MS 76-1972
May 8, 2017 | Author: Rasya Fieza | Category: N/A
Short Description
Malaysian Standard...
Description
MS ISO/IEC TR 10037 : 1995
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MALAYSIAN
STANDARD MS 76 : 1972 ICS : 91.100.15
SPECIFICATION FOR BRICKS AND BLOCKS OF FIRED BRICKEARTH, CLAY OR SHALE PART 2 : METRIC UNITS
STANDARDS & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA © Copyright
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©
SIRIM. No part of this publication may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced without the prior permission in writing of SIRIM
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SPECIFICATION FOR
BRICKS AND BLOCKS OF FIRED BRICKEARTH, CLAY OR SHALE PART 2. METRIC UNITS
MS 76:1972
©
Copyright
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MS 76: 1972 This Malaysian Standard, which had been approved by the Civil Engineering and Building Construction Industry Standards Committee and endorsed by the Standards Council, was published under the authority of the Standards Council in June, 1972. SIM wishes to draw attention to the fact that this Malaysian Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Malaysian Standards are subject to periodical review to keep abreast of progress in the industries concerned. Suggestions for improvements will be recorded and in due course brought to the notice of the Committee charged with the revision of the Standards to which they refer,
The following SIM references relate to the work on this standard: Committee Reference: Draft for Comment:
SIM/I/7/018 D21(ISC 7)
2
MS 76: 1972
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CONTENTS Page Committee Representation Foreword
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SPECIFICATIQN 1.
Scope
14 Chapter 1. Bricks and Blocks for Walling Section One: General
2.
General
3.
Definitions
4.
Formats
5. 6.
Patterns Compliance for Dimensions (Bricks)
7. 8.
Compliance for Dimensions (Blocks) Compliance for Out of Squareness (Blocks)
20 20
9. 10.
Compliance for Bowing or Twisting (Blocks) Strength and Absorption
20 21
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114 14 16 18 18
Section Two: Specific Clauses Sub-Section A: Facing and Common Bricks and Blocks of Ordinary Quality
11. 12.
Finish Strength
13. 14.
Soluble Salts Content Liability to Efflorescence
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MS 76: 1972
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Sub-Section B: Facing and Common Bricks and. Blocks of Special Quality
15.
Finish
16.
Strength
17.
Soluble Salts Content
18.
Liability to Efflorescence
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Sub-Section C:
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Bricks and Blocks for Internal Walls
19.
Finish
20.
Strength
211.
Soluble Salts Content
22.
Liability to Elrlorescence
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Chapter 2. Hollow Blocks for Structural Floors and Roofs. 23.
General
24.
Formats
25.
Compliance for Dimensions
26.
Compliance for Out of Squareness
28
27.
Compliance for Bowing or Twisting
28
28.
Finish
28
29.
Strength
30.
Soluble Salts Content
31.
Liability to Efflorescence
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MS 76: 1972
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Chapter 3. Sampling Procedure and Test Methods 32.
General
33.
Samples
34.
Method of Sampling
35.
Determination of Dimension (Bricks)
36.
Determination of Dimension (Blocks)
37.
Deterinination of Out of Squareness (Blocks)
38.
Determination of Bowing or Twisting (Blocks)
39.
Determination of Compressive Strength
40.
Water Absorption Tests
41.
Soluble Salts Analysis
42.
Elllorcsccnce
43.
Compliance
44.
Procedure in the Event of Dispute
45.
Cost of Testing
Appendix A.
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Test ...
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31 34 34 34 35 35 45 48 53 55 55 56
Application of Works Quality Control Scheme for Dimensions
57
Choice of Limits and Acceptance Clauses for Dimensions of Bricks
64
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Appendix B.
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Table 1.
Standard Formats (Bricks)
Table 2.
Standard Formats (Blocks)
Table 3.
Dimensional Tolerances (Bricks)
Table 4.
Dimensional Tolerances (B!ocks)
Table 5.
Maximum Deviations on Dimensions
21
Table 6.
Strength and Absorption
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MS 76: 1972 Table 7.
Standard Formats (Floor Blocks)
Table 8.
Limits for Use With Gauge Board
Table 9.
Limits for Use With Alternative Scale for Gauge Board ...
Figure 1.
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63 63
Arrangements for Measuring Clay Building Bricks (a) for Length, (b) for Width, (c) for Depth
66
Determination of ‘Out of Squareness’ and ‘Bowing or Twisting’ of Hollow Blocks
67
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Figure 2.
27
Figure 3.
Apparatus for Vacuum Absorption Test
Figure 4.
Apparatus for Efliorescence Test
Figure 5.
Gauge Board for Measuring Bricks
Figure 6.
Double Bricks Referred to in Note 3, Clause 39 (d)(iv)
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68 68 69 70
MS 76: 1972
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Committee Representation The Civil Engineering and Building Construction Industry Standards Committee under whose supervision this Malaysian Standard was prepared, comprises representatives from the following Government Ministries, trade commerce and manufacturer Association and scientific and professional bodies. Association of Consulting Engineers (Malaysia) Cement & Concrete Association, Malaysia Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers Institution of Engineers (Malaysia) Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia Malaysian Institute of Architects Malaysian Scientific Association Master Builders Association Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Ministry of Commerce and Industry Ministry of Education Ministry of Technology Research, & Local Government Ministry of Works, Posts and Telecommunications (Public Works Department) United Chambers of Commerce University of Malaysia
7
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MS 76: 1972
FOREWORD This Malaysian Standard has been prepared under the authority of the Civil Engineering and Building Construction Industry Standards Committee. It is based on BS 3921: Part 2: 1969 which has been published in metric units, in view of the fact that the country is contemplating changing over to metric. In the interim, however, values given in imperial units within brackets may be used. But one system of units should be adhered to throughout for consistency, and the values within brackets have been extracted from the corresponding BS 3921 : 1965 which has become Part 1 of the corresponding British Standard. The technical difficulties in the way of a standard which shall give useful guidance on the quality of all the many varieties of fired clay bricks and blocks are so great that it is still not possible to specify completely every point of importance. Nevertheless, the committee considered that the standard should provide as much guidance as possible, even though some of the quality clauses will require revision in the light of further knowledge. The main issues raised by this standard are discussed in the following paragraphs. Attempts to ascertain the quality of clay bricks and blocks by infrequent sampling and testing to a specification of isolated batches are subject to uncertainty because the properties of clay products, like those of other manufactured products, are liable to variations over a long period, as a result of changes in the naturally variable raw materials, as well as process variations of products made at any one time, it is therefore good manufacturing technique to sample and test products regularly and to record the results in the form of control charts on the principles discussed in BS 2564, ‘Control chart technique when manufacturing to a specification’ and in Appendices A and B. Such 8
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MS 76: 1972 charts display the variation of properties with time and thus give more information about a product than can be obtained by tests made on a single occasion. It is recommended that manufacturers should make their control charts available for inspection by users and that users should recognize their value. This recommendation shall not preclude users from taking samples in accordance with Clauses 33 and 34 for testing in accordance with the remaining Clauses of Chapter 3. Any such samples that users may require shall be taken before the bricks or blocks are built into work, especially where tests for soluble salts content or liability to efflorescence are in question. The treatment of strength in the specific clauses reflects the fact, still not as widely appreciated as it should be, that strength is not necessarily an index of durability and may be very misleading if used as such. The main use of the strength test is as a guide to permissible pressure in brickwork. In the past, the permissible pressures on brickwork have been calculated, in accordance with British Standard CPI 11: 1948, ‘Structural recommendations for loadbearing walls’, in terms of the mean strength of samples of twelve bricks taken at random and of the mortar composition. Variation in the strength of bricks and mortar and in workmanship have been allowed for by using high load factors. Recently, calculated loadbearing brickwork has begun to be treated like other structural engineering materials and designed to finer limits. Where this is to be done, it is desirable that the bricks used should be manufactured under a system of quality control on a sound statistical basis which enables the manufacturer to satisfy the user that he can supply consignments such that, when a sample is tested in accordance with Clause 39, there is a specified probability, normally of not more than I in 40, that the arithmetic mean of the sample will be below a specified limit of compressive strength. 9
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MS 76: 1972 The water absorption test also is given less prominence than has often been accorded to it. A low water absorption figure can be used in defining engineering bricks and bricks for damp-proof courses but water absorption, like strength, is not a general index of durability. With many, but not all, clays, the more durable bricks absorb less water than those that are not so durable, so long as a single variety of bricks is considered. No limit can be set, however, that will discriminate generally between durable and non-durable bricks. Recent work has shown that the saturation coefficient, or ratio or 24-how cold absorption to a total absorption by the boiling or vacuum methods, is less useful as an index of durability than was formerly thought. II has not, therefore, been included. The vacuum method has been specified as an alternative to the boiling method, since some laboratories regard it as more convenient and the results are approximately equivalent. The method of measuring 24-hour cold absorption has also been included in Clause 40, since this may occasionally he found useful for works control, but no specific requirements based on this test are included in Section Two of Chapter 1. The committee has given serious consideration to the problem of framing a specification which is based on the knowledge that bricks containing undue amounts of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium suiphates are liable to produce complaints about walls built with them. The complaints may be of two kinds: sulphate expansion of Portland cement mortar and efflorescence on brickwork. Although cause and effect have been established broadly, conS siderable difficulty has arisen when trying to decide what are suitable maximum limits for the permissible contents or calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and sulphate individually or in toto. In some circumstances it would appear that bricks with a total soluble sulphate 10
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MS 76: 1972 content of well under 1% have given severe trouble in sulphate expansion: in others, bricks with soluble salt contents of as much as three times this amount have been used without arousing comment. The same sort of evidence has been forthcoming on particular salts, e g potassium sulphate. For instance there has been complete absence of complaints over extended periods when bricks containing 0.25% soluble potassium have been used. Elsewhere trouble has arisen with bricks containing less than 0.25%. In these circumstances it has been considered unreasonable to set a maximum of 0.25% of soluble potassium for bricks in general. The explanation of this conflicting evidence remains a matter of conjecture. It is well known, for example, that for sulphate expansion to occur it is necessary to have soluble suiphates, tricalcium aluminate, and water in juxtaposition. Thus, sulphate expansion does not occur in brickwork where the bricks have negligible sulphate content, or the mortar has a low triealcium aluminate content, as in mortar made from sulphate-resisting cement, or when water is largely excluded by sound methods of building construction. Thus it is easy to visualize service and other conditions in which bricks of less salt content could have performed badly. There are many other factors too, which obscure this issue. The incidence of efflorescence is subject to similar uncertainties. it has, however, been observed that the sulphates of sodium or magnesium are more troublesome than those of calcium or potassium. Bearing all these factors in mind the committee felt that, for bricks of ordiiiary quality (Clause 3.1 (c)(ii) ), although the etilorescence test should be retained, it could not recommend the setting of limits for the content of soluble salts. 11
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MS 76: 1972 However, for bricks of special quality (Clause 3.! (c)(iii), for which higher standards of manufacture can be reasonably expected, the committee felt that the maximum quantity of soluble salts permissible should be stated, although the limits must necessarily be tentative. The provision in Clause 3.1 (d)(i) that bricks containing up to 25% of holes are to be considered as ‘solid’ requires explanation It has been included because it is known that bricks with not more than this modest degree of perforation can be treated in the same way as bricks without holes when calculating permissible pressures on brickwork from the strengths of the bricks determined in accordance with Clause 39, and this artifice should ensure that such bricks are automatically so treated. It need not be concluded that similar relations between the strength of bricks and the strength of brickwork do not subsist when the bricks contain more than 25% of holes, but where a designer feels any doubt it is always open to him to require tests on walls in accordance with MS * “Structural Recomniendations for Loadbearing Walls”. Possibly on a future revision of the codes it may be more appropriate to deal with this situation in the code rather than in the standard, but on the present occasion the method adopted has seemed expendient. The method of overall measurement of 24 bricks, which wt~s used in BS 657 in checking conformity with the dimensional clauses of the standard, has been retained for standard bricks and is recommended for non-standard bricks. The minimum strength for blocks for structural floors and roofs, specified in Clause 29, differs from the minimum strength specified for blocks for walling because the method of testing and the method of expressing the results are different. The limit of 14 MNIm2 (2,000 *
In Preparation. 12
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MS 76: 1972 lbf/in2) is one that can reasonably be attained by most manufacturers. It is lower than the limit 17.0 MN/rn2 (2,500 lbf/in2) set in BS 1190, but it is open to the structural engineer who wishes to take the strength of the blocks into consideration in his design to specify a higher strength where this is likely to be useful.
13
MS 76: 1972
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SPECIFICATION 1. 1.
SCOPE This Part of the Malaysian Standard specifies bricks and blocks manufactured from brickearth, clay, or shale. CHAPTER 1.
BRICKS AND BLOCKS FOR WALLING SECTION
ONE:
GENERAL
2.
GENERAL
2.1
Bricks and blocks for walling are units designed to be laid in a bed of mortar.
3.
DEFINITIONS
3.1
For the purposes of this Malaysian Standard the following definitions apply: (a)
(b)
Bricks and blocks. (I)
Brick. A walling unit not exceeding 337.5 mm (131 in) in length, 225 mm (9 in) in width, or 112.5 mm (41 in) in height.
(ii)
Block.
A walling unit exceeding in length, width
or height the dimensions specified for bricks. Different varieties of brick and block may be more particularly defined as follows: (i)
(ii)
Common. Suitable for general building work but having no special claim to give an attractive appearance. Facing. Specially made or selected to give an attractive appearance when used without rendering 14
MS 76: 1972
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or plaster or other surface treatment of the wall. (iii)
(c)
Different qualities of brick and block may be defined as follows: (i) Note:
Internal quality. Bricks internal use only.
and
blocks
suitable for
Bricks and blocks not attaining quality 3.1 (c)(iii) may be suitable for internal use only.
(ii)
Ordinary quality. Less durable than special quality but normally durable in the external face of a building.
(iii)
Special quality. Durable even when used in situations of extreme exposure where the structure may become saturated, e g retaining walls, sewerage plants or pavings.
Note:
(d)
J~ngineering. Having a dense and strong semivitreous body conforming to defined limits for absorption and strength.
Engineering bricks and blocks normally attain this standard of durability. Facing and common bricks or blocks may do so, but this should not be assumed unless claimed by the manufacturer.
Different types of brick and block may be defined as follows: (i)
Solid. In which small holes passing through, or nearly through, a brick or block do not exceed 25% of its volume, or in which frogs (depressions in the bed faces of a brick) do not exceed 20% of its volume. For the purposes of this definition, a small 15
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MS 76: 1972
(ii)
(iii)
hole is a hole less than 20 mm (~ in) wide or less than 500 mm2 (0.8 in2) in area. Up to three larger holes, not exceeding 3250 mm2 (5 in2) each. may be incorporated as aids to handling, within the total of 25%. Perforated. In which holes passing through the brick or block exceed 25% of its volume, and the holes are small as defined in (i) above. Up to three larger holes, not exceeding 3250 iiiiii2 each, may he incorporated as aid to handling. Hollow. In which holes passing through the brick or block exceed 25% of its volume, and the holes are not small, as defined in (i) above.
(iv)
Cellular. In which holes closed at one end exceed 20% of the volume of the brick or block. Note: Cellular bricks and blocks are normally made by pressing, whereas perforated and hollow bricks and blocks are normally made by extrusions. Perforations and hollows may be either perpendicular to the bed face (V type) or parallel to the bed face (H type). (v) Special shapes. Shapes other than the normal rectangular prism. (vi) Standard specials. Special shapes that are in general use may be available from stock. 4.
FORMATS
4.1
The formats of bricks and blocks shall be designated in terms of their nominal dimensions which, with the exception of the widths of blocks include the thickness of a mortar joint. This is taken, for the purposes of this Standard, as equal to 10 mm 16
MS 76: 1972
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(~in).
The standard brick format is given in Table 1 and the block formats in Table 2. Sonic considerations affecting the design of any additional formats that may be required are mentioned in Appendix C. TABLE 1. STANDARD FORMATS (BRICKS) (Dimensions are in millimetres, inches in brackets) Actual dimensions
Designation
Length
Width
Height
215 (8*)
102.5
65 (2*)
225 x 112.5 x 75 (9 x 41~x 3) Note 1:
(4k)
In accordance with modern terminology ‘Actual dimensions’ should be replaced by ‘Work sizes’.
TABLE 2. STANDARD FORMATS (BLOCKS) (Dimensions are in millimetres, inches in brackets) Actual dimensioust
Designation 300 x 62.5 (12 x 21 300 x 75 (12 x 3 300 x 100 (12 x 4 300 x 150 (12 x 6
t See
x x x x x x x x
Length
Width
Height
290 (11 ~) 290 (1 l~) 290 (111) 290 (1l~)
62.5 (2 ~) 75 (3) 100 (4) 150 (6)
215 (8~) 215
225 9) 225 9) 225 9) 225 9)
Note 1 to Table 1. 17
(Q5
215 (8k) 215 (8k)
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MS 76: 1972 In addition, half blocks, 140 mm (5~in) long, and three-quarter blocks, 215 mm (8~~ in) long, shall be available for bonding. 5.
PATTERNS
5.1
Bricks and blocks may be solid, perforated, hollow or cavity. Perforated and hollow bricks and blocks may be either V-type or H-type.
6.
COMPLIANCE FOR DIMENSIONS (BRICKS)
6.1
The bulk supply or load of bricks shall be deemed to comply with Clause 4 if the overall measurements of the sample of 24, taken in accordance with Clauses 33 and 34 and tested in accordance with Clause 35 do not fall outside the tolerances given in Table 3. ‘If the measurements of the sample fall outside those tolerances the bulk supply or load shall be deemed not to comply. No testing of a second sample shall be permitted. TABLE 3. DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES (BRICKS) Specified dimension (Fable 1) mm 65 102.5 215
Note 1:
‘
Ovei~alI measurement of 24 bricks
in 2* 4* 8*
mm in 1560 ( + 60 63 ± 1* ( 30 2460 ± 45 99 ±l~ 5160 ±75 207 ±3 —
This method of measurement is also recommended for non-standard bricks. The tolerances applied to the length, width and height dimensions should then 18
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MS 76: 1972 be directly proportional to those specified for the corresponding dimensions of the standard brick. Note 2:
In the past certain manufacturers have, by special arrangement, supplied bricks to closer tolerance than those quoted. Where for special reasons closer tolerances are required it is therefore suggested that this can best be done by agreement between the user and the manufacturer on the basis of the latter’s routine control charts of. brick dimensions.
See also Appendixes A and B. Note 3:
For building construction the use of ‘tolerances’ is likely to be restricted to missible range between the maximum and limit of size, and the term ‘permissible more accurately describes the permissible in this Table
TABLE 4.
the term the perminimum deviation’ variations
DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES* (BLOCKS)
Specified dimension (Fable 2 or Table 7) mm Less than 125 125 to 225 Greater than 225
in Less than 5 5 to 9 Greater than 9,
Note 1:
Tolerance for single units mm ± 2.5 + 3.0 ± 5.0
in ± 3/32 ± 1/8 ± 3/16
This method of measurement is also recommended for non-standard blocks. *See Note 3 to Table 3. 19
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MS 76: 1972 7.
COMPLIANCE
FOR
DIMENSIONS (BLOCKS)
7.1
If 3 or more of the 10 blocks selected in accordance with Clauses 33 and 34 and tested in accordance with Clause 36 fail to meet the tolerances specified in Table 4, the bulk supply or load shall be deemed not to comply. If 1 or 2 blocks fail to meet the tolerance specified a further 10 blocks shall be selected from the batch represented and the test repeated. Failure of one of the blocks in the repeat test shall be taken to indicate that the bulk supply or load does not comply with this Standard.
8.
COMPLIANCE FOR OUT OF SQUARENESS (BLOCKS)
8.1
Where adjacent faces are intended to be at right angles, the amount by which they deviate shall be measured in accordance with Clause 37. The distance between the inner edge of the straight edge and the face of the block shall not exceed 5 mm (3/16 in) per 300 mm (I ft) run. The measurement shall be made on 10 blocks, and the method described in Clause 7 shall be used to determine whether or not the bulk supply complies. FOR BOWING OR TWISTING (BLOCKS)
9.
COMPLIANCE
9.1
When measured in accordance with Clause 42, the deviation from a straight line shall not exceed the figures shown in Table 5. These measurement refer to the deviations at or near the centre if the face is concave, and two equal measurements between the straight edge and the corners of the block if the face is convex. The measurement shall be carried out on 10 blocks and the 20
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MS 76: 1972 method described in Clause 7 shall be used to determine whether or not the bulk supply complies. TABLE 5.
MAXIMUM DEVIATIONS ON DIMENSIONS Max. deviation from a straight line
of block
.
225 x 150 (9 in measured faces the above but not 300 (9 in x 12 in) 225 x 300 (9 in x
mm
in
3
1/8
5
3/16
6
1/4
10.
STRENGTH AND ABSORPTION
10.1
In accordance with MS * or to comply with building regulations, the classification given in Table 6 shall apply:
*
interpolation of classes of Ioadbearing bricks not given in the above Table’ may be used for bricks having average crushing strengths intermediate between those given in the Table. Thus for instance ‘Class 4.5’ may be used to describe bricks with an average strength of 31.0 MN/rn2 (4500 lbf/in2) and Class 11 to describe bricks with an average strength of 76 MN/rn2 (11,000 lbf/in2). Bricks to 5.2 MN/rn2 (750 lbf/in2) and blocks to 2.8 MN/rn2 (400 lbf/in2) in Clauses 12, 17 and 22 can also be loadbearing e g as used MS
,
in
one-
and
two-storey dwelling
houses, the
“Structural Recommendations for Loadbearing Walls”, In Preparation. 21
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MS 76: 1972 TABLE 6.
STRENGTh AND ABSORPTION
Class
Average compressive strength MN/m~ not less th~
Average absorption boiling or vacuum percent weight not greater han
Engineering brick
A B
69.0 (10,000 lbf/in2) 48.5 ( 7,000 lbf/in2)
4.5 7.0
Loadbearing brick
15 10 7 5 4 3 2 1
103.0 (15,000 lbf/in2) 69.0 (10,000 lbf/in2) 48.5 ( 7,000 lbf/in2) 34.5 ( 5,000 lbf/in2) 27.5 ( 4,000 lbf/in2) 20.5 ( 3,000 lbf/in2) 14.0 ( 2,000 Ibf/in2) 7.0 (1,000 lbf/in2)
No specific requirements
Designation
Bricks for dampproof courses
D PC
as required
4.5
5.2 MN/rn2 (750 lbf/in2) brick is not limited to non-loadbearing uses. Compliance with the requirements of the Clause shall be checked by the methods set out in ~Clauses 39 and 40. If the manufacturer works a quality control system that includes strength testing, the results of the quality control tests may be made the basis of acceptance. Where loadbearing brickwork is not calculated, the only strength requirements of this standard are those of Clauses 12, 16 and 20. 22
MS 76: 1972
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SECTION TWO:
SPECIFIC CLAUSES
SUB-SECTION 4: FACING AND COMMON BRICKS AND BLOCKS OF ORDI1NARY QUALITY 11.
FINISH
11.1
Facing and common bricks and blocks of ordinary quality shall be well-fired and shall be reasonably free from deep or extensive cracks and from damage to edges and corners, from pebbles and expansive particles of lime. They shall also, when a cut surface is examined, show a reasonably uniform texture. Note:
It is not possible to define ‘well-fired’ in a way that would apply unambiguously to all types of brick and blocks, though people with experience of particular types soon come to recognize what is meant. It is known that a brick or block has been ‘well-fired’ when an adequate ceramic bond has been formed within the body, but it is not possible precisely to determine by appearance or other simple test whether or not such a bond has been formed, without reference to the type of clay, the method of manufacture, and the format. To people very familiar with a specific product, colour can be a guide when considering that particular product, but to the layman, colour alone can be completely misleading. Similarly, hardness and hence ‘ring’ when struck can be a good guide to the expert, but clearly this criterion cannot be applied to all bodies such as, for example, those of low density.
12.
STRENGTH
12.1
Unless a higher strength is agreed in accordance with Clause 10 the compressive strength of bricks of ordinary quality when 23
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MS 76: 1972 tested in accordance with Clause 39, shall be not less than 5.2 MN/m2 (750 lbf/in2) and of blocks of ordinary quality shall be not less than 2.8 MN/rn2 (400 lbf/in2). These minimum strengths are acceptable provided the bricks and blocks are satisfactory in other respects. 13.
SOLUBLE SALTS CONTENT
13.1
No requirements.
14.
LIABILITY TO EFFLORESCENCE
14.1
When tested in accordance with Clause 42 no sample shall develop efflorescence worse than moderate. SUB-SECTION B: FACING AND COMMON BRICKS AND BLOCKS OF SPECIAL QUALITY
15.
FINISH
15.1
Facing and common bricks and blocks of special quality shall be hardfired and shall be reasonably free from cracks and from damage to edges and corners, from pebbles and expansive particles of lime. They shall also, when a cut surface is examined, show a reasonably uniform texture with no very coarse particles. Note:
In interpreting the qualitative requirements of Clauses 11 and 15, a more exacting standard may reasonably be set for bricks of special quality than for those of ordinary quality
16.
STRENGTH
16.1
Unless a higher strength is agreed in accordance with Clause 10. the compressive strength of bricks of special quality, when tested 24
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MS 76: 1972 in accordance with Clause 39, shall be not less than 5.2 MN/m~ (750 lbf/in2) and of blocks of special quality shall be not less than 2.8 MN/ni2 (400 lbf/in2). These minimum strengths are acceptable provided the bricks and blocks are satisfactory in other respects.
17.
SOLUBLE SALTS CONTENT
17.1
When tested in accordance with Clause 41, the contents by weight percent of soluble sulphate, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium radicals shall not exceed respectively 0.30, 0.10, 0.03, 0.03 and 0.03%. The sulphate figure to be used for the purpose of this Clause shall be the acid soluble sulphate determined in accordance with Clause 41 (c).
18.
LIABILITY TO EFFLORESCENCE
18.1
When tested in accordance with Clause 42 no sample shall develop elflorescence worse than moderate. SUB-SECTION C: BRICKS AND BLOCKS FOR INTERNAL WALLS
19.
FINISH
19.1
Bricks and blocks for internal walls (loadbearing) and partitions shall be reasonably free from deep or extensive cracks, from damage to edges and corners, and from expansive particles of lime. They shall also, when a cut surface is examined, show a reasonably uniform texture. Note:
Such units unless otherwise specified will be suitable for rendering but not necessarily for fair faced work.
20.
STRENGTI-I
20.1
Unless a higher strength is agreed in accordance with Clause 10, 25
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MS 76: 1972 the compressive strength of bricks for loadbearing internal walls when tested in accordance with Clause 39, shall be not less than 5.2 MN/rn2 (750 Ibf/in2) and of blocks for loadbearing internal walls shall be not less than 2.8 MN/m2 (400 lbf/in2). The compressive strength of bricks and blocks for non-loadbcaring partitions shall not be less than 1.4 MN/rn2 (200 Ibf/ in2). These minimum strengths are acceptable provided the bricks and blocks are satisfactory in other respects. 21.
SOLUBLE SALTS CONTENT
21.1
No requirements.
22.
LIABILITY TO EFFLORESCENCE
22.1
When tested in accordance with Clause 42 no sample shall develop efflorescence worse than moderate. CHAPTER 2. HOLLOW BLOCKS FOR STRUCTURAL FLOORS AND ROOFS
23.
GENERAL
23.1
The hollow blocks for structural floors and roofs covered by this Standard are blocks designed to be used as filler blocks in reinforced concrete floors.
24.
FORMATS
24.1
The formats of blocks for structural floors and roofs shall be designed in terms of their nominal dimensions which differ from their actual dimensions except in the depth. The actual length and width are 5 mm (3/16 in) less than the nominal length and width. ‘The standard formats are given in Table 7. 26
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MS 76: 1972
*
TABLE 7. STANDARD FORMATS (FLOOR BLOCKS) (Dimensions are in millimetres, inches in brackets) Actual climensions* Designation Length 300x 300x 75 (l2x12x3) (11 300x 300x 100 (12x12x4) (11 300 x 300 x 125 (12 x 12 x 5) (11 300 x 300 x 150 (12 x 12 x 6)
295 13/16) (11 295 13/16) (11 295 13/16) (11 295 13/16) (11 295 13/16) (11 295 13/16) (ii 295 13/16) (11 295 13/16) (II ,
(11 300x 300x 175 (12x12x7) (11 300 x 300 x 200 (12 x 12 x 8) (11 300x 300x 225 (12x12x9) (11 300x 300x 250 (12x12x10) (11 Note:
Width
Depth
295 75 13/16) (3) 100 295 13/16) (4) 295 125 13/16~ (5) 295 150 13/16) (6) 295 175 13/16) (7) 295 200 13/16) (8) 225 295 13/16) (9) 295 250 13/16) (10)
Length is measured along the direction which is normally parallel to the concrete reinforcing ribs when the block is in the floor. Width is measured in the direction which is normally at right angles to the concrete ribs when the block is laid in the floor. See Note I to Table I. 27
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MS 76: 1972 25.
COMPLIANCE FOR DIMENSIONS
25.1
Blocks for structural floors and roofs shall be measured individually by the method laid down in Clause 36 for blocks for walling. The measurement shall be carried out on 10 blocks and the method described in Clause 7 shall be used to determine whether or not the bulk supply complies.
26.
COMPLIANCE FOR OUT OF SQUARENESS
26.1
Where adjacent faces are intended to be at right angles, the amount by which they deviate shall be measured in accordance with Clause 37. The distance between the inner edge of the straight edge and the face of the blocks shall not exceed 5 mm (3/16 in) per 300 mm (1 ft) run. The measurement shall be carried out on 10 blocks and the method of Clause 7 used to determine whether or not the bulk supply complies.
27.
COMPLIANCE FOR BOWING OR, TWISTING
27.1
When measured in accordance with Clause 38, the deviation from a straight edge shall not exceed the figures shown in Table 5. These measurements refer to the deviations at or near the centre if the face is concave, and two equal measurements between the straight edge and the corners of the block if the face is convex. The measurement shall be carried out on 10 blocks and the method of Clause 7 used to determine whether or not the bulk supply complies.
28.
FINTSH
~
28.1
Blocks for structural floors and roofs shall be reasonably free 28
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MS 76: 1972 from deep or extensive cracks, from damage to edges and corners and from expansive particles of lime. They shall also, when a cut surface is examined, show a reasonably uniform texture. 29. 29.1
30.
STRENGTH The compressive strength of blocks for structural floors and roofs, when tested in accordance with Clause 39, shall be not less than 14.0 MN/rn2 (2000 lbf/in2). Higher strengths may be agreed between the supplier and the user if it is desired to make use of the block strength when calculating the strength of the floor for design purposes. SOLUBLE SALTS CONTENT
30.1 31. 31.1
No requirements. LIABILITY TO EFFLORESCENCE No requirements.
32.
CHAPTER 3. SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND TEST METhODS GENERAL
32.1 33. 33.1
Testing shall be carried out on samples which are taken in accordance with Clauses 33 and 34. SAMPLES Samples may be required for: (a)
*
Routine quality control tests carried out by the manufacturer. For this purpose the number of units to be taken as samples shall be at the discretion of the manufacturer and shall be based on sound statistical principles*. Suitable expositions of statistics for this purpose are given in Appendix A and in BS 2564, “Control Chart Technique When Manufacturing to a Specification”. 29
MS 76: 1972
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(b)
Tests carried out by the manufacturer or the customer to determine compliance with specification. For this purpose the number of units required for specific tests shall be as follows: (i)
Compressive strength
10
(ii)
Water absorption
10
(iii)
Soluble salts
10
(iv)
Efflorescent testt
I0 40
(v)
Dimensions of bricks
24
(vi)
Dimensions of blocks
10
Since the dimensional test can be carried out on units which are used subsequently for other tests and since the 10 bricks or blocks used for the water absorption test may be used subsequently for the compressive strength test, the minimum number of units required when all tests are to be made is 30, but a sample of 50 units provides a reasonable margin to allow for loss and breakage and for simultaneous testing. When it is known that only certain of these tests are to be made then the appropriate number of units required shall be sampled instead of the 50 units.
t When
the sample for soluble salts analysis is prepared by the method of Clause 33.1(b)(iii), the 10 bricks or blocks from which the sample has been taken may be used subsequently for the efflorescence test. 30
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MS 76 : 1972 When dimensional tests only are to be carried out on blocks, since ten additional units may be required under the terms of Clause 7, these must be taken at the same time as the first sample of ten, unless it is known that the whole delivery will be available for further sampling when the first part of the test has been completed. The required number of units shall be sampled from a discrete delivery of not less than 2000 or more than 10,000 bricks, or not less than 500 or more than 2,500 blocks. When all tests are to be carried out, units for any one specific test shall be taken at random from the sample of 50 units if the latter are originally sampled at random from the delivery, or where statistical representative sampling of the delivery is carried out the required number of units shall be taken at random from each of the representative sub-samples (See Clause 34, Method of sampling). Sample units remaining after allocating units for specific tests shall be reserved either for reference or for other tests which may be required. 34.
METHOD OF SAMPLiNG
34.1
TI
required sample may be drawn by:
(a)
Random sampling.
(b)
Representative sampling.
In random sampling the sample is taken in such a way that every unit in the bulk has an equal chance of appearing in the sample. In representative sampling the bulk is divided into convenient sections (real or imaginary) and the sample is taken so that 31
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MS 76: 1972 for each section of the bulk there is a corresponding portion of the sample. The units in each of these portions must be taken in a random manner (See (a) below). The word Representative applied to sampling does not mean that the sampler is to select units which lie thinks represent the different colours, sizes, strengths, etc., of the bulk supply. Any person bias in selection must be avoided. The samples shall be taken by one of the methods set out below, sampling being arranged SO as to yield the number of units required. (a)
Sampling in motion. Whenever practicable a sample shall be taken whilst the units are being moved, for example during loading or unloading. 1n this case 2, 3, 4 or 5 units shall be taken at random from each of 10 approximately equal sections of the bulk to be tested depending on whether one, two, three or four of the tests (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) are to be carried out, with or without test (iv). If only test (v) is to be carried out it will be more convenient to take 2 units at random from each of 12 approximately equal sections of the bulk. if test (v) is to be carried out and one, two, three or four of the tests (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), then 24, 24, 30 or 40 is the minimum number of units required. To allow for loss and breakage the number sampled shall therefore be 30, 30, 40 or 50. These units shall be obtained by taking 3, 3, 4 or 5 units at random from each of 10 approximately equal sections of the bulk to be tested. The sample of 24 units required for test (v) shall be obtained by taking 2 units at random from each of 6 portions selected at random from the tO portions corn32
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MS 76: 1972 prising the main sample and 3 units at random from each of the remaining 4 portions. When 2 or more multiples of 10 units are sampled from a bulk supply the sample of 10 units required for one specific test shall be obtained by taking one unit at random from the units in each of the 10 portions of the sample. When sampling it will therefore be necessary to identify the units in any 1 portion of the sample by the same letter or mark which should be different from the letters or marks given to the other 9 portions of the sample. (b)
Sampling from a stack. When it is necessary to take a sample from a stack the following procedure shall be adopted: The stack shall be divided into a number of real or imaginary sections and the required number of units drawn from each section as indicated under (a). For this purpose units in the upper layers of the stack shall be moved to enable units to be sampled from places within the stack. Units shall also be sampled from accessible sides of sections which are at the edge of the stack. Sampling from stacks may not be satisfactory when testing for soluble salts and efflorescence because contarnination from the ground and other sources may occur.
(c)
Sampling from lorries or trucks. When for any reason sampling cannot be carried out in motion, units shall be taken from a number of sections of the load as indicated under (b), reading lorry or truck in place of stack. 33
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MS 76: 1972 35.
DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONS (BRICKS)
35.1
When standard bricks are to be checked for dimensions the method shall be the overall measurement of 24 bricks placed in contact in a straight line upon a level surface in each of the arrangements indicated in Fig. 1 Any blisters or small projections or ‘loose particles of clay adhering to the face of a brick shall be removed before they are assembled for measurement. The overall dimensions of the assembled bricks shall be measured with. a steel tape or other suitable inextensible measure long enough to measure the whole row at once. Measurement by repeated application of a short rule or measure shall not be considered satisfactory. if for any reason, it is found impracticable to measure 24 bricks in one row, the samples may be divided into two rows of 12, or three rows of 8, which shall be measured separately to the nearest 2 mm and their measurements added. The measurement of one row of 12 or 8 units and multiplication by 2 or 3 shall not be considered satisfactory, because of the probability that the mean dimensions of so small a sample differ appreciably from the mean dimensions of the bulk supply.
36.
DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONS (BLOCKS)
36.1
Standard blocks shall be measured individually, a sample of 10 units being measured. Each of the 3 linear dimensions shall be measured with a ruler graduated at intervals of 1 mm (1/32 in) and the results noted. The measurements shall be carried out for each of the 10 units in turn.
37.
DETERMINATION OF OUT OF SQUARENESS (BLOCKS)
37.1
The amount by which the angle between adjacent faces of
34
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MS 76: 1972 the block differs from a right angle ~haIl be determined by placing a builder’s steel square against one edge and measuring the distance between the inner edge of the square and the face of the block (See Fig. 2).
38.
DETERMINATION OF BOWiNG OR TWISTING (BLOCKS)
38.1
The blocks shall be placed between two parallel straight edges running diagonally across the two faces of the unit as shown in Fig 2. The distance between the straight edge and the face of the block shall be measured at a point near the centre on the side which is concave, and two equal measurements shall be taken between the straight edge and the corners of the opposite face of the block on the convex side.
39.
DETERMINATION (a)
OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Test specimens. Ten whole units, taken as directed in Clauses 33 and 34, shall be used for determining compressive strength. (1)
Bed face area. Bricks and blocks for walling. When testing bricks and blocks for walling, the overall dimensions of each bed face shall be measured to the nearest 1 mm (0.05 m) and the area of the smaller of the two shall be taken as the area of the unit for calculating the compressive strength. This applies to all types of bricks and blocks, including the divided-joint type, i e, the gap between the twin strips of mortar on which the latter are bedded is included in the overall area.
(ii)
Bed face area. Blocks for structural floors and roofs. When testing flooring blocks the ends in which the cavities appear shall be treated as the bed faces.
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MS 76: 1972 The net area of the material in the bed face shall be obtained by subtracting the area of the cavities from the overall area of the bed face, and shall be taken as the area of the block for calculating the compressive strength. (b)
Preparation of specimens. (i)
Solid bricks without frogs, bricks with frogs intended to be laid frog downwards, perforated bricks and cavity bricks. Bricks of standard size. including solid bricks without frogs, perforated bricks and cavity bricks, shall be immersed in water at room temperature for not less than 24 hours or saturated under vacuum or by boiling, before testing. The same method shall be used for bricks with ordinary frogs that are to be laid frog downwards. When, for this purpose, the strength of bricks is determined with the frog unfilled, this fact shall be prominently stated in the test report.
(ii)
Bricks with frogs intended to be laid frog upwards. Bricks with frogs shall be immersed in water at room temperature for not less than 24 hours, or saturated under vacuum or by boiling. They shall then be removed and allowed to drain for about five minutes, wiped free from surplus moisture, and their frogs filled with mortar. (The requirement that frogs shall be filled shall not be taken as requiring the filling of perforations in perforated bricks or of the deep frogs in cavity bricks which are made to give a lightweight wall when bedded frog downward. These are to be prepared as prescribed in 36
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MS 76 : 1972 (h)(i) above). Not less than four, and preferably six cubes, approximately 75 mm (3 in) on side, shall be made from each batch of mortar and shall he stored under the same conditions as the bricks. The mix used shall be capable of attaining the strength specified below and, when set, there shall he no concavity in the mortar filling (See Note 1). Singlc-frogged bricks shall be stored under damp sacking or similar material for 24 hours after their frogs have been tilled and then immersed in water until they are ready for testing. Double-frogged bricks shall be prepared in two stages not less than four nor more than eight hours being allowed to elapse after filling the first frog before filling the second, using a mortar with the same composition as before. They shall be stored under damp sacking or similar material for 24 hours after filling the second frog, and then immersed in water until ready for testing. Bricks with ‘frogs shall be considered ready for testing when tests on the cubes show that the compressive strength of the mortar is not less than 28.0 MN/rn2 (4000 lbf/in2) and not more than 42.0 MN/rn2 (6000 lbf/in2). Single cubes may be used to indicate the growth of mortar strength, but the final test shall be made with three cubes for each batch of mortar, the average strength of the three cubes being taken as the strength of the mortar. (iii)
Hollow blocks, including floor blocks, and bricks larger than 22S x .112.5 mm (9 x 4~in) (on bed face). The specimens shall be immersed in water at room 37
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MS 76: 1972 temperature for not less than 24 hours, or saturated under vacuum or by boiling. They shall then be removed and allowed to drain for about five minutes, wiped free from surplus water and bedded in a mortar capable of attaining the strength specified below (See Note 1). Not less than four, and preferably six, cubes of mortar approximately 75 mm (3 in) side, shall be made from each batch of mortar and shall be stored under the same conditions as the specimens. The bedding shall be carried out in the following manner. Each specimen shall be bedded on a smooth rigid plate, at least 40 mm (13 in) longer and wider than the specimen, which, does not depart from a true plane surface by more than 0.05 mm (0.002 in) pieces of Plate glass, or machined steel plates, are the most suitable materials. The plate shall be firmly supported with the machined face uppermost and levelled in two directions at right angles by means of a spirit level. It shall be coated with a film of mould oil to prevent mortar adhering, or alternatively a sheet of thin paper can be used for the same purpose. A layer of mortar 20 him ~ in) and 40 mm (11 in) to 50 mm (2 in) longer and wider than the specimen shall then be placed on the plate and one bed face of the specimen firmly pressed into it so that the vertical axis of the specimen is perpendicular to the plane of the plate and so that the bed is approximately 10 mm (~in) thick and nowhere less than 5.0 mm (~in) thick (See Note 2). Th~surplus mortar shall be trimmed off flush with the sides of the block after it has 38
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MS 76: 1972 hardened sufficiently (See Note 1). The block shall then be stoi ccl under damp sacking or similar material for 24 hours before being carefully removed from the plate, without damaging the mortar, and inverted. The second bed face shall then be bedded in the same way as the first using a mortar with the same composition as before. The specimen shall be placed on the bed of mortar and the face now uppermost levelled in two directions at right angles by means of a spirit level to ensure that the two mortar-faces are parallel. After bedding the specimen shall again he covered with damp sacking or similar material for 24 hours and then immersed in water until tested. The specimen shall he considered ready for testing when tests on the cubes show that the compressive strength of the mortar is riot less than 28.0 MN/rn2 (4000 lbf/in2) and not more than 42.0 MN/rn2 (6000 lbf/in2). Single cubes may be used to indicate the growth of mortar strength, but the final test shall be made with three cubes for each batch of mortar, the average strength of the three cubes being taken as the strength of the mortar. ‘
(iv)
Divided-joint bricks and blocks. Bricks and blocks designed to give a single-leaf wall with the mortar joints divided into two strips (See Note 3) shall be immersed in water at room temperature for not less than 24 hours, or saturated under vacuum or by boiling. They shall then be removed and allowed to drain for about five minutes, wiped free from surplus water and bedded in mortar. The method 39
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MS 76: 1972 of bedding shall be generally as described in (iii) above, but instead of bedding the whole face of the brick or block, the bedding mortar shall be placed in two parallel strips of a uniform thickness of 20 mm (~ in) formed with the help of a simple guide, described below. These strips of mortar shall correspond with the parts of the brick or block designed to carry the mortar bed, and the brick or block shall be accurately placed on them and pressed down to form a bed as uniform as possible approximately 10 mm (~in) thick and nowhere less than 5.0 mm (~in) thick. The guide mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall consist of a rectangular strip of wood of 20 mm (~in) finished thickness, of width equal to the designed gap between the mortar strips (for the V double brick shown in Fig. 6. it may be taken as 75 mm (3 in) and 50 mm (2 in) to 100 mm (4 in) longer than the brick. In use, the guide shall be placed across the machined plate on which the bedding is done, and level mortar strips somewhat longer and wider than their finished dimensions placed on either side of it. The guide shall be carefully removed with the least possible disturbance of the mortar bed before the brick or block is pressed into position. (c)
Apparatus. The testing machine shall have adequate capacity to crush all the test specimens but the scale used shall be such that the ultimate loads on the specimens exceed one-fifth of the full scale reading. The machine shall be provided with a load-pacer or equivalent means to enable the load to be applied at the rate specified 40
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MS 76 : 1972
(d)
in (d) (iii). It shall meet the requirements for accuracy of Grade B of BS 1610, “Verification of Testing Machines”, Part I. The testing machine shall be equipped with two steel bearing-platens with hardened faces. The platen that normally will bear on the upper surface of the specimen shall be fitted with a ball seating in the form of a portion of a sphere. the centre of which coincides with the centre of the face of the platen. The movable portion of the hall—seated platen shall be held on its scat ‘hut shall he free to rotate and to tilt through small angles in any direction. The other platen shall be a plain rigid hearing block. The bearing faces of both platens shall be at least as large as, and preferably larger than, the nominal size of the specimen. The bearing surfaces of the platens shall not depart from a plane by more than 0.05 mm (0.002 in). (To meet this requirement, the platens, when new, should be somewhat more accurate to allow for wear and should be refaced when they approach this limit.) Testing procedure. (i) General. When the requirements of Clause (b) have been satisfied, the specimens shall be tested immediately on removal from the water. (ii) Placing specimen in the testing machine. The bearing surfaces of the testing machine shall be wiped clean and any loose grit removed from the bed faces of the specimen. The load shall be applied to the specimen in the same direction as in service, and the axis of the specimen shall be carefully aligned with the centre of the ball-seated platen. As the latter is brought to bear on the specimen the niovable portion shall be guided gently by hand so that a uniform seating is obtained. Specimens pre41
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MS 76: 1972 pared in accordance with (b)(i) and (b)(ii) shall be tested between two 3 mm plywood sheets which shall be at least as long and as wide as the specimen and shall be used once only. Specimens prepared in accordance with (b)(iii) and (b)(iv) need not be tested between sheets of plywood. (iii)
(iv)
Loading. The load shall be applied without shock and increased continuously. Initially the loading may be at any convenient rate up to 35.0 MN/m2 (5000 lbf/in2) per minute but, when about half the expected maximum load has been applied, the rate shall be adjusted to 15.0 MN/rn2 (2000 lbf/in2) per minute and maintained until the maximum failing load is reached. With some specimens the recorded load may fluctuate before the maximum failing load is reached. This will be indicated by a reduction in load as the specimen yields followed by an increase to a new maximum as loading is continued. This temporary reduction may occur several times before the specimen finally fails. The maximum failing load shall be taken as the load at which the specimen no longer produces any further increase in the indicator reading (See Note 4). Calculation of results. The compressive strength of the specimen shall be calculated by dividing its maximum failing load by its area as defined in (a) and shall be expressed in MN/in2 (lbf/in2) to the nearest 0.5 MN/rn2 (70 lbf/in2) for strengths of 7.0 MN/rn2 and above and to the nearest 0.1 MN/rn2 (10 lbf/in2) for strengths less than 7.0 MN/rn2. The arithmetic mean of the compressive strength of the ten specimens is the best unbiased estimate 42
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MS 76: 1972 of the true consignment mean and shall be taken as the compressive strength of the consignment sampled, for purposes of Clauses 10, 12, 16, 20 and 29. It. should be noted that manufacturers who use
Note ‘1:
*
MS
t MS
quality control schemes for strength testing have detailed information on the compressive strength of their bricks and their variability, which can be made available to users. The strength of mortar required for this test may be obtained within a reasonable time (3 to 7 days) by using a I : 1~mix of ordinary Portland cement or rapid-hardening Portland cement complying with MS ~, with clean well-graded sand, 3 mm (-~ in) down. The water/cement ratio will usually be not greater than 0.35 and, if the bricks are of an open texture so that water drains from them readily, it may be necessary to use a lower water/ cement ratio
If the sand available is relatively fine and/or contaminated with silt or clay, a higher water/cement ratio will be required to obtain satisfactory workability. It will then be difficult to attain the required strength within a reasonable time when using a 1 : l- mix with Portland cement. A 1 : 1 mix with ordinary Portland cement or rapid-hardening Portland cement or a 1 3 mix with a high-alumina cement complying with MS t will then be found more satisfactory. To obtain the specified strength without difficulty it is necessary to use cement in fresh condition. This means that, if it is , “Portland Cement (Ordinary and Rapid-Hardening)”.
, “High Alumina Cement”. 43
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MS 76: 1972 not used very shortly after manufacture, it should be preserved in an airtight container. When the mixes give the required strength in 3 to 7 days, the mortar is usually sufficiently set to enable reversal of bricks to be carried out in 4 to 8 hours as mentioned in (b)(ii) above and trimming in accordance with (b)(iii) above. To ensure that, as required in (b)(ii), there shall be no concavity in the mortar filling of frogs, the mortar should not be trowelled off flush with the surface of the brick immediately, but after allowing it to stand for a period judged by experience, usually between two and four hours. Note 2:
When bedding hollow blocks in mortar, (b)(iii), it will be found an advantage to place a layer of mortar about twice the required finished thickness and to shape it so that it is a little thicker in the middle than at the edges. This will ensure that air is not trapped under the block when it is pressed into the mortar. Some laboratories have found it convenient to restrain the flow of the mortar by a removable metal rim or frame slightly larger than the block, but this is not necessary if the layer of mortar is initially of the thickness indicated and extends about 25 mm beyond the edges of the block in all directions.
Note 3:
The instructions for bedding divided-joint bricks and blocks in (b)(iv) have been drafted with the double bricks illustrated in Fig. 6 chiefly in mind. Dividedjoint hollow blocks (H blocks) in which the width of the strips of bedding mortar is defined by depressions in the bed faces of the blocks, arc also manufactured. These can be prepared for testing by 44
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MS 76: 1972 the method of Clause (b)(iii), the mortar beds being divided into two strips by cutting away the surplus with a strip of nietal when the mortar is trimmed 10 the edges of the blocks. Note 4:
Determination of the end point of the test presents no difficulty to the person experienced in the strength testing of bricks. The less experienced operator should however appreciate that the indicator needle may fall back at certain stages during the loading operation, before the point of final collapse is reached. Should this occur considerable judgement is required in resetting the controls of the machine in order to maintain smoothly the specified rate of loading. At the final point of collapse, the indicator needle will continue to fall back rapidly even though every effort is being made to maintain the loading specified. The pattern of final collapse will vary with the type and thickness of the sample being tested. With solid bricks of 65 mm (2~in) thickness, for example, the final collapse occurs by shear and is easily recognizable. With highly vitreous vertically perforated specimens, however, final failure is characterized by a complete shattering of the sam pie.
40.
WATER ABSORPTION TESTS
40.1
Two alternative standard methods are specified for the determination of water absorption, the 5-hour boiling test (B) and the vacuum test (V). The two forms of test give acceptable agreement with the great majority of bricks, and the choice of method is a matter of convenience. Either method may be used for the purposes of Clause 10. A method of test 45
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MS 76: 1972 by 24-hour cold immersion (C) is also specified for use as works control test only. The results by this method are always lower than, and are not proportional to, those by the standard methods. (a)
Test specimens. The test specimens shall normally consist of whole bricks or’ blocks, but representative portions being approximately a half or a quarter of the brick or block may be used when testing large units. Ten whole specimens, or representative portions from each of them shall ‘be tested.
(b)
Accuracy of weighings. Specimens shall be weighed to an accuracy. of 0.1% of the weight of the specimen, using a suitable balance.
(c)
Preparation of specimens.
The test specimens shall be dried to constant weight in a ventilated oven at I 10°C— 115°C. When cool, each Specimen shall be weighcd*.
(d)
*
Procedure for 5-hour boiling test. (B). The Specinlens shall be placed into a tank of water immediately after weighing so that water can circulate freely on all sides of them. The tank shall be provided with a grid to ensure free circulation of water between bricks and the bottom of the tank. The water shall be heated to boiling in it can be assumed that heating f~. at least 48 hours at 110°C will
assure constant weight, but it should be noted that several hours may be required before the specimens reach 110°C if they are wet when put into the oven. The 48 hours shall be reckoned from the time the specimens reach 110°C. Storage of bricks, unstacked, with spaces between them, in a ventilated room for a period of 4 hours, with a current of air from an electric fan passing over them continuously for at least 2 hours, will cool the speciniens to approximately room temperature. 46
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MS 76: 1972 approximately one hour, boiled continuously for 5 hours, and then allowed to cool to room temperature by natural loss of heat. for not less than 16 or more than 19 hours. The specimens shall be removed, the surface water wiped oil with a damp cloth, and the specimen weighed. When wiping perforated bricks, water that might otherwise be left in the perforations shall be displaced by shaking. Weighing of any one specimen shall be completed within 2 minutes after its removal from the water. The test may be carried out either on dry bricks, or following the 24-hour cold immersion test if desired, provided that the specimens were in the first instance dried and weighed in accordance with Clauses (b) and (c). (e)
Procedure ~or vacuum test. (V). The apparatus consists of a cast-iron or other suitable tank capable of holding the required number of specimens connected through stop-cocks to a vacuum pump and water tank (See Fig 3). Greased ground surfaces on the tank and lid ensure an air-tight fit. The dry specimens, which have previously been weighed, shall be placed on end in the tank, separated from the base by a perforated zinc platform or similar method, and so arranged generally as to allow free access to all surface as far as possible. With stop-cock B closed and stop-cock A open (See Fig. 3) the pump shall be started, continuing until the residual pressure is less than 2700 N/rn2 (0.39 lbf/in2) (20 mmHg). Stop-cock A is then closed, and stop-cock B opened. After the bricks have become completely immersed and the water has ceased to flow, a period of 10 minutes shall be allowed to ensure that penetration is complete. 47
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MS 76: 1972 The lid of the tank shall then be removed, and the bricks wiped and weighed in the manner prescribed for (d). (f)
Procedure for 24-hour F cold immersion test (for works control). (C). The dry specimens, which shall be at room temperature,, shall be completely immersed, without zpreliminary partial immersion, in water at room temperature. The water shall have free access to all surfaces as far as possible. After immersion for 24 ± I hours the specimens shall be removed and wiped and weighed in the manner prescribed for (d).
(g)
Calculation o. water absorption. The absorption results shall be reported in terms of percentage increase by weight on the dry specimens and shall be calculated to the nearest 0.1%. The arithmetic mean of the absorptions of the ten speciinens is the best unbiased estimate of the true consignment mean and shall be taken as the absorption of the consignment.
41.
SOLUBLE SALTS ANALYSIS (a)
Preamble. The preparation of a powdered sample of mineral substance such as brick for chemical analysis is a well understood technique, as is the analytical determination of the radicals present in an aqueous solution. It is the preparation of an aqueous solution from the powdered bricks as a preliminary to soluble salts analysis that calls for standardization, because widely divergent amounts of soluble salts may be taken into solution depending on the methods of extraction used.
(b)
Preparation of sample. 48
From the bulk sample of 10 bricks
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MS 76: 1972 or blocks a representative working sample of about 25 g ground to pass a 150 micron MS * “Test Sieve” shall be prepared. The following are the alternative methods: (i)
Fragments representative of the interior and exterior of the bricks amounting to at least one-tenth of each brick or block are crushed in hardened steel equipment to produce about 5000 g of material passing a MS * “Test Sieve” with an aperture not greater than 3.35 mm. This is mixed and then reduced by coning and quartering or other equivalent method to about 300 g which is then all ground to pass a MS * “Test Sieve” with an aperture not greater than 710 micron. This finer sample is reduced to about 25 g by coning and quartering or other equivalent method and all is ground to pass a 150 nh,cron MS * “Test Sieve.” A magnet is used to remove any iron that may have contaminated the sample during crushing. The sample shall then be dried at 110°C.
(ii)
*
MS
Holes are drilled in 10 bricks or blocks with a masonry drill not larger than 7 mm in diameter. The holes are approximately equally spaced over the bed-faces of each brick or the outer surface of the block. They are carried to a depth approximately equal to half the depth of the brick or half the thickness of the web of the block. The number of holes is such as to give a sample of approximately 25 g of powder passing a 150 micron MS * “Test Sieve.” Material from the drillings which does not pass the sieve immediately is ground “Test Sieve.” Under Preparation. 49
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MS 76: 1972 in a suitable mortar until (he whole sample passes through. A magnet is used to remove any iron which may have contaminated the sample during drilling. The sample shall be dried at 110°C. (c)
Determination o acid-soluble sulphate. Weigh 2 g of’ the sample and transfer to a 250 ml beaker and cover with a clock glass. Through the lip of the beaker introduce 150 ml of hydrochloriê acid (1: 9) and heat to boiling add half a Whatman ashless tablet or equivalent and boil for 10 minutes, stirring to prevent bumping. Cool, filter through a sintered glass buchner funnel and wash thoroughly five or six times with hot distilled water. Add one or two spots of methyl red indicator and ammonia (1 : I) dropwise till just neutral then add immediately 25 drops hydrochloric acid (sp gr I 1 8) followed by 3 ml of bromine water (saturated). Heat to boiling, boil for 2 minutes and, while boiling, slowly add from a pipette 10 ml of barium chloride solution (10%). Continue boiling for about 2 minutes, transfer to a steam bath for I hour and allow to cool. Stand overnight and filter through a slow filter papcr**. Wash with hot water until free of chlorides. Transfer the precipitate and paper to a weighed platinum crucible, heat gently to dry the residue and char the paper, and finally ignite to 1000°C for 30 minutes, cool and weigh. .
Note: **
Weight of BaSO4 x 0.4115 = weight of SO4 The ‘acid soluble sulphate’ may be assumed to correspond fairly closely to the total quantity of sulphate
No. 42 Whatman or similar filter paper is suitable. 50
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MS 76: 1972 which could be obtained from the brick sample on long continued extraction with water. This quantity is therefore relevant to an assessment of the liability of the brick material to cause sulphate expansion in Portland cement (d)
Extraction of water-soluble salts The extraction of soluble salts shall be carried out at room temperature, 10 -i-0.05 g of the sample shall be weighed and transferred to a 150 ml polythenc bottle,., 100 ml of cold distilled water shall be added, the bottle closed with a screw-on polythene top and the bottle shaken for 60 minutes. (A rotary shaker revolving at about 30 revolutions per minute is suitable or alternatively the contents of the bottle may be stirred for 60 minutes by a magnetic stirrer using a polythene covered follower). The suspended sample shall be filtered and the filtrate collected in a clean dry flask. The residue on the filter shall not be washed. •Alternatively a centrifuge may be used. The filtering means employed shall be used dry. The alternatives are either: (i)
Sintered glass buchner funnel1’~, porosity grade with suction.
4,
(ii)
Centrifuge.
(iii)
Filter candle with suction.
(iv)
Ordinary filter with. e g, a No. 42 Whatman or equivalent filter paper.
It is essential that the filtrate shall be clear.
i~BS 1752, “Laboratory Sintered or Fritted Filters”. 51
MS 76: 1972
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(e)
Determination of radicles. Recognized analytical methods shall then be used to determine the following radicles: Calcium (Ca+ +), Magnesium (Mg~~) Sodium (Nat), Potassium (K~) The following analytical procedure has been found convenient and is recommended though it is not mandatory. The results shall be reported to the nearest 0.01% by weight. Calcium. Pipette a 10 ml aliquot of the soluble salt extract into a 500 ml conical flask. Add 20 drops of hydrochloric acid (sp gr 1.18), followed by 10 ml of potassium hydroxide solution (approximately 4 N), and dilute to about 200 ml with water. Add about 0.015 g of calcein indicators. Titrate with standard EDTA solution from a 10 ml semi—micro burette, the colour change being from fluorescent green to pink. Magnesium. Pipette a 10 ml aliquot of the soluble salt extract into a 500 ml conical flask. Add 20 drops of hydrochloric acid (sp gr. 1.18), followed by a 10 ml of ammonia solution (sp gr 0.880) and dilute with to about 200 ml. Add about 0.04 g of methyl thymol blue complcxonc indicator. Titrate with the standard EDTA solution from a 10 ml semi—micro burette, the colour change being from blue to colourless. The volume of EDTA used lor the titration ol calciuiu is subtracted from the volume of EDTA used for this titration. The remainder represents the volume of EDTA required for the titration of the magnesium.
~ Screened Murexide or 2-hydroxyl- I -(2-hydroxy-4-sulpho- I -naphthylazo)3-naphthoic acid are also suitable indicators. 52
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MS 76: 1972 Sodium and potassium. Compare a portion of the soluble salt extract with standard solutions containing 5 ppm of sodium, and 10 ppm of potassium in a suitable flame photometer. Calculate the sodium and potassium contents by reference to previously prepared calibration graphs. Standard solutions. Calcium solution (1.0 mg CaO/ml): Dissolve 1.78 g of dried (150°C) calcium carbonate in a slight excess of diluted hydrochloric acid (i), boil to expel carbon dioxide, cool and dilute to one litre in a calib~ated flask. Magnesium solution (1.0 mg MgO/ml): Dissolve 0.6032 g of magnesium metal in a slight excess o. diluted hydrochloric acid and dilute to one litre in a calibrated flask. Before weighing, etch the metal ribbon or foil in dilute hydrochloric acid and then dry it with alcohol followed by ether. Adjust the weight with scissors. Standard EDTA (0.5%): Dissolve 5 g of diaminoethane tetra-acetic acid (di-sodium salt dihydrate) in warm water, filter if necessary, cool, and dilute to I litre. Store in a polythene bottle. Standardize against the standard calcium and magnesium solutions, calcein and methyl thymol blue complexone, respectively, being used as indicators. Indicators. Calcein indicator: Mix by grjnding together 0.1 g of calcein with 10 g of potassium chloride. Methyl thymol blue complexone indicator: Mix by grinding together 0.2 g of methyl thymol blue complexone with 20 g of potassium nitrate. 42.
EFFLORESCENCE TEST
42.1
Ten specimens shall be used for the eirlorescence test. 53
Those
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MS 76: 1972 which have been used for the soluble safis analysis (Clause 33) may be found a convenient sample but where any doubt exists, ten whole bricks or blocks shall be used. Evaporation from faces other than that which will appear as the exposed face in the work shall be prevented by surrounding them with an impermeable sheet, for example, of polythene. Each specimen shall be placed with its exposed face uppermost and allowed to stand in a warm well-ventilated room. A suitable flask containing distilled water shall be inverted and its mouth placed in contact with the exposed face of the specimen (See Fig. 4). A quantity of distilled water capable of saturating the specimen shall be used (See Note). If the distilled water is completely absorbed within 24 hours a further quantity of distilled water shall be used. After a few days, when the water has been absorbed and the specimen appears to be dry, a similar quantity of distilled water shall be used and a further drying period allowed. The specimens shall then be examined for effhorcscence. The liability to ciflorescence shall be described as ‘nil’, ‘slight’, ‘moderate’, ‘heavy’, or ‘serious’, in accordance with the following definitions: Nil.
No perceptible deposit of efflorescence.
Slight.
Not more than 10% of the area of the face covered
with a thin deposit of salts. Moderate. A heavier deposit than ‘slight’ and covering up to 50% of the area of the face, but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface. Heavy A heavy deposit of salts covering 50% or more of the area of the face but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface. 54
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MS 76: 1972 Serious. A heavy deposit of salts accompanied by powdering and/or flaking of the surface and tending to increase with repeated wettings of the specimen. Note:
it is not possible to specify precisely the quantity of distilled water to be used since this will depend on the size and porosity of the specimen being tested. The object is to use sufficient distilled water to saturate the specimen, dissolve soluble salts, and allow the salts to crystallize at the exposed face.
As a guide, for the 225 x 112.5 x 75 (9 x 4~x 3) format, the quantity of distilled water is about 300 ml. Obviously for larger sizes, the quantity of distilled water will require to be increased in proportion to the volume of solid material.
43.
COMPLIANCE
43. I
Bricks and blocks shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of this Standard when samples taken in accordance with Clauses 33 and 34 and tested in accordance with the appropriate clause for strength, dimensions, soluble salts, elilorcsccncc, or water absorption, satisfy the appropriate requirements of Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of the Standard.
44.
PROCEDURE IN THE EVENT OF DISPUTE
44.1
Tt niay not always be convenient, or even necessary, for both manufacturer and user to be present at the time of sampling and testing. If in such a case a test result is obtained which does not conform to the requirements of this Standard such a result may then, and only then, lead to a dispute. In this event sampling and testing shall be repeated, in the presence of, and to the satisfaction of representatives of both user and manufacturer, to conform fully with the requirements of this 55
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MS 76: 1972 Standard. The results of this second test, carried out to resolve the dispute, shall be accepted by both parties as determining whether or not the consignment complies with this Standard. 45.
COST OF TESTING
45.1
Where the goods have been supplied to conform with the requirements of this Standard, the cost of carrying out the first test of any one consignment shall be borne by the purchaser. If a dispute arises, the cost of the second test, made in accordance with the requirements laid down in Clauses 43 and 44 shall be borne by the manufacturer, provided that, if the result of this second test meets the requirements of this Standard, the charge shall then be transferred to, and borne by the purchaser.
56
MS 76: 1972
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APPENDIX A APPLICATION OF WORKS QUALITY CONTROL SCHEME FOR DIMENSIONS Al.
OBJ ECT OF SCHEME
Al .1
Compliance with the dimensional requirements of Clause 6 ol this Standard is based on the total length, width,and (lepth of 24 bricks: the proposed scheme is intended as an aid to procCs.s cotitrol Ill order that batches ol bricks shall be unlikely to fail to comply with Clause 6. Samples should therefore be taken from current production. (It should be noted that the principles underlying BS 2564: 1 955, “Control Chart Technique When Manufacturing to a Specification”, cannot readily be applied here, since BS 2564 envisages a specification based on individual values rather than totals.) The schcmc assumes that when production is stable the dimensional standard deviation within a batch of bricks is roughly constant and can be estimated. Batches may fail Clause 6 because: (a)
The batch mean has drifted too far from the nominal value. In this case, the scheme is designed to give warning of the drift.
(b)
There is a sudden change of the batch mean to an unacceptable value. In this case, the scheme is designed to draw attention to such batches.
(c)
The batch standard deviation has increased appreciably. The scheme incorporates a control chart which acts as a check on the stability of the standard deviation.
The scheme is aimed chiefly at controlling a gradual drift, as in (a).
The control limits are set so that when a batch 57
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MS 76: 1972 has a I in 75 chance of rejection by Clause 6, it has approximately a I in 17 chance of giving a point outside the limit for means. Similarly when (lie chance of rejection is I in 20 by Clause 6, there is approximately a 1 in 8 chance of a point outside the limit. Hence if the mean is drifting, the drift should be detected before it causes serious trouble. The occurrence of a point outside (lie limit is not a cause for rej~ction of a batch; the latter is the prerogative of the standard. When a point is outside (lie limit, the process should be examined, action taken if necessary, and in any case subsequent points should be watched. It is possible to choose limits that will give more advanced warning of a drift in the mean, if these are. required, but it is important not to make them so stringent that they frequently give false alarms. Such additional limits, known here as ‘warning limits’, have been calculated; their use is optional. A batch with a I in 75 chance of rejection by Clause 6 would have a I in 5 chance of giving a point outside a warning limit. When the frequency of points outside the warning limits is I in 20, the mean has already drifted a high proportion of the way towards producing unsatisfactory material. A2.
CONTROL PROCEDURE: GENERAL
A2.1
The total length, width, and thickness of a group of 6 bricks are measured: this can be done by packing the bricks end to end, side to side, etc and measuring by means of an inextensible steel tape (Fig I) or by means of a gauge board (Fig 5). The gauge board method is described in more detail in the next section. Two random samples, each of 6 bricks, are taken from each batch that is sampled: it is recommended that a number of 58
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MS 76: 1972 batches should be sampled daily. For each sample of 6, the total length, width, and thickness are measured: and for each batch the average of the two total lengths and the range, or difference between (lie two total lengths, are Plotted on average and range charts. Similar charts are plotted for width and thickness. After a period of reasonably stable production, covering at least 20 measured batches, the average range (W) is calculated. This figure should be revised from time to time as more results become available. Control limits for the range charts are then inserted at 2.81 W for the I in 40 limit and at 4.12 W for the I in 1000 limit. Provided that the points are not above the I in 40 limit, it is customary to assume that the variability is reasonably stable. Occurrence of an undue proportion of points above the I in 40 limit may indicate that (lie average range fIgure needs to be revised or that the variability is unstable. If the variability is stable, the within-batch standard deviation, S. may be calculated from the average range by the formula: W S= 2.76 This is done separately for each dimension. Limits may then be inserted on the average charts and the occurrence of points outside these limits is interpreted as indicated in the first section. It is convenient to give limits to the nearest 1 mm; if this is done the probability levels given in the first section are no longer strictly accurate, but are sufficiently close for practical purposes. In any case it is difficult to achieve an accuracy better than 2 mm in the actual measurement of the totals. The control limits in millimetres are: 59
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MS 76: 1972 Length Width Thickness
1271 and I 309 604 and 626 382 and 405
(5 I and 52.50) (24.30 and 25.20) (15.30 and 16.20)
The algebraic expressions for the warning limits, based on the appropriate standard deviations, S. are as follows: Length Width Thickness
1271.25 ( 51.00 603.75 (24.312 382.50 (15.312
+ + + + + ±
1.27S 1.27S l.27S 1.27S l.27S 1.27S
and 1308.75 l.27S and 52.500 + 1.27S) and 626.25 1.27S and 25.188 l.27S) and 405.00 — l.27S and 16.188 l.27S) —
—
—
The position of these limits is not very sensitive to small changes in the value of S. Many users may prefer to employ fixed warning limits calculated by giving S the values assumed in deriving Clause 6, namely 1 .9 mm (0.075 in) l’or length and 1 .27 mm (0.05 in) for width and thickness. The fixed warning limits, rounded to 1 mm (1/20 in) are Length Width Thickness
1274 and 1306 605 and 624 384 and 403
(51.10 and 52.40) (24.40 and 25.10) (15.40 and 16.10)
A3.
CONTROL PROCEDURE : USE OF GAUGE BOARD
A3. I
The measurement of each samp1e of 6 bricks is done by packing them together, end to end, side to side, etc on a gauge board having graduated brass plates set in to the frame and flush with the surface: Each brass plate is graduated in a convenient unit, such as 2 mm (1 / 10 in), the graduations running from, say, + 15 to I 5. The plates are positioned so that the zero mark on the scale is at a distance from a reference stop at the end of the board corresponding to the nominal total for 6 —
60
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MS 76: 1972 bricks; 1290 mm (5I~ in) for length, 615 mm (24~ in) for width, and 390 mm (l5~ in) for thickness. Although the limits are calculated to the nearest half unit, it is quite sufficient to read each total for 6 bricks to the nearest unit. The measurements are recorded directly in terms of gauge units. (Care should be taken when manipulating negative values. For example, if the two totals for samples of 6 bricks are + I and — 4 units, (lie average total is _____
—
I ~ units and the range is I
—
(—4) = 5 units.
2 —1—4 4 units, the average is = 2 2~units and the range is 1 (—4) 1 + 4 = 3 units. Note that the range is always positive.) If the totals arc
1 and
—
—
—-
—
—
—
If it is desired to calculate the standard deviation S in millimetres, this may be done by dividing the average range in gauge units by 1.38. Otherwise no transformation to millimetres need be done. The control charts can be plotted in terms of gauge units and the limits may be determined from the average range W, also in gauge units. The control limits for the range chart are 2.81 W, for the 1 in 40 limit and 4.12 W for the 1 in 1000 limit. The appropriate values for (lie average charts, rounded off to the nearest half unit, are: Length 9~ + Width 54 ± Thickness — 4 + The warning limits may be average range W and are: Length 9.4 (7.5) —
—
—
61
+ 7-1-) 5-1- (— 4-4 + 4~) 7-4 (— 4~ + 4~) calculated from the appropriate 9~
(—
74
+ 0.46W and
9.4 (7.5)
—
0.46W
MS 76: 1972
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Width Thickness
—
—
5.6 + 0.46W and 5.6 (4.38) (4.38) 3.8 + 0.46W and 7.5 (4.38) (4.38)
—
0.46W
—
0.46W
Fixed warning limits, assuming that (lie standard deviation is of the order of 1.9 mm for length and 1 .27 mm for width and thickness, are: Length Width Thickness
—
—
—
8 and + 8 5 and + 5 3 and 6
These limits are summarized in Table 8. A4.
ALTERNATIVE GAUGE UNITS
A4.I
There is no reason why (lie gauge units should necessarily be 2 mm (1/10 iii), as used in the previous example. If an alternative gauge unit is adopted, it will be necessary to recalculate the limits using similar statistical principles and works quality control charts may then b.c kept in a similar manner.
AS.
ALTERNATIVE SCALE FOR GAUGE BOARD
A5.1
It is possible to avoid the use of negative numbers, and the slight complications involved in their manipulation, by g.ra— duating the scale from 0 to 30 instead of 15 to + 15. Here the nominal average dimension will be 15. The disadvaiitage is that the values to be recorded for average are usually double-figure numbers. —
The limits for averages are determined from those previously given by adding 15 units; the range limits are, of course, Unaffected. Table 9 gives (lie required values for the average charts. 62
MS 76: 1972 TABLE 8. LIMITS FOR USE WITH GAUGE BOARD 2 mm units (3 /32 inch units) Limits Dimensions. Lower Upper + 95 (+ 8) Control Length — 95 8) Width — 51 (— 4-i) + 51 (+ 41) Thickness — 4 (— 44) + 7~ (+ 41) 9.4 0.46W Warning Length — 9.4 + 0.46W (—8.00) (8.00) — 5.6 + 0.46W 5.6 — 0.46W Width (-----4.67) (4.67) Thickness — 3.8 + 0.46W 7.5 0.46W (—4.67) (4.67) Fixed Length 8 (— 7) + 8 (+ 7) warning Width 5 (— 4) + 5 (+ 4) Thickness — 3 (— 4) + 61 (+ 4)
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•
.
•
,
(—
—
—
—
—
TABLE 9. •
.
Ltmits
LIMITS FOR USE WITH ALTERNATIVE SCALE FOR GAUGE BOARD
,
•
Dimenswn
Control
Length Width Thickness
Warning
Length Width Thickness
Fixed warning
Length Width Thickness
2 mm unIts (3/32 inch units) . Lower Upper 5-5 (7) 245 (23) 204 (194) 95 (104) 22~ (191) ii (1OD 5.6 + 0.46W ( 7.00) 9.4 + 0.46W (10.33) Il .2 + 0.46W (10.33). 7 (8) 10 (11) 12 (lI) 63
24.4 (23.00) 20.6 (19.67) 22.5 (19.67)
—
—
—
0.46W 0.46W 0.46W
23 (22) 20 (19) 2I~ (19)
MS 76: 1972
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APPENDIX B CHOICE OF LiMITS AND ACCEPTANCE CLAUSES FOR DIMENSIONS OF BRICKS BS 657, “Dimensions of Common Bricks”, postulated that individual brick dimensions should not differ from the nominal dimensions by more than ± ~ in (6.4 mm) on length and ± 5/32 in (4.0 mm) on width and thickness. This was a compromise between the requirements of the manufacturer and the user. The acceptance clause was so drafted that ‘Good’ batches, i e with less than 1 % of individual brick dimensions outside these tolerances, had a very small chance of rejection. These calculations were based on standard deviations of 0.075 in (1.9 mm) for lengths, and 0.05 in (1.27 mm) for width and thickness, obtained from measurements of individual bricks made at the British Building Research Station. Since the publication of BS 657 : 1950 several British manufacturers have carried out measurements on a statistical control basis and (lie results obtained indicate that the original standard deviations are a reasonable estimate of (lie average value to be found in practice. Some raw materials and processes enable manufacturers to have smaller standard deviations whilst others lead to somewhat larger standard deviations. In this respect it is clear that the acceptance clause of BS 657, requiring measurements to be made of total length etc. of a sample of 24 bricks, limits both the variability of (lie batch and (lie movemelil of (lie batch average away from the nominal dimensions. Manufacturers who produce batches of larger variability that corresponds to a standard deviation of 0.075 in (1.9 mni) for length, etc, are allowed less movement of the batch average about the nominal dimensions. Conversely, the manufacturer who is able to work with a smaller standard deviation than 0.075 in (1 .9 mm) etc. can allow a greater movement of the batch average away froni the nominal dimensions; however, this amount of movement is 64
MS 76: 1972
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limited and the probability of rejection may become appreciable even when the movement is such as would lead to no more than I % of the individual brick dimensions being outside tolerances of either + •~in (6.4 mm) or in (6.4 mm) on length. etc. —
.~.
65
~iL a
C
i’~~
FIGURE 1. ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING CLAY BUILDING BRICKS (a) FOR LENGTH, (b) FOR WIDTH, (c) FOR DEPTH
b
-~/~
(~(~
::::::::::::~z~ -.
—~=‘~
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CID
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MS 76: 1972
Buitders’ square
I
1~~
FIGURE 2. DETERMINATION OF ‘OUT OF SQUARENESS’ AND ‘BOWING OR TWiSTING’ 01? HOLLOW BLOCKS 67
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MS 76: 1972 Va c U U m gauge
ock A
Tank
pcock B
Water tank
Pump
FIG. 3. APPARATUS FOR VACUUM ABSORPTION
rfl~g~~
Wide—mouthed bottle or flask filled with water
Polythene bag
or folded sheet Rubber band or strin9
FIGURE 4.
APPARATUS FOR EFFLORESCENCE TEST 68
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MS 76: 1972
{~~1~T7 .Y~( -~
Total length of 6 bncks
I 111111 H I L~ tO Scale
(
• It H 5
+
Ii lilt 0
Hi 111111 I
5
tO
K
~J
I Ill ill! I filM I MM I ill Is
Actual Ien~ths would be
tO
5
1271
0
S
1290
iO
is (units used 2mm)
1309
+
I I I I I I I I I I 111 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Scale 2 0
FIGURE 5.
5
ID
iS
20
25
30(Units used 2mm)
GAUGE BOARD FOR MEASURING BRICKS
69
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MS 76: 1972
FIGURE 6. DOUBLE BRICKS REFERRED TO IN NOTE 3. CLAUSE 39 (d)(iv)
70
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TANDA-TANDA STANDARD SIRIM Tanda-tanda Standard SIRIM seperti yang tertera di bawah adalah tanda -tanda pengesahan dagangan berdaftar. Tanda-tanda ini hanya boleh digunakan oleh mereka yang dilesenkan di bawah skim tanda pengesahan yang dijala nkan oleh SIRIM mengikut nombor Standard Malaysia yang berkaitan. Kewujudan tanda -tanda ini pada atau berkaitan dengan sesuatu barangan adalah sebagai jaminan bahawa barangan tersebut telah dikeluarkan melalui satu sistem penyeliaan, kawalan dan ujian, yan g dijalankan semasa pengeluaran. Ini termasuk pemeriksaan berkala kerja -kerja pengeluaran menurut skim tanda pengesahan SIRIM yang dibentuk untuk menentukan bahawa barangan tersebut menepati Standard Malaysia. Keterangan-keterangan lanjut mengenai syarat -syarat lesen boleh didapati dari: Ketua Pengarah Institut Standard dan Penyelidikan Perindustrian Malaysia Persiaran Dato’ Menteri, Seksyen 2, Peti Surat 7035 40911 Shah Alam Selangor Darul Ehsan
SIRIM STANDARD MARKS The SIRIM standard marks shown above are registered certification trade marks. They may be used only by those li censed under the certification marking scheme operated by SIRIM and in conjunction with relevant Malaysian Standard number. The presence of these Marks on or relation to a product is assurance that the goods have been produced under a system of supervision, control and testing, operated during production, and including periodi cal inspection of the producer’s works in accordance with the certification marking scheme of SIRIM designed to ensure compliance with a Malaysian Standard. Further particulars of the terms of license may be obtained from: Director-General Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia Persiaran Dato’ Menteri, Section 2. P.O.Box 7035 40911 Shah Alam Selangor Darul Ehsan
3
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INSTITUT STANDARD DAN PENYELIDIKAN PERINDUSTRIAN MALAYSIA Institut Standard dan Penyelidikan Perindustrian Malaysia (SIRIM) telah ditubuhkan hasil dan cantuman Institut Piawaian Malaysia (SIM) dengan Institut Negara bagi Penyelidikan Sains dan Perusahaan (NISIR) di bawah Undang-Undang Malaysia Akta 157 pada l6hb. September 1975:Akta Institut Standard dan Penyelidikan Perindustrian Malaysia (Perbadanan) 1975. Institut mi diletakhak dengan kuasa untuk memamju dan menjalankan penyelidikan perindustrian dan untuk menyedia dan memajukan standard-standard bagi baranganbarangan, proses-proses, amalan-amalan dan perkhidmatan-perkhidmatan; dan bagi mengadakan peruntukan bagi perkara-perkara yang bersampingan atau berkaitan dengan maksud-maksud itu. Satu daripada tugas-tugas Institut mi adalah menyediakan Standard-Standard Malaysia dalam bentuk penentuan-penentuan bagi bahan-bahan, keluaran-keluaran, kaedah-kaedah ujian, kod-kod amalan yang sempurna dan selamat, sistem penamaan dan lain-lain. Standard-Standard Malaysia disediakan oleh jawatankuasa-jawatankuasa perwakilan yang menyelaras keupayaan pengilang dan kecekapan pengeluaran dengan kehendak-kehendak yang munasabah dan pengguna. Ia menuju ke arah mencapai kesesuaian bagi maksud, memudahkan pengeluaran dan pengedaran, kebolehsalingtukaran gantian dan pelbagai pilihan yang mencukupi tanpa pembaziran. Standard-Standard Malaysia disediakan hanya setelah penyiasatan yang lengkap menujukkan bahawa sesuatu projek itu disahkan sebagai yang dikehendaki dan berpadanan dengan usaha yang terlibat. Hasil ml berasaskan persetujuan sukarela dan memberi pertimbangan kepada kepentingan pengeluar dan pengguna. StandardStandard Malaysia adalah sukarela kecuali is dimestikan oleh badan-badan berkuasa melalui peraturanperaturan, undang-undang persekutuan dan tempatan atau cara-cara lain yang sepertinya. Institut mi beroperasi semata-mata berasaskan tanpa keuntungan. Ia adalah satu badan yang menerima bantuan kewangan dan Kerajaan, kumpulan wang dan bayaran keahlian, hasil dan jualan Standard-Standard dan terbitan-terbitan lain, bayaran-bayaran ujian dan bayaran-bayaran lesen untuk mengguna Tanda Pengesahan SIRIM dan kegiatan-kegiatan lain yang berhubung dengan Penstandardan, Penyelidikan Perindustrian dan Khidmat Perunding.
STANDARDS AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA The Standard and Industrial research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) is established with the merger of the Standards Institution of Malaysia (SIM) and the National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR) under the Laws of Malaysia Act 157 on ~ September 1975: Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia ~(Incorporation) Act 1975. The Institute is vested with the power to provide for the promotion and undertaking of industrial research and for the preparation and promotion of standards for commodities, processes, practices and services; and to provide for matters incidental to or connected with those purposes. One Of the functions of the Institute is to prepare Malaysian Standards in the form of specifications for materials and products, methods of testing, codes of sound and safe practice, nomenclature, etc. Malaysian Standards are prepared by representative committees which co-ordinate manufacturing capacity and production efficiency with the user’s reasonable needs. They seek to achieve fitness for purpose, simplified production and distribution replacement interchangeability, and adequate variety of choice without wasteful diversify. Malaysian Standards are prepared only after a full enquiry has shown that the project is endorsed as a desirable one and worth the effort involved. The work is based on voluntary agreement, and recognition of the community of interest of producer and consumer. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary except in so far as they are made mandatory by statutory authorities by means of regulations, federal and local by-laws or any other similar ways. The Institute operates entirely on a non-profits basis. It is a grant aided body receiving financial aid from the Government, funds from membership subscriptions and proceeds from sales of Standards and other publications, fees and licence fees for the use of SIRIM Certification Mark and other activities associated with Standardization, Industrial Research and Consultancy Services.
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