Motores de Combustion Interna Ciclos

 

HF]FROY MDOYOA> IDIAF DMOKA  T MDKERKHK DJMDIKMF DJMDIKMF \rfg. Akurk Mrke`d (Iursf Hoiëjdik  Kpadikmk) \rfg. Rfbortf Gdaeuodrk (Iursf mo Gèsdik Kpadikmk) 2 kmh kmhdtd dtdrr ak hky hkyfr fr ikjtdmkm mo kdro ifhf sok pfsdbao, ifhprdhdraf sugdidojtohojto ifhf pkrk eojorkr ujk prosdù pro sdùj j y toh tohpor porktu kturk rk tkaos tkaos quo ka djt djtrfm rfmuid uidrr ifh ifhbus bustdb tdbao ao gdj gdjkho khojto jto pua puavor vordzk dzkmf, mf, so ifhbustdfjo rëpdmkhojto y prfmuitf mo ak hdshk so eojoro trkbknf hoiëjdif sfstojdmf oj oa tdohpf. \krk oaaf os joioskrdf quo fiurrkj ujk sordo mo trkjsgfrhkidfjos torhfmdjëhdiks moa gaudmf quo oj oa iksf moa idiaf mdosoa sfj> mosidojmo `kidk oa \HD oa so kdrokbro mosmo oa oxtordfr mo hkjork quoy murkjto ak kmhdsdùj so supfjo quo oa idadjmrf so aaojk tftkahojto mo kdro quo idriuak sdj rfzkhdojtf kaeujf pfr afs ifjmuitfs mo kmhdsdùj. Yo ifjsdmork ojtfjios quo ak prosdùj so hkjtdojo ifjstkjto o deuka k ak prosdùj kthfsgärdik. ;-2.- Ifhprosdùj (Kmdkbëtdik)> _jk voz quo oa pdstùj aaoek ka \HD so idorrk ak vëavuak mo kmhdsdùj kmhds dùj y ifhd ifhdojzk ojzk juovkh juovkhojto ojto oa ksio ksiojsf jsf moa pdstù pdstùj. j. Murkj Murkjto to ostk ikrro ikrrork rk oa kdro os ifhprdhdmf `kstk fiupkr oa vfauhoj ifrrospfjmdojto k ak iëhkrk mo ifhbustdùj. Ostk trkjsgfrhkidùj os kmdkb kmdkbëtdik ëtdik,, os moidr sdj djtorikhbdf mo ikafr ifj oa homdf oxtorjf, pfr rokadz rok adzkrs krso o oj uj tdohpf tdohpf huy ifrtf ifrtf.. Ak toh tohpor porktu kturk rk kai kaikjz kjzkmk kmk ka gdj gdjkad kadzkr zkr ak ifh ifhpros prosdùj dùj supork afs 7

2

 

ri 

W ; W 2



Wida   vii vii



Wida  vii

;

Mfjmo  ii os ii os oa vfauhoj mo ak iëhkrk mo ifhbustdùj y Wida  os oa vfauhoj moa idadjmrf. Afs hftfros Mdosoa mo trkitfros tdojoj ujk roakidùj mo ifhprosdùj quo vkrèk ojtro ;7>; k 22>;. Yd mur murkjt kjto o ak ifhpr ifhprosd osdùj ùj oa sdstoh sdstohk k jf djt djtori orikhb khbdk dk ika ikafr fr ifj su ojt ojtfrj frjf f (pr (prfio fiosf sf kmdkbëtdif), oa prfmuitf ojtro ak prosdùj y oa vfauhoj, oaovkmf k uj ifogdidojto, tkhbdäj so hkjtdojo ifjstkjto soeþj ak oxprosdùj>  \W       ito

Mfjmo oa ifogdidojto  os oa ifidojto ojtro oa ikafr hfakr k prosdùj ifjstkjto (Ip) y oa ikafr hfakr k vfauhoj ifjstkjto (Iv). Yd oa gaudmf os kdro purf, quo supfjohfs quo so ifhpfrtk ifhf uj eks porgoitf, afs ikafros ospoiègdifs sfj ifjsdmorkmfs ifjstkjtos o deukaos k afs moa kdro oj ifjmdidfjos jfrhkaos mo ;? ¾I mo tohporkturk y ujk kthùsgork mo prosdùj, tojmrohfs> Ip 8 Oj oa \HD (pujtf =) so kbro djstkjtëjokhojto ak vëavuak mo osikpo y so supfjo quo afs eksos quohkmfs skaoj tkj rëpdmkhojto ka oxtordfr, quo oa pdstùj jf so huovo, so puomo ifjsdmorkr quo ak trkjsgfrhkidùj quo oxpordhojtkj os ujk k vfauhoj ifjstkjto. Ak prosdùj oj oa idadjmrf bknk `kstk ak prosdùj kthfsgärdik y ujk ikjtdmkm mo ikafr [; jf trkjsgfrhkmf oj trkbknf, os ojtroekmf k ak kthùsgork. 9

 

;- Afs eksos rosdmukaos quo quomkj oj oa djtordfr moa idadjmrf sfj oxpuaskmfs ka oxtordfr pfr oa pdstùj murkjto su roifrrdmf (;- o orkj rkj juaks oj oa idi idiaf af dmoka y oj ak rokadmkm sfj dhpfrtkjtos, oa idadjmrf ostë rogrdeorkmf pkrk ksoeurkr oa buoj gujidfjkhdojtf moa pdstùj y ujk buojk pkrto moa ikafr moa gaudmf, gaudmf, so trkjshdt trkjshdto o k aks pkromo pkromos. s. Aks aèjoks mo ifhp ifhprosdùj rosdùj y mo oxpkjsd oxpkjsdùj ùj (þjdik (þj dik quo prf prfmui muio o trk trkbkn bknf) f) jf sok sokj j kmd kmdkbë kbëtdi tdiks, ks, rosu rosuatk atkjmf jmf oj pfa pfadtr dtrùpd ùpdiks iks ifj uj    oxpfjojto mdgorojto k  moa idiaf dmoka. Mobdmf k aks pärmdmks mo ikafr, oj ak ikrrork mo ifhprosdùj oa juovf oxpfjojto ( j> oxpfjojto mo ak trkjsgfrhkidùj pfadtrùpdik) rosuatk hojfrr k     y oj ak oxpkjsdùj rosuatk hkyfr. Ifhf rosuatkmf mo osto gojùhojf kpkroio uj hojf ërok K mo pärmdmk mo trkbknf ifj rospoitf ka idiaf dmoka.  Kuhojtf

mo afs ikafros ospoiègdifs moa gaudmf ifj ak tohporkturk> Afs ikafros ospoiègdifs

tkjtf k prosdùj ifjstkjto ifjstkjtos (Ip) ifhf sdjf k vfauhoj ifjstkjtoifj (Iv), oj oa iksfmomoaktrktkrso mo uj eks roka, jf porhkjoioj quo kuhojtkj oa kuhojtf tohporkturk, oj hfmf tka quo su ifidojt ifidojto o      8 Ip/Iv mdshdjuyo. \fr ifjsdeudojto afs vkafros mo ak prosdùj y ak tohporkturk hëxdhk kaikjzkmfs sfj hojfros quo oj idiaf dmoka.    ]dohpf

mo kporturk mo ak vëavuak mo osikpo, kujquo oj oa idiaf toùrdif so supusf quo ak kporturk y idorro mo vëavuaks fiurrèk djstkjtëjokhojto, y oj afs \HY f \HD, oj rokadmkm ostk kiidùj kii dùj tdo tdojo jo aue auekr kr oj uj tdohpf tdohpf roa roaktd ktdvkh vkhojt ojto o akref, akref, oj roa roakid kidùj ùj ifj ifj afs tdohpf tdohpfss mo mospakzkhdojtf moa pdstùj. Ak oxtrkiidùj mo ikafr quo oj idiaf dmoka fiurro djstkjtëjokhojto oj ifrrospfjmojidk ifj oa \HD, oj ak rokadmkm jf os djstkjtëjok, ak vëavuak mo osikpo so kbro ifj kjtdidpki kjtdidpkidùj dùj pkrk ifho ifhojzkr jzkr k oxpuaskr afs eksos prfm prfmuitf uitf mo ak ifhbust ifhbustdùj dùj y mdshdjudr ak prosdùj oj oa djtordfr moa idadjmrf `kstk kprfxdhkrso k ak prosdùj oxtorjk ka djdidf mo ak ikrrork mo osikpo. Osto kmoakjtf oj ak kporturk mo ak vëavuak mo osikpo, prfvfik ujk pärmdmk mo trkbknf þtda (ërok I), pärmdmk quo sorèk hui`f hkyfr sd jf so kjtdidpkrk su kporturk.

?

 

 Ak

ifhbustdùj jf so prfmuio k prosdùj ifjstkjto jd os djstkjtëjok, yk quo kujquo oj oa idiaf toùrdif so supfjo quo ak ifhbustdùj so rokadzk djstkjtëjokhojto y soeþj ujk trkjsgfrhkidùj k prosdùj ifjstkjto, oj oa idiaf roka ak ifhbustdùj murk uj idortf tdohpf. \krk \kr k ifhpo ifhpojsk jskrr oa tdohpf tdohpf mo rot rotkrm krmf f mo ak ifh ifhbus bustdù tdùj, j, so kmo kmoakj akjtk tk ak djy djyoii oiidùj dùj mo ifhbustdbao ifj rospoitf ka \HY. Yd ak djyoiidùj tuvdoso auekr nustkhojto oj oa \HY, ak ifhbustdù ifhb ustdùj j y oa pdif mo prosdùj quo eojor eojork k oa trkbknf þtda, fiurrdrè fiurrdrèkj kj hdojtrks oa pdstùj yk roifrrdù erkj pkrto mo su ikrrork, eojorkjmf ujk erkj pärmdmk mo trkbknf. \fr oaaf so kjtdidpk ak djyoiidùj mo gfrhk quo ak ifhbustdùj tojek auekr, oj su hkyfr pkrto, iukjmf oa pdstùj so ojiuojtrk oj ak prfxdhdmkm moa \HY af quo oj oa idiaf so roprosojtk pfr uj romfjmof mo ak dsfifrk mo djtrfmuiidùj moa ikafr, y pfr tkjtf, ujk pärmdmk mo trkbknf þtda (ërok B) ak iuka rosuatk bkstkjto hojfr quo ak quo so tojmrèk sd ak ojtrkmk mo ifhbustdbao so `didork oxkitkhojto ka gdjkadzkr ak ikrrork mo ksiojsf moa pdstùj.    \ärmdmks pfr bfhbof (ërok M)> oa idiaf toùrdif supfjo quo tkjtf ak kmhdsdùj ifhf oa osikpo moa kdro so rokadzkj k prosdùj ifjstkjto o deuka k ak kthfsgärdik, sdj rfzkhdojtf jdjeuj jdj eujf. f. Oj rok rokadm admkm km oa kdr kdro, o, ifh ifhf f iuk iukaqu aqudor dor gau gaudmf dmf quo mob mobo o idriua idriuakr kr pfr ifjmu ifjmuitf itfss (hþatdpaos mo kmhdsdùj y osikpo), ojiuojtrk rosdstojidks k su kvkjio mobdmf ka rfzkhdojtf ojtro ojt ro sus hfa hfaäiu äiuaks aks y, guj gujmkh mkhojt ojtkah kahojt ojto, o, ojt ojtro ro oaaks oaaks y aks pkr pkromo omoss mo afs ifjmu ifjmuitf itfs. s. \uomoj motorhdjkrso k pkrtdr mo aks oiukidfjos quo rdeoj aks pärmdmks mo ikrek mo iukaqudor gaudmf. Mdi`ks rosdstojidks motorhdjkj quo ak voafidmkm mo ojtrkmk moa kdro sok hojfr quo ak voafidmkm ifj quo kuhojtk oa vfauhoj moa idadjmrf pfr oa mosiojsf moa pdstùj y so eojork pfr af tkjtf ujk moprosdùj quo sorë tkjtf hkyfr iukjtf hkyfros sokj aks rosdstojidks ojifjtrkmks. Osk pärmdmk mo ojoreèk mo prosdùj mobdmf ka rfzkhdojtf, pärmdmks mo ikrek, mopojmo gujmkhojtkahojto mo ak voafidmkm mo idriuakidùj moa gaudmf y ikusk ujk jftkbao pärmdmk mo trkbknf þtda, yk quo oa pdstùj mobo vojior ujk moprosdùj oj ak kspdrkidùj y ujk sfbroprosdùj oj ak ikrrork mo osikpo \krk ifjsoeudr quo oa idiaf djmdikmf so kiorquo af hës pfsdbao ka toùrdif, so kitþk sfbro ak mdstrdbuidùj kmoakjtkjmf y rotrkskjmf oa djstkjto mo ifhdojzf y mo gdjkadzkidùj mo ak ojtrkmk y skadmk mo gaudmf fporkjto moa idadjmrf, ifj oa prfpùsdtf mo ifjsoeudr uj honfr aaojkmf y ovkiukidùj mo afs eksos. Ostks vkrdkidfjos sfj aks sdeudojtos> 

 Kmoakjtf oj ak kporturk mo ak kmhdsdùj (KKK). Ak vëavuak mo kmhdsdùj so kbro kjtos mo quo oa pdstùj aaoeuo ka \HY oj su ikrrork mo osikpo, ifjtohpakjmf quo su kporturk jf puomo rosfavorso djstkj djstkjtëjokhojto, tëjokhojto, ksè so ifjsdeuo quo ka djdidf mo ak ikrrork mo mosiojsf moa pdstùj, ak vëavuak ostä ifhpaotkhojto kbdortk, ovdtkjmf ak ostrkjeuakidùj k ak ojtrkmk moa kdro oxtordfr. Yo kprfvoi`k ak djoridk moa kdro quo ojtrk pkrk gkvfroior ak ifhpaotk oxpuasdùj mo afs eksos prfmuitf mo ak ifhbustdùj kjtordfr.



Rotrksf oj oa idorro mo ak kmhdsdùj (RIK). Ak vëavuak so idorrk uj pfif mospuäs mo quo oa pdstùj kaikjzù su \HD pkrk kprfvoi`kr ak djoridk moa kdro quo ostë ojtrkjmf, ak iuka porhdto quo ak kmhdsdùj so prfafjeuo kþj mospuäs mo quo oa pdstùj sfbropksù oa \HD.



 Kmoakjtf oj ak kporturk mo osikpo (KKO). Ifjsdeuo quo ak prosdùj djtorjk mosi mosido dojm jmk k kjto kjtos, s, so prot protoj ojmo mo gk gkid idadadtk tkrr ak oxpu oxpuas asdù dùj j if ifhp hpao aotk tk mo afs afs ekso eksoss rosdmukaos mo ak ifhbustdùj quo so oxtojmorë murkjto tfmk ak ikrrork mo ksiojsf.

7

 

Yo trktk mo hdjdhdzkr ak pärmdmk mo ojoreèk joioskrdk pkrk rokadzkr mdi`f osikpo (pärmdmks pfr bfhbof). Rotrksf oj oa idorro moa osikpo (RIO). Ifjsdeuo ujk honfr skadmk mo afs eksos yk ifhbus ifh bustdf tdfjkm jkmfs. fs. Ak rom romui uiidù idùj j mo ak soi soiid idùj ùj quo mob moboj oj ktr ktrkvo kvoskr skr afs afs eks eksos os (vëavuak mo osikpo) eojork ujk huy katk voafidmkm mo skadmk, mdshdjuyojmf ak prosdùj oj oa djtordfr moa idadjmrf, eojorëjmfso ak suiidùj joioskrdk pkrk gkvfroior ak ojtrkmk mo kdro grosif grosif.. Yo mobo hdjdhdz hdjdhdzkr kr oa vfau vfauhoj hoj mo eksos rosdmu rosdmukaos kaos quo



quomkj oj oa djtordfr moa idadjmrf. Ak prosojidk mo eksos mo ifhbustdùj oj oa djtordfr moa idadjmrf mdshdjuyo ak mojsdmkm moa kdro quo ojtrk yk quo, mobdmf k su oaovkmk tohporkturk ak hoziak mo ostfs ifj oa kdro purf fiupk uj vfauhoj hkyfr quo oa quo fiupkrèk oa kdro purf mobdmf k su hojfr mojsdmkm. Oa porèfmf oj oa iuka aks vëavuaks mo kmhdsdùj y osikpo ostëj sdhuatëjokhojto kbdortks, so mojfhdjk iruio mo vëavuaks. Murkjto oa hdshf, so kprfvoi`k ak djoridk irokmk pfr oa kdro oj afs hþatdpaos mo kmhdsdùj y osikpo pkrk gkidadtkr tkjtf ak ojtrkmk moa kdro oj ak kmhdsdùj ifhf oa osikpo mo afs eksos rosdmukaos.  K pkrtdr mo ak ifjstruiidùj moa mdkerkhk djmdikmf puomo fbtojorso ak prosdùj homdk djmdikmk quo os ujk prosdùj ifjstkjto, `dpftätdik, k ak iuka oa hftfr pfmrèk ojtroekr oa hdshf trkbknf jotf quo oj rokadmkm eojork. Ak mdgorojidk ojtro oa trkbknf pfsdtdvf y oa trkbknf joektdvf moa idiaf, so ifjfio ifhf trkbknf jotf. U (+) ’ U (-) 8 Ujotf Mdvdmdojmf oa ërok ifrrospfjmdojto ka trkbknf jotf pfr oa vfauhoj mo idadjmrkmk, so fbtdojo oa vkafr mo ak prosdùj p rosdùj homdk djmdikmk>  phd 

Ujotf vfauhoj

, quo sorë utdadzkmk pkrk ikaiuakr oa vkafr mo ak pftojidk djmdikmk (\d).

Ak pftojidk roprosojtk ak roakidùj ojtro oa trkbknf eojorkmf y oa tdohpf ohpaokmf oj eojorkraf, y puomo oxproskrso ifhf>  \d 

(U )idiaf (]dohpf )idiaf



 G   m 

2/j

  

 phd   s  i

2/j

  phd  Wida   j / 2  

Mfjmo> U 8 trkbknf Oj oa iksf mo uj hftfr mo iuktrf tdohpfs, so joiosdtkj mfs vuoatks moa ideñoûka pkrk rokadzkr uj idiaf ifhpaotf, pfr af tkjtf oa tdohpf pkrk rokadzkr uj idiaf, vkao 2/j G 8 guorzk m 8 mdstkjidk k trkväs mo ak iuka kitþk ak guorzk s 8 suporgdido moa pdstùj i 8 ikrrork moa pdstùj, mdstkjidk ojtro oa \HY y oa \HD  Wida 8 vfauhoj mo idadjmrkmk (prfmuitf mo ak suporgdido moa pdstùj y ak ikrrork ojtro sus pujtfs huortfs) Gdjkahojto, `ky tros tärhdjfs quo motorhdjkj ak pftojidk mo uj hftfr mo ifhbustdùj djtorjk quo sfj> Ak prosdùj homdk djmdikmk, phd 8 quo so ifjfio ifj oa jfhbro mo ‑gkitfr tärhdif‘  Oa vfauhoj mo idadjmrkmk, Wida 8 quo os oa gkitfr ‑gkitfr eofhätrdif‘  Oa räedhoj mo rftkidùj kaikjzkmf 8 quo os oa ‑gkitfr mdjëhdif‘ 

5

 

Ogdidojidks ù rojmdhdojtf r ojmdhdojtfs s Oa ifido ifidojto jto ojt ojtro ro ak pft pftoji ojidk dk djm djmdik dikmk mk y ak pft pftoji ojidk dk tär tärhdi hdik k moa ifhbu ifhbustd stdbao bao,, os oa rojmdhdojtf tärhdif djmdikmf .  td



 \ d  \ t 

 

 \t   cU  

   I`  a  / `    ce  / a   O   cN   / cika   \i  cika  / ce 

97 I`  8 ifjsuhf `frkrdf      8 mojsdmkm moa ifhbustdbao  O   8 oqudvkaojto hoiëjdif moa ikafr  \i  8 pfmor ikafrègdif moa ifhbustdbao Oa rojmdhdojtf hoiëjdif  os   os ak rkzùj ojtro ak pftojidk pftojidk dj djmdikm mdikmk k y ak pftoji pftojidk dk hoiëj hoiëjdik dik ogoitdvk homdmk oj oa ono y roprosojtk ak pftojidk pormdmk oj rfzkhdojtfs f oj grdiidùj ojtro aks pkr pkrtos tos hoi hoiëjd ëjdiks iks oj hfv hfvdhd dhdojt ojtf f mo prf prfpdf pdf hft hftfr fr y ifhpf ifhpfjoj jojtos tos mo afs mdst mdstdjt djtfs fs sdstohks quo af ksdstoj (bfhbk mo kiodto, bfhbk mo keuk, oaohojtfs mo ak mdstrdbuidùj, oti)  \ o h     \d

 Ka prfmuitf mo khbfs rojmdhdojtfs rojmdhdojtfs so af mojfhdjk rojmdhdoj rojmdhdojtf tf tftka f tärhdif-hoiëj tärhdif-hoiëjdif> dif>      h   td

Oa rojmdhdojtf tftka  roprosojtk  roprosojtk ak roakidùj ojtro oa trkbknf þtda oj oa ono hftfr (ka vfakjto) y kquoa oqudvkaojto k ak ojoreèk ikafrègdik moa ifhbustdbao ifjsuhdmf. Ykbdojmf quo ; IW ` 8 5? ceh/s x 97