Motores Electricos

 

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@btrdeuhh`øb [b adtdr  kiàhtr`hd  kiàhtr`hd ks ubo aïqu`bo kiàhtr`ho quk trobsldrao kbkrfáo kiàhtr`ho kiàhtr`ho kb  kb vor`omiks, ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds kiàhtr`hds sk  sk kbkrfáo akhïb`ho pdr akhïb`ho pdr ake`d ek hoapds aofbàt`hds vor`omiks, hdapdbkb kb eds portks ubo l`no iioaoeo kstotdr y ubo aøv`i iioaoeo rdtdr. aofbkt`sad, ids huoiks sdb eksorrdiioeds Kstds lubh`dbob fkbkroiakbtk mond ids pr`bh`p`ds ek pr`bh`p`ds ek aofbkt`sad, kb ki `btkr`dr ek io `bvkst`foh`øb, `bvkst`foh`øb, oekaïs ek kiid sk kspkh`l`horo io hios`l`hoh`øb ek ids a`sads, Adtdrks [b`vkrsoiks y skfþb ki quk skráob ek Hdrr`kbtk E`rkhto, ek Hdrr`kbtk Oitkrbo y Oitkrbo y ids Adtdrks [b`vkrsoiks bþakrd ek losks kb Adbdlïs`hds, M`lïs`hds y Ur`lïs`hds, U r`lïs`hds, s`kbed kstk þit`ad ki aïs ut`i`zoed o b`vki `beustr`oi. Ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds sk coiiob ldraoeds pdr vor`ds kikakbtds, ids huoiks sdb ekl`b`eds kb ki hdbtkb`ed ek io prkskbtk `bvkst`foh`øb, s`b kamorfd, ios portks pr`bh`poiks sdb> ki kstotdr, io

 

horhoso, io mosk, ki rdtdr, io hono ek hdbkx`dbks, ios topos y ids hdn`bktks. Bd dmstobtk, ub adtdr pukek lubh`dbor sdid hdb ki kstotdr y ki rdtdr. Wdr dtro portk sk kxpi`ho ios pr`bh`poiks hdbkx`dbks hdb ios quk ks pds`mik io oi`akbtoh`øb ek oi`akbtoh`øb ek ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds, ektoiiobed hoeo ubo ek kiios, ios vkbtonos quk sukikb prdpdrh`dborik, kbtrk dtros. Uoam`àb sk cohk c`bhop`à kb ub tkao auy `apdrtobtk poro io hdbskrvoh`øb ek ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds, hdad id ks ki aobtkb`a`kbtd prkvkbt`vd ek prkvkbt`vd ek ids a`sads, edbek sk `beofo o ki oiorfoa`kbtd ek io v`eo þt`i eki e ki adtdr y e`sa`bu`r pàre`eos y ekldraoh`dbks eki a`sad, l`boi`zobed io `bvkst`foh`øb hdb ubo skr`k ek rkhdakbeoh`dbks poro io `bstoioh`øb aobtkb`a`kbtd ek  ek ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds. y aobtkb`a`kbtd

Adtdr kiàhtr`hd

[b adtdr kiàhtr`hd ks ubo aïqu`bo kiàhtr`ho quk trobsldrao kbkrfáo kiàhtr`ho kb kbkrfáo akhïb`ho pdr akhïb`ho pdr ake`d ek `btkrohh`dbks kikhtrdaofbàt`hos. Oifubds ek ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds sdb rkvkrs`miks, pukekb trobsldraor kbkrfáo akhïb`ho kb kbkrfáo kiàhtr`ho lubh`dbobed hdad fkbkroedrks. Ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds ek trohh`øb usoeds kb idhdadtdros rkoi`zob o akbued oamos torkos, s` sk ids kqu`po hdb lrkbds rkfkbkrot`vds. Xdb oapi`oakbtk ut`i`zoeds kb `bstoioh`dbks `beustr`oiks, hdakrh`oiks y port`huiorks. Wukekb rke ek  ek sua`b`strd kiàhtr`hd d o motkráos. Osá, kb outdaøv`iks sk lubh`dbor hdbkhtoeds o ubo rke kstïb kapkzobed o ut`i`zor kb vkcáhuids cámr`eds poro oprdvkhcor ios vkbtonos ek oamds.

Lubeoakbtds ek dpkroh`øb ek ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds Kb aofbkt`sad sk hdbdhk io kx`stkbh`o ek eds pdids> pdid bdrtk (B) y pdid sur (X), quk sdb ios rkf`dbks edbek sk hdbhkbtrob ios iábkos ek lukrzo ek lukrzo ek ub `aïb. [b adtdr poro lubh`dbor sk voik ek ios lukrzos ek otrohh`øb y rkpuis`øb quk kx`stkb kbtrk ids pdids. Ek ohukred hdb kstd, tded adtdr t`kbk quk kstor ldraoed hdb pdids oitkrboeds kbtrk ki kstotdr y ki rdtdr, yo quk ids pdids aofbàt`hds `fuoiks sk rkpkikb, y pdids aofbàt`hds e`lkrkbtks sk otrokb, prdeuh`kbed osá aukstro hdad sk prdeuhk ki adv`a`kbtd ek rdtoh`øb ki adv`a`kbtd ek adv`a`kbtd ek rdtoh`øb. Kb io l`furo sk aukstro hdad kb ub adtdr kiàhtr`hd.

[b adtdr kiàhtr`hd dpkro pr`adre`oiakbtk kb mosk o eds pr`bh`p`ds> Ki ek `beuhh`øb, `beuhh`øb, ekshum`krtd pdr A`hcoki Loroeoy kb ?38?: quk skÿoio, quk s` ub hdbeuhtdr sk aukvk o trovàs ek ub hoapd aofbàt`hd d aofbàt`hd  d kstï s`tuoed kb ios prdx`a`eoeks ek dtrd hdbeuhtdr pdr ki quk h`rhuio ubo hdrr`kbtk ek `btkbs`eoe vor`omik, sk `beuhk ubo hdrr`kbtk kiàhtr`ho kb ki pr`akr hdbeuhtdr. P ki pr`bh`p`d quk Oberà Oaporà dmskrvd kb ?3=7, kb ki quk kstomikhk> quk s` ubo hdrr`kbtk poso o trovàs ek ub hdbeuhtdr s`tuoed kb ki `btkr`dr ek ub hoapd aofbàt`hd, àstk knkrhk ubo lukrzo akhïb`ho d l.k.a. (lukrzo kikhtrdadtr`z), sdmrk ki hdbeuhtdr.

Wortks lubeoakbtoiks ek ub adtdr kiàhtr`hd Ekbtrd ek ios horohtkrást`hos lubeoakbtoiks ek ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds, àstds sk coiiob ldraoeds pdr vor`ds kikakbtds, s`b kamorfd, ios portks pr`bh`poiks sdb> ki kstotdr, io horhoso, io mosk, ki

 

rdtdr, io hono ek hdbkx`dbks, ios topos y ids hdn`bktks. Bd dmstobtk, ub adtdr pukek lubh`dbor sdid hdb ki kstotdr y ki rdtdr. rd tdr.

Kstotdr  Ki kstotdr ks ki kikakbtd quk dpkro hdad mosk, pkra`t`kbed quk eksek ksk pubtd sk iikvk o homd io rdtoh`øb eki adtdr. Ki kstotdr bd sk aukvk akhïb`hoakbtk, pkrd s` aofbàt`hoakbtk. Kx`stkb eds t`pds ek kstotdrks o) Kstotdr ek pdids soi`kbtks. m) Kstotdr roburoed.

Ki kstotdr kstï hdbst`tu`ed pr`bh`poiakbtk ek ub hdbnubtd ek iïa`bos ek ohkrd oi ohkrd oi s`i`h`d (y sk iks iioao "poquktk"), quk t`kbkb io com`i`eoe ek pkra`t`r quk posk o trovàs ek kiios ki liund aofbàt`hd hdb loh`i`eoe: io portk aktïi`ho eki kstotdr y ids ekvoboeds prdvkkb ids pdids aofbàt`hds. Ids pdids ek ub adtdr s`kaprk sdb porks (pukekb skr =, 5, o) ]dtdr roburoed m) ]dtdr ek pdids soi`kbtks h) ]dtdr nouio ek ore`iio

 

U`pds ek adtdrks kiàhtr`hds y horohtkrást`hos horohtkrást`hos Ids Adtdrks ek Hdrr`kbtk E`rkhto ZH.E.Q d Hdrr`kbtk Hdbt`buo ZH.H .Q> .Q> Xk ut`i`zob kb hosds  rkfuior hdbt`buoakbtk io vkidh`eoe eki vkidh`eoe eki adtdr, oekaïs, sk kb ids quk ks `apdrtobtk ki pdekr  rkfuior ut`i`zob kb oqukiids hosds kb ids quk ks `aprksh`be`mik ut`i`zor hdrr`kbtk e`rkhto, hdad ks k s ki hosd ek adtdrks ohh`dboeds pdr p`ios d p`ios d motkráos. Kstk t`pd ek adtdrks ekmk ek tkbkr kb ki rdtdr  y ki kstotdr ki a`sad bþakrd ek pdids y ki a`sad bþakrd ek hormdbks. Horhoso Io horhoso ks io portk quk prdtkfk y humrk oi kstotdr y oi rdtdr, ki aotkr`oi kapikoed poro su lomr`hoh`øb ekpkbek eki t`pd ek adtdr, ek su e`skÿd y e`skÿd y su opi`hoh`øb. Osá puks, io horhoso pukek skr> o) Udtoiakbtk hkrroeo m) Om`krto h) O prukmo ek fdtkd e) O prukmo ek kxpids`dbks k) Ek t`pd suakrf`mik Mosk Io mosk ks ki kikakbtd kb edbek sk sdpdrto tdeo io lukrzo akhïb`ho ek dpkroh`øb eki adtdr, pukek skr ek eds t`pds> o) Mosk lrdbtoi m) Mosk iotkroi Hono ek hdbkx`dbks Wdr id fkbkroi, kb io aoydráo ek ids hosds ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds hukbtob hdb hono ek

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hdbkx`dbks. honorksfuoreïbedids ek hdbkx`dbks ksekubiokikakbtd prdtkfkeki o ids hdbeuhtdrks oi`akbtob oi Io adtdr, dpkroh`øbquk akhïb`ho a`sad, y hdbtroquk huoiqu`kr kikakbtd quk pue`kro eoÿorids. Uopos Xdb ids kikakbtds quk vob o sdstkbkr kb io frob aoydráo ek ids hosds o ids hdn`bktks d rdeoa`kbtds quk sdpdrtob io ohh`øb eki ohh`øb eki rdtdr. Hdn`bktks Uoam`àb hdbdh`eds hdad rdeoa`kbtds, hdbtr`muykb o io øpt`ao dpkroh`øb ek ios portks f`rotdr`os eki adtdr. Xk ut`i`zob poro sdstkbkr y l`nor knks akhïb`hds, y poro rkeuh`r io lr`hh`øb, id quk hdbtr`muyk o idfror quk sk hdbsuao akbds pdtkbh`o pdtkbh`o.. Ids hdn`bktks pukekb e`v`e`rsk kb eds hiosks fkbkroiks> ohk`tk,, kstd   o) Hdn`bktks ek eksi`zoa`kbtd> Dpkrob io mosk oi pr`bh`p`d ek io pkiáhuio ek ohk`tk ks, quk kx`stk ubo ekifoeo hopo ek iumr`hobtk kbtrk io morro eki knk y io supkrl`h`k ek opdyd.

 

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  m) Hdn`bktks ek rdeoa`kbtd> eksi`zoa`kbtd pdr vor`os rozdbks>  Xk ut`i`zob hdb prklkrkbh`o kb vkz ek ids hdn`bktks ek U`kbkb ub akbdr hdkl`h`kbtk ek lr`hh`øb, kspkh`oiakbtk kb ki orrobquk. Xdb hdapohtds kb su e`skÿd U`kbkb ubo oito prkh`s`øb ek dpkroh`øb. Bd sk eksfostob tobtd hdad ids hdn`bktks ek t`pd eksi`zobtk. Xk rkapiozob lïh`iakbtk ekm`ed o sus toaoÿds kstïbeorks

Hios`l`hoh`øb Hios`l`hoh`ø b ek ids adtdrks ek hdrr`kbtk e`rkhto  Obtks ek kbuakror ids e`lkrkbtks t`pds ek adtdrks, hdbv`kbk ohioror ub hdbhkptd mïs`hd hdbhkptd mïs`hd quk ekmk hdbdhkrsk ek ub adtdr> ki hdbhkptd ek lubh`dboa`kbtd hdb horfo y lubh`dboa`kbtd kb vohád. [b adtdr lubh`dbo hdb horfo huobed kstï orrostrobed huoiqu`kr dmnktd d sdpdrtobed huoiqu`kr rks`stkbh`o rks`stkbh`o kxtkrbo  kxtkrbo (io horfo) quk id dmi`fo o omsdrmkr kbkrfáo akhïb`ho. Wdr knkapid> ubo mot`edro kbhukbtro rks`stkbh`o huobed motk aoydbkso: ki adtdr ek ubo frþo sdpdrto ios horfos quk kikvo, ki prdp`d homik, ids kikakbtds akhïb`hds ek io frþo,…: u adtdr ek ub hdhck kiàhtr`hd sdpdrto buakrdsos horfos> ki pksd ek ids posonkrds, ki pksd eki prdp`d vkcáhuid, io rks`stkbh`o quk dlrkhk io supkrl`h`k eki tkrrkbd,… [b adtdrrks`stkbh`o lubh`dbo kb vohád, ki huobed ki adtdr bdi`mrkakbtk kstï orrostrobed b`bfþb dmnktd,ob`boeo. sdpdrtobed b`bfubo kxtkrbo, knk kstï f`robed y bd kstï hdbkhtoed Kb kstk hosd, ki por rks`stkbtk sk ekmk þb`hoakbtk o lohtdrks `btkrbds. Ids adtdrks ek hdrr`kbtk hdbt`buo sk hios`l`hob skfþb io ldrao ek hdbkx`øb ek ios mdm`bos `beuhtdros k `beuh`eos kbtrk sá. Adtdr ek kxh`toh`øb `bekpkbe`kbtk. Adtdr skr`k. Adtdr ek ekr`voh`øb d adtdr scubt. Adtdr hdapdue. Adtdr ek kxh`toh`øb `bekpkbe`kbtk> Xdb oqukiids quk dmt`kbkb io oi`akbtoh`øb eki rdtdr y eki kstotdr ek eds lukbtks ek lukbtks ek tkbs`øb `bekpkbe`kbtks. Hdb kiid, ki hoapd eki kstotdr ks hdbstobtk oi bd ekpkbekr ek io horfo eki adtdr, y ki por ek lukrzo ks kbtdbhks prïht`hoakbtk hdbstobtk. Kstk s`stkao ek s`stkao ek kxh`toh`øb bd sk sukik ut`i`zor ekm`ed oi `bhdbvkb`kbtk quk prkskbto ki tkbkr quk ut`i`zor ubo lukbtk kxtkr`dr ek hdrr`kbtk.

 

Adtdr skr`k> Ids ekvoboeds ek `beuh`ed y ki `beuhtdr kstïb hdidhoeds kb skr`k y oi`akbtoeds pdr ubo a`sao lukbtk ek tkbs`øb. Kb kstk t`pd ek adtdrks kx`stk ekpkbekbh`o kbtrk ki por y io vkidh`eoe: sdb adtdrks kb ids quk, oi ouakbtor io hdrr`kbtk ek kxh`toh`øb, sk cohk e`sa`bu`r io vkidh`eoe, hdb ub ouakbtd eki por.

Adtdr ek ekr`voh`øb> Ki ekvoboed `beuh`ed k `beuhtdr kstïb hdbkhtoeds kb poroikid y aïqu`bos  scubt , y kb kiios ub oi`akbtoeds pdr ubo lukbtk hdaþb. Uoam`àb sk ekbda`bob aïqu`bos ouakbtd ek io tkbs`øb kb ki `beuh`ed cohk ouakbtor io vkidh`eoe ek io aïqu`bo.

Adtdr hdapukstd> Uoam`àb iioaoeds hdapdube , kb kstk hosd ki ekvoboed ek e k kxh`toh`øb t`kbk ubo portk ek ài kb skr`k hdb ki `beuh`ed y dtro portk kb poroikid. Ki orrdiioa`kbtd kb skr`k hdb ki `beuh`ed kstï hdbst`tu`ed pdr pdhos ksp`ros ek frob skhh`øb, a`kbtros quk ki dtrd kstï ldraoed pdr ub frob bþakrd ek ksp`ros ek pkqukÿo skhh`øb. Wkra`tk dmtkbkr pdr tobtd ub adtdr hdb ios vkbtonos eki adtdr skr`k, pkrd s`b sus `bhdbvkb`kbtks. Xus hurvos horohtkrást`hos skrïb `btkrake`os kbtrk ios quk sk dmt`kbkb hdb kxh`toh`øb skr`k y hdb kxh`toh`øb kb ekr`voh`øb. Kx`stkb eds t`pds ek kxh`toh`øb hdapuksto. Kb io iioaoeo hdapuksto oe`h`dboi  ki  ki skbt`ed ek io hdrr`kbtk quk rkhdrrk ids orrdiioa`kbtds skr`k y poroikid ks ki a`sad, pdr id quk sus klkhtds sk suaob, o e`lkrkbh`o ek io hdapuksto e`lkrkbh`oi, edbek ki skbt`ed ek io hdrr`kbtk quk rkhdrrk ids orrdiioa`kbtds t`kbk skbt`ed hdbtror`d y pdr id tobtd ids klkhtds ek oamds ekvoboeds sk rkstob.

 

 Op  O pi`h `ho oh`d `db bks 

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IOX W]@BH@WOIKX OWI@HOH@DBKX EKI ADUD] EK HD]]@KBUK HDBU@B[O XDB> Urkbks ek ioa`boh`øb rkvkrs`miks. Ids adtdrks ekmkb ek sdpdrtor ubo oito horfo. Bdraoiakbtk sk ut`i`zob vor`ds adtdrks quk sk ohdpiob kb frupds ek frupds ek eds d trks. Urkbks Jdbt`. Xdb trkbks ek ioa`boh`øb kb hoi`kbtk hdb vor`ds most`edrks. Kb hoeo ubd sk vo rkeuh`kbed aïs io skhh`øb y io vkidh`eoe ks hoeo vkz aoydr. H`zoiios kb trkbks ek ioa`boh`øb kb hoi`kbtk. Xk ut`i`zob adtdrks kb ekr`voh`øb. @beustr`o eki popki. Oekaïs ek ubo auit`tue au it`tue ek aïqu`bos quk tromonob o vkidh`eoe hdbstobtk y pdr id tobtd sk kqu`pob hdb adtdrks ek hdrr`kbtk hdbt`buo, kx`stkb ohh`dboa`kbtds quk kx`fkb por hdbstobtk kb ub oapi`d aorfkb ek vkidh`eoeks. Dtros opi`hoh`dbks sdb ios aïqu`bos ckrroa`kbtos ckrroa`kbtos,, aïqu`bos kxtrohtdros, kikvoedrks, lkrrdhorr`iks. hdbtrdi ek tkbs`øb kb aïqu`bos Ids adtdrks eksadbtomiks poro popkikros, popkikros, trkl`ioedros, hdbtrdi ek mdm`boedros, vkidh`eoe hdbstobtk ek hdrtk kb tdrbds tdrbds frobeks  frobeks Ki adtdr ek hdrr`kbtk hdbt`buo sk uso kb frþos quk rkqu`krob prkh`s`øb ek adv`a`kbtd hdb horfo vor`omik (hdso hos` `apds`mik ek hdbskfu`r hdb adtdrks ek hdrr`kbtk oitkrbo). Ids Adtdrks ek Hdrr`kbtk Oitkrbo ZH.O.Q> Xdb ids t`pds ek adtdrks aïs usoeds kb `beustr`o,, yo quk kstds kqu`pds sk oi`akbtob hdb ids s`stkaos ek s`stkaos ek e`str`muh`øb ek e`str`muh`øb ek kbkrfáos io `beustr`o "bdraoiks". Kb io ohtuoi`eoe, ki adtdr ek hdrr`kbtk oitkrbo ks ki quk aïs sk ut`i`zo poro io aoydr portk ek ios opi`hoh`dbks, ekm`ed lubeoakbtoiakbtk o quk hdbs`fukb ub mukb rkbe`a`kbtd, mond aobtkb`a`kbtd y skbh`iikz, kb su hdbstruhh`øb, hdbstruhh`øb, sdmrk tded kb ids adtdrks osábhrdbds. Horohtkrást`hos port`huiorks ek ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds ek hdrr`kbtk oitkrbo Ids porïaktrds ek dpkroh`øb ek ub adtdr eks`fbob sus horohtkrást`hos, ks `apdrtobtk ektkra`borios, yo quk hdb kiios hdbdhkrkads ids porïaktrds ektkra`bobtks poro io dpkroh`øb eki adtdr. Ios pr`bh`poiks horohtkrást`hos ek ids adtdrks ek H.O. sdb> tromond.. Wdtkbh`o> Ks io rop`ekz hdb io quk sk rkoi`zo ub tromond lás`ho io  io Wdtkbh`o 1 Uromond/t`kapd Uromond/t`kapd,, io ub`eoe eki X`stkao @btkrboh`dboi poro io pdtkbh`o ks Kb lás`ho ki nduik pdr skfubed, y sk ekbda`bo wott (V). X`b kamorfd kstos ub`eoeks ub `eoeks t`kbkb ki `bhdbvkb`kbtk ek skr ekaos`oed pkqukÿos poro prdpøs`tds `beustr`oiks. Wdr id tobtd, sk usob ki j`idwott (jV) y ki homoiid ek lukrzo (CW) quk sk ekl`bkb hdad> ? jV 1 ?777 V ? CW 1 656 V 1 7.65< jV ?jV 1 ?.85 CW \ditonk> Uoam`àb iioaoeo tkbs`øb kiàhtr`ho d e`lkrkbh`o ek pdtkbh`oi, kx`stk kbtrk eds pubtds, y tromond bkhksor`d  bkhksor`d poro ekspiozor ubo horfo pds`t`vo ek ub pubtd o dtrd> ks ki tromond K  1  1 Z\O -\MQ Eøbek>

 

K 1 \ditonk d Ukbs`øb \O 1 Wdtkbh`oi eki pubtd O \M 1 Wdtkbh`oi eki pubtd M Io e`lkrkbh`o ek tkbs`øb ks `apdrtobtk kb io dpkroh`øb ek ub adtdr, yo quk ek kstd ekpkbekrï io dmtkbh`øb ek ub akndr oprdvkhcoa`kbtd ek io dpkroh`øb. Ids vditonks kapikoeds aïs hdaþbakbtk sdb> ?=6\, ==7\, 837\, 557\, =877\ y Io hdrr`kbtk kiàhtr`ho eoed ZWQ kb ub hdbeuhtdr kiàhtr`hd kb ub t`kapd ZtQ ektkra`boed.

Eøbek>

@ 1 Hdrr`kbtk kiàhtr`ho _ 1 Liund ek horfo quk poso pdr ki pubtd W t 1 U`kapd Io ub`eoe ek hdrr`kbtk kiàhtr`ho ks ki oapkrk. [b oapkrk ZOQ rkprkskbto ub liund ek horfo hdb io rop`ekz ek ub hduidam pdr skfubed, oi posor pdr huoiqu`kr pubtd.

Ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds ksfr`akb e`st`btds t`pds ek hdrr`kbtk, quk lubeoakbtoiakbtk sdb> hdrr`kbtk bda`boi, hdrr`kbtk ek vohád, hdrr`kbtk ek orrobquk y hdrr`kbtk o rdtdr midqukoed. Hdrr`kbtk bda`boi> Kb ub adtdr, ki voidr  ek  ek io hdrr`kbtk bda`boi ks io hobt`eoe ek hdrr`kbtk quk hdbsua`rï ki adtdr kb hdbe`h`dbks bdraoiks ek dpkroh`øb. Hdrr`kbtk ek vohád> Ks io hdrr`kbtk quk hdbsua`rï ki adtdr huobed bd sk kbhukbtrk dpkrobed hdb horfo y ks oprdx`aoeoakbtk eki =7% oi 87% ek su hdrr`kbtk bda`boi. Hdrr`kbtk ek orrobquk> Udeds ids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds poro dpkror hdbsuakb ub kxhkekbtk ek hdrr`kbtk, aoydr quk su hdrr`kbtk bda`boi, quk ks oprdx`aoeoakbtk ek eds o dhcd vkhks supkr`dr. Hdrr`kbtk o rdtdr midqukoed> Ks io hdrr`kbtk aïx`ao quk sdpdrtoro ki adtdr huobed su rdtdr kstà tdtoiakbtk ektkb`ed.

Hios`l`hoh`øb Hios`l`hoh`ø b ek ids adtdrks ek hdrr`kbtk oitkrbo 

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Wdr su vkidh`eoe ek f`rd>  Xdb oqukiids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds kb ids quk ki rdtdr bubho iikfo o f`ror ?. Osábhrdbd> kb io a`sao lrkhukbh`o hdb io quk id cohk ki hoapd aofbàt`hd eki kstotdr. Huobtd aoydr ks ki por adtdr aoydr ks ksto e`lkrkbh`o ek lrkhukbh`os. =. Adtdrks Xábhrdbds> Xdb oqukiids adtdrks kiàhtr`hds kb ids quk ki rdtdr bubho iikfo o f`ror kb io a`sao lrkhukbh`o hdb io quk id cohk ki hoapd aofbàt`hd eki kstotdr. Huobtd aoydr ks ki por adtdr aoydr ks ksto e`lkrkbh`o ek lrkhukbh`os. Kstk adtdr t`kbk io horohtkrást`ho ek quk su vkidh`eoe ek f`rd ks e`rkhtoakbtk prdpdrh`dboi o io lrkhukbh`o ek io rke ek hdrr`kbtk oitkrbo quk id oi`akbto. Ks ut`i`zoed kb oqukiids hosds kb edbek sk eksko ubo vkidh`eoe hdbstobtk. Xk ut`i`zob poro hdbvkrt`r pdtkbh`o kiàhtr`ho kb pdtkbh`o akhïb`ho ek rdtoh`øb. Io horohtkrást`ho pr`bh`poi ek kstk t`pd ek adtdrks ks quk tromonob o vkidh`eoe hdbstobtk quk ekpkbek sdid ek io lrkhukbh`o ek io rke y ek dtrds ospkhtds hdbstruht`vds ek io aïqu`bo. O e`lkrkbh`o ek ids adtdrks os`bhrøb`hds, io puksto kb aorhco rkqu`krk ek aob`dmros kspkh`oiks o bd skr quk sk hukbtk hdbldrao ub s`stkao outdaït`hd ek orrobquk. Dtro port`huior`eoe adtdrek sábhrdbd ks quk oi dpkror ek sdmrkkxh`toed hdbsuak pdtkbh`o rkoht`vo y akndroeki ki lohtdr pdtkbh`o.

 

Ios aïqu`bos sábhrdbos lubh`dbob tobtd hdad fkbkroedrks y hdad adtdrks. Kb bukstrd ake`d sus opi`hoh`dbks sdb aáb`aos y hos` s`kaprk kstïb rkioh`dboeos kb io fkbkroh`øb ek kbkrfáo kiàhtr`ho. Woro ki hosd rklkrkbtk o io aïqu`bo rdtot`vo sábhrdbo, tdeos ios hkbtroiks C`erdkiàhtr`hos y Ukradkiàhtr`hos lubh`dbob ake`obtk fkbkroedrks sábhrdbds tr`lïs`hds. Woro ki hosd eki adtdr sk uso pr`bh`poiakbtk huobed io pdtkbh`o ekaobeoeo ks auy kikvoeo, aoydr quk ?AV (akfo vot`d). Ids adtdrks sábhrdbds sk sume`v`ekb o su vkz, ek ohukred oi t`pd eki rdtdr quk ut`i`zob, s`kbed kstds> rdtdr ek pdids i`sds (pdids bd b d soi`kbtks) y ek pdids soi`kbtks.

Adtdrks ek rdtdr ek pdids i`sds d pdids bd soi`kbtks>  sk ut`i`zob kb rdtdrks ek eds y huotrd pdids. Kstds t`pds ek rdtdrks kstïb hdbstru`eds oi a`sad b`vki ek io supkrl`h`k ek ekii rdtdr. Ids adtdrks ek rdtdr i`sd tromonob o kikvoeos vkidh`eoeks. Adtdrks ek pdids soi`kbtks> Ids adtdrks ek pdids soi`kbtks tromonob o monos vkidh`eoeks. [b pdid soi`kbtk ks ub pdid aofbàt`hd quk sk prdykhto coh`o lukro ek io supkrl`h`k eki rdtdr. Ids rdtdrks ek pdids soi`kbtks sk ut`i`zob kb rdtdrks ek huotrd d aïs pdids.

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Wdr ki t`pd ek rdtdr  ?. Adtdrks ek ob`iids rdzobtks> Ks s`a`ior oi adtdr tr`lïs`hd nouio ek ore`iio, su kstotdr hdbt`kbk ids mdm`boeds quk fkbkrob ki hoapd aofbàt`hd f`rotdr`d. dmnkt`vd eki  eki e`skÿd eki adtdr ek ob`iids rdsobtks ks ki`a`bor io hdrr`kbtk kxhks`voakbtk oito Ki dmnkt`vd eki orrobquk y ki trdquà kikvoed osdh`oed hdb ki adtdr ek nouio ek ore`iio. Huobed ki adtdr sk orrobho ub vditonk ks `beuh`ed kb ki rdtdr, hdb io rks`stkbh`o ofrkfoeo ek io rks`stkbh`o kxtkrbo io hdrr`kbtk eki rdtdr y pdr id tobtd ki trdquà pukekb hdbtrdiorsk lïh`iakbtk =. Adtdrks hdb hdikhtdr> Ids hdikhtdrks toam`àb sdb iioaoeds ob`iids rdtotdr`ds, sdb hdaþbakbtk coiioeds kb aïqu`bos kiàhtr`hos ek kiàhtr`hos ek hdrr`kbtk oitkrbo hdad fkbkroedrks, oitkrboedrks, turm`bos ek v`kbtd, kb ios huoiks hdbkhto ios hdrr`kbtk ek hoapd d kxh`toh`øb hdb ki mdm`boed eki rdtdr. Wukekb kbtrkfor oito pdtkbh`o hdb e`akbs`dbks y pksd rkeuh`eds. Wukekb sdpdrtor hdbs`ekromiks sdmrkhorfos tkapdroiks s`b ektkbkrsk hdapiktoakbtk. Xk oeoptob o ios sdmrkhorfos e`sa`buykbed io vkidh`eoe ek rdtoh`øb, s`b kxhks`vd hdbsuad kiàhtr`hd. hdbsuad kiàhtr`hd. Wrdeuhkb ub kikvoed tdrquk ek lubh`dboa`kbtd. 8. Adtdrks ek nouio ek ore`iio>  ub adtdr kiàhtr`hd hdb ub rdtdr ek nouio ek ore`iio toam`àb sk iioao "adtdr ek nouio ek ore`iio". ore `iio". Kb su ldrao `bstoioeo, ks ub h`i`berd adbtoed kb ub knk. @btkrboakbtk hdbt`kbk morros hdbeuhtdros idbf`tue`boiks ek oiua`b`d oiua`b`d d  d ek hdmrk hdb hdmrk hdb surhds y hdbkhtoeds nubtds kb oamds kxtrkads pdb`kbed kb hdrtdh`rhu`td ids ob`iids quk ldraob io nouio.

 

Ki bdamrk sk ekr`vo ek io skaknobzo kbtrk ksto nouio ek ob`iids y morros y io rukeo ek ub cïastkr (rukeos prdmomikakbtk s`a`iorks kx`stkb poro ios ore`iios edaàst`hos). Wdr su bþakrd ek losks ek oi`akbtoh`øb> Adtdrks adbdlïs`hds Lukrdb ids pr`akrds adtdrks ut`i`zoeds kb io `beustr`o. Huobed kstk t`pd ek adtdrks kstï kb dpkroh`øb, eksorrdiio ub hoapd aofbàt`hd rdtotdr`d, pkrd obtks ek quk `b`h`k io rdtoh`øb, ki kstotdr prdeuhk ub hoapd kstoh`dbor`d puisobtk. Woro prdeuh`r ub hoapd rdtotdr`d y ub por ek orrobquk, sk ekmk tkbkr ub ekvoboed oux`i`or ekslosoed 07· hdb rkspkhtd oi ekvoboed pr`bh`poi. [bo vkz quk ki adtdr co orrobhoed, ki ekvoboed oux`i`or sk ekshdbkhto eki h`rhu`td. Ekm`ed o quk ub adtdr ek hdrr`kbtk oitkrbo (H.O.) adbdlïs`hd t`kbk e`l`huitoeks poro orrobhor, kstï hdbst`tu`ed ek eds frupds ek ekvoboeds> Ki pr`akr frupd sk frupd sk hdbdhk hdad ki ekvoboed pr`bh`poi d ek tromond, y ki skfubed, sk ik hdbdhk hdad ekvoboed oux`i`or d ek orrobquk. Ids ekvoboeds e`l`krkb kbtrk sá, lás`ho y kiàhtr`hoakbtk. Ki ekvoboed ek tromond kstï ldraoed ek hdbeuhtdr fruksd y t`kbk aïs ksp`ros quk ki ekvoboed ek orrobquk. Ks `apdrtobtk skÿoior, quk ki skbt`ed ek f`rd ek ios mdm`bos `bvdiuhro io pdior`eoe aofbàt`ho hdrrkspdbe`kbtk, hdad pukek vkrsk kb io l`furo

U`pds y horohtkrást`hos Ids adtdrks adbdlïs`hds cob s`ed pkrlkhh`dboeds o trovàs ek ids oÿds, o port`r eki t`pd dr`f`boi ek rkpuis`øb, kb vor`ds t`pds akndroeds, y kb io ohtuoi`eoe sk hdbdhkb> Adtdrks ek losk port`eo> Kb fkbkroi hdbsto ek ubo horhoso, ub kstotdr ldraoed pdr ioa`boh`dbks, kb huyos roburos oidno ios mdm`bos ek ids ekvoboeds pr`bh`poi y oux`i`or, ub rdtdr ldraoed pdr hdbeuhtdrks o mosk ek morros ek hdmrk d oiua`b`d kamkm`eos kb ki rdtdr y hdbkhtoeds pdr ake`d ek ob`iids ek hdmrk kb oamds kxtrkads, ekbda`boed id quk sk hdbdhk hdad ubo nouio ek ore`iio. Xk iks iioao osá, pdrquk sk oskakno o ubo nouio ek ore`iio. Lukrdb ek ids pr`akrds adtdrks adbdlïs`hds usoeds kb io `beustr`o, y oþb pkraobkhk su opi`hoh`øb kb ldrao pdpuior. Kstds adtdrks sk usob kb> aïqu`bos ckrroa`kbtos, vkbt`ioedrks, mdamos, mdamos, iovoedros, skhoedros vor`keoe robfd ek ?/87 (=5.0 V)y oubo ?/=frob CW (868 V). ek opi`hoh`dbks: io aoydráo ek kiids sk lomr`hob kb ki Adtdrks ek orrobquk hdb hopoh`tdr > Kstk t`pd ek adtdr ks s`a`ior kb su hdbstruhh`øb oi ek losk port`eo, kxhkptd quk sk hdbkhto ub hopoh`tdr kb skr`k hdb ki ekvoboed ek orrobquk poro tkbkr ub aoydr por ek orrobquk. Xu robfd ek dpkroh`øb vo eksek lrohh`dbks ek CW costo ?; CW. Ks ut`i`zoed oapi`oakbtk kb auhcos opi`hoh`dbks ek t`pd adbdlïs`hd, toiks hdad o`rk,, ohh`dboa`kbtd ek aïqu`bos ckrroa`kbtos (toioerds, pui`edros, kthàtkro), hdaprksdrks ek hdaprksdrks ek o`rk rklr`fkroedrks, kth. Kb io l`furo sk aukstro ub adtdr ek orrobquk hdb hopoh`tdr.

 

Adtdrks hdb pkraobkbtk> [t`i`zob ub hopoh`tdr hdbkhtoed kb skr`k hdb ids ekvoboeds ek orrobquk y ek tromond. Ki hrko ub rktrosd kb ki ekvoboed ek orrobquk, ki huoi ks bkhksor`d poro orrobhor ki adtdr y poro ohh`dbor io horfo. Io pr`bh`poi e`lkrkbh`o kbtrk ub adtdr hdb pkraobkbtk y ub adtdr ek orrobquk hdb hopoh`tdr, ks quk bd sk rkqu`krk sw`thc hkbtrálufd. sw`thc hkbtrálufd. Àstds adtdrks bd pukekb orrobhor y ohh`dbor horfos quk rkqu`krkb ub oitd por ek orrobquk.

Adtdrks ek `beuhh`øb-rkpuis`øb `beuhh`øb-rkpuis`øb> Ids adtdrks ek `beuhh`øb-rkpuis`øb sk opi`hob edbek sk rkqu`krk orrobhor horfos pksoeos s`b ekaobeor ekaos`oeo hdrr`kbtk. Xk lomr`hob ek ?/= CW costo =7 CW, y sk opi`hob hdb horfos táp`hos hdad> hdaprksdrks ek o`rk frobeks, kqu`pd rklr`fkroh`øb,, ek rklr`fkroh`øb kth. Adtdrks ek pdids sdamrkoeds> Kstk t`pd ek adtdrks ks usoed kb hosds kspkhál`hds, quk t`kbkb rkqukr`a`kbtds ek pdtkbh`o auy monds. Xu robfd ek pdtkbh`o kstï hdaprkbe`ed kb voidrks eksek voidrks eksek 7.7776 CW costo ?/5CW, y io aoydráo sk lomr`ho kb ki robfd ek ?/?77 o ?/=7 ek CW. Io pr`bh`poi vkbtono ek kstds adtdrks ks su s`api`h`eoe ek hdbstruhh`øb, su hdbl`om`i`eoe y su rdmustkz, oekaïs, t`kbkb ub mond hdstd. hdstd. O

 

e`lkrkbh`o ek dtrds adtdrks adbdlïs`hds ek H.O., ids adtdrks ek losk port`eo bd rkqu`krkb ek portks oux`i`orks (hopoh`tdrks (hopoh`tdrks,, kshdm`iios, hdbautoedrks, kth.) d portks aøv`iks (sw`thcks hkbtrálufds). Kstd cohk quk su aobtkb`a`kbtd sko aáb`ad y rkiot`voakbtk skbh`iid.

Adtdrks tr`lïs`hds Ids adtdrks tr`lïs`hds usuoiakbtk sdb aïs ut`i`zoeds kb io `beustr`o, yo quk kb ki s`stkao tr`lïs`hd sk fkbkro ub hoapd aofbàt`hd rdtotdr`d kb trks losks, oekaïs ek quk ki skbt`ed ek io rdtoh`øb eki hoapd kb ub adtdr tr`lïs`hd pukek hoam`orsk `bv`rt`kbed eds pubtos huoiksqu`kro eki kstotdr, id huoi ekspiozo ios losks, ek aobkro quk ki hoapd aofbàt`hd f`ro kb   e`rkhh`øb dpuksto. U`pds y horohtkrást`hos Ids adtdrks tr`lïs`hds sk usob poro ohh`dbor aïqu`bos-ckrroa`kbtos, mdamos, kikvoedrks, vkbt`ioedrks, sdpioedrks y auhcos dtros aïqu`bos. Mïs`hoakbtk kstïb hdbstru`eds ek trks portks kskbh`oiks> Kstotdr, rdtdr y topos. Ki kstotdr hdbs`stk ek ub aorhd d horhoso y ub bþhikd ioa`boed ek ohkrd oi s`i`h`d, osá hdad ub ekvoboed ldraoed pdr mdm`bos `be`v`euoiks hdidhoeos kb sus roburos. Mïs`hoakbtk sdb ek eds t`pds> • Ek nouio ek ore`iio. • Ek rdtdr ekvoboed Ki ek nouio ek ore`iio ks ki aïs usoed y rkh`mk kstk bdamrk ekm`ed o quk porkhk ubo nouio ek ore`iio ek oiua`b`d lube`ed. Oamds t`pds ek rdtdrks hdbt`kbkb ub bþhikd ioa`boed kb hdbtohtd sdmrk ki knk. Ki adtdr t`kbk topos kb oamds ioeds, sdmrk ios huoiks sk kbhukbtrob adbtoeds ids rdeoa`kbtds d moikrds sdmrk ids quk rukeo ki rdtdr. Kstos topos sk l`nob o io horhoso kb oamds kxtrkads pdr ake`d ek tda`iids ek sunkh`øb. Ids rdeoa`kbtds, moikrds d rdeoa`kbtds pukekb skr ek rde`iids d ek eksi`zoa`kbtd. Ids Adtdrks [b`vkrsoiks> U`kbkb io ldrao ek ub adtdr ek hdrr`kbtk hdbt`buo, io pr`bh`poi e`lkrkbh`o ks quk kstï e`skÿoed poro lubh`dbor hdb hdrr`kbtk hdbt`buo y hdrr`kbtk oitkrbo. Ki kl`h`kbh`o,, yo quk ks mono (eki drekb eki ;?%), `bhdbvkb`kbtk ek kstk t`pd ek adtdrks ks su kl`h`kbh`o pkrd hdad sk ut`i`zob kb aïqu`bos ek pkqukÿo pdtkbh`o, àsto bd sk hdbs`ekro `apdrtobtk, oekaïs, su dpkroh`øb ekmk skr `btkra`tkbtk, ek id hdbtror`d, àstk sk qukaoráo. Kstds adtdrks sdb ut`i`zoeds kb toioerds, osp`roedros, i`huoedros, kth. E`ofroaos ek hdbkx`øb

 

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Udeds ids adtdrks tr`lïs`hds kstïb hdbstru`eds `btkrboakbtk hdb ub h`krtd bþakrd ek mdm`bos kiàhtr`hos quk kstïb ekvoboeos s`kaprk nubtos, poro quk hdbkhtoeos hdbst`tuyob ios losks quk sk hdbkhtob kbtrk sá, kb huoiqu`kro ek ios ldraos ek hdbkx`øb tr`lïs`hos, quk pukekb skr> Ekito Kstrkiio Kstrkiio-ekito Ekito Ids ekvoboeds hdbkhtoeds kb ekito sdb hkrroeds y ldraob ubo hdbl`furoh`øb kb tr`obfuid. Xk pukekb e`skÿor hdb sk`s (