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The
ASPHALT HANDBOOK
MS-4 7th Edition
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COMING FALL 2007! A New MS-4
The
ASPHALT HANDBOOK
MS-4 is the Asphalt Institute’s comprehensive manual on the use of asphalt. For 70 years, it has served the asphalt industry as the primary reference manual for contractors, engineers, consultants, specifiers and user agencies. In Fall 2007, the Asphalt Institute will debut the 7th Edition of this essential asphalt publication. This new, expanded edition of over 700 pages of text and illustrations showcases the advances in asphalt technology that have evolved since the 1989 edition of MS-4. Users of the new MS-4 will learn how to use the latest technologies to address a variety of modern pavement challenges, including durability, heavy loads, high traffic volumes, noise, smoothness and safety to meet the demands of today’s driving public. The new MS-4 will continue to offer chapters on types of asphalts,
mix designs, mixing facilities, paving, compaction, surface treatments, recycling technologies, maintenance methods, rehabilitation and structural design. But now, this best-selling, all-in-one desk reference for asphalt highlights the latest technology. And you will notice a new look for the new MS-4. The 7th Edition features an updated design and two-color layout, new graphics and photos, state-of-the-practice illustrations and charts, and a new topical/ keyword index. Each chapter also includes a detailed reference list for more information when needed. Read on to learn more about the new MS-4: The Asphalt Handbook. And don’t delay—reserve your copy today. See details on the back cover of this brochure.
New topics covered include:
New enhanced chapters include:
• Superpave Asphalt Binder • Superpave Mix Design • Stone Matrix Asphalt • Open Graded Friction Courses • Quality Control & Acceptance • Pavement Management • Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavements
• Petroleum Asphalt
with HMA
- Asphalt Modification & Additives - PG Grades - Safety Guidelines
• Mineral Aggregates - RAP - Mixture Additives
• Thickness Design - Mechanistic-Empirical Methods - Perpetual Pavements - Comparison of Design Methodologies
©2007 Asphalt Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
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MS–4 THE ASPHALT HANDBOOK
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Chapter 1 Introduction to Asphalt 1.1 1.2 1.3
Historical Review Overview of Handbook Summary
Chapter 2 Petroleum Asphalt 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
Refining and Properties of Asphalt Binders Historical Perspective: Asphalt Cement Performance-Graded (PG) Asphalt Binder: Dominant Practice Emulsified and Cutback Asphalt
2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
Air-Blown Asphalts Asphalt Modification and Additives Collateral Asphalt Topics Safety Procedures for Hot Asphalt Binder
Chapter 3 Mineral Aggregates and Mixture Additives 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Aggregates for Asphalt Mixtures Composite Aggregate Analysis Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Mixture Additives
Chapter 4 Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Mix Design 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8
Dense Graded Asphalt Pavement Mix Design Volumetric Calculation Superpave (SP) HMA Mix Design System Marshall Method of Mix Design Hveem Method of Mix Design Recycle Mix Design: Dominant Practice Specialized Asphalt Mixtures Performance Testing for HMA
Chapter 5 Soils and Drainage for Asphalt Pavements 5.1 5.2 5.3
Soil-Subgrade Classification Systems Soil-Subgrade Strength Evaluation Methods Drainage of Asphalt Pavement Structures
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Chapter 6 Thickness Design 6.1 6.2 6.3
Introduction Relationships to Other Design Methods Design Manuals and Software
Chapter 7 Manufacture of Hot Mix Asphalt 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
Components of Hot Mix Asphalt Facility Batch Plant Operations Drum Mix Plant Operations Safety
Chapter 8 Hot Mix Asphalt Paving 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7
Introduction Preparing the Surface for Paving Paving Equipment Delivery of Hot Mix Asphalt Joint Construction Placing Procedures Related Paving Operations
Chapter 9 Hot Mix Asphalt Compaction 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4
Introduction Compaction Principles Compaction Equipment Rolling Procedures
Chapter 10 Quality Control and Acceptance of Hot Mix Asphalt 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11
General Sampling and Testing Plan for Quality Control Plant Production Sampling Methods Plant Production Quality Control Testing Plant Production Data Analysis Placement Sampling Methods Placement Quality Control Methods Placement Quality Control Data Analysis Acceptance Criteria Performance Specifications Warranties
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Chapter 11 Pavement Management 11.1 11.2 11.3
Pavement Management Concepts Pavement Evaluation Pavement Distress Surveys
11.4
Pavement Preservation Program
Chapter 12 Maintenance of Asphalt Pavements 12.1 12.2 12.3
Introduction Patching Crack Sealing/Filling
12.4
Asphalt Surface Treatment Procedures
Chapter 13 Rehabilitation Methods for Asphalt Pavements 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4
HMA Overlays over Asphalt Pavements Hot In-Place (HIP) Recycling Cold Mix Recycling Full Depth Reclamation
Chapter 14 Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavements with HMA 14.1 14.2 14.3
Introduction Saw-Cut and Seal Fractured Slab Techniques
Chapter 15 Special Uses of Asphalt and HMA 15.1 15.2 15.3
Asphalt Cold Mixes Hydraulic Structures Railway Roadbeds
15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12
Athletic and Recreation Facilities Mulch Treatment Asphalt Roofs Pavement Noise Mitigation Miscellaneous Applications Leaching Pads Environmental Applications of Asphalt Uses of HMA for Race & Test Tracks Porous Pavements
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4.2 Volumetric Calculations 4.2.1 Introduction
Easy to read design now features two-colors for improved readability.
4.2
The following analytical procedures apply to paving mixtures compacted in a laboratory and to undisturbed samples cut from compacted pavement. By analyzing a compacted paving mixture for air voids and voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA), some indication of its probable durability and in-service performance may be determined. Air voids are the small air spaces between coated aggregate particles; VMA consists of the intergranular void spaces between the particles of aggregate that hold asphalt in a compacted mixture. They are expressed as percentage of the total volume of the compacted mixture. It is possible to develop many equations for use in density-voids analyses. When the basic concepts are understood, the development of new equations to fit a particular set of measurements is a relatively simple procedure. Information regarding the ingredients of an asphalt paving mixture must be known before any weight-volume calculations are made. This information includes the specific gravity of the asphalt, the bulk specific gravity for each aggregate, and the proportions of each ingredient in the mix. In addition, a set of weight measurements must be made on an uncompacted sample of mix for determining the amount of asphalt absorbed by the aggregate. With this information, it is possible to make a density-voids analysis of compacted asphalt paving specimens whose weight and bulk volume are known. To aid in understanding the fundamentals involved, a block diagram of asphalt paving mixture is shown in Figure 4.3. The properties are shown in terms of volume, but they may be expressed in weights also, using the same subscripts. Figure 4.3 should be consistently referred to as equations are developed.
4.2.2 Definitions Air voids (Va) is the total volume of the small pockets of air between the coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted paving mixture, expressed as percentage of the total volume of the compacted paving mixture. Voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA) is the volume of intergranular void space between the aggregate particles of a compacted paving mixture that includes the air voids and the effective asphalt content, expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the compacted paving mixture. 16
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Va Vma
asphalt absorbed asphalt
Vfa
Vb
Vba Vmb Vmm
aggregate Vsb
Figure 4.3
Vse
Vma âVolume of in minerals aggregate Vmb âBulk volume of compacted mix VmmâVoidless volume of paving mix Vfa âVolume of voids filled with asphalt Va âVolume of air voids Vb âVolume of asphalt Vba âVolume of absorbed asphalt Vsb âVolume of mineral aggregate (by bulk specific gravity) Vfe âVolume of mineral aggregate (by effective specific gravity)
Hot Mix Asphalt Component Diagram
4.2
air
Each new section features a color tab for ease of navigation.
Voids filled with asphalt (VFA) is the percentage portion of the volume of intergranular void space between the aggregate particles that is occupied by the effective asphalt. It is expressed as the ratio of (VMAVa) to VMA. Asphalt content (Pb) is the total asphalt content of a paving mixture. Effective asphalt content (Pbe) is the total asphalt content of a paving mixture minus the portion of asphalt absorbed into the aggregate particles. Absorbed asphalt content (Pba) is the portion of asphalt absorbed into the aggregate particles.
4.2.3 Analyzing a Compacted Pavement Mixture Data for all illustrative calculations in this section are based on the information given in Table 4.1. All of the density-voids calculations involve measurements of the materials at 77°F (25°C), including specific gravity. In some cases, submerged weights are necessary. Even though the density of water is 62.26 lb/ft3 (0.997 g/cm3) at 77°F (25°C), it is assumed to be 62.4 lb/ft3 (1 g/cm3). The error induced by this assumption is considered insignificant. The following is an outline of steps to use in the analysis of paving mixtures: 1. Measure the bulk specific gravities of the coarse aggregate (ASTM C-127 or AASHTO T-85) and of the fine aggregate (ASTM C-128 or AASHTO T-84). 2. Measure the specific gravity of the asphalt cement (ASTM D-70 or AASHTO T-228) and of the mineral filler (ASTM D-854 or AASHTO T-100).
MS-4
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3. Calculate the bulk specific gravity of the aggregate combination in the paving mixture. 4. Measure the maximum specific gravity of the loose paving mixture (ASTM D-2041). 5. Measure the bulk specific gravity of the compacted paving mixture (ASTM D-1188 or ASTM D-2726). 6. Calculate the effective specific gravity of the aggregate. 7. Calculate asphalt absorption of the aggregate. 8. Calculate the effective asphalt content of the paving mixture. 9. Calculate the percentage of voids in the mineral aggregate in the compacted paving mixture. 10. Calculate the percentage of air voids in the compacted paving mixture. State of11.theCalculate practice the percentage of voids filled with asphalt of the comcharts and pacted graphs for paving mixture. Table 4.1 illustrates easy reference in the lab the basic data for a sample of paving mixture. These data are used in the sample calculation employed throughout the or indesign the field. remainder of the chapter.
■ Table 4.1 Basic Data for Sample of Paving Mixture
Specific Gravity
Bulk
AASHTO Method
ASTM Method
Percent by Weight of Total Mix
1.010 (Gb)
-
T-228
D 70
6.96 (Pb)
7.48 (Pb)
Coarse Aggregate
-
2.606 (G1)
T-85
C 127
51.45 (P1)
55.30 (P1)
Fine Aggregate
-
2.711(G2)
T-84
C 128
34.24 (P2)
36.80 (P2)
2.697 (G3)
-
T-100
D 854
7.35 (P3)
7.90 (P3)
Mix Composition Material Asphalt Cement
Mineral Filler
(b) Paving Mixture Bulk specific gravity of compacted paving mixture sample, Gmb (ASTM D-2726) Maximum specific gravity of paving mixture sample, Gmm (ASTM D-2041)
Percent by Weight of Total Aggregate
2.344 2.438
Apparent Specific Gravity of Aggregate Apparent specific gravity (Gsa) is the ratio of the mass in air of a unit volume of an impermeable material at a stated temperature to the mass in air of equal density of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature. (See Figure 4.4) In other words, the aggregate apparent specific gravity does not include the volume of the water permeable voids in the aggregate.
Bulk Specific Gravity of Aggregate Bulk specific gravity (Gsb) is the ratio of the mass in air of a unit volume of a permeable material (including both permeable and impermeable voids normal to the material) at a stated temperature to the mass in air
18
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Gsa â
Aggregate
Dry Mass App Vol
1.000 g/cm3
Apparent Volume = Volume of solid Aggregate Apparent Volume does not include volume of surface pores
Updated graphics Figure 4.4
Apparent Specific Gravity
Gsa â
Aggregate
Dry Mass Bulk Vol
1.000 g/cm3
Bulk Volume = Solid volume + water permeable voids “SSD” Level Water permeable voids
Figure 4.5
Bulk Specific Gravity of Aggregate
of equal density of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature. (See Figure 4.5) In other words, the aggregate bulk specific gravity includes the volume of the water permeable voids in the aggregate (often termed the saturated surface dry or SSD volume of the aggregate. The test procedure for determining the bulk specific gravity of the fine and coarse aggregate fractions is discussed in Chapter 3.
Combining Aggregates of Different Specific Gravities When the total aggregate consists of separate fractions of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and mineral filler—all having different specific gravities—the bulk specific gravity for the aggregate combination is calculated as follows: P1 P2 ... Pn Gsb __________________ P P2 P ___1 ___ ... ___n G1 G2 Gn where Gsb = bulk specific gravity for the total aggregate P1, P2, Pn = percentages by weight of aggregates 1, 2, n G1, G2, Gn = bulk specific gravities of aggregates 1, 2, n
MS-4
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The bulk specific gravity of mineral filler is difficult to determine accurately at the present time. However, if the apparent specific gravity of the filler is used instead, the error is usually negligible. The calculation using the data in Table 4.1 is as follows: 51.450 32.240 7.350 93.040 _____________________ Gsb ______________________ 34.240 _____ 7.350 19.743 12.630 2.725 2.651 51.450 ______ ______ 2.606 2.711 2.697
Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregate Effective specific gravity (Gse) is the ratio of the mass in air of a unit volume of a permeable material (excluding voids permeable to asphalt) at a stated temperature to the mass in air of equal density of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature. In other words, the effective specific gravity includes the volume of the water permeable voids in the aggregate that cannot be reached by the asphalt. When based on the maximum specific gravity of a paving mixture (Gmm), the effective specific gravity (Gse) of the aggregate includes all void spaces Essential in theformulas aggregate particles except those that absorb asphalt. It is deterincluded throughout. mined as follows: Pmm Pb Gse _________ Pb Pmm ____ ___ Gmm Gb where Gse = effective specific gravity of aggregate Pmm = total loose mixture, percent by total weight of mixture = 100 percent Pb = asphalt, percent by total weight of mixture Gmm = maximum specific gravity of paving mixture (no air voids), ASTM D 2041 Gb = specific gravity of asphalt Calculation using the data in Table 4.1 is as follows: 100 6.960 93.040 ______ Gse ____________ 6.960 34.126 2.726 100 _____ _____ 2.438 1.010 The volume of asphalt binder absorbed by an aggregate is almost invariably less than the volume of water absorbed. Consequently, the value for the effective specific gravity of an aggregate should be between its bulk and apparent specific gravities. When the effective specific gravity falls outside these limits, its value must be assumed to be incorrect. The calculations, the maximum specific gravity of the total mix by ASTM D-2041, and the composition of the mix in terms of aggregate and total asphalt content should then be rechecked for the source of the error. If the apparent specific gravity of the coarse aggregate is 2.759 and the apparent specific gravity of the fine aggregate is 2.905 for the sample of paving mix in Table 4.1, the apparent specific gravity (Gsa) is of the total 20
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aggregate can be calculated by the same formula as the bulk by using the apparent specific gravity of each aggregate constituent. For this example, then, the calculated apparent specific gravity (Gsa) is as follows: 51.450 34.240 73.50 93.040 ______ Gsa ______________________ 51.450 ______ 34.240 _____ 7.350 33.160 2.806 ______ 2.759 2.905 2.697 In the example the three specific gravities are as follows: 2.651 Bulk Specific Gravity (Gsb) Effective Specific Gravity (Gse) 2.726 Apparent Specific Gravity (Gsa) 2.806
Maximum Specific Gravity of the HMA Mixture Maximum theoretical specific gravity (Gmm) is the ratio of the mass in air of a unit volume of the asphalt and aggregate in the mixture at a stated temperature to the mass in air of equal density of an equal volume of gasfree distilled water at a stated temperature. In other words, the maximum theoretical specific gravity (Gmm) is the mass of the asphalt and aggregate mixture divided by the volume, not including the air voids. Test Procedure There are three basic steps in determining the maximum specific gravity. The loose mix is warmed and separated into loose, individually coated aggregates. A predetermined mass of the dry loose mix is placed in a metal bowl and covered with water. A vacuum lid is fitted and secured to the bowl and placed on a vibratory shaker table. A vacuum pump is started and the manometer reading used to determine the proper vacuum adjustment. Once the proper partial vacuum is obtained, the shaker table is started. This provides gentle agitation to help in the removal of any air between particles. The agitation, which is continued for 5 to 15 minutes, ensures that the air in the mixture is as close as possible to zero (see Figure 4.7). The theoretical maximum specific gravity is calculated using the equation shown. It is the mass of the coated aggregate divided by the
Gsa â
Solid Aggregate Particle
Dry Mass Eff Vol
1.000 g/cm3
Effective Volume = Volume oof solid agg particle + volume of water permeable pores not filled with asphalt Volume of water permeable pores not filled with asphalt Effective Asphalt Binder
Figure 4.6
Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregate
MS-4
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volume of coated aggregate. Air voids are calculated from the bulk and maximum specific gravities. The ratio of these two specific gravities is actually the volume percent of solids (in decimal form).
Figure 4.7
Equipment for Maximum Specific Gravity
New photos highlight the latest technology.
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MS-25 Binder Test Ad-qk7:Layout 1
1/23/07
11:13 AM
Page 1
NOW AVAIL ABLE!
From the Asphalt Institute
Asphalt Binder Testing Technician’s Manual for Specification Testing of Asphalt Binders (MS-25) The Superpave PG asphalt binder system has received widespread acceptance. However, PG system test methods do not alone provide all the information needed to most effectively perform these tests. The Asphalt Institute is pleased to offer a new manual, MS-25 Asphalt Binder Testing, written as a single resource to supplement PG test methods and standardize best practices to interpret and follow AASHTO and ASTM standards. Drawing on the practical laboratory expertise of AMRL, FHWA, Asphalt Institute and leading industry experts, MS-25 is the comprehensive link between standards and the technician – providing essential information needed to perform PG system tests. It also covers terminology, handling asphalt binders, temperature measurements and an introduction to the PG system. This manual is an excellent reference tool for senior lab technicians and for training new technicians. MS-25 is also designed for technicians and laboratories seeking certification or accreditation. Ideal for the classroom, as well as research faculty use, laboratory reference and as a companion to published standards. To order MS-25, visit www.asphaltinstitute.org or call (859) 288-4961.
$130.00
ISBN 1-934154-26-1
MS-24 Moist.Sens. Ad-qk7:Layout 1
1/23/07
11:00 AM
Page 1
NEW!
From the Asphalt Institute
Moisture Sensitivity Best Practices to Minimize Sensitivity in Asphalt Mixtures (MS-24) AI’s new MS-24 Moisture Sensitivity Manual is the premiere guide for understanding the causes and treatments for moisture damage of HMA. If you test or specify material properties of hot mix asphalt, this manual will help you learn the causes of moisture damage and stripping, test methods to evaluate moisture damage potential, treatments to prevent moisture damage, and best practices to minimize moisture damage in HMA pavements. Written by a team of industry experts and Asphalt Institute staff, this new manual complements AI’s MS-2 and SP-2 mix design manuals and covers the following topics: • Chemistry of Asphalt Aggregate Interaction • Influence of Physical Properties on Moisture Sensitivity • Tests for Evaluating Moisture Sensitivity • Treatments and Best Practices • Construction Practices to Minimize Moisture Sensitivity To order MS-24, visit www.asphaltinstitute.org or call (859) 288-4961.
$35.00
48 pages, 6”x9” ISBN 1934154-00-8
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1/12/07
11:59 AM
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Yo u p r o v i d e t h e a s p h a l t . We p r o v i d e r e s u l t s . The Asphalt Institute Lab now offers binder testing for everyone.
Asphalt Binder Specification Tests provided : • PG Verification (AASHTO M320) THE
Laboratory
• PG Verification with CCT Analysis
88.4999 ow to 859.2 ther side el b rm fo e Fax th n the o I’s address o or mail to A of this page
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Asphalt Institute
• PG Classification (AASHTO M320)
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• PG Classification with CCT analysis
s part of the team that developed and refined Superpave, the Laboratory of the Asphalt Institute is uniquely qualified to accomodate all of your asphalt testing needs. Our AASHTO-accredited lab is fully equipped and staffed to handle large testing loads in a timely manner. We also have access to an unmatched technical support network through our field staff and industry partners.
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To schedule testing or for more information on services and rates, call Gary Irvine, Laboratory Operations Manager at (859) 288-4980, email
[email protected] or visit www.asphaltinstitute.org.
Email ____________________________________________________ Business Description ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
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www.asphaltmagazine.com pavement distresses have been acknowledge in both the field and in laboratory test. For the pavement design engineer, the big question is “How do I quantify the benefits of PMA from an agency perspective?” The Asphalt Institute answers this question in a new study, Quantification of the Effects of Polymer Modified Asphalt for Reducing Pavement
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Reserve your copy today... but there is no purchase necessary now. We’ll send you a reminder when it becomes available and you can purchase your reserved copy at that time. MS-4 The Asphalt Handbook ISBN 1-934154-27-X $120.00 To reserve your copy of the new MS-4, simply contact us. Online: www.asphaltinstitute.org/handbook Phone: (859)288-4961 or Complete the form below and fax it to (859)288-4999 or mail it to the address below. Number of copies to reserve: __________________________________________________ First Name:__________________________________________________ Middle Initial: ___ Last Name: __________________________________________________ Suffix: __________ Title: _________________________________________________________________________ Company: ____________________________________________________________________ Division: _____________________________________________________________________ Address 1: ___________________________________________________________________ Address 2: ___________________________________________________________________ City: ________________________________________State: __________ Zip: _____________ Country: _____________________________________________________________________ Phone: ______________________________________Fax: ____________________________ E-Mail: _______________________________________________________________________ Website: _____________________________________________________________________ Type of Organization: ___________________________________________________
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