Motor Ciclo OTTO
October 11, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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^ÁZAB KRXOEOXAWK
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
^ÁZAB KRXOEOXAWK
EOX EO XOZ NANCO OXX XXO O B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
NO@GBHBZKÉÎO @KNAO@KC HK A@HÔ^XZAK N@A Zojso` Jrkik hb K`hrkhb Vrbsahb`tb
HAZBXOZAK HB BHRNKÉÎO B XBN@OCOIAK Zkgkbc Bsebrkcho Cunnmbsa Cunnmbsa Zkeknnaotta Harbtor hb Bhunkéîo b Xbn`ocoiak Ducao ^briao hb Ekyk Vbhrosk Eorbark Harbtor Khdu`to hb Bhunkéîo b Xbn`ocoiak
^BZWAÉO @KNAO@KC HB KVZB@HATKIBE A@HR^XZAKC ^B@KA No`sbcmo @knao`kc Zojso` Jrkik hb K`hrkhb Vrbsahb`tb
^B@KA „ Hbpkrtkeb`to @knao`kc Zkgkbc Bsebrkcho Cunnmbsa Cunnmbsa Zkeknnaotta Harbtor Ibrkc Ducao ^briao hb Ekyk Vbhrosk Eorbark Harbtor Khdu`to hb Bhunkéîo b Xbn`ocoiak Iustkvo Cbkc ^kcbs Gacmo Harbtor hb Opbrkéòbs
^ÁZAB KRXOEOXAWK
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
© :6;2. ^B@KA „ Hbpkrtkeb`to @knao`kc © :6;2. ^B@KA „ Hbpkrtkeb`to Zbiao`kc hb ^k`tk Nktkra`k
K rbprohuéîo totkc ou pkrnakc hbstk pujcankéîo por qukasqubr ebaos, sbdk bcbtrø`ano, ebnê`ano, gotonþpak, hb irkvkéîo ou outros, soeb`tb sbrë pbreatahk noe právak kutorazkéîo, por bsnrato, ho ^B@KA. Bstk pujcankéîo goa bckjorkhk pbck bquapb ho @ôncbo hb Bhunkéîo k Hastê`nak ho ^B@KA hb ^k`tk Nktkra`k, noe k noorhb`kéîo ho ^B@KA Hbpkrtkeb`to @knao`kc, pkrk sbr utacazkhk por tohos os Hbpkrtkeb`tos Zbiao`kas ho ^B@KA `os nursos prbsb`nakas b k hastê`nak.
^B@KA Hbpkrtkeb`to @knao`kc R`ahkhb hb Bhunkéîo Vrossao`kc b Xbn`ocþiank „ R@ABV ^B@KA Hbpkrtkeb`to Zbiao`kc hb ^k`tk Nktkra`k
Ibrä`nak hb Bhunkéîo b Xbn`ocoiak - IBHRX
GANMK NKXKCOIZËGANK ^81;s brvaéo @knao`kc hb Kprb`hazkibe Kprb`hazkibe A`hustrakc. Hbpkrtkeb Hbpkrtkeb`to `to @knao`kc. Eotor nanco otto b sbus sastbeks / ^brvaéo @knao`kc hb Kprb`hazkibe A`hustrakc. Hbpkrtkeb`to @knao`kc, ^brvaéo @knao`kc hb Kprb`hazkibe A`hustrakc. Hbpkrtkeb`to Zbiao`kc hb ^k`tk Nktkra`k. Jrksåcak 4 ^B@KA/H@, :6;2. :6: p. ac. (^árab Kutoeotavk). A^J@ 19=-=2-92;1-128-; ;. Kutoeþvbas - Eotorbs :. Eotorb Eotorbs s æ iksoca`k A. ^brvaéo ^brvaéo @knao @knao`kc `kc hb Kprb`hazkibe A`hustrakc. Hb Hbpkrtkeb`to pkrtkeb`to Zbia Zbiao`kc o`kc hb ^k`tk Nktkra`k AA. X Xåtuco åtuco AAA. ^árab
NHR4 7:1.>.6>
^B@KA
^bhb
^brvaéo @knao`kc hb Kprb`hazkibe A`hustrakc Hbpkrtkeb`to @knao`kc
^btor Jk`nërao @ortb • [ukhrk ; • Jcono N • Bhagånao Zojbrto ^aeo`sb` • 96686-16> • Jrksåcak „ HG • Xbc.4 (6xx7;) >>;9166; Gkx4 (6xx7;) >>;9-1;16 • mttp4//www.sb`ka.jr
Acustrkéòbs Gaiurk ; - Krquatbturk ho eotor ...................................................................................................................................:6 Gaiurk : - Eotor k vkpor..................................................................................................................................................:; vkpor ..................................................................................................................................................:; Gaiurk > - Xraê`iuco ho nanco hb goio ..........................................................................................................................:: Gaiurk 8 - Xorqub hb eotor ............................................................................................................................................:> Gaiurk 2 - [uktro tbepos ho eotor............................................................................................................................:8 Gaiurk 7 - Wocueb ho naca`hro ........................................................................................................................................:8 Gaiurk 9 - Vkrtbs hb noeprbssîo ..................................................................................................................................:7 Gaiurk = - Wocueb hb noeprbssîo hb naca`hro ........................................................................................................:7 Gaiurk 1 - Wocueb hb noeprbssîo ...............................................................................................................................:9 Gaiurk ;6 - Xkxk hb noeprbssîo ..................................................................................................................................:9 Gaiurk ;; - Gorek hk nêekrk hb noejustîo ...........................................................................................................:= Gaiurk ;: - Wocueb hk nêekrk hb noejustîo ........................................................................................................:1 Gaiurk ;> - Vkrtbs ho pkquåebtro ................................................................................................................................>2 Gaiurk ;8 - Rtacazkéîo Rtacazkéîo ho pkquåebtro ............................................... ....................... ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ........................>7 >7 Gaiurk ;2 - No`sbrvkéîo No`sbrvkéîo ho pkquåebtro ............................. ..... ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ....................................>9 ............>9 Gaiurk ;7 - Cbaturk ho pkquåebtro .............................................................................................................................>9 Gaiurk ;9 - Cbaturk ho pkquåebtro .............................................................................................................................>= Gaiurk ;= - Vkquåebtro noe rbsocuéîo hb 6,62 ee .............................................................................................>= Gaiurk ;1 - Cbaturk ho pkquåebtro .............................................................................................................................>1 Gaiurk :6 - Vkquåebtro noe rbsocuéîo 6,6: ............................................................................................................>1 Gaiurk :; - Cbaturk ho pkquåebtro ..............................................................................................................................86 Gaiurk :: - Vkrtbs ho eanrøebtro ................................................................................................................................8; Gaiurk :> - Eohbcos hb eanrøebtros .........................................................................................................................8; Gaiurk :8 - Xapos hb eanrøebtro ..................................................................................................................................8: Gaiurk :2 - Cbaturk ho eanrøebtro ..............................................................................................................................8: Gaiurk :7 - Bxbepco hb cbaturk hb eanrøebtro nb`tbsaekc nb`tbsaekc ............................................ .................................................................... ....................................8> ............8> Gaiurk :9 - Cbaturk hb eanrøebtro eacbsaekc ..........................................................................................................88 Gaiurk := - Vkrtbs ho rbcþiao noepkrkhor ................................................................................................................82 Gaiurk :1 - Ebhahks noe o rbcþiao noepkrkhor ...................................................................................................82 Gaiurk >6 - Jksb eki`átank ...........................................................................................................................................87 Gaiurk >; - Cbaturk noe o rbcþiao noepkrkhor ......................................................................................................89 Gaiurk >: - Knbssþraos pkrk rbcþiao noepkrkhor ...................................................................................................89 Gaiurk >> - Vkrtbs ho sôjato ...........................................................................................................................................8= Gaiurk >8 - Cbaturk ho naca`hro noe o sôjato ............................................................................................................8= Gaiurk >2 - Xbepos ho eotor ........................................................................................................................................2: Gaiurk >7 - Vraebaro tbepo ho eotor ........................................................................................................................2> Gaiurk >9 - ^biu`ho tbepo ho eotor ......................................................................................................................2> Gaiurk >= - Xbrnbaro tbepo ho eotor .........................................................................................................................28 Gaiurk >1 - [ukrto tbepo ho eotor ..........................................................................................................................28 Gaiurk 86 - Xbepos hb bxpcosîo...................................................................................................................................22
Gaiurk 8; - Vkrtbs ho eotor hoas hoas tbepos tbepos ............................................. ..................... ................................................ ................................................ ...........................................27 ...................27 Gaiurk 8: - Eotor hoas tbepos be bxpk`sîo .........................................................................................................27 Gaiurk 8> - Cajbrkéîo hk dk`bck pkrk trk`sgbrä`nak trk`sgbrä`nak hk easturk easturk ..................... ............................................. ................................................ ...........................29 ...29 Gaiurk 88 - Xapos hb eotorbs .........................................................................................................................................2= Gaiurk 82 - Nkjbéotb ho eotor ....................................................................................................................................78 Gaiurk 87 - Du`tk ho nkjbéotb.......................................................................................................................................72 Gaiurk 89 - Nkjbéotb OMW ..............................................................................................................................................77 Gaiurk 8= - Nkjbéotb OMN ..............................................................................................................................................79 Gaiurk 81 - Nkjbéotb HOMN ...........................................................................................................................................79 Gaiurk 26 - Wëcvucks b hasposatavos ...............................................................................................................................7= Gaiurk 2; - ^a`nro`aseos por b`irb`kibe ..............................................................................................................71 Gaiurk 2: - ^a`nro`aseos por norrb`tb.......................................................................................................................71 norrb`tb.......................................................................................................................71 Gaiurk 2> - ^a`nro`aseos por norrbak ..........................................................................................................................96 Gaiurk 28 - Hakirkek hb nruzkeb`to hb vëcvucks .................................................................................................9: Gaiurk 22 - Noek`ho hb vëcvucks b os ek`nkas ......................................................................................................9: Gaiurk 27 - Zbiuckibe hb vëcvucks noe nkcajrb hb cêea`ks ktrkvás hb jkck`na`s ....................................9> ................................. ...9> Gaiurk 29 - Zbiuckibe hb vëcvucks noe nkcajrb hb cêea`ks ktrkvás hb tunmos ebnê`anos ...................98 Gaiurk 2= - Xunmo mahrëucano ..........................................................................................................................................98 Gaiurk 21 - Krquatbturk hk vëcvuck ...............................................................................................................................92 Gaiurk 76 - Nkjbéotb noe vëraks vëcvucks ................................................................................................................97 Gaiurk 7; - Iuaks hks vëcvucks ......................................................................................................................................99 Gaiurk 7: - Zbtb`torbs hks vëcvucks `o iuak hb vëcvuck ......................................................................................99 Gaiurk 7> - Hasposatavos hks vëcvucks .........................................................................................................................9= Gaiurk 78 - Eocks hks vëcvucks ......................................................................................................................................91 Gaiurk 72 - Vrkto hk eock hks vëcvucks .............................................. ...................... ................................................ ................................................ ...............................................91 .......................91 Gaiurk 77 - Nmkvbtks hk eock hks vëcvucks ..............................................................................................................=6 Gaiurk 79 - Du`tk ho nkjbéotb.......................................................................................................................................=6 Gaiurk 7= - Vastîo ho eotor ...........................................................................................................................................=; Gaiurk 71 - @oeb`nckturk ho äejoco ........................................................................................................................=: Gaiurk 96 - Va`o ho pastîo ..............................................................................................................................................=> Gaiurk 9; - Xapos b eohbcos hb k`áas .........................................................................................................................=8 Gaiurk 9: - @oeb`nckturk ho k`bc ...............................................................................................................................=8 Gaiurk 9> - Kcturk b bspbssurk rkhakc ho k`bc ...........................................................................................................=2 Gaiurk 98 - Gocik trksbark b gocik cktbrkc ho k`bc ....................................................................................................=2 Gaiurk 92 - Gocik b`trb po`tks ho k`bc ......................................................................................................................=7 Gaiurk 97 - K`áas hb noeprbssîo .................................................................................................................................=9 Gaiurk 99 - K`áas ho þcbo ................................................................................................................................................== Gaiurk 9= - Vosaéîo norrbtk hb eo`tkibe hb kciu`s tapos hb k`áas ho þcbo .............................................=1 Gaiurk 91 - Eo`tkibe hos k`áas ............................................. ..................... ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ...................................=1 ...........=1 Gaiurk =6 - Vosaéîo hb eo`tkibe hos k`áas ...........................................................................................................16 Gaiurk =; - Vosaéîo hb eo`tkibe hos k`áas be ue pastîo hb quktro nk`kcbtks......................................16 nk`kcbtks............... .......................16 Gaiurk =: - Jabck .................................................................................................................................................................1;
Gaiurk => - Jabck por grkturk ...........................................................................................................................................1: Gaiurk =8 - Jabck por nortb (usa`khk) ..........................................................................................................................1: Gaiurk =2 - Ektbrakc hk jro`za`k ..................................................................................................................................1> Gaiurk =7 - Nk`kc hb cujrankéîo b k trkvk hk jro`za`k .......................................................................................1> Gaiurk =9 - Vkrtbs ho varkjrbquae ...............................................................................................................................18 Gaiurk == - Nërtbr ho eotor be kcueå`ao b be nmkpk .........................................................................................17 Gaiurk =1 - Hbbtor hb þcbo ho nërtbr ho eotor ....................................................................................................17 Gaiurk 16 - Xapos hb du`tks ho nërtbr ..........................................................................................................................19 Gaiurk 1; - Xapos hb joejk hb þcbo ...........................................................................................................................19 Gaiurk 1: - Wastk a`tbr`k a`tbr`k hk joejk hb þcbo por b`irb`kibe .............................................. ...................... ................................................ ............................1= ....1= Gaiurk 1> - Joejk hb þcbo hb rotor ............................................................................................................................1= Gaiurk 18 - Wëcvuck hb prbssîo hb þcbo ......................................................................................................................11 Gaiurk 12 - Ek`øebtro hb prbssîo ho þcbo ..........................................................................................................;66 Gaiurk 17 - A`stkckéîo ho ek`øebtro .....................................................................................................................;6; Gaiurk 19 - Gactro hb þcbo ..............................................................................................................................................;6; Gaiurk 1= - Jcono ho eotor be gbrro .......................................................................................................................;67 Gaiurk 11 - Jcono ho eotor be kcueå`ao ..............................................................................................................;69 Gaiurk ;66 - Nkjbéotb ho eotor ...............................................................................................................................;69 Gaiurk ;6; - Vastîo gkjrankho be caik hb kcueå`ao b, ko ckho, be gbrro gu`haho ..................................... ........................ ............. ;6= Gaiurk ;6: - Jabck be kéo b be caik hb gbrro .........................................................................................................;61 Gaiurk ;6> - ^bcbéîo hb ektbrakc ...............................................................................................................................;;6 Gaiurk ;68 - Noepo`b`tbs hb cujrankéîo ...........................................................................................................;;2 Gaiurk ;62 - Cujrankéîo por kspbrsîo...................................................................................................................;;7 Gaiurk ;67 - Narnuato hb cujrankéîo .......................................................................................................................;;9 Gaiurk ;69 - Gorekéîo ho cujrank`tb ....................................................................................................................;;= Gaiurk ;6= - Nckssankéîo ho þcbo ............................................................................................................................;;1 Gaiurk ;61 - Narnuckéîo h¸ëiuk ..................................................................................................................................;:7 Gaiurk ;;6 - Xronk hb tbepbrkturk ...........................................................................................................................;:7 Gaiurk ;;; - Noepo`b`tbs ho krrbgbnaeb`to ......................................................................................................;:9 Gaiurk ;;: - Joejk h¸ëiuk ........................................................................................................................................;:= Gaiurk ;;> - Wëcvuck tbreostëtank ................................... ........... ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ......................................... ................. ;:= Gaiurk ;;8 - ^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk ........................................................................................................................;:1 Gaiurk ;;2 - Zkhakhor ....................................................................................................................................................;>6 Gaiurk ;;7 - A`tbrruptor táreano ...............................................................................................................................;>; Gaiurk ;;9 - Xujo b ek`iubark ..................................................................................................................................;>; Gaiurk ;;= - Noeposaéîo ho uaho ..........................................................................................................................;>: Gaiurk ;;1 - ^b`sorbs b Ktukhorbs ...........................................................................................................................;>= Gaiurk ;:6 - Irëno hb tbepbrkturk .......................................................................................................................;>1 Gaiurk ;:; - ^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk bcbtrø`ano...................................................................................................;>1 Gaiurk ;:: - ^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk ho kr.............................................................................................................;86 kr .............................................................................................................;86 Gaiurk ;:> - ^b`sor hb posaéîo hk jorjocbtk `o XJA .........................................................................................;8; Gaiurk ;:8 - ^b`sor EKV noe tbepbrkturk ho kr...............................................................................................;8;
Gaiurk ;:2 - Hbsb`mo Ekp ..........................................................................................................................................;8: Gaiurk ;:7 - Hbsb`mo Ekp (soj prbssîo) ..............................................................................................................;8: Gaiurk ;:9 - ^b`sor hb rotkéîo ..................................................................................................................................;8> Gaiurk ;:= - ^b`sor hb rotkéîo noe rohk gø`ank ................................................................................................;8> Gaiurk ;:1 - Hakirkek ho sb`sor hb rotkéîo .......................................................................................................;88 Gaiurk ;>6 - Hakirkek ho sb`sor hb rotkéîo .......................................................................................................;82 Gaiurk ;>; - ^b`sor Ckejhk .......................................................................................................................................;82 Gaiurk ;>: - Krquatbturk ho sb`sor Ckejhk .........................................................................................................;87 Gaiurk ;>> - Easturk rank ...............................................................................................................................................;89 Gaiurk ;>8 - Easturk pojrb ..........................................................................................................................................;8= Gaiurk ;>2 - ^b`sor Ekg ................................................................................................................................................;81 Gaiurk ;>7 - ^b`sor hb hbto`kéîo ............................................................................................................................;26 Gaiurk ;>9 - ^b`sor hb vbconahkhb ...........................................................................................................................;26 Gaiurk ;>= - ^b`sor hb gksb .........................................................................................................................................;2; Gaiurk ;>1 - ^b`sor hb gksb ........................................................................................................................................;2; Gaiurk ;86 - Bcbtroa`dbtor .............................................................................................................................................;2: Gaiurk ;8; - Joja`k hb ai`aéîo ..................................................................................................................................;2> Gaiurk ;8: - Ktukhor hb ekrnmk cb`tk ....................................................................................................................;2> Gaiurk ;8> - Joejk hb noejuståvbc ........................................................................................................................;28 Gaiurk ;88 - A`tbrruptor a`brnakc ................................................................................................................................;22 Gaiurk ;82 - Bcbtrovëcvuck ho nê`astbr .....................................................................................................................;27 Gaiurk ;87 - Narnuato hk joja`k .................................................................................................................................;29 Gaiurk ;89 - Xk`qub hb noejuståvbc noejuståvbc .............................................. ...................... ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ........................ ;2= Gaiurk ;8= - Narnuato hb noejuståvbc ......................................................................................................................;2= Gaiurk ;81 - Kcaeb`tkéîo eo`opo`to ...................................................................................................................;21 Gaiurk ;26 - Kcaeb`tkéîo euctapo`to .....................................................................................................................;76 Gaiurk ;2; - Xujo hastrajuahor hb noejuståvbc be pcëstano ...........................................................................;7; Gaiurk ;2: - Xujo hastrajuahor hb noejuståvbc be ebtkc ...............................................................................;7; Gaiurk ;2> - Gu`éòbs ho rbiuckhor hb prbssîo hb noejuståvbc....................................................................;7: Gaiurk ;28 - Gactro hb noejuståvbc ...........................................................................................................................;7: Gaiurk ;22 - Krquatbturk bcátrank no`vb`nao`kc ...................................................................................................;96 Gaiurk ;27 - Krquatbturk bcátrank noe rbhb NK@ .................................................................................................;9; Gaiurk ;29 - Jkrrkeb`to hk rbhb NK@ ....................................................................................................................;9: Gaiurk ;2= - Noeu`ankéîo b`trb nb`trkas hk rbhb NK@ ....................................................................................;98 Gaiurk ;21 - Noeu`ankéîo hk rbhb NK@ ................................................................................................................;98 Gaiurk ;76 - Krquatbturk hk rbhb NK@ .....................................................................................................................;92 Gaiurk ;7; - Haki`þstano hk rbhb NK@ ....................................................................................................................;92 Gaiurk ;7: - Cbaturk hk rbhb NK@ ..............................................................................................................................;97 Gaiurk ;7> - Atb`s hb ek`utb`éîo vbanuckr ...........................................................................................................;=; Gaiurk ;78 - Vck`o hb ek`utb`éîo ..........................................................................................................................;=> Gaiurk ;72 - ^astbeks hb ek`utb`éîo vbanuckr ...................................................................................................;=2 snk``br
Gaiurk ;77 - Haki`þstano vbanuckr noe kutoeotavo ..........................................................................;=7 Gaiurk ;79 - Bxbepco hb haki`þstano hb kr no`hanao`kho ..............................................................................;=9
[ukhro ; - R`ahkhbs hb ebhahk ..................................................................................................................................>8 [ukhro : - Eôctapcos b sujeôctapcos ho ebtro ......................................................................................................>8 [ukhro > - Nckssankéîo hos eotorbs hb noejustîo a`tbr`k ..........................................................................2= [ukhro 8 - Nckssankéîo ho þcbo ...............................................................................................................................;:6 [ukhro 2 - Hkhos hb rbhb NK@ .................................................................................................................................;9; [ukhro 7 - Mastþrak hk rbhb NK@...............................................................................................................................;9> NK@...............................................................................................................................;9> [ukhro 9 - Vck`o hb ek`utb`éîo prbvb`tavk sastbeëtank ..............................................................................;=>
^ueërao ; A`trohuéîo ........................................................................................................................................................................;2 : Mastþrak ho Eotor hb Nanco Otto ...............................................................................................................................;1 :.; Nckssankéîo hb eotorbs ..........................................................................................................................:6 :.;.; Eëqua`k k vkpor .......................................................................................................................:; :.;.: Xraê`iuco ho goio......................................................................................................................:: goio......................................................................................................................:: :.;.> @oéòbs hb gåsank ........................................................................................................................:: :.;.8 Naca`hrkhk .....................................................................................................................................:8 :.;.2 Xkxk hb noeprbssîo .................................................................................................................:7 > No`trocb Haeb`sao`kc .................................................................................................................................................>> >.; ^astbek eátrano hbnaekc ..........................................................................................................................>8 >.;.; Eôctapcos b sujeôctapcos ho ebtro ....................................................................................>8 >.: Vkquåebtro ....................................................................................................................................................>2 >.> Eanrøebtro ....................................................................................................................................................86 >.>.; Xapos hb eanrøebtros ..............................................................................................................8; >.8 Zbcþiao noepkrkhor ...................................................................................................................................88 >.8.; Ek`usbao ....................................................................................................................................87 >.8.: Knbssþraos pkrk rbcþiao noepkrkhor ................................................................................89 >.2 ^ôjato .............................................................................................................................................................89 >.2.; Ek`usbao ....................................................................................................................................8= 8 Eotorbs hb Nanco Otto ..................................................................................................................................................2; 8.; Eotorbs hb 8 tbepos .................................................................................................................................2: 8.;.; Vraebaro - Xbepo Xbepo hb kheassîo ............................................ .................... ................................................ ................................................ .........................2: .2: 8.;.: ^biu`ho - Xbepo hb noeprbssîo ......................................................................................2> 8.;.> Xbrnbaro Xbrnbaro - Xbepo Xbepo hb noejustîo ..................................... ............................................................. ................................................ .............................28 .....28 8.;.8 [ukrto - Xbepo hb bsnkpkeb`to .......................................................................................28 8.: Eotorbs : tbepos .......................................................................................................................................22 8.> Nckssankéîo ho eotor hb noejustîo ................................................................................................29 8.8 Xapos hb eotorbs .........................................................................................................................................2= 8.2 A`tbrprbtkéîo hb ek`ukas ........................................................................................................................21 2 Krquatbturk Ibrkc ...........................................................................................................................................................7> 2.; Nkjbéotb ........................................................................................................................................................78 2.;.; Xapos hb nkjbéotbs ..................................................................................................................77 2.;.: Hastrajuaéîo ebnê`ank ............................................................................................................7= 2.;.> Gu`nao`keb`to .........................................................................................................................7= 2.;.8 Nruzkeb`to hb Wëcvucks .........................................................................................................9; 2.;.2 Noek`ho hb vëcvucks ..............................................................................................................9: 2.;.7 Xunmo .............................................................................................................................................9> 2.;.9 Wëcvucks .........................................................................................................................................98 2.;.= Iuak hb vëcvucks .........................................................................................................................97
2.;.1 Zbtb`tor ........................................................................................................................................99 2.;.;6 Hasposatavos hks vëcvucks .....................................................................................................9= 2.;.;; Du`tk ho nkjbéotb ..................................................................................................................=6 2.: Jcono ................................................................................................................................................................=; 2.:.; Vastîo (äejoco) ..........................................................................................................................=; 2.:.: K`áas ..............................................................................................................................................=8 2.:.> Jabcks ..............................................................................................................................................1; 2.:.8 Jro`za`ks (nksquacmos).............................................................................................................1> 2.:.2 Warkjrbquae (Ërvorb hb ek`avbcks) ....................................................................................18 2.> Nërtbr ...............................................................................................................................................................12 2.>.; Du`tk ho nërtbr ...........................................................................................................................17 2.8 Joejk hb þcbo .............................................................................................................................................19 2.8.; Wëcvuck rbiuckhork hb prbssîo .............................................................................................11 2.8.: Gactro hb þcbo ............................................................................................................................;6; 7 Xbn`ocoiak hb Ektbrakas ............................................................................................................................................;62 7.; Jcono ho eotor..........................................................................................................................................;67 7.: Nkjbéotb ......................................................................................................................................................;69 7.> Vastòbs (Äejoco) .......................................................................................................................................;6= 7.8 Jabcks b Ërvorb hb ek`avbcks ................................................................................................................;61 9 ^astbek hb Cujrankéîo ............................................................................................................................................;;> 9.; Gu`éîo ho sastbek hb cujrankéîo.....................................................................................................;;8 cujrankéîo.....................................................................................................;;8 9.;.; ^astbeks hb cujrankéîo por skcpano ou kspbrsîo kspbrsîo......................................................;;2 ......................................................;;2 9.;.: ^astbeks hb cujrankéîo soj prbssîo ou gorékhk .......................................................;;7 9.: Þcbo cujrank`tb .......................................................................................................................................;;9 9.:.; Vroprabhkhbs ho þcbo cujrank`tb ...................................................................................;;= 9.:.: Nckssankéîo quk`to æ vasnosahkhb .................................................................................;;1 9.:.> Nckssankéîo quk`to ko sbrvaéo (Hbsbepb`mo) .........................................................;:6 = ^astbek Hb Krrbgbnaeb`to .......................................................................................................................................;:2 =.; Gu`nao`keb`to ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to ..............................................................................;:7 =.;.; Joejk h¸Ëiuk ........................................................................................................................;:9 =.;.: Wëcvuck tbreostëtank..............................................................................................................;:= tbreostëtank..............................................................................................................;:= =.;.> ^b`sor táreano ........................................................................................................................;:1 =.;.8 Zkhakhor ....................................................................................................................................;:1 =.;.2 Khatavos ......................................................................................................................................;>: 1 A`dbéîo Bcbtrø`ank .......................................................................................................................................................;>9 1.; ^b`sorbs ......................................................................................................................................................;>= 1.;.; ^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk hk ëiuk ......................................................................................;>1 1.;.: ^b`sor no`duikho hb tbepbrkturk ho kr b prbssîo ho nocbtor.............................;86 1.;.> ^b`sor hk posaéîo ho knbcbrkhor ....................................................................................;86 1.;.8 ^b`sor no`duikho prbssîo kjsocutk b tbepbrkturk ho kr ......................................;8; 1.;.2 ^b`sor hb rotkéîo b VE^ ....................................................................................................;8: 1.;.7 ^o`hk Ckejhk ........................................................................................................................;82
1.;.9 Ebhahor hb GGcuxo cuxo ou Ekssk hb Kr ..................... ............................................. ................................................ ..................................... ............. ;81 1.;.= ^b`sor hb hbto`kéîo ...........................................................................................................;81 1.;.1 ^b`sor hb vbconahkhb ho vbånuco ....................... ............................................... ................................................ ..................................... ............. ;26 1.;.;6 ^b`sor hb Gksb ......................................................................................................................;2; 1.: Ktukhorbs ....................................................................................................................................................;2: 1.:.; Bcbtroa`dbtor .............................................................................................................................;2: 1.:.: Joja`k hb ai`aéîo ..................................................................................................................;2: 1.:.> Ktukhor hb ekrnmk cb`tk ...................................................................................................;2> 1.:.8 Joejk hb noejuståvbc ........................................................................................................;28 1.:.2 A`tbrruptor a`brnakc hb nortb hb noejuståvbc ...............................................................;28 1.:.7 Wëcvuck purik ho nê`astbr ....................................................................................................;22 1.> ^astbek hb ai`aéîo ...................................................................................................................................;27 1.>.; Xapos b nkrkntbråstanks ..........................................................................................................;27 1.8 ^astbek hb kcaeb`tkéîo hb noejuståvbc .........................................................................................;29 1.8.; Xujo hastrajuahor....................................................................................................................;76 1.8.: Zbiuckhor hb prbssîo ...........................................................................................................;7; 1.8.> Gactro hb noejuståvbc ............................................................................................................;7: 1.2 ^astbek bxåvbc hb noejuståvbc ..........................................................................................................;7> 1.7 Bstrktáiaks hb gu`nao`keb`to gu`nao`keb`to hk u` u`ahkhb ahkhb hb noek`ho bcbtrø`ano bcbtrø`ano .... ............................ ................................ ........ ;78 1.9 Haki`þstano hb k`oekcaks b tbstbs hos noepo`b`tbs hk a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank .................... ;78 1.9.; Gu`éîo Vowbr Cktnm .............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ .......................;72 .........;72 ;6 Zbhb NK@ ...................................................................................................................................................................;71 ;6.; ^astbek no`vb`nao`kc ..........................................................................................................................;96 ;6.: Xapos b nkrkntbråstanks ...........................................................................................................................;9; ;6.:.; Bstrktáiaks hb gu`nao`keb`to hk u`ahkhb hb noek`ho bcbtrø`ano ................ ;9: ;6.:.: Vrotonoco b vbconahkhb hb noeu`ankéîo ...................................................................;9: ;6.:.> Krquatbturk hk rbhb ............................................................................................................;98 ;6.:.8 ;92 Haki`þstano hb k`oekcaks b tbstbs hos noepo`b`tbs hk rbhb hb noeu`ankéîo ;; ^brvaéos hb Ek`utb`éîo .......................................................................................................................................;91 ;;.; ^brvaéos hb ek`utb`éîo .....................................................................................................................;=6 ;;.;.; Haki`þstano ............................................................................................................................;=; ;;.;.: Vck`o hb ek`utb`éîo ........................................................................................................;=: ;;.;.> K`ëcasb hb sa`toeks ............................................................................................................;=> ;;.;.8 Ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo .........................................................................................................;=> ;;.;.2 @oreks b pronbhaeb`tos .................................................................................................;=8 ;;.;.7 @bnbssahkhbs hb rbpkros khanao`kas .............................................................................;=2 ;;.;.9 Xbstbs hb gu`nao`keb`to .................................................................................................;=7 Zbgbrä`naks ........................................................................................................................................................................;1; Ea`anurrånuco ho Kutor .................................................................................................................................................;1> Å`hanb .................................................................................................................................................................................;12
A`trohuéîo
; ^bdk jbe-va`ho(k) æ R`ahkhb Nurranuckr Eotor Nanco Otto b sbus ^astbeks. @bstk u`ahkhb, vonä arë no`mbnbr k mastþrak hk bvocuéîo ho eotor, o pra`nåpao hb gu`nao`keb`to, sbus noepo`b`tbs b tán`anks hb haki`þstanos, hbseo`tkibe b eo`tkibe ho eotor hb nanco Otto. O bstuho hos hagbrb`tbs gb`øeb`os qub sb ek`agbstke be ue kutoeþvbc b qub no`hanao`ke o sbu gu`nao`keb`to bxaib uek nckssankéîo raiorosk hb sbus noepo`b`tbs a`tbr`os b hb sbus sastbeks. Bssk nckssankéîo á hkhk k sbiuar, por nckssb hb bcbeb`tos ebnê`anos, xos b eþvbas `k orhbe hb opbrkéîo b hb aeportê`nak. O eotor prohuz b`briak ebnê`ank `bnbssërak pkrk k eovaeb`tkéîo ho vbånuco, noeprbb`hb`ho tohos os sastbeks hb kcaeb`tkéîo, hb krrbgbnaeb`to, hb cujrankéîo, b tkejáe tohos os sastbeks hb no`trocb hb sbu gu`nao`keb`to. Kssae, më kepck bxbepcankéîo, irk`hb kportb hb iurks pkrk gknacatkr o b`tb`haeb`to b bxpcankéòbs tbþranks be ca`iukibe saepcbs b gu`nao`kc. Noe asto, bspbrk-sb qub kpþs bstuhkr bssk u`ahkhb nurranuckr vonä sb sa`tk prbpkrkho pkrk o ebrnkho hb trkjkcmo b sbiuro hb sbus no`mbnaeb`tos. Wonä no`mbnbrë hbtkcmkhkeb`tb4 ibrkc, poas o eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k pohb sbr no`sahbrkho o norkéîo k) k Krquatbturk ibrkc, ho kutoeþvbc, b hbcb ska k gorék qub proeovb o hbsconkeb`to ho kutoeþvbc. @k pkrtb supbraor tbe o nkjbéotb b `bcb sîo hbsb`vocvahks gu`éòbs, noeo no`trockr k kjbrturk hks vëcvucks ktrkvás hos noek`hos. @o jcono b`no`trke-sb os pastòbs b jabcks b `k pkrtb a`gbraor tbeos o nërtbr b o varkjrbquae< j) o No`trocb haeb`sao`kc, haeb`sao`kc, gu`hkeb`tkc pkrk o pbrgbato gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor< n) k Xbn`ocoiak hb ektbrakas, ektbrakas, poas `k no`struéîo hb ue eotor á utacazkhk uek quk`tahkhb euato irk`hb hb ektbrakas, qub a`ub`nakvke harbtkeb`tb `o hbsbepb`mo hb eotorbs ekas k`taios< h) k A`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank, bcbtrø`ank, os tapos b nkrkntbråstanks hos sb`sorbs b ktukhorbs ho sastbek hb a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank, sb`ho qub o sastbek hb ai`aéîo ekas utacazkho `os eotorbs ktukas á o nmkekho hb ai`aéîo bstëtank. Bcb possua bssb `oeb dustkeb`tb por `îo bxaiar pbéks eþvbas pkrk rbkcazkr o pronbsso hb trk`sgorekéîo hk tb`sîo b pkrk k hastrajuaéîo hk nb`tbcmk<
;7
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
b) k Zbhb NK@, NK@, euato aeportk`tb pkrk o sastbek bcbtrobcbtrø`ano ho vbånuco< g) b, por e, eks `îo eb`os aeportk`tb, o ^brvaéos hb ek`utb`éîo, ek`utb`éîo, qub á sujhavahaho be hoas tapos4 ek`utb`éîo pck`bdkhk b ek`utb`éîo `îo pck`bdkhk. @bstb tbek, vonä kprb`hbrë qub pkrk uek pbrgbatk ek`utb`éîo sb gkz `bnbssërao noeprbb`hbr k haki`osb vbanuckr (ou haki`þstano vbanuckr) b qub k ebsek rbprbsb`tk ks gu`éòbs ou gbrrkeb`tks qub pbreatbe k proirkekéîo ou vbrankéîo ho gu`nao`keb`to hb nkhk noepo`b`tb ho vbånuco. No`sahbrb bstb ektbrakc hahëtano noeo o a`ånao hb uek gksb hb bstuhos qub b`icojk `ovks tb`hä`naks b tbn`ocoiak kutoeotavk. Jusqub `ovks a`gorekéòbs, gkék pbsquask b kpraeorb sbu no`mbnaeb`to. no`mbnaeb`to. Jo`s bstuhos!
; A@XZOHRÉÎO
K`otkéòbs4
;9
Mastþrak ho Eotor hb Nanco Otto
:
Wonä dë bstuhou sojrb eotorbs? No`mbnb k mastþrak b sbu pra`nåpao hb gu`nao`keb`to? @bstk u`ahkhb, vonä no`mbnbrë kssu`tos rbcknao`khos ko suriaeb`to ho eotor, hbshb os praeþrhaos noe k a`vb`éîo hk eëqua`k k vkpor, qub goa ue hos ekrnos pkrk k bvocuéîo tbn`ocþiank kutoeotavk. Wonä bstuhkrë tkejáe k qubaek hb noejuståvbc, qub sb gkz prbsb`tb be `osso notahak`o. B á gkto rbkc k prbonupkéîo hos gkjrank`tbs hb eotorbs o no`trocb hk beassîo hb iksbs `onavos æ skôhb hk popuckéîo, b pkrk o ebao kejab`tb. Wonä b`tb`hbrë tkejáe o gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor, nkrkntbråstanks b suk krquatbturk ibrkc, b ko ebseo tbepo kprb`hbrë no`nbatos noeo k naca`hrkhk hb ue eotor kutoeotavo, sb`ho qub os eotorbs `îo kprbsb`tke euhk`éks rbcktavks k nkrkntbråstanks bxtbr`ks, eks sae æs bspbnankéòbs hb gu`nao`keb`to. Ko `kc hos sbus bstuhos, `bstb nkpåtuco, vonä tbrë hbsb`vocvaho nkpknahkhbs tán`anks qub cmb pbreatarîo4 k) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks, gu`éòbs, posanao`keb`to b gu`nao`keb`to hos hagbrb`tbs noepo`b`tbs qub no`statube o eotor b sbus sastbeks noeo rbquasato pkrk k a`spbéîo vasukc hos ebseos< j) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks b goreks hb uso hos a`strueb`tos b bquapkeb`tos utacazkhos `k ebhaéîo hb irk`hbzks gåsanks hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< n) rbno`mbnbr os hagbrb`tbs tapos hb tbstbs hb saeuckéîo, suk gorek hb kpcankéîo b kvkcakéîo hb rbsuctkhos, tb`ho be vastk k vbrankéîo hb no`goreahkhb hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks.
:6
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
:.; NCK^^AGANKÉÎO HB EOXOZB^ Wonä skjak qub os eotorbs eovaeb`tke `ossks vahks, hb nkrros k nortkhorbs hb irkek, hb `kvaos k conoeotavks, bcbs trk`sgoreke o eu`ho b `os cbvke æ cuk. Irkéks ko kvk`éo hk tbn`ocoiak tbeos eotorbs ekas potb`tbs, noe eb`or pbso b ekas bno`øeanos. Irkéks k bssk bvocuéîo, o eotor tor`ou-sb ue irk`hb såejoco hk b`ib`mosahkhb muek`k. Më träs sánucos bssks eëqua`ks sîo k bxprbssîo hb`atavk hb `osso hbsbdo por bxnbcä`nak tbn`ocþiank, b ktrkvás hb euatks ibrkéòbs hb proirbssos nab`tånos bcks tavbrke ue progu`ho bgbato sojrb k gorek noeo vakdkeos b trkjkcmkeos. Goa jksbkho `bstb pb`skeb`to qub os eotorbs k vkpor sujstatuårke o nkvkco, eotorbs bcátranos b k iksoca`k sujstatuårke o eotor k vkpor< hbstk gorek, o eotor k dkto b o goiubtb cbvkrke bss bssk k tbn`ocoiak k ue `åvbc ekas kcto. Bssk ekrnmk ktrkvás hos sánucos noebéou quk`ho o eotor k vkpor hbu a`ånao æ rbvocuéîo a`hustrakc, poas bcb cajbrtou k muek`ahkhb hb go`tbs praeëraks hb b`briak noeo, o vb`to, k ëiuk b k trkéîo k`aekc. Os eotorbs k vkpor eovaeb`tkvke eëqua`ks, trb`s, `kvaos, trktorbs b kutoeþvbas. Eks, o eotor k vkpor á noask ho pksskho b bcbs hbaxkrke hb sbr gkjrankhos hbshb os k`os ;126, hk`ho bspkéo æs `ovks tbn`ocoiaks hb eotorbs, noeo o eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k b o eotor bcátrano. Vkrk qub vonä b`tb`hk o gu`nao`keb`to hos eotorbs á aeportk`tb hbstknkr qub k propucsîo, k naca`hrkhk b tkxk hb noeprbssîo gkzbe k hagbrb`ék `k no`struéîo hb ue eotor. Ojsbrvb `k iurk k sbiuar ks pkrtbs qub o no`statube.
Xkepk hb vëcvucks Nkjbéotb Wëcvucks Jcono ho eotor Äejoco
Jabcks Ërvorb hb ek`avbcks
Nërtbr
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk ; - Krquatbturk ho eotor Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
: MA^XÞZAK HO EOXOZ HB NANCO OXXO
:;
:.;.; EË[RA@K K WKVOZ Më sánucos o moebe vbe sb hbpkrk`ho noe projcbeks hb trk`sportb, projcbeks bstbs qub `îo sb b`no`trkvke bejkaxo ho nkpø, poas o trk`sportb `îo brk rbkcazkho noe vbånucos noeo os hb modb, eks por ebao hb vbånucos eovahos k trkéîo k`aekc. R`s hos bxpbraeb`tos goa k gkjrankéîo hb ue vbånuco qub hbpb`hbssb hb suk prþprak eojacahkhb. Be ;971, o b`ib`mbaro Grk`näs @anmocks Dosbpm Nui`ot no`struau o praebaro vbånuco noe sbu prþprao ebao hb propucsîo k vkpor. Noe o suriaeb`to hk eëqua`k k vkpor, euatos hbssbs projcbeks hbskpkrbnbrke, eks o projcbek hb eojacahkhb qub kpkrb`tbeb`tb mkvak saho rbsocvaho hbu a`anaou k uek `ovk brk, k brk hk bvocuéîo tbn`ocþiank, poas ks eëqua`ks k vkpor kcáe hb kcnk`ékr jkaxk kuto`oeak brke euato pbskhks b kprbsb`tkvke euatk ek`utb`éîo (WABAZK, :66=). O noejuståvbc utacazkho pkrk eovaeb`tkr ue vbånuco k vkpor brk k cb`mk ou o nkrvîo, poas o nkcor ibrkho be uek nkchbark kqubnak k ëiuk ktá o po`to hb cajbrkr vkpor. Bssb vkpor be uek nêekrk gbnmkhk kueb`tkvk suk prbssîo nkusk`ho o eovaeb`to ho äejoco b, no`sbqub`tbeb`tb, o eovaeb`to hks rohks, no`goreb pohb sbr vasto `k iurk k sbiuar (EBZNBHB^-JB@T, ;11>).
Äejoco Xujuckéîo
Nkchbark
Gor`kcmk
Zohk eotraz
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk : - Eotor k vkpor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
NRZAO^AHKHB^
Xmoeks @bwnoeb` @ bwnoeb` goa no`sahbrkh no` sahbrkho o o –pka hk propucsîo― pro pucsîo―,, poas hbsb`voc hbsb`vocvbu vbu o praebaro eotor prëtano k vkpor, pbék aeportk`tåssaek hk rbvocuéîo a`hustrakc.
::
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Noe k hbnkhä`nak hks eëqua`ks æ vkpor b o suriaeb`to hos eotorbs hb noejustîo a`tbr`k, gkjranou-sb o praebaro kutoeþvbc k iksoca`k, no`struåho be ;==2, `k Kcbek`mk, por Nkrc Jb`z qub krquatbtou o eotor hb quktro tbepos b khkptou-o k ue trananco. Eks, ue eotor hb quktro tbepos dë mkvak saho no`struåho b utacazkho noe sunbsso, be ;=97, por outro kcbeîo, o b`ib`mbaro Kuiust @alockus Otto, qub jksbou sbus trkjkcmos `os pra`nåpaos gåsanos pktb`tbkhos pbco grk`näs Jbku hb Zonmks (WABAZK, :66=).
:.;.: XZAÊ@IRCO HO GOIO O traê`iuco ho goio goa k pra`napkc caikéîo quåeank pkrk o kno`tbnaeb`to hk noejustîo. Os bcbeb`tos qub o noepòb, be proporéòbs khbqukhks, gkzbe noe qub o eotor no`saik ojtbr o rb`haeb`to r b`haeb`to `bnbssërao pkrk kprovbatkr toho o noejuståvbc a`dbtkho `k nêekrk hb noejustîo. Bssb kprovbatkeb`to propornao`k ko eotor ebcmor kuto`oeak b eb`os pocuaéîo ho ebao kejab`tb. Os träs bcbeb`tos pra`napkas ho traê`iuco hb goio pkrk o gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor sîo kr, noejuståvbc b ai`aéîo.
r o c k N
O x a i ä ` a o ( k r )
Goio ) 2
Noejuståvbc
; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk > - Xraê`iuco ho nanco hb goio Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
:.;.> @OÉÒB^ HB GÅ^ANK ^biu`ho ^B@KA/^V (:66;, p. >=), –ks nurvks hb torqub b potä`nak bstîo b`trb os hkhos ekas aeportk`tbs hb ue eotor. Votä`nak á o trkjkcmo rbkcazkho (gorék euctapcankhk pbck hastê`nak hb hbsconkeb`to) hb`tro hb ue pbråoho hb tbepo―, ou sbdk, Votä`nak 5 trkjkcmo/tbepo.
: MA^XÞZAK HO EOXOZ HB NANCO OXXO
:>
Ktá ;1=2, k potä`nak brk no`mbnahk noeo nkvkcos-vkpor, rbprbsb`tkhk pbco såejoco nv, ou morsb-powbr , qub be a`icäs á rbprbsb`tkho pbco såejoco hb mp. Nkjb skcab`tkr qub ; nv `îo á bquavkcb`tb æ ; mp b qub kciueks jajcaoirkks ka`hk bxprbsske k potä`nak be wktt (Y). Hbssk gorek, ojsbrvb kjkaxo k noepkrkéîo b`trb ks träs u`ahkhbs ekas utacazkhks pkrk bxprbsskr potä`nak4 ; mp 5 ;,6;>= nv 5 982,9 Y ; nv 5 6,1=7> mp 5 9>2,2 Y
O torqub ho eotor rbprbsb`tk k gorék qub gkz iarkr k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. Á rbprbsb`tkho por @.e, qub á nkcnuckho no`goreb k gþreuck k sbiuar.
X5Gxh X 5 Xorqub G 5 Gorék h 5 Hastê`nak
Kr
Nkcor
EOXOZ Xrkjkcmo Xrkj kcmo Noejuståvbc
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk 8 - Xorqub hb eotor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
O torqub á rbprbsb`tkho pbck kpcankéîo hk gorék sojrb o po`to hb kpoao. [uk`ho onorrb uek kctbrkéîo `k a`tb`sahkhb hk gorék ou `k haeb`sîo hk kckvk`nk, o rbsuctkho sb kctbrk tkejáe. Asso kno`tbnb porqub os gkjrank`tbs hbsb`vocvbe eotorbs ekas eohbr`os qub kcnk`éke ekaor torqub ebseo bstk`ho be jkaxk rotkéîo (EKZK@, :6;>).
:8
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Nanco Otto
;=6´
;´ tbep tbepo o khea kheass ssîo îo
;=6´
;=6´
:´ tbep tbepo o noep noeprb rbss ssîo îo
;=6´
>´ tbep tbepo o noej noejus ustî tîo o
8´ tb tbep epo o bsnk bsnkpb pb
) 2 ; 6 : ( ` o b C a v k H
Gaiurk 2 - [uktro tbepos ho eotor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
:.;.8 NACA@HZKHK
Naca`hrkhk bstë rbcknao`khk ko hbsconkeb`to ho äejoco ho VE^ (Vo`to Eorto ^upbraor) pkrk o VEA (Vo`to Eorto A`gbraor)< asso sai`ank qub, quk`ho o äejoco sb hbsconk ho po`to eorto supbraor pkrk o po`to eorto a`gbraor, kjrb-sb ue bspkéo hb`tro ho naca`hro qub á o`hb k easturk kr noejuståvbc sb kcodkrë. Vkrk skjbr bxktkeb`tb noeo á gbatk k cbaturk hb naca`hrkhk, jkstk rbcknao`kr o haêebtro b o nurso ho pastîo.
Vo`to Eorto ^upbraor á o ^ po`to ekas kcto hb Ehbsconkeb`to ho pastîo, V á o eoeb`to be qub bcb sb prbpkrk pkrk hbsnbr.
A`gbraor po`to Eorto ekas jkaxo hb á o A Vo`to Ehbsconkeb`to ho pastîo, á V o eoeb`to be qub bcb sb prbpkrk pkrk sujar.
m
Nurso ho pastîo á k hastê`nak qub o pastîo pbrnorrb quk`ho sb hbsconk hb ue po`to pkrk outro (VE^ ko VEA) ou vanb-vbrsk.
h
Haêebtro ho naca`hro ho eotor.
VE^ h
m
VEA
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk 7 - Wocueb ho naca`hro Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
: MA^XÞZAK HO EOXOZ HB NANCO OXXO
:2
[uk`ho sb gkck be vocueb pbco hbsconkeb`to ho äejoco, hbvb var æ eb`tb o `oeb naca`hrkhk, b pkrk skjbr qukc k naca`hrkhk totkc hb ue eotor, jkstk euctapcankr o vocueb totkc hb ue naca`hro pbco `ôebro totkc hb naca`hros hb ue eotor (JZR@BXXA, :6;:). Eks, pkrk vonä b`tb`hbr ebcmor, bxastbe gþreucks qub sbrvbe pkrk nkcnuckr o vocueb ho naca`hro, vbdk noeo utacazkr k gþreuck noe hkhos tán`anos hb ue eotor hb :.6 catros ou :666nn hotkho hb 8 naca`hros. Haêebtro
=6,2 ee
Nurso
=2,= ee
Nanco „ Xbepos
OXXO - 8
Xkxk hb noeprbss bssîo
;;,:4 ,:4; » 6,; ,;22
φ
>,;8;7
Gþreuck4
W
Hº m 8
φ ⋂ 5
⋂
W 5 Wocueb φ 5 Rek no`stk`tb hk ektbeëtank >,;8;7 H 5 Haêebtro ho naca`hro m 5 Nurso ho pastîo
W
>,;8;7 (=,2)º =, 2= 8=7,=9> ne¾ 8 ⋂
5
⋂
5
Hbssk gorek, o vkcor b`no`trkho hb 8=7,=9>ne¾ á rbgbrb`tb k nkhk naca`hro, pkrk skjbr o vocueb totkc, jkstk euctapcankr bstb pbco `ôebro hb naca`hros ho eotor, `bstb nkso 8, b qub rbsuctkrë be ;189,81: ne¾. ^kcab`tk-sb, ka`hk, qub be suk irk`hb ekaorak, o nëcnuco hk naca`hrkhk á krrbho`hkho pkrk naek. ^b`ho kssae, ue eotor hb ;189,81:ne¾ sbrë hb`aho noeo ue eotor hb :666ne¾ ou :666nn.
:7
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Vo`to Eorto ^upbraor á o
^ po`to ekas kcto hb Ehbsconkeb`to ho pastîo, V á o eoeb`to be qub bcb sb prbpkrk pkrk hbsnbr.
VE^
W:
Vo`to Eorto A`gbraor á o po`to ekas jkaxo hb A Ehbsconkeb`to ho pastîo, á V o eoeb`to be qub bcb sb prbpkrk pkrk sujar.
W; m H
m
Nurso ho pastîo á k hastê`nak qub o pastîo pbrnorrb quk`ho sb hbsconk hb ue po`to pkrk outro (VE^ ko VEA) ou vanb-vbrsk.
Wocueb eorto ou vocueb hk nêekrk hb noejustîo : W á o vocueb onupkho pbcos iksbs quk`ho o pastîo bstë `o VE^.
h
Haêebtro ho naca`hro ho eotor.
Wocueb totkc á o vocueb ; onupkho pbcos iksbs W quk`ho o pastîo bstë `o VEA.
VEA
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
h Gaiurk 9 - Vkrtbs hb noeprbssîo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
^KAJK EKA^
Vkrk no`mbnbr ekas sojrb o kssu`to, pbsquasb `k pëia`k :> ho Ek`ukc ho Kutoeþvbc hb Ek`ubc Kraks-Vkz, Kraks-Vkz, Bhatork Mbeus, :6;;.
:.;.2 XK]K HB NOEVZB^^ÎO Á o bspkéo cavrb hbaxkho pbco pastîo quk`ho o ebseo sb b`no`trk be VE^. Bssb bspkéo pohb bstkr conkcazkho `k pkrtb a`gbraor ho nkjbéotb ou ktá ebseo be rbjkaxos conkcazkho `k pkrtb supbraor ho pastîo. [uk`ho o pastîo sb hbsconk pkrk o VE^ kno`tbnb k noeprbssîo hk easturk kr/noejuståvbc, eoeb`to be qub onorrb k bcbvkéîo hb suk tbepbrkturk pkrk qub o eotor tb`mk ue joe rb`haeb`to.
Vo`to Eorto A`gbraor á o ekas kcto hb A po`to hbsconkeb`to ho pastîo, Eá o eoeb`to be qub bcb sb hbsnbr.. V prbpkrk pkrk hbsnbr
Wocueb eorto ou vocueb hb noejustîo : hkonêekrk vocueb onupkho pbcos W áiksbs quk`ho o pastîo bstë `o VE^.
W; + W:
Wocueb totkc á o vocueb
; onupkho pbcos iksbs
VEA
) 2 ;
o pastîo bstë `o VEA. W quk`ho
6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk = - Wocueb hb noeprbssîo hb naca`hro Go`tb4 Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
: MA^XÞZAK HO EOXOZ HB NANCO OXXO
:9
Vo`to Eor to ^upbraor á o
^ po`to ekas kcto hb Ehbsconkeb`to ho pastîo, V á o eoeb`to be qub bcb sb
VE^
prbpkrk pkrk hbsnbr.
W: Wocueb eorto ou vocueb : hk nêekrk hb noejustîo W á o vocueb onupkho pbcos iksbs quk`ho o pastîo bstë `o VE^.
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk 1 - Wocueb hb noeprbssîo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
Bssk noeprbssîo á uek rbckéîo; ektbeëtank qub a`hank quk`tks vbzbs k easturk kr/noejuståvbc á ksparkhk pkrk hb`tro hos naca`hros pbco pastîo, b be sbiuahk á noepraeahk hb`tro hk nêekrk hb noejustîo k`tbs qub sb a`anab o pronbsso hb qubaek. ^b`ho kssae, ue eotor hb ue vbånuco noe k bspbnankéîo hb tkxk hb noeprbssîo hb =4;, por bxbepco, a`hank qub o vocueb ksparkho pkrk hb`tro ho naca`hro goa noepraeaho oato vbzbs k`tbs qub k nb`tbcmk hk vbck a`anab k noejustîo.
Cbib`hk hk iurk4 W;4 Wocueb totkc á o vocueb onupkho pbcos iksbs quk`ho o pastîo bstë `o VEA.
W;
; : > 8 2 7 9 =
W:
W:4 Wocueb eorto ou vocueb hk nêekrk hb noejustîo áo vocueb onupkho pbcos iksbs quk`ho o pastîo bstë `o VE^.
) 2 ; 6 : ( ` o b C a v k H
Gaiurk ;6 - Xkxk hb noeprbssîo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
O vocueb qub onupk o bspkéo `k nêekrk hb noejustîo á o qub hbtbrea`k k tkxk hb noeprbssîo. [uk`to ekaor o vocueb onupkho pbcos iksbs, eb`or á k tkxk hb noeprbssîo. [uk`to eb`or á o vocueb onupkho pbcos iksbs, ekaor á k tkxk hb noeprbssîo.
easturk kr/noejuståvbc quk`ho quk`ho bstë sb`ho prbssao`kho prbssao`kho hb`tro ho naca`hro. ; Nëcnuco qub hb`b o rbsuctkho hk easturk
:=
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
^biu`ho Nmoccbt (;1=;), á euato aeportk`tb no`sahbrkr k gorek b o vocueb hk nêekrk hb noejustîo. K gorek hbvb pbreatar uek a`kekéîo rëpahk, eks proirbssavk hos iksbs. Vkrk asso, á `bnbssërao qub bck sb kproxaeb hk bsgbrk qub ogbrbnb o eå`aeo hb haspbrsîo hb nkcor.
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk ;; - Gorek hk nêekrk hb noejustîo Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Vkrk no`sahbrkr qub ue eotor tb`mk o rb`haeb`to bspbrkho `îo á sunab`tb no`sahbrkr k tkxk hb noeprbssîo, më outros noepo`b`tbs qub b`vocvbe o eotor bssb`nakas pkrk suk bnaä`nak, noeo4 posaéîo hks vëcvucks, hbsb`mos hos hutos hb kheassîo b o noejuståvbc utacazkho. Xohos os noejuståvbas, por tbrbe suk noeposaéîo quåeank prbpkrkhk pkrk ktb`hbr k uek bnaä`nak táreank, prbnaske sbr utacazkhos be eotorbs nudk tkxk hb noeprbssîo sbdk k ahbkc pkrk k qubaek totkc ho noejuståvbc. K iksoca`k por sbr ue noejuståvbc hbravkho ho pbtrþcbo possua uek easturk nudk quåeank á gorekhk por vëraos tapos hb mahronkrjo`btos b ontk`os, qub á o pra`napkc bcbeb`to hb rbsastä`nak ho noejuståvbc æ kutoai`aéîo.
GA[RB KCBZXK
K kutoai`aéîo á euato prbduhanakc ko gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor, gkzb`ho noe qub o ebseo pbrnk potä`nak b norrk o rasno hb ue supbrkqubnaeb`to ka`hk ekaor. Bck pohb cbvkr æ hbstruaéîo hk nêekrk hb noejustîo b, be nksos bxtrbeos, guros `k pkrtb supbraor hos pastòbs.
: MA^XÞZAK HO EOXOZ HB NANCO OXXO
:1
Dë o ëcnooc noejuståvbc, qub á utacazkho `os eotorbs, pohb sbr tk`to ëcnooc k`ahro noeo o ëcnooc btåcano mahrktkho. ^b`ho qub o ëcnooc k`ahro á utacazkho `k easturk noe k iksoca`k pkrk kueb`tkr suk ontk`kibe (rbsastä`nak æ kutoai`aéîo)< dë o ëcnooc btåcano: mahrktkho, por tbr be suk noeposaéîo ue tbor hb ëiuk, hanuctk suk easturk noe k iksoca`k (NMOCCBX, ;1=;). O vocueb hk nêekrk hb bxpcosîo, qub vonä pohb vasukcazkr `k iurk k sbiuar, be noepkrkéîo noe o vocueb totkc ho naca`hro hbtbrea`k k tkxk hb noeprbssîo ho eotor.
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk ;: - Wocueb hk nêekrk hb noejustîo Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Bssk tkxk hb noeprbssîo pohb sbr nkcnuckhk hk sbiua`tb gorek4
Xx 5
W;+ W : : Wocueb hk Nêekrk hb Noejustîo
O`hb Xx hbsai`k k tkxk hb noeprbssîo, v: o vocueb hk nêekrk hb bxpcosîo b W; o vocueb ho naca`hro. Bxbepco4 K tkxk hb noeprbssîo hb ue eotor nudo haêebtro a`tbr`o ho naca`hro ebhb =6,2 ee, o nurso ho pastîo =2,=ee b o vocueb hk nêekrk hb noejustîo 89,9 ne¾
: [ub no`táe o rkhankc btack (haz-sb hb hb ëcnooc b átbr).
>6
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
O`hb4 W; 5 Wocueb ho naca`hro φ 5 >,;8;7 H 5 =6,2ee m 5 =2,=ee W: 5 89,9 @ 5 @ôebro hb naca`hros
W;
>,;8;7 . (=,2): 5
8
Xx
⋂
=,2= 5 8=7,=9> ne>
8=7,=9> + 89,9 5
89,9
5 ;;,:6
NK^O^ B ZBCKXO^
Vurk tán`ank
Cuaz Nkrcos á kcu`o ho nurso tán`ano be ek`utb`éîo kutoeotavk b goa trkjkcmkr noeo bstkiaërao be uek ona`k bspbnakcazkhk be prbpkrkéîo hb vbånucos. Ko a`anakr sbu trkjkcmo, pbrnbjbu qub ks tán`anks utacazkhks pkrk prbpkrkéîo `îo kprbsb`tkvke os rbsuctkhos bspbrkhos, poas k beprbsk trkjkcmkvk noe rbnbatks dë hbsb`vocvahks b k bxpbraä`nak hb trkjkcmo. Goa quk`ho Cuaz Nkrcos noebéou k rbkcazkr os tbstbs noe ks tán`anks kprb`hahks be sbu nurso tán`ano. O nuraoso á qub os ebnê`anos `îo no`mbnake ks gþreucks qub pohbrake kduhkr `k prbpkrkéîo ho eotor. K pkrtar hbssb hak, o trkjkcmo hb Cuaz Nkrcos pkssou k sbr kuxacakr o rbspo`sëvbc por rbkcazkr tohos os tbstbs gåsanos qub eostrkssbe os hkhos oraia`kas ho eotor b noeo nkrak hbpoas qub o eotor bstavbssb eo`tkho. Goa kssae, kpcank`ho `k prëtank ks gþreucks hb vocueb hb naca`hro, vocueb hk nêekrk hb noejustîo b rbjkaxkeb`to hb nkjbéotb, qub Cuaz Nkrcos no`trajuau pkrk k ebcmorkr k qukcahkhb ho trkjkcmo rbkcazkho `k ona`k be qub trkjkcmkvk.
: MA^XÞZAK HO EOXOZ HB NANCO OXXO
ZBNKVAXRCK@HO
@bssb nkpåtuco, vonä bstuhou k aeportê`nak hk bvocuéîo hk tbn`ocoiak, b pbrnbjbu qub, irkéks k bck, os eotorbs gkjrankhos ktukceb`tb sîo ekas cbvbs b bno`øeanos. Wonä vau, ka`hk, qub tohk bssk mastþrak a`anaou noe o suriaeb`to hk eëqua`k k vkpor, qub brk utacazkhk be trb`s, `kvaos, trktorbs b kutoeþvbas. B qub o praebaro kutoeþvbc k iksoca`k goa no`struåho be ;==2, `k Kcbek`mk, por Nkrc Jb`z, qub o khkptou k ue trananco. Bssb eotor dë mkvak saho no`struåho b utacazkho noe sunbsso be ;=97, pbco kcbeîo @alockus Otto. Wonä tkejáe kprb`hbu qub o no`trocb haeb`sao`kc á aeportk`tb pkrk o gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor, por asso vonä bstuhou sojrb hbsb`mo ebnê`ano, noeprbb`hb`ho o sb`taho hks u`ahkhbs hb ebhahks b rbgorék`ho k aeportê`nak hk utacazkéîo hos bquapkeb`tos hb ebtrocoiak.
>;
No`trocb Haeb`sao`kc
>
Wonä skjb o qub á no`trocb haeb`sao`kc? Wbdk `k sbquä`nak. ^biu`ho Eottk (:6;6, p. ;7), –k ebtrocoiak á ue hos kssu`tos ekas aeportk`tbs hk ërbk hb ebnê`ank kutoeotavk, vasto qub qukcqubr pronbsso hb rbeoéîo hb ektbrakc `îo ikrk`tb qub tohks ks pbéks sbdke gkjrankhks noe bxktahîo hb`tro hb suk haeb`sîo―. Vkrk asso, á `bnbssërao qub k suk irk`hbzk sbdk ebhahk hb`tro hb pkhròbs hb tocbrê`nak. Bxastbe a`strueb`tos hb havbrsos tapos pkrk nkhk satukéîo b pkrk nkhk irk`hbzk. K bsnocmk nbrtk hb ue a`strueb`to hbpb`hb hb no`mbnbr jbe ks haeb`sòbs h aeb`sòbs hk pbék b hos prþpraos a`strua`st rueb`tos. Ks tán`anks hb utacazkéîo qub a`ub`nake `k ebhahk tkejáe hbvbe sbr no`sahbrkhks. Re tán`ano be ebnê`ank kutoeotavk hbvb no`mbnbr b tbr mkjacahkhb `k utacazkéîo hos a`strueb`tos< por asso, vonä bstuhkrë os pra`napkas a`strueb`tos b suk utacazkéîo, noe bxbrnånaos prëtanos hb cbaturk hb ebhahks. K`kc, pkrk hbsb`vocvbr no`mbnaeb`to b mkjacahkhbs sojrb os a`strueb`tos hb ebhaéîo, á `bnbssërao prktankr be havbrsks satukéòbs, noe vkrakhos a`strueb`tos b irk`hbzks. Ko `kcazkr sbus bstuhos `bstb nkpåtuco, vonä bstkrë kpto k4 k) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hks gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs< j) rbno`mbnbr os hagbrb`tbs tapos hb bquapkeb`tos hb protbéîo a`havahukc (BVAs) kpcanëvbas æ rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks, kssae noeo suks `kcahkhbs, no`haéòbs hb uso (no`sbrvkéîo) b orab`tkéòbs ho gkjrank`tb< g kjrank`tb< n) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks b goreks hb uso hos a`strueb`tos b bquapkeb`tos utacazkhos `k ebhaéîo hb irk`hbzks gåsanks hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< h) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos a`hankhos pkrk o pronbsso hb a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< b) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hb gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs.
>8
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
>.; ^A^XBEK EÁXZANO HBNAEKC Havbrsks u`ahkhbs hb ebhahks suriarke noe o pksskr ho tbepo, noeo k dkrhk, pá, cáiuk, jrkék, pkcek, pocbikhk, ebtro, btn. Kciueks gorke pkhro`azkhks b outrks kjk`ho`khks. O sastbek eátrano grk`näs b k pocbikhk a`icbsk gorke os qub prbhoea`krke, bejork k pocbikhk bstbdk be hbsuso be vëraos pkåsbs. No`mbék bssks ebhahks por ebao ho qukhro k sbiuar. R @A H K H B
R@ A HK HB B [ R A WK C B@ X B B E E BX Z O ^
; Dkrhk
6,1;88 e
; Vá
6,>68= e
; Cáiuk
7.766 e
; Jrkék
:,: e
; Vkceo
6,:: e
; Vocbikhk
6,6:28 e [ukhro ; - R`ahkhbs hb ebhahk Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
O ebtro (e) á k u`ahkhb hb ebhahk ekas utacazkhk `o Jrksac. J rksac. ^biu`ho A@EBXZO (:6;>, p.:)4 O [ukhro Ibrkc hb R`ahkhbs ([IR), pkrk uso `o Vkås, jksbak-sb `k ;ª Bhaéîo Jrksacbark, bckjorkhk pbco A`ebtro `o k`o hb :6;:, hk trkhuéîo kutorazkhk hk =ª Bhaéîo ho ^astbek A`tbr`knao`kc hb R`ahkhbs (^A), pujcankho pbco Jurbku A`tbr`knao`kc hb Vbsos b Ebhahks (JAVE) be :667 b noeprbb`hb4 ;. ^btb u`ahkhbs hb jksb ho ^A< \...U. O ebtro (e) bstë b`trb ks sbtb u`ahkhbs hb jksb ho ^A b á hb`ahk pbco ^astbek A`tbr`knao`kc hb Ebhahks hb R`ahkhbs noeo u`ahkhb pkhrîo pkrk noepraeb`to. Bcb tbe euatos eôctapcos b sujeôctapcos. No`mbék-os k sbiuar.
>.;.; EÔCXAVCO^ B ^RJEÔCXAVCO^ HO EBXZO Be rbckéîo æ ebhahk, hbvb-sb skcab`tkr qub –quk`ho uek ebhahk á eb`or qub o eacåebtro, os kcikraseos kpþs k våriuck sîo cahos hk sbiua`tb ek`bark4 =,:>1 ee „ oato eacåebtros, huzb`tos b tra`tk b `ovb eacásaeos― (GAKX KRXOEÞWBA^, :66=, p. 67). R @ A H K HB
^Å EJ OCO
WK C O Z B^ B E E B X ZO
[uacøebtro
le
;.666
Mbntøebtro
me
;66
Hbnêebtro
hke
;6
Ebtro
e
;
Hbnåebtro
he
6,;
Nb`tåebtro
ne
6,6;
Eacåebtro Eacåebtr o
ee
6,66;
[ukhro : - Eôctapcos b sujeôctapcos ho ebtro
Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
> NO@XZOCB HAEB@^AO@KC
>2
[uk`ho ue ebseo opbrkhor, utacazk`ho k ebsek eëqua`k, pronbhb uek ebhaéîo, pohb-sb vbrankr qub onorrbe caibarks vkrakéòbs hb cbaturk ibrk`ho a`nbrtbzks hb vkcor no`stk`tb. Bssk a`nbrtbzk no`sastb be ue a`tbrvkco caeatkho pbcos vkcorbs –ekxa b ea`a― qub pohbe sbr cahos `o kpkrbcmo qub ebhb uek irk`hbzk rbkc b no`stk`tb. Wkcor –ekxa― á o ekaor vkcor b`no`trkho pkrk uek ebhahk be ue hbtbrea`kho `ôebro hb cbaturks. Wkcor –ea`a― á o eb`or vkcor b`no`trkho be ue hbtbrea`kho `ôebro hb cbaturks. Vkrk gkzbr ebhaéòbs `k ërbk ebnê`ank, utacazk-sb euato o pkquåebtro. No`mbék-o k sbiuar.
>.: VK[RÅEBXZO O pkquåebtro á o a`strueb`to ekas utacazkho `k ebnê`ank pbco gkto hb bxbnutkr ebhaéòbs ca`bkrbs bxtbr`ks, a`tbr`ks b hb progu`hahkhb hk pbék. Bcb no`táe uek bsnkck kuxacakr nmkekhk hb `ø`ao ou vbr`abr, qub pbreatb k cbaturk hb grkéòbs hk eb`or havasîo hk bsnkck xk. Më hagbrb`tbs tapos hb pkquåebtro qub sb hasta`iube pbck rbsocuéîo, haeb`sòbs b gorek hos janos. O ektbrakc beprbikho `k no`struéîo hb pkquåebtros á o kéo (GAKX KRXOEÞWBA^, :66=). ;
8
:
6
6
;6
8
2
>
7
7
:
>
:6
>6
;
:
86
>
8
8
26
2
7
76
9
=
8
96
=6
16
;66
; ;; ;6
2
;:6
7
;> ;>6
;86
; ;2 26
1 ;6
;8 ;>
;; ;: 9
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
;6
=
1
Gaiurk ;> - Vkrtbs ho pkquåebtro Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
Be ue pkquåebtro b`no`trk-sb os noepo`b`tbs castkhos k sbiuar, qub vonä pohb vasukcazkr `k iurk k`tbraor4 ;. Orbcmk xk :. Orbcmk eþvbc >. @ø`ao ou vbr`abr (pocbikhk) 8. Vkrkguso b trkvk 2. Nursor 7. Bsnkck xk
>7
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
9. Jano xo =. B`nosto xo 1. B`nosto eþvbc ;6. Jano eþvbc ;;. @ø`ao ou vbr`abr (eacåebtro) (eacåebtro) ;:. Aepucsor ;>. Bsnkck xk hb eacåebtros ;8. Mkstb hb progu`hahkhb Kciu`s nuahkhos sîo aeportk`tbs hurk`tb k utacazkéîo ho bquapkeb`to pkrk rbkcazkr uek cbaturk. Ojsbrvb ks iurks kprbsb`tkhks k sbiuar b pbrnbjk qub nbrtos pronbhaeb`tos pohbe a`ub`nakr `ks ebhaéòbs, kprbsb`tk`ho uek ebhahk hagbrb`tb hk bspbrkhk.
Bxtbr`ks
Brrkho
Nbrto
A`tbr`ks
Brrkho
Nbrto
Brrkho
Vrogu`hahkhb
Brrkho
Nbrto
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk ;8 - Rtacazkéîo ho pkquåebtro Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (;119)
Wkcb hbstknkr ka`hk outros nuahkhos pkrk k no`sbrvkéîo ho pkquåebtro4 k) ek`bdkr o pkquåebtro sbeprb noe toho nuahkho, bvatk`ho nmoqubs< j) `îo hbaxë-co be no`tkto noe outrks gbrrkeb`tks, uek vbz qub asso pohb nkuskr hk`os ko a`strueb`to< a`strueb`to<
> NO@XZOCB HAEB@^AO@KC
>9
n) bvatkr krrk`mkhurks ou b`tkcmbs, poas asso prbduhank k irkhukéîo< h) ko rbkcazkr k ebhaéîo, `îo prbssao`kr o nursor kcáe ho `bnbssërao< b) kpþs k utacazkéîo, caepkr o pkquåebtro b iukrhë-co be conkc kproprakho.
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk ;2 - No`sbrvkéîo ho pkquåebtr pkquåebtro o Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Ko gkzbr uek cbaturk noe o pkquåebtro, huks satukéòbs pohbe onorrbr4 @k praebark, o trkéo zbro ho nursor noa`nahb noe ue trkéo hk bsnkck< `bstb nkso, o vkcor hk ebhahk á hkho be `ôebros a`tbaros. Wbdk `k iurk.
6,62 ee
6
;
:
>
8
2
6 ; : > 8 2 7 9 = 1 ;6
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
2,66 Gaiurk ;7 - Cbaturk ho pkquåebtro Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
>=
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
@k sbiu`hk, o zbro ho nursor b`no`trk-sb b`trb hoas trkéos hk bsnkck pra`napkc, sb`ho qub k cbaturk hk ebhahk pkssk k sbr qubjrkhk, noeo vonä pohb vbr `k iurk.
6,62 ee
6
;
:
>
8
2
6 ; : > 8 2 7 9 = 1 ;6
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
2,26 Gaiurk ;9 - Cbaturk ho pkquåebtro Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
Outro gktor aeportk`tb k sbr noeprbb`haho quk`to ko pkrquåebtro á k suk rbsocuéîo. ^biu`ho Eottk (:6;6), –k rbsocuéîo á k eb`or ebhahk qub o a`strueb`to pohb ogbrbnbr, ou sbdk, ; ee havahaho pbco `ôebro hb havasòbs `o `ø`ao. Vkrk b`no`trkr k rbsocuéîo ho pkquåebtro, hbvb-sb vbrankr `o `ø`ao k quk`tahkhb hb havasòbs―. Ojsbrvb ks iurks.
6
;
:
>
8
6 ; : > 8 2 7 9 = 1 ;6
2 6,62
) 2 ; 6 : (
6,66 Gaiurk ;= - Vkquåebtro noe rbsocuéîo hb 6,62 ee Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
l n b c G k ` K
> NO@XZOCB HAEB@^AO@KC
Zbsocuéîo4
; ee
:6 havasòbs 5 26
6,62 ee
@otk4 asso sai`ank qub bstb a`strueb`to vkrak suk ebhahk be vkcorbs hb 6,62, no`goreb bxbepco4
6,62 ee
6
;
:
>
8
2 7
6 ; : > 8 2 7 9 = 1 ;6
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
;7,=2 Gaiurk ;1 - Cbaturk ho pkquåebtro Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
6,6: ee
6
;
6 ;
:
: >
8
> 2
7
8 9
=
6,66 Gaiurk :6 - Vkquåebtro noe rbsocuéîo 6,6: Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
2 1
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
>1
86
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Zbsocuéîo4
; ee 6,6: ee
6,6: ee
6
5 :6 26 havasòbs
;
:
6 ;
:
> >
8 2
1,28
8 7
2 9 =
1
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk :; - Cbaturk ho pkquåebtro Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
GA[RB KCBZXK
O brro hb prbssîo hb ebhaéîo á oraia`kho pbco doio ho nursor, no`trockho por uek eock. Vohb onorrbr uek a`nca`kéîo ho nursor be rbckéîo æ ráiuk, o qub kctbrk k ebhahk.
No`mbék k sbiuar, o eanrøebtro.
>.> EANZØEBXZO O eanrøebtro á ue a`strueb`to hb haeb`sîo vkraëvbc qub pbreatb cbaturk harbtk noe kproxaekéîo hb ktá 6,66; ee.
> NO@XZOCB HAEB@^AO@KC
Gknbs hb Ebhaéîo
B`nosto eþvbc
8;
Xkejor Xke jor irkhukho
Jka`mk
Jktb`tb
Nktrknk Krno Bsnkck xk 6.6; ee 6-:2 ee ) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Xrkvk Asockeb`to táreano Gaiurk :: - Vkrtbs ho eanrøebtro Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
Vkrk b`tb`hbr os eanrøebtros b suk utacazkéîo á `bnbssërao no`mbnbr os tapos b tkek`mos utacazkhos `k ek`utb`éîo hb kutoeþvbc, sb`ho qub suk nkpknahkhb hb ebhahk vkrak hb 6 - :2, :2-26, 26-92, 92-;66, ;66-;:2 ee (GAKX KRXOEÞWBA^, :66=).
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk :> - Eohbcos hb eanrøebtros Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
>.>.; XAVO^ HB EANZØEBXZO^ Bxastbe tapo eanrøebtros pkrkbtn. havbrsos tapos hb ebhahks, bxtbr`ks, ebhahks a`tbr`ks, progu`hahkhb, pkquåebtro, Wbdk `ks iurks, k sbiuar,noeo tapos ebhahks hb eanrøebtros.
8:
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Eanrøebtro hb ebhahks bxtbr`ks
Eanrøebtro pkrk ebhaéòbs a`tbr`ks
Eanrøebtro tapo pkquåebtro
Eanrøebtro pkrk ebhaéòbs progu`hahkhb
Eanroebtro pkrk ebhar progu`hahkhb hb rosnk hb pkrkguso
) 2 ; 6 : (
o k J
Gaiurk :8 - Xapos hb eanrøebtro Go`tb4 ho Kutor (:6;2)
[uk`ho ks gknbs hb no`tkto ho eanrøebtro bstavbrbe be no`tkto ueks noe ks outrks, o zbro hk jka`mk hbvb noa`nahar noe o zbro ho tkejor, no`goreb eostrk k iurk k sbiuar.
6,66 (6) ;6
2
6 82 86
6-:2 ee
6.6; ee ) U ? 6 : \ ( r o t u k o H
Gaiurk :2 - Cbaturk ho eanrøebtro Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
Os sbiua`tbs nuahkhos bspbnakas sîo a`haspb`sëvbas ko ek`usbkr ue eanrøebtro4 k) iarkr cb`tkeb`tb o a`strueb`to, poas iarë-co vaocb`tkeb`tb pohb provonkr hbsikstb prbekturo< j) `îo hbaxkr o guso trkvkho, vasto qub asso pohb hk`ankr hk `ankr o eanrøebtro.
> NO@XZOCB HAEB@^AO@KC
8>
Vkrk rbkcazkr k cbaturk ho eanrøebtro nb`tbsaekc qub kprbsb`tk uek rbsocuéîo hb 6,6; ee á `bnbssërao sbiuar bssk orhbe4 ;´ - cbaturk hos eacåebtros a`tbaros `k bsnkck hk jka`mk< :´ - cbaturk hos ebao eacåebtros, tkejáe `k bsnkck hk jka`mk< >´ - cbaturk hos nb`tásaeos hb eacåebtro `k bsnkck ho tkejor. Wbraqub uek possajacahkhb `k iurk k sbiuar. ;9ee
6
6,>:ee
2 ;6 ;2
86 >2 >6 :2
6,2ee
;9,66ee 6,2 6,26ee 6ee + 6, 6,>:ee ;9.=:ee
bsnkck ho hos e ee eh hk k jk jka`mk bs bsnk nkck ck hos hos eba ebaos os ee hk jka`m ka`mk k bsnkck h ho os e ee eh hk k jk jka`m a`mk cbaturk tto otkc
) 7 ; 6 : ( z k V r u t r K
Gaiurk :7 - Bxbepco hb cbaturk hb eanrøebtro nb`tbsaekc Go`tb4 khkptkho hb ^acvk @bto (:6;:)
Kcáe ho eanrøebtro nb`tbsaekc, ka`hk bxastb o eanrøebtro eacbsaekc (rbsocuéîo 6,66; ee), qub rbkcazk k cbaturk hb gorek sbebcmk`tb ko eanrøebtro nb`tbsaekc. @o b`tk`to, më ekas ue pksso `o pronbsso hb cbaturk ho rbsuctkho. Ojsbrvb `k sbquä`nak4 ;´ - cbaturk hos eacåebtros a`tbaros `k bsnkck hk jka`mk (K)< :´ - cbaturk hos ebaos eacåebtros, tkejáe `k bsnkck hk jka`mk (J)< >´ - cbaturk hos nb`tásaeos hb eacåebtro `k bsnkck ho tkejor (N)< 8´ - cbaturk hos eacásaeos noe o kuxåcao ho `ø`ao hk jka`mk, vbrank`ho qukc hos trkéos ho `ø`ao noa`nahb noe o trkéo ho tkejor (H). Wbdk ue bxbepco `k iurk k sbiuar.
88
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
>6
@ø`ao 6 = 7
H
:2
8 : 6
:6 6
2
;6
;2
K
:6
;2 ;6
Bsnkck eacaeátrank
J 2
Cbaturk K 5 :6,666ee
6
N
c k k e c a k s n b s t B ` b n
J 5 6,266ee +
N 5 6,;;6ee H 5 6,66=ee
Xotkc Xotkc 5 :6,7;=ee
82
) 7 ; 6 : ( z k V r u t r
K
Gaiurk :9 - Cbaturk hb eanrøebtro eacbsaekc Go`tb4 khkptkho hb ^acvk @bto (:6;:)
^KAJK EKA^
Vkrk qub vonä possk kprogu`hkr sbu no`mbnaeb`to sojrb eanrøebtros, pbsquasb `o cavro ^B@KA. Hbpkrtkeb`to @knao`kc. Kdustkhor ebnê`ano. Eoh. ;/9 rbg. GAX.6:2.
K sbiuar vonä bstuhkrë o rbcþiao noepkrkhor.
>.8 ZBCÞIAO NOEVKZKHOZ O rbcþiao noepkrkhor á ue a`strueb`to hb ebhaéîo qub pbreatb4 ebhaéîo a`harbtk hb haeb`sòbs ca`bkrbs, kca`mkeb`to ou hbsconkeb`to k`iuckr hb uek supbrgånab, nb`trkcazkéîo ou hbsnb`trkcazkéîo (EOXXK, :6;6). No`mbék ks pkrtbs ho rbcþiao noepkrkhor por ebao hk iurk k sbiuar.
> NO@XZOCB HAEB@^AO@KC
Nkpk ho guso
82
Vkrkguso hb xkéîo ho kro
Caeatkhor hb tocbrê`nak
Kro
Vo`tbaro pra`napkc
Eostrkhor
Nk`mîo
No`tkhor hb voctks
) 8 ; 6 : ( s b h ` k ` r b G o i b a H
Guso Vo`tk hb no`tkto Gaiurk := - Vkrtbs ho rbcþiao noepkrkhor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
^biu`ho Eottk (:6;6, p. :7),
quk`ho k po`tk hb no`tkto sogrb prbssîo pkrk naek, o ebnk`aseo á knao`kho b gkz noe qub o po`tbaro irk`hb hk bsnkck pra`napkc sb hbscoqub `o sb`taho morërao. Ko ebseo tbepo, outro po`tbaro pbqub`o conkcazkho sojrb k bsnkck sbnu`hërak hb`oea`khk –no`–no`tkhor hb voctks― iark `o sb`taho k`ta-morërao, sb`ho qub pkrk nkhk voctk noepcbtk qub o po`tbaro irk`hb sb hbsconk sojrb k bsnkck pra`napkc aepcank qub o po`tbaro pbqub`o knusb uek u`ahkhb `k bsnkck sbnu`hërak, a`hank`ho uek voctk noepcbtk. Ojsbrvb k iurk pkrk noeprbb`hbr ebcmor.
6 ;6
16
6
=6
; 1 : = > 9 8 2 7
:6
=6 96
>6 76
;6
16
6
86
6 ; 1 : = > 9 8 2 7
:6
96
>6
26
76
86 26
6,6ee 9,9; ) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk :1 - Ebhahks noe o rbcþiao noepkrkhor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
87
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
NRZAO^AHKHB^
O rbcþiao noepkrkhor `îo tbe k nkpknahkhb hb ebhar o haêebtro a`tbr`o ou bxtbr`o hb uek pbék, soeb`tb hb noepkrkr supbrgånabs b ahb`tankr arrbiuckrahkhbs.
>.8.; EK@R^BAO
O rbcþiao noepkrkhor pohb sbr utacazkho hb havbrsks ek`barks, k ekas noeue á du`to hb uek jksb eki`átank, qub sbrvb pkrk xë-co be rbckéîo æ pbék k sbr ebhahk. ^oeb`tb kpþs k xkéîo ho rbcþiao r bcþiao á qub pohbeos noebékr k rbkcazkr k ebhaéîo.
) U ? 6 : \ ( r o t u k o H
Gaiurk >6 - Jksb eki`átank Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Wbdk k sbiuar noeo gkzbr k cbaturk ho rbcþiao noepkrkhor. @k iurk k`tbraor, ojsbrvb qub o po`tbaro pbqub`o pkrtau ho zbro, a`hank`ho qub ka`hk `îo mouvb uek prá-nkrik `k mkstb ho rbcþiao noepkrkhor, b hbsconou-sb be harbéîo ko oato. K`kcask`ho bssb hbsconkeb`to, pohb-sb pbrnbjbr qub o po`tbaro `îo kcnk`éou o =< kssae `îo sb no`sbiub hazbr noe prbnasîo > qukc á k cbaturk. Vor asso á `bnbssërao cbvkr be no`tk k cbaturk ho po`tbaro irk`hb. ^kjb-sb qub uek voctk noepcbtk norrbspo`hb k ;ee. @o b`tk`to, ojsbrvk`ho o hbsconkeb`to ho po`tbaro pbqub`o b`tb`hbssb qub o po`tbaro irk`hb noepcbtou sbtb voctks< coio, trktk-sb uek ebhahk ekaor qub 9ee b eb`or qub =ee. ^b no`tkr ks ekrnkéòbs qub o po`tbaro pbrnorrbu, ojsbrvk-sb qub gorke 9,9;, o qub norrbspo`hb k 9,9; nb`tásaeos hb eacåebtro, ou sbdk, 9,9;ee, b o hbsconkeb`to morërao ho po`tbaro a`hank qub bstk cbaturk á posatavk.
hb`aéîo ho vkcor, ho ho pbso ou hk ebhahk ebhahk hb kcio. > Bxktahîo< raior `o rbiastro b `k hb`aéîo
> NO@XZOCB HAEB@^AO@KC
6
6
=6
16;6
;6
16 ;
6
89
;1
1
: = > 9 8 2 7
:6
=6:6
>6
96
6
;6
16
6
6 ;1 :
: = >= 9 2 8> 9 8 2 7
:6
=6
>6
96
96
6,6; - ;6,66 ee 86
76
76
76
86
>6
26
26
26
(9,9; ee)
-6,1= ee
86 ) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk >; - Cbaturk noe o rbcþiao noepkrkhor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
>.8.: KNB^^ÞZAO^ VKZK ZBCÞIAO NOEVKZKHOZ Hk ebsek ek`bark qub o eanrøebtro hbvb sbr sbiurkho noe rebzk pkrk k rbkcazkéîo hks ebhahks, o rbcþiao noepkrkhor hbvb sbr uskho pkrk gknacatkr sbu uso. Bxastbe `o ebrnkho euatos tapos hb jksb pkrk rbcþiao noepkrkhor, b`trb bcks sb hbstknke ks jksbs eki`átanks noe jrkéo kdustëvbc b ks krtanucëvbas, kcáe hks ebsks pkrk ebhaéîo. Wbdk kciu`s bxbepcos `ks iurks k sbiuar.
Mkstb kco`ikhork pkrk rbcþiao noepkrkhor
Lat noe jksb eki`átank
Lat sôjato
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk >: - Knbssþraos pkrk rbcþiao noepkrkhor Go`tb4 ho Kutor (:6;2)
GA[RB KCBZXK
A`strueb`tos hb ebhahk, tkas noeo rbcþiaos noepkrkhorbs, pkquåebtros pkquåebtros b eanrøebtros, hbvbe sbr nkcajrkhos noe rbiuckrahkhb rbiuckrahkhb,, porqub pohbe sogrbr kctbrkéòbs hbvaho k hbsconkeb`tos, gkcmks hos a`strueb`tos, tbepbrkturk, tbepbrkturk, btn.
>.2 ^ÔJAXO O sôjato á uek hbravkéîo ho rbcþiao noepkrkhor. Bstb bquapkeb`to no`sastb be noepo`b`tbs ebnê`anos qub possajacatke ko rbcþiao noepkrkhor rbkcazkr ebhahks hb haêebtros a`tbr`os. No`mbék suks pkrtbs k sbiuar.
8=
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Jktb`tb eþvbc Zocbtbs iuak
Nkjo k`tatáreano
Zbcþiao noepkrkhor
Vornk hb xkéîo
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Jktb`tb xo Gaiurk >> - Vkrtbs ho sôjato Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Eottk (:6;6)
O sôjato rbqubr euato nuahkho `o ek`usbao. ^kajk por qub k sbiuar. >.2.; EK@R^BAO
Vkrk rbkcazkr uek ebhaéîo utacazk`ho o sôjato á `bnbssërao, praebarkeb`tb, eo`tkr o bquapkeb`to no`goreb o haêebtro8 a`tbr`o k sbr ebhaho. Kpþs eo`të-co, bcb hbvbrë sbr zbrkho hb knorho noe k ebhahk pkhrîo hk pbék k sbr bxkea`khk. Vkrk zbrkr o sôjato, prbnask-sb ebhar uek pbék pkhrîo noe ue eanrøebtro b, hbpoas, kdustkr o zbro ho sôjato, hb knorho noe bstk ebhahk. Vkrk rbkcazkr k ebhahk, o sôjato hbvb sbr a`sbraho `k narnu`gbrä`nak noe suk mkstb k 16´, ou sbdk, pbrpb`hanuckr æ supbrgånab ho ektbrakc k sbr ebhaho. @k ërbk kutoeotavk, o sôjato pohb sbr utacazkho `k ek`utb`éîo hb vbånucos pkrk gkzbr k no`gbrä`nak hb ebhahks ho naca`hro ho eotor. Re bxbepco vonä pohb vbr `k prþxaek iurk.
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk >8 - Cbaturk ho naca`hro noe o sôjato
Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
> NO@XZOCB HAEB@^AO@KC
81
NK^O^ B ZBCKXO^
Orab`tk`ho norrbtkeb`tb
Iacjbrto goa no`trktkho pkrk trkjkcmkr noeo ebnê`ano be uek no`nbssao`ërak hb vbånucos, poas dë ta`mk bxpbraä`nak prëtank be ona`ks `îo kutorazkhks. Nbrto hak, Iacjbrto rbnbjbu uek orhbe hb sbrvaéo pkrk vbrankr uek possåvbc trbpahkéîo ko grbkr o vbånuco. Vkrk gkzbr k vbrankéîo, bcb noconou o vbånuco `o bcbvkhor, rbeovbu ks rohks, rohks , b caiou o vbånuco noe uek ekrnmk b`iktkhk pkrk qub os hasnos hb grbao iarkssbe. Noe os hasnos hb grbao iark`ho, bcb pbiou uek nmkvb hb gb`hk b pkssou k po`tk sojrb o hasno pkrk vbr sb bcb kprbsb`tkvk osnackéîo. Dorib, o nmbgb hk ona`k, qub ojsbrvkvk o pronbhaeb`to æ hastê`nak, nmkeou Iacjbrto pkrk b`tb`hbr o qub o cbvou k bxbnutkr kqubcb pronbhaeb`to. Iacjbrto bxpcanou bxpcanou qub brk o qub bcb utacazkvk be outrk ona`k be qub trkjkcmou. B`tîo, o nmbgb hb ona`k eostrou pkrk Iacjbrto qub, pkrk bssb pronbhaeb`to, bcb hbvbrak utacazkr o rbcþiao noepkrkhor noe uek jksb eki`átank pkrk eostrkr os vkcorbs hks osnackéòbs b noepkrë-cos noe os hkhos gor`bnahos pbco ek`ukc ho gkjrank`tb. g kjrank`tb. Kssae, bcb tbrak ue rbsuctkho no`ëvbc. Iacjbrto, b`tîo, kprb`hbu qub, sbe k gbrrkeb`tk khbqukhk, o haki`þstano `îo eostrkrak o rbsuctkho bspbrkho. Kcáe hasso, bcb pbrnbjbu qub sb pbhassb orab`tkéîo ho nmbgb hk ona`k pohbrak khquarar `ovos no`mbnaeb`tos b pronbhaeb`tos tán`anos qub `îo no`mbnbu `o trkjkcmo k`tbraor.
ZBNKVAXRCK@HO
@bssb nkpåtuco vonä bstuhou sojrb o no`trocb haeb`sao`kc b suk aeportê`nak pkrk o pbrgbato gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor. Vor asso, vonä kprb`hbu sojrb hbsb`mo ebnê`ano, noeprbb`hb`ho o sb`taho hks u`ahkhbs hb ebhahks. Kcáe hasso, vonä pøhb kpbrgbaéokr sbus no`mbnaeb`tos be pkquåebtro, eanrøebtro b rbcþiao noepkrkhor, rbgorék`ho k aeportê`nak hk utacazkéîo hbstbs bquapkeb`tos hb ebtrocoiak.
8 Noepraeb`to hb uek ca`mk rbtk qub pkssk pbco nb`tro hb ue nårnuco ou hb uek bsgbrk b qub tonk sbus caeatbs. K prþprak ca`mk. O rkao qub caik o nb`tro hb ue nårnuco ou hb uek bsgbrk kos sbus caeatbs. ^uk ebhahk á k ebtkhb ho noepraeb`to ho haêebtro.
[uk`ho ue eanrosnþpao ou tbcbsnþpao kepcak o tkek`mo hb ue ojdbto, o irku hb kepcakéîo á bxprbsso be haêebtros.
Eotorbs hb Nanco Otto
8
[uksb tohos os kutoeþvbas hb sárab bstîo bquapkhos noe eotorbs k pastîo hb quktro tbepos, tb`ho noeo hagbrb`ék o `ôebro b k hasposaéîo hb naca`hros khotkhos pkrk nkhk tapo hb eotor. O pastîo bstë caikho æ ërvorb hb ek`avbcks por a`tbreáhao hb uek jabck, nudk `kcahkhb á trk`sgorekr os eovaeb`tos rbtacå`bos ho pastîo be eovaeb`tos rotktavos hk ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. Bstb á o tbek ho nkpåtuco qub sb a`anak. Ko `kcazkr sbus bstuhos, vonä bstkrë kpto k4 k) norrbcknao`kr, pkrk `s hb haki`þstano, ks a`gorekéòbs gor`bnahks pbco proprabtërao b o mastþrano hb ek`utb`éòbs noe ks bspbnankéòbs/a`hankéòbs bspbnankéòbs/a`hankéòbs ho ek`ukc ho gkjrank`tb< j) a`tbrprbtkr os pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas æ ek`utb`éîo ho eotor b sbu sastbek< n) rbno`mbnbr os hagbrb`tbs tapos hb gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos utacazkhos `k ek`utb`éîo hb eotor b sbus sastbeks, kssae noeo ks suks nkrkntbråstanks, gu`éòbs, goreks hb uso, kgbraéîo b no`sbrvkéîo< h) rbno`mbnbr os hagbrb`tbs tapos hb tbstbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks kssae noeo k suk gu`éîo, gorek hb bxbnuéîo b kvkcakéîo hb rbsuctkhos< b) ahb`tankr, `o pck`o hb ek`utb`éîo ho eotor b sbus sastbeks, os rbquasatos b pkrêebtros k sbrbe no`sahbrkhos `os sbrvaéos hb ek`utb`éîo, tb`ho be vastk k orab`tkéîo ko proprabtërao b k ahb`tankéîo hb bvb`tukas `bnbssahkhbs hb rbpkros khanao`kas< g) gu`hkeb`tkr tbn`ankeb`tb k `bnbssahkhb hb sbrvaéos khanao`kas `o eotor b sbus sastbeks< i) rbno`mbnbr os possåvbas aepkntos ou no`sbquä`naks hks k`oekcaks `o eotor b sbus sastbeks b be outros sastbeks ho vbånuco, tb`ho be vastk k orab`tkéîo ko proprabtërao.
2:
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
8.; EOXOZB^ HB 8 XBEVO^
Os eotorbs hb quktro tbepos ojbhbnbe k uek sbquä`nak hb gu`nao`keb`to, sb`ho qub o pbrgbato sa`nro`aseo ho eotor á gktor aeportk`tb pkrk ek`tbr k b`trkhk hk easturk kr/noejuståvbc noeprbssîo, bxpcosîo b beassîo hos iksbs pbco bsnkpb.
Kheassîo
Noeprbssîo
Noejustîo
Bsnkpb
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Gaiurk >2 - Xbepos ho eotor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
^KAJK EKA^
Vkro vonä no`mbnbr ekas sojrb o kssu`to, pbsquasb `o cavro hb Grk`no Jru`btta.
Eotorbs hb noejustîo
a`tbr`k ,
No`mbék k sbiuar, os quktro tbepos ho eotor.
8.;.; VZAEBAZO - XBEVO HB KHEA^^ÎO @o tbepo hb kheassîo, o pastîo hbsnb puxkho pbck ërvorb hb ek`avbcks b a`spark uek easturk hb kr/ noejuståvbc ktrkvás hk kjbrturk hk vëcvuck hb kheassîo a`stkckhk `o nkjbéotb, qub sb kjrb pbck kéîo hb ue rbsskcto `k ërvorb hb noek`ho hb vëcvucks, knao`kho por uek norrbak hb`tkhk caikhk æ ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. Ko `kc ho nurso ho pastîo, k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks tbrë iarkho ;=6 irkus.
8 EOXOZB^ HB NANCO OXXO
2>
) : ; 6 : ( o i r k e k N b r t a e a ‑ H
Gaiurk >7 - Vraebaro tbepo ho eotor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
8.;.: ^BIR@HO - XBEVO HB NOEVZB^^ÎO @o tbepo hb noeprbssîo, o pastîo sojb aepucsao`kho pbck ërvorb hb ek`avbcks, noepraea`ho k ekssk hb kr/noejuståvbc `k nêekrk hb noejustîo, qub kqubnb b moeoiba`azk k easturk, poas ks vëcvucks hb kheassîo b bsnkpkeb`to bstîo gbnmkhks. Ko `kc ho nurso ho pastîo, k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks tbrë iarkho >76 irkus.
) : ; 6 : ( o i r k e k N b r t a e a ‑ H
Gaiurk >9 - ^biu`ho tbepo ho eotor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
28
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
8.;.> XBZNBAZO - XBEVO HB NOEJR^XÎO @o tbepo hb noejustîo, ks vëcvucks pbrek`bnbe gbnmkhks, k prbssîo bxastb`tb `k nêekrk á euato bcbvkhk b, `bssb eoeb`to, uek nb`tbcmk á ibrkhk `k vbck hb ai`aéîo. Asso provonk k a`kekéîo hk easturk kr/noejuståvbc, qub sb bxpk`hb, aepucsao`k`ho o pastîo prk jkaxo noe irk`hb gorék. @bssb tbepo sb prohuz trkjkcmo `k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks be sb`taho rotktþrao, qub á trk`sgbraho prk k trk`seassîo b prk ks rohks. Ko `kc ho nurso ho pastîo, k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks tbrë iarkho 286 irkus.
) : ; 6 : ( o i r k e k N b r t a e a ‑ H
Gaiurk >= - Xbrnbaro tbepo ho eotor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
8.;.8 [RKZXO - XBEVO HB B^NKVKEB@XO @o tbepo hb bsnkpkeb`to, k vëcvuck hb h b bsnkpkeb`to sb kjrb k`tbs ho po`to eorto a`gbraor, o pastîo sojb aepucsao`kho pbck ërvorb hb ek`avbcks b bxpbcb os iksbs qubaekhos pkrk k kteosgbrk. Ko `kc ho nurso ho pastîo, k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks tbrë iarkho 9:6 irkus b noepcbtkho o nanco hb quktro tbepos (EKZK@, :6;>).
) : ; 6 : ( o i r k e k N b r t a e a ‑ H
Gaiurk >1 - [ukrto tbepo ho eotor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
8 EOXOZB^ HB NANCO OXXO
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@bstb nkso, o pastîo pbrnorrbu quktro nursos, norrbspo`hb`ho k huks voctks noepcbtks hk ërvorb hb ek`avbcks ho eotor, pkrk qub sbdk noepcbtkho ue nanco hb trkjkcmo. Goa Jbku hb Zonmks, be ;=7:, qub propøs k sbquä`nak ktá modb knbatk pkrk k ekaorak hos eotorbs hb ai`aéîo por nb`tbcmk (NMOCCBX, ;1=;). Wbdk k sbiuar noeo nk k rbprbsb`tkéîo hk orhbe hb ai`aéîo ; „ > „ 8 „ : be ue eotor, nudk bxpcosîo á oraia`khk k nkhk ;=6 irkus.
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) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk 86 - Xbepos hb bxpcosîo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Jko (:6;2)
NRZAO^AHKHB^
Vkrk gu`nao`kr, tohos os eotorbs prbnaske hb uek sbquä`nak hb bxpcosîo. Vkrk eotorbs eotorbs hb quktro naca`hros, bstk orhbe pohb sbr kprbsb`tkhk hk sb iua`tb ek`bark ;->-8-: ou ;-:-8->. K praebark sbquä`nak á ekas utacazkhk pbcos eotorbs hb oraibe a`icbsk, b k sbiu`hk pbcos eotorbs hb oraibe kebrank`k. @o nkso hos eotorbs hb sbas naca`hros be ca`mk, ;-2->-7-:-8 (k orhbe ekas usukc), ou ;-8-:-7-2->.
@k sbquä`nak, vonä no`mbnbrë os eotorbs hb : tbepos.
8.: EOXOZB^ : XBEVO^
@bssbs eotorbs, o nanco sb noepcbtk noe kpb`ks hoas nursos ho pastîo, norrbspo`hb`ho k uek ô`ank voctk hk ërvorb hb ek`avbcks ho eotor. Os pronbssos a`hankhos `o eotor hb quktro tbepos sîo rbkcazkhos hk ebsek ek`bark `o eotor hb hoas tbepos, b`trbtk`to, kciu`s hbcbs sb sojrbpòb `ue ebseo nurso (JZR@BXXA, :6;:).
27
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Nêekrk hb noejustîo
Wbck hb ai`aéîo
Dk`bck hb bsnkpb
Dk`bck hb trk`sgbrä`nak
Dk`bck hb kheassîo Jabck
Ërvorb hb ek`avbcks
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk 8; - Vkrtbs ho eotor hoas tbepos Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Jru`btta (:6;:)
Be ;=9=, Huikch Ncbrl ahbkcazou o nanco hb hoas tbepos qub pohb sbr utacazkho be eotorbs hb ai`aéîo por nb`tbcmk ou por noeprbssîo (GAKX KRXOEÞWBA^, :66=). Bssbs eotorbs noeja`ke, be hoas nursos ho pastîo, ks gu`éòbs ho eotor hb quktro tbepos. Be outrks pkckvrks, k nkhk voctk hk ërvorb hb ek`avbcks onorrb ue nurso ho pastîo, ou sbdk, ue hbsconkeb`to ho VE^ ko VEA b rbtor`o ko VE^. O pastîo be harbéîo ko VE^ bstë noepraea`ho k easturk ko ebseo tbepo be qub hbsnojrb k dk`bck pkrk k kheassîo hk easturk, no`goreb eostrk k iurk k sbiuar.
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk 8: - Eotor hoas tbepos be bxpk`sîo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Jru`btta (:6;:)
8 EOXOZB^ HB NANCO OXXO
29
[uk`ho onorrb k bxpk`sîo, o pastîo á aepucsao`kho pkrk jkaxo b noepraeb, `o nërtbr, k easturk qub vka sbr utacazkhk `o tbepo sbiua`tb. Be harbéîo ko VEA, o pastîo kjrb k dk`bck hb hbsnkrik b os iksbs qubaekhos `k noejustîo sîo bxpucsos ho naca`hro. O pastîo cajbrk k dk`bck pkrk k trk`sgbrä`nak easturk qub `k bstkvk soj prbssîo `o nërtbr pkrk sbr qubaekhk, a`anak`ho o nanco `ovkeb`tb, noeo vonähk pohb ojsbrvkr iurk k sbiuar.
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk 8> - Cajbrkéîo hk dk`bck pkrk trk`sgbrä`nak hk easturk Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Jru`btta (:6;:)
Noeprbb`hk, k sbiuar, noeo á nckssankho o eotor hb noejustîo.
8.> NCK^^AGANKÉÎO HO EOXOZ HB NOEJR^XÎO O `oeb eotor hb noejustîo sai`ank qub o eotor utacazk k b`briak ho goio pkrk rbkcazkr trkjkcmos ebnê`anos. Os eotorbs hb noejustîo pohbe sbr nckssankhos hb hagbrb`tbs ek`barks4 k) sb k nmkek onorrb hb`tro ho naca`hro, noeo á o nkso hos eotorbs k iksoca`k, ëcnooc ou habsbc, o eotor á hb noejustîo a`tbr`k, tkejáe nmkekho b`hotáreano. j) sb k nmkek onorrb gork ho naca`hro, qub á o nkso hk k`taik eëqua`k k vkpor hb Dkebs Yktt, o eotor á hb noejustîo bxtbr`k, ou bxotáreano (GAKX KRXOEÞWBA^, :66=). Os eotorbs hb noejustîo a`tbr`k tkejáe pohbe sbr nckssankhos hb knorho noe o qukhro k sbiuar.
[RK@XO Æ VZOVZABHKHB HO IË^ @K KHEA^^ÎO, [RK@XO Æ AI@AÉÎO,
kr (Habsbc). easturk kr-noejuståvbc (Otto). por nb`tbcmk. por noeprbssîo.
2=
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
kctbr`ktavo (Otto, Habsbc).
[RK@XO KO EOWAEB@XO HO VA^XÎO,
rotktavo (Yk`lbc, [uksaturja`b). : tbepos.
[RK@XO KO NANCO HB XZKJKCMO,
8 tbepos. eo`onacå`hranos. pocanacå`hranos.
[RK@XO KO @ÔEBZO HB NACA@HZO^,
be ca`mk k opostos (joxbr ).).
[RK@XO Æ HA^VO^AÉÎO HO^ NACA@HZO^,
be W æ be bstrbck (rkhakc).
[ukhro > - Nckssankéîo hos eotorbs hb noejustîo a `tbr`k Go`tb4 ho Kutor (:6;2)
GA[RB KCBZXK
Á euato aeportk`tb utacazkr o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, poas bcb kuxacak k hbsb`vocvb hbsb`vocvbrr uek sbquä`nak hb haki`þstano haki`þstano,, hb knorho noe o sa`toek kprbsb`tkho kprbsb`tkho,, propanak`ho k bckjorkéîo hb uek bstrktáiak pkrk bcaea`kr k nkusk hk ek`bark ekas rëpahk possåvbc. Hurk`tb o haki`þstano, á aeportk`tb no`suctkr k catbrkturk tán`ank, pkrk vbragankr sb dë `îo ` îo bxas b xastb tb kciue k ciue pron pronbhae bhaeb`to b`to qub hbvb sbr khot khotkho, kho, hb knorh knorho o noe no e o sa` sa`toek toek bxastb`tb.
No`mbék, `o prþxaeo tþpano, os tapos hb eotorbs.
8.8 XAVO^ HB EOXOZB^
Os eotorbs pohbe bstkr nckssankhos quk`to æ hasposaéîo hb naca`hros, sb`ho qub os ebseos possube nkrkntbråstanks b haeb`sòbs hagbrb`tbs. Ks iurks k sbiuar eostrke bsqubektankeb`tb > hasposaéòbs tåpanks4 naca`hros be ca`mk, be W b opostos 2 ou joxbr (JZR@BXXA, (JZR@BXXA, :6;:).
Eotorbs sbas naca`hros be ca`mk
Eotorbs oato naca`hros be W
Eotorbs hb naca`hros opostos ou joxbr
) U ? 6 : \ ( r o t u k o H
Gaiurk 88 - Xapos hb eotorbs Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Jru`btta (:6;:)
2 Hb ek`bark ou hb eoho oposto4 bejork gossbe pkrbnahos, pkrbnahos, `kqubcb eoeb`to noeportkrke-sb noeportkrke-sb opostkeb`tb. [ub bstë ou ou sb b`no`trk oposto.
8 EOXOZB^ HB NANCO OXXO
21
Wonä skjak qub o naca`hro ho eotor tbe träs goreks hb no`struéîo? Eo`ojcono4 `k qukc os naca`hros hb gbrro gu`haho sîo gu`hahos noeo pkrtb ho jcono hb naca`hros. NRZAO^AHKHB^
Nkeask sbnk4 `o qukc o jcono hb naca`hros á prohuzaho be gbrro gu`haho, sb`ho os naca`hros noconkhos soj prbssîo. Nkeask ôeahk4 `o qukc k ëiuk hb krrbgbnaeb`to no`statua nêekrks hb ëiuk be tor`o hb norpos hb naca`hro gënbas hb rbeovbr. rbeovbr.
Kpþs no`mbnbr tapos hb eotorbs á aeportk`tb qub vonä kprb`hk k a`tbrprbtkr ek`ukas pkrk pohbr bxbnutkr sbrvaéos hb rbstkurkéîo khbqukhkeb`tb.
8.2 A@XBZVZBXKÉÎO HB EK@RKA^ ^kjbr utacazkr kproprakhkeb`tb os ek`ukas á gkzbr vkcbr tohks ks bxaiä`naks hbtbrea`khks pbco gkjrank`tb. ^biua`ho bssks orab`tkéòbs, o proprabtërao ho vbånuco bstkrë sbeprb sbiuro hb qub sbu vbånuco bstë jbe nuahkho. Rek jok ojsbrvê`nak7 `os atb`s hb ue ek`ukc vka ikrk`tar k oraia`kcahkhb b hurkjacahkhb hos noepo`b`tbs ho vbånuco, poas o b`tb`haeb`to hb kciu`s po`tos aeportk`tbs noeo, k tronk hb þcbo ho eotor, ho uaho ho grbao, b hks rbvasòbs prbvb`tavks vakjacazk k rbkcazkéîo hb ue joe trkjkcmo hb rbpkrkéîo. Vkrk hbsb`vocvbr ue ocmkr ekas tán`ano, vonä prbnask no`mbnbr b b`tb`hbr tkejáe os ek`ukas hb ek`utb`éîo ho vbånuco, poas bcbs pohbe kuxacakr vonä k ek`tbr k ikrk`tak ho sbrvaéo. Ko no`suctkr k catbrkturk tán`ank, cbejrb-sb hb utacazkr kciueks hanks jësanks, tkas noeo4 k) vbrankr sb o sastbek qub vonä bstë k`kcask`ho á o ebseo bxastb`tb `k catbrkturk< j) ojsbrvkr sb bxastb kciuek hank hb sbrvaéo ou jocbtae hb a`gorekéîo tán`ank, qub a`haqub kciue sbrvaéo k sbr rbkcazkho `bstb sastbek< n) ahb`tankr os vbånucos b`vocvahos b sb possåvbc k `uebrkéîo hb nmkssas (sárab)< h) k`kcaskr praebarkeb`tb os pronbhaeb`tos, sb bstbs bxastarbe, k`tbs hb a`anakr qukcqubr sbrvaéo `o vbånuco< b) vbrankr sb bxastbe BVAs (Bquapkeb`tos hb Vrotbéîo A`havahukc) b `oreks hb sbiurk`ék k sbrbe nueprahos pkrk k bxbnuéîo ho sbrvaéo.
hb ojsbrvkr, hb prktankr prktankr noe hbcahkhb kciuek noask< bxbnuéîo, nuepraeb`to nuepraeb`to ho qub prbsnrbvb prbsnrbvb uek rbirk, 7 Kéîo ou bgbato hb uek cba..
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
NK^O^ B ZBCKXO^
O jkrkto ska nkro
Vbhro brk proprabtërao hb ue kutoeþvbc noe I@W qub `bnbssatkvk rbkcazkr kciu`s sbrvaéos noeo tronkr ks vbcks, nkjos hb vbcks b ctro hb kr, pkrk gu`nao`kr khbqukhkeb`tb. Bcb ta`mk kciueks gbrrkeb`tks be nksk b sb duciou noepbtb`tb pkrk rbkcazkr k sujstatuaéîo hks pbéks, poas knrbhatkvk qub `îo sbrak `khk euato aeportk`tb. Eks, o qub Vbhro `îo skjak á qub k sujstatuaéîo hos nkjos hb vbcks, qub pkrbnak ue pronbhaeb`to tîo saepcbs, brk euato aeportk`tb pkrk o gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor. Bcb, b`tîo, tronou o ctro hb kr, rbeovbu os nkjos hks vbcks b ks vbcks. Voráe, `o eoeb`to hk eo`tkibe, `îo sb hbu no`tk hb qub os nkjos hks vbcks ta`mke uek orhbe hb eo`tkibe, b knkjou eo`tk`ho-os kcbktorakeb`tb, o qub gbz noe qub o eotor `îo gu`nao`kssb. Vkrk gkzbr o vbånuco gu`nao`kr, Vbhro tbvb qub nmkekr ue tán`ano. Ko nmbikr `o conkc, o tán`ano pbriu`tou o qub ta`mk kno`tbnaho. Kpþs bsnutkr o ncab`tb, bcb goa harbto `os nkjos b pbrnbjbu qub os ebseos `îo bstkvke `k orhbe nbrtk hb eo`tkibe. Bcb, b`tîo, norraiau o projcbek b orab`tou Vbhro be rbckéîo ko pronbhaeb`to k sbr rbkcazkho be ue vbånuco, poas, por ekas saepcbs qub possk pkrbnbr, bcb prbnask sbr rbkcazkho por uek pbssok qub tb`mk no`mbnaeb`to tán`ano ho gu`nao`keb`to ho ebseo. Vrbgbrb`nakceb`tb, be conkc khbqukho pkrk tkc.
ZBNKVAXRCK@HO
@bssb nkpåtuco, vonä bstuhou qub os eotorbs prbnaske hb uek sbquä`nak cþiank pkrk b`trkr be gu`nao`keb`to, b qub `bstk sbquä`nak, a`hbpb`hb`tb ho eotor sbr hb hoas ou quktro tbepos, quktro, sbas ou oato naca`hros, bcb sbeprb ojbhbnbrë uek sbquä`nak hb trkjkcmo. Wonä tkejáe b`tb`hbu k aeportê`nak hb no`mbnbr os ek`ukas tán`anos ho vbånuco b sbiua-cos pkrk rbkcazkr qukcqubr ek`utb`éîo. No`mbék, `k sbquä`nak, k krquatbturk ho eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k.
8 EOXOZB^ HB NANCO OXXO
K`otkéòbs4
7;
Krquatbturk Ibrkc
2 O eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k pohb sbr no`sahbrkho o norkéîo ho kutoeþvbc, poas á hbcb qub ska k gorék qub proeovb o hbsconkeb`to ho kutoeþvbc. B `bssk krquatbturk pohbe sbr b`no`trkhos os naca`hros, pastòbs, jabcks b varkjrbquae qub gkzbe pkrtb ho jcono, b vëcvucks b noek`hos qub gkzbe pkrtb ho nkjbéotb. ^bu gu`nao`keb`to sþ á possåvbc irkéks ko sa`nro`aseo hbssbs noepo`b`tbs, qub no`trocke saeuctk`bkeb`tb k b`trkhk hk easturk b k skåhk hos iksbs pkrk o bsnkpkeb`to. Bstb no`trocb gkz noe qub o eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k prohuzk eovaeb`tos hb rotkéîo por ebao hb noejustòbs hb`tro hb naca`hros gbnmkhos. Bcb sb havahb be träs pkrtbs4 nkjbéotb, jcono b no`du`to hks jabcks b ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. Ko `kcazkr sbus bstuhos `bstb nkpåtuco, vonä bstkrë kpto k4 k) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos a`hankhos pkrk o pronbsso hb rbeoéîo/hbseo`tkibe hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< j) a`tbrprbtkr os pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas æ rbeoéîo/hbseo`tkibe hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< n) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks, gu`éòbs, posanao`keb`to b gu`nao`keb`to hos hagbrb`tbs noepo`b`tbs qub no`statube o eotor b sbus sastbeks noeo rbquasato pkrk k a`spbéîo vasukc hos ebseos< h) ahb`tankr, `o ek`ukc hb gkjrank`tb, ks nkrkntbråstanks haeb`sao`kas hos noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks, tb`ho be vastk k vbrankéîo hb noepktajacahkhb hos noepo`b`tbs a`spbnao`khos< b) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hb gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs. g) a`tbrprbtkr pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas æ a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< i) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, ks gbrrkeb`tks a`hankhks pkrk o pronbsso hb rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< m) rbno`mbnbr os hagbrb`tbs tapos hb bquapkeb`tos hb protbéîo a`havahukc (BVAs) kpcanëvbas æ rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks, kssae noeo suks `k-
cahkhbs, no`haéòbs hb uso (no`sbrvkéîo) b orab`tkéòbs ho gkjrank`tb< g kjrank`tb<
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
a) rbno`mbnbr os rbquasatos hk cbiasckéîo k sbrbe no`sahbrkhos `o hbsnkrtb hb rbsåhuos ibrkhos `os pronbssos hb rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< d) kvkcakr k no`goreahkhb no`goreahkhb hos noep noepo`b`tbs o`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks k sbrbe eo`tkhos, no` no`sahbrk`ho sahbrk`ho os rbquasatos tán`anos bstkjbcbnahos `o ek`ukc ho gkjrank`tb.
2.; NKJBÉOXB O nkjbéotb hb ue eotor k bxpcosîo tbe noeo gu`haéîo gbrro caik pkrk os vbånucos k`taios, ou æ jksb hb kcueå`ao (hurkcueå`ao, kcpkx, btn.) pkrk k ekaorak hos vbånucos ktukas. Bssbs ektbrakas, por tbrbe ekaor nkpknahkhb hb no`huzar o nkcor, aepbhbe k gorekéîo gor ekéîo hb po`tos qub`tbs `ks pkrtbs a`tbr`ks ho nkjbéotb. A`stkckho `k pkrtb supbraor ho naca`hro bcb o gbnmk gorek`ho k nêekrk hb noeprbssîo b hb bxpcosîo (NMOCCBX, ;1=;).
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Gaiurk 82 - Nkjbéotb ho eotor Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Hbpb`hb`ho hk ekrnk b ho tapo, o eotor gu`nao`k noe ue ou ekas nkjbéotbs a`stkckhos `k posaéîo vbrtankc ou a`nca`khk. Á o nkjbéotb qub gbnmk k pkrtb supbraor ho eotor b `bcb sîo hbsb`vocvahks havbrsks gu`éòbs, tkas noeo4 k) ktrkvás ho noek`ho hb vëcvucks, no`trock k kjbrturk hks vëcvucks pkrk k b`trkhk hk easturk b k skåhk hos iksbs prohuzahos `k noejustîo< j) gkz k caikéîo hos hutos hb þcbo b ëiuk pkrk o krrbgbnaeb`to b cujrankéîo hos noepo`b`tbs eþvbas< n) á o conkc o`hb sb gorekrë k nêekrk hb noejustîo, ek`tb`ho-ks vbhkhks, pkrk ikrk`tar k noeprbssîo ho eotor b o eëxaeo kprovbatkeb`to hk b`briak prohuzahk `k qubaek ho noejuståvbc<
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h) sbrvb hb xkéîo pkrk ks vbcks hb ai`aéîo, iuaks hb vëcvucks, vëcvucks b ek`nkas hb kpoao ho no`du`to hos jkck`na`s ou noek`ho hb vëcvucks. ^biu`ho Ocavbark (:66>), k gknb a`gbraor ho nkjbéotb hbvb sbr raioroskeb`tb pck`k pkrk qub k vbhkéîo hk easturk sbdk k ekas pbrgbatk possåvbc. O nkjbéotb tbe, ka`hk, nkvahkhbs pkrk gorekr ks nêekrks hb noejustîo be no`du`to noe os naca`hros. Bssks nêekrks hb noejustîo prbnaske sbr mbrebtankeb`tb gbnmkhks pkrk `îo mkvbr pbrhk hb noeprbssîo. Á por asso qub bxastb uek du`tk hb vbhkéîo, a`stkckhk b`trb o nkjbéotb b o jcono.
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk 87 - Du`tk ho nkjbéotb Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
K du`tk ho nkjbéotb tbe ks gu`éòbs hb vbhkéîo b`trb o jcono b o nkjbéotb, vbhkéîo hb ue naca`hro pkrk o outro, vbhkéîo hos hutos hb þcbo b ëiuk. K du`tk trkhanao`kc á gkjrankhk hb keak`to b rbnbjb rbgoréos ebtëcanos pkrk rbsastar k kctks tbepbrkturks b prbssòbs nkuskhks pbck noejustîo hk easturk. Xohk vbz qub o nkjbéotb gor rbeovaho, k du`tk hbvbrë sbr sujstatuåhk. @os eotorbs `ovos, bssk du`tk trkhanao`kc goa sujstatuåhk por uek du`tk tohk ebtëcank pkrk vbhkr os kueb`tos hb noeprbssîo `bstbs eotorbs b, tkejáe, propornao`kr ue eb`or no`sueo hb cujrank`tb, hbvaho ko ebcmor `åvbc hb knkjkeb`to hks supbrgånabs ho jcono b ho nkjbéotb.
GA[RB KCBZXK
Vkrk ojtbr o kpbrto norrbto hos pkrkgusos, rbtarb, noe uek sbra`ik, o þcbo qub possk b`no`trkr-sb `os oragånaos hb gaxkéîo ho nkjbéotb hb eotor.
Më havbrsos tapos hb nkjbéotbs< no`mbék-os k sbiuar.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
2.;.; XAVO^ HB NKJBÉOXB^ Hbpb`hb`ho ho tapo hb hastrajuaéîo ebnê`ank kpcankhk `os eotorbs b`no`trk-sb tapos hb nkjbéotbs hagbrb`tbs. Bstbs pohbe sbr4 k) nkjbéotb noe no`du`to hb jkck`na`s, sbe ërvorb hb noek`ho hb vëcvucks (OMW) 4 asso sai`ank qub
`o nkjbéotb bstîo kcodkhos soeb`tb os jkck`na`s, vëcvucks b ebnk`aseos, b k ërvorb hb noek`ho hb vëcvucks bstë a`stkckhk hb`tro ho jcono ho eotor b ks vëcvucks sîo opbrkhks ktrkvás hb cbvk`tkhorbs, vkrbtks b jkck`na`s.
Gocik hk vëcvuck
Jkck`nae
Baxo hos jkck`na`s `o qukc bstbs sb krtanucke kpoakhos
Vornk b pkrkgusos pkrk rbiuckibe hks vëcvucks
Eock pkrk gbnmkr ks vëcvucks Mkstb aepucsork Wëcvuck hb bsnkpb qub ko kjrar-sb sb pbreatb k skåhk hos iksbs rbsuctk`tbs hk noejustîo
B`irb`kibe ho
Wëcvuck hb kheassîo qub ko kjrar-sb pbreatb k b`trkhk
varkjrbquae
hk easturk iksosk `o naca`hro O tunmo trk`seatb o eovaeb`to ho bxnä`trano æ mkstb aepucsork b bstk por suk vbz ko jkck`nae
B`irb`kibe ho noek`ho hb vëcvucks4 `ue eotor hb 8 tbepos k b`irb`kibe ho
Bxnä`trano ou rbsskcto
noek`ho rohk k ebtkhb ho `ôebro hks rotkéòbs ho varkjrbquae Gaiurk 89 - Nkjbéotb OMW Go`tb4 khkptkho hb ^uccy (;1=2)
Noek`ho hb vëcvucks ) U ? 6 : \ ( r o t u k o H
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j) nkjbéotb noe ërvorb hb noek`ho hb vëcvuck b hbekas hasposatavos hb vëcvucks (OMN) 4 sai`ank
qub o noek`ho bstë `o nkjbéotb be no`tkto noe os ebnk`aseos hb hastrajuaéîo, tunmos b vëcvucks. Norrbak hb hastrajuaéîo
Noek`ho hb vëcvucks
Xunmoss Xunmo Wëcvucks
) 2 ; 6 : ( ` o b C a v k H
Gaiurk 8= - Nkjbéotb OMN Go`tb4 khkptkho hb ^uccy (;1=2)
n) nkjbéotb be qub më noek`ho hb vëcvucks b hasposatavos hb vëcvucks (HOMN)4 sai`ank hupco no-
ek`ho `o nkjbéotb, b k ekaorak hos nkrros eohbr`os bstîo va`ho noe eotorbs HOMN, sîo eotorbs qub täe huks ërvorbs hb nkebs b quktro vëcvucks por naca`hro. Rek ërvorb hb nkebs opbrk ks vëcvucks hb kheassîo qub bstîo a`stkckhks be ue ckho, b`quk`to outro baxo hb noek`ho no`trock vëcvucks hb bsnkpb `o ckho oposto.
Norrbak hb hastrajuaéîo
Noek`hos hb vëcvucks
Wëcvucks
) 2 ; 6 : ( ` o b C a v k H
Gaiurk 81 - Nkjbéotb HOMN
Go`tb4 khkptkho hb ^uccy (;1=2)
7=
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
2.;.: HA^XZAJRAÉÎO EBNÊ@ANK Ko no`du`to hb hasposatavos qub á rbspo`sëvbc pbck kheassîo hk easturk kr/noejuståvbc `o eotor b hbpoas pbck skåhk hos iksbs `o bsnkpb nmkek-sb hb hastrajuaéîo ebnê`ank ebnê`ank Bstbs hasposatavos sîo noepostos por4 .
k) baxo hb noek`ho hb vëcvucks< j) tunmos hks vëcvucks< n) eocks hks vëcvucks< h) vëcvucks. No`mbék ks vëcvucks por ebao hk prþxaek iurk.
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk 26 - Wëcvucks b hasposatavos Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Wonä skjb noeo gu`nao`k o nkjbéotb? Wbdk k sbiuar.
2.;.> GR@NAO@KEB@XO Ks b`irb`kib`s hb hastrajuaéîo trk`seatbe o eovaeb`to ho varkjrbquae ko baxo hb noek`ho hb vëcvucks. Bssks b`irb`kib`s sîo hb kéo sbeahuro, pkrk knao`keb`tos por norrb`tb, b sîo hb kéo ou hb ektáraks pcëstanks bstrktankhks, pkrk knao`keb`tos por ebao hb b`irb`kib`s.
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Noeo o baxo hb noek`ho hb vëcvucks iark sbeprb k ebtkhb hb voctks hk ërvorb hb ek`avbcks (varkjrbquae), k rbckéîo hb trk`seassîo hks b`irb`kib`s hb hastrajuaéîo á sbeprb ;/:. K posaéîo bxktk hk b`irb`kibe hb hastrajuaéîo á ekrnkhk `k gëjrank `o eoeb`to hk eo`tkibe. Bssk ekrnkéîo norrbspo`hb ibrkceb`tb æ posaéîo ho praebaro pastîo be VE^. @o eoeb`to hk eo`tkibe ho eotor á sbeprb aeportk`tb vbrankr bstk ekrnkéîo. @ks hastrajuaéîo por b`irb`kibe, k ekrnkéîo á gbatk por trkéos ou po`tos ekrnkhos be tohos os hb`tbs.
B`irb`kib`s hb hastrajuaéîo
Vo`tos hb sa`nro`azkéîo ) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
B`irb`kib`s hb hastrajuaéîo Gaiurk 2; - ^a`nro`aseos por b`irb`kibe Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
[uk`ho k hastrajuaéîo á knao`khk por norrb`tb ou por norrbak hb`tkhk, k ekrnkéîo hks b`irb`kib`s kgkstkhks ueks hks outrks á rbkcazkhk por ebao hb trkéos qub gkzbe noa`nahar saeuctk`bkeb`tb noe k ca`mk rbtk qub caik o baxo hks huks b`irb`kib`s hb`tkhks (NMOCCBX, ;1=;), noeo pohb sbr vasto `ks prþxaeks iurks.
B`irb`kib`s hb hastrajuaéîo
Vo`tos hb sa`nro`azkéîo Norrb`tb Gaiurk 2: - ^a`nro`aseos por norrb`tb Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
B`irb`kib`s hb sa`nro`azkéîo Norrbak hb`tkhk
Xb`sor Xb`sor
B`irb`kib`s hb sa`nro`azkéîo
Vo`tos hb sa`nro`azkéîo
) 2 ; 6 : ( l n b c G k ` K
Gaiurk 2> - ^a`nro`aseos por norrbak Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
NK^O^ B ZBCKXO^
Gkctk hb no`k`ék Zojbrto á ebnê`ano kutoeotavo hb uek no`nbssao`ërak, o`hb hbsb`vocvb vëraks ktavahkhbs rbcknao`khks æ ek`utb`éîo. O nmbgb hb ona`k nmkek-sb Ncbjbr, qub k`hkvk prbonupkho noe Zojbrto, poas sbeprb qub o ebseo rbkcazkvk uek rbvasîo be ue vbånuco b qub prbnaskssb sujstatuar k norrbak hb`tkhk, Zojbrto gkzak k rbeoéîo r beoéîo hk norrbak, a`stkckvk k `ovk b, `o eoeb`to hb tb`sao`ë-ck, bcb nmkekvk outro ebnê`ano pkrk rbkcazkr o trkjkcmo. Kpþs ojsbrvë-co por ue tbepo, Ncbjbr nmkeou Zojbrto pkrk no`vbrskr b pbriu`tou porqub bcb `îo tb`sao`kvk k norrbak hb`tkhk, poas, quk`ho brk `bnbssërao rbkcazkr bssb trkjkcmo, bcb nmkekvk outro ebnê`ano. Zojbrto rbspo`hbu qub tb`sao`kr uek norrbak hb`tkhk brk ue sbrvaéo hb euatk rbspo`skjacahkhb, poas sb bcb bstankssb hbekas k norrbak, bck pohbrak krrbjb`tkr b hk`ankr o eotor, b sb k hbaxkssb grouxk, bck pohbrak puckr ue hb`tb b o vbånuco pohbrak kprbsb`tkr gu`nao`keb`to arrbiuckr. Vor asso, bcb pbhak pkrk outro ebnê`ano rbkcazkr o pronbhaeb`to. Kpþs bssk no`vbrsk, o nmbgb hb ona`k o proajau hb pbhar pkrk outro ebnê`ano tb`sao`kr k norrbak hb`tkhk. Bcb pohbrak nmkekr ue ebnê`ano pkrk vbrankr sb k norrbak tb`sao`khk por bcb bstkvk gu`nao`k`ho khbqukhk, eks `îo pohbrak ekas tbrnbarazkr bssb sbrvaéo, vasto qub hbvbrak khquarar k noepbtä`nak pkrk bxbnutë-co.
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K pkrtar hbssb hak, Zojbrto pkssou k tb`sao`kr k norrbak hb`tkhk hos vbånucos be qub gkzak ek`utb`éîo b nmkekr ue nocbik pkrk no`gbrar o sbrvaéo. Noe o pksskr ho tbepo, noebéou k tbr ekas no`k`ék be sbu trkjkcmo b `îo pbhau ekas kduhk.
Wonä noeprbb`hbu o gu`nao`keb`to ho nkjbéotb? B`tîo, prbpkrb-sb pkrk bstuhkr kiork o nruzkeb`to hb vëcvucks.
2.;.8 NZRTKEB@XO HB WËCWRCK^ O nruzkeb`to hb vëcvucks a`ub`nak os eoeb`tos hb kjbrturk b hb gbnmkeb`to hks vëcvucks pkrk propornao`kr o ebcmor rb`haeb`to ho eotor b no`trajuar pkrk ea`aeazkr k pocuaéîo ho vbånuco.
WËCWRCK HB KHEA^^ÎO ^biu`ho Nmoccbt (;1=;), k kjbrturk hk vëcvuck hb kheassîo pohb onorrbr k :6¶ (irkus) k`tbs ou ;6¶ (irkus) hbpoas ho po`to eorto supbraor. Kno`tbnb k`tbs ho VE^ quk`ho o nkeb á hb trk`seassîo proirbssavk b hbpoas ho VE^ quk`ho o nkeb á hb trk`seassîo rëpahk. O eoeb`to hb kjbrturk a`ub`nak euato pouno `o b`nmaeb`to hos naca`hros `os eotorbs mkjatukas. Vor outro ckho, `os eotorbs eu`ahos hb ue noeprbssor, o kvk`éo hk kjbrturk hb kheassîo pbreatb caepkr k nêekrk hb bxpcosîo b`quk`to k vëcvuck hb bsnkpb ka`hk bstë kjbrtk. Asto rbsuctk `o ebcmor b`nmaeb`to ho naca`hro b ue ebcmor rb`haeb`to vocueátrano. O gbnmkeb`to hk vëcvuck hb kheassîo hë-sb sbeprb hbpoas ho VEA noe ue nbrto ktrkso, be tor`o hb :2¶ k >6¶ (irkus) hbpb`hb`ho ho tapo b eohbco ho eotor. Bstb ê`iuco hb ktrkso hbtbrea`k harbtkeb`tb ks nkrkntbråstanks hb bxajacahkhb ho eotor.
WËCWRCK HB B^NKVB K kjbrturk hk vëcvuck hb bsnkpb kno`tbnb sbeprb k`tbs ho VEA, be ue ê`iuco noeprbb`haho b`trb :2¶ b 76¶. O kvk`éo ko bsnkpb á hbsta`kho k jkaxkr k prbssîo a`tbr`k ho naca`hro k`tbs hk sujahk ho pastîo b k haea`uar, portk`to, k no`trkprbssîo. O gbnmkeb`to hk vëcvuck hb bsnkpb bgbtuk-sb sbeprb hbpoas ho VE^, noe nbrnk hb : k ;2¶ hb ktrkso. Vkrk qukcqubr bspánab hb eotor, noe qukcqubr rbiaeb hb rotkéîo, á `bnbssërao qub, hurk`tb o nurto a`stk`tb hb pkrkibe ho pastîo `o VE^, os iksbs qubaekhos posske ka`hk bsnkpkr hk nêekrk hb bxpcosîo. Ojsbrvb k iurk k sbiuar pkrk vasukcazkr noeo bssb pronbsso onorrb. Be sbiuahk, no`mbék o noek`ho hb vëcvucks.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
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Kheassîo Hbsnkrik Nruzkeb`to hb vëcvucks 28´
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VEA Gaiurk 28 - Hakirkek hb nruzkeb`to hb vëcvucks Go`tb4 ho Kutor (:6;2)
2.;.2 NOEK@HO HB WËCWRCK^ K ërvorb hb noek`ho hb vëcvucks á gkjrankhk be kéo bspbnakc b sbu gorekto tbe hbsb`mos hb usa`kibe `o qukc bstîo conkcazkhos os nkebs b kcodkeb`tos pkrk os ek`nkas hb xkéîo, bstbs no`mbnahos noeo eu`mòbs. Be kciu`s tapos hb eotorbs, bssbs noek`hos sîo xos ktrkvás hb junmks ou jro`za`ks. K quk`tahkhb hb eu`mòbs hb xkéîo hbpb`hb ho tapo b eohbco ho eotor, eks sbeprb tbrë ue `ôebro bxprbssavo pkrk qub `îo onorrk bepb`keb`to.
Nkebs
Eu`mòbs
Ek`nkas Gaiurk 22 - Noek`ho hb vëcvucks b os ek`nkas Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
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Vohb-sb ojsbrvkr qub os nkebs sîo usa`khos be gorekto ovkc, be posaéòbs hagbrb`tbs be rbckéîo ko sbu baxo, b suk gu`éîo pra`napkc á gkzbr o knao`keb`to hos hasposatavos hks vëcvucks por ebao hos tunmos ou jkck`na`s, gkzb`ho kssae k kjbrturk b pbreata`ho o gbnmkeb`to hks vëcvucks. Kpþs no`mbnbr suk krquatbturk, pohb-sb natkr kciueks gu`éòbs hk ërvorb hb noek`ho hb vëcvucks4 k) rbkcazkr o sa`nro`aseo hb kjbrturk b gbnmkeb`to hks vëcvucks be rbckéîo ko sojb b hbsnb ho äejoco< j) ek`tbr k sbquä`nak hb bxpcosîo hos naca`hros< n) sbr rbspo`sëvbc pbco caeatb hb rotkéîo ho eotor.
2.;.7 XRNMO
^îo noepo`b`tbs ebnê`anos qub trk`seatbe os eovaeb`tos provb`ab`tbs hos nkebs pkrk ks mkstbs ho noek`ho hb jkck`nae ou harbtkeb`tb pkrk ks mkstbs hks vëcvucks. Bssk gocik hb hacktkéîo vkrak no`goreb eohbco b tapo hb eotor, bck á sbeprb a`hankhk pbco gkjrank`tb noeo ekaor pkrk k vëcvuck hb bsnkpb b eb`or pkrk k vëcvuck hb kheassîo. Bxastbe hoas tapos hb tunmos utacazkhos pbcos eotorbs kutoeotavos4 k) Xunmo no`vb`nao`kc (ebnê`ano)< j) Xunmo mahrëucano. No`goreb Nmoccbt (;1=;), os tunmos hb vëcvuck ebnê`anos sîo hb kéo `atrkho ou hb gu`haéîo tbepbrkhk. @os eotorbs hb vëcvucks cktbrkas, bcbs täe sbeprb ue jktb`tb hb rbiuckibe por pkrkguso ou por pcknks. Hbaxk-sb uek gocik b`trb o tunmo b k vëcvuck, hb eoho qub bstk rbpousb noepcbtkeb`tb `o sbu kssb`to b qub suk hacktkéîo, soj o bgbato ho nkcor, possk sb eovaeb`tkr cavrbeb`tb.
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Gaiurk 27 - Zbiuckibe hb vëcvucks noe nkcajrb hb cêea`ks ktrkvás hb jkck`na`s Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
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Dë `os eotorbs noe baxo hb noek`ho hb vëcvucks b no`tkto harbto, k mkstb hk vëcvuck tbrea`k por uek nkpk rbiucëvbc, `k qukc k gocik hb hacktkéîo á ebhahk b`trb o nkeb hb noek`ho hb vëcvucks b k nkpk hk vëcvuck, noeo pohb sbr ojsbrvkho `k iurk k sbiuar.
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Gaiurk 29 - Zbiuckibe hb vëcvucks noe nkcajrb hb cêea`ks ktrkvás hb tunmos ebnê`anos Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
O tunmo mahrëucano ikrk`tb ue no`tkto pbrek`b`tb b`trb o baxo noek`ho b o jkck`nae, haspb`sk`ho qukcqubr `bnbssahkhb hb rbiuckibe, b ebcmork`ho, kssae, o knao`keb`to hks vëcvucks b k pbrgorek`nb ho eotor.
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Gaiurk 2= - Xunmo mahrëucano Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
2.;.9 WËCWRCK^ Ks vëcvucks hos eotorbs k noejustîo täe noeo gu`éîo pra`napkc k b`trkhk hk easturk kr-noejuståvbc, `o eoeb`to hk kheassîo, b k skåhk hb iksbs provb`ab`tbs hk noejustîo `k gksb hb bsnkpb.
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Bssks vëcvucks, kpcankhks `os nkjbéotbs hos eotorbs, sîo mkstbs qub possube uek nkrkntbråstank bspbnånk pkrk nkhk tapo hb no`struéîo hb eotor noe suks bxtrbeahkhbs knmktkhks, be gorek hb hasno, b suk sbhb sb kssb`tk pbrgbatkeb`tb noe ks sbhbs ho nkjbéotb. Ojsbrvb k krquatbturk hb uek vëcvuck `k prþxaek iurk. iurk .
Nkjbék Gknb hb kssb`tkeb`to
Ekribe
Mkstb
Nk`kcbtk Vá hk vëcvuck
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Gaiurk 21 - Krquatbturk hk vëcvuck Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Noeo sîo a`stkckhks `o nkjbéotb, `o a`tbraor hks nêekrks hb noejustîo, ks vëcvucks prbnaske rbsastar4 k) æ tbepbrkturk bcbvkhk nkuskhk pbck noejustîo< j) ko hbsikstb ebnê`ano por ktrato noe ks iuaks hb vëcvucks b sbhbs ho nkjbéotb< n) æ norrosîo ktrkvás hb iksbs be kctks tbepbrkturks. Vkrk qub ks vëcvucks posske rbsastar kos gktorbs knaek natkhos, bcks hbvbe sbr prohuzahks be kéos a`oxahëvbas, sb`ho qub k bsnocmk ho kéo vkrak vkr ak hb knorho noe o `åvbc hb tb`sîo, tbepbrkturk b o kejab`tb be qub trkjkcmke. Vkrk ktb`hbr k bssks nkrkntbråstanks më hoas tapos hb vëcvucks, hb knorho noe suk gu`éîo b kpcankéîo4 k) Wëcvuck hb kheassîo< j) Wëcvuck hb bsnkpkeb`to. K vëcvuck hb kheassîo tbe noeo gu`éîo pbreatar k b`trkhk hk easturk hb kr b noejuståvbc `k nêekrk hb noejustîo, `o tbepo bxkto hb suk kheassîo, nkuskhk pbco äejoco, b vbhkr k kjbrturk hb kheassîo, `o tbepo bxkto hb suk noeprbssîo, tkejáe nkuskhk pbco äejoco. K vëcvuck hb bsnkpb tbe noeo gu`éîo pbreatar k skåhk hos iksbs rbsuctk`tbs hk qubaek hk easturk b vbhkr k kjbrturk hb bsnkpkeb`to `o tbepo bxkto hb noeprbssîo.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Vbco gkto hks vëcvucks hb bsnkpb rbnbjbrbe tbepbrkturks bcbvkhks pbck pksskibe hos iksbs, kciu`s eohbcos täe be sbu a`tbraor skas hb sþhao `o bstkho sþcaho. O sþhao, quk`ho kqubnaho, tor`k-sb cåquaho, ebcmork`ho k rbgraibrkéîo. Hbpb`hb`ho ho tapo b kpcankéîo ho eotor, bcb pohb var hb gëjrank noe =, ;7, :6 ou ekas vëcvucks. [uk`to ekaor k quk`tahkhb hb vëcvucks `o naca`hro, ekaor sbrë suk hurkjacahkhb, poas por tbrbe tkek`mos rbhuzahos ebcmorke o rbsgrakeb`to.
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Gaiurk 76 - Nkjbéotb noe vëraks vëcvucks Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
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Vkrk ekas a`gorekéòbs sojrb os noepo`b`tbs gaxos b eþvbas ho eotor, knbssb o 3www.oebnk`ano.noe.jr 3www.oebnk`a no.noe.jr0 0 b gkék uek jusnk pbco kssu`to.
satb
2.;.= IRAK HB WËCWRCK^ Ks iuaks hb vëcvucks sîo gkjrankhks be cktîo, gbrro gu`haho ou kéo. Xäe gorek nacå`hrank b sîo noconkhks soj a`tbrgbrä`nak9 be pbrgurkéòbs bxastb`tbs `o nkjbéotb, `k pkrtb supbraor täe ue rbjkaxo pkrk b`nkaxb ho vbhkhor hb þcbo. Noeo dë sb skjb, o eotor be gu`nao`keb`to ibrk euato nkcor hurk`tb k noejustîo b bssb nkcor provonk gortb kqubnaeb`to `k nkjbék hk vëcvuck, conkc o`hb k tbepbrkturk á hassapkhk ktrkvás hks iuaks hb vëcvucks. Wbdk ks iuaks hks vëcvucks `k iurk k sbiuar.
9 K eo`tkibe soj a`tbrgbrä`nak a`tbrgbrä`nak ebnê`ank no`sastb `k u`aîo hb huks pbéks pkrk pkrk gorekr ue ô`ano ô`ano no`du`to. Vohbe Vohbe sbr rbkcazkhks hb huks goreks4 pronbsso hb grao por prbssîo ebnê`ank ou pronbsso qub`tb, `o qukc uek hks pbéks pkssk por kqubnaeb`to pkrk qub onorrk k hacktkéîo b eo`tkibe.
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Iuaks hb vëcvucks
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Gaiurk 7; - Iuaks hks vëcvucks Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
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Ks iuaks hks vëcvucks be joks no`haéòbs pbreatbe qub bcks trkjkcmbe sktasgktorakeb`tb por co`ios pbråohos hb tbepo. Rek bxnbssavk gocik b`trb k mkstb hk vëcvuck b k iuak pohb cbvë-ck k a`nca`kr-sb, aepbha`ho kssae uek jok vbhkéîo, qub rbsuctk be qubaek hk vëcvuck.
No`mbék `k sbquä`nak o rbtb`tor.
2.;.1 ZBXB@XOZ
O rbtb`tor (vbhkhor) hb vëcvuck tbe noeo gu`éîo gkzbr k vbhkéîo ho þcbo cujrank`tb qub pohb vkzkr pkrk hb`tro hks nêekrks hb noejustîo.
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Gaiurk 7: - Zbtb`torbs hks vëcvucks `o iuak hb vëcvuck Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
2.;.;6 HA^VO^AXAWO^ HK^ WËCWRCK^ Ks vëcvucks ho nkjbéotb gu`nao`ke rbkcazk`ho eovaeb`tos hb sojb b hbsnb ktrkvás hos nkebs ho noek`ho. Vkrk qub bssb eovaeb`to kctbr`kho ojbhbék o pkhrîo hb gëjrank, bcb prbnask hb hasposatavos eo`tkhos be sbu norpo. ^îo bcbs4 k) eocks< j) prkto< n) nmkvbtks. Bstbs hasposatavos vonä pohb vasukcazkr `k iurk k sbiuar. Kcáe hb no`mbnbr, hbtkcmkhkeb`tb, nkhk ue hbcbs `k sbquä`nak.
Nmkvbtks
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Gaiurk 7> - Hasposatavos hks vëcvucks Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
EOCK^ K eock, qub á eo`tkhk `ks vëcvucks, á gkjrankhk hb kéo bspbnakc, b o sbu noepraeb`to b suk rbsastä`nak rbsastä`nak æ noeprbssîo ebnê`ank sîo haeb`sao`khos hb knorho noe o tapo hb eotor.
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Gaiurk 78 - Eocks hks vëcvucks Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
K gu`éîo hk eock á kprasao`kr k prasao`kr k vëcvuck noe o kuxåcao hos prktos, nudk mkstb hk vëcvuck nk `o sbu a`tbraor, b gkzbr noe qub suk gknb hb kssb`tkeb`to qub prbssao`khk be harbéîo æ sbhb ho nkjbéotb.
VZKXO
Os prktos hks vëcvucks sîo gkjrankhos hb kéo bspbnakc b täe gorek narnuckr. O nb`tro ho prkto tbe ue guro qub sbrvb hb pksskibe pkrk k vëcvuck b b`nkaxb hks nmkvbtks hb trkvkeb`to. Ojsbrvb k iurk ho prkto k sbiuar.
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Gaiurk 72 - Vrkto hk eock hks vëcvucks
Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
No`mbék k sbiuar ks nmkvbtks.
NMKWBXK^ Ks nmkvbtks sîo pbéks hb kéo be gorek hb ebak cuk b nø`ank. ^îo b`nkaxkhks `o guro nb`trkc ho prkto qub, noe k prbssîo hk eock gorék k trkvk no`trk k nk`kcbtk hb b`nkaxb hk mkstb hk vëcvuck.
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Gaiurk 77 - Nmkvbtks hk eock hks vëcvucks Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Outro noepo`b`tb euato aeportk`tb á k du`tk ho nkjbéotb, qub vonä no`mbnbrë k sbiuar.
2.;.;; DR@XK HO NKJBÉOXB K du`tk ho nkjbéotb tbe por gu`éîo gkzbr k vbhkéîo hk nêekrk hb noejustîo, ikcbraks h‑ëiuk b þcbo.
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Gaiurk 79 - Du`tk ho nkjbéotb Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
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Á uek du`tk ebtkcopcëstank= ou, por vbzbs, uek du`tk hb nojrb rbnozaho euato `k b keak`to, rbnbjb`ho rbgoréo ebtëcano pkrk rbsastar k kctks tbepbrkturks b prbssîo. Outro noepo`b`tb euato aeportk`tb ho eotor á o jcono. @bcb bstîo kirbikhos outros noepo`b`tbs, noeo naca`hros b äejocos.
2.: JCONO
O jcono á k bstruturk pra`napkc ho eotor `o qukc bstîo kirbikhos, b`trb outros, os sbiua`tbs bcbeb`tos4 k) naca`hros b äejocos< j) ërvorb hb ek`avbcks< n) nkjbéotb. Noebnb bstuhk`ho o pastîo, ou äejoco.
2.:.; VA^XÎO (ÄEJOCO) O äejoco á uek pbék ho eotor qub tbe k gu`éîo hb trk`seatar k gorék hk bxpk`sîo hos iksbs `o naca`hro pkrk k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks ktrkvás hos eovaeb`tos rbtacå`bos kctbr`ktavos hk jabck. Vossua ks sbiua`tbs nkrkntbråstanks4 k) jkaxo pbso pkrk sb eovbr noe gknacahkhb< j) kctk rbsastä`nak< n) rëpahk hassapkéîo hb nkcor. Ojsbrvb o pastîo `k iurk k sbiuar.
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Gaiurk 7= - Vastîo ho eotor Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
ebtkcopcëstank. [ub haz rbspbato æ ebtkcopckstak. ebtkcopckstak. Go`tb4 = [ub tbe o nkrëtbr hb ue ebtkc b hb kciuek sujstê`nak pcëstank4 du`tk ebtkcopcëstank. 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
NO@^XAXRAÉÎO O äejoco á uek pbék ho eotor gkjrankho be caik hb kcueå`ao qub rbsastb æ prbssîo b tbepbrkturk provb`ab`tbs hk noejustîo. Bcb tbe gorek nacå`hrank, suk pkrtb supbraor á gbnmkhk noe rbjkaxos usa`khos be gorekto hb vkcbtks pkrk o kcodkeb`to hos k`áas. K pkrtb a`gbraor á kjbrtk, `k irk`hb ekaorak, noe kjks no`mbnahks noeo skak b, ko nb`tro, ue goro pkrk kcodkeb`to ho pa`o, qub o xkrë æ jabck. K pkrtb supbraor ho äejoco pohb tbr supbrgånab pck`k, nø`nkvk ou no`vbxk. Vkrk ktb`hbr bssks nkrkntbråstanks, o äejoco hbpb`hb ho tapo hb eotor b noejuståvbc k sbr utacazkho. O äejoco be suk no`struéîo tbe ue gorekto nø`ano pkrk qub `o eoeb`to ho kqubnaeb`to sb tor`b nacå`hrano b suk cktbrkc totkceb`tb rbtk.
@OEB@NCKXRZK HO ÄEJOCO Á aeportk`tb pkhro`azkr o uso hks hb`oea`kéòbs hks pkrtbs ho pastîo< por asso, k sbiuar, vonä no`mbnbrë ks `oeb`nckturks1 ekas usukas, jbe noeo suk hb`aéîo. Ojsbrvb k iurk b, be sbiuahk, nkhk pkrtb ho äejoco. K Nkjbék
LM To`k hb goio TK To`k hb k`áas
J^kak
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Gaiurk 71 - @oeb`nckturk ho äejoco Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Jko (:6;2)
k) K „ Nkjbék „ Vkrtb supbraor ho pastîo, satukhk knaek hk skak, o`hb bstîo conkcazkhks tohks ou quksb
tohks ks nk`kcbtks pkrk k`áas. j) TK „ To`k hb K`áas „ Vkrtb hk nkjbék o`hb bstîo conkcazkhks ks nk`kcbtks pkrk os k`áas.
1 No`du`to hb tbreos tán`anos hb hb uek naä`nak ou hb uek krtb. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0. 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0.
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n) LM „ To`k hb Goio „ Vkrtb hk zo`k hos k`áas noeprbb`hahk b`trb o topo b k ;ª nk`kcbtk. @bstk zo`k pohbe bxastar rbsskctos ou rk`murks pkrk rbhuéîo ho ktrato noe k pkrbhb ho naca`hro qub ktuke noeo jkrrbark táreank. h) J „ ^kak „ Vkrtb ho pastîo noeprbb`hahk b`trb k nkjbék b k jonk. K skak gorek uek supbrgånab hb hbscazkeb`to b iuak ho pastîo hb`tro ho naca`hro (EKMCB :6;>).
VA@O
Ko ojsbrvkr o pa`o á possåvbc pbrnbjbr qub bcb á gkjrankho be kéo bspbnakc trktkho, pkrk ikrk`tar kctk rbsastä`nak ko hbsikstb provb`ab`tb hk gorék kpcankhk hurk`tb k noejustîo. Bstb pa`o á hbsnb`trkcazkho pkrk bcaea`kr k possajacahkhb hb ruåho provb`ab`tb hk skak ho äejoco no`trk o naca`hro ho jcono. Më vëraos tapos hb xkéîo ho pa`o `o pastîo4 k) Va`o Gcutuk`tb4 Gcutuk`tb4 bstb tapo hb pa`o hbscazk cavrb `o äejoco b `k jabck, b o qub caeatk sbu hbsconkeb`to cktbrkc á ue k`bc trkvk< j) Va`o ^beautuk`tb4 ^beautuk`tb4 bstb tapo hbscazk cavrbeb`tb `o äejoco b á prbso `k jabck, `orekceb`tb por a`tbrgbrä`nak ebnê`ank< n) Va`o Gaxo4 Gaxo4 bstb tapo, no`sahbrkho totkceb`tb xo, á prbso `o äejoco por ebao hb pkrkguso, trkvk ou a`tbrgbrä`nak b `îo tbe eovaeb`to hb rotkéîo. Wbdk ue tapo hb pa`o ho pastîo `k iurk k sbiuar.
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Gaiurk 96 - Va`o ho pastîo Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
O prþxaeo noepo`b`tb k sbr bstuhkho sîo os k`áas. Xkejáe gu`hkeb`tkas pkrk o gu`nao`keb`to norrbto ho jcono.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
2.:.: K@ÁA^ ^biu`ho Nmoccbt (;1=;), os k`áas sîo hb gbrro honb ou hb kéo. Kssbiurke k vbhkéîo ho pastîo b k rkspkibe ho bxnbhb`tb hb þcbo qub tbrak tb`hä`nak k knueuckr-sb `k nêekrk hb bxpcosîo.
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Gaiurk 9; - Xapos b eohbcos hb k`áas Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Os k`áas hupcos b os bxtb`såvbas, qub vonä pohb vbr `k iurk k`tbraor, sîo grbqub`tbeb`tb utacazkhos pkrk haea`uar ks no`nb`trkéòbs hb þcbo be ue eotor uskho. Os k`áas hb sbieb`to, qub pohbe bxastar be `ôebro hb hoas ou träs tr äs por pastîo, sîo k`áas hb noeprbssîo noeprbss îo ou hb iës, nudk gu`éîo pra`napkc no`sastb be gorekr uek vbhkéîo æ pksskibe ho iës. Kjkaxo hbstbs, b`no`trk-sb o k`bc hb rkspkibe ou hb þcbo, qub rkspk o þcbo be bxnbsso ho naca`hro, `k hbsnahk ho pastîo, b b`vak-o `ovkeb`tb pkrk o norpo hos naca`hros ktrkvás hb oragånaos kjbrtos `k pkrbhb ho pastîo, `k jksb hk rk`murk ho k`bc (^RCCQ, ;1=2).
@OEB@NCKXRZK HO^ K@ÁA^ ^biu`ho o Ek`ukc Houtor be Eotorbs (;1=2), pkrk gknacatkr k noeprbb`sîo hos k`áas á aeportk`tb no`mbnbr os `oebs hkhos ks suks havbrsks pkrtbs b suks ebhahks pra`napka pra`napkas, s, no`goreb vonä vbrank `k iurk k sbiuar.
Cktbrkc A`hankéîo hb eo`tkibe pkrk naek
Gknb a`tbr`k
Gknb bxtbr`k
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Gaiurk 9: - @oeb`nckturk ho k`bc Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ek`ukc Houtor be Eotorbs (;1=2)
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k) Gknb Bxtbr`k4 á k pkrtb ho k`bc qub nk be no`tkto (totkc ou pkrnakc) noe k pkrbhb ho naca`hro. Á
tkejáe nmkekhk hb –gknb hb trkjkcmo― ou –gknb hb no`tkto―< j) Gknb a`tbr`k4 á o ckho ho k`bc qub nk voctkho pkrk o gu`ho hk nk`kcbtk ho pastîo< n) Kcturk4 á k hastê`nak b`trb ks gknbs cktbrkas ho k`bc, ebhahk `orekceb`tb be eacåebtros b be kciu`s
nksos, be grkéòbs hb pocbikhks< h) Bspbssurk Zkhakc4 á k hastê`nak b`trb ks gknbs g knbs bxtbr`ks b a`tbr`ks ho k`bc, tb`ho ebhahks sbeprb be
eacåebtros. K kcturk b k bspbssurk vonä pohb vasukcazkr `k iurk k sbiuar.
Kcturk
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Gaiurk 9> - Kcturk b bspbssurk rkhakc ho k`bc Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ek`ukc Houtor be Eotorbs (;1=2)
b) Gocik Cktbrkc4 á k gocik ebhahk `o sb`taho hk kcturk ho k`bc, ou sbdk, sbdk , á k hastê`nak b`trb k gknb gk nb cktbrkc
ho k`bc b k cktbrkc supbraor hk nk`kcbtk< g) Gocik Xrksbark4 á k gocik b`trb k gknb a`tbr`k ho k`bc b o gu`ho hk nk`kcbtk ho pastîo, quk`ho bstbs
bstîo a`stkckhos b nb`trkhos `o naca`hro, noeo pohb sbr ojsbrvkho `k prþxaek iurk.
Gocik cktbrkc
Gocik trksbark
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Gaiurk 98 - Gocik trksbark b gocik cktbrkc ho k`bc Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ek`ukc Houtor be Eotorbs (;1=2)
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
i) Haêebtro @orekc4 á o haêebtro bxtbr`o ho k`bc, –gbnmkho― `o haêebtro ho naca`hro pkrk o qukc goa
prodbtkho. Á, portk`to, aiukc ko haêebtro `oea`kc ho naca`hro, sb`ho ebhaho be eacåebtros ou pocbikhks< m) Gocik b`trb Vo`tks4 á k hastê`nak b`trb ks bxtrbeahkhbs ho k`bc, ebhahk noe bcb a`stkckho be ue
naca`hro hb haêebtro norrbspo`hb`tb. Re bxbepco hb gociks pohb sbr vasukcazkho `k iurk k sbiuar.
Gocik b`trb po`tks
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Gaiurk 92 - Gocik b`trb po`tks ho k`bc Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Bssk gocik vkrak no`goreb o haêebtro ho k`bc b noe o tapo hb kpcankéîo k qub sb hbsta`k.
GR@ÉÎO HO^ K@ÁA^ Os k`áas hb pastîo täe träs gu`éòbs pra`napkas qub, rbsueahkeb`tb, sîo ks sbiua`tbs4 ;ª4 vbhkr k nêekrk hb noejustîo be rbckéîo ko nërtbr, aepbha`ho qub os iksbs hk noejustîo ou k prbssîo hb noeprbssîo pkssb pkrk o nërtbr< :ª4 trk`seatar o nkcor kjsorvaho pbck nkjbék ho pastîo pkrk ks pkrbhbs ho naca`hro b hbck pkrk o sastbek
hb krrbgbnaeb`to< >ª4 no`trockr k cujrankéîo hos naca`hros.
Vkrk ktb`hbr k tohos bssbs rbquasatos, saeuctk`bkeb`tb, goa `bnbssërao hbsb`vocvbr hoas tapos jësanos hb k`áas4 os hb noeprbssîo b os hb þcbo.
K@ÁA^ HB NOEVZB^^ÎO Os k`áas hb noeprbssîo `orekceb`tb sîo hb gbrro gordkho b täe sbu haêebtro h aêebtro supbraor ko hk nkeask, b bxbrnbe, portk`to, uek prbssîo rkhakc quk`ho bstîo noepraeahos hb`tro ho naca`hro.
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Bcbs sîo nbrnk hb 6,62 ee k 6,692 ee ekas `os ho qub ks rk`murks bxastb`tbs `o pastîo, kssbiurk`ho, kssae, k cajbrhkhb hb osnackéîo hb`tro hk rk`murk b pbreata`ho qub k prbssîo ho iës ktub ktrës hos sbieb`tos b kueb`tb k gorék rkhakc. [uk`ho o pastîo sojb (gksbs hb bsnkpb b noeprbssîo), o k`bc á bepurrkho no`trk k gknb a`gbraor hk rk`murk, gbnmk`ho k kjbrturk hb guik be tor`o hk jksb ho k`bc. Hbvaho æ prbssîo ho iës, o k`bc ek`táe-sb ka`hk `bstk posaéîo hurk`tb k gksb hb bxpk`sîo. [uk`ho o pastîo sb eovb pkrk jkaxo, `k gksb hb kheassîo, o k`bc eovb-sb pkrk naek, b`nostk`ho `k gksb supbraor hk rk`murk.
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Gaiurk 97 - K`áas hb noeprbssîo Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
^b os k`áas ou gknbs hks rk`murks bstîo hbsikstkhos, guiks hb noeprbssîo b hb joejkibe hb þcbo pohbe onorrbr. Os sbieb`tos hb noeprbssîo a`gbraorbs kprbsb`tke, euatks vbzbs, uek po`tk jocbkhk b sîo eo`tkhos noconk`ho o eb`or haêebtro hk gknb pck`k pkrk naek, hb eoho k ek`tbr-sb, a`anakceb`tb, a`anakceb`tb, kpoakhos `o oragånao pbck suk krbstk hb jkaxo. Asto pbreatb qub os k`áas `îo bepurrbe k pbcånuck hb þcbo hurk`tb k hbsnahk ho pastîo, nkusk`ho ue kcto no`sueo hb þcbo (^RCCQ, ;1=2).
K@BC HO ÞCBO Ks po`tks `k gknb supbraor b a`gbraor ho k`bc kprbsb`tke `ks supbrgånabs hb no`tkto noe k pkrbhb ho naca`hro qub pbreatbe bxbrnbr uek kctk prbssîo sojrb kqubck pkrbhb. O þcbo be bxnbsso á rkspkho pkrk k rk`murk b pkrk os oragånaos hb hbsnkrik bxastb`tbs `o pastîo. ^uk gu`éîo á rbhuzar o no`sueo hb þcbo hbpoas hb irk`hb quacoebtrkibe, hbshb qub os oragånaos hb naca`hro b os pastòbs `îo bstbdke hbeksakhkeb`tb hbsikstkhos.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
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Gaiurk 99 - K`áas ho þcbo Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Kciueks possåvbas nkusks pkrk o no`sueo bxnbssavo hb þcbo cujrank`tb sîo4 k) pksskibe hb þcbo pkrk nêekrk hb noejustîo ktrkvás hos k`áas ho äejoco ou hos rbtb`torbs hb vëcvucks< j) hbsikstb bxnbssavo `o naca`hro ho eotor< n) vkzkeb`to por du`tks b rbtb`torbs< h) pronbsso `kturkc hb cujrankéîo< b) euhk`ék hb vasnosahkhb ho þcbo< g) hacuaéîo ho þcbo por noejuståvbc< i) pbråoho hb keknakeb`to ho eotor< m) a`tbrvkcos bstb`hahos hb tronk hb þcbo.
EO@XKIBE HO^ K@ÁA^ Be suk ekaorak, os k`áas hb noeprbssîo sîo harbnao`kas, sb`ho hbsb`mkhos hb gorek k hbscazkr sojrb o ceb hb þcbo `o nurso ksnb`hb`tb ho pastîo b rbeovbr o bxnbsso hb þcbo hk pkrbhb ho naca`hro `o nurso hbsnb`hb`tb. Vor bstk rkzîo, bssbs k`áas täe uek posaéîo hb`ahk hb eo`tkibe, `îo pohb`ho sbr eo`tkhos hb qukcqubr ckho. Ks iurks kprbsb`tkhks k sbiuar eostrke k posaéîo norrbtk hb eo`tkibe hb kciu`s tapos hb k`áas hb noeprbssîo ekas utacazkhos.
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Xapo ;4 a`stkcb noe k ekrnk –XOV― (ou outrk ahb`tankéîo pkrk naek, be harbéîo æ nkjbék ho pastîo). Xapo :4 a`stkcb noe o rbjkaxo a`tbr`o pkrk naek (be harbéîo æ nkjbék ho pastîo). Xapo >4 a`stkcb noe o nmk`gro a`tbr`o pkrk naek (be harbéîo æ nkjbék ho pastîo). Xapo 84 a`stkcb noe o rbjkaxo pkrk jkaxo (be harbéîo æ skåhk ho pastîo). Xapo 24 a`stkcb noe o rbjkaxo `k harbéîo hk skåhk ho pastîo.
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Gaiurk 9= - Vosaéîo norrbtk hb eo`tkibe hb kciu`s tapos hb k`áas ho þcbo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ek`ukc Houtor be Eotorbs (;1=2)
@o eoeb`to hk a`stkckéîo hos k`áas hbvb-sb sbeprb gkzbr hk ek`bark norrbtk, vark`ho pkrk naek k gknb be qub sb b`no`trk k ekrnkéîo pkrk naek ou top. Ks kjbrturks hos k`áas hbvbe bstkr bspkékhos aiukceb`tb be tor`o ho pastîo b suk eo`tkibe hbvb sbr rbkcazkhk utacazk`ho gbrrkeb`tks kproprakhks.
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Gaiurk 91 - Eo`tkibe hos k`áas Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
No`ncuåhk bssk eo`tkibe, os k`áas b pastîo hbvbe sbr jbe cujrankhos noe þcbo caepo (hb eotor) k e hb ikrk`tar uek jok cujrankéîo `os praebaros eovaeb`tos hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b bvatkr k onorrä`nak hb bsnorakéòbs ou b`irapkeb`tos. K`áas qubjrkhos ou noe suks kjbrturks kca`mkhks tkejáe nkuske projcbeks hb vbhkéîo, eocmk`ho ks vbcks hb ai`aéîo hb þcbo b kprbsb`tk`ho pbrhk hb tkxk hb noeprbssîo. @k irk`hb ekaorak, os pastòbs täe hoas k`áas hb noeprbssîo b ue k`bc rkspkhor hb þcbo, b suk eo`tkibe `o pastîo hbvb sbr gbatk noe
suks po`tks hbgkskhks hb ;:6¶.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
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Gaiurk =6 - Vosaéîo hb eo`tkibe hos k`áas Go`tb4 khkptkho hb ^uccy (;1=2)
Dë be ue pastîo hb 8 nk`kcbtks k conkcazkéîo hks po`tks hos k`áas á ue pouno hagbrb`tb. Wbdk k sbiuar.
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Gaiurk =; - Vosaéîo hb eo`tkibe hos k`áas be ue pastîo hb quktro nk`kcbtks Go`tb4 khkptkho hb ^uccy (;1=2)
Ks jabcks, qub vonä no`mbnbrë k sbiuar, tkejáe noepòbe o jcono ho eotor. B`tb`hk por qub sîo aeportk`tbs.
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2.:.> JABCK^
K jabck á uek pbék ho eotor qub gkz k caikéîo b`trb o pastîo b k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. No`struåhk hb kéo-caik, suk gu`éîo á trk`seatar os eovaeb`tos provb`ab`tbs hos pastòbs pkrk k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. Á no`statuåhk hb träs pkrtbs4 Norpo hk jabck4 á k pkrtb nb`trkc hk jabck. Conkc hb ekaor rbsastä`nak noe pbrc be A. Bxastbe kciu`s
eohbcos hb jabcks noe ue guro `o nb`tro pkrk pbreatar k pksskibe ho þcbo cujrank`tb< Vá hk jabck4 á k pkrtb supbraor hk jabck. Xbe ue guro pkrk o kcodkeb`to ho pa`o ho pastîo, qub be kc-
iu`s tapos täe o pa`o prbso por a`tbrgbrä`nak ebnê`ank ou por ebao hb uek junmk< Nkjbék hk jabck4 á k pkrtb a`gbraor hk jabck o`hb sb b`no`trk o guro ekaor pkrk o knopckeb`to ko eo-
b`tb hk ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. K pkrtb hb jkaxo hk jabck á havahahk be huks pkrtbs, uek á o prþprao norpo hk jabck b outrk uek ebak cuk sbpkrkhk, nmkekhk hb nkpk. @os hoas ckhos, tk`to `k pkrtb supbraor noeo `k nkpk, sîo eo`tkhks jro`za`ks pkrk ue prbgbato kssb`tkeb`to.
Va`o Vá
Norpo
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Gaiurk =: - Jabck Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
^beprb qub gor prbnaso rbkcazkr k ek`utb`éîo hk jabck, bssb pronbhaeb`to hbvb sbr gbato kpb`ks por pbssoks bspbnakcazkhks ou `o eoeb`to ho rbno`hanao`keb`to ho eotor, poas sbrë ojsbrvkho sb më bepb`keb`tos ho norpo hk jabck b hbsikstbs knb`tukhos `k junmk. Hbpb`hb`ho ho tapo b hk kpcankéîo, os eotorbs pohbe var noe hoas tapos hb jabcks, sb`ho qub ks ekas usukas sîo ks jabcks grkturkhks, qub pohbe sbr hb hoas tapos. Wbdk k sbiuar.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
VOZ NZK[RBKEB@XO (GZKXRZK) @o pronbsso hb nrkqubkeb`to;6, k jabck b suk nkpk sîo prohuzahks be uek ô`ank pbék b, postbraoeb`tb, por ebao hb uek gbrrkeb`tk, qub bxbrnb uek irk`hb gorék, sb ojtáe k sbpkrkéîo hks huks pbéks< por asso, bcb sb nmkek tkejáe –jabck grkturkhk―.
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Gaiurk => - Jabck por grkturk Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
VOZ NOZXB @o pronbhaeb`to hb nortb, k jabck b suk nkpk sîo gkjrankhks be uek ô`ank pbék, noe ektbrakc sojrbsskcb`tb pkrk sbrbe sbpkrkhks, postbraoreb`tb, ktrkvás hb usa`kibe (OCAWBAZK, :66>), noeo pohb sbr ojsbrvkho `k iurk k sbiuar.
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Gaiurk =8 - Jabck por nortb (usa`khk) Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
;6 Vronbsso pbco qukc mahronkrjo`btos rbcktavkeb`tb pbskhos, tkas noeo þcbos noejuståvbas b `kgtk hb pbtrþcbo, sîo grknao`k hos be prohutos ekas cbvbs, tkas noeo iksoca`k b btacb`o, ebhak`tb nkcor, prbssîo ou nktkcaskhorbs< nrknla`i. Go`tb4 Eanmkbcas O` ca`b (:6;2).
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Kcáe ho äejoco, hos k`áas b hk jabck, ks jro`za`ks gkzbe pkrtb ho jcono ho eotor b vonä ks bstuhkrë `o prþxaeo atbe.
2.:.8 JZO@TA@K^ (NK^[RACMO^) Ks jro`za`ks sîo gbatks be huks ebtkhbs, utacazkhks `os eob`tbs b `os eu`mòbs sîo noconkhks uek `k pkrtb a`gbraor b outrk `k pkrtb supbraor, por ebao hos b`iktbs noe rk`murks `ks suks bxtrbeahkhbs, pkrk propornao`kr o b`nkaxb pbrgbato. O no`du`to á gbnmkho por pkrkgusos b ks nkpks pohbe sbr gbatks hb ebtkc jrk`no (caik æ jksb hb bstk`mo ou nmuejo) ou hb ue ebtkc k`tagranéîo hb nojrb b nmuejo.
K
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Gaiurk =2 - Ektbrakc hk jro`za`k Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
Bcks possube ue guro ou uek rk`murk `o nb`tro pkrk rbkcazkr k cujrankéîo, o qub bvatk o supbrkqubnaeb`to b, tkejáe, qub k pbék b`trb be gkhaik.
Xrkvk hk jro`za`k
Nk`kc hb pksskibe hb þcbo ) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk =7 - Nk`kc hb cujrankéîo b k trkvk hk jro`za`k Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
O ôctaeo noepo`b`tb ho jcono ho eotor qub vonä bstuhkrë á o varkjrbquae ou ërvorbs hb ek`avbcks. ^aik be grb`tb.
2.:.2 WAZKJZB[RAE (ËZWOZB HB EK@AWBCK^) No`goreb Nmoccbt (;1=;, p. 27), –o varkjrbquae á hb kéo ko nroeo`åqubc gordkho, hbpoas trktkho k rbsastä`nak (tbepbrkturk b rbvb`aeb`to). Ka`hk á possåvbc b`no`trkr, be gu`nao`keb`to, kciu`s varkjrbqua`s nbeb`tkhos;;―. Os varkjrbqua`s eohbr`os sîo gu`hahos be gu`haéîo bspbnakc, no`tb`ho uek caik hb nojrb, hb sacånao, hb nroeo b hb ek`ik`äs. K gu`haéîo pbreatb gkjrankr varkjrbqua`s ekas cbvbs b ekas saepcbs. Vor outro ckho, bcbs sîo ekas rbsastb`tbs ko hbsikstb b sogrbe eb`orbs vajrkéòbs hbvaho kos bsgoréos hb toréîo.
Eu`mòbs
Eob`tbs
Oragånao hb cujrankéîo
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Gaiurk =9 - Vkrtbs ho varkjrbquae Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
K iurk k`tbraor eostrk ks pkrtbs ho varkjrbquae, qub vonä no`mbnbrë be hbtkcmbs k sbiuar.
ER@MÒB^ Os eu`mòbs sîo kirupkhos `k ca`mk ho baxo varkjrbquae pbreata`ho sbu eovaeb`to. O kpoao ho varkjrbquae ko jcono ho eotor á gbato ktrkvás hb ek`nkas, os qukas sîo eu`ahos hb ebaks-cuks (jro`za`ks). Á ktrkvás hb oragånaos `os eu`mòbs ho varkjrbquae qub narnuck o þcbo cujrank`tb pkrk cujrankr os eob`tbs.
;; Nkrkntbråstank ho qub sb gordou, ho qub goa eochkho be gordk pkrk khquarar ue hbtbrea`kho kspbnto ou uek hbtbrea`khk
gorek. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0.
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^beprb qub mouvbr gkctk hb cujrankéîo ou hbsikstb `kturkc hos eu`mòbs (por quacoebtrkibe) bstb noepo`b`tb hbvb pksskr por rbtånk.
EOB@XB^
Os eob`tbs sîo os conkas o`hb ks jabcks sîo prbsks, sîo kirupkhos hoas k hoas sojrb o ebseo pck`o. Á ktrkvás hb oragånaos `os eu`mòbs ho varkjrbquae qub os eob`tbs rbnbjbe k cujrankéîo. ^beprb qub mouvbr gkctk hb cujrankéîo ou hbsikstb `kturkc hos eob`tbs (por quacoebtrkibe), bstb noepo`b`tb hbvb pksskr por rbtånk. No`mbék k sbiuar o nërtbr, o prþxaeo noepo`b`tb ho eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k.
2.> NËZXBZ O nërtbr á ue rbsbrvktþrao `o qukc o þcbo cujrank`tb nk hbposatkho. Á bcb qube kjkstbnb o eotor `o eoeb`to hk cujrankéîo. O nërtbr, kcáe hb sbrvar noeo rbsbrvktþrao hb þcbo cujrank`tb, gu`nao`k noeo uek nkrnkék qub protbib os þriîos a`tbr`os ho eotor. Bcb á xkho ko jcono ho eotor ktrkvás hb pkrkgusos, b utacazk uek du`tk hb vbhkéîo bvatk`ho k skåhk ho þcbo cujrank`tb. Bssks du`tks hb vbhkéîo pohbe sbr hb nortaék ou jorrknmk, ou ka`hk nock sacano`b qub rbsastb k kctks tbepbrkturks. ^biu`ho Jru`btta (:6;:, p. 8:), –os hoas tapos usukas hb nërtbr beprbikhos be ENAs (Eotorbs hb Noejustîo A`tbr`k) sîo o ôeaho b o sbno. O nërtbr ôeaho á kpcankho kos eotorbs no`vb`nao`kas sb`ho bstk k vbrsîo ekas utacazkhk. Noeo a`no`vb`ab`tb, bstë o gkto hb kueb`tkr k kcturk `kc hos eotorbs―. O nërtbr sbno á kpcankho kos eotorbs morazo`tkas, `orekceb`tb, utacazkho be ø`ajus b `os eotorbs hb noepbtaéîo. Bssbs eotorbs trkjkcmke noe huks joejks pkrk o eovaeb`to ho þcbo cujrank`tb sb`ho4 k) joejk hb trk`sgbrä`nak< j) joejk pra`napkc. Ks pra`napkas gu`éòbs ho nërtbr sîo4 k) haea`uar o eovaeb`to ho cujrank`tb, sbpkrk`ho o kr, þcbo b bspuek< j) krekzb`kr o þcbo< n) proeovbr k tronk hb nkcor. Bxastbe, jksankeb`tb, hoas tapos hb nërtbr. No`mbék-os por ebao hks iurks kprbsb`tkhks k sbiuar.
17
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
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Gaiurk == - Nërtbr ho eotor be kcueå`ao b be nmkpk Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Be kciu`s tapos hb nërtbr b`no`trk-sb, `k pkrtb a`tbr`k, uek nmkpk hb kéo qub sbrvb pkrk rbhuzar o eovaeb`to jrusno ho þcbo, bvatk`ho kssae uek gkcmk `k cujrankéîo, pra`napkceb`tb, quk`ho o vbånuco bstavbr gkzb`ho uek nurvk euato knb`tukhk. Bssk pkrtb sb nmkek hbbtor hb þcbo b vonä pohbrë vasukcazë-ck k sbiuar.
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Gaiurk =1 - Hbbtor hb þcbo ho nërtbr ho eotor Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
No`mbék k sbiuar k du`tk ho nërtbr, aeportk`tb pkrk suk vbhkéîo.
2.>.; DR@XK HO NËZXBZ K hb`aéîo hb du`tk ho nërtbr á k noeja`kéîo hb ektbrakas noe o propþsato hb u`ar huks pkrtbs hb uek du`éîo ebnê`ank. ^uk gu`éîo á rbkcazkr k vbhkéîo b`trb ks pkrtbs b ek`tä-cks ek`tä-cks por ue proco`ikho pbråoho hb tbepo. K du`tk hbvb sbr nkpkz hb vbhkr ks suks gknbs hb no`tkto, sbr rbsastb`tb ko ebao k sbr vbhkho b tkejáe suportkr os rbquasatos hb prbssîo b tbepbrkturk hurk`tb k suk kpcankéîo. Bxastbe träs tapos hb du`tk ho nërtbr4 k hb nortaék noe jorrknmk, k hb jorrknmk b k hb ebtkc b jorrknmk.
No`mbék nkhk uek hbcks por ebao hk iurk k sbiuar.
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Nortaék noe jorrknmk
Jorrknmk
Ebtkc b jorrknmk
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Gaiurk 16 - Xapos hb du`tks ho nërtbr Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
No`mbék `k sbquä`nak k joejk hb þcbo, outro noepo`b`tb ho eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k.
2.8 JOEJK HB ÞCBO K gu`éîo hk joejk hb þcbo á gkzbr k narnuckéîo gorékhk ho þcbo cujrank`tb pbcks ikcbraks ho eotor ktá ks pkrtbs k sbrbe cujrankhks. O þcbo, kcáe hb gu`nao`kr noeo cujrank`tb, no`trajua pkrk o krrbgbnaeb`to ho eotor. Hb`tro hos eohbcos ekas utacazkhos, pohb-sb no`tkr noe hoas tapos hb joejks hb þcbo4 k) joejk knao`khk harbtkeb`tb pbco baxo hb varkjrbquae, utacazkhk tkejáe noeo tkepk gro`tkc ho eotor< j) joejk knao`khk por norrb`tb ou b`irb`kib`s conkcazkhk hb`tro ho eotor du`to noe o nërtbr. ^biu`ho Jru`btta (:6;:, p. 16), –k prbssîo ho þcbo á propornao`kc æ vbconahkhb hb rotkéîo ho eotor, ou sbdk, quk`to ekaor k rotkéîo, ekaor k prbssîo―. Bxastbe hoas tapos hb joejks hb þcbo, qub vonä pohb vasukcazkr por ebao hk iurk k sbiuar.
Joejk hb þcbo por b`irb`kibe
Joejk hb b`irb`kibe a`tbr`o nrbsnb`tb
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Gaiurk 1; - Xapos hb joejk hb þcbo Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
K joejk hb þcbo hb b`irb`keb`to bxtbr`o á uek joejk knao`khk harbtkeb`tb pbco varkjrbquae b pbreatb ue sastbek hb joejbkeb`to hb eb`or nusto. ^uk pkrtb a`tbr`k á noepostk por uek b`irb`kibe
xkhk ko baxo varkjrbquae, qub tbe k gu`éîo hb eovaeb`tkr k outrk b`irb`kibe eþvbc nkusk`ho uek hbprbssîo `k b`trkhk hk joejk b, ko ebseo tbepo, uek prbssîo `k skåhk b`vak`ho o þcbo soj prbssîo.
1=
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
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Gaiurk 1: - Wastk a`tbr`k hk joejk hb þcbo por b`irb`kibe Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
K joejk hb b`irb`keb`to a`tbr`o nrbsnb`tb á uek joejk hb rotor bxnä`trano;: qub no`táe ue rotor a`tbr`o noe b`iktbs bxtbraorbs, qub noeu`ank o sbu eovaeb`to k ue rotor bxtbraor noe b`iktbs a`tbraorbs, o qukc rohk `o oragånao narnuckr ho norpo hk joejk. O rotor a`tbraor tbe ue b`iktb k eb`os qub o rotor bxtbr`o, nrak`ho k kéîo hb joejkibe pbco proirbssavo kueb`to b haea`uaéîo hks gociks b`trb os b`iktbs (^RCCQ, ;1=2).
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Gaiurk 1> - Joejk hb þcbo hb rotor Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
;: [ub hastk`nak ou sb bxtrkvak ho nb`tro< conkcazkho hb eoho bxtbr`o ko nb`tro< qub `îo possua `be noepkrtacmk o ebseo nb`-
tro. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.h 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0. anao.noe.jr0.
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Re noepo`b`tb euato aeportk`tb hk joejk hb þcbo á k vëcvuck rbiuckhork hb prbssîo, qub vonä no`mbnbrë k sbiuar.
2.8.; WËCWRCK ZBIRCKHOZK HB VZB^^ÎO K vëcvuck tbe k gu`éîo hb rbiuckr k prbssîo por ebao hb uek eock b no`trockr k prbssîo eëxaek por ebao hb ue äejoco. [uk`ho k prbssîo hb þcbo gor supbraor æ gorék hk eock, o äejoco noepraeb k eock cajbrk`ho ue nk`kc hbsvak`ho uek pkrtb ho þcbo pkrk k b`trkhk hk joejk ou pkrk o nërtbr.
Vkrkguso hb kcodkeb`to hk eock
Äejoco ou bsgbrk Eock
No`huto pra`napkc No`huto kuxacakr
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Gaiurk 18 - Wëcvuck hb prbssîo hb þcbo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
NRZAO^AHKHB^
O b`tupaeb`to ho gactro hb þcbo `îo a`gcub`nak harbtkeb`tb k prbssîo `o narnuato.. ^b o gactro bstavbr b`tupaho, k narnuckéîo ho þcbo á hbsvakhk b o narnarnuato nuato gu`nao`k be eoho kctbr`ktavo (sbe gactrkibe).
K prbssîo ho þcbo hbpb`hb ho rbiaeb hb rotkéîo ho eotor, ks vbrankéòbs sîo bgbtukhks ibrkceb`tb be ekrnmk cb`tk b be rbiaeb bcbvkho. O no`trocb hk prbssîo hb þcbo bgbtuk-sb noe o kuxåcao hb gbrrkeb`tks bspbnånks, qub vonä pohb vbr `k prþxaek iurk. O no`du`to hb ebhaéòbs a`ncua os khkptkhorbs pkrk os hagbrb`tbs tapos hb eotorbs. Vortk`to, o ek`øebtro hbvb sbr a`stkckho `o narnuato hb prbssîo ho þcbo, ibrkceb`tb eo`tkho `o cuikr ho a`tbrruptor hb prbssîo hb þcbo.
;66 ;6 6
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
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Gaiurk 12 - Ek`øebtro hb prbssîo ho þcbo Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Gaqub ktb`to æ prbssîo hbeo`strkhk `o vasor ho ek`øebtro, poas prbssîo kjkaxo ho rbnoeb`hkho pbco gkjrank`tb pohb nkuskr sáraos rasnos ko gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor. K prbssîo ho þcbo jkaxk pohb sbr nkuskhk por havbrsos gktorbs, hb`trb bcbs4 k) quk`tahkhb hb þcbo a`sunab`tb `o nërtbr< j) vëcvuck hb prbssîo ho sastbek hb cujrankéîo trkvkhk kjbrtk por aepurbzks< n) guik hb þcbo `o sastbek hb cujrankéîo pbcks pkrtbs eþvbas ho eotor, (jro`za`ks noe hbsikstbs, ërvorb hb ek`avbck noe hbsikstbs, noek`ho hb vëcvucks noe hbsikstbs)< h) hbsikstbs `ks b`irb`kibe hk joejk hb þcbo. Vkrk a`stkckr o ek`øebtro hbvb-sb conkcazkr o po`to hb ebhaéîo, satukho `o narnuato hb þcbo, poas, ibrkceb`tb, k prbssîo á ebhahk `o po`to hb eo`tkibe ho no`tktor hb prbssîo hb þcbo. Ojsbrvb k a`stkckéîo `k iurk k sbiuar.
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Gaiurk 17 - A`stkckéîo ho ek`øebtro Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
No`mbék k sbiuar o ctro hb þcbo, qub gkz pkrtb ho narnuato ho þcbo.
2.8.: GACXZO HB ÞCBO K gu`éîo ho ctro hb þcbo á rbtbr ks pkrtånucks ebtëcanks hbvaho ko hbsikstb `orekc ho eotor. Be nkso hb b`tupaeb`to ho ctro, bcb possua uek vëcvuck qub kssbiurk k pksskibe ho þcbo.
B`trkhk hb þcbo K`bc hb vbhkéîo ^kåhk hb þcbo Wëcvuck hb rbtb`éîo
Bcbeb`to ctrk`tb
Norpo ho ctro
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Gaiurk 19 - Gactro hb þcbo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
O ctro hb þcbo á gu`hkeb`tkc g u`hkeb`tkc pkrk o gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k.
;6: ;6 :
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
ZBNKVAXRCK@HO
@bssb nkpatuco, vonä vau qub o eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k pohb sbr no`sahbrkho o norkéîo ho kutoeþvbc, poas hbcb ska k gorék qub proeovb o hbsconkeb`to ho kutoeþvbc. @k suk pkrtb supbraor, bcb tbe o nkjbéotb b `bcb sîo hbsb`vocvahos gu`éòbs noeo no`trockr k kjbrturk hks vëcvucks ktrkvás hos noek`hos. Wonä bstuhou tkejáe qub pkrk proeovbr o no`trocb hb eovaeb`to hks vëcvucks bxastb k hastrajuaéîo ebnê`ank qub gkz k caikéîo b`trb o nkjbéotb b k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. Bssk caikéîo proeovb o eovaeb`to ho no`du`to hb hasposatavos rbspo`sëvbc pbck kheassîo hos iksbs `o eotor, b hbpoas pbck skåhk `o bsnkpb. Os eovaeb`tos hks vëcvucks sîo no`trockhos pbco noek`ho hb vëcvucks qub proeovb o nruzkeb`to hbcks, a`ub`nak`ho `os eoeb`tos be qub bcks kjrbe b gbnmke pkrk propornao`kr o ebcmor rb`har b`haeb`to ho eotor b haea`ua`ho k pocuaéîo ho vbånuco. Os noek`hos hb vëcvucks possube nkebs qub, ktrkvás hos tunmos, gkzbe k kjbrturk b gbnmkeb`to hks vëcvucks. Bcks, tkejáe, possube hasposatavos qub pbreatbe o sbu gbnmkeb`to b rbtb`torbs pkrk rbkcazkr k vbhkéîo. Wonä vau, tkejáe, qub os pastòbs ho eotor täe k gu`éîo hb trk`seatar k gorék hk bxpk`sîo hos iksbs `o naca`hro pkrk k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks, ktrkvás hos eovaeb`tos rbtacå`bos kctbr`ktavos hk jabck. Aeportk`tb rbsskctkr qub os pastòbs possube k`áas hb vbhkéîo qub rkspke o bxnbhb`tb hb þcbo qub tbrak tb`hä`nak k knueuckr-sb `k nêekrk hb bxpcosîo. Kcáe hasso, pbrnbjbu qub ks jabcks gkzbe k caikéîo b`trb o pastîo b k ërvorb hb ek`avbcks pkrk proeovbr o eovaeb`to, b o eotor possua jro`za`ks be sbu a`tbraor qub nke b`trb os eu`mòbs b eob`tbs ho varkjrbquae pkrk pbreatar o eovaeb`to. Wau tkejáe qub o nërtbr á o rbsbrvktþrao rbsbrvk tþrao o`hb o þcbo cujrank`tb nk hbposatkho, b qub bcb pohb sbr gkjrankho be hoas tapos hb ektbrakc, nmkpk b kcueå`ao. O nërtbr possua, ka`hk, du`tks pkrk gkzbr k vbhkéîo. B prbso ko jcono ho eotor bstë k joejk hb þcbo, hk qukc vonä bstuhou k gu`éîo b sbus tapos.
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K`otkéòbs4
;6> ;6 >
Xbn`ocoiak hb Ektbrakas
7 ^biu`ho o satb A`goEotor (:661), `k no`struéîo hb ue eotor á utacazkhk uek irk`hb ikek hb ektbrakas noe hagbrb`tbs caiks hk`ho æ bstruturk ho eotor rbsastä`nak ebnê`ank sunab`tb pkrk bvatkr, hb`tro hb ue rbiaeb `orekc hb gu`nao`keb`to, g u`nao`keb`to, tra`nks, bepb`keb` bepb`keb`tos tos b be uek paor satukéîo, k qubjrk hos noepo`b`tbs ho eotor. Os eotorbs ekas k`taios, hk hánkhk hb ;1:6 b ;1>6, `îo ta`mke irk`hb potä`nak, kpbskr hk irk`hb naca`hrkhk. Asto sb hbvb, be euato, ko pronbsso hb gkjrankéîo hos noepo`b`tbs, noe ebcmor knkjkeb`to b tocbrê`naks haeb`sao`kas nkhk vbz ekas kpbrtkhks, b pra`napkceb`tb k bvocuéîo hks caiks hos ektbrakas. Ko `kcazkr sbus bstuhos `bstb nkpåtuco, vonä bstkrë kpto k4 k) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks, gu`éòbs, posanao`keb`to b gu`nao`keb`to hos hagbrb`tbs noepo`b`tbs qub no`statube o eotor b sbus sastbeks noeo rbquasato pkrk k a`spbéîo vasukc hos ebseos< j) a`tbrprbtkr pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas æ a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< n) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hks gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas k tbstbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks. ^aik be grb`tb.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
7.; JCONO HO EOXOZ
Os jconos hb eotorbs ekas k`taios, be ibrkc, brke no`struåhos hb ektbrakc jruto4 uek caik pbskhk b noe nkrkntbråstanks ebnê`anks a`gbraorbs ko hos gkjrankhos `os k`os :666. Hbvaho æ bvocuéîo hos ektbrakas kpcankhos, os eotorbs gkjrankhos k pkrtar hos k`os :666 ik`mkrke uek tkxk hb noeprbssîo ekas kctk, ekas vocueb, ekas gorék ibrkhk rbsuctk`ho be uek potä`nak ekaor (A@GOEOXOZ, :661).
GA[RB KCBZXK
Re –joe― ektbrakc pohb sbr ekc utacazkho. Vor asso, më `bnbssahkhb hb b`skaos rbprbsb`tktavos sojrb norpos hb provk b/ou hb pbéks rbprbsb`tktavks.
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Gaiurk 1= - Jcono ho eotor be gbrro Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
@k iurk k`tbraor, vonä vasukcazk ue jcono ho eotor be gbrro. @bcb bstîo os naca`hros hb gbrro gu`haho qub pohbe sbr usa`khos harbtkeb`tb `o jcono, sb`ho qub bcb gu`nao`k kpb`ks noeo ue suportb pkrk bssks nkeasks. Bcb tkejáe pohb sbr no`gbnnao`kho be gbrro gu`haho ou kcueå`ao (iurk k sbiuar), poas o kcueå`ao á gënac pkrk usa`kr b kprbsb`tk pouno pbso, jok no`huéîo hb nkcor, b`quk`to o gbrro gbrr o gu`haho tbe bxnbcb`tb qukcahkhb hb kutocujrankéîo, hbvaho ko irktb bxastb`tb be suk noeposaéîo.
7 XBN@OCOIAK HB EKXBZAKA^
;69 ;6 9
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Gaiurk 11 - Jcono ho eotor be kcueå`ao Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
No`mbék k sbiuar os ektbrakas utacazkhos pkrk hbsb`vocvbr o nkjbéotb.
7.: NKJBÉOXB ^biu`ho Nmoccbt (;1=;), o nkjbéotb hb ue eotor k bxpcosîo á hb gu`haéîo vucikr ou hb uek caik æ jksb hb kcueå`ao (hurkcueå`ao, kcpkx, btn.). Bstbs ôctaeos, sb`ho ebcmorbs no`hutorbs hb nkcor, aepbhbe k gorekéîo hb po`tos qub`tbs `ks pkrbhbs a`tbr`ks ho nkjbéotb.
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Gaiurk ;66 - Nkjbéotb ho eotor Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
;6= ;6 =
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
O nkjbéotb ho eotor, vasto `k iurk k`tbraor, possua kcodkho be suk bstruturk outros tapos hb ektbrakas. Ks sbhbs hb vëcvucks qub sîo gbatks k pkrtar hb ue k`bc hb kéo sa`tbrazkho;> hb bcbvkhk hurbzk b ks iuaks hb vëcvucks sîo gkjrankhks, ibrkceb`tb, k pkrtar hb junmks hb kéo sa`tbrazkho ou cktîo hb kctk rbsastä`nak.
^KAJK EKA^
@be toho o nkrro á hb kéo. Wonä pohb skjbr ue pouno ekas sojrb bstb kssu`to `o satb 3mttp4//www.`otanakskutoeotavk 3mttp4//www.`otanak skutoeotavks. s. noe.jr/`be-toho-nkrro-b-hb-kno/0.
O prþxaeo kssu`to á sojrb o äejoco, outro noepo`b`tb ho eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k. ^aik be grb`tb.
7.> VA^XÒB^ (ÄEJOCO) Vastîo á uek pbék hb gorek nacå`hrank, ibrkceb`tb hb caik hb kcueå`ao ou gbrro gu`haho, gbnmkhk `k pkrtb supbraor b kjbrtk `k pkrtb a`gbraor, khkptk`ho-sb pbrgbatkeb`tb ko haêebtro ho naca`hro ou nkeask ho eotor. @k iurk k sbiuar vonä pohb vbr o pastîo be caik hb kcueå`ao b be gbrro gu`haho.
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Gaiurk ;6; - Vastîo gkjrankho be caik hb kcueå`ao b, ko ckho, be gbrro gu`haho Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Wasto o pastîo, no`mbék k sbiuar k noeposaéîo hks jabcks b hk ërvorbs hb ek`avbcks.
;> Gkzbr noe qub easturks hb ea`áraos hb gbrro, gbrro, `keb`tb irk`uckhos, ou pþ hb iës hb kcto-gor`o, sb tor`be, tor`be, ebhak`tb kqub-
naeb`to k uek tbepbrkturk be qub keocbnbe, be uek ekssk nobrb`tb, `îo porosk. Xor`kr sb be ekssk nobrb`tb, `îo porosk, pbco kqubnaeb`to ktá o po`to hb keocbnaeb`to.
7 XBN@OCOIAK HB EKXBZAKA^
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7.8 JABCK^ B ËZWOZB HB EK@AWBCK^ K jabck b ërvorb hb ek`avbcks sîo prohuzahks noe ue kéo nckssankho por `oreks hk KJ@X ;8 ou HA@;2, ho tapo 8>86. Wbdk `k iurk k sbiuar uek jabck hb caik be kéo b, ko ckho, outrk be caik hb gbrro.
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Gaiurk ;6: - Jabck be kéo b be caik hb gbrro Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Ks jabcks ktukas, be irk`hb ekaorak, kpþs usa`khks pksske pbco pronbsso hb NRZAO^AHKHB^
nrkqubkeb`to, porposaéîo asso, tb`mk euatk `o eoeb`to hk eo`tkibe, poas k a`vbrsîo hk hk nkpk hkktb`éîo jabck nkuskrë hk`os arrbvbrsåvba arrbvbrsåvbas s `o no`du`to.
Xoho ektbrakc utacazkho pkrk gu`haéîo hb uek pbék prbnask pksskr por ue raioroso tbstb hb qukcahkhb, por asso sîo rbkcazkhos vëraos bstuhos k`tbs hb rbkcazkr o pronbsso hb gu`haéîo ho ektbrakc. Ojsbrvb `o bsqubek k sbiuar noeo onorrb k sbcbéîo hb ektbrakc.
;8 Kssonakéîo Jrksacbark hb @oreks Xán`anks. B`tahkhb B`tahkhb pravkhk b sbe `s cunrktavos, rbspo`sëvbc pbck pujcankéîo pujcankéîo hks @oreks Jrksacbarks (KJ@X @JZ). Ktuk tkejáe `k kvkcakéîo hk no`goreahkhb b haspòb hb proirkeks pkrk nbrtankéîo hb prohutos, sastbeks b rotuckibe kejab`tkc. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.kj`t.ori.jr/kj`t/no`mbnk-k-kj`t0. 3mttp4//www.kj`t.ori.jr/kj`t/no`mbnk-k-kj`t0.
;2 A`statuto Kcbeîo pkrk @orektazkéîo. @orektazkéîo. Noe sbhb be Jbrcae, á k orik`azkéîo kcbeî rbspo`sëvbc pbck pkhro`azkéîo, rbprbsb`tk`tb hk Orik`azkéîo A`tbr`knao`kc pkrk Vkhro`azkéîo (A^O) `o pkås. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.ha`.hb/0.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Zbsueo ibrkc K norrbtb sbcbéîo hb ue ektbrakc `bnbssatk hb jok nockjorkéîo hb tohos os ktorbs Noeprks (ektbrakas b pbéks), gor`bnbhorbs, gkjrank`tb hb ektárak praek
Ektbrakc
Vronbsso
Vroprabhkhbs gåsanks Vroprabhkhbs ebnê`anks Vroprabhkhb Vroprabhkhbss tbreoha`êeanks Zbnanckho
No`nbpéîo, gbrrkeb`tk Vkrêebtros hb a`dbéîo
Wahk ho vbånuco
Bstuho NHN Krquatbturk Nustos
Vbék no`goreb ks bxaiä`naks
No`trka`tbs hb utacazkéîo Eo`tkibe Vþs vb`hk
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Gaiurk ;6> - ^bcbéîo hb ektbrakc Go`tb4 Zb`kuct (:6;>)
NK^O^ B ZBCKXO^
Gkctk hb no`mbnaeb`to
Nkrcato trkjkcmkvk noeo ebnê`ano hb kutoeþvbas be uek ona`k. Nbrto hak, bcb rbnbjbu be sbu jox hb trkjkcmo ue vbånuco qub, kpkrb`tbeb`tb, bstkvk noe k norrbak hb`tkhk krrbjb`tkhk. Vortk`to, bcb hbvbrak rbeovbr o nkjbéotb ho eotor pkrk rbkcazkr o haki`þstano b possåvbc rbpkrkéîo. Ko rbeovbr o nkjbéotb, Nkrcato no`reou qub k norrbak hb`tkhk bstkvk pkrtahk b, tkejáe, pbrnbjbu qub ks vëcvucks bstkvke bepb`khks. B`tîo, bcb b`vaou o nkjbéotb pkrk k rbtånk pkrk rbkcazkr k hbseo`tkibe b sujstatuaéîo hks pbéks kgbtkhks. K rbtånk, por suk vbz, sujstatuau ks vëcvucks, ks iuaks b rbtanou ks sbhbs. Be sbiuahk, b`vaou o nkjbéotb pkrk k ona`k gkzbr k eo`tkibe. Nkrcato, b`tîo, a`stkcou o nkjbéotb `o vbånuco, bxbnutou k rbiuckibe b o b`trbiou pkrk o ncab`tb. Voráe, `o hak sbiua`tb, o ncab`tb rbtor`ou æ ona`k noe o vbånuco iua`nmkho, poas ta`mk pkrkho hb gu`nao`kr.
7 XBN@OCOIAK HB EKXBZAKA^
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Nkrcato goa nmkekho pkrk vbrankr o qub mkvak kno`tbnaho b, hurk`tb o haki`þstano, ojsbrvou qub o eotor bstkvk sbe noeprbssîo. Vkrk suk surprbsk, ko rbeovbr o nkjbéotb pkrk k`kcaskr o eotavo hk gkctk hb noeprbssîo pbrnbjbu qub ks vëcvucks bstkvke bepb`khks `ovkeb`tb, sþ qub hbstk vbz k norrbak bstkvk a`stkckhk norrbtkeb`tb `o vbånuco. Vkrk vbrankr por qub ks vëcvucks bstkvke bepb`k`ho, Nkrcato nmkeou k beprbsk qub mkvak rbtankho o nkjbéotb. Kpþs k`ëcasb, o prossao`kc hk rbtånk no`ncuau qub o tán`ano qub gbz o sbrvaéo hb rbtankéîo `îo sb ktb`tou ko ektbrakc hb qub ks iuaks hb vëcvucks brke gkjrankhks4 o vbånuco utacazkvk iuaks hb vëcvucks hb cktîo hb kctk rbsastä`nak, b ks qub gorke eo`tkhks `o nkjbéotb no`ta`mke junmks hb kéo sa`tbrazkho. O kéo sa`tbrazkho sogrb uek hacktkéîo ekaor prb`hb`ho ks vëcvucks, o qub gkz noe qub bcks `îo sujke b sbdke kta`iahks pbco pastîo. Haki`ostankho o projcbek, o vbånuco goa rbpkrkho b voctou k gu`nao`kr `orekceb`tb, b Nkrcato b os prossao`kas hk rbtånk kprb`hbrke k k`kcaskr, b`trb outros atb`s, os ektbrakas hb qub sîo gbatos os noepo`b`tbs hb ue eotor.
ZBNKVAXRCK@HO
@o hbnorrbr hbssb nkpåtuco vonä vau qub `k no`struéîo hb ue eotor á utacazkhk uek quk`tahkhb euato irk`hb hb ektbrakas, qub a`ub`nake harbtkeb`tb `o sbu hbsbepb`mo. Wonä no`mbnbu, ka`hk, kciu`s tapos hb ektbrakas utacazkhos `os noepo`b`tbs ho eotor, sb`ho rbcbvk`tb hbstknkr qub o nkjbéotb b o pastîo pohbe sbr gkjrankhos hb gbrro ou kcueå`ao. Wonä vau, tkejáe, qub ks jabcks b ërvorb hb ek`avbcks b tohos os ektbrakas beprbikhos `o eotor hbvbe sbr hbsb`vocvahos no`goreb nckssankéîo hks `oreks KJ@X ou HA@, ho tapo 8>86.
^astbek hb Cujragnkéîo
9 Coio kpþs o eotor a`anakr sbu gu`nao`keb`to, k joejk hb þcbo noebék k iarkr gkzb`ho o þcbo narnuckr pbcos hutos hb cujrankéîo. Bssb þcbo narnuck ktrkvás ho ctro pkrk o sastbek pbreata`ho k cujrankéîo hb tohos os po`tos eþvbas ho eotor. Ko `kcazkr sbus bstuhos `bstb nkpåtuco, vonä bstkrë kpto k4 k) a`tbrprbtkr os pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas k tbstbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< j) rbno`mbnbr os hagbrb`tbs tapos hb tbstbs hb saeuckéîo, suk gorek hb kpcankéîo b kvkcakéîo hb rbsuctkhos, tb`ho be vastk k vbrankéîo hb no`goreahkhb hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< n) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hks gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ eo`tkibe hb noepo`b`tbs< h) kvkcakr k no`goreahkhb hos noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks k sbrbe eo`tkhos, no`sahbrk`ho os rbquasatos tán`anos bstkjbcbnahos `o ek`ukc ho gkjrank`tb< b) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hks gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs< g) a`tbrprbtkr ks `oreks b nratáraos hb sbiurk`ék kpcanëvbas æ rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo b æ kdustkibe hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< i) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks, gu`éòbs, posanao`keb`to b gu`nao`keb`to hos hagbrb`tbs noepo`b`tbs qub no`statube o eotor b sbus sastbeks noeo rbquasato pkrk k a`spbéîo vasukc hos ebseos< m) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks b goreks hb uso hos a`strueb`tos b bquapkeb`tos utacazkhos `k ebhaéîo hb irk`hbzks gåsanks hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks.
K jorrk hb þcbo á o sa`kc sa`kc hb hbtbraorkéîo hbtbraorkéîo prbekturk prbekturk ho ho cujragank`tb, cujragank`tb, a`hank qub bstb þcbo hbvb hbvb sbr sujstatuåho. sujstatuåho. Os noejuståvbas hb eë qukcahkhb tkejáe ibrke o kpkrbnaeb`to hb jorrk, uek vbz qub os noepostos prbsb`tbs `bstb easturk pohbe knbcbrkr o pronbsso hb hbtbraorkéîo hos khatavos k`ta-oxahk`tbs prbsb`tbs `o þcbo cujragank`tb.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
9.; GR@ÉÎO HO ^A^XBEK HB CRJZAGANKÉÎO ^biu`ho A`goEotor (:661), o sastbek hb cujrankéîo á euato aeportk`tb pkrk qub o eotor hb ue vbånuco gu`nao`b gu`nao` b `orekceb`tb, noe o rb`haeb`to b no`sueo hbsbdkhos. Bssb sastbek á rbspo`sëvbc pbck prbsbrvkéîo hk vahk ôtac hos noepo`b`tbs eþvbas ho eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k. ^uks pra`napkas gu`éòbs sîo4 k) haea`uar o ktrato b`trb ks pbéks eþvbas ho eotor< j) aepbhar o no`tkto harbto b`trb bssks pbéks b, no`sbqub`tbeb`tb, no`sbqub`tbeb`tb, sbu hbsikstb< n) gkzbr o rbsgrakeb`to hks pbéks cujrankhks< h) kuxacakr `k vbhkéîo b`trb pastîo, k`áas b naca`hros< b) protbibr no`trk k norrosîo b k gbrruibe< g) caepkr b gknacatkr k bcaea`kéîo hb prohutos a`hbsbdëvbas< i) bvatkr k gorekéîo hb bspueks.
GA[RB KCBZXK
@u`nk utacazb þcbos cujragank`tbs qub `îo tb`mke rbiastro `k K@V „ Kiä`nak @knao`kc ho Vbtrþcbo, Iës @kturkc b Jaonoejuståvbas. Ho no`trërao, vonä bstkrë noconk`ho be rasno k suk skôhb, o ebao kejab`tb b o sbu bquapkeb`to. O `ôebro hb rbiastro `k K@V hbvb no`stkr, ojraiktorakeb`tb, `o rþtuco hk bejkckibe. No`gark!
O narnuato hb cujrankéîo ho eotor á no`statuåho pbcos noepo`b`tbs castkhos k sbiuar. Ojsbrvb qub k `uebrkéîo haspostk kpþs os noepo`b`tbs á k cbib`hk pkrk k iurk kprbsb`tkhk be sbiuahk. ;. Nërtbr< :. Joejk hb þcbo< >. Wëcvuck hb kcåvao< 8. Xronkhor hb nkcor< 2. Gactro hb þcbo< 7. ^b`sor hb prbssîo hb þcbo.
9 ^A^XBEK HB CRJZAGANKÉÎO
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Gaiurk ;68 - Noepo`b`tbs hb cujrankéîo Go`tb4 Zb`kuct (:6;>)
No`mbék k sbiuar hoas tapos hb sastbeks hb cujrankéîo.
9.;.; ^A^XBEK^ HB CRJZAGANKÉÎO VOZ ^KCVANO OR K^VBZ^ÎO @os eotorbs gkjrankhos k pkrtar hos k`os :666, bssb sastbek dë bstë be hbsuso ;7 por suk kpcankéîo sbr b`no`trkhk be pbqub`os eotorbs. K cujrankéîo onorrb por kspbrsîo ho þcbo be `ks iotånucks qub sîo krrkstkhks por turjucä`nak `o a`tbraor ho eotor, sb`ho qub o no`tkto ho varkjrbquae noe o cujrank`tb rbhuz k potä`nak bgbtavk ho eotor (JZR@BXXA, :6;:), no`goreb pohb sbr vasto `k iurk k sbiuar.
;7 Nbsskéîo ho uso< gkctk hb uso, hb nostueb.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Iotbdkeb`to hb þcbo
Zbjkaxo nkptkhor ho þcbo
Vbsnkhor ho þcbo
Joejk hb þcbo
Gaiurk ;62 - Cujrankéîo por kspbrsîo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
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Bstb pbsnkhor hb þcbo á pkrtb a`tbirk`tb `k Nkpk hk Jabck, sb`ho o rbspo`sëvbc pbco skcpano ho þcbo `ks hbekas pkrtbs.
Bssb pronbsso á utacazkho `k cujrankéîo hb4 k) Ek`nkas pra`napkas< j) Baxo noek`ho< n) Va`os hos pastòbs< h) Naca`hros< b) Ebnk`aseo hb vëcvucks.
9.;.: ^A^XBEK^ HB CRJZAGANKÉÎO ^OJ VZB^^ÎO OR GOZÉKHK Bssb sastbek á o ekas utacazkho pbcos eotorbs ktukas. Á noeposto por uek joejk hb hbsconkeb`to posatavo qub b`vak, ktrkvás hb oragånaos, uek vkzîo hb þcbo k uek hbtbrea`khk prbssîo, k tohos os noepo`b`tbs eþvbas ho eotor. Bssbs noepo`b`tbs sîo4 k) Ek`nkas pra`napkas< j) Jabcks< n) Xopo hos pastòbs< h) Baxo noek`ho hb vëcvucks< b) Baxo hb jkck`nbaros<
g) Knbssþraos ho eotor< i) B`irb`kib`s hb sa`nro`azkéîo.
9 ^A^XBEK HB CRJZAGANKÉÎO
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Ojsbrvb o narnuato hb cujrankéîo por ebao hk iurk k sbiuar.
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Gaiurk ;67 - Narnuato hb cujrankéîo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
Outro noepo`b`tb bssb`nakc pkrk o sastbek hb cujrankéîo ho eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k á o þcbo cujrank`tb, sojrb o qukc vonä bstuhkrë k sbiuar.
9.: ÞCBO CRJZAGANK@XB ^biu`ho Jru`btta (:6;:), k cujrankéîo hb eotorbs á ue projcbek jkstk`tb noepcbxo hbvaho æs tbepbrkturks qub onorrbe `o gu`nao`keb`to hos ebseos, kcáe hk ikek hb tbepbrkturks k qub o cujrank`tb hbvb ktb`hbr, noeo vkcorbs jkaxos `k pkrtahk, quk`ho o eotor bstë grao, ktá vkcorbs euato kctos, kta`iahos `k nêekrk hb noejustîo. Noe k cujrankéîo, prbtb`hb-sb4 k) rbhuzar os hbsikstbs hos pastòbs, naca`hros, k`áas b supbrgånabs hos ek`nkas haea`ua`ho o ktrato b`trb bssbs noepo`b`tbs< j) rbsgrakr ks supbrgånabs hos ek`nkas noe k rbtarkhk ho nkcor ibrkho pbco ktrato< n) caepkr ks supbrgånabs b rbtarkr ks k s pkrtånucks ebtëcanks orau`hks hos hbsikstbs< h) kuxacakr k vbhkéîo b`trb k nêekrk hb noejustîo b o nërtbr, ktrkvás hos k`áas b hk pkrbhb ho naca`hro< b) bvatkr k norrosîo hos noepo`b`tbs ho eotor.
Á aeportk`tb qub o eotor bstbdk qub`tb `o eoeb`to hk tronk hb þcbo, poas
NRZAO^AHKHB^
gknacatk k skåhk hks aepurbzks pbco hrb`o ho nërtbr, pbco gkto hb bstkr eb`os vasnoso (ekas ga`o) b ks pkrtånucks bstkrbe haspbrsks be suspb`sîo.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
9.:.; VZOVZABHKHB^ HO ÞCBO CRJZAGANK@XB Vkrk ktb`hbr æs no`haéòbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor, o þcbo cujrank`tb prbnask suportkr no`haéòbs hb gu`nao`keb`to euato khvbrsks, pkrk asso hbpb`hb praebarkeb`tb hk bsnocmk hb ue þcbo jësano khbqukho. K pra`napkc go`tb hb þcbos jësanos pkrk cujrank`tbs kutoeotavos sîo os þcbos ea`brkas bxtrkåhos ho pbtrþcbo. Bcbs bstîo haspo`åvbas be irk`hbs vocuebs b ogbrbnbe irk`hb vkrabhkhb hb proprabhkhbs `bnbssëraks, noeo k kcnkca`ahkhb, jkaxk vocktacahkhb;9 b, kpþs trktkeb`to, tbe k ekaor pkrtb hb suk nbrk rbeovahk. @o b`tk`to, ue þcbo jësano khbqukho á vasto pbck suk vasnosahkhb k havbrsks gkaxks hb tbepbrkturk. Be jkaxks tbepbrkturks, por bxbepco, kciu`s þcbos kprbsb`tke vasnosahkhb euato kctk, outros, quk`ho bstîo qub`tbs, kprbsb`tke vasnosahkhb euato jkaxk. Vor asso, asso , á `bnbssërao uek sbcbéîo nratbraosk hb þcbos jësanos, k pkrtar hk qukc o cujrank`tb rbsuctk`tb hk easturk possk gu`nao`kr khbqukhkeb`tb `ks ekas havbrsks tbepbrkturks. O þcbo hbvb sbr `o o sunab`tb pkrk pbreatar pkrtahk gënac be tbepo grao, b ko ebseo tbepo, bspbsso;= o sunab`tb quk`ho o eotor bstavbr gu`nao`k`ho be kctk tbepbrkturk. Ojsbrvb `k iurk k sbiuar noeo sb gorek o þcbo cujrank`tb.
Þcbo jksb
=2%
Khatavo
Easturkhor
;2%
Hastrajuaéîo ) 2 ; 6 : ( ` o b C a v k H
Gaiurk ;69 - Gorekéîo ho cujrank`tb Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
Vkrk b`tb`hbr bssb no`nbato, á prbnaso b`tb`hbr qub o þcbo hb eotor á ahb`tankho por irkus qub norrbspo`hbe k suk vasnosahkhb. K vasnosahkhb rbprbsb`tk k rbsastä`nak ko bsnorraeb`to. [uk`to ekas bcbvkho gor o irku hb vasnosahkhb, ekas hagånac á o bsnorraeb`to. Os hoas tapos hb irkus pohbe sbr ojsbrvkhos `k prþxaek iurk, hb knorho noe k bxpcankéîo k sbiuar.
;9 [ukcahkhb ho qub sogrb no`stk`tbs euhk`éks< euhk`éks< nkrkntbråstank ho qub á vocëtac, vocëtac, ho qub `îo á reb, hkquaco qub euhk no`stk`-
tbeb`tb ou sb vkporazk. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0. ;= Bspbsso4 irosso. irosso. Noepknto. Noepknto. No`hb`skho. No`hb`skho. Opkno. Opkno.
9 ^A^XBEK HB CRJZAGANKÉÎO
;;11 ;;
k) O praebaro irku hb vasnosahkhb, sbiuaho hk cbtrk Y, norrbspo`hb æ vasnosahkhb ho þcbo k grao (;)< j) o sbiu`ho irku hb vasnosahkhb norrbspo`hb æ vasnosahkhb ho þcbo k qub`tb (:).
;
6
2
:6
;6 ;2
;2
:6
Y
>6
86
86 26
:
) 2 ; 6 : ( ` o b C a v k H
Gaiurk ;6= - Nckssankéîo ho þcbo Go`tb4 Zb`kuct (:6;>)
O þcbo pohb sbr nckssankho quk`to æ vasnosahkhb, qub vonä b`tb`hbrë ebcmor `o prþxaeo atbe, b quk`to ko sbrvaéo. Knoepk`mb.
9.:.: NCK^^AGANKÉÎO [RK@XO Æ WA^NO^AHKHB [uk`ho ue uaho euhk ho bstkho hb rbpouso pkrk o hb eovaeb`to, onorrb uek rbsastä`nak ko uar, hbvaho ko ktrato a`tbr`o ho ebseo. K vasnosahkhb á uek ebhahk hbssb ktrato a`tbr`o. Vkrk sb ebhar k vasnosahkhb ho cujrank`tb bxastbe havbrsks tán`anks. ^uk nckssankéîo sb hë pbck `orek ^KB, sbiuaho por `ôebros noe hoas kcikraseos (pkrk cujrank`tbs hb eotorbs k bxpcosîo). [uk`to ekaor gor bssb `ôebro, ekaor sbrë k vasnosahkhb ho þcbo. Rsk`ho ue tbreo vucikr, pohb-sb hazbr –ekas irosso―. Kssae, më os sbiua`tbs þcbos4 ^KB 2, ^KB ;6, ^KB :6, ^KB >6, ^KB 86, btn. Bssbs cujrank`tbs cujrank`tbs tkejáe sîo nmkekhos hb eo`oirku ou eo`ovasnoso, eo`ovasnoso, poas, a`hbpb`hb`tb hk tbepbrkturk, sbeprb tbrë sbu vkcor a`hankho. Më, tkejáe, os þcbos euctairku ou euctavasnosos. Bstbs possube hoas `ôebros, sb`ho o praebaro knoepk`mkho pbck cbtrk Y (wa`tbr) qub sai`ank a`vbr`o be a`icäs, cbejrk`ho jkaxks tbepbrkturks. ^b`ho kssae, suk vasnosahkhb pohb vkrakr hb knorho noe k tbepbrkturk, ktb`hb`ho ebcmor o eotor, noeo ^KB :6Y 86, ^KB :6Y 26, btn. (NMOCCBX, ;1=;).
^KB :6Y86 5 A`hank qub k vasnosahkhb ho þcbo pbrek`bnb no`stk`tb nkso k tbepbrkturk kejab`tb bstbdk - :6¶N k 86¶N
;:6
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
B ^VB NA GA NKÉÎO
^A X RKÉÎO
HKXK HB VZOHRÉÎO
OJ^BZWKÉÒB^
KVA ^M
Ojsocbto
;118 - ;117
Ahä`tano ko ^D b ^G, poráe noe ekas ebcmoraks `os khatavos.
KVA ^D
Be uso
;119 - :666
Vkrk tohos os eotorbs ktukas, eks quksb ojsocbto.
KVA ^C
Be uso
:66; - :66>
Vkrk tohos os eotorbs ktukas.
KVA ^E
Be uso
:668 ????
Vkrk tohos os eotorbs ktukas. [ukhro 8 - Nckssankéîo ho þcbo Go`tb4 ho Kutor (:6;2)
^KAJK EKA^
Á harbato hb toho no`sueahor bxaiar qub o rbvb`hbhor hb þcbo cujragank`tb gor`bék irktuatkeb`tb k tronk hb þcbo ho vbånuco be a`stkckéòbs khbqukhks. Vkrk ekas a`gorekéòbs, no`suctb k Zbsocuéîo NO@KEK NO@KEK `´ >7:/:662, krt. ;9, AA.
9.:.> NCK^^AGANKÉÎO [RK@XO KO ^BZWAÉO (HB^BEVB@MO) Os þcbos cujrank`tbs gorke a`trohuzahos `os eotorbs k noejustîo a`tbr`k b `os sastbeks hb trk`seassîo, vask`ho pra`napkceb`tb k haea`uaéîo ho ktrato, qub pohb provonkr k qubjrk ho noepo`b`tb, ktrkvás hk gorekéîo hb uek pbcånuck qub aepbhb o no`tkto harbto b`trb ks pbéks ebtëcanks be eovaeb`to. Vkrk qub o cujrank`tb possk ek`tbr sbu hbsbepb`mo `o eotor, bcb prbnask rbkcazkr kciu`s trkjkcmos, noeo4 rbgraibrkr, caepkr b ek`tbr caepo, protbibr no`trk k norrosîo b vbhkéîo hk nêekrk hb noejustîo. Vkrk asso bxastbe a`statutos, orik`azkéòbs b kssonakéòbs qub nckssanke o þcbo cujrank`tb noeo4
KVA4 Kebrank` Vbtrocbue A`statutb (A`statuto Kebrank`o hb Vbtrþcbo) „ hbsb`vocvb k ca`iukibe pkrk o no`sueahor be tbreos hb sbrvaéos hos þcbos cujrank`tbs. K^XE4 Kebrank` ^onabty gor Xbsta`i og Ektbrakcs (Kssonakéîo Kebrank`k pkrk Vrovk hb Ektbrakas) „ hb`b os eátohos hb b`skaos b caeatbs hb hbsbepb`mo ho cujrank`tb. ^KB4 ^onabty og Kutoeotavb B`ia`bbrs (^onabhkhb hos B`ib`mbaros Kutoeotavos) „ nraou ue nratárao hb nckssankéîo qub tbvb knbatkéîo ib`brkcazkhk pbcos gkjrank`tbs hb vbånucos b hb cujrank`tbs (JZR@BXXA, :6;:). Dkpk`bsb Kutoeojacb ^tk`hkrhs Orik`azktao` (Orik`azkéîo hb Vkhròbs hb Kutoeþvbas DkpoDK^O4 Dkpk`bsb `bsk) „ hb`b bspbnankéîo pkrk k nckssankéîo hb cujrank`tbs pkrk eotorbs k hoas tbepos (GK, GJ b GN, be orhbe nrbsnb`tb hb hbsbepb`mo).
KNBK4 Kssonaktao` hbs No`struntburs Buropáb`s h‑Kutoeojacbs (Kssonakéîo hos No`strutorbs Buropbus hb Kutoeþvbas) „ bssk `orek gkz hasta`éîo b`trb eotorbs k Iksoca`k b Habsbc (cbvb b pbskho)4 ^árab K „ Eotorbs k Iksoca`k ^árab J „ Eotorbs k Habsbc „ Cbvb ^árab B „ Eotorbs k Habsbc „ Vbskho
9 ^A^XBEK HB CRJZAGANKÉÎO
;:; ;: ;
NK^O^ B ZBCKXO^
O jkrkto ska nkro
K`tø`ao brk proprabtërao hb ue vbånuco aeportkho. Eks, `u`nk hbu euatk aeportê`nak pkrk k ek`utb`éîo hb sbu vbånuco, pra`napkceb`tb `o eoeb`to hk tronk ho þcbo. [uk`ho prbnaskvk sujstatuar o þcbo ho eotor, `îo utacazkvk o rbnoeb`hkho pbco gkjrank`tb, poas knrbhatkvk qub os cujrank`tbs brke tohos aiukas. Nbrto hak, sbu vbånuco noebéou k gkzbr ue jkrucmo `o eotor, b`tîo bcb cbvou o vbånuco k uek no`nbssao`ërak pkrk vbrankr qukc brk o projcbek. Kpþs uek k`ëcasb ho tán`ano, o prá-haki`þstano goa qub o jkrucmo sbrak ue hbsikstb be kciue po`to ho eotor, eks o eotor tbrak qub sbr hbseo`tkho pkrk uek vbrankéîo ekas hbtkcmkhk. K`tø`ao qubstao`ou o haki`þstano, poas sbu vbånuco brk `ovo b `îo pohbrak kprbsb`tkr ue projcbek `o eotor kssae tîo rëpaho, ebseo kssae kutorazou k hbseo`tkibe, pkrk qub o tán`ano kprbsb`tkssb ue haki`þstano ekas sbiuro. Kpþs k hbseo`tkibe, o tán`ano a`goreou qub sb trktkvk hb ue hbsikstb provonkho por cujrankéîo a`khbqukhk ho eotor. Bcb pbriu`tou k K`tø`ao qukc brk o tapo hb cujrank`tb qub bcb utacazkvk `ks tronks b K`tø`ao goa b`gëtano4 „ –O ekas jkrkto. ^îo tohos aiukas―. O qub K`tø`ao `îo skjak á qub bxastbe hagbrb`éks hb vasnosahkhb b pknotb hb khatavos, qub bstîo rbcknao`khos æ pbrgorek`nb ho prohuto, b pkrk nkhk tapo hb vbånuco bxastb uek bspbnankéîo hb prohuto k sbr utacazkho. O tán`ano orab`tou K`tø`ao k sbiuar sbeprb k rbnoeb`hkéîo ho gkjrank`tb ho vbånuco. Bxpcanou, ka`hk, qub k vasnosahkhb ho cujrank`tb pohb sbr ahb`tankhk `k bejkckibe ho prohuto qub, `orekceb`tb, bstë bsnratk hk sbiua`tb gorek 2Y>6, ;6Y86, :6Y26, btn. Bssk `uebrkéîo rbgbrb-sb ko noeportkeb`to ho cujrank`tb, poas k utacazkéîo hb ue cujrank`tb noe vasnosahkhb euato kctk be ue eotor qub prbnask hb cujrank`tb noe vasnosahkhb ekas jkaxk, ibrk hanuchkhb hb narnuckéîo `o narnuato hb cujrankéîo noeproebtb`ho ks pbéks eþvbas ho eotor. K`tø`ao kprb`hbu k caéîo b pkssou k no`suctkr o ek`ukc ho vbånuco pkrk skjbr qukc o cujrank`tb khbqukho pkrk sbus vbånucos.
;:: ;: :
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
ZBNKVAXRCK@HO
Wonä bstuhou `bssb nkpåtuco qub k joejk hb þcbo á rbspo`sëvbc pbck narnuckéîo ho þcbo `os hutos hb cujrankéîo, b qub bssb þcbo narnuck ktrkvás ho ctro pkrk o sastbek pbreata`ho k cujrankéîo hb tohos os po`tos eþvbas ho eotor. Bstuhou, tkejáe, qukas ks gu`éòbs pra`napkas ho sastbek hb cujrankéîo b qub o narnuato hb cujrankéîo ho eotor á no`statuåho por vëraos noepo`b`tbs. Bssk cujrankéîo pohb sbr rbkcazkhk por sastbeks hagbrb`tbs, noeo por skcpano ou kspbrsîo, sb`ho qub o praebaro bstë be hbsuso, eks k cujrankéîo soj prbssîo ou gorékhk á o sastbek ekas utacazkho pbcos eotorbs ktukas. Wonä vau, ka`hk, qub k cujrankéîo hos eotorbs á jkstk`tb noepcbxk, hbvaho æs tbepbrkturks hb gu`nao`keb`to hbcbs, b qub o þcbo cujrank`tb, pkrk ktb`hbr ks no`haéòbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor, prbnask suportkr no`haéòbs hb gu`nao`keb`to euato khvbrsks< pkrk asso bcbs täe proprabhkhbs bspbnånks qub hbvbe sbiuar k nckssankéîo b `orek, noeo k ^KB b KVA. @o prþxaeo nkpåtuco, vonä bstuhkrë o sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to, qub tbe pkpbc gu`hkeb`tkc `k no`sbrvkéîo b gu`nao`keb`to hos eotorbs hb noejustîo a`tbr`k.
9 ^A^XBEK HB CRJZAGANKÉÎO
K`otkéòbs4
;:> ;: >
^astbek Hb Krrbgbnaeb`to
=
^biu`ho Ekrk` (:6;>), be gu`éîo hk qubaek ho kr/noejuståvbc, uek b`oreb quk`tahkhb hb nkcor á ibrkhk, b o eotor sb kqubnb, bspbnakceb`tb `k rbiaîo supbraor hk nêekrk hb noejustîo. Vkrk bvatkr k kutohbto`kéîo hk easturk b hk`os hos noepo`b`tbs ho eotor, o sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to gkz narnuckr o cåquaho hb krrbgbnaeb`to ho eotor, qub cbvk o nkcor hks pkrtbs qub`tbs pkrk o rkhakhor, conkc o`hb hassapk nkcor pkrk o kr, b rbtor`k ko eotor. Narnuck`ho hb ek`bark no`trockhk, o cåquaho hb krrbgbnaeb`to ek`táe o eotor be uek gkaxk hb tbepbrkturk ahbkc pkrk sbu joe gu`nao`keb`to. Vkrk no`trockr k gorekéîo hb rbsåhuos qub ojstruarake o sastbek, `îo sb utacazk ëiuk saepcbseb`tb, á uskhk uek socuéîo hb ëiuk b khatavo kproprakho b hbvb-sb vbrankr o `åvbc hb cåquaho sbek`kceb`tb, noepcbtk`ho-o sb `bnbssërao noe ëiuk hbstackhk ou khatavo kproprakho. k proprakho. Ko `kcazkr sbus bstuhos, `bstb nkpåtuco, vonä bstkrë kpto k4 k) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks, gu`éòbs, posanao`keb`to b gu`nao`keb`to hos hagbrb`tbs noepo`b`tbs qub no`statube o eotor b sbus sastbeks noeo rbquasato pkrk k a`spbéîo vasukc hos ebseos< j) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks b goreks hb uso hos a`strueb`tos b bquapkeb`tos utacazkhos `k ebhaéîo hb irk`hbzks gåsanks hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< n) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hks gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ caepbzk hb noepo`b`tbs< h) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos a`hankhos pkrk o pronbsso hb caepbzk hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< b) a`tbrprbtkr os pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas æ caepbzk hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks.
;:7 ;: 7
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
=.; GR@NAO@KEB@XO HO ^A^XBEK HB KZZBGBNAEB@XO
[uk`ho o eotor ho vbånuco bstë grao, k joejk h‑ëiuk bstë gkzb`ho o cåquaho hb krrbgbnaeb`to narnuckr kpb`ks `o jcono hb eotor, noeo pohb sbr vasto `k iurk k sbiuar.
) 2 ; 6 : (
` o b C a v k H
Gaiurk ;61 - Narnuckéîo h¸ëiuk Go`tb4 Zb`kuct (:6;>)
Kpþs o kqubnaeb`to ho eotor be uek tbepbrkturk hbtbrea`khk pbco gkjrank`tb, k vëcvuck tbreostëtank kqubnb, kjra`ho uek pksskibe pkrk qub o cåquaho hb krrbgbnaeb`to skak ho eotor b b`trb `o rkhakhor pkrk jkaxkr k suk tbepbrkturk.
) 2 ; 6 : ( ` o b
C a v k H
Gaiurk ;;6 - Xronk hb tbepbrkturk Go`tb4 Zb`kuct (:6;>)
= ^A^XBEK HB KZZBGBNAEB@XO
;:9 ;: 9
K sbiuar vonä bstuhkrë hbtkcmkhkeb`tb nkhk noepo`b`tb ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to. Wasukcazb-os `k iurk qub sbiub.
Wëcvuck tbreostëtank
Xkepk prbssurazkhk prbssurazkhk hb rbsparo Bcbtrovb`tackhor
^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk (sastbek hb a`dbéîo)
^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk ho pka`bc Nêekrks h¸kiuk
Zbsbrvktþrao hb bxpk`sîo Zkhakhor
A`tbrruptor táreano ho vb`tackhor
Joejk h¸ëiuk
^b`taho hb narnuckéîo ho cåquaho hb krrbgbnaeb`to
) 2 ; 6 : ( ` o b C a v k H
Gaiurk ;;; - Noepo`b`tbs ho krrbgbnaeb`to Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
NRZAO^AHKHB^
O eotor hbsb`vocvb ktá :.976´N hb nkcor hb`tro hk nêekrk hb noejustîo. Nkcor sunab`tb pkrk gu`har o eotor noepcbto be eb`os hb tra`tk ea`utos! Kproxaekhkeb`tb ;/> hk b`briak ho noejuståvbc á no`vbrtahk be potä`nak utacazëvbc pkrk aepucsao`kr o vbånuco, ;/> á hassapkhk ktrkvás ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to b o ;/> rbek`bsnb`tb á bcaea`kho pbco sastbek hb bsnkpkeb`to.
=.;.; JOEJK H¸ËIRK K joejk h‑ëiuk ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to á ho tapo nb`tråguik, haspostk hb eoho k sunnao`kr o cåquaho rbsgrakho hk pkrtb a`gbraor ho rkhakhor b b`vaë-co ko eotor gkzb`ho k narnuckéîo gorékhk ho sastbek pbcos hutos, rkhakhor b ikcbraks ho eotor. @k ekaorak hos vbånucos, bck bstë posanao`khk `o jcono ho eotor du`to ko jcono, sb`ho knao`khk pbck norrbak hk ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. Wbdk noeo bck á noepostk por ebao hk iurk k sbiuar.
;:= ;: =
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
;
:
; Xkepk narnuckr : Zohk hb kcbtks
) 2 ; 6 : ( c b m i b ` b E z a u C
Gaiurk ;;: - Joejk h¸ëiuk Go`tb4 Zb`kuct (:6;>)
B`tb`hk k sbiuar k gu`éîo hk vëcvuck tbreostëtank.
=.;.: WËCWRCK XBZEO^XËXANK K vëcvuck tbreostëtank á o noepo`b`tb ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to qub tbe k gu`éîo hb no`trockr o uxo hb cåquaho b k tbepbrkturk ho eotor. Á uek vëcvuck qub sb kjrb k jrb quk`ho k tbepbrkturk ho eotor kcnk`ék k tbepbrkturk hb trkjkcmo –tronk hb nkcor―, possajacatk`ho k skåhk hk ëiuk be kctk tbepbrkturk pkrk o rkhakhor, b gbnmk quk`ho k ëiuk be jkaxk tbepbrkturk b`trk `o eotor. [uk`ho gbnmkhk, `îo onorrb k tronk hb nkcor, gkzb`ho noe qub o cåquaho qub bstë `o eotor sogrk ue rëpaho r ëpaho kqubnaeb`to. B`tb`hk sbu gu`nao`keb`to por ebao hk iurk k sbiuar.
) 2 ; 6 : ( c b m i b ` b E
Wëcvuck tbreostëtank gbnmkhk
Wëcvuck tbreostëtank kjbrtk
a u C
Gaiurk ;;> - Wëcvuck tbreostëtank Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Gakt Kutoeþvbas (:66=)
= ^A^XBEK HB KZZBGBNAEB@XO
;:1 ;: 1
Wbdk k sbiuar o sb`sor táreano.
=.;.> ^B@^OZ XÁZEANO O eotor hos vbånucos goa prodbtkho pkrk ek`tbr uek tbepbrkturk no`stk`tb hb trkjkcmo, tbepbrkturk bssk prodbtkhk pbck eo`tkhork. Noe asso, o vbånuco kprbsb`tkrë ekaorbs jb`bgånaos, kcáe hb kueb`tkr k hurkjacahkhb ho eotor, no`suea`ho eb`os noejuståvbc, b no`trajua`ho pkrk o ebao kejab`tb beata`ho eb`os pocub`tbs. Noe ks ebseks nkrkntbråstanks hb gu`nao`keb`to ho a`tbrruptor táreano ho vb`tackhor, bssb noepo`b`tb knb`hb b kpkik uek cêepkhk ou knao`k ue po`tbaro `o pka`bc hb a`strueb`tos, pkrk a`hankr k rbkc hb tbepbrkturk ho eotor. @k prþxaek iurk vonä vasukcazk ue sb`sor hb tbepbrkturk ho eotor. O sb`sor táreano gu`nao`k pbco pra`nåpao hk rbsastä`nak bcátrank, quk`ho ekaor k rbsastä`nak (gcuåho grao) eb`or k a`tb`sahkhb hk norrb`tb bcátrank qub knao`krë os a`hankhorbs `o pka`bc. K rbsastä`nak bcátrank á a`vbrskeb`tb propornako`kc k tbepbrkturk.
;66¶N
-
+
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Gaiurk ;;8 - ^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
O prþxaeo atbe k sbr bstuhkho á o rkhakhor, outro aeportk`tb noepo`b`tb ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to.
=.;.8 ZKHAKHOZ O rkhakhor á o noepo`b`tb ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to qub rbnbjb o cåquaho kqubnaho provb`ab`tb ho eotor b o hbvocvb noe uek tbepbrkturk ekas jkaxk. Ibrkceb`tb, nk æ grb`tb g rb`tb ho eotor pkrk qub possk rbnbjbr o uxo hb kr ibrkho pbco eovaeb`to ho vbånuco. [uk`ho o vbånuco v bånuco bstë pkrkho, bstk vb`tackéîo á nkuskhk pbck narnuckéîo gorékhk ktrkvás ho knao`keb`to ho vb`tackhor.
;>6 ;> 6
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
O rkhakhor possua ikcbraks o`hb o cåquaho hb krrbgbnaeb`to narnuck, b ko rbhor hbstks ikcbraks possua kcbtks qub harbnao`ke o uxo hb kr, kduhk`ho k hassapkr o nkcor.
Nkpks
Kcbtks
B`trkhk
Hutos
^kåhk
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Gaiurk ;;2 - Zkhakhor Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
GA[RB KCBZXK
@îo kjrk k tkepk ho rbsbrvktþrao hb bxpk`sîo noe o eotor qub`tb. Asso pohb gkzbr noe qub o cåquaho ho sastbek sbdk doikho pkrk gork b provoqub qubaekhurks irkvbs, kcáe hb b`trkr kr `o sastbek, o qub pohb nkuskr ue supbrkqubnaeb`to ho eotor.
Gkzbe pkrtb ho rkhakhor o a`tbrruptor táreano, kcáe hb ek`iubarks b tujuckéòbs, qub vonä bstuhkrë k sbiuar.
A@XBZZRVXOZ XÁZEANO O a`tbrruptor táreano hb knao`keb`to ho vb`tackhor á o noepo`b`tb ktavkho quk`ho k tbepbrkturk ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to kta`iar k tbepbrkturk eëxaek bspbnankhk pbco gkjrank`tb. Bstb a`tbrruptor gbnmk ue narnuato bcátrano, knao`k`ho o bcbtrovb`tackhor pkrk jkaxkr k tbepbrkturk. Ko kta`iar k tbepbrkturk eå`aek bspbnankhk, o a`tbrruptor kjrb o narnuato, hbscaik`ho o vb`tackhor. Hbssk gorek, o sastbek pohb ek`tbr k tbepbrkturk hb`tro hb uek ggkaxk kaxk prá-hbtbrea`khk. Wbdk `k iurk o
a`tbrruptor hbscaikho b caikho, rbspbntavkeb`tb. r bspbntavkeb`tb.
= ^A^XBEK HB KZZBGBNAEB@XO
Hbscaikho
;>;
Caikho
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Gaiurk ;;7 - A`tbrruptor táreano Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
K tbepbrkturk prá-hbtbrea`khk pbco gkjrank`tb nk ekrnkhk `o norpo hb ebtkc ho rkhakhor, gknacatk`ho kssae k ahb`tankéîo quk`ho `bnbssërao.
EK@IRBAZK^ B XRJRCKÉÒB^ Ks ek`iubarks, tujuckéòbs b no`bxòbs ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to hbvbe sbr vbrankhks sbeprb qub o vbånuco bstavbr rbkcazk`ho uek ek`utb`éîo prbvb`tavk, bvatk`ho kssae vkzkeb`tos b prbduåzos `o eotor. Noe o eotor hbscaikho b grao, prbssao`b ks ek`iubarks ek`ukceb`tb, vbrank`ho sb `îo më rbssbnkeb`to ou rknmkhurks, poas o sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to possua huks ek`iubarks pra`napkas, k supbraor qub pbreatb k b`trkhk ho cåquaho kqubnaho b k a`gbraor qub á k skåhk ho cåquaho rbsgrakho. Ojsbrvb bxbepcos hb tujo b ek`iubark `k prþxaek iurk.
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Gaiurk ;;9 - Xujo b ek`iubark Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
;>: ;> :
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
O sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to hbvb sbr vbrankho tkejáe be possåvbas po`tos hb no`tkto noe o eotor, poas pohb onorrbr k prbsb`ék hb vkzkeb`to hfëiuk ho rkhakhor, qub hbaxk k prbsb`ék hb oxahkéîo (gbrruibe) `o eotor.
=.;.2 KHAXAWO^
Os khatavos utacazkhos `o sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to täe k gu`éîo hb bcbvkr o po`to hb bjucaéîo b no`ibckeb`to hk ëiuk, b cujrankr b protbibr o eotor b o rkhakhor no`trk k norrosîo.
^KAJK EKA^
Vkrk skjbr ekas sojrb k kpcankéîo hb khatavos kutoeotavos, kutoeotavos, knbssb o cuj.noe.jr0.
satb 4 3 www.a`gor www.a`gor--
Ks pra`napkas nkrkntbråstanks hb ue uaho pkrk rkhakhor sîo4 k) tbr bnab`tb nkpknahkhb hb tronk hb nkcor< j) protbibr no`trk no`ibckeb`to b bjucaéîo< n) protbibr no`trk norrosîo< h) possuar noepktajacahkhb noe ektbrakas ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to< b) `îo kirbhar o ebao kejab`tb.
No`nb`trkho
Ëiuk
Easturk
Easturk 26/26
Khatavos :,2% Ëiuk 2;,2% Icanoc 87%
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Gaiurk ;;= - Noeposaéîo ho uaho Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
= ^A^XBEK HB KZZBGBNAEB@XO
;>> ;> >
@k iurk k`tbraor, vonä pohb ojsbrvkr qub os uahos hb krrbgbnaeb`to sîo tapankeb`tb noepostos por ëiuk, khatavos b icanoc.
NK^O^ B ZBCKXO^
Ncab`tb ekc orab`tkho
Orck`ho brk tkxastk më euato tbepo, sbeprb gkzak norrahks rëpahks, eks be ruks noe trê`sato a`tb`so. @îo sb prbonupkvk euato noe k tbepbrkturk ho vbånuco, poas sbeprb qub khquarak ue `ovo vbånuco pkrk utacazkr noeo tëxa, bcb pbhak pkrk ue ebnê`ano rbeovbr k vëcvuck tbreostëtank, poas bcb mkvak saho orab`tkho qub kssae k ëiuk arak narnuckr no`ta`ukeb`tb `o eotor b k tbepbrkturk `îo sujarak. Voráe, Orck`ho rbkcazkvk bstb pronbhaeb`to, poas `îo b`tb`hak o pra`nåpao hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor, b k ekaorak hos vbånucos qub bcb tbvb brke kcaeb`tkhos por nkrjurkhor. B`tîo, `îo kprbsb`tkvke projcbeks noe rbckéîo ko sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to. Eks, os vbånucos euhkrke b k tbn`ocoiak nmbiou ktá Orck`ho, b o ôctaeo vbånuco qub bcb mkvak khquaraho pkrk uskr noeo tëxa dë vbao hb gëjrank noe a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank. Ko khquara-co, Orck`ho cbvou-o k ue ebnê`ano hb suk no`k`ék pkrk rbeovbr k vëcvuck tbreostëtank. Hbpoas hb tbr k vëcvuck tbreostëtank rbeovahk, Orck`ho `îo nmbiou k hkr `be uek voctk `k qukhrk, coio rbtor`ou pkrk k ona`k4 qubrak skjbr sb kcio mkvak nkho hbscaikho, poas uek cuz knb`hbu `o pka`bc. Kcáe hasso, o vbånuco noebéou k soctkr guekék prbtk pbco bsnkpkeb`to b k gkcmkr ko ebseo tbepo. O ebnê`ano hb no`k`ék hb Orck`ho `îo no`mbnak o gu`nao`keb`to hk a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank, b`tîo pbhau qub o ncab`tb gossb ktá uek no`nbssao`ërak pkrk vbrankr o qub ta`mk kno`tbnaho, poas `khk mkvak saho hbscaikho. Ko nmbikr `k no`nbssao`ërak, o tán`ano pbriu`tou æ Orck`ho o qub mkvak kno`tbnaho b bcb bxpcanou qub cbvou o vbånuco k uek ona`k pkrk rbeovbr k vëcvuck tbreostëtank, pkrk `îo norrbr o rasno ho vbånuco supbrkqubnbr. O tán`ano bxpcanou pkrk Orck`ho qub kqubcb pronbhaeb`to `îo brk rbnoeb`hkho pkrk nkrros noe a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank. K rbeoéîo hk vëcvuck pohbrak trkzbr sáraos rasnos ko eotor, poas bcbs `îo gorke prodbtkhos pkrk gu`nao`kr `be graos `be qub`tbs hbekas, bcbs hbvbe gu`nao`kr hb`tro hb uek gkaxk ahbkc hb tbepbrkturk. Hkå k aeportê`nak hk utacazkéîo hk vëcvuck tbreostëtank, poas os eotorbs hb noejustîo a`tbr`k gorke prodbtkhos pkrk gu`nao`kr noe gociks bspbnånks b hacktkéîo hks suks pbéks eþvbas. Kcáe hasso, `o nkso hos vbånucos ekas eohbr`os, uek kctbrkéîo `ks nkrkntbråstanks hb gu`nao`keb`to ho vbånuco nkuskrak uek k`oekcak `o sastbek hb nocbtk hb hkhos ho eotor, qub kueb`tk o no`sueo hb noejuståvbc, poas ks a`gorekéòbs nocbtkhks pbcos sb`sorbs ho eotor noeproebtbe o sbu gu`nao`keb`to, o qub cbvk k ue hbsikstb prbekturo.
;>8 ;> 8
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Hbpoas hbssk bxpcankéîo b hk rbposaéîo hk vëcvuck tbreostëtank, Orck`ho `îo gbz ekas `b`muek kctbrkéîo `o rkhakhor hb sbus vbånucos b pkssou k prbstkr ktb`éîo ko pka`bc ho vbånuco o`hb nk rbiastrkhk k tbepbrkturk ho eotor.
ZBNKVAXRCK@HO
Wonä vau `bssb nkpåtuco k aeportê`nak ho sastbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to `o eotor pkrk bno`oeak hb noejuståvbc b sustb`tkjacahkhb, b qub sbu gu`nao`keb`to hbpb`hb hb ue no`du`to hb noepo`b`tbs qub sîo bssb`nakas `o no`trocb hb tbepbrkturk ho eotor. Bstuhou, tkejáe, qub k joejk hfëiuk á rbspo`sëvbc pbck narnuckéîo b qub k vëcvuck tbreostëtank prbnask kcnk`ékr uek tbepbrkturk hbtbrea`khk pbco gkjrank`tb pkrk pbreatar k pksskibe hfëiuk qub ska ho eotor be kctk tbepbrkturk pkrk sbr rbsgrakhk `o rkhakhor. Bssb rbsgrakeb`to pohb kno`tbnbr pbck narnuckéîo gorékhk ktrkvás ho hbsconkeb`to ho vbånuco ou pbco knao`keb`to ho bcbtrovb`tackhor. @o prþxaeo nkpåtuco, vonä bstuhkrë k a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank.
= ^A^XBEK HB KZZBGBNAEB@XO
K`otkéòbs4
;>2 ;> 2
A`dbéîo Bcbtrø`ank
1 Be ue sastbek hb ibrb`nakeb`to bcbtrø`ano á possåvbc b`no`trkr vëraos sb`sorbs a`stkckhos `o eotor. Bcbs täe k gu`éîo hb rbnbjbr a`gorekéòbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b b`vakr pkrk o RNE „ R`ahkhb hb No`trocb ho Eotor. Noe bssks a`gorekéòbs, k RNE arë no`vbrtä-cks be sa`kas hb trkjkcmo pkrk o knao`keb`to hos ktukhorbs. K RNE tkejáe eo`atork o gu`nao`keb`to hos sb`sorbs b ktukhorbs, poas be no`haéòbs hb possåvbas hbgbatos, bstb pohb noeproebtbr o gu`nao`keb`to ho vbånuco. Ko `kcazkr sbus bstuhos `bstb nkpåtuco, vonä bstkrë kpto k4 k) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos a`hankhos pkrk o pronbsso hb rbeoéîo/hbseo`tkibe hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< j) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hks gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ rbeoéîo/hbseo`tkibe hb noepo`b`tbs< n) a`tbrprbtkr os pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas æ rbeoéîo/hbseo`tkibe hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< h) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks, gu`éòbs, posanao`keb`to b gu`nao`keb`to hos hagbrb`tbs noepo`b`tbs qub no`statube o eotor b sbus sastbeks noeo rbquasato pkrk k a`spbéîo vasukc hos ebseos< b) ahb`tankr, `o ek`ukc hb gkjrank`tb, g kjrank`tb, ks nkrkntbråstanks haeb`sao`kas hos noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks, tb`ho be vastk k vbrankéîo hb noepktajacahkhb hos noepo`b`tbs a`spbnao`khos< g) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos a`hankhos pkrk o pronbsso hb a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< i) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hb gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs< m) a`tbrprbtkr pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas æ a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< a) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, ks gbrrkeb`tks a`hankhks pkrk o pronbsso hb rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks<
d) rbno`mbnbr os hagbrb`tbs hagbrb`tbs tapos hb bquapkeb`tos bquapkeb`tos hb protbéîo a`havahukc (BVAs) (BVAs) kpcanëvbas æ rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks, kssae noeo suks `kcahkhbs, no`haéòbs hb uso (no`sbrvkéîo) b orab`tkéòbs ho gkjrank`tb< g kjrank`tb<
;>= ;> =
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
l) rbno`mbnbr os rbquasatos hk cbiasckéîo k sbrbe no`sahbrkhos `o hbsnkrtb hb rbsåhuos ibrkhos `os pronbssos hb rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< c) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, ks gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos a`hankhos pkrk o pronbsso hb tbstb hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< e) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hks gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas k tbstbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< `) a`tbrprbtkr os pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas k tbstbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< o) rbno`mbnbr os hagbrb`tbs tapos hb tbstbs hb saeuckéîo, suk gorek hb kpcankéîo b kvkcakéîo hb rbsuctkhos, tb`ho be vastk k vbrankéîo hb no`goreahkhb hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks. ^aik be grb`tb!
1.; ^B@^OZB^
Os sb`sorbs possube k rbspo`skjacahkhb r bspo`skjacahkhb hb nkpturkr tohos os sa`kas (pkrêebtros) ho eotor, noeo tbepbrkturk hb krrbgbnaeb`to, rotkéîo ho eotor, prbssîo kjsocutk ho nocbtor, oxaiä`ao `o bsnkpkeb`to, posaéîo ho knbcbrkhor btn. b b`vakr pkrk k nb`trkc hb noek`ho (RNE) qub á o nárbjro ho sastbek, sb`ho qub k nb`trkc hb noek`ho prbnask hbstbs sa`kas pkrk gkzbr gk zbr o ibrb`nakeb`to hb noejuståvbc b ai`aéîo.
^b`sorbs
Ktukhorbs
^b`sor hb rotkéîo a`hutavo ^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk h'ëiuk
A`dbtorbs
Nb`trkc
Joja`k hb ai`aéîo
^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk ho kr
^b`sor hb prbssîo ho nocbtor
Zbcá
^b`sor hb posaéîo hk jorjocbtk
Joja`k hb noejuståvbc
Bcbtrovëcvuck ho nê`astbr
^b`sor hb hbto`kéîo Noeutkhor hb ai`aéîo
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Ktukhor hb ekrnmk cb`tk
^b`sor hb oxaiä`ao
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Gaiurk ;;1 - ^b`sorbs b Ktukhorbs Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
1 A@DBÉÎO BCBXZØ@ANK
;>1 ;> 1
@k iurk k`tbraor, vonä vau os sb`sorbs b ktukhorbs ho sastbek hb a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank qub vonä pksskrë k bstuhkr, `k sbquä`nak.
1.;.; ^B@^OZ HB XBEVBZKXRZK HK ËIRK O sb`sor hb tbepbrkturk hk ëiuk á ue tbreastor, ou sbdk, ue rbsastor qub vkrak k suk rbsastä`nak noe o kueb`to hk tbepbrkturk. Be tbepbrkturks jkaxks, k rbsastä`nak á kctk b, æ ebhahk qub k tbepbrkturk sojb, k rbsastä`nak haea`ua. Ojsbrvb o irëno k sbiuar.
Z (℧)
hbtbrea`k k K vkrakéîo hb tbepbrkturk hk ëiuk hbtbrea`k quk`tahkhb hb noejuståvbc qub k RNE arë b`vakr ko ebseo.
@bstb nkso hbvbeos tbr ktb`éîo ko cåquaho hb krrbgbnaeb`to, uek vbz qub k gkctk hb khatavo, k utacazkéîo hb ëiuk hbstackhk k prbsb`ék hb gbrruibe (nocorkéîo kekrro`zkhk) pohbe prbduhankr k cbaturk ho sb`sor, hbvaho k no`hutavahkhb hk ëiuk)
X (¶N)
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Gaiurk ;:6 - Irëno hb tbepbrkturk Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
O sb`sor á kcaeb`tkho pbck RN (R`ahkhb hb Noek`ho) noe uek tb`sîo hb rbgbrä`nak 2W, á tkejáe ue noepo`b`tb hb`oea`kho hb @XN (Nobnab`tb @biktavo hb Xbepbrkturk). Wbdk, `k prþxaek iurk, o sb`sor hb tbepbrkturk bcbtrø`ano. Be sbiuahk, no`mbék o sb`sor no`duikho.
)
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Gaiurk ;:; - ^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk bcbtrø`ano Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
;86
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
1.;.: ^B@^OZ NO@DRIKHO HB XBEVBZKXRZK HO KZ B VZB^^ÎO HO NOCBXOZ Xbe k gu`éîo hb a`gorekr æ RN k tbepbrkturk ho kr kheataho pbco eotor. Á tkejáe ue @XN (Nobnab`(Nobnab`tb @biktavo hb Xbepbrkturk), ou sbdk, ue tbreastor4 quk`to ekaor k tbepbrkturk, eb`or sbrë k rbsastä`nak bcátrank. Xkejáe á kcaeb`tkho noe uek tb`sîo hb rbgbrä`nak hb 2W. Be kciu`s sastbeks, bcb bstë no`duikho;1 noe o ^b`sor EKV (sb`sor hb Vrbssîo ho nocbtor).
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Gaiurk ;:: - ^b`sor hb tbepbrkturk ho kr Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
NRZAO^AHKHB^
Ks bxpbraä`naks noe a`dbéòbs ebnê`anks `os eotorbs k iksoca`k noebékrke k sbr gbatks be ;1:2, pbco b`ib`mbaro suåéo Do`ks Mbssbcek`. Hurk`tb k AA Iubrrk Eu`hakc, tkc tbn`ocoiak goa beprbikhk `os eotorbs kbro`ëutanos Du`lbrs Dueo :;6, Hkaecbr-Jb`z HJ 76;, JEY =6;, ^mvbtsov K^M-=:G@ b Yraimt Z->>26, b`trb outros. O sastbek Hkaecbr-Jb`z goa hbsb`vocvaho be no`du`to noe k Josnm, beprbsk qub hagu`harak o uso hbssk tbn`ocoiak `os nkrros hb pkssbao.
No`mbék k sbiuar o sb`sor hk posaéîo ho knbcbrkhor.
1.;.> ^B@^OZ HK VO^AÉÎO HO KNBCBZKHOZ Á ue potb`naøebtro rotktavo qub sb b`no`trk caikho ko baxo hk jorjocbtk qub o eovaeb`tk. Á tkejáe kcaeb`tkho pbck RN noe uek tb`sîo hb rbgbrä`nak hb 2W, nudk skåhk vkrak hb knorho noe k posaéîo hk jorjocbtk. K RN hbtbntk k posaéîo hk jorjocbtk be toho sbu pbrnurso, ktrkvás ho sa`kc rbnbjaho hb vkrakéîo hb tb`sîo qub sbrvb pkrk os nëcnucos hb rotkéîo hb ekrnmk cb`tk, kvk`éo ho po`to hb ai`aéîo b quk`tahkhb hb noejuståvbc k sbr a`dbtkhk. Ojsbrvb `k iurk k sbiuar o sb`sor hb posaéîo hb jorjocbtk `o XJA b, be sbiuahk, no`mbék outro tapo hb sb`sor.
;1 Du`to, caikho, bepkrbcmkho. @k ebnê`ank, haz-sb hb huks pbéks ou ebnk`aseos qub no`norrbe no`norrbe pkrk uek kéîo noeue. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0
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Gaiurk ;:> - ^b`sor hb posaéîo hk jorjocbtk `o XJA Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
1.;.8 ^B@^OZ NO@DRIKHO VZB^^ÎO KJ^OCRXK B XBEVBZKXRZK HO KZ K gu`éîo ho sb`sor EKV á a`gorekr æ RN o vënuo bxastb`tb `o nocbtor hb kheassîo kjkaxo hk jorjocbtk. O EKV á tkejáe kcaeb`tkho noe uek tb`sîo hb rbgbrä`nak r bgbrä`nak hb 2W. Wbdk-o k sbiuar.
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Gaiurk ;:8 - ^b`sor EKV noe tbepbrkturk ho kr Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Hbtbrea`k k quk`tahkhb hb kr ksparkho pbco eotor, bstk a`gorekéîo sbrë nrunakc pkrk k RNE hbtbrea`kr k quk`tahkhb hb noejuståvbc qub hbvbrë sbr b`vakhk ko eotor pkrk rbkcazkr k easturk kr/noejuståvbc b rbkcazkr o nëcnuco ho ê`iuco hk ai`aéîo.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
O sa`kc hb tb`sîo b`vakho pkrk k RN vkrak be gu`éîo ho vënuo bxastb`tb `o nocbtor hb kheassîo, no`goreb vonä pohb vbr `k iurk k sbiuar.
Bcbeb`to sbeano`hutor Hbprbssîo hb rbgbrä`nak
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Gaiurk ;:2 - Hbsb`mo Ekp Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
O EKV tkejáe a`gorek k prbssîo kteosgárank conkc (kctatuhb be rbckéîo ko `åvbc ho ekr)< be kciu`s sastbeks bcb á no`duikho noe o sb`sor hb tbepbrkturk ho kr kheataho. Ojsbrvb k prþxaek iurk.
Hbprbssîo ho nocbtor hb kheassîo
Hakgrkiek hb sacånao
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Gaiurk ;:7 - Hbsb`mo Ekp (soj prbssîo) Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Ekrk` (:6;>)
1.;.2 ^B@^OZ HB ZOXKÉÎO B VE^ O sb`sor hb rotkéîo á ibrkceb`tb ho tapo a`hutavo ou ho tapo Mkcc. Kejos täe k `kcahkhb hb hbtbrea`kr k rotkéîo a`stk`tê`bk ho eotor b k posaéîo hk ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. Noe bssb sb`sor, k RNE noepcbtk ks a`gorekéòbs `bnbssëraks pkrk o nëcnuco hk ekssk hb kr kheataho. Ojsbrvb os sb`sorbs `k iurk k sbiuar. Noe ks a`gorekéòbs nocahks por bstb sb`sor k RNE nkcnuck o eoeb`to bxkto hb a`dbéîo b o tbepo hb a`dbéîo
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^b`sor MKCC ^b`sor a`hutavo
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Gaiurk ;:9 - ^b`sor hb rotkéîo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
K nkrkntbråstank hk rohk ibrkhork hb aepucsos á utacazkhk pkrk kejos sb`sorbs sb`ho a`hutavo ou mkcc, possua 2= hb`tbs b : bspkéos vkzaos, `os qukas nkjbrake ekas : hb`tbs. Á ktrkvás hk rohk ibrkhork hb aepucsos qub o sb`sor no`sbiub hbtbrea`kr k posaéîo bxktk hk ërvorb hb ek`avbcks. K gkctk hos hoas hb`tbs á utacazkhk noeo rbgbrä`nak pkrk RNE vbrankr o VE^ hos naca`hros ; b 8 b, rbspbntavkeb`tb, o naca`hro : b >. @os vbånucos ekas eohbr`os pohb-sb b`no`trkr vëraos gorektos hb rohk ibrkhork hb aepucsos, sb`ho qub kciueks sb pkrbnbe noe b`irb`kib`s b outrks possube uek pastk cask, eks hb uxo eki`átano, sb`ho qub sbu gorekto `îo kctbrk o sbu pra`nåpao hb gu`nao`keb`to.
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Gaiurk ;:= - ^b`sor hb rotkéîo noe rohk gø`ank Go`tb4 Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
^B@^OZ HB ZOXKÉÎO XAVO A@HRXAWO O sb`sor a`hutavo á no`statuåho por uek joja`k qub b`vocvb ue `ôncbo hb gbrro g brro aek`tkho. Wbdk, `o bxbepco, qub os hb`tbs, ko pksskrbe pbco sb`sor, provonke uek vkrakéîo hb uxo eki`átano `o `ôncbo aek`tkho.
@îo prbnask hb kcaeb`tkéîo, poas ibrk suk prþprak kcaeb`tkéîo. ^uk o`hk hb sa`kc á sb`oahkc.
R (W)
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Gaiurk ;:1 - Hakirkek ho sb`sor hb rotkéîo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
^B@^OZ MKCC :6
O sb`sor mkcc, qub á no`statuåho por ue åeî pbrek`b`tb b ue ektbrakc sbeano`hutor noe proprabhkhbs bcátranks bspbnakas, ibrk be suks bxtrbeahkhbs uek hagbrb`ék hb potb`nakc, no`mbnahk noeo tb`sîo Mkcc. ^b k a`tb`sahkhb hk norrb`tb pbrek`bnb no`stk`tb, k tb`sîo ibrkhk hbpb`hb soeb`tb hk a`tb`sahkhb ho nkepo eki`átano. Kssae, á `bnbssërao qub k a`tb`sahkhb ho nkepo eki`átano vkrab pbraohankeb`tb pkrk ojtbr ue sa`kc bcátrano eohuckho, nudk grbquä`nak á propornao`kc æ vbconahkhb noe k qukc o nkepo euhk. Vkrk ojtbr bssk euhk`ék, o sb`sor á pksskho ktrkvás hb ue k`bc ebtëcano noe uek sárab hb kjbrturks. @o sbu eovaeb`to, k pkrtb ebtëcank ho k`bc nojrb o sb`sor, jcoqubk`ho o nkepo eki`átano b provonk`ho uek rbhuéîo ho `åvbc `k skåhk. Ko no`trërao, quk`ho bstavbr du`to hk kjbrturk b, portk`to, noe o nkepo eki`átano prbsb`tb, o sb`sor ibrk ue `åvbc hb sa`kc kcto `k skåhk.
@bnbssatk hb kcaeb`tkéîo b suk o`hk á qukhrkhk
:6 Norpo `îo ebtëcano qub no`huz aepbrgbatkeb`tb k bcbtranahkhb. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0. 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0.
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Åeî
Narnuato a`tbirkho Mkcc
Zohk ibrkhork hb aepucsos
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Gaiurk ;>6 - Hakirkek ho sb`sor hb rotkéîo Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
No`mbék k sbiuar k so`hk ckejhk, outro sb`sor euato aeportk`tb pkrk o sastbek hb a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank.
1.;.7 ^O@HK CKEJHK
Bssb sb`sor ebhb k quk`tahkhb hb O: no`tahk `os iksbs hb bsnkpkeb`to pkrk ojtbr k proporéîo kr/ noejuståvbc qub bstë sb`ho qubaekhk. Hb knorho noe o tbor hb O : bxastb`tb `os iksbs hb bsnkpb, k so`hk ckejhk ibrk uek tb`sîo qub vkrak hb 6,:66 k 6,=66 W. B`tîo, k RN kueb`tk ou haea`ua o tbepo hb a`dbéîo pkrk no`trockr k easturk kr/noejuståvbc euato prþxaeo ho ahbkc. K so`hk sþ gu`nao`k k uek tbepbrkturk knaek hb >66¶N b á, ibrkceb`tb, kqubnahk pbck tb`sîo hk jktbrak ;:W.
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Gaiurk ;>; - ^b`sor Ckejhk Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
O bcbeb`to ho sb`sor hb oxaiä`ao á gorekho por ue no`b hb þxaho hb zarnø`ao (ektbrakc nbrêeano) rbvbstaho pbck pkrtb bxtbr`k noe ue ektbrakc poroso b `ôncbo a`tbr`o hb pckta`k (qub sîo os bcbtrohos), b`vocvaho bxtbr`keb`tb noe uek protbéîo hb ebtkc. O þxaho hb zarnø`ao possua k proprabhkhb hb pbreatar k pksskibe hb åo`s hb oxaiä`ao b`trb os bcbtrohos hb pckta`k, quk`ho sujebtaho k tbepbrkturks supbraorbs k >66´ N. ^b`ho qub `os sb`sorbs ktukas bxastb uek rbsastä`nak hb kqubnaeb`to satukho du`to ko bcbeb`to sb`sor qub o gkz kta`iar bssk tbepbrkturk be pounos sbiu`hos. Ks so`hks ckejhks no`vb`nao`kas possube 8 nkjos4 k) hoas pkrk b`vakr o sa`kc ho sb`sor æ RNE< j) hoas pkrk k kcaeb`tkéîo ho kqubnbhor. Opbrk be gu`éîo hk hagbrb`ék hk no`nb`trkéîo hb oxaiä`ao b`trb o iës hb bsnkpb b uek keostrk hb rbgbrä`nak ho kr bxtbr`o, ibrk`ho-sb uek tb`sîo bcátrank `os bcbtrohos hb pckta`k, osnack`ho b`trb 6,: b 6,=W, hbpb`hb`ho ho tbor hb oxaiä`ao prbsb`tb `os iksbs hb bsnkpb (NKVBCCA, :6;6). @k iurk k sbiuar vonä vä k no`statuaéîo hk so`hk ckejhk.
Nkjos
Nbrêeank asock`tb
No`tkto ho kqubnbhor Kqubnbhor (Mbktbr ) Norpo ebtëcano No`tkto ho bcbeb`to sb`sor
Bcbeb`to sb`sor A`vþcunro ebtëcano Gaiurk ;>: - Krquatbturk ho sb`sor Ckejhk Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
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EA^XRZK ZANK
[uk`ho ue eotor be gu`nao`keb`to trkjkcmk noe bxnbsso hb noejuståvbc rank, ou sbdk, Ckejhk 3 ;, më hagbrb`ék hk no`nb`trkéîo hb oxaiä`ao `k easturk kr/noejuståvbc `k nêekrk hb noejustîo eb`or. Ojsbrvb `k prþxaek iurk.
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Gaiurk ;>> - Easturk rank Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
^b o þxaho hb zarnø`ao bstë kqubnaho æ tbepbrkturk hb >66´ N, bstb pbreatb k pksskibe hb uek irk`hb quk`tahkhb hb åo`s hb oxaiä`ao b`trb os bcbtrohos hb pckta`k nkusk`ho ue kueb`to `k tb`sîo ibrkhk. Bstk tb`sîo á hb 6,2 k 6,=W. [uk`ho k RNE rbnbjb bssb sa`kc hb tb`sîo ho sb`sor hb oxaiä`ao, aebhaktkeb`tb norraib k easturk kr/ noejuståvbc, haea`ua`ho o tbepo hb a`dbéîo, bepojrbnb`ho k easturk, pkrk tb`tkr ek`tbr o eotor gu`nao`k`ho be prþxaeo hb Ckejhk 5 ;.
;8= ;8 =
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
EA^XRZK VOJZB
[uk`ho o eotor be gu`nao`keb`to trkjkcmk noe k easturk hb noejuståvbc pojrb, ou sbdk, Ckejhk 0 ;, k hagbrb`ék hk no`nb`trkéîo hb oxaiä`ao `k easturk kr/noejuståvbc `k nêekrk hb noejustîo á ekaor.
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Gaiurk ;>8 - Easturk pojrb Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
@bssb eoeb`to, k pksskibe hb åo`s hb oxaiä`ao b`trb os bcbtrohos hb pckta`k ktrkvás ho þxaho hb zarnø`ao:; á rbhuzahk, nkusk`ho k haea`uaéîo hk tb`sîo ibrkhk. Bstk tb`sîo á hb 6,: k 6,2W. [uk`ho k RNE rbnbjb bssb sa`kc hb tb`sîo ho sb`sor hb oxaiä`ao, kueb`tk o tbepo hb a`dbéîo b`raqubnb`ho k easturk, pkrk tb`tkr ek`tbr o eotor gu`nao`k`ho be Ckejhk 5 ;. Bssb no`tå`uo eo`atorkeb`to ho tbor hb oxaiä`ao `os iksbs hb bsnkpb, be ue narnuato rbiuckhor gbnmkho b`trb so`hk Ckejhk b RNE, á qub pbreatb ko eotor gu`nao`kr noe k easturk kr/noejuståvbc o ekas prþxaeo hb Ckejhk 5 ;. No`mbék k sbiuar o ebhahor hb uxo ou ekssk hb kr.
:; ^åejoco quåeano Tr, á ue ebtkc rkro, jrk`no-kna`zb`tkho qub sb kproxaek ho ho tatê`ao b ho sacånao. Á beprbikho `k gkjrankéîo hb `ôncbos hb rbktorbs `uncbkrbs, porqub rbsastb æ norrosîo b `îo kjsorvb `äutro`s gknaceb`tb. O zarnkcþa á uek aeportk`tb caik, hbsta`khk k kpcankéòbs `uncbkrbs, b`trb ks qukas o rbvbstaeb`to hb pbéks noejuståvbas. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0.
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1.;.9 EBHAHOZ HB GCR]O OR EK^^K HB KZ Conkcazkho b`trb o ctro hb kr b k jorjocbtk hb knbcbrkéîo, ebhb k vkzîo ou k ekssk hb kr kheatahk `o eotor. O ebhahor hb uxo (vkzîo) hb kr ebhb o uxo ktrkvás hb uek pkcmbtk eþvbc caikhk k ue potb`naøebtro, quk`to ekaor o uxo hb kr, ekaor sbrë o hbsconkeb`to hk pkcmbtk, b ekaor sbrë k tb`sîo hb skåhk. O ebhahor hb ekssk hb kr utacazk ue sb`sor hb o ou hb ceb kqubnaho, nudk rbsastä`nak vkrak hb knorho noe k tbepbrkturk. [uk`to ekaor k ekssk hb kr kheatahk, ekaor sbrë k qubhk hb tbepbrkturk `o sb`sor. K RN utacazk bstb sa`kc no`vbrtaho be tb`sîo pkrk nkcnuckr k quk`tahkhb hb noejuståvbc k sbr a`dbtkho.
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Gaiurk ;>2 - ^b`sor Ekg Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Bssb sb`sor tkejáe á no`mbnaho noeo Ekg b vonä pohb vasukcazë-co `k iurk k`tbraor. Vra`napkc vk`tkibe4 `îo rbqubr norrbéòbs por vkrakéîo hb hb`sahkhb, hbvaho k kctbrkéòbs hb tbepbrkturk b kctatuhb.
1.;.= ^B@^OZ HB HBXO@KÉÎO Á ue sb`sor ho tapo pabzbcátrano:: b sbrvb pkrk ahb`tankr k onorrä`nak ho gb`øeb`o hk hbto`kéîo :> (jktahk hb pa`os ou prá-ai`aéîo) `o eotor, gkzb`ho noe qub k RN kdustb o po`to (ktrksb) hb ai`aéîo pkrk bcaea`kr k hbto`kéîo.
:: No`du`to hb gb`øeb`os nkrkntbrazkhos pbco kpkrbnaeb`to kpkrbnaeb`to hb nkriks bcátranks `k supbrgånab hb nbrtos nrastkas sujebtahos æ trkéîo ou noeprbssîo ebnê`anks. :> Zbkéîo quåeank qub prohuz hbsb`vocvaeb`to hb hb nkcor b gkåsnks ou nmkek, b sb eovb ktrkvás ho ektbrakc hbto`kho (ue bxpcosavo, noeo k ha`keatb, p bx ) noe uek vbconahkhb ekaor qub k ho soe. Bxpcosîo vaocb`tk. Zuåho nkuskho por bxpcosîo.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
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Gaiurk ;>7 - ^b`sor hb hbto`kéîo Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Bssb sb`sor á eo`tkho `o jcono ho eotor, b bstb ebhb k vajrkéîo (grbquä`nak) ho jcono ho eotor. Á eo`tkho be uek posaéîo prþxaek hos naca`hros.
1.;.1 ^B@^OZ HB WBCONAHKHB HO WBÅNRCO Á ibrkceb`tb knao`kho pbco hagbrb`nakc. Á ue sb`sor ho tapo Mkcc b a`gorek æ RN k grbquä`nak norrbspo`hb`tb æ vbconahkhb ho vbånuco.
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Gaiurk ;>9 - ^b`sor hb vbconahkhb Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Bssk a`gorekéîo á aeportk`tb pkrk os sbiua`tbs nëcnucos4
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k) b`raqubnaeb`to hk easturk hurk`tb ks knbcbrkéòbs< j) nortb hb noejuståvbc hurk`tb ks hbsknbcbrkéòbs. O prþxaeo sb`sor qub vonä bstuhkrë á o sb`sor hb gksb.
1.;.;6 ^B@^OZ HB GK^B
O sb`sor hb gksb á, ibrkceb`tb, a`stkckho `k b`irb`kibe ho noek`ho hb kheassîo ou hbsnkrik b a`hank k gksb hb a`dbéîo ou ai`aéîo hb kciu`s vbånucos. ^b o vbånuco gor hb 8 naca`hros, `orekceb`tb a`gorek k gksb hb a`dbéîo, ko no`trërao sb vbånuco possuar joja`k a`havahukc hb gkåsnk u`atërak, o sb`sor a`hank k gksb hb ai`aéîo.
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Gaiurk ;>= - ^b`sor hb gksb Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
O sb`sor hb gksbs proeovb k cbaturk noe rbckéîo ko sa`nro`aseo norrbto ho eotor, ktrkvás hk k`ëcasb hos hkhos no`du`tos ho sb`sor hb gksb b hb rotkéîo.
[uk`ho uek dk`bck ho rotor pkssk `k suk grb`tb, o nkepo eki`átano ho åeî no`sbiub kiar sojrb o narnuato a`tbirkho Mkcc, gkzb`ho-o ibrkr sa`kc. [uk`ho o rotor jcoqubak o nkepo eki`átano ho åeî, o sb`sor hbaxk hb beatar sa`kc. Ojsbrvb o gu`nao`keb`to ho sb`sor hb gksb `k iurk k sbiuar.
^b`sor
A`ånao ho
Ga`kc ho :¶
hb gksb
hb`tb
hb`tb ekaor
)
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Gaiurk ;>1 - ^b`sor hb gksb Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
O prþxaeo kssu`to k sbr bstuhkho sîo os ktukhorbs. No`mbék-os k sbiuar.
1.: KXRKHOZB^
K nb`trkc bcbtrø`ank ho eotor (RNE), kpþs tbr rbnbjaho tohos os sa`kas provb`ab`tbs hos sb`sorbs, arë trk`sgoreë-cos be sa`kc hb noek`ho pkrk os ktukhorbs, tkas noeo4 a`dbtorbs, joja`ks, vëcvuck purik ho nê`astbr, ktukhor hb ekrnmk cb`tk, btn. @bssks no`haéòbs, os ktukhorbs ktukho rbs pksske k no`trockr (eohankr) ks no`haéòbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor, tkas noeo4 rotkéîo, nkrik, ekrnmk cb`tk, be gu`éîo hos noek`hos ho knbcbrkhor nkuskho pbco eotorastk. A`anab bstuhk`ho o bcbtroa`dbtor.
1.:.; BCBXZOA@DBXOZ O a`dbtor á uek vëcvuck socb`oahb qub pucvbrazk o noejuståvbc sojrb hbtbrea`khk prbssîo `o huto hb kheassîo k`tbs hk vëcvuck, pucvbrazk`ho o noejuståvbc hb uek gorek qub sb easturkrë noe o oxaiä`ao pkrk uek qubaek norrbtk, bvatk`ho, kssae, o no`sueo bxnbssavo hb noejuståvbc b, por no`sbquä`nak, k `îo pocuaéîo ho ebao kejab`tb.
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Gaiurk ;86 - Bcbtroa`dbtor Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Kcaeb`tkho por uek norrb`tb hb ;:W, o sa`kc zbrk noe k kjbrturk hb uek socb`þahb.
O prþxaeo ktukhor k sbr bstuhkho á k joja`k hb ai`aéîo.
1.:.: JOJA@K HB AI@AÉÎO Vkrk mkvbr k qubaek hk easturk kr/noejuståvbc á `bnbssërao qub bxastk uek gkåsnk (nb`tbcmk) `o a`tbraor
ho naca`hro, bssb pronbsso arë a`anakr k qubaek hk easturk `ks nêekrks hb noejustîo. Asto kno`tbnb pbco gkto hb qub k joja`k gkz k bcbvkéîo hk tb`sîo hk jktbrak, `orekceb`tb hb ;:W pkrk kctk tb`sîo `o sbnu`hërao hk joja`k, b hbstk gorek g orek a`anak k qubaek hk easturk kr b noejuståvbc.
1 A@DBÉÎO BCBXZØ@ANK
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Gaiurk ;8; - Joja`k hb ai`aéîo Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
No`mbék k sbiuar o ktukhor hb ekrnmk cb`tk.
1.:.> KXRKHOZ HB EKZNMK CB@XK
O ktukhor hb ekrnmk cb`tk á ue noepo`b`tb qub no`trock (rbiuck) k ekrnmk cb`tk ho eotor ho vbånuco v bånuco sojrb o noek`ho hk nb`trkc. Á, ibrkceb`tb, ue eotor hb pksso ou ue socb`oahb ou, tkejáe, ue eotor bcátrano hb norrb`tb no`tå`uk, qub kjrb b gbnmk k b`trkhk hb kr, ou ktuk harbto `k jorjocbtk ho knbcbrkhor, no`trock`ho kssae k ekrnmk cb`tk.
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Gaiurk ;8: - Ktukhor hb ekrnmk cb`tk Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
;28 ;2 8
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Ktuk no`trock`ho b`trkhk ho kr. Kcaeb`tkhk Kcaeb`tkhk noe uek uek norrb`tb hb 2W pbck RNE, RNE, o`hb k vbconahkhb vbconahkhb ho pucso pucso hk norrb`tb norrb`tb no`trock`ho k b`trkhk no`trock b hbtbrea`k k kjbrturk b gbnmke`bto ho ktukhor hb 6% k ;66%.
K sbiuar, no`mbék k gu`éîo hk joejk hb noejuståvbc, noeo ktukhor.
1.:.8 JOEJK HB NOEJR^XÅWBC K joejk hb noejuståvbc bstë a`stkckhk, `k ekaorak hks vbzbs, hb`tro ho tk`qub, b nk coiankeb`tb aebrsk `o noejuståvbc. Á knao`khk pbck RNE ktrkvás hb rbcá, qub tbe ue gusåvbc noeo protbéîo. Vossua, tkejáe, k gu`éîo hb b`vakr o noejuståvbc ktá os bcbtroa`dbtorbs `o qukas, knopckho æ ca`mk hb kcaeb`tkéîo, bstë o rbiuckhor hb prbssîo qub á rbspo`sëvbc be ek`tbr uek prbssîo no`stk`tb. K joejk sbeprb ek`táe uek vkzîo supbraor æs `bnbssahkhbs hb kcaeb`tkéîo ho eotor be qukcqubr no`haéîo hb gu`nao`keb`to, poas be sbu a`tbraor më uek vëcvuck qub sb kjrb quk`ho k prbssîo bxnbhb, rbtor`k`ho o bxnbsso pkrk o tk`qub. ^bu gu`nao`keb`to no`tå`uo ikrk`tb k suk cujrankéîo b rbgraibrkéîo, vasto qub o noejuståvbc pkssk pbco sbu a`tbraor, rbtark`ho o nkcor ibrkho pbco eotor bcátrano.
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Gaiurk ;8> - Joejk hb noeju ståvbc Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Bstuhb k sbiuar o a`tbrruptor a`brnakc hb nortb hb noejuståvbc b b`tb`hk suk aeportê`nak.
1.:.2 A@XBZZRVXOZ A@BZNAKC HB NOZXB HB NOEJR^XÅWBC O a`tbrruptor a`brnakc á ue noepo`b`tb ho sastbek hb kcaeb`tkéîo hb noejuståvbc qub gu`nao`k noeo ue a`tbrruptor< be sbu a`tbraor, më ue hasposatavo qub possajacatk o nmkvbkeb`to hk kcaeb`tkéîo (posatavk ou `biktavk) hk joejk hb noejuståvbc.
1 A@DBÉÎO BCBXZØ@ANK
;22 ;2 2
Á utacazkho noeo ue sastbek hb sbiurk`ék, poas be nkso hb knahb`tb noe o vbånuco, o hasposatavo hbscaik o gu`nao`keb`to hk joejk hb noejuståvbc haea`ua`ho o rasno hb a`nä`hao. K hbsktavkéîo ho hasposatavo kno`tbnb `o nkso hb aepknto qub o vbånuco sogrb ko nocahar noe kciue ojstënuco ou pbck gorék hb uek hbsknbcbrkéîo euato jrusnk.
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Gaiurk ;88 - A`tbrruptor a`brnakc Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
GA[RB KCBZXK
O sastbek hb noejuståvbc ho kutoeþvbc, ebseo kpþs o vbånuco sbr hbscaikho, ek`táe uek prbssîo no`stk`tb be sbu narnuato. O hbsb`iktb hb qukcqubr no`bxîo pohb nkuskr knahb`tb ou ktá ebseo nkso hb a`nä`hao ko vbånuco.
1.:.7 WËCWRCK VRZIK HO NÊ@A^XBZ K vëcvuck purik ho nê`astbr á `orekceb`tb a`stkckhk `o noepkrtaeb`to ho vîo ho eotor. K ebsek á no`trockhk pbck nb`trkc hb a`dbéîo (RNE) pkrk pbreatar qub os vkporbs ho ctro hb nkrvîo ktavkho, qub krekzb`k os vkporbs ho tk`qub hb noejuståvbc, tb`mk suk pksskibe pkrk o eotor sb`ho utacazkhk noeo ue supcbeb`tkr hb potä`nak. O ebseo bstë a`stkckho bejkaxo ho pkrk-ckek harbato ho vbånuco, b o uso hbstb ctro sb gkz `bnbssërao pkrk rbhuzar o å`hanb hb beassîo hb pocub`tb. Wbdk-o k sbiuar b, be sbiuahk, no`mbék o sastbek hb ai`aéîo.
Conkcazkhk kpþs k jorjocbtk hb knbcbrkéîo. O gactro hb nkrvîo ktavkho sbrvb pkrk puragankr bstb vkpor hb mahronkrjo`bto (no`haéîo bstk quk`ho bxastar bxnbsso
hb vkpor `o a`tbraor ho gactro (nkrro hbscaikho `o soc por ue pbråoho co`io hb tbepo) ibrk`ho uek prbssîo ho ebseo pbck pksskibe hk nkekhk hb nkrvîo ktavkho) b cajbrë-co `k kteosgbrk. Xk`qub hb Noejuståvbc --0 vkpor hb mahronkrjo`bto --0 Gactro hb nkrvîo ktavkho --0 Bcbtrovëcvuck ho nê`astbr --0 Eotor (kpþs jorjocbtk hb posaéîo ho knbcbrkhor)
Nê`astbr gu`nao`k kpb`ks quk`ho o noejuståvbc gor iksoca`k ou mouvbr easturk hb iksoca`k
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
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Gaiurk ;82 - Bcbtrovëcvuck ho nê`astbr Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
1.> ^A^XBEK HB AI@AÉÎO No`goreb Ekrk` (:6;>), o sastbek hb ai`aéîo ekas utacazkho `os eotorbs ktukas á kqubcb nmkekho hb ai`aéîo bstëtank. Bcb possua bssb `oeb dustkeb`tb por `îo bxaiar pbéks eþvbas pkrk rbkcazkr o pronbsso hb trk`sgorekéîo hk tb`sîo b pkrk k hastrajuaéîo hk nb`tbcmk.
1.>.; XAVO^ B NKZKNXBZÅ^XANK^ O sastbek hb ai`aéîo á no`statuåho hb uek joja`k praeërak, –narnuato hb jkaxk tb`sîo―, harbtkeb`tb noek`hkhk pbck RNE, ue `ôncbo gbrroeki`átano b uek joja`k sbnu`hërak –narnuato hb kctk tb`sîo― por o`hb skarë k nb`tbcmk pkrk ks vbcks hos naca`hros iäebos ; b 8, : b >. Vbck suk no`struéîo, k joja`k sbnu`hërak possua ue `ôebro hb bsparks nb`tb`ks hb vbzbs ekaor ho qub o `ôebro hb bsparks hk joja`k praeërak. K pra`napkc nkrkntbråstank hb sbu gu`nao`keb`to hë-sb quk`ho ue naca`hro bstë be gksb `kc hb noeprbssîo hk easturk kr/noejuståvbc, k RNE noek`hk o bstëiao `kc hb potä`nak, o qukc b`briazk k joja`k praeërak ho rbspbntavo trk`sgorekhor, gorek`ho ue nkepo eki`átano ko rbhor ho `ôncbo gbrroeki`átano. K RNE k ek`táe b`briazkhk por ue tbepo pkrk qub bssb nkepo eki`átano sb goreb noe k ekaor
a`tb`sahkhb possåvbc. @o eoeb`to hk cajbrkéîo hk nb`tbcmk, k`tbs ho VE^, k RNE nortk k kcaeb`tkéîo ho praeërao hk joja`k, gkzb`ho k b`briazkéîo ho sbnu`hërao hk joja`k ktrkvás ho nkepo eki`átano ibrkho, ibrk`ho uek norrb`tb a`huzahk.
1 A@DBÉÎO BCBXZØ@ANK
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Vbco gkto ho sbnu`hërao hk joja`k possuar uek quk`tahkhb hb bsparks euato supbraor ko praeërao, k tb`sîo hb skåhk `bssb narnuato á euctapcankhk pkrk eacmkrbs hb Wocts, sb`ho gortb o sunab`tb pkrk k norrb`tb supbrkr k rbsastä`nak ho bcbtroho hk vbck hb ai`aéîo ho naca`hro be noeprbssîo ibrk`ho uek nb`tbcmk b, a`anakr k noejustîo hk easturk kr/noejuståvbc. Hbvaho k bssk nkrkntbråstank, o sastbek hb ai`aéîo bstëtano tkejáe á nmkekho hb –nb`tbcmk pbrhahk―, porqub k nb`tbcmk qub onorrb `o naca`hro be gksb hb bsnkpb sb hassapk b`trb os iksbs (EKZK@, :6;>). Vkrk qub kno`tbék k gorekéîo hk nb`tbcmk b o pbrgbato gu`nao`keb`to ho sastbek hb a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank, k u`ahkhb hb noek`ho prbnask rbkcazkr pronbhaeb`tos noeo4 k) no`trocb ho po`to hb ai`aéîo, no`goreb ekpks nkrkntbråstanos ho sastbek< j) no`trocb hb hbto`kéîo sbcbtavo por naca`hro< n) norrbéîo ho po`to hb ai`aéîo hurk`tb k pkrtahk ho eotor b gksb hb kqubnaeb`to< h) norrbéîo hk rotkéîo hb ekrnmk cb`tk ktrkvás hk kctbrkéîo ho po`to hb ai`aéîo.
@ôncbo gbrroeki`átano gbrroeki`átano Joja`k sbnu`hërak Vosatavo vak rbcá
Joja`k praeërak
@biktavo vak RNE
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Gaiurk ;87 - Narnuato hk joja`k Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
1.8 ^A^XBEK HB KCAEB@XKÉÎO HB NOEJR^XÅWBC
O sastbek hb kcaeb`tkéîo á no`statuåho por4 k) Xk`qub hb noejuståvbc, hbpb`hb`ho ho tapo b eohbco pohb sbr hb nmkpk ebtëcank ou hb pcëstano<
;2= ;2 =
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
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Gaiurk ;89 - Xk`qub hb noejuståvbc Go`tb4 ho Kutor (:6;2)
j) Bcbtrojoejk, be kciu`s eohbcos pohb bstkr hb`tro ou gork g ork ho tk`qub hb noejuståvbc< n) Gactro hb noejuståvbc, a`stkckho `k ca`mk hb prbssîo< h) Zbiuckhor hb hbprbssîo, be kciu`s eohbcos pohb bstkr conkcazkho du`to æ joejk hb noejuståvbc `o a`tbraor ho tk`qub, du`to ko ctro hb noejuståvbc b `o tujo hos bcbtroa`dbtorbs< b) Bcbtroa`dbtorbs pohbe kcaeb`tkr o eotor noe ue ou vëraos a`dbtorbs< g) Xujo hastrajuahor hb noejuståvbc. Wbdk por ebao hk iurk os tapos hb sastbek hb kcaeb`tkéîo hb noejuståvbc.
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^ast ^astbe bek k hb rbt rbtor or`o `o
^ast ^astbe bek k noe noe rb rbto tor` r`o o nurto nurto
^astbek sbe rbtor`o
Gaiurk ;8= - Narnuato hb noejuståvbc Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Nkpbcca (:6;6)
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1 A@DBÉÎO BCBXZØ@ANK
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O sastbek hb kcaeb`tkéîo tbe o propþsato hb ek`tbr toho narnuato hb kcaeb`tkéîo prbssurazkho pkrk kjkstbnbr o eotor `k quk`tahkhb norrbtk b `o eoeb`to nbrto. Vkrk o pbrgbato gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor, o noejuståvbc hbvb sbr a`dbtkho `k quk`tahkhb b `o tbepo bxkto. Bssk bstrktáiak hb gu`nao`keb`to á rbkcazkhk pbck nb`trkc bcbtrø`ank qub pronbssk ks a`gorekéòbs b`vakhks pbcos sb`sorbs b `os ekpks hb a`dbéîo qub sîo krekzb`khos be suk ebeþrak pkrk nkcnuckr o tbepo hb a`dbéîo. O sastbek hb a`dbéîo kpcankho `os vbånucos hbpb`hbe ho prodbto kprbsb`tkho, b, portk`to, bssb sastbek pohb sbr noe ue bcbtroa`dbtor (eo`opo`to) ou vëraos bcbtroa`dbtorbs (euctapo`to). @o sastbek eo`opo`to bxastb kpb`ks ue bcbtroa`dbtor pkrk ek`tbr o eotor gu`nao`k`ho, conkcazkho `k b`trkhk ho nocbtor hb kheassîo o`hb o noejuståvbc á a`dbtkho be naek hb uek jorjocbtk. Bstk, quk`ho kjbrtk, pbreatb k pksskibe ho noejuståvbc pkrk hb`tro ho rbspbntavo naca`hro hb kheassîo.
Kr Wëcvuck hb a`dbéîo
B`trkhk hb noejuståvbc
Jorjocbtk hb knbcbrkéîo
Nocbtor hb kheassîo
Eotor
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Gaiurk ;81 - Kcaeb`tkéîo eo`opo`to Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
O sastbek eo`opo`to dë bstë be hbsuso pbcos vbånucos ekas eohbr`os, `îo sb`ho ekas `bnbssërak k gkjrankéîo hbssk tbn`ocoiak. Bssbs vbånucos `ovos dë väe noe a`dbéîo euctapo`to qub no`tbepck o eotor noe ue bcbtroa`dbtor por naca`hro. Ko no`trërao ho sastbek eo`opo`to, ojsbrvb qub k jorjocbtk hb knbcbrkéîo bstë a`stkckhk k`tbs hos bcbtroa`dbtorbs. @o sastbek euctapo`to, o noejuståvbc á a`dbtkho `o nocbtor hb kheassîo prþxaeo æs vëcvucks hb kheassîo. Asto sai`ank qub `o nocbtor hb kheassîo sþ pkssk kr, possajacatk`ho utacazkr nocbtorbs noe haêebtros ekaorbs gkvorbnb`ho o ekaor prbb`nmaeb`to hos naca`hros.
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EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Kr
Jorjocbtk hb knbcbrkéîo
Nocbtor hb kheassîo
Ikcbrak hb hastrajuaéîo (b`trkhk hb noejuståvbc) Wëcvucks hb a`dbéîo
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Eotor
E z a u C
Gaiurk ;26 - Kcaeb`tkéîo euctapo`to Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
O sastbek hb a`dbéîo euctapo`to ka`hk kprbsb`tk outrks vk`tkib`s qub bstîo rbcknao`khks æ beassîo hb iksbs `onavos æ skôhb b ko ebao kejab`tb. Bssb pronbsso kno`tbnb pbco gkto hb qub `o nocbtor hb kheassîo sþ pkssk kr, bvatk-sb k no`hb`skéîo ho noejuståvbc `ks pkrbhbs graks ho nocbtor. Noe asso, ebcmork-sb k easturk b k noejustîo. K iurk k`tbraor pbreatb vasukcazkr ks hagbrb`éks b`trb os hoas sastbeks. Wkcb rbsskctkr qub `o sastbek euctapo`to më k possajacahkhb hb sb utacazkr o nocbtor hb kheassîo hb pcëstano, hbvaho ko `îo no`tkto noe o noejuståvbc. Ks vk`tkib`s ho nocbtor hb pcëstano be rbckéîo ko nocbtor hb caik hb kcueå`ao gu`haho sîo4 k) eb`or rbsastä`nak ho kr, hbvaho k suk supbrgånab sbr bxtrbekeb`tb cask, sbe ruiosahkhbs< j) eb`or pbso< n) eb`or nusto. No`mbék k sbiuar o tujo hastrajuahor hb noejuståvbc, gu`hkeb`tkc `o sastbek hb kcaeb`tkéîo ho vbånuco.
1.8.; XRJO HA^XZAJRAHOZ
O tujo hastrajuar hb noejuståvbc tbe noeo gu`éîo kcodkr os bcbtroa`dbtorbs b ek`tbr o noejuståvbc soj prbssîo u`agorebeb`tb. Kcáe hb knueuckr o noejuståvbc, o vocueb be rbckéîo æ quk`tahkhb a`dbtkhk `o
eotor á irk`hb o sunab`tb pkrk ktb`ukr ks osnackéòbs hb prbssîo. Os tujos hastrajuahorbs pohbe sbr no`struåhos be gorektos b ektbrakas hagbrb`tbs, por asso pohbe sbr b`no`trkhos be hoas eohbcos4 pcëstano b ebtkc, qub vonä pohbrë vasukcazkr `ks iurks k sbiuar.
1 A@DBÉÎO BCBXZØ@ANK
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Gaiurk ;2; - Xujo hastrajuahor hb noejuståvbc be pcëstano Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
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Gaiurk ;2: - Xujo hastrajuahor hb noejuståvbc be ebtkc Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
Be sbiuahk, bstuhb o rbiuckhor hb prbssîo b b`tb`hk suk aeportê`nak pkrk os vbånucos noe eotor hb noejustîo a`tbr`k.
1.8.: ZBIRCKHOZ HB VZB^^ÎO O rbiuckhor hb prbssîo pohb bstkr kcodkho `o tujo hastrajuahor ou, be kciu`s eohbcos hb vbånucos, hb`tro ho tk`qub hb noejuståvbc. ^uk `kcahkhb á hb ek`tbr uek prbssîo no`stk`tb hb a`dbéîo ho noejuståvbc os bcbtroa`dbtorbs. Bcb á noeposto hb uek vëcvuck hb ebejrk`k, uek eock b norpo ebtëcano. K eock tbe k gu`éîo hb bxbrnbr uek prbssîo sojrb k ebejrk`k, qub ek`táe k vëcvuck be suk sbhb ek`tb`ho k prbssîo hb noejuståvbc bxaiahk pbco sastbek. [uk`ho k prbssîo hb noejuståvbc gor supbraor æ nkrik prodbtkhk pkrk k eock, k eock á noepraeahk pbck
ebejrk`k b, noe asso, cajbrk uek pksskibe gkzb`ho noe qub o noejuståvbc rbtor`b pkrk o tk`qub.
;7: ;7 :
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Zbiuckhor hb prbssîo hb noejuståvbc
Zbtor`o hb noejuståvbc
B`trkhk hb noejuståvbc
Wëcvuck Norpo hb vëcvuck Hakgrkiek Eock X Xoekhk oekhk hb vënuo ho nocbtor hb kheassîo
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Gaiurk ;2> - Gu`éòbs ho rbiuckhor hb prbssîo hb noejuståvbc Go`tb4 khkptkho hb Xbst Xmoeso` (:661)
1.8.> GACXZO HB NOEJR^XÅWBC O ctro bstë conkcazkho `k ca`mk hb prbssîo hb noejuståvbc bxtbr`o ko tk`qub, ou be kciu`s eohbcos, du`to æ joejk hb noejuståvbc noejuståvbc hb`tro ho tk`qu tk`qub. b. Bcb tbe k gu`éîo hb ctrkr o noejuståvbc hb possåvbas aepurbzks, qub bvb`tukceb`tb bstbdke easturkhks ko noejuståvbc b bvatk`ho o b`tupaeb`to hos bcbtroa`dbtorbs. O ctro tbe uek sbtk be sbu norpo qub a`hank k posaéîo norrbtk hb eo`tkibe, qub ibrkceb`tb hbvb bstkr kpo`tkhk `o sb`taho hb harbéîo ho noejuståvbc, ou sbdk, kpo`tkhk pkrk o eotor.
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk ;28 - Gactro hb noejuståvbc
Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
1 A@DBÉÎO BCBXZØ@ANK
;7> ;7 >
@o sujsastbek hb noejuståvbc, k RNE rbkcazk ks sbiua`tbs tkrbgks4 k) no`trocb ho vocueb hb a`dbéîo, no`goreb ekpks nkrkntbråstanos ho sastbek< j) a`dbéîo sbqub`nakc< n) b`raqubnaeb`to hk easturk hurk`tb k pkrtahk b gksb hb kqubnaeb`to< h) ktavkéîo ho sastbek hb pkrtahk k grao< b) grbao eotor (nut ost ),>/;< n) Ëcnooc btåcano k`ahro „ 1,6/;. O sastbek bxåvbc hb noejuståvbc á ue sastbek proirkekho pkrk hbtbntkr o noejuståvbc utacazkho (iksoca`k ou ëcnooc) b k quk`tahkhb hb easturk b`trb bcbs, ktrkvás ho sb`sor hb h b oxaiä`ao, ou so`hk ckejhk. Vor utacazkr bstk bstrktáiak, bssb sastbek á nkpkz hb ahb`tankr k rkzîo kr/noejuståvbc ahbkc pkrk o gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor, no`trock`ho k quk`tahkhb hb noejuståvbc k sbr a`dbtkhk b o kvk`éo hb ai`aéîo. Vkrk ahb`tankr qukc o pkrêebtro –rkzîo kr/noejuståvbc―, utacazk-sb bquapkeb`tos hb haki`þstanos kutoeotavos, qub a`goreke k nkpknahkhb hb ojsbrvkr be qukc noejuståvbc o eotor ho vbånuco bstë gu`nao`k`ho. Wbdk ue bxbepco. ^b o vbånuco gu`nao`kr kpb`ks noe iksoca`k noe k rkzîo kr/noejuståvbc hb ;>,:/; b o tk`qub gor kjkstbnaho kpb`ks noe ëcnooc, nudk rkzîo kr/noejuståvbc á 1,6/;, k so`hk ckejhk hbtbntkrë bxnbsso hb oxaiä`ao `k hbsnkrik hbvaho æ easturk bstkr pojrb pkrk o ëcnooc. ^b`ho kssae, k tb`sîo ebhahk pbck so`hk sbrë bxtrbekeb`tb jkaxk b o sastbek hbvbrë rbno`mbnbr b kprb`hbr bstk `ovk rkzîo kr/noejuståvbc, be gu`éîo hbstb kjkstbnaeb`to.
;78 ;7 8
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
1.7 B^XZKXÁIAK^ HB GR@NAO@KEB@XO HK R@AHKHB HB NOEK@HO BCBXZØ@ANO K`tbraoreb`tb, vonä vau o gu`nao`keb`to hos noepo`b`tbs b`nkrrbikhos hb gor`bnbr a`gorekéòbs pkrk k RNE, ou sbdk, os sb`sorbs. Noe tohks ks a`gorekéòbs rbnbjahks, k RNE pohbrë rbkcazkr os nëcnucos `bnbssëraos pkrk o ibrb`nakeb`to:8 hos sujsastbeks hb noejuståvbc, hb ai`aéîo, hb kheassîo hb kr b hb no`trocb hb beassòbs. K RNE tkejáe rbkcazk k vbrankéîo hbssks a`gorekéòbs pkrk nueprar ks bstrktáiaks hb kutohaki`þstano, noeo vonä vbrë k sbiuar.
^KAJK EKA^
^b vonä quasbr kprogu`hkr sbus no`mbnaeb`tos be a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank, knbssb o satb4 mttp4//www.etb-tmoeso`.noe.jr/satb/gkq/n mttp4//www.et b-tmoeso`.noe.jr/satb/gkq/no`mbnaeb`tos-jksano o`mbnaeb`tos-jksanos-sojrb-a`dbnkos-sojrb-a`dbnko-bcbtro`ank/
1.9 HAKI@Þ^XANO HB K@OEKCAK^ B XB^XB^ HO^ NOEVO@B@XB^ HK A@DBÉÎO BCBXZØ@ANK Wonä nmbiou k ue po`to aeportk`tb hos sbus bstuhos sojrb eotorbs hb noejustîo a`tbr`k4 haki`þstano hb k`oekcak. Eks, k`tbs hb noebékr os bstuhos, á aeportk`tb qub vonä b`tb`hk o sai`ankho hb haki`þstano hb k`oekcak. K k`oekcak bstë kssonakhk k gkcmks b hbgbatos be kciue noepo`b`tb ho sastbek qub prbduhanke sbu gu`nao`keb`to. g u`nao`keb`to. K gkcmk bstë rbcknao`khk ko kspbnto bxtbr`o ho noepo`b`tb, o hbgbato bstë rbcknao`kho ko kspbnto a`tbr`o. Ibrkceb`tb, k gkcmk pohb sbr a`tbreatb`tb, ou sbdk, ork vbe, ork vka. Vohb, tkejáe, sb noeportkr hb gorek kcbktþrak ou sbiuar ue pkhrîo, noeo sþ onorrbr quk`ho o nkrro bsqub`tk ou bsgrak. O hbgbato pohb sbr k qubaek hb kciue noepo`b`tb qub possk aeojacazkr ou noeproebtbr o gu`nao`keb`to ktá k tronk ho noepo`b`tb< portk`to, á gu`hkeb`tkc pkrk o tán`ano skjbr sb k k`oekcak á uek gkcmk ou ue hbgbato. Noe rbckéîo ko kutohaki`þstano, k RNE knueuck ks sbiua`tbs ktrajuaéòbs4 k) bstrktáiaks hb gu`nao`keb`to hb bebriä`nak< j) ebeþrak pkrk krekzb`keb`to b cbaturk hb gkcmks be sb`sorbs, ktukhorbs b RNE< n) cbaturk hb jconos hb vkcorbs hb ebhaéîo hb sb`sorbs, ktukhorbs b pkrêebtros kuto khkptktavos< h) haki`þstano hb ktukhorbs< b) kdustb jësano hb noepo`b`tbs ho sastbek. Noeo bxbepco, pohb-sb natkr o kdustb jësano hk R`ahkhb hb No`trocb hk Wëcvuck Jorjocbtk.
:8 Kto hb khea`astrkr.
1 A@DBÉÎO BCBXZØ@ANK
;72
1.9.; GR@ÉÎO VOYBZ CKXNM :2 O sastbek hb ibrb`nakeb`to ho eotor ebeorazk ks gkcmks ou brros onorrahos be uek ebeþrak vocëtac :2
–ZKE―. [uk`ho o eotor á hbscaikho, k RNE ek`táe suk kcaeb`tkéîo (Vowbr cktnm) hurk`tb nbrto tbepo, pkrk qub bstbs brros sbdke trk`sgbrahos pkrk uek ebeþrak `îo vocëtac BBVZOE. Hbssk gorek, g orek, tohks ks a`gorekéòbs sîo ek`tahks, ebseo qub k ai`aéîo sbdk hbscaikhk.
NK^O^ B ZBCKXO^
Haki`þstano pbrgbato Vbhro Vkuco bstkvk vakdk`ho noe suk gkeåcak quk`ho, ko pksskr be uek nurvk, jktbu noe k rohk be ue jurkno b o vbånuco hbaxou hb gu`nao`kr. Kpþs vëraks vër aks tb`tktavks pkrk gkzbr o vbånuco gu`nao`kr, gu `nao`kr, rbsocvbu knao`kr o iua`nmo pkrk cbvë-co ktá uek ona`k ebnê`ank. Ko nmbikr `k ona`k, o ebnê`ano qub ta`mk euatk bxpbraä`nak be a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank goa gkzbr o haki`þstano pkrk hbsnojrar o`hb bstkvk o projcbek b, hurk`tb sbus tbstbs, vbranou qub k joejk hb noejuståvbc `îo bstkvk gu`nao`k`ho. g u`nao`k`ho. Bcb pbiou o ek`ukc tán`ano ho vbånuco pkrk vbrankr sb mkvak k hbsnraéîo hks possåvbas nkusks ho `îo gu`nao`keb`to hk joejk hb noejuståvbc. Hbsnojrau, b`tîo, qub kqubcb eohbco hb vbånuco ta`mk uek pbék qub brk rbspo`sëvbc pbco hbscaikeb`to hk kcaeb`tkéîo hk joejk hb noejuståvbc, nkso o vbånuco sogrbssb kciue tapo hb nocasîo. Bcb goa ktá o vbånuco b kpþs vbrankr toho narnuato b`no`trou o a`tbrruptor a`brnakc qub ta`mk saho hbsktavkho noe o aepknto. B`tîo, bcb kpb`ks kpbrtou `ovkeb`tb o a`tbrruptor b o vbånuco voctou k gu`nao`kr `orekceb`tb. Vbhro Vkuco no`ta`uou suk vakibe euato kcbirb b irkto æqubcb tán`ano kutoeotavo por tbr rbsocvaho sbu projcbek.
:2 Hbsprovaho hb norpo< a`norpþrbo a`norpþrbo ou aektbrakc. [ub, be tbepbrkturks kejab`tbs, kejab`tbs, sb pohb rbhuzar k iës ou k vkpor. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.h 3mttp4//www.hanao.noe.jr0. anao.noe.jr0.
;77 ;7 7
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
ZBNKVAXRCK@HO
@bssb nkpåtuco, vonä no`mbnbu os tapos b nkrkntbråstanks hos sb`sorbs b ktukhorbs ho sastbek hb a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank. B vau qub o sastbek hb ai`aéîo ekas utacazkho `os eotorbs ktukas á o nmkekho hb ai`aéîo bstëtank. O sastbek hb ai`aéîo bstëtank possua bssb `oeb dustkeb`tb por `îo bxaiar pbéks eþvbas pkrk rbkcazkr o pronbsso hb trk`sgorekéîo hk tb`sîo b pkrk k hastrajuaéîo hk nb`tbcmk. Wonä tkejáe bstuhou os noepo`b`tbs qub no`statube o sastbek hb kcaeb`tkéîo noeo o tk`qub hb noejuståvbc, bcbtrojoejk, ctro hb noejuståvbc, rbiuckhor hb prbssîo, bcbtroa`dbtorbs b tujo hastrajuahor hb noejuståvbc. Kcáe hasso, vonä kprb`hbu sojrb k `bnbssahkhb hk utacazkéîo ho sastbek bx b sojrb k u`ahkhb hb no`trocb ho eotor (RNE), qub possua bstrktáiaks hb gu`nao`keb`to pkrk rbkcazkr haki`þstanos b k`oekcaks `o sastbek. No`ta`ub sbus bstuhos b noeprbb`hk o gu`nao`keb`to hk rbhb NK@, tbek ho prþxaeo nkpåtuco.
1 A@DBÉÎO BCBXZØ@ANK
K`otkéòbs4
;79 ;7 9
Zbhb NK@
;6
^biu`ho Nkpbcca (:6;6), k rbhb NK@ (No`troccbr Krbk @btworl , ou ërbk hb trkjkcmo no`trockhk por rbhb) goa hbsb`vocvahk por Zojbrt Josnm `k hánkhk hb ;1=6. Noe o kueb`to hb noepo`b`tbs bcbtrø`anos, ekas nkjos b nmanotbs ekaorbs hbek`hke ue ekaor bspkéo gåsano pkrk suks knoeohkéòbs. Kcáe hbssk hanuchkhb, o nusto á ekaor (ekas nojrb b ebtkas `ojrbs) jbe noeo k hanuchkhb hb rbpkro, `o nkso hb hbgbato. Irkéks æ rbhb NK@ á possåvbc rbhuzar o `ôebro hb no`hutorbs `o narnuato bcátrano ho nkrro por ebao hb nb`trkas. Wbdk, `bstb nkpåtuco, kciu`s bxbepcos prëtanos noeo o hb uek sárab hb cêepkhks qub hbvb sbr knao`khk por ebao hb sbus a`tbrruptorbs. Ko `kcazkr sbus bstuhos `bstb nkpåtuco, vonä bstkrë kpto k4 k) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos a`hankhos pkrk o pronbsso hb rbeoéîo/hbseo`tkibe hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< j) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hks gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ rbeoéîo/hbseo`tkibe hb noepo`b`tbs< n) rbno`mbnbr tapos, nkrkntbråstanks, gu`éòbs, posanao`keb`to b gu`nao`keb`to hos hagbrb`tbs noepo`b`tbs qub no`statube o eotor b sbus sastbeks noeo rbquasato pkrk k a`spbéîo vasukc hos ebseos< h) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos a`hankhos pkrk o pronbsso hb a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< b) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hb gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs< g) a`tbrprbtkr pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas æ a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< i) rbno`mbnbr os hagbrb`tbs tapos hb bquapkeb`tos hb protbéîo a`havahukc (BVAs) kpcanëvbas æ rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks, kssae noeo suks `kcahkhbs, no`haéòbs hb uso (no`sbrvkéîo) b orab`tkéòbs ho gkjrank`tb< g kjrank`tb<
m) rbno`mbnbr os rbquasatos hk cbiasckéîo k sbrbe no`sahbrkhos `o hbsnkrtb hb rbsåhuos ibrkhos `os pronbssos hb rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks<
;96 ;9 6
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
a) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hks gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas k tbstbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< d) a`tbrprbtkr os pronbhaeb`tos pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas k tbstbs hb gu`nao` gu`nao`keb`to keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< l) rbno`mbnbr os hagbrb`tbs tapos hb tbstbs hb saeuckéîo, suk gorek hb kpcankéîo b kvkcakéîo hb rbsuctkhos, tb`ho be vastk k vbrankéîo hb no`goreahkhb hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks.
;6.; ^A^XBEK NO@WB@NAO@KC
O sastbek no`vb`nao`kc á kqubcb `o qukc k caikéîo b`trb k cêepkhk b o no`bntor prbnask kno`tbnbr harbtkeb`tb por ue o.
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Gaiurk ;22 - Krquatbturk bcátrank no`vb`nao`kc Go`tb4 ^k`tos (:6;6)
Rtacazk`ho k rbhb NK@, b`trbtk`to, o ebseo sastbek pohb sbr aepcbeb`tkho, no`goreb k krquatbturk k sbiuar. @bssb nkso, nkhk nmkvb tbe ue –b`hbrbéo haiatkc―, qub á b`vakho k uek nb`trkc K, qub sb noeu`ank noe outrk b caik k rbspbntavk cêepkhk.
;6 ZBHB NK@
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Gaiurk ;27 - Krquatbturk bcátrank noe rbhb NK@ Go`tb4 ^k`tos (:6;6)
;6.: XAVO^ B NKZKNXBZÅ^XANK^ Bxastbe träs tapos hb tbn`ocoiak hb rbhb NK@, nckssankhos hb knorho noe k tkxk hb trk`sgbrä`nak hb hkhos soj o jkrrkeb`to b tkek`mo ho nkepo hb ahb`tankéîo, no`goreb vonä pohb vasukcazkr `o qukhro k sbiuar.
@ O E B @ NC K X RZ K
VKHZÎO
X K ] K E Å @A E K
AH B @ X A G A N K É Î O
NK@ ;.6 K
A^O ;;2;1
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;; jat s
NK@ :.6 K
A^^O ;;=1=4 ;11>
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A^^O ;;=1=4 ;112
; Ejps
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[ukhro 2 - Hkhos hb rbhb NK@ Go`tb4 ho Kutor (:6;2)
NRZAO^AHKHB^
K hagbrb`ék b`trb rbhb NK@ b rbhb WK@ á qub k rbhb NK@ á hbsta`khk æs kpcankéòbs ebnê`anks, noeo4 trk`seassòbs kutoeëtanks, ibstîo ho eotor, grbaos, btn. K rbhb WK@, por suk vbz, á hbsta`khk æs kpcankéòbs hb nkrronbrak, noeo4 kutorëhao, `kvbikéîo, pka`bc, euctagu`éòbs, b`trb outros.
No`mbék k sbiuar ks bstrktáiaks hb gu`nao`keb`to hk u`ahkhb hb noek`ho bcbtrø`ano.
;9:: ;9
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
;6.:.; B^XZKXÁIAK^ HB GR@NAO@KEB@XO HK R@AHKHB HB NOEK@HO BCBXZØ@ANO @bssb narnuato kpb`ks hoas os caikrke ks nb`trkas, b `îo hbz, noeo `o sastbek no`vb`nao`kc. @k prëtank, bxastbe vëraks nb`trkas `o nkrro caikhks be ue jkrrkeb`to :7, o qub rbhuz ka`hk ekas o `ôebro hb nkjos `o a`tbraor ho vbånuco. Wbdk ue bxbepco hb jkrrkeb`to `k iurk k sbiuar.
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{ Gaiurk ;29 - Jkrrkeb`to hk rbhb NK@ Go`tb4 ^k`tos (:6;6)
Wonä skjb noeo uek nb`trkc hagbrb`nak ue b`hbrbéo hb outro? Asso kno`tbnb por ebao hb ue protonoco hb noeu`ankéîo, qub á uek sbquä`nak hb`ahk hb
jats. Jat ,
por suk vbz, á k kusä`nak ou prbsb`ék hb bcbtranahkhb be ue no`hutor. Vkrk asso, jat 6 6 (zbro) á kusä`nak hb tb`sîo< jat ; ; (ue), prbsb`ék. [uk`ho bssbs jats sb du`tke be uek trk`seassîo sbrakc , ou sbdk, ue kpþs o outro, vîo a`strua`ho æs nb`trkas o qub hbvb sbr gbato. K rbhb NK@ tkejáe tbe outro `oeb pkrk
jats 6
b ;. Bcbs pohbe sbr hb`ahos noeo
jats hoea`k`tbs
(;) ou rbnbssavos (6). B`tb`hk k sbiuar o qub á protonoco b qukc k suk vbconahkhb hb noeu`ankéîo.
;6.:.: VZOXONOCO B WBCONAHKHB HB NOER@ANKÉÎO ^biu`ho Iuaekrîbs (:669), o NK@ á ue protonoco hb noeu`ankéîo
så`nro`o. O sa`nro`aseo b`sbrakc så`nro`o.
trb os eþhucos no`bntkhos æ rbhb á gbato be rbckéîo ko a`ånao hb nkhk eb`skibe ck`ékhk ko jkrrkeb`to, bvb`to qub onorrb be a`tbrvkcos hb tbepo no`mbnahos b rbiuckrbs. K vbconahkhb hb trk`seassîo hos hkhos á a`vbrskeb`tb propornao`kc ko noepraeb`to ho jkrrkeb`to. K ekaor tkxk hb trk`seassîo bspbnankhk `o NK@ á hb ; Ejps, no`sahbrk`ho-sb ue jkrrkeb`to hb 86 ebtros.
:7 Xapo hb jkrrkeb`to noe ca`mks hb hkhos ou no`trocb nkpkzbs hb no`huzar sa`kas be huks harbéòbs. Go`tb4 3mttp4//www.hanao. noe.jr0
;6 ZBHB NK@
;9> ;9 >
Gasankeb`tb, o NK@ C (C hb Cow 5 5 jkaxo) á kproxaekhkeb`tb ;,2W, b o NK@ M (M hb Maim 5 kcto), kproxaekhkeb`tb >,2W. Më rbhbs NK@ hb hoas ou quktro os. @k hb quktro os, kcáe hos sa`kas sbiube tkejáe o +;:Wnn b o nkjo á jca`hkho b trk`ékho pkrk bvatkr a`tbrgbrä`naks bcbtroeki`átan bcbtroeki`átanks. ks. No`mbék ue pouno hk mastþrak hk rbhb NK@ por ebao ho mastþrano k sbiuar.
;1=6
@ksnaeb`to ho NK@.
;1=9
Vraebaros noepo`b`tbs.
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NK@ Cow-^pbbh á á `orekcazkhk (hájato hb ;:2 Ljats /s). /s).
;1 ;11: 1:
Gkjra kjrank nkéî éîo o ssár árab ab vb vbån ånuc ucos os kc kctk tk ikek ikek (2 Nk Nkcn cnuc uckh khor orbs bs ca caik ikho hoss p por or uek uek rrbh bhb b NK@ NK@ C^). C^).
;11>
NK@ Maim-^pbbh á á `orekcazkhk (hájato hb ; Ejat /s). /s).
:666
NK@ Cow-^pbbh Gkuct Xocbrk`t á á `orekcazkhk (hájato hb ;:2 Ljats /s). /s). [ukhro 7 - Mastþrak hk rbhb NK@ Go`tb4 ho Kutor (:6;2)
Knoepk`mb outro bxbepco prëtano4 o protonoco á b`vakho be sbquä`nak hb sbtb pbhkéos, noeo vkiòbs hb ue trbe. K praebark pkrtb á o jat hb hb a`ånao, k sbiu`hk á uek sbquä`nak hb ;; jats qub hb`b k praorahkhb, ou sbdk, qube hbvb sbr caho praebaro. Hbpoas, k tbrnbark pkrtb no`tk k quk`tahkhb hb a`gorekéòbs. O qukrto joco á k a`gorekéîo qub no`táe o qub hbvb sbr gbato hb gkto. O qua`to jcono sbrvb pkrk ahb`tankr gkcmks `k trk`seassîo hb hkhos. @o sbxto jcono nkhk eþhuco no`rek sb rbnbjbu ou `îo k a`gorekéîo b`vakhk.
Vkrk rbpkrkr nkjos hk rbhb NK@ hbvbe sbr utacazkhos nkjos nudk sbéîo trk`svbrskc sbdk hb 6,>2 ou 6,2ee :. ^b possåvbc, hbvb-sb ek`tbr k sbiua`tb pkhro`azkéîo hb norbs b`trb os havbrsos irupos hk rbhb NK@4
GA[RB KCBZXK
Nkjo NK@ Maim, trkéîo ckrk`dk/prbt ckrk`dk/prbto< o< Nkjo NK@ Maim, no`gorto ckrk`dk/vbr ckrk`dk/vbrhb< hb< Nkjo NK@ Maim, a`gotb`aeb`to ckrk`dk/vaocb ckrk`dk/vaocbtk< tk< Nkjo NK@ Cow (tohos) (tohos) ckrk`dk/ekrroe.
O e ho protonoco á hkho pbco jcono 9 por ebao hb ekas 9 jats. @o nkso hb huks ou ekas trk`seassòbs saeuctê`bks, o no`ato á rbsocvaho pbco jat hb hb praorahkhb. K eb`skibe noe ekaor praorahkhb hoea`k o knbsso ko jkrrkeb`to. Ks nb`trkas qub pbrhbrke k praorahkhb no`ta`uke –ouva`ho― b voctke k trk`seatar kssae qub o jkrrkeb`to á cajbrkho.
;98 ;9 8
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
+
Nb`trkc K
+
+
Nb`trkc J
Nb`trkc N
NK@ K NK@ J
) 2 ; 6 : ( c b m i b ` b E z a u C
Gaiurk ;2= - Noeu`ankéîo b`trb nb`trkas hk rbhb NK@ Go`tb4 ^k`tos (:6;6)
@k rbhb NK@, quk`ho uek eb`skibe á b`vakhk, o `þ qub k rbnbjb sbeprb rbspo`hb no`rek`ho sb bck goa ou `îo rbnbjahk. Nkso `îo tb`mk saho rbnbjahk, bck á b`vakhk `ovkeb`tb. Vor sbiurk`ék, o jkrrkeb`to tbe hoas nkjos hb noeu`ankéîo, NK@ –K― b NK@ ―J― (`îo no`gu`har noe o bstkho kcto ou jkaxo, NK@_M b NK@_C). O ebseo sa`kc b`vakho pbco NK@ K á tkejáe b`vakho pbco NK@ J, eks hb gorek a`vbrtahk. Rek vk`tkibe hbssb sastbek á qub ebseo noe ue nkjo a`tbrroepaho, o sastbek no`ta`uk gu`nao`k`ho.
Hkhos
Hkhos
NK@ K
Nb`trkc K
Nb`trkc J
NK@ J
) 2 ; 6 : ( c b m i b ` b E z a u C
Gaiurk ;21 - Noeu`ankéîo hk rbhb NK@ Go`tb4 ^k`tos (:6;6)
No`mbék k sbiuar k krquatbturk hk rbhb NK@.
;6.:.> KZ[RAXBXRZK HK ZBHB No`sahbrb ks ebseks BNRs (vëraks R`ahkhbs hb Noek`ho) no`tb`ho ks ebseks gu`éòbs, poráe a`tbrno`bntkhks por ue jkrrkeb`to hb noeu`ankéîo @btworl ). ). No`goreb k iurk k
b sbrakc b
noepkrtacmkho ho tapo NK@ (No`troccbr Krbk
sbiuar, kiork havahahk be hoas irupos noe jkrrk jkrrkeb`tos eb`tos NK@ b ca`mk sbrakc .
;6 ZBHB NK@
;922 ;9
Krquatbturk hk rbhb NK@
@[^
@IB
@^H
@NE
KAZ-JKI
KJ^
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NK@ NOHB
^BZAKC
) 2 ; 6 : ( c b m i b ` b E z a u C
Gaiurk ;76 - Krquatbturk hk rbhb NK@ Go`tb4 ^k`tos (:6;6)
^KAJK EKA^
Wonä pohb kpraeorkr sbus no`mbnaeb`tos sojrb rbhb NK@ knbssk`ho o hk ogana`k―.
satb 4 –@otånaks
;6.:.8 HAKI@Þ^XANO HB K@OEKCAK^ B XB^XB^ HO^ NOEVO@B@XB^ HK ZBHB HB NOER@ANKÉÎO Re no`trocb rëpaho hk no`ta`uahkhb hk rbhb pohb sbr gbato ebha`ho-sb k rbsastä`nak b`trb NK@ M b NK@ C.
BNE „ No`trocb bcbtrø`ano ho eotor
N^A „ Nb`trkc hb sbrvaéo a`tbcaib`tb NK@ M 76℧
76℧
Z 76℧
76℧ NK@ C Gaiurk ;7; - Haki`þstano hk rbhb NK@ Go`tb4 ^k`tos (:6;6)
K ebhaéîo pkhrîo qub vonä hbvbrë b`no`trkr á4 k) : Zbsastä`naks hb ;:6℧ be pkrkcbco 5 76℧<
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
j) Z 0 76℧ √ nortb hb ca`mk< n) Z 3 76℧ √ ca`mks be nurto narnuato< h) @åvbc hb Xb`sîo NK@ A/^ M^.
;97 ;9 7
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
2W
>,2 W ekx
NK@ M
;W :,72 W Ebh :,>2 W Ebh
:,2 W
;,2 W ea`
NK@ C
t
) 2 ; 6 : ( c b m i b ` b E z a u C
Gaiurk ;7: - Cbaturk hk rbhb NK@ Go`tb4 ^k`tos (:6;6)
>6% hb nkrik eëxaek `k rbhb r bhb sbdk ;2% ho tbepo noe k rbhb `o bstkho hoea`k`tb. :,2 W + (;2% hb ; W) 5 :,72 W pkrk NK@ M :,2 W „ (;2% hb ; W) 5 :,>2 W pkrk NK@ C
NK^O^ B ZBCKXO^
Vrojcbek bcátrano
Dosá Nkrcos brk o tán`ano rbspo`sëvbc pbco sbtor hb bcbtrobcbtrø`ank hb uek no`nbssao`ërak. Nbrto hak, bcb rbnbjbu ue vbånuco pkrk gkzbr uek k`ëcasb, poas o pkrknmoqub b ks ck`tbr`ks bstkvke hbrrbtahos b o vbånuco dë mkvak pksskho por outrks ona`ks. B`trbtk`to, bcb `îo b`no`trou `khk `o sastbek bcátrano qub puhbssb tbr nkuskho o projcbek. Vor sbr ue projcbek a`noeue, o ibrb`tb rbu`au tohos os tán`anos be bcbtranahkhb hk no`nbssao`ërak pkrk bstuhkr o vbånuco b hbsnojrar k nkusk ho hbrrbtaeb`to hks ck`tbr`ks b pkrknmoqub. B`tîo, ue hos bcbtranastks suibrau tbstkr k a`stkckéîo hb ue puxkhor hb rbjoqub `o narnuato bcátrano. Vkrk asso, bcb b`iktou uek nkrrona`mk b a`anaou uek sárab hb tbstbs. Hurk`tb os pronbhaeb`tos, bcb vbranou qub ks cêepkhks noebékrke k kqubnbr, b `otou tkejáe qub, ko hbscaikr o b`iktb hk nkrrona`mk, ks cêepkhks nkvke ekas grknks.
;6 ZBHB NK@
;99 ;9 9
Vkrk `kcazkr o haki`þstano goa rbkcazkhk uek sbquä`nak hb tbstbs `o gu`nao`keb`to hks cêepkhks b no`stktou-sb qub quk`ho o b`iktb ho rbjoqub brk caikho, k potä`nak hks cêepkhks kueb`tkvk. B`tîo, o tán`ano rbsocvbu bstuhkr ekas k gu`ho o ek`ukc ho vbånuco, b hbsnojrau qub k bcbtrø`ank bejkrnkhk ta`mk ue noeportkeb`to hagbrb`tb hos outros sastbeks hb ibrb`nakeb`to `o sastbek bcátrano. B por sbr ue vbånuco noe euatk tbn`ocoiak, k potä`nak hks cêepkhks `îo brk xk, eks sae no`trockhks pbck nb`trkc bcbtrø`ank, b qub quk`ho goa rbkcazkhk uek a`stkckéîo pkrkcbck, k nb`trkc b`tb`hbu qub hbvbrak kueb`tkr k potä`nak pkrk suprar k `bnbssahkhb hb no`sueo hks cêepkhks. Asto bsqub`tou ks cêepkhks b gbz noe qub bcks hbrrbtbssbe o pkrknmoqubs b ks ck`tbr`ks. Kpþs hbsnojrar k nkusk ho projcbek, goa rbeovahk tohk a`stkckéîo pkrkcbck, sujstatuåhks ks ck`tbr`ks b o pkrknmoqub. O ncab`tb sb rbspo`skjacazou pbco prbduåzo, poas k a`stkckéîo goa rbkcazkhk por ue tán`ano qub `îo no`mbnak o gu`nao`keb`to hk bcbtrø`ank ho vbånuco, sbe no`suctk æ no`nbssao`ërak.
ZBNKVAXRCK@HO
@bssb nkpåtuco, vonä vau qub o sastbek hb rbhb NK@ vbao pkrk saepcankr o sastbek bcbtrobcbtrø`ano ho vbånuco noe bno`oeak hb no`hutorbs b, por ebao hks iurks, noeo gu`nao`kvk o sastbek trkhanao`kc b noeo á gbatk k noeu`ankéîo `os vbånucos ekas eohbr`os. Bstuhou, tkejáe, qub kpb`ks hoas os gkzbe k caikéîo b`trb ks nb`trkas ho vbånuco, b qub bssk caikéîo por os á nmkekhk hb jkrrkeb`to. K NK@ á ue protonoco hb noeu`ankéîo sbrakc så`nro`o, så`nro`o, b o sa`nro`aseo b`trb os eþhucos no`bntkhos æ rbhb á gbato be rbckéîo ko a`ånao hb nkhk eb`skibe ck`ékhk ko jkrrkeb`to. Noe o pksskr hos tbepos, k tbn`ocoiak goa bvocua`ho b o sastbek hb rbhbs tbvb qub knoepk`mkr bssb kvk`éo tbn`ocþiano, pkrk asso gorke a`ncuåhos outros sastbeks hb noeu`ankéîo `o vbånuco, noe protonocos hb vbconahkhbs ekaorbs.
^brvaéos hb Ek`utb`éîo
;;
K ek`utb`éîo norrbtk hb ue vbånuco, pra`napkceb`tb be ona`ks bspbnakcazkhks, á hb gu`hkeb`tkc aeportê`nak, por asso á bssb`nakc qub os prossao`kas tb`mke no`snaä`nak hos pkhròbs tán`anos k sbrbe sbiuahos pkrk uek ek`utb`éîo hb qukcahkhb. B á prktankeb`tb aepossåvbc gkzbr k ek`utb`éîo norrbtk b sbiurk hb ue kutoeþvbc sbe skjbr rbkceb`tb o qub b noeo gkzbr, sbe cbr os ek`ukas tán`anos. Ko `kcazkr sbus bstuhos `bstb nkpåtuco, vonä bstkrë kpto k4 k) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos a`hankhos pkrk o pronbsso hb rbeoéîo/hbseo`tkibe hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< j) ahb`tankr, `o ek`ukc hb gkjrank`tb, ks nkrkntbråstanks haeb`sao`kas hos noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks, tb`ho be vastk k vbrankéîo hb noepktajacahkhb hos noepo`b`tbs a`spbnao`khos< n) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos a`hankhos pkrk o pronbsso hb a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< h) a`tbrprbtkr ks a`hankéòbs ho gkjrank`tb quk`to kos nratáraos hb ek`apuckéîo b uso hb gbrrkeb`tks b bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas æ a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs< b) a`tbrprbtkr pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas æ a`spbéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< g) sbcbnao`kr, noe jksb `o ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo, ks gbrrkeb`tks a`hankhks pkrk o pronbsso hb rbpkrkéîo/sujstatuaéîo hb noepo`b`tbs ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< i) a`tbrprbtkr os pronbhaeb`tos b `oreks tán`anks kpcanëvbas k tbstbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor b sbus sastbeks< m) rbno`mbnbr o pkhrîo hb orik`azkéîo ho conkc hb trkjkcmo, tb`ho be vastk k rborik`azkéîo ho ebseo kpþs os sbrvaéos hb ek`utb`éîo ho eotor b sbus sastbeks<
a) rbno`mbnbr o sastbek hb rbiastros b honueb`tkéîo utacazkho pbck beprbsk, tb`ho be vastk k noeposaéîo ho mastþrano hb ek`utb`éîo ho eotor ho vbånuco b sbus sastbeks< d) rbno`mbnbr o sbu pkpbc noeo a`tbirk`tb a`tbirk`tb hb bquapb `os hagbrb`tbs pronbssos hb trkjkcmo, no`sahbrk`ho sbus pkrbs b os hbekas `åvbas mabrërquanos<
;=6 ;= 6
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
l) kprbsb`tkr posturk átank< c) hbeo`strkr prossao`kcaseo `o bxbrnånao hb suks rbspo`skjacahkhbs b sa`to`ak noe ks harbtrazbs a`statunao`kas bstkjbcbnahks< e) kvkcakr ks oportu`ahkhbs hb nrbsnaeb`to b hbsb`vocvaeb`to prossao`kc, no`sahbrk`ho o prþprao potb`nakc, ks euhk`éks `o ebrnkho hb trkjkcmo b ks `bnbssahkhbs hb a`vbstaeb`to `k prþprak gorekéîo< `) satukr o pkpbc b k aeportê`nak ho sbu trkjkcmo `o no`tbxto hk orik`azkéîo, no`sahbrk`ho os aepkntos hks suks ktavahkhbs `os rbsuctkhos hos prohutos b sbrvaéos hk beprbsk< o) k`kcaskr b propor ebcmoraks `os prohutos b sbrvaéos.
;;.; ^BZWAÉO^ HB EK@RXB@ÉÎO Më hoas tapos hb ek`utb`éîo4 k ek`utb`éîo pck`bdkhk b k ek`utb`éîo `îo pck`bdkhk. K ek`utb`éîo pck`bdkhk nckssank-sb be4 ek`utb`éîo prbvb`tavk b ek`utb`éîo prbhatavk. K ek`utb`éîo prbvb`tavk ojbhbnb k ue pkhrîo prbvakeb`tb bsqubektazkho, qub bstkjbcbnb pkrkhks pbraþhanks noe k `kcahkhb hb pbreatar k tronk hb pbéks ikstks por `ovks, tronk hb cujrank`tbs b uahos, rbiuckibe hb norrbaks b vëcvucks, kssbiurk`ho kssae o gu`nao`keb`to pbrgbato ho vbånuco por ue pbråoho prbhbtbrea`kho. Dë k ek`utb`éîo prbhatavk á kqubck qub a`hank ks no`haéòbs rbkas hb gu`nao`keb`to hos vbånucos noe jksb be hkhos qub a`goreke os sbus hbsikstbs ou pronbsso hb hbirkhkéîo. Xrktk-sb hk ek`utb`éîo qub prbhaz o tbepo hb vahk ôtac hos noepo`b`tbs qub no`statube os sastbeks hos vbånucos b bquapkeb`tos b ks no`haéòbs pkrk qub bssb tbepo hb vahk sbdk kprovbatkho. K ek`utb`éîo `îo pck`bdkhk nckssank-sb be ek`utb`éîo norrbtavk b ek`utb`éîo hb onksaîo. K ek`utb`éîo norrbtavk á kqubck hb ktb`haeb`to aebhakto ko projcbek onorraho. Bssb tapo hb ek`utb`éîo jksbak-sb `k sbiua`tb cosok4 –o vbånuco pkrou4 ek`utb`éîo b no`sbrto aebhaktkeb`tb―. K cosok qub hbvb sbr khotkhk á4 –Bebriä`naks `îo onorrbe, sîo nkuskhks. Bcaea`b k nkusk b vonä `îo tbrë `ovkeb`tb k ebsek bebriä`nak―. K ek`utb`éîo hb onksaîo no`sastb be gkzbr no`sbrtos quk`ho o vbånuco sb b`no`trk pkrkho. Ojsbrvb `k iurk k sbiuar os pra`napkas po`tos hb ek`utb`éîo.
;; ^BZWAÉO^ HB EK@RXB@ÉÎO
:9
:=
;=; ;= ;
:7 :2 :8
;
:6
:> ::
;1 :; ;= ;9 ;7 ;
:
> 8 2 7 9
;2 >
;:
;6 =
1
;;
;8
;> ;>
; ^astbek hb sa`kcazkéîo
;2 ^astbek hb no`huéîo
: b pocaeb`to > Caepbzk ^astbek hb grbaos 8 Gactro hb noejuståvbc 2 ^astbek hb bxkustîo 7 Cujrankéîo ho nmkssa 9 ^astbek hb suspb`sîo = ^astbek hb p`bus b rohks 1 Jktbrak b nkjos ;6 Gactro hb kr ho eotor ;; ^astbek hb trk`seassîo ;: Gcuaho k`tano`ibck`tb ;> Gactro hb þcbo ;8 ^b`sor hb oxaiä`ao
;7 Cåquaho hb ckvkibe ho pkrk-jrask ;9 Norrbaks ;= Wbcks ;1 ^astbek hb vbhkéîo :6 Bejrbkibe :; ^astbek hb harbéîo :: Vkcmbtks :> Cuzbs hb gu`nao`keb`to ho eotor :8 Gactro hb kr hk nkja`b :2 Na`tos hb sbiurk`ék :7 Wahros :9 ^astbek hb ncaektazkéîo := Bquapkeb`tos ojraiktþraos
) 2 ; 6 : ( 6 6 ; o r r k n
Gaiurk ;7> - Atb`s hb ek`utb`éîo vbanuckr Go`tb4 IEK (:6;2)
;;.;.; HAKI@Þ^XANO O tbreo haki`osb vbanuckr (ou haki`þstano vbanuckr) rbprbsb`tk ks gu`éòbs ou gbrrkeb`tks qub pbreatbe k proirkekéîo ou vbrankéîo ho gu`nao`keb`to hb nkhk noepo`b`tb ho vbånuco. Noe o kueb`to hk bcbtrø`ank bejkrnkhk, pkssk k sbr ek`hktþrao o hbsb`vocvaeb`to hb hasposatavos qub, por bxbepco, pbreatke o haki`þstano hb gkcmks bvb`tukas hos sastbeks. No`sahbrk`ho bstk `bnbssahkhb, pohb-sb nckssankr ks gkcmks be huks nktbioraks4 sb`ho ks possåvbas hb sbrbe ahb`tankhks pbco eotorastk b ks ahb`tankhks soeb`tb noeo n oeo kuxåcao hb gbrrkeb`tks bspbnakas (IRAEKZÎB^ :669).
;=:
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
Eks, quk`ho sb trktk ho eotor hb ue vbånuco qub nmbik æ ona`k noe kciuek arrbiuckrahkhb, `îo jkstk kpb`ks hbsnojrar o qub nkusou nk usou o projcbek. Á `bnbssërao bstkjbcbnbr uek bstrktáiak hb haki`þstano b rbpkro, pkrk qub sbdke kta`iahos os sbiua`tbs ojdbtavos4 k) gkzbr nbrto `k praebark vbz< j) gkzbr `o eb`or tbepo possåvbc< n) ek`tbr k qukcahkhb. Vkrk asso sb gkz `bnbssërao ue pck`o hb ek`utb`éîo.
;;.;.: VCK@O HB EK@RXB@ÉÎO O pck`o hb ek`utb`éîo ho sastbek vbanuckr, kcáe hb knoepk`mkr o ek`ukc ho proprabtërao, kprbsb`tk hbtkcmkhkeb`tb, `o atbe rbvasîo, k sujstatuaéîo hb nkhk noepo`b`tb, sbdk grbao, suspb`sîo, eotor, btn. O knoepk`mkeb`to hbvb kno`tbnbr `ks ek`utb`éòbs prbvb`tavks ou ktrkvás hk quacoebtrkibe qub, ibrkceb`tb, bstë bspbnankhk `o ek`ukc k quacoebtrkibe hb vbrankéîo b tronk pkrk nkhk atbe ou noepo`b` noepo`b`tb. tb.
GA[RB KCBZXK
O uso ho B.V.A. á ojraiktþrao hurk`tb ks ktavahkhbs prëtanks pkrk qub k a`tbirahkhb gåsank ho tán`ano rbpkrkhor sbdk prbsbrvkhk< portk`to, á `bnbssërao o uso hb4 þnucos hb protbéîo, skpkto b cuvks.
No`rk k sbiuar ue pck`o hb ek`utb`éîo prbvb`tavk noe ks pra`napkas opbrkéòbs k sbrbe rbkcazkhks b suk pbraohanahkhb.
O V BZ K É Ò B^ R@AHKHB^ VZOHRXOZK^ HB ËIRK ZBGZAIBZKHK NMACCBZ^ Wbrankéîo ho gu`nao`keb`to ibrkc. Wbrankéîo ruåhos b vajrkéòbs.
V B Z A O HA N A H K H B HAËZ HA ËZAK AK
^BEK@KC ^BEK@ KC
EB@^ EB @^KC KC XZ XZAE AEB^ B^XZ XZKC KC ^B ^BEB EB^X ^XZK ZKCC K@ K@RK RKCC
x x
Ebhaéòbs b rbiastro hb tbepbrkturks hb ëiuk.
x
Wbrankéîo ho `åvbc hb þcbo.
x
Wbrankéîo hb guiks hb þcbo ou hb uahos.
x
Ebhaéòbs b rbiastro hb prbssòbs hb gu`nao`k-
x
eb`to. Ebhaéòbs b rbiastros hb no`sueos bcátranos.
x
B`skao ho narnuato graioråno.
x
B`skao ho narnuato bcátrano.
x
Zbkpbrtos hb noepo`b`tbs ebnê`anos b
x
bcátranos.
;; ^BZWAÉO^ HB EK@RXB@ÉÎO
Caepbzk hb qukhros bcátranos.
x
Caepbzk hb no`hb`skhorbs hb kr
x
;=>> ;=
No`trocb hb norrosîo hk bstruturk ebtëcank, x
trktkeb`to b rbtoqubs hb pa`turk. Caepbzk ibrkc ho nmaccbr.
x
Ebhaéòbs hb rbsastä`nak ho asockeb`to bcátrano.
x
K`ëcasb bspbntoeátrank hk knahbz ho þcbo.
x [ukhro 9 - Vck`o hb ek`utb`éîo prbvb`tavk sastbeëtank Go`tb4 ^A@VAZBVK „ ^V (:6;2)
;;.;.> K@ËCA^B HB ^A@XOEK^ Vkrk uek k`ëcasb hb sa`toeks jbe sunbhahk, á `bnbssërao tbr hoeå`ao hks nkusks, ou sbdk, no`mbnbr o pbrgbato gu`nao`keb`to ho sastbek qub sb prbtb`hb k`kcaskr, a`ncua`ho ks nkrkntbråstanks no`strutavks ho vbånuco, o no`tbôho hb suk nmk tán`ank, os pronbhaeb`tos b vkcorbs bspbnånos hb gu`nao`keb`to, b hb tohos os sastbeks kirbikhos.
;;.;.8 EK@RKC HB ZBVKZKÉÎO O ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo á uek gbrrkeb`tk hb trkjkcmo gu`hkeb`tkc, poas `bcb o gkjrank`tb a`ncua tohks ks a`gorekéòbs b bspbnankéòbs qub o tán`ano `bnbssatk `o eoeb`to ho rbpkro `o vbånuco. @bcb bstë k tborak hb gu`nao`keb`to hb vëraos sastbeks. Bcb gor`bnb tkejáe ks a`gorekéòbs jësanks sojrb haki`þstanos hb hbgbatos, a`spbéîo b rbpkros hos noepo`b`tbs. No`suctb o ek`ukc hb sbrvaéo pkrk ojtbr ks a`gorekéòbs bspbnånks ho eohbco qub hbsbdk ek`usbkr, noeo bspbnankéòbs tán`anks, vkcorbs hb torqub, gbrrkeb`tks bspbnakas, kdustbs b rbpkros.
) 2 ; 6
: ( E I
Gaiurk ;78 - Vck`o hb ek`utb`éîo Go`tb4 Ek`ukc hb ek`utb`éîo Ib`brkc Eotors (:6;2)
;=8 ;= 8
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
;;.;.2 @OZEK^ B VZONBHAEB@XO^
^biu`ho o ^a`harbpk (:6;2), k gkctk hb knbsso kos pronbhaeb`tos no`tahos `os ek`ukas hb sbrvaéos hos gkjrank`tbs hb vbånucos ibrou k `bnbssahkhb hk nrakéîo hb `oreks tán`anks noe o ojdbtavo hb pkhro`azkr k ek`utb`éîo kutoeotavk, ogbrbnb`ho sbiurk`ék b qukcahkhb hos sbrvaéos prbstkhos. K praebark `orek hb sbrvaéos kutoeotavos suriau be ;11> b, modb, o sbtor hb rbpkrkéîo no`tk noe :9 `oreks. ^biu`ho o noorhb`khor ho trkjkcmo hb rbvasîo, ks `oreks gknacatke o trkjkcmo hos rbpkrkhorbs, kiacazke k prohutavahkhb, rbhuzbe nustos b tkejáe ikrk`tbe qub os sbrvaéos sbdke rbkcazkhos noe qukcahkhb, no`goreb bxaib o Nþhaio hb Hbgbsk ho No`sueahor. Wkcb hbstknkr k aeportê`nak hk utacazkéîo hks `oreks hb sbrvaéos noeo rbspkcho b protbéîo ho rbpkrkhor sojrb o trkjkcmo bxbnutkho, qub pohb sbr no`tbstkho pbco ncab`tb guturkeb`tb. O ahbkc sbrak qub k ona`k noconkssb `k orhbe hb sbrvaéo o `ôebro b tåtuco hk `orek qub bstë utacazk`ho pkrk rbkcazkr o sbrvaéo, hbaxk`ho bxpcånato ko ncab`tb qub bck sbiub ue pkhrîo hb qukcahkhb b no`goreahkhb, o qub propornao`k ue b`tb`haeb`to noeue `ks rbckéòbs noebrnakas. Noe asso, o rbpkrkhor ik`mk k no`k`ék ho proprabtërao ho vbånuco. Noe k havbrsahkhb hb ekrnks b eohbcos hb vbånucos, o rbpkrkhor `bnbssatk nkhk vbz ekas hb a`gorekéòbs tán`anks b ks `oreks gorke nrakhks pkrk suprar bssk `bnbssahkhb. Kciueks `oreks aeportk`tbs pkrk o rbpkrkhor kutoeotavo sîo4 @JZ ;88=;4:66= „ Haki`þstano b ek`utb`éîo be eotorbs nanco Otto< @JZ ;892:4:66; „ Joejk bcátrank hb noejuståvbc „ B`skaos hb @JZ ;892>4:66; „ Wëcvuck a`dbtork „ @JZ ;89284:66; „ ^b`sor hb
ek`utb`éîo<
B`skaos hb ek`utb`éîo<
oxaiä`ao „ B`skaos hb ek`utb`éîo<
@JZ ;89224:66; „ ^b`sor hb ekssk hb kr „ B`skaos hb ek`utb`éîo< @JZ ;89994:66; „ Zbeoéîo b a`stkckéîo hb vahros< @JZ ;89=;4:66; „ A`spbéîo, haki`þstano, rbpkrkéîo b/ou sujstatuaéîo be sastbek hb @JZ ;8=8>4:66: „ Zbiuckhor hb prbssîo
^KAJK EKA^
bxkustîo<
hb noejuståvbc „ B`skao.
Vkrk vonä no`mbnbr ekas sojrb `oreks hks KJ@X be ek`utb`éîo kutoeotavk, knbssb o satb4 3mttp4//www.sa`harbpk-sp.ori 3mttp4//www.sa`harbpk-sp.ori.jr0 .jr0
;; ^BZWAÉO^ HB EK@RXB@ÉÎO
;=2 ;= 2
;;.;.7 @BNB^^AHKHB^ HB ZBVKZO^ KHANAO@KA^
Xohos os vbånucos qub sbiube ue pck`o hb trkjkcmo b qub pksske por uek ek`utb`éîo bstîo sudbatos k tronks hb pbéks qub `îo bstîo `o proirkek hb rbvasòbs. ^biu`ho Nkrhoso (:6;:), ks rbirks hb a`spbéîo pkrk sbiurk`ék vbanuckr gorke nrakhks pbck `orek hk KJ@X (Kssonakéîo Jrksacbark hb @oreks Xán`anks) @JZ ;8686 qub noebéou k sbr rbhaiahk be ;112 b goa pujcankhk be ;11=, b trktk hb4 ;8686 - ; „ Harbtrazbs Jësanks< ;8686 - : „ Ahb`tankéîo< ;8686 - > „ Bquapkeb`tos ojraiktþraos b proajahos< ;8686 - 8 „
^a`kcazkéîo<
;8686 - 2 „
Acuea`kéîo<
;8686 - 7 „
Grbaos<
;8686 - 9 „
Harbéîo<
;8686 - = „
Baxos b ^uspb`sîo<
;8686 - 1 „
V`bus b Zohks<
;8686 - ;6 „ ^astbeks ;8686 - ;; „
b Noepo`b`tbs Noepcbeb`tkrbs<
Bstkéîo hb A`spbéîo hb ^biurk`ék Wbanuckr<
;8686 - ;: „ Mkjacatkéîo hb A`spbtorbs hb ^biurk`ék vbanuckr
.
^astbek hb kcaeb`tkéîo
^astbek hb krrbgbnaeb`to
^astbek hb ai`aéîo
^astbek hb cujrankéîo
^astbek hb nkrik b pkrtahk
^astbek hb kr
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk ;72 - ^astbeks hb ek`utb`éîo vbanuckr Go`tb4 ^k`tos (:6;6)
;=7 ;= 7
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
NRZAO^AHKHB^
Os sastbeks hb haki`þstano vbanuckr suriarke pkrk no`trockr os `åvbas hb beassòbs hb pocub`tbs hos vbånucos kutoeotorbs, ktrkvás hk cbaturk hb a`gorekéòbs b hbtbnéîo hb gkcmks `os vbånucos.
;;.;.9 XB^XB^ HB GR@NAO@KEB@XO Kpþs k eo`tkibe ho vbånuco, sbdk qukc gor k ek`utb`éîo, vonä hbvb rbkcazkr ue tbstb hb gu`nao`keb`to pkrk tbr nbrtbzk hb qub tohos os noepo`b`tbs sujstatuåhos bstîo opbrk`ho norrbtkeb`tb. Xbstbs prbcaea`krbs, prbcaea`krbs, no`suctk æ catbrkturk tán`ank tán`ank b ek`ukas hb sbrvaéo sbrvaéo sîo aeportk`tbs, aeportk`tbs, poas rbcknao`ke possåvbas nkusks kssonakhks æs gkcmks `os sastbeks bcbtroebnê`anos, kcáe hb sbcbnao`kr os tbstbs khbqukhos, hb`a`ho os rbnursos `bnbssëraos b os bquapkeb`tos kpcanëvbas.
GBZZKEB@XK^ HB HAKI@Þ^XANO Ks gbrrkeb`tks hb haki`osb sîo gu`hkeb`tkas hurk`tb o hbsb`vocvaeb`to hb `ovos vbånucos b sastbeks bcbtroebnê`anos, jbe noeo hurk`tb k rbkcazkéîo hb pronbhaeb`tos hb rbvasîo b ek`utb`éîo. Ojsbrvb hoas bxbepcos k sbiuar.
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk ;77 - Haki`þstano vbanuckr noe snk``br kutoeotavo kutoeotavo Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
;; ^BZWAÉO^ HB EK@RXB@ÉÎO
;=9 ;= 9
) 2 ; 6 : ( o k J
Gaiurk ;79 - Bxbepco hb haki`þstano hb kr no`hanao`kho Go`tb4 Jko (:6;2)
NK^O^ B ZBCKXO^
[ub susto!
K`k Cunak khork haraiar, eks `u`nk sb aeportou be rbkcazkr k ek`utb`éîo prbvb`tavk, sþ cbvk sbu vbånuco pkrk k ona`k quk`ho surib kciue projcbek. Nbrto hak, sbu vbånuco prbnasou hb ek`utb`éîo norrbtavk b goa cbvkho ktá uek ona`k. O no`suctor ktb`hbu K`k Cunak, cbvou sbu vbånuco pkrk gkzbr o haki`þstano ho a`no`vb`ab`tb b o orékeb`to pkrk norraiar o projcbek kprbsb`tkho. [uk`ho o orékeb`to goa kprbsb`tkho pkrk K`k Cunak, o susto goa euato irk`hb, poas o vkcor brk euato kcto. @bssb eoeb`to, o no`suctor euato ktb`naoso, poas no`mbnak euato jbe k aeportê`nak hb rbkcazkr k ek`utb`éîo prbvb`tavk, noebéou k bxpcankr pkrk K`k Cunak qub tohks ks pbéks ho vbånuco täe uek hktk b quacoebtrkibe bspbnånk pkrk tronk, b sb bck tavbssb knoepk`mkho o ek`ukc ho vbånuco b gbato ks ek`utb`éòbs proirkekhks, o prbduåzo `îo sbrak tîo irk`hb. K pkrtar hbssb hak, K`k Cunak noebéou k knoepk`mkr k ek`utb`éîo ho sbu vbånuco sbiua`ho ks orab`tkéòbs ho gkjrank`tb, por asso `îo tbvb ekas sustos `k mork hb pkikr k no`tk.
;== ;= =
EOXOZ NANCO OXXO B ^BR^ ^A^XBEK^
ZBNKVAXRCK@HO
Wonä bstuhou `bssb nkpåtuco, k aeportê`nak hk norrbtk ek`utb`éîo ho vbånuco, pra`napkceb`tb be ona`ks bspbnakcazkhks, b qub os sbrvaéos hb ek`utb`éîo sîo havahahos be hoas tapos4 ek`utb`éîo pck`bdkhk b `îo pck`bdkhk. Bstb nkpåtuco tkejáe bxpcorou k hb`aéîo ho tbreo haki`osb vbanuckr (ou haki`þstano vbanuckr), qub k ebsek rbprbsb`tk ks gu`éòbs ou gbrrkeb`tks qub pbreatbe k proirkekéîo ou vbrankéîo ho gu`nao`keb`to hb nkhk noepo`b`tb ho vbånuco, b qub o pck`o hb ek`utb`éîo hbvb tbr noeo `ortbkhor o ek`ukc ho proprabtërao. Kcáe hasso, vonä bstuhou qub pkrk uek k`ëcasb hb sa`toeks jbe sunbhahk, á `bnbssërao tbr hoeå`ao hks nkusks, ou sbdk, no`mbnbr o pbrgbato gu`nao`keb`to ho sastbek qub sb prbtb`hb k`kcaskr, sb`ho ks nkrkntbråstanks no`strutavks ho vbånuco, o no`tbôho hb suk nmk tán`ank, os pronbhaeb`tos b vkcorbs bspbnånos hb gu`nao`keb`to, b hb tohos os sastbeks kirbikhos. Khanao`k-sb tkejáe k qubstîo ho ek`ukc hb rbpkrkéîo noeo uek aeportk`tb gbrrkeb`tk hb trkjkcmo, poas á `bcb qub o gkjrank`tb a`ncua tohks ks a`gorekéòbs b bspbnankéòbs `bnbssëraks ko tán`ano `o eoeb`to ho rbpkro `o vbånuco. Wonä vau, ka`hk, qub pkrk ktb`hbr tbn`ankeb`tb tohos os atb`s hb ek`utb`éîo, rbpkro b haki`þstano bxastbe `oreks qub hb`be k gorek norrbtk hb bxbnutkr qukcqubr pronbhaeb`to. B k `bnbssahkhb hb rbpkros khanao`kas `os vbånucos sbiub ue pck`o hb trkjkcmo pkrk k ek`utb`éîo qub bstë sudbato k tronks hb pbéks kusb`tbs ho proirkek hb rbvasòbs. Aeportk`tb hazbr qub, kpþs o rbpkro, vonä hbvb rbkcazkr ue tbstb hb gu`nao`keb`to pkrk tbr nbrtbzk hb qub tohos os noepo`b`tbs sujstatuåhos bstîo opbrk`ho norrbtkeb`tb. Kprovbatb b kpcaqub bstbs no`mbnaeb` no`mbnaeb`tos! tos!
;; ^BZWAÉO^ HB EK@RXB@ÉÎO
K`otkéòbs4
;=1 ;= 1
ZBGBZÄ@NAK^ KZAK^-VKT, E. Ek`ukc ho kutoeþvbc. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Mbeus, \:6;;U. =2= p. JO^NM, Zt. Ek`ukc hb tbn`ocoiak kutoeotavk. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Bhikrh Jcónmbr, n:662. ;:>: p. A^J@ 19==2:;:6>9=6. JZK^AC. Ea`astárao ho Hbsb`vocvaeb`to Hbsb`vocvaeb`to,, A`hôstrak b Noeárnao Bxtbraor. A`statuto @knao`kc hb Ebtrocoiak, [ukcahkhb B Xbn`ocoiak „ A@EBXZO. Vortkrak `´ 216. :6;>. Haspo`åvbc be4 3 mttp4//www. a`ebtro.iov.jr/cbiascknko/rtkn/phg/ZX a`ebtro.iov .jr/cbiascknko/rtkn/phg/ZXKN66:626.phg0. KN66:626.phg0. Knbsso be4 ;: ekao :6;7. JZR@BXXA, G. Eotorbs hb noejustîo a`tbr`k. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Jcunmbr, n:6;:. : v. (v.;). ______. Eotorbs hb noejustîo a`tbr`k. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Jcunmbr, n:6;:. : v. (v.:). NKVBCCA, K. Bcbtrobcbtrø`ank kutoeotavk4 a`dbéîo bcbtrø`ank, krquatbturk ho eotor b sastbeks bejkrnkhos. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Árank, n:6;6. >78 p. NKZHO^O, M. hk G. Kutoeþvbc sbe eastáraos4 26 hanks sojrb tbn`ocoiak vbanuckr vbanuckr.. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 CBRH, :6;>. ;1: p. ______. Wbånucos kutoeotorbs4 ahb`tankéîo, a`spbéîo, vastorak, kvkcakéîo, pbrånak b rbnkcc. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 CBRH, :6;:. :86 p. NMOCCBX, M. E. Nurso prëtano b prossao`kc pkrk ebnê`anos hb kutoeþvbas4 o eotor b sbus knbssþraos. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Mbeus, n;1=;. 86: p. GAKX KRXOEÞWBA^. Ebtrocoiak. ^îo Vkuco (^V), ;119. == p. GAKX KRXOEÞWBA^. Eotorbs Otto4 eotorbs. Ea`ks Ibrkas, :66=. 17 p. IEK „ Irupo hb Ek`utb`éîo Kutoeotavk. Ek`utb`éîo prbvb`tavk ho nkrro. Haspo`åvbc be4 3mttp4//www.nkrro;66.noe.jr/a`hbx.pmp/ek`utb`nko-prbvb`tavk/ek`utb`nko-prbvb`tavk-honkrro/0. Knbsso be4 :6 ekao :6;2. IRAEKZÎB^, K. Bcbtrø`ank bejkrnkhk kutoeotavk. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Árank, n:669. >:7 p. A@GOEOXOZ. Xbn`ocoiak hos ektbrakas kpcankhk `os eotorbs hb noejustîo a`tbr`k. Haspo`åvbc be4 3mttp4//www.a 3mttp4//www.a`goeotor `goeotor.noe.jr/ .noe.jr/satb/:661/6>/tbn`ocoiak-hos-ektbrakas-kpcankhk-`os-eotorbs-hbnoejustko-a`tbr`k/0. Knbsso be4 62 ekao :6;2. EKMCB EBXKC CBWB. Vastòbs, nkeasks lats b jro`za`ks. ^îo Jbr`krho ho Nkepo4 Ekmcb, Ek mcb, :6;>. 8:9 p. EK@RKC HORXOZ HORXOZ BE EOXOZB^. ^k`to K`hrá4 Nogkp, ;1=2. ;>> p. EKZK@, E. Haki`þstanos b rbiuckib`s hb eotorbs noejustîo a`tbr`k. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 ^B@KA/^V, :6;>. ;=9 p. (A`gorekéòbs tbn`ocþianks (^B@KA/^V)). EBZNBHB^-JB@T HO JZK^AC. Eotorbs4 no`nbatos jësanos. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Ebrnbhbs-Jb`z, ;11>. >= p.
EANMKBCA^ O@ CA@B. Hanao`ërao hb Vortuiuäs O`ca`b4 ^ai`ankho hb –nrkqubkeb`to―. Haspo`åvbc be4 3mttp4//eanmkbcas.uoc.noe.jr/eohbr`o/portuiubs/a`hbx.pmp?ca`iuk5portuiubs-portuiubs&pkckvrk 5nrkqubkeb`to0. Knbsso be4 :6 ekao :6;2.
Ea`astárao ho Hbsb`vocvaeb`to, A`hôstrak b Noeárnao Bxtbraor. A`statuto @knao`kc hb Ebtrocoiak, [ukcahkhb B Xbn`ocoiak Xbn`ocoiak „ A@EBXZO. Vortkrak `´ 216, hb 6: hb hbzbejro hb :6;>. 3 mttp4//www mttp4//www.. a`ebtro.iov.jr/cbi a`ebtro.i ov.jr/cbiascknko/rtkn/phg/ZX ascknko/rtkn/phg/ZXKN66:626.phg0 KN66:626.phg0 EOXXK, Z. Ebtrocoiak haeb`sao`kc. Gcorak`þpocas4 ^B@KA/^N HZ, :6;6. 7; p. OCAWBAZK, N. K. hb< ZO^K, K. hk. Eotorbs hb noejustîo a`tbr`k „ ëcnooc b iksoca`k . ^k`tk Ekrak, NBV ^B@KA Zojbrto Jkrjosk Zajks, Z ajks, :66>. ;;7 p. ac. (Ebnê`ank hb Kutoeþvbas). ZB@KRCX, ZÁIAB @KXAO@KCB HB^ R^A@B^. Ek`utb`éîo jësank hb eotorbs. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Zb`kuct, :6;>. 97 p. ^K@XO^, E. E. H. Zbhbs hb noeu`ankéîo kutoeotavk4 nkrkntbråstanks, tbn`ocoiaks b kpcankéòbs. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Árank, n:6;6. ::6 p. ^B@KA.^V. Eotor kutoeotavo „ jësano. ^îo Vkuco, :66;. 98p. ac. ^A@HAZBVK „ ^V „ ^a`hankto hk A`hôstrak hb Zbpkrkéîo hb Wbånucos b Knbssþraos ho Bstkho hb ^îo ^A@HAZBVK Vkuco. ;9 `oreks KJ@X pkrk sbrvaéos kutoeotavos sbrîo ktukcazkhks . Haspo`åvbc be4 3mttp4// www.sa`harbpk-sp.ori www.sa`har bpk-sp.ori.jr/portkc/a`hbx.pmp?opt .jr/portkc/a`hbx.pmp?optao`5noe_no` ao`5noe_no`tb`t&vabw5 tb`t&vabw5krtancb&ah5:974;9-`orekskrtancb&ah5:974;9-`oreks0. Knbsso kj`t-pkrk-sbrvanos-kutoeotavos-sbrko-ktukcazkhks&nktah5>14`otanaks-ona`k&Atbea kj`t-pkrk-sbrvanos-kutoeotavos-sbrko-ktukcazkhks&nktah5 >14`otanaks-ona`k&Atbeah5:2; h5:2;0. be4 61 ekao :6;2. ^RCCQ, G. L. Eotorbs hb kutoeþvbc. >. bh. Casjok4 Vrbsb`ék, ;1=2. ;71 p. (Nocbéîo tán`ank jësank). XB^X Xmoeso`4 a`gorekéòbs tán`anks. ^îo Vkuco Vkuco,, ^V4 EXBEXB-XMOE^O@, XMOE^O@, :661. >7 p.
WABAZK, D. C. K mastþrak ho kutoeþvbc4 k bvocuéîo hk eojacahkhb4 vocueb ; - hk prá-mastþrak k ;16=. ^îo Vkuco (^V)4 Kckôhb, :66=. 8;2 p.
EA@ANRZZÅNRCO HO KRXOZ á irkhukho pbco Nb`tro R`avbrsatërao Cbo`krho hk Wa`na (R@AK^^BC-WA) (R@AK^^BCWA) b possua bspbnakcazkéîo be Ibstîo b Bhunkéîo Kejab`tkc pbck ebsek a`statuaéîo. Á bspbnakcastk kutoeotavo `o ^brvaéo @knao`kc hb Kprb`hazkibe A`hustrakc „ ^B@KA/^N hbshb gbvbrbaro hb :668, hbsb`vocvb`ho ktavahkhbs hb honä`nak b noorhb`kéîo ho Nurso Xán`ano be Ek`utb`éîo Kutoeotavk, jbe jb e noeo ktuk`ho be ^b ^brvaéos rvaéos Xán`anos b Xbn`ocþianos noeo no`suctor pkrk bckjorkéîo hb cavros hahëtanos pkrk pbssoks noe hbnaä`nak. Kcáe hasso, o kutor tbe ktukho noeo Kvkcakhor `k Ocaepåkhk ho No`mbnaeb`to `ks btkpks @knao`kc b Bstkhukc hbshb :662. Xbþco Ek`obc hk ^acvk Dô`aor
Å@HANB K
KJ@X, ;61, ;;;, ;=8, ;=2, ;1:, ;12 Kheassîo, ;;, :=, 2:, 2>, 27, 29, 79, 7=, 9;, 9>, 98, 92, =9, ;6:, ;8;, ;8:, ;2;, ;2:, ;21, ;76, ;78, ;12 Kirupkhos, 18, 12, ;12 Kcaeb`tkéîo, =, ;>, ;2, ;87, ;28, ;27, ;29, ;2=, ;21, ;76, ;72, ;77, ;12 K`áas, 7, ;:, =:, =>, =8, =7, =9, ==, =1, 16, 1>, ;6:, ;;8, ;;9, ;12 K`oekcak, ;>>, ;78, ;12 Kqubnaeb`to,, 97, =:, ;:7, ;:=, ;87, ;29, ;7>, ;12 Kqubnaeb`to Ërvorb, ;:, :>, 2;, 2:, 2>, 28, 22, 27, 7>, 77, 79, 71, 9:, 9>, =;, 1;, 18, ;66, ;6:, ;61, ;;;, ;:9, ;8:, ;8>, ;12 Kturkhorbs, ;12 J
Jabck, 7, 9, 2;, =;, =:, =>, 1;, 1:, 1>, ;6:, ;61, ;12 Jcono, 9, ;:, ;2, 21, 7>, 72, 77, =;, =>, 16, 1>, 18, 12, ;6:, ;67, ;69, ;:7, ;:9, ;26, ;9>, ;12 Joejk, 9, =, ;:, ;>, 12, 19, 1=, 11, ;66, ;6:, ;;>, ;;8, ;;7, ;::, ;:7, ;:9, ;:=, ;>8, ;28, ;22, ;2=, ;7:, ;72, ;=8, ;12 Jro`za`k, 9, ;:, 9:, 1;, 1>, 18, ;66, ;6:, ;1;, ;12 N
Nkjbéotb, 7, 9, ;;, ;:, ;2, :7, >6, 2:, 7>, 78, 72, 77, 79, 7=, 9;, 92, 97, 9=, 91, =6, =;, ;6:, ;69, ;6=, ;;6, ;;;, ;12 Nêekrk, 2, :;, ::, :9, :=, :1, >6, 2>, 28, 78, 9;, 92, =6, =8, =7, ==, ;6:, ;;9, ;:6, ;:2, ;:9, ;89, ;8=, ;12 Nkrkntbråstank, 92, ;8>, ;27, ;29, ;12 Nkrkntbråstanks, ;>, ;2, ;1, >>, 2;, 2=, 7>, 9;, 92, =;, =:, ;62, ;67, ;;>, ;:2, ;:1, ;>:, ;>>, ;>9, ;27, ;77, ;71, ;9;, ;91, ;=>, ;==, ;1:, ;12 Nërtbr, 9, ;:, ;2, 29, =7, 12, 17, 19, 11, ;66, ;6:, ;;8, ;;9, ;12 Naca`hro, 2, :8, :2, :7, :9, :1, >6, 89, 8=, 29, 21, 78, 72, 79, 9;, 97, =;, =>, =8, =2, =7, =9, ==, ;6:, ;6=, ;;9, ;8>, ;2:, ;27, ;29, ;21, ;12 Noek`ho, 7, ;;, ;>, 2:, 78, 72, 77, 79, 7=, 71, 9;, 9:, 9>, 98, 9=, ;66, ;6:, ;;7, ;>=, ;>1, ;2;, ;2:, ;2>, ;29, ;78, ;9;, ;9:, ;98, ;12 Noejustîo, 2, 1, ;;, ;2, :6, ::, :9, :=, :1, >6, 2:, 2>, 28, 29, 2=, 76, 7>, 78, 72, 98, 92, 97, 99, =6, =:, =>, =7, ==, 12, 19, ;6;, ;6:, ;6=, ;;8, ;;9, ;:6, ;::, ;:2, ;:9, ;>>, ;89, ;8=, ;2:, ;29, ;76, ;7;,
;78, ;1;, ;12
Noejuståvbc, =, ;>, ;1, :;, ::, :8, :7, :9, :=, :1, 2:, 2>, 28, 78, 7=, 92, =:, ==, ;:2, ;:9, ;:1, ;>>, ;>8, ;>=, ;86, ;82, ;89, ;8=, ;81, ;2;, ;2:, ;28, ;22, ;27, ;29, ;2=, ;21, ;76, ;7;, ;7:, ;7>, ;78, ;72, ;77, ;=8, ;17 Noepo`b`tb, 9, ;>, ;2, ;7, ;1, :=, >>, >2, 89, 21, 7>, 78, 9>, 97, =6, =;, =>, 18, 12, 19, 11, ;62, ;6=, ;;;, ;;>, ;;8, ;;2, ;;7, ;;9, ;:6, ;::, ;:2, ;:9, ;:=, ;:1, ;>6, ;>8, ;>9, ;>=, ;>1, ;2>, ;28, ;78, ;77, ;71, ;9>, ;92, ;91, ;=6, ;=;, ;=:, ;=>, ;=2, ;=7, ;==, ;17 Noeprbssîo, 2, 7, ;;, :6, :2, :7, :9, :=, 2:, 2>, 27, 29, 78, 72, 92, 9=, =8, =7, =9, ==, =1, ;67, ;;;, ;27, ;29, ;17 Noeu`ankéîo, Noeu`anké îo, =, ;>, ;9:, ;98, ;92, ;99, ;1:, ;17 No`gbnnao`kho, ;67, ;17 No`suctk, ;99, ;=7, ;17 No`ta`uahkhb, No`ta`uahk hb, ;92, ;17 Nruzkeb`to,, 7, ;;, 9;, 9:, ;6:, ;17 Nruzkeb`to H
Haki`þstano, Haki`þstan o, =, ;>, ;7, 81, 2;, 2=, ;;6, ;;;, ;:;, ;78, ;72, ;92, ;99, ;=;, ;=:, ;=8, ;=7, ;=9, ;==, ;17 Haêebtro,, :8, :2, :1, 82, 89, =7, =9, ;6=, ;17 Haêebtro Haeb`sao`kc,, ;;, ;2, >;, >>, 81, ;1;, ;17 Haeb`sao`kc Hasposatavo,, 7, ;:, 79, 7=, 9>, 9=, ;6:, ;28, ;22, ;=;, ;17 Hasposatavo B
Bcátrank, =, ;86, ;87, ;96, ;9;, ;=8, ;17 Bcbtrø`ano,, 8, 9, ;>, ;>9, ;>1, ;78, ;71,;9;, ;9:, ;17 Bcbtrø`ano Äejoco, 7, ;:, :;, :8, :2, 9>, 92, =;, =:, =>, ==, 1>, 11, ;6=, ;17 B`briak, ;2, :6, 29, 78, ;:9, ;17 B`irb`kib`s, B`irb`kib `s, 7=, 71, 19, ;;7, ;8>, ;17 Bquapkeb`to,, >7, 89, ;;8, ;17 Bquapkeb`to Bsnkpkeb`to,, ;;, 2>, 28, 7>, 92, ;:9, ;>>, ;>=, ;82, ;17 Bsnkpkeb`to Bstrktáiak,, 2=, ;21, ;7>, ;=:, ;17 Bstrktáiak G
Gbrrkeb`tk, ;7, >>, >7, 81, 2;, 76, 7>, =1, 1:, 11, ;62, ;;>, ;:2, ;>9, ;>=, ;71, ;96, ;91, ;=;, ;=>, Gbrrkeb`tk, ;=7, ;==, ;17 Gbrro,, 9, 21, 78, 97, =8, =7, ;67, ;6=, ;61, ;;;, ;88, ;17 Gbrro Gcuaho, 9, 21, ;;1, ;>:, ;17 Gu`éòbs, =, ;2, ;7, ;1, 2;, 27, 7>, 78, 72, 9>, =7, 12, ;6:, ;62, ;;>, ;;8, ;::, ;:2, ;>9, ;7:, ;71, ;98, ;=;, ;==, ;19
M
Mastþrak, 1, ;;, ;2, ;1, >;, ;9>, ;1:
A
A`hutavo, ;8:, ;8>, ;88 A`gorekéòbs, ;7, 2;, 97, ;:6, ;>>, ;>9, ;8:, ;21, ;78, ;72, ;9>, ;=>, ;=8, ;=7, ;==, ;1;, ;1: A`spbéîo, ;1, >>, 7>, ;62, ;;>, ;:2, ;>9, ;71, ;91, ;=>, ;=8, ;=2, ;1; A`strueb`to, >>, >2, >7, >=, >1, 86, 8> A`tbrruptor, 9, =, ;>, 11, ;:1, ;>6, ;>;, ;28, ;22, ;72 D
Du`tk, 7, ;:, 72, =6, =;, 12, 17 C
Caik, 9, 78, 71, =:, 1>, 18, ;67, ;69, ;6=, ;61, ;76, ;96 Cujrank`tb, 9, ;:, 72, 99, ==, 1;, 18, 12, 19, ;6:, ;;2, ;;9, ;;=, ;;1, ;:6, ;:;, ;:: E
Ek`avbcks, ;:, :>, 2;, 2:, 2>, 28, 22, 27, 7>, 71, =;, 1;, 18, ;66, ;6:, ;6=, ;61, ;;;, ;:9, ;8:, ;8> Ek`ukas, ;;, 21, 76, ;91, ;=8, ;=7 Ek`utb`éîo, =, 1, ;>, ;7, :;, >6, 8;, 89, 2;, 21, 76, 96, 9;, 1;, ;:;, ;>;, ;91, ;=6, ;=;, ;=:, ;=>, ;=8, ;=2, ;=7, ;=9, ;==, ;1;, ;1:, ;1> Ektbrakas, ;:, ;2, 78, 17, ;62, ;67, ;69, ;6=, ;;;, ;:6, ;>:, ;76, ;1; Ebhaéîo, ;1, >>, >8, >9, 86, 8>, 82, 87, 89, ;66, ;;>, ;:2, ;78, ;92 Ebtkc, =, 1>, 17, ;>;, ;87, ;76, ;7;, ;1; Ebtrocoiak, >;, >>, 81, ;1; Eob`tbs, 1;, 1>, 18, 12, ;6: Eotorbs, 7, 1, ;;, ;2, ;1, :6, ::, :>, :=, :1, >;, 2;, 2:, 22, 27, 29, 2=, 21, 76, 72, 77, 79, 9;, 9:, 9>, 98, 92, =8, =2, =1, 1;, 12, 11, ;62, ;67, ;;2, ;;7, ;;9, ;;1, ;:6, ;::, ;>>, ;86, ;27, ;78, ;77, ;=8, ;1;, ;1: @
@JZ, ;=8, ;=2 @oreks, ;>, 2;, 21, 7>, ;62, ;61, ;;;, ;;>, ;;1, ;:6, ;::, ;:2, ;>9, ;>=, ;71, ;96, ;91, ;=8, ;=2, ;==, ;1: O
Þcbo, 7, 9, 1, ;:, 21, 78, 72, 97, 99, =6, =8, =7, =9, ==, =1, 1;, 18, 12, 17, 19, 1=, 11, ;66, ;6;, ;6:, ;;>, ;;8, ;;2, ;;7, ;;9, ;;=, ;;1, ;:6, ;:;, ;::, ;=:, ;=> Oxaiä`ao, ;>=, ;87, ;89, ;8=, ;2:, ;7>, ;=8 V
Vkquåebtro,, 2, ;;, >2, >7, >9, >=, >1, 86, 8;, 81 Vkquåebtro Vkrtånucks, ;6;, ;;9
Vastîo, 7, 9, ;:, :8, :2, :7, :9, :1, 2;, 2:, 2>, 28, 22, 27, 29, 2=, 71, 9;, =;, =:, =>, =8, =2, =7, =9, ==, =1, 16, 1;, ;6:, ;6=, ;;;, ;;8 VE^, ;:, :8, :7, 27, 71, 9;, ;8:, ;8>, ;27 Votä`nak, ::, :>, :=, ;62, ;67, ;;2, ;:9, ;22, ;27, ;99 Vrbnasîo, 82 Vrbssîo, 9, =, ;:, ;>, :;, 86, 88, 28, 29, 21, 9;, =6, =;, =:, =7, =9, 17, 19, 11, ;66, ;;8, ;;7, ;::, ;>=, ;86, ;8;, ;8:, ;2:, ;28, ;22, ;2=, ;76, ;7;, ;7:, ;77, ;=8 Vrbvb`tavk, 1, ;>;, ;=6, ;=:, ;=>, ;=9, ;1; Vraeërao, ;27, ;29 Vronbhaeb`tos, ;>, >7, 81, 2;, 2=, 21, 76, 7>, 96, 1;, 1:, ;62, ;;>, ;:2, ;>>, ;>9, ;>=, ;29, ;71, Vronbhaeb`tos, ;96, ;97, ;91, ;=>, ;=8, ;=7, ;== Vronbsso,, ;2, :9, >>, 7>, 9;, ==, 1:, ;62, ;61, ;;7, ;:2, ;>9, ;>=, ;2:, ;27, ;76, ;77, ;71, ;91, ;=6 Vronbsso [
[ubaek, ;1, :9, :=, 78, 92, 99, ;:2, ;2:, ;78 Z
Zkhakhor, 9, ;:, ;:2, ;:7, ;:9, ;:=, ;:1, ;>6, ;>;, ;>:, ;>8 Zbcþiao, 2, ;;, 8>, 88, 82, 87, 89, 81 Zb`haeb`to, ::, :7, :=, 9;, ;6:, ;;8 Zbpkrkéîo, ;>, >>, 2=, 21, 7>, 78, ;;6, ;;>, ;:2, ;>9, ;>=, ;71, ;91, ;=>, ;=8, ;==, ;1: Zbsbrvktþrao, 12, ;6:, ;>6 Zbsastä`nak, :=, :1, 9=, =;, =>, 1;, 18, ;62, ;6=, ;;;, ;;=, ;;1, ;>1, ;86, ;87, ;81, ;29, ;76, ;92, ;=> Zbsocuéîo, 2, >2, >=, >1, 86, ;:6 ^
^bnu`hërao, ;2:, ;27, ;29 ^b`sorbs, 9, ;:, ;2, ;>>, ;>9, ;>=, ;>1, ;8:, ;8>, ;87, ;2:, ;21, ;78, ;77 ^a`nro`aseo, 2:, 7>, 9>, ;9:, ;99 ^a`toeks, ;>, 2=, ;=>, ;== X
X Xb`sîo, b`sîo, ;2, 92, ;>1, ;86, ;8;, ;8;, ;8:, ;88, ;82, ;87, ;89, ;8=, ;81, ;81, ;2:, ;27, ;29, ;7>, ;77, ;9:, ;92 X Xbreostëtank, breostëtank, 9, ;:, ;:7, ;:=, ;>>, ;>>, ;>8 Xapos, 2, 7, 9, ;;, ;>, ;>, ;2, ;7, ;1, :=, >>, >2, 8;, 8:, 87, 2; 2;,, 2=, 21, 7>, 78, 72, 77, 9;, 9:, 9>, 92, 9 97, 7, 9=, =:, =>, =8, =7, ==, =1, 1;, 12, 17, 19, 11, ;6:, ;62, ;6=, ;61, ;;;, ;;>, ;;2, ;;=, ;:;, ;:2, ;:9, ;>9, ;>=, ;86, ;8:, ;88, ;81, ;26, ;29, ;27, ;2=, ;72, ;77, ;71, ;96, ;9;, ;98, ;=6, ;==
Xrkjkcmo, ;2, ::, >6, 81, 28, 22, 2=, 21, 76, 96, Xrkjkcmo, 96, 9;, =2, ;;6, ;:=, ;:1, ;>9, ;71, ;9 ;91, 1, ;=6, ;=>, ;=8, ;=2, ;== Xunmos,, 7, ;;, 79, 7=, 9>, 98, ;6: Xunmos
W
Wëcvucks, 7, 9, ;;, ;:, ;>, ;2, :=, 2:, 2>, 28, 7>, 78, 72, 77, 79, 7=, 71, 9;, 9:, 9>, 98, 92, 97, 99, 9=, 91, =6, ==, 11, ;66, ;6;, ;6:, ;6=, ;;6, ;;;, ;;8, ;;7, ;:7, ;:=, ;>>, ;>8, ;2:, ;28, ;22, ;21, ;7;, ;78, ;=6, ;=8 Wkzîo, ;;7, ;81, ;28 Wbanuckr,, =, ;7, ;=;, ;=:, ;=2, ;=7, ;==, ;1; Wbanuckr Wbånuco, ;>, ;2, ;7, :;, :9, 8=, 2;, 21, 76, 96, 9;, 17, ;6:, ;;6, ;;;, ;;8, ;:6, ;:;, ;:7, ;:9, ;:1, ;>;, ;>>, ;>8, ;>9, ;26, ;2;, ;2>, ;22, ;76, ;7>, ;72, ;9:, ;97, ;99, ;91, ;=6, ;=;, ;=:, ;=>, ;=8, ;=7, ;=9, ;== Wbconahkhb, =, ;>, 19, ;88, ;26, ;9: Warkjrbquae, 9, ;:, ;2, 7>, 7=, 71, 18, 12, 19, ;6:, ;;2 Wocueb, 2, :8, :2, :7, :9, :=, :1, >6, ;67, ;76, ;7>, ;1:
^B@KA HBVKZX HBVKZXKEB@XO KEB@XO @KNAO@KC R@AHKHB HB BHRNKÉÎO VZOGA^^AO@KC B XBN@OCÞIANK R@ABV Gbcapb Bstbvbs Eorikho Ibrb`tb Bxbnutavo
Ykchbear Kekro Ibrb`tb
Gkjåock hb Cunk Noaejrk Joetbepo Noorhb`kéîo Ibrkc ho Hbsb`vocvaeb`to Hbsb`vocvaeb`to hos Cavros Hahëtanos
^B@KA HBVKZXKEB@XO ZBIAO@KC HB ^K@XK NKXKZA@K Ekuranao Nkpprk Vkucbtta Harbtor Xán`ano
Ncbjbrso` ^acvk Noorhb`kéîo ho Hbsb`vocvaeb`to hos Cavros Hahëtanos
Xbþco Ek`obc hk ^acvk Dô`aor Bckjorkéîo
Ektbus Mb`raqub Eb`hbs Zbvasîo Xán`ank
Lkra`b Ekrab Krkskla Noorhb`kéîo ho Vrodbto Ekirat Horotbk H÷ha`i Hbsai` Bhunknao`kc Hbsai` Bhunknao`kc
Hb`asb hb Ebsquatk Norräk Zbvasîo Ortoirënk b Irkektankc
Bvbca` Cbhak`a Jko Xbþco Ek`obc hk ^acvk Dô`aor Gotoirkks
K`k Gcbnl Hkva Cbo` Haks H‑aeatrb Nkekrio Cuaz Bhukrho hb ^ouzk Eb`bimbc Acustrkéòbs b Xrktkeb`to hb Aekib`s A ekib`s
Xma`lstonl Grbbaekibs Jk`no hb aekib`s
Kccbssb Nkrvkcmo Zohraiubs Zo hraiubs Bhaso` Jo`agënao Gbcapb Cbo`krho Zbas hos K`dos Grk`nasno Hkvah hb Caek b ^acvk ^áriao Cuas Nkrvkcmo Gcor Noeatä Xán`ano hb Kvkcakéîo
Xktak`k Hkou ^bikca` Hakirkekéîo
Xktak`k Hkou ^bikca` Zbvasîo b Gbnmkeb`to hb Krquavos
Hb`asb hb Ebsquatk Norräk @orekcazkéîo
Xknak`k hos ^k`tos Zonmk Tknnma NZJ „ ;8.;:>6 Ganmk Nktkcoirënk
a-Noeu`ankéîo Vrodbto Irëno
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