe Railway’s double-tracking, 737 Burner flighting, of dryers, 320–321

application, 655layers, 661–663 compaction of criteria for suitability, 656 curing and aeration, 663 equipment and methods, 658–660 inspection, 664–665 mix design, 656–657 placement of materials, 661  wearing course, 664 Cold milling, a pavement application, 637 equipment for, 638–640 inspection, 641

C CA, FA c and FA f ratios, 216 Calcareous aggregates, 166 Calcium chloride, 74 Calibrated pycnometer pycnometer,, 176 Calibration process, 344 accuracy, 318 California bearing ratio, 252–257 California Kneading Compactor, 205 Cannon-Manning vacuum viscometer viscometer,, 28 Cantabro test, 226 Cape seal, 613–614 Capillary water, 271 Catch basin system, 274 Cationic emulsified asphalts (ASTM D 2397), 77 Cationic rapid-setting (CRS) emulsions, emul sions, 74 Cement-mixing test, 74 Centrifuge Kerosene Equivalent (CKE) tests, 204 Chemical modification, 90 Chip seal, 12, 587, 634 construction sequence, 600–603 equipment for, 594–603 limitations, 604 longitudinal joints, 604 materials, 590–591 surface treatment design, 591–594 transverse joints, 604 Class C fly ash, 655, 662 Cleveland Open Cup (COC) flash point p oint test, 34, 65, 81 Close-proximity (CPX) noise trailer, 747

776

versus 

micromilling  conventional milling, 638 specifications, 640–641 Cold mix asphalt preparation construction methods, 712–714 description, 705–706 methods of preparing pr eparing mixes, 714–723 mix composition, 706 proportioning materials, 710–711 suitability for pavement construction, 706 type and grade of asphalt in, 706–708 types, 708–710 Cold-mix recycling central plant (CP) cold recycling, 652–653 defined, 652 placement of mix, 654 stationary facilities, 653–654 Cold-plant asphalt mixtures, 573 Cold-side rolling, 442 Colored asphalt, 764 Combination plant, 342 Compacted recycled surface, 646 Compaction, 646 acceptance for, 494–495 of a CIPR mix, 661–663

Index

 

control methods, 486–489 in cool weather, 424 equipments, 426–433 factors affecting, 419–423 general operational notes, 433 influences on, 425 mechanics, 418–419 need for, 417 of reclaimed mixes using foamed

Conveyors, for aggregate and RAP Conveyors, transfer, 318–319 CoreLok® procedure, 179–180 CoreLok® vacuum-sealing device, 181, 226 Core sampling, 460 Corrugations and shoving, 547–548 Counterflow drum-mixer dr um-mixer flow flow,, 341 Cracking and seating, on pavements,

asphalt, 673 rolling procedures, 434–442 terms and definitions, 416–417 thickness of the lift, 435 troubleshooting, 443–444 Compactive force, of a pneumatic-tire roller, 429 Complex shear modulus, 52, 65 Composite-aggregate gradation, 136 Compression-based equipments, 118 Concrete linings, for hydraulic applications, 728–732 Condition survey, of pavements, 524

687–688 on JCPC pavements, 689 Crack sealing/filling, 626–627 filling procedures, 585 materials, 583 purpose, 582–583 sealing procedures, 583–584 Creep stiffness, 54, 56 Creep testing, 232–234 Cross-arm viscometers,  see  Zeitfuchs  Zeitfuchs cross-arm viscometer  Crude oil chemical composition, 23–24 Crude oil distillation process, 23

Conical piles,of652 Consistency, an asphalt binder, 26–27 Construction control testing, 171 Contact pressure, of a pneumatic-tire roller, 429 Contamination prevention, during process, 315–316 Continuous weigh pod for baghouse dust or filler, fi ller, o on n drum plant, 328 Control systems, of a plant aggregate and RAP transfer conveyors, conveyo rs, 318–31 318–319 9 aggregate dryer dr yer,, 319–322 aggregate stockpiling, 315–317 dust collection equipment, 322–325 dust-return equipment, 325–327 for fiber additives, 329 finished product storage silos and load-out equipment, 329–331 lime additive bulk storage and feed silos, 328 liquid asphalt storage tanks, 313–315 mineral filler additive storage and feed silos, 327–328  virgin aggregate and RAP cold-feed  bins, 317–318 Conveyor Convey or belt sampling techniques, 455–458

Crumb rubber modification, 89–90 Crumb-rubber modified-asphalt binder, 749 Crushed sand, 115 Crushed stone, 114–115, 123 “Crusher-run” aggregate, 115 Crushing, process of, 114, 117–118 CSX Transportation rail crossing, in northern Ohio, 738 Cutback asphalts, 9, 71–72 specifications for, 81–82 tests for, 78–81 Cyclone and baghouse, on drum-mix plant, 323

MS-4

D Decibel or dB, defined, 746 Deep patching, 573–574 Degradation, 119 Deleterious substances, 130–132 Delivery, of HMA  material surge at paving site, 370–374 at paving site, 370 recording of, 374–375 using haul trucks, 366–370  visual inspection of, 375

777

     1   .      2

 

Demulsibility test, 74 Dense-graded aggregate mixtures, 709 Dense-graded paving mixes, 162 Density tests, 451 Density-voids calculations, 173 Direct tension test, 58 Disintegration, of pavements, 550–551 Distillation test, 76 Distortions, in the pavement layer, 547–550 Drainage, of the pavement structure, structu re, 629 design, 270–271 geotextiles as alternative designs, 278–279 rationale for, 270 subsurface drainage related to frost action, 276–278 drainage schemes, 275–276 filter material and drain rock, 275 surface design for large paved areas, 273–274 design for roadways, 271–273 Drainage ditches, 272 Drain rock, 275 Drum-mix production process, 311–312 aggregate gradation control, 342–345 asphalt content control, 345–347 development of, 340–342 mixing/coating, 347–348 production problem-solving guide, 350–352 recycled mix production, 348–349 Dryers, 319–322 Dry-mix cycle, in batch production process, 311 Dry sieving, 121 DSR Repeated Creep Test, 93 Ductile, defined, 56 Ductility, 36–38 Durability, of an asphalt pavement, 166 Dust collection equipment, 322–325 Dust palliatives, 589 Dust-return equipment, 325–327 Dynaflect, 534 Dynamic modulus test, 231

778

Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), 49–53, 211 Dynatest, 266

E Edge cracks, 543–545 Effective asphalt content (P be), 173 of a paving mixture, 183–184 Effective specific gravity (G ), 129 se of aggregate, 178–179 Elastic modification, see  Elastomers  Elastomers Elastic Recovery test, 89, 93 Elastomers, 87 Electro-negatively charged asphalt droplets, 9 Electro-positively charged asphalt droplets, 9 Elongation of geotextile at break, br eak, determination, 630 Emulsified-asphalt, 9, 69–71, 667 content, 710 specifications for, 77–78 tests, 72–77 use, 72 Emulsion-based process, 766–767 End-result specifications, defined, 513 Environmental applications, of asphalt fish hatcheries, 755 landfill caps, 756  water reservoir liners, 755–756 Environmental control system, 59 Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs), 190 Erratic density, 444 Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), 89 Expanded Shale, Clay, and Slate (ESCS), 116 Extenders, 90 Extraction, of aggregates, 117 Extrusive rocks, 113 Exudation pressure test, 259–260

F F. C. Field of the Asphalt Institute, 3 Failure strain, 58 Failure stress, 58 Falling weight deflectometer (FWD), 534

Index

 

Fatigue cracking, 165, 615 factor, 66–67 Fatigue resistance, 164–165 Fatty amidoamines, 91 Feed-bin calibration process, 317 Feed bins, for virgin aggregate, 317 Feeders, 344 Fiber additive equipment, 329 Fine aggregate angularity angul arity (FAA) (FAA),, 466 Fine-graded Fine graded aggregates, mix, 215 135 Fines-return system, on drum-mix plant, 325–327 Finished product storage silos and load-out equipment, 329–331 Finish rolling, 440 Fire point, 34 Flash point, 27, 34 Flexural fatigue test, 234–236 Float Test, 70, 77 Florida DOT procedure, 227–228 Foamed asphalt, 667, 766 Foaming additives, 766 Fog seals,mineral 588 Foliation, 113 Force Ductility test, 89, 94 Fractured-faces specifications, 465–466 Fractured slab technique construction procedure, 689–692 crack/break and seating of pavements, 687–688 Free-fall compensation value, 336 Free-movement plane construction, 752 Freeze-thaw resistance, of an aggregate, 130 Frost heaves and drainage system, 276 Full-depth asphalt pavement, 15 Full-depth patching, 573–576 Full-depth Reclamation (FDR) asphalt stabilization, 667–669 chemical stabilization, 666 construction procedure, 669–672 inspection, 674–675 shaping and compaction procedures, 672–674 Functional conditions, of a pavement pavement distress, 529–531 ride quality, 531–532 surface friction, 532–534

MS-4

G Gap-graded aggregates, 135 Gas-free distilled water water,, 175–176, 178 Gate openings, in production process, 317 Gear-type pumps, 594 Geographic information systems (GIS), 525 Georgia Loaded Wheel Tester (GLWT), 237 Geotextiles as interlayers for HMA pavements, 629–633 in subsurface drainage systems, 278–280 Gilsonite deposit, 7, 91 Glasphalt, 116 Glass-like structure rocks, 113 Gneisses, 113 Grab tensile strength, of geotextile, 630 Gradation blending calculations, calcul ations, 139–144 Gravel, 113–114 Gravities, for aggregates, 128–130 Griptester, 533

H Hairline cracks, 582 Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Device (HWTD), 237 Handling and stockpiling, of aggregates, 118–119 Harsh mixtures, 167 High-float medium setting (HFMS) emulsions, 653 High-tensile strains, 165 “Highway class” vibratory rollers, 433 HMA mixture sampling, 458–462 Hot-air blasting procedure, 583 Hot In-place Recycling (HIPR), 622 categories, 642 construction process, 644–649 inspection, 649 material evaluation, 643–644 pavement assessment, 642 Hot mix asphalt (HMA), 4, see also  specific topics 

adoption of superwave mix design system, 163

779

     1   .      2

 

aggregates for, see  Aggregates,  Aggregates, for hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture classification, 161–162 defined, 161 evolution of, 162–163  joint construction, see  Joint  Joint construction, of HMA  Hot-side rolling, 441–442 Hubbard, Prévost, 3

strip interlayers, 633–634 use of geotextiles, 629–633 Interlocks, 123 Intermediate rolling, 439 Intrusive rocks, 113

J

 JILS, 266  Job-mix control testing, 171 Hubbard-Field Method,  Job-mix formula, 171 Hubbard-Field test, 4 162 quality-control and acceptance of, Hveem, Francis, 4 449–450 Hveem method, of asphalt refining, 4  verification, 476–477 Hveem method, of mix design, 163  Joint construction, of HMA  description, 204–205 longitudinal joints, 401–403 design criteria, 205–209 notched-wedge joints, 403 Hveem Stabilometer, 163, 205, 260 during paving start-up procedures, Hydrated lime, 91, 655 399–401 Hydraulic application, of asphalt traverse or construction joints, asphalt seals, 732–733 398–399 construction considerations, 730–733 impermeable surface lining mixes, 727–728, 730–732 mix design requirements, 727–730 Performance Grade (PG) of asphalt, 728 permeable surface sur face lining mixes, 728–730, 732 porous drainage layers, 732 sub-liner drainage layers, 730–732  various uses, 724–727 Hydrocarbon modifiers, 91 Hydroplaning, 166

I Ideal velocity of flow, in a ditch, 273 Igneous rocks, 113 Independent assurance, 447 Industrial floors, using asphalt, 751 Inertial profilometers, 497–498 In-place pavement sampling, 460 Intelligent Compaction (IC), 433 Interlayer techniques chip seals, 634 construction procedure, 635 functions of interlayers, 629 inspection procedure, 636 paving membranes, 633 stress-absorbing membrane interlayer (SAMI), 634–635

780

K

KENTRACK, 737 Kinematic viscosity, 30 test, 78 Knockout box, on drum-mixer plant, 323 KUAB, 266

L Laboratory test methods California bearing ratio, 252–257 resilient modulus (Mr ), 261–263 resistance value (R-value), 257–261 Leaching pads construction, 753–754 design, 753 materials, 753 uses, 753 Leveling courses, 432, 626 Leveling wedges, 626 Lifecycle cost analysis (LCCA), of pavements, 522 Light steel-wheel rollers, 731 Lime additive bulk storage and feed silos, 328 Linear Variable Differential  Transformers (LVDTs), (LVDTs), 261

Index

 

Linear viscoelastic (LVE) range, of material, 52 Liquid antistripping additives, 91 Liquid asphalt storage tanks, 313–315 Liquid limit (LL), 131, 250 Load-penetration test, 255–256 Longitudinal cracks, 545 Longitudinal joints, 441–442 Longitudinal streaking, 555

asphalt content, 169–170 density, 167–168  voids filled with asphalt, 169  voids in mineral aggregates, 168–169 Mix deficiencies and causes, in batch production process gradation shift/aggregates, 353 gradation shift/coarser on –200 mesh (75 micron) sieve, 353

Los 187 Angeles Abrasion test, 127–128,

gradation shift/finer (75 micron) sieve, on 351–200 mesh high AC content, 354 high voids, 351 inadequate coating, 355 low AC content, 354 low air-voids, 354 temperature fluctuations, 355 Mix deficiencies and causes, in drummix production process gradation shift/aggregates, 350 gradation shift/coarser on –200 mesh (75 micron) sieve, 351

Lottman method, 227 Low density polyethylene identified (LDPE), 89 Low-Energy Asphalt (LEA), 766 Low-temperature cracking, 165

M Marble, 113 Marshall, Bruce, 4 Marshall method, of asphalt refining, 4 Marshall method, of mix designing, 162 description, 198–201 design criteria, 201–203 Mechanical extraction tools, 117 Mechanistic Empirical Pav Pavement ement Design Guide (MEPDG), for highways, 694 Medium-curing (MC) cutback asphalts, 71 Metamorphic rocks, 113 Method specifications, defined, 513 Micro-Deval test, 127 Micromilling process, 638 Micro PAVER pavement management system, 536 Microsurfacing, 12, 587 application procedure, 613 equipments for, 610–612  joints, 613 materials, 610 surface preparation, 613  weather limitations, 613 Mineral additives, 766 Mineral aggregates, 187 Mineral filler additive storage and feed silos, 327–328 Mix behavior, of HMA  air-voids, 168

MS-4

gradation shift/finer (75 micron) sieve, on 351–200 mesh high AC content, 351–352 high voids, 351 inadequate coating, 352 low AC content, 352 low air-voids, 351 temperature fluctuations, 352 Mix density, 167–168 Mix design for bicycle/walking paths, desired properties for for,, 742–743 Cold In-Place Recycling (CIPR) process, desired properties pr operties for, 656–657 durability, desired properties for, 166 fatigue resistance, desired properties for, 164 –165 formula for, 178 low temperature cracking, desired properties for for,, 165 moisture resistance, desired properties for for,, 165–166 procedures for the design of opengraded friction courses, 224–227 race tracks, desired properties for, 758–759

781

     1   .      2

 

resistance to permanent deformation, desired properties for, 164 skid resistance, desired properties for, 166  workability,, desired properties for  workability for,, 166–167 Mix Design Formula (MDF), 344 Mixed-polymer modification, 90 Mix Mix pickup, selection443 dense graded mixes, 243–244 determination of mix types, 244–245 pavement layers and traffic levels, l evels, 242–243 Mixture compactability compactability,, 489–490 Moisture damages, in HMA pavements, 165–166 Moisture susceptibility test, 196 Molten materials (magma), 113 MS-17 manual, 541, 622 Multihead Breaker (MHB), 697–698 Multiple-stress test, 93, 96 creep-recovery (MSCR) Multi-unit train, 660

N National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT), 747 National Institute for Certification of Engineering Technicians (NICET), 449 National Voluntary Voluntary Laboratory  Accreditation Program (NVLAP), 449 Natural asphalts, 7 Negative weigh pod system, 326 Network-level analysis, of pavements, 526 Newtonian fluids, 44 Noise reduction, using asphalts nature of noise, 746–747 noise characteristics of HMA pavements, 747–749 Nondestructive testing (NDT), 529 Non-ionic emulsions, 70 Nonwoven Nonwov en geotextile specifications, for pavements, 630

782

O “Ointment” or “cigar” tube test, 92 Open-graded cold mixes, 708 Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC), 11, 329, 748–749 description and usage, 223–224 mix design characteristics and procedures, 224–228 Open-graded mixes, 135, 162 Organic wax-like additives, 766 Overlay selection, for pavements alternatives for, 623 construction feasibility feasibility,, 622 pavement condition, 622 performance, 624–625 Oxidants, 90 Oxidative hardening, 46

P Parallel-flow drum-mixer flow, 341 Parallel-flow dryers, 340 Particle charge test, 75 Patcher truck, 576 Patching full-depth (deep) patching, 573–576 materials, 573 spray injection patching, 580–581 surface patches, 576–580 Pat Test, 162 Paved Pav ed should shoulders, ers, 272 Pavement Pav ement condition index, 538 Pavement Pav ement deflection testing, 534 Pavement Pav ement deterior deterioration, ation, 542 Pavement Pav ement distress surveys approaches, 539–541 types of distress, 541–557 Pavement Pav ement maintenance, asphalt in asphalt surface treatment, 587–614 corrective maintenance, 571–572 crack sealing/filling, 582–585 emergency maintenance, 572 guidance maintenance procedures, 616 patching, 573–581 preventive maintenance, 571 thin overlays, 615 Pavement Pav ement management analysis module, 524–525 components, 523–525

Index

 

concept, 521–523 database, 524 evaluation of functional condition of a pavement, 529–533 network-levell analysis, 526 network-leve project-level analysis, 526 reporting tools, 525 role in pavement preservation, preser vation, 527–528 strategic-level analysis, 526 structural characteristics and evaluation, 534–535 use of information, 536–538 Pavement Pavem ent performance models, 525 Pavement Pavem ent preservation progr program am development of a program, 559 guidelines for treatments, 562 maintenance and rehabilitation treatments, 563 need estimation, 559 prioritizing project needs, 563–565 selection of appropriate treatments, 560–561 setting goals, 559 success of, 565–566 use of pavement p avement management, 558 Pavement Pavem ent rehabilitation CIPR process, 655–665 cold milling, 637–641 cold-mix recycling, 652–654 considerations in overlay selection, 621–625 crack filling/sealing, 626–627 drainage problems, 629 FDR process, 666–675 HIPR, 642–649 interlayer techniques, 629–636 leveling of courses, 626 patching techniques before placing overlay, 626 tack coat application, 627  widening of pavements, pavements, 628–629 Pavements, of asphalt  basic concepts, 13–14  base and subbase layers, 15 stage construction, 16–17 surface course, 14–15 thickness, 15–16 using cold-laid asphalt mixture, 706 Pavement smoothness, 492, 496

MS-4

Paving equipment asphalt paving machine, 377–379 automated screed controls, 388–392 free-floating screed, 392–396 fumes control system, 396 screed observation system, 396–397 screeds, 381–388 types of tractors, 379–381 Paving fundamentals, see also  Pavement Pavem ent rehabilitation; Paving equipment asphalt distributor, 365 delivery of HMA, see  Delivery,  Delivery, of HMA  foreman’s/inspector’s foreman’ s/inspector’s check sheet, 411–412 hand-spreading operations, 404 horizontal and vertical grade control, 362–363 preparation of existing pavement for overlay, 362 pre-paving conference, 359 prime coats, 363–364 supplemental operations and appurtenances, 404–410 surface preparation and protection, 360–362 tack coats, 364–365 Paving mixture data, 174 Paving mixtures, for cold-laid pavements aeration/spreading/compaction, 720–722  blade mixing, 715–716 rollers suitable for, for, 723 rotary mixing, 716–717 stationary mixing facilities, 719 travel-plant mixing, 717–719 Pay reduction factors, for HMA production, 509–512 Pen asphalt binder, 40 Penetration-Graded Specification, 40, 42 Penetration tests, 84–85 Penetrometer, 32–33 Percent Within Limits (PWL), 506 Performance-based specifications, of HMA, 513–515 defined, 514  warranties, 516–517

783

     1   .      2

 

Performance Graded (PG) asphalt  binders, 198 Performance specifications, defined, 513–514 Permanent deformation, 164 Petroleum asphalt, 7 flow chart, 25 properties or characteristics of, 26–27

Polyphosphoric acid (PPA), 90 Pore structure, of an aggregate, 128 Porosity, of aggregates, 128 Porous asphalt pavement construction, 763 design principles, 761–763 maintenance, 763 Portable silos, 330 Portland cement, 655, 662

refining pitches, process, 23 23–26 Petroleum PG asphalt binder specification advantages, 63–64 assumptions, 65 performance measures, 65–68 PG asphalt binder tests aging procedures, 60–63  bending beam rheometer, rheometer, 53–56 direct tension tester, 56–60 dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), 49–53 rotational viscometer, 47–49

Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement, 545 Potholes, 550–551 Power Pow er gradation curve, 136–139 Power sweepers or brooms, 587, 600 Pressure Pressu re Agin Aging g Vessel (PA (PAV), V), 60 Production processes  batch facilities, see  Batch  Batch production process drum-mix facilities, see  Drum-mix  Drum-mix production process Profilographs, 497 Project-level analysis, of pavements,

PG PG 58–28 64–22 binder, binder, 743 743 PG 64–28 binder, 743 Phoenix, 266 Physical hardening, 47 Pit or bank-run materials, 113–114 Placement quality-control compaction control methods, 486–489 mixture compactability compactability,, 489–490 pavement smoothness, 492 temperature, 483–485 thickness and spread rates, 490–492 Plant sampling, 458–459 Plasticity index (PI), 131, 250 Plastic modification, see  Plastomers  Plastomers Plastomers, 89 Plate sampling, 462 Pneumatic hammer, 579 Pneumatic rollers, 632–633, 646, 751 Pneumatic-tire rollers, 427–429, 602 Polished aggregates, 554 Polyamines, 91 Polyethylene, 86 Polyethylene Polyeth ylene tu tubing, bing, 696 Polymer modified asphalts (PMAs), 11, 86  binder, 164 Polyolefin polymers, 87, 89

526 Proofrolling, 626 Propane deasphalting (PDA), 26 Pugmill mixer, 648 Pulverization, of the existing pavement, 669–672 Pycnometer, 39

784

Q Quality assurance, 447 Quality control, of plant production  job mix formula, 476–477 mixture control, 477–481 plant adjustments, 481–482 Quality-control and acceptance, of HMA  definitions, 447–449  job-mix formula (JMF), ( JMF), 449–450 “performance-based” specifications, 513–515 selection of sampling methods and frequency, 470–471 selection of testing methods, 471–472 testing criteria, 448 test strip, 474–475  written plan for, for, 472–474 Quarried aggregates, 114–115

Index

 

Quarry stone, 117 Quick Set Slurry Seal systems, 72 Quick-setting (QS) asphalt emulsion, 606

R Racetracks, with HMA  aggregate in, 758 asphalt binder in, 758 characteristics of tracks, 757 construction practices, 759–760 drainage, 758 materials required, 758–759 tack coat application, 760 test tracks, 757 Railway track beds, HMA in  benefits and applications in underlayment, 735–736 installation, 737–739 prevailing design practices, 736–737 Random sampling techniques, 453–454 Rapid-curing (RC) cutback asphalts, 71 Rapid-setting (RS) emulsions tests, 74 Raveling, 551 Reclaimed (or recycled) asphalt pavement (RAP), 91, 637 mix design, 213–214 materials evaluation, 210–213 processing, 147–148 sampling and testing, 149–151 stockpiling, 148–149 Recycled glass, 116 Reference density specifications, 503 Reflection cracking, 545, 629, 679–681 on asphalt pavements, 625 fractured slab techniques for, 687–692 rubblization process, 693–700 saw-and-seal application, 682–686 Reflection cracks, 547 Rejuvenators, 589 Remaining service life (RSL), 537 Repaving, in HIPR process, 646–647 Representative sampling, 451–453 Residue tests, for emulsified asphalt grades, 80–81 Resilient modulus (Mr), 261–263 test, 231–232, 269 Resistance value (R-value), 257–261 Resonant Pavement Breaker (RPB), 696–697

MS-4

Response Type Road Roughness Measuring (RTRRMS) systems, 497 Ride quality, 496 Ring-and-ball softening point test, 83–84 Rock quarry excavati excavation, on, 114 Rocks, 111–113 Roller marks, 444 Rollers, 599 Rolling 442 Rolling edges, thin film oven (RTFO), 211 Rolling Thin Film Oven T Test est (RTFOT), 35–36, 60 Roof deck parking  bonding roof deck and pavement, pavement, 752 free-movement plane construction, constru ction, 752 Roofings, of asphalt history, 744 types of, 744–745 ROSE unit asphaltenes, 91 Rotary mixing, for cold-laid pavements, 716–717 Rotational viscometer, 47–49 Rotavapor procedure, 211 Rounded boulders and pebbles, 114 Rubberized asphalt adhesive, ad hesive, 633 Rubber-tire rollers, see  Pneumatic-tire  Pneumatic-tire rollers Rubblization construction, 694–700 design considerations, 693–694 project selection and overview overview,, 693 specification criteria and inspection, 700 Running tracks, in asphalt, 740 Rutting, 536, 548 R-value test (ASTM D 2844), 258

S SAAB Friction Tester, 533 Sampling, of hot mix asphalt aggregate method, 454–458 asphalt binder, 463 mixture, 458–462 random, 453–454 representative, 451–453 Sand, 113–114 Sandblasting, 583

785

     1   .      2

 

Sand-emulsion plant mixes, 710 Sand-equivalent test, 131 Sand seal, 614 Sandy soil mixtures, 114 Saturated surface-dry (SSD) mass, 180 Saw-and-seal, in prevention of reflection cracks construction, 683–686 design considerations, 683

resilient modulus (Mr), 261–263 resistance value (R-value), 257–261 routine tests, 253 strength correlations, 269 Soil-subgrade classification systems  AASHTO system, 249–250 rationale for, 249 USCS system, 249–250

Saybolt Schists, Furol 113 viscosity test, 72–73 Scratch courses, 626 Screening, of aggregates, 118 Screenless mixing, 333 Scrubber, on drum-mix plant, 324 Seal rollers,  see  Pneumatic-tire  Pneumatic-tire rollers Sedimentary deposits, features of, 111 Sedimentary rocks, 111 Segregation, 119 Self-propelled pneumatic-tire roller, 427, 599 Self-propelled spreader, 597

Solubility test, 38, 92 (SDA), 26 Solvent deasphalting Specific gravity, of an asphalt binder, 39 SP-2 manual, 188–189, 192 Spray-applied seal, 12, 587 Sprayed asphalt sealers, 732 Spray-injection patching, 580 Stabilometer, 204 Standard paving machine, 648 Static steel-wheel rollers, 438 Stationary mixing, for cold-laid pavements, 719

Settlement or grade 548 Shear modulus test, depressions, 230–231 Shear Rate Changes, of asphalt binder, 45 Sideways-Force Sideways-F orce Coefficient Routine Investigation Machine (SCRIM), 533 Sieve test, 75–76 Silt fraction, 113 Single-unit train, 659 Skid hazards, 551–554 Skid resistance, 166 Slag, 116 Slate, 113 Slippage cracks, 547 Slotted or z-wire screens, 335 Slow-curing (SC) cutback asphalts, 71 Slurry seal, 12, 587 construction process, 607–609 materials, 605–606 mix design, 606 Slurry seal machine, 607 Soil strength/stiffness, testing of  field test procedures using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP), 263–266 using falling weight deflectometer (FWD), 266–268 laboratory test methods California bearing ratio, 252–257

Steam release, in bucket-elevator method, 339 Steel loading strips, 197 Steel-wheel rollers, 426–427  bridge, 599 Stockpile sampling techniques, 454–455 Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures, 11, 162, 215, 329, 748 draindown test, 221–222 material selection, 218–219 mix design, 217–218 selection of desired gradation, 219–221 Stone-on-stone contact, determination of, 220 Storage facilities, in plant automation finished product, 329–331 lime additive bulk, 328 liquid asphalt, 313–315 mineral filler additive, 327–328 Storage silos, 329 Storage stability and settlement tests, 73–74 Straightedge measurements, 497 Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), 4, 163 Strategic-level analysis, of pavements, 526

786

Index

 

Stress-absorbing membrane interlayer (SAMI), 634–635 Strip interlayers, 633–634 Stripping, 165 Styrene-butadiene copolymers, 87 Styrenebutadiene (SB), 87 Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), 87 Styrenic polymers, 87 Subsurface drainage

 Temperature-volume relationship  Temperature-volume density and specific gravity, gravity, 102–103 specific gravity calculations, 104 tank measurements, 104–105  Tennis  Tenn is court, in asphalt, 741–742  Testing  Testi ng methods, of HMA, 170–171 aggregate gradation, 464–465 air-voids, 468 asphalt content, 466–467

drainage related to frost action, 276–278 drainage schemes, 275–276 filter material and drain rock, 275 Subsurface  see page, 274 Subsurface water water,, 274–276 Sulfate soundness test, 130 Superpave Gyratory Compactive effort, effor t, 191 Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC), 189, 237 Superpave (SUPerior PERforming  Asphalt PA PAVEments) system

 bulk specific gravity of mixtures, 467–468 creep test, 232–234 empirical tests, 236 flexural fatigue test, 234–236 fractured faces and aggregate angularity, 465–466 goal, 464 modulus test, 230–232 temperature, 468–469 theoretical specific gravity of mixtures, 467  wheel-tracking tests, 237–241

aggregate 188–194structure, design of, design asphalt binder content, 194 design to adjust properties, 194–196 material selection, 186–188 moisture sensitivity, 196–197 Superpave system, 8 Surface drainage, design for large paved areas, 273–274 for roadways, 271–273 Surface friction, 532 Surface patches, 579 Surface recycling, in HIPR process, 644–646 Surface runoff, ru noff, 271 Surface treatments, with asphalt, 12 SW-2 computer program, 140 Synthetic and lightweight aggregates, 115–116

T  Tachometer, 595, 599  Tachometer,  Tack coat application, application, in hy hydraulic draulic construction, 731  Tag Open Cup Flash Point Point test, 78, 81  Temperature  Tem perature control, in HMA operations, 468–469, 483

MS-4

 Tests, for 34–36 asphalt cement aging, ductility, 36–38 flash point, 34 penetration, 32–34 solubility, 38 specific gravity, 39  viscosity,, 28–32  viscosity  Test strip, 434 for quality control, 474–475  Thermal cracking, 67–68  Thermoplastics, 86  Thermosets, 87  Thicker lifts, 432  Thickness design, for pavements pavements acceptance level, 496 airports, 291–293 design principles, 284–287 empirical design methods, 297 heavy wheel loads, 293–295 highways, roadways roadways and streets, 289–291 input variables, 287–289 manuals and software, 302–305 mechanistic-empirical design methods, 297–298 overlay design, 295–296 perpetual pavement methods, 298–301

787

     1   .      2

 

planned stage construction, 295 quality-control testing for, for, 490–491  Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT), 35  Thin overlays, overlays, 615  T  Toughness, oughness, of aggregates, 126–128  T  Toughness oughness and T Tenacity enacity test, 89, 96  Trackbed designs, with HMA, 735–739  Transverse cracks, 545  Transverse joints, joints, 440–441  Transverse 555  Travel-plant  Trav el-plantstreaking, mixing, ffor or cold-laid pavements, 717–719  Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA), 7, 91  Truck-mounted mechanical spreaders, 597  Truck sampling, 459  Tungsten carbide milling teeth, 638–639  Twin-shaft pugmill mixer, mixer, 337  Two-unit train, 659–660

U Unitized dryer/mixer, 340, 342 Upheaval or swell, 548–550 Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT), 522

V  V  Vacuum acuum distillation, 23  V  Variable-speed ariable-speed belt feeds, 317  Vibratory rollers, 429–431  Vibratory steel-wheel rollers, 731  Viscometers, 28–32  Viscosity test, 42  V  Voids, oids, significance significance of, 126  V  Voids oids filled with asphalt (VFA), 169, 172 adjustments, for changing properties, 196  V  Voids oids in the mineral aggregate (VMA), 168–169, 172 adjustments, for changing properties, 194 in compacted paving mixture, 184  V  Volatilization, olatilization, 46  V  Volumetric olumetric calculations acceptance of, 494 analysis of paving mixtures air-voids, 184–185

788

apparent specific gravity, 175 asphalt absorption, 181–183  bulk specific gravity, gravity, 175, 179–181 effective specific gravity gravity,, 178–179 gravity for the aggregate combination, 176 maximum specific gravity of the HMA mixture, 176–178 percent of voids filled with asphaltof(VFA), percent voids185 in mineral aggregates, 184 definitions, 172–173

 W  Warm mix asphalt pavements  Warm  benefits, 765 technology, 765–767  Warranties,  W arranties, 516–517  Washboarding,  W ashboarding, 547–548  WASHO  W ASHO Road T Test, est, 535  Water-displacement  W ater-displacement procedure (AASHTO T 166 or ASTM D 2726), 181  Water-spray  W ater-spray systems, 439  Wearing  W earing course, 664  Weathering,  W eathering, 551  Weathering  W eathering resistance, 130  Weigh-hopper  W eigh-hopper method, 338–339  Well-graded  W ell-graded aggregates, 135  Wet-mix  W et-mix cycle, in batch production process, 311  Wet  W et washers, on drum-mix drum-mixer er plant, 322  Widening, of pavements, 628–629  Windrow sampling, 460  Workability  W orkability,, of pa paving ving mixture, 166–167

X  Xylene, 79

Z Zeitfuchs cross-arm viscometer viscometer,, 30 Ziggurats, 3

Index