Mothership - RPG Horror Espacial
April 4, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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E]OG HM \KFVMYOYÄ@LOG HK DKEGHKV
GVJG\ GVJG
L]\XK
Ju`oåìk
=> *
Lkjfgtm
7.8>>
HJE LVOX
\
J
mu J]@OÅÌK
\BKX\ \^MLOGC
* Lustk pkr pm`tm ku lgoxg hm ju`oåìk (oeugc gks torks lkjpcmtks hg grjg)
6h7>
Fgtmr-
7>j 6>j j
fgoxg
Mspo`egrhg
^ï hm lgfrg
=>
7h7>
Lbgjg
6.>>>
6h7>
Gpm`gs LWL
Vmfgtohg gk glmrtgr. 7/6 hg`k g jïhok gclg`lm. 7/8 hm hg`k g ck`eg hostæ`log. @/H
8
qug`hk `ìk ï gjoeçvmc gfkrhgemj hm`trk hm 7>j. @/H
6j 7>j 6>j
Xmcäjmtrk hm çuhok4 fuzo`g
2
Gtorghkr
+ = (Vmpgrk Jmlæ`olk) \gcvm k lkrpk ku pmeum ikek m tkjm 7h7> hje. pkr tur`k.
\o`gcozghkr
2=
7h7>
=j 7>j 6> 6>j
\o`gcozghkr hm gctg o`tm`sohghm4 Yosêvmc 6 g 6= aj hm hostæ`log.
Mspujg
65=
@/H
\mj sgcvgr
37j =j 7>j
Mspujg hm m`hurmlojm`tk rçpohk4
7>
Vmtgrhg`tm hm ikek.
7
^khm `meklogr 7JHJE pgrg `gvoks
Lkrpk / o`sto`tk sgcvgj pgrg mvotgr
^ostkcg
ku iolgr prmsk. Lkfmrturgs hm mspujg =j¶.
Irge
5>
7h7>
6>j j 8>j
Erm`ghm
Jìk
6=>
7h7>
Lgusg hg`k g tkhks mj uj rgok hm 7=j.
(ku jgos sm o`tmr`k).
∐
Gpm`gs LWL
\kchghkr
Mjosskr hm uctrg lgckr4 lkrtg gs mlcusgs hm gr / pmsghk
pkrtgs. -7> vs. Grjkr \gvm Cgsmr
7.6>>
Lkrtghkr
^ostkcg hm prmeks
^ucsk
6=j 6=>j 5>>j
7h% ku 7JHJE
7=> 7.9>>
6h7> =h7>
Voicm
Hkfrk
hg`k Hkfrk
hg`k
37j =j 7>j
Cmvg 7 rkhghg pgrg rmlgrrmegr 9
Cmvg 7 bkrg pgrg rmlgrrmegr hm
m`trm ks torks.
ujg ik`tm hm m`mreog ku 9 bkrgs skf g cuz hk skc.
^rmeks ^msghks4 -7> vs. \gcvgjm`tk
j
Vkhghgs hm iüsikrk.
7 (< (
Fgtmr-
6j j 76=j
Ao`mto-scues4 -= vs. Grjkr \gvm.
2
7>j j 7>>j
Jolrkiocgjm`tk4 =>>j.
7
fgoxg Voeeo`e
6h7>
Mjpgcgr.
Xropck
^ostkcg
Hoiêloc hm lkrtgr.
hg`k.
Grpìk rmtrçtoc4 lkrpk / o`sto`tk sgcvg ku tkr`g-sm mjgrg`bghk. Igz uj mxtrg + 7h7> hm hg`k qug`hk g egrrg ï puxghg pgrg ikrg hk gcvk.
Fosturo
=>
7h7>
+ 7h7>
HJE m
Gpm`gs LWL
@/H
@/H
+ 7> (lorureog)
^mriurgåìk hm grjghurg4 -7> vs.
76
\ostmjg \jgrt-co`a4 +7>
sg`erg`hk O`tmcoem`tm
76.>>>
7h7>
x< HJE
6=j 6>>j =>>j
Voicm
(Lkjfgtm sm mstovmr usg`hk B]H).
\gcvgjm`tk hm grjghurg
Mspmltrkslüpok4 Yosìk @ktur`g / Xïrjolg
\JE
7.6>>
8h7>
Gtkrhkgr
77=
7h7>
7>j 5=j 7=>j \mj sgcvgr
Gpm`gs LWL
Xktgcjm`tm gutkjgtozghk.
7 (=)
@/H
@/H
Fgstìk
Xrg`q
7 rkhghg.
2=>
@/H
\mj sgcvgr
5=
6h7>
Bgla kii
6j 7>j 6>j
^ostkcg
Yofmlbmtm
Hmim`hg k lkrpk ku ioqum gtkrhkghk pkr
jmjfrk
Gpm`gs LWL
Xrg`q Hgrts
9
Lkrpk Q+Z sgcvgr ku lgor o`lk`slom`tm pkr 7h7> rkhghgs. ^khm o`vghor egcbks ku ickrmstg hm`sg, jgs `ìk pkrtgs hm jmtgc, mlcusgs hm gr, mtl.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm grjgs `g pçeo`g 2.
LK@XMÔHK LVOGÅÌK HM ^MV\K@GEMJ ........................... 7 VMEVG\ FÇ\OLG\ ........................................... <
LK@XVGXG@HK JMVLM@ÇVOK\ ..........................67.7 67 Mstgtêstolgs hks jmrlm`çroks .................................
Dkeg`hk ks hghks ................................... ................ ....................... .... .< O`lk`sloä`log m jkrtm ......... .............. 7>.8
GVJG\ ............................................ 77 Grjgs .............................................. 77.7 Ju`oåýms. ......................................... 77.6 Gclg`lm ....... ........................................... 76.7 Kfdmtovk ..... ............................................ 76.6 Vmlgrrmeg`hk .... ......................................... 76.< Grjgs gutkjçtolgs ...... ......................... 76.8 Bgfocohghms hm grjgs mspmlogos ..................... ..76.=
Wug`tk lustgj ks jmrlm`çroks; ....... ..... 67.6 Ks jmrlm`çroks pkhmj sufor hm `êvmc; ...................... 67.< Jmrlm`çroks mj lkjfgtm ............. .............. 67.8 Xgfmcg hm Lustk hk Jmrlm`çrok ............................... 66
Jmrlm`gry \luj Xgfcm .............................. 6< Xgfmcg hm Jktovgåìk hk Jmrlm`çrok ...................... 68
M\XVM\\M ................................................. 6= Lkjk mu eg`bk mstrmssm; ............................ 6=.7 Lkjk igåk pgrg gcovogr k mstrmssm; ......................... 6=,6
^Æ@OLK M VM\KCYMV ................................. 69 K qum ï ujg vmroiolgåìk hm pæ`olk; ......................... 69.7 Wug`hk hmvk rkcgr k ^g`ol; ....................... 69.6 Vmskcvmr ......................... ........................ 69,<
YOGEMJ M\^GLOGC, B_^MV\^GLM ................. 65 Wug`tk tmjpk cmvg; ........................... 65.7 Dujp Hrovms m bopmrmspgåk ............ ... 65.6 ^kssk lkjg`hgr jmu prüprok `gvok; ................... 65.< Lcgssms hm `gvok fçsolgs ........................... ...... 65.8 Lkjprg`hk uj `gvok ........................................ 65.= Vmgfgstmlojm`tk .............................................. 65.9 Gtugcozgåýms & Vmpgrks ............................... 62.7 XGFMCG HM LCG\\M\ FÇ\OLG\ HM @GYOK ................... 62
^VKDMXK HK @GYOK ........................................ Grjgs hk `gvok .................................... .< LKJFGXM @GYOK G @GYOK ......................... pgrg lghg mstgtêstolg m, mj smeuohg, rmeostrgr ks rmsuctghks mj krhmj, lkjmåg`hk lkj Ikråg, m`tìk Ymcklohghm, O`tmcmltk, m io`gcjm`tm
Lkjfgtm. ]jg mstgtêstolg hm ï g jïhog, jgs `ìk sm prmklupm juotk lkj smus `ôjmrks gekrg. 00 Cmog jgos skfrm Mstgtêstolgs `g pçeo`g 8.6.
7.6 M\LKCBG ]JG LCG\\M M KF\MVYM \M]\ \GCYK\ O@OLOGO\ Mstgs sìk gs qugtrk lcgssms fçsolgs mj @gvm-jìm4
± ± ±
Xmgjstmrs sìk g turfucm`tg mquopm m ks trgfgcbghkrms `k mspgåk. \m Vopcmy hmGcom`s ï k smu bmrüo, m`tìk vklä vgo qumrmr dkegr lkj uj lgjo`bk`mork. Lom`tostgs sìk jïholks, pmsquosghkrms ku qugcqumr pmsskg qum qumorg gfror gcom`êem`gs (ku jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk o`imltghks) lkj uj fosturo. G`hrkohs sìk ujg ghoåìk gtmrrkrozg`tm m mjklok`g`tm pgrg
qugcqumr tropucgåìk. Mcms tm`hmj g m`mrvgr kutrks dkeghkrms lkj sug hmsujg`ohghm irog.
±
iuzocmorks `gvgos mstìk gquo pgrg gtorgr mj o`smtks m jgslgr lbolcmtm. Mcms sìk ôtmos mj ujg cutg m fk`s qug`hk gerupghks, jgs smjprm qum uj iuzocmork `gvgc m`trg mj pæ`olk, pkhm lgusgr prkfcmjgs pgrg k rmstk hg tropucgåìk.
Lkckqum uj ∔ `k lêrluck glojg hg lcgssm qum vklä mslkcbmu. Lghg lcgssm tmj smu prüprok lkjmåk\gcvgr lkjmåk \gcvgr vgckrms qum rmprmsm`tgj k quìk rmsostm`tms mcms sìk g hoimrm`tms topks hm trgujg, pmroek ku hg`k. Yklä tmj qugtrk sgcvgjm`tks hoimrm`tms4\g`ohghm, hoimrm`tms4 \g`ohghm, jmhk, lkrpk, m Grjghurgs. Ks sgcvgjm`tks o`ologos dç mstìk prmm`lbohks pgrg vklä mj lo`zg lcgrk `gs lgoxgs gprkproghgs. 00 Cmog jgos skfrm \gcvg `g pçeo`g 5.
rmcmvg`tms qum ks gduhgrìk g tmr uj jmcbkr hmsmjpm`bk mj hoimrm`tms hmsgioks. Gcïj hossk, lghg lcgssm tmj uj `ôjmrk hm pk`tks pgrg egstgr mj Bgfocohghms hurg`tm g lrogåìk hk pmrsk`gemj. Egstm tkhks ks smus pk`tks hm bgfocohghm gekrg, tm`hk mj jm`tm4
± ± ± ±
Bgfocohghms trmo`ghgs lustg 7 pk`tk. Bgfocohghms mspmlogcozghgs lustg 6 pk`tks.
Bgfocohghms hm jmstrm lustg < pk`tks. ^grg kftmr ujg bgfocohghm hm mspmlogcostg ku jmstrm, vklä hmvm projmork kftmr ujg hm sugs bgfocohghms hm prï-rmquosotk. 00 Cmog jgos skfrm bgfocohghms `g pçeo`g =.
7.8 G@KXM LKJK \]G LCG\\M COHGV LKJ M\XVM\\M M ^Æ@OLK Lghg lcgssm cohg lkj Mstrmssm m ^æ`olk hoimrm`tmjm`tm, qum m`trgrç mj dkek jgos tgrhm `k dkek. Yç mj irm`tm m jgrqum gs rmergs mspmlogos hm sug lcgssm lkj uj ∔ pgrg rmimrä`log iuturg. 00 Cmog jgos skfrm \trmss & ^g`ol `gs pçeo`gs 6=-69.
7.= M\LKCBG ]J CKGHK]X O@OLOGC M VKCK] ]J XVO@AMX & ^GXLB GCMGXÜVOK\ Mxostmj qugtrk pglktms hm mquopgjm`tks o`ologos hoimrm`tms pgrg mslkcbmr. Mcms mstìk gquo pkr lk`vm`oä`log, pgrg qum vklä `ìk prmlosm egstgr juotk tmjpk igzm`hk lkjprgs g`tms hm k dkek lkjmågr. Vkcm tgjfïj pgrg uj Xro`amt m ^gtlb gcmgtüroks hgs pçeo`gs 72-7?. \mu tro`amt m pgtlb `ìk täj `m`buj soe`oiolghk jmlæ`olk, jgs pkhmj cbm hgr ujg ohmog hm lkjk ï smu pmrsk`gemj. \ug grjghurg tgjfïj vgo jmcbkrgr sug hmimsg hm grjghurg, qum vklä hmvm gtugcozgr gekrg. 00 Cmog jgos skfrm Grjkr `g pçeo`g 7=-79.
7.9 XKW]M\ HM GLGFGJM@XK ^rmm`lbg k smu \trmss (lkjmåg mj 6), Vmskcvmr (lkjmåg mj >), \gôhm jçxojg (x6 Ikråg), o`olog`hk Lrïhotks (=h7>x7>) m hä g so jmsjk uj `kjm (m ujg lcgssoiolgåìk, sm bkuvmr). Gekrg vklä mstç prk`tk pgrg dkegr sug projmorg smssìk smssìk hm@gvm-jìm!
g p o z z g .
p g r g d k e g r m k H o t m r k r g l g f g h m p m h o r
s m u s l r ï h o t k s o ` o l g o o s .M c g m s t ç p r k ` t g
H \ g m ô t m h I o r ` j m J g o ` ç c j g xo m å j ` ì k g t m m ,M , m
m ` t ì k m c g k f s m r v g o s s k t g
+ 5 % h m p r k t m å ì k h m g r j
k cr c g = h 7 > * 7 > p g r g
j f ï j .
h g u r g ( p g r g 8 6 ` k t k t g c ) ,
t s r m s s m m
g c p r m m ` l b m s u g
Y g l l s u o t h ç g m c g
f u e o e g ` e g g c m g t ü r g o m r m j m ` h k . \ m u
h m m s l g v g å ì k , m ` t ì k r r k c g p g r g u j g
h m p m å g s , m ` t ì k m c g p m e g k l g r r m e g j m ` t k
g f g ` h k ` g h g s m v g s u l c b g ` h k g s m j f u s l g
C o c o t b o j g e o ` g m s l g g v ` h k m s p g å k ` g v m s
M ` t ì k , m c g m s l k b c m s m u c k g h k g t o ` o l o g .c
I g c s t g i i ï ) .
I r g e g t g J o ` m o r g
Y ( p m b g r o g l c m q u \ p m p m l o k s g c s p o z g k r g r t o g q v` u k ` m e m ( g ï m r c s g o s m m s k s p r q l r m u m v l m m o k m s g r j ) m
I g c s t g i ,i
ï s m l b u ` g j g vo g m k ` h k , t ì h q k m u m m k c g u m t r s k l k d k c b e g m h G k s r t r h k o z e g q t u o k m `
J C b o c m o g f M t l b o æ c o j ` d h ç o g l h s m k t e .M m j m s c T . L u o g h k g q m r u k j , m m r E r - l k g c s g m g m V j s f m l m ` k r p o c b b g t m u k r k h ` g k m c o s r e u k k f , j r g m s
f k I l o X m ` p c ` gM ø r o r m o m g ` å ` t l s z m ì o j m u g g g ` k j s m ` s o s p m t p Y g ( l b m c mr k m i q m r g r c k u s , h g j m j s k c m b m m k u d g g r l o ) ç s r l o u h u h A
yc j g h t s g s g ` m g cv l c m m ì ` m l m h s g m g m t k l k j ì k r j h m r g k c m b s m k I = l g ` f o l m r r k d m m l r t u o i k c g o t c b y r h s k k , t s s g g g ) .M . ( s m u u j g c j g
m Y l s u g k m h c s k g ^ er M o j m l s M r o s o s s h j s m l m . r g t e m m g u v h o t m r o ê h m , s k g , m ` O ` t o , m l k t c g c m g l s m c 4 c I k g r r s ê k l r l c t k l r g k å c b u g 9 c m m k u s L , h 7 j . k g j > p l f g c g r g s g t s m m .
p g r g i g z m r q u g c q m u r r p m r e u ` t g s m
i p H k o o c r b z z m g g t h , m k r m ` m p t s ì m g r k t v s k m c g ` m k g m l m e ` p j t r u g m h m e k h k u p o s g m s m m h o ` c h g g m k u c j g g
M x m j p c k 4 C o c o t b g g p r r m l m u t g r h m m s m u
<
HGHK\, YMVOIOLGÅÝM\ HM M\XGXÊ\XOLG\, YG@XGEMJ M HM\YG@XGEMJ
@gvm-jìm dkeg lkjk juotks kutrks V^Es. Yklä m smus gjoeks sm rmô`mj, m uj hm vkläs, k Eugrhoìk, lrog (ku prmpgrku) uj lm`çrok pgrg k rmstk hm vkläs mxpckrgr m o`tmrgeor. Gs rmergs gfgoxk gduhgrìk g hmco`mgr gceu`s prklmhojm`tks pgrg cohgr lkj gs sotugåýms jgos
Mxostmj gceujgs lkosgs qum lkjujm`tm jkhoiolgj gs vmroiolgåýms hm mstgtêstolgs, g sgfmr4 sotuglok`gos Yg`tgem`s m hmsvg`tgem`s, glmrtks m igcbgs lrêtolgs, m smu
lkju`s qum suremj hurg`tm k dkek. ^grg tkhk k rmstk, k Hormtkr tmrç qum igzmr uj ducegjm`tk.
\OX]GLOK@GO\
s pgrg tkhks ks smus rkcks, `k m`tg`tk ueb, mcm ks usg hm < jg`morgs hoimrm`tms4
± xh7>4 Vkcm uj lmrtk `ôjmrk hm h7>s m ±
gholok`m-ks. 6h7> ikr`mlmrog uj `ôjmrk m`trm 6-6>. xh7>4 @ktm k sufco`bghk. Ossk soe`oiolg cg`ågr uj lmrtk `ôjmrk hm h7>s m skjç-cks m juctopcolgr k rmsuctghk pkr hmz. 6h7>
±
hgrog g vklä uj `ôjmrk m`trm 6>-6>>. \m vklä tmj uj lk`du`tk hm h7>s lkj gpm`gs hmzm`gs hm hêeotks, mcms sìk pmrimotks pgrg dkeghgs lkjk mssg. h%4 Vkcgr 7h7> m 7h7> m skjm-ks (cm`hk k rmsuctghk lkjk uj pmrlm`toc). Ossk hç g vklä uj `ôjmrk m`trm >-??. Yklä vgo prmlosgr hm hkos lk`du`tks hm h% hghks qum vklä pkhm hozmr
Bgfocohghms.
hugs vmzms m mslkcbmr k jgokr cg`ågjm`tk. 7h7> Q-Z Mstrmssm soe`oiolgrog cg`ågr 7h7> hugs vmzms m mslkcbmr k jm`kr cg`ågjm`tk. Fkhy Q+Z sgvm soe`oiolgrog cg`ågr h% hugs vmzms m
mslkcbmr k jmcbkr (emrgcjm`tm jm`kr) cg`ågjm`tk.
± \m vkläs hkos igcbgrmj, g sotugåìk pokrg m jgos lkjpcolghk hm gceujg ikrjg pgrg vkläs hkos. Gs vmroiolgåýms kpkstgs `ìk prmlosgj m`vkcvmr gs jmsjgs mstgtêstolgs, ku jmsjk mstgtêstolgs. Mcms tgjfïj pkhmj usgr \gcvg. ]j lgsk fçsolk smrog ujg lkrrohg pgrg vmr qumj lbmeg projmork g ujg mlcusg hm gr - gjfgs gs pgrtms igzmj uj tmstm rmsostohk hm Ymcklohghm. Jgs vklä tgjfïj pkhm tm`tgr m`eg`gr ujg lrogturg pgrg qum gtgqum `g hormåìk mrrghg igzm`hk uj tmstm kpkstk hm O`tmcmltk vs. Lkjfgtm (ku jmsjk Ymcklohghm vs. Lkjfgtm). 00 Cmog jgos skfrm \gcvg `g pçeo`g =.
8.7 GLM\\K\ M IGCBG\ LVÊXOLG\ @mssm ôctojk mxmjpck, jkstrgjks k qum igcbg lrêtolg iko g`tms hm mxpcolç-ck pgrg ocustrgr
lkjk îs vmzms`mj k `ôjmrk jgos uj tmstm Hmsvg`tgemj smjprm ï kgctk pokrmj `ôjmrk g smmj kftmr. M`tìk, vgjks vkctgr m mxpcolgr4 \mjprm qum vklä rkcgr hkfrg `k g`ô`lok% rkcc (pkr mxmjpck, ==,
66, ??), mssm rkck ï k qum lbgjgjks hm lrêtolk. \m k tmstm iko uj sulmssk, lbgjgjks ossk hm ekcpm lrêtolk. Yklä tmj juotk sulmssk @k m`tg`tk, sm k rmsuctghk iko
Mxmjpck4 Jgrckwm, uj g`hrüohm gstrk`øjolk, mstç m`irm`tg`hk uj m`ckuqumlohk o`vgskr hk Yçluk. Gjfks mstìk hmsgrjghks, jgs m`trm mcms mstç uj roicm hm pucsk. G vmcklohghm hm Jgrckwm `ìk ï tìk gctg, jgs smu o`tmcmltk ï. Mcm hmlohm qum lkjpmtor lkj k o`vgskr pmcg grjg `ìk ï sug jmcbkr kpåìk. Mj vmz hossk, mcm qumr igzmr lkj qum k o`vgskr pm`sm qum orç gtrçs hg grjg m, mj vmz hossk, mcm qumr or pgrg g vçcvucg hm cofmrgåìk hm mjmreä`log `g mlcusg hm hmslkjprmssìk, qum orç hmsprmssurozgr g lgfo`m m suegr k o`vgskr pgrg k Ygzok qum mcms tg`tk hmsmdgj. K Hormtkr pm`sg qum mstg ï ujg skcuåìk juotk o`tmrmssg`tm m m`tìk hmlohm qum mstm smrç uj tmstm rmsostohk, lkcklg`hk k O`tmcmltk hm Jgrckwm lk`trg k O`sto`tk hk o`vgskr (O`sto`tk ï ujg mstgtêstolg gfrg`em`tm qum gpm`gs
jmu usk, cmog jgos skfrm
k`hm vklä `ìk gpm`gs mxmlutg
`tmccmlt ï =6, m`qug`tk k ï . Ks hkos cg`ågj uj ?, uj sulmssk!
ujg tgrmig, jgs pkhm o`lkrrmr
y, k o`vgskr kftmvm kftmvm uj 6>,
mj pm`gcohghms, lkjpcolgåýms ku
m`tìk uj sulmssk, jgs tgjfïj kcc qum k hm Jgrckwm. G smeuor vgo pgrg g lgsg hm Jgrckwm m hmoxg g grjg k`hm vgo pgrg g lgsg hm Jgrckwm
lbgjghk hm igcbg lrêtolg, uj
gtï jmsjk hg`ks lkjk rmsuctghk ]j rmsuctghk hm >> ï smjprm uj glmrtk lrêtolk m uj rmsuctghk hm ?? ï smjprm ujg igcbg lrêtolg.
= BGFOCOHGHM\
Bgfocohghms rmprmsm`tgj k lk`bmlojm`tk glujucghk, bgfocohghm, tïl`olgs m trmo`gjm`tk qum vklä pkssuo. \mjprm qum vklä igz uj tmstm hm mstgtêstolgs m tmj ujg bgfocohghm rmcmvg`tm, vklä gholok`g smu fø`us hm bgfocohghm î sug mstgtêstolg, hg`hk-cbm uj `ôjmrk jgokr pgrg rkcgr. Lghg gucg lkjmåg lkj gceu`sBgfocohghms gceu`s Bgfocohghms m eg`bg jgos sufo`hk hm `êvmc. 00 Cmog jgos skfrm lkjk sufor hm `êvmc `g pçeo`g 66.
Mxostmj qugtrk lcgssoiolgåýms hm bgfocohghms hoimrm`tms qum hmtmrjo`gj k qug`tk vklä sgfm skfrm uj hmtmrjo`ghk gssu`tk4
±
@ìk trmo`ghk (fø`us hm bgfocohghm4 + >%)4 Yklä tmj pkulg ku `m`bujg mxpmroä`log `mstm lgjpk m `ìk rmlmfm `m`buj fø`us. Hmpm`hm`hk hm quìk lkjpcmxg ï g tgrmig, vklä pkhm rkcgr lkj Hmsvg`tgemj.
± Xrmo`ghk (fø`us hm bgfocohghm4 + 7>%)4 Yklä rmlmfmu trmo`gjm`tk pghrìk `mstg çrmg mquovgcm`tm g uj hopckjg hm fglbgrmc ku trmo`gjm`tk prçtolk pkr gceu`s g`ks.
±
Mspmlogcostg (fø`us hm bgfocohghm4 + 7=%)4 @mstg hoslopco`g, vklä tmj k mquovgcm`tm g uj hkutkrghk ku juotks g`ks hm mxpmroä`log.
± Jmstrm (fø`us hm bgfocohghm4 + 6>%)4 Yklä ï uj hks cujo`grms hg çrmg m lk`bmlm tïl`olgs hm pk`tg ku o`ikrjgåýms gctgjm`tm mspmlogcozghgs m hm `olbk. Xkhgs gs bgfocohghms lkjmågj lkjk @ìk trmo`ghgs, k qum soe`oiolg qum vklä `ìk tmj g bgfocohghm. Gk igzmr ujg Bgfocohghm Xrmo`ghg, vklä hmsfckqumog Bgfocohghms hm Mspmlogcostg m Jmstrm. Gfgoxk mstç ujg costg o`lkjpcmtg hm bgfocohghms. Xrgfgcbm lkj smu Hormtkr pgrg lrogr `kvgs m o`tmrmssg`tms Bgfocohghms pkr jmok hk dkek m hk hmsm`vkcvojm`tk hm smu prüprok lg`tk mslurk hg egcçxog.
BGFOCOHGHM\ XVMO@GHG\
±
Grqumkckeog4 Lucturgs g`toegs m smus grtmigtks
±
Grtm4 G mxprmssìk ku gpcolgåìk hg lgpglohghm lrogtovg m ojgeo`gåìk hm ujg mspïlom
±
Gtcmtosjk4 Mspkrtms iêsolks m dkeks
± ±
Fokckeog4 Mstuhk hg vohg
Wuêjolg4 G ohm`toiolgåìk hm
±
± ±
lkjputghkrms m rmhms
± ±
±
mjmreä`log m trgtgjm`tk
±
Emkckeog4 Gs lgrgltmrêstolgs sücohgs hm
qugcqumr pcg`mtg tmrrmstrm ku sgtïcotm `gturgc
±
Jgquo`çrok pmsghk4 Kpmrgåìk m
usk hm mquopgjm`tks hm erg`hm
±
±
Bohrkpk`og4 Luctovk hm pcg`tgs mj skcuåýms `utrotovgs smj skck (luctovk `k mspgåk)
± ±
Co`euêstolg4 Mstuhk hg co`eugemj Jgtmjçtolg4 G loä`log hks `ôjmrks, qug`tohghm m mspgåk.
±
Vmpgrk Jmlæ`olk4 Lk`smrtg`hk
jçquo`gs qumfrghgs
±
Jostolosjk4 Gprmm`sìk msporotugc hm lk`bmlojm`tk kluctk
^ocktgemj4 Kpmrgåìk m lk`trkcm hm
±
^gtkckeog4 Mstuhk hg lgusg m mimotk hg hkm`åg
Vojwosm4 Lkcø`ogs hm fkrhg mxtmr`g m ±
Cojpg`hk4 ^rklurg`hk
±
Xmkckeog4 Mstuhk hm rmcoeoìk
±
Tmrk-E4 Xrgfgcbg`hk mj uj
gsporghkr, vgllsuots, mtl.
MR ^MVX \AOCC\
±
jo`mrgåìk hm gstmrüohms
±
Gstrkegtok`4 @gvmegåìk `k mxtmrokr
± ±
±
M`em`bgrog4 prkdmtk, lk`struåìk m usk hm jktkrms, jçquo`gs m mstruturgs Mxpcksovks4 Fkjfgs m
Mspmlogcozgåìk mj vmêlucks4 Lcgssm
JG BGFOCOHGHM\ HM \XMV
±
±
lkrpk, cutg lkrpk g lkrpk
±
Xçtolgs4 Jg`kfrg`hk ikrågs
mspmlêiolg hk vmêluck
Fktæ`olg4 K mstuhk hg vohg vmemtgc Lkjfgtm g lurtg hostæ`log4 Lkrpk g
^solkckeog4 K mstuhk hk
jocotgrms mj fgtgcbg
mspgåk
± ±
Iêsolg4 Mstuhk hg `gturmzg m prkpromhghms hg jgtïrog m m`mreog ^cg`mtkckeog4 Mstuhk hm pcg`mtgs m kutrks lkrpks lmcmstms lkjpkrtgjm`tk m hg jm`tm bujg`g
Jo`mrgåìk hm gstmrüohms4 Xrmo`gjm`tk `gs imrrgjm`tgs m prklmhojm`tks prklmhojm`tks usghks `g
pkrtm (euo`hgstms, mxksuots, mjpocbghmorgs, mtl.)
fçsolk pghrìk hghk g tkhks ks jocotgrms
rmsêhuks hmslgrtghks pgrg otm`s ôtmos
Horoeo`hk4 Kpmrgåìk m lk`trkcm hm vmêlucks jktkrozghks ^rojmork sklkrrk4 Luohghks jïholks hm
Jk`tgemj hk dôro4 Vmpgrks ojprkvosghks
pgrtms hmlghm`tms hg egcçxog
lkjpkstk Lkjputghkrms4 ]sk icum`tm hm
±
gmrk`gvms m mspgåk`gvms
gs sufstæ`logs hgs qugos g jgtïrog ï ±
±
Xrmo`k jocotgr4 Xrmo`gjm`tk
±
O`tmcoeä`log grtoiologc4 Lk`bmlojm`tk hk sojucglrk hm bujg`k
lk`sloä`log Lkjg`hk4 Cohmrg`åg m gutkrohghm Lofmr`ïtolg4 O`tmriglm m`trm bkjmj m jçquo`g
± ±
Bopmrmspgåk4 Yogemj jgos rçpohg qum g cuz
hospksotovks o`lm`hoçroks
Vkfütolg4 ^rkdmtk m kpmrgåìk hm rkføs, hrk`ms m g`hrüohms
±
Grjgs hm ikek4 Grjgs m smu usk
±
\kik`tkckeog4 ^solkckeog gcom`êem`g
±
Em`ïtolg4 Bmrmhotgromhghm m
±
Mspmlogcozgåìk mj grjg4
Rm`kfokckeog4 Fokckeog gcom`êem`g
Grjgjm`tk4 Grjgjm`tk hm `gvm mstmcgr
± ±
± ±
g vgrogåìk hgs lgrgltmrêstolgs bmrhghgs Bglao`e4 Glmssk `ìk gutkrozghk g
sostmjgs hm lkjputghkr
^rkioloä`log lkj ujg grjg mspmlêiolg
Rm`kmsktmrosjk4 Jostolosjk, rmcoeoìk m lrm`åg gcom`êem`g kfslurg
XVMO@GHK\ + 7>%
M\^MLOGCO\XG + 7=%
JG\XMV + 6>%
CO@E]Ê\XOLG
^\OLKCKEOG
\KIK@XKCKEOG
FOKCKEOG
EM@ÏXOLG
RM@KFOKCKEOG
^VOJMOVK \KLKVVK
^GXKCKEOG
LOV]VEOG
BOHVK^Ø@OLG
FKXÆ@OLG
EMKCKEOG
^CG@MXKCKEOG
TMVK-E
G\XMVÜOHM JO@MVGÅÌK
\LGYM@EO@E
DÔVO VOEEO@E
LOFMV@ÏXOLG
^M\GHK JGW]O@GVOG
M@EM@BGVOG
VKFÜXOLG
LKJ^]XGHKVM\
BGLAO@E
GVXOIOLOGC O@XMCOEÄ@LOG
JMLÆ@OLK
YMÊL]CK M\^MLOGCOTGÅÌK
LKJG@HK
^OCKXK
G\XVKEGÅÌK
B_^MV\^GLM
JGXMJÇXOLG
IÊ\OLG
VM^GVGV
HOVOEO@HK
GVXM
GVW]MKCKEOG
JO\XOLO\JK
XMKCKEOG
XÇXOLG\
JOCOXGVM\ XVMO@GJM@XK
RM@KM\KXMVOLO\JK
GVJGJM@XK
VOJUO\M
GVJG\ HM IKEK
GXCMXO\JK
^VÜROJK\ W]GVXK\
W]ÊJOLG
MR^CK\OYK\
LKJFGXM
GVJG M\^MLOGCOTGÅÌK
5
\GBY L LVOGÅÌK HM GMV\GLXMV LVOGÅÌK Juotgs vmzms mj @gvm-jìm vklä `ìk tmrç lk`trkcm skfrm k qum glk`tmlm lkj vklä. Kreg`osjks mstrg`bks orìk gtglgr ku o`vghor smu lkrpk. Bkrrkrms gtmrrkrozg`tms orìk surprmm`hä-ck hk `ghg. Yklä m`lk`trgrç ku sm tkr`grç lom`tm hm gceuj lk`bmlojm`tk g`toek qum mstç gcïj hm sug lkjprmm`sìk. \mjprm qum mssm topk hm lkosg
^grg igzmr uj \gvm, rkcm k g`ô`lok% oeugc ku gfgoxk hg sug
glk`tmlm, vklä rkcg uj\gcvgr. Mssgs prktmåýms rmprmsm`tgj k quìk rmsostm`tm vklä ï g hoimrm`tms topks hm pmroeks m hg`ks.
(`k lgsk hm igcbg `k sgcvgjm`tk).
5.7 \GCYG Yklm tmj qugtrk \gcvg4 \g`ohghm, Jmhk, Lkrpk, m Grjghurgs.
± \g`ohghm ï g sug lgpglohghm hm mxpcolgr o`lk`sostä`logs cüeolgs `k u`ovmrsk, rglok`gcozgr m hgr sm`tohk gk lgks, hmtmltgr ocusýms m jojmtosjk m pm`sgr rgpohgjm`tm skf prmssìk.
±
Jmhk ï lkjk vklä pkhm cohgr fmj lkj trgujgs mjklok`gos m gfrg`em `ìk gpm`gs k jmhk, jgs tgjfïj g skcohìk, g hmprmssìk ku qugcqumr kutrg k`hg mjklok`gc.
± Lkrpk sìk smus rmicmxks m lkjk vklä lk`smeum rmsostor î ikjm, îs hkm`ågs ku g qugcqumr kutrk kreg`osjk qum pkssg tm`tgr o`vghor smu o`tmrokr.
± grjghurgs ï k quìk rmsostm`tm vklä ï gks hg`ks skirohks hurg`tm k lkjfgtm, smdg pkr jmok hm fgcgs, egrrgs, hm`tms, mtl. \gcvgs `ìk sìk dkeghgs qum vklä igz hm fkg vk`tghm (lkjk qug`hk vklä usg sug Ikråg pgrg gfror ujg mlcusg hm gr mjpmrrghg). Yklä igz tmstms hm sgcvgjm`tk qug`hk gcek ruoj pkhm glk`tmlmr lkj vklä m vklä prmlosg hmslkfror sm rmsostm g ossk.
pk`tugåìk \gvm (gssoj lkjk lkj ujg vmroiolgåìk hm mstgtêstolgs). \m
vklä igcbgr mj smu sgcvgjm`tk, vklä eg`bgrç 7h7> (ku jgos)
Mstrmssm. Gcïj hossk, vklä pkhm skirmr gceujg kutrg lk`smquä`log, lkjk rmlmfmr hg`k (`k lgsk hm igcbg `k tmstm hm grjghurg) ku lk`trgor uj vêrus jkrtgc
\m vklä igcbgr lrotolgjm`tm mj uj sgcvgjm`tk, vklä tmrç qum igzmr uj
^g`ol Vkcc. Vkcgr uj glmrtk lrêtolk, `k m`tg`tk, pkhm soe`oiolgr ujg erg`hm vgromhghm hm lkosgs, hmpm`hm`hk hk lk`tmxtk. ]j glmrtk lrêtolk mj uj tmstm hm \g`ohghm pkhm lk`lmhmr jgos o`ikrjgåýms skfrm k mstrg`bk grtmigtk gcom`êem`g qum vklä m`lk`trku ku, `k lgsk hm uj tmstm hm grjghurg, hgr g vklä g lbg`lm hm lk`trg-gtglgr. Xkhks mssms lgsks, mj ôctojg g`çcosm, hmpm`hmj hk Hormtkr. 00 Cmog jgos skfrm \trmss m ^æ`olk `gs pçeo`gs 6=-69. Mxmjpck4 Gk o`vmstoegr g lgusg hm ujg lkcø`og hm jo`mrgåìk rmlm`tmjm`tm gfg`hk`ghg, Cocotb m Gfmc m`lk`trgj uj m`krjm grtmigtk gcom`êem`g. K grtmigtk `ìk prkdmtg skjfrg m hmpkos hm tklç-ck, Cocotb m Gfmc sìk surprmm`hohks pkr hkos mstrg`bks mj trgdms vglo`gos. Ks mstrg`bks tgjfïj sìk surprmm`hohks pkr Cocotb m Gfmc, m hmpkos hm torgrmj smus lgpglmtms, iolg lcgrk k pkrquä - mcms sìk Cocotb m Gfmc. K Hormtkr pmhm sgcvgjm`tks hm \g`ohghm hm Cocotb (\g`ohghm ) m Gfmc (\g`ohghm 6=). Cocotb rkcg 59, uj irglgssk. K Hormtkr hmtmrjo`g qum mcg eg`bgrç 7h7> hm Mstrmssm lkj k lbkqum. Gfmc, `k m`tg`tk, `ìk sgo gssoj tìk içloc. Mcm rkcg uj .< m 6=.6.
hmsvg`tgemj pgrg tkhks ks tmstms.
2.8 EG@BG@HK LVÏHOXK\ Jê`ojk `u pgrg skfrmvovmr, vklä vgo prmlosgr 7 cotrk hm çeug pkr hog. @k m`tg`tk, `mstm `êvmc, qugcqumr gtovohghm mxtm`ug`tm (lkjk lkrrmr, lkjfgtmr ku igzmr rmpgrks jmlæ`olks) orç ikråç-ck g igzmr uj sgcvgjm`tk hm Lkrpk ku hmsjgogr. Wug`hk g çeug ï mslgssg m vklä mstç rgstrmg`hk hm pmrtk, vklä mstç mj hmsvg`tgemj pgrg tkhks ks tmstms.
Xuhk `g `gvm-jìm, hmshm lkjfustêvmc gtï lkjohg, grjgs m ju`oåýms, lustg lrïhotks. ^kssuor ujg `gvm mstmcgr ï ujg prkpkstg lgrg. Gquo mstìk gceujgs lkosgs qum vklä pkhm igzmr pgrg eg`bgr lrïhotks4 VKCGV
2.< KROEÄ@OK @k mspgåk, vklä pkhm hurgr 7= smeu`hks smj kxoeä`ok g`tms hm lgor o`lk`slom`tm. Hmpkos hm hmsjgogr, vklä pkhm skfrmvovmr pkr m hovohg pmck `ôjmrk hm bujg`ks vovks g fkrhk (ks g`hrüohms `ìk prmlosgj hm kxoeä`ok pgrg rmsporgr). Mstm ï k `ôjmrk hm hogs rmstg`tms hm kxoeä`ok rmsporçvmc pkr pmsskg. 00 Cmog jgos skfrm k hmsoe` hm `gvoks `gs pçeo`gs 6?-.
7 6 < 8 = 9 5 2 ? 7>
MJ^VMEK
Jo`g hm gstmrüohms (jo`ïrok, lkjfustêvmc `ìk rmio`ghk, jmtgc prmloksk) Xrg`spkrtm hm lgreg (jmrlghkrogs lkjmrlogos, jo`ïrok, suprojm`tks) Jm`sgem`s ojpkrtg`tms hk lkrrmok
Glkjpg`bgr pgssgemorks \ulgtg hm `gvm mspglogc gfg`hk`ghg Lk`trgfg`hmgr jmrlghkrogs (lk`trgfg`hk, hrkegs) O`vghor mjfgrlgåýms lkrpkrgtovgs
Jgpmom smtkrms hm mspgåk o`mxpckrghk Lgåg lrojo`ksks pmroeksks mj fuslg hm rmlkjpm`sgs Lkcmtm hghks em`ïtolks hm mspïloms hmslk`bmlohgs
? MH]LGÅGK MH]LGÅGK O\XMOK O\XMOK IO\OLG , X@]V@\, GLXOK@\, GXGLAO@E, LKYMV LK BGJVFGGLXX4 M\V]LVV VV VG
Lkjfgtm mj @gvm-jìm ï o`lrovmcjm`tm jkrtgc m emrgcjm`tm ï jmcbkr mvotgr lkjpcmtgjm`tm mj igvkr hm lkrrmr m sm mslk`hmr. Jgs `mssgs sotugåýms tmrrêvmos qug`hk vklä hmvm cutgr pkr sug vohg, mos k qum vklä igz4
?.7 YMVOIOLGV \]V^VM\G Îs vmzms, gs vçrogs lrogturgs, bkrrkrms m bgfotg`tms hm mspgåk`gvms bç juotk msqumlohgs orìk sm mseumorgr skfrm vklä g`tms hm sm hgrmj g lk`bmlmr - qug`hk ossk glk`tmlm, vklä rkcg uj Jmhk, sgcvk1 irglgssk soe`oiolg qum vklä sm tkr`ku tìk surprmsk qum vklä ï o`lgpgz hm geor pkr ujg rkhghg.
?.6 W]MJ YGO ^VOJMOVK; Hmpkos hm vmroiolgr sm bç surprmsg, vklä pkhm hmtmrjo`gr g krhmj hk tur`k. ^rojmork, vklä m smus lkjpg`bmorks hm tropucgåìk igzmj ujg vmroiolgåìk hm Ymcklohghm1 gqumcms qum pgssgj pkhmj geor g`tms hks o`ojoeks, gqumcms qum igcbgj, gemj hmpkos.K hmpkos.K sulmssk lrêtolk hç g vklä ujg gåìk mxtrg, m`qug`tk ujg igcbg lrêtolg k rmhuz g ujg gåìk. Ossk sm rmpmtm g lghg rkhghg. ^mrsk`gem`s lkj g Bgfocohghm hm Xçtolg pkhmj gholok`gr smu fø`us hm Bgfocohghm î sug Mstgtêstolg hm Ymcklohghm (m tgjfïj
Emrgcjm`tm, vklä pkhm cmvgr hugs gåýms soe`oiolgtovgs
pkr sug vmz. Mxmjpcks hm gåýms soe`oiolgtovgs sìk (Jgs `ìk cojotghk g)4
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
Gtglg`tm M`igoxg`hk ujg imrohg Ymroiolg`hk k hm gceuïj
± Lkrrm`hk / lgjo`bg`hk ± Dkeg`hk gcek ± ]sg`hk uj lkjputghkr tmrjo`gc (pmsquosm uj
so`gos votgos Hospgrg`hk hm uj vmêluck
hormtürok, m`vkcvmr
grjgs Jg`kfrg`hk uj vmêluck
gorcklas, m`vom uj so`gc hm sklkrrk,
Gfro`hk ujg mlcusg hm gr
lolck gtrgvïs hk LLXY
Kpmrg`hk ujg jçquo`g
læjmrgs, hmsgtovm g vohg
Vmlgrrmeg`hk ujg grjg
\upkrtm, mtl.)
Gåýms o`soe`oiolg`tms sìk lkosgs lkjk igcgr ku sm prktmemr (lkjk pgrtm hm ujg gåìk hm jkvojm`tk), kcbgr gk rmhkr, mtl. K Hormtkr hmlohorç `k io`gc hgs lk`tgs k qum lk`tg lkjk ujg gåìk soe`oiolgtovg ku o`soe`oiolg`tm, hghk k lk`tmxtk hm lghg sotugåìk mspmlêiolg.
?.= LKJK IGÅK ^GVG GXGW]M; K gtgqum ï uj topk mspmlêiolk hm gåìk soe`oiolgtovg, rmgcozghg rkcg`hk uj vmroiolgåìk kpkstg. @k lkjfgtm î hostæ`log, k gtglg`tm igz ujg Xmstm hm lkjfgtm lk`trg k hmim`skr Grjghurg sgcvg. \m k gtglg`tm ikr fmj-sulmhohk, mcm rkcg ks hghks hm hg`k hm sug grjg.
pkhmj hgr smu fø`us g kutrk dkeghkr). ^mrsk`gem`s lkj g
00 Cmog jgos skfrm grjgs `gs pçeo`gs 77-78.
Bgfocohghm hm Lkjg`hk, hä g tkhks ks jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk
K lkjfgtm klkrrm mj gjfks rkhghgs m vkctgs. ]JG
@k lkjfgtm g lurtg hostæ`log, k gtglg`tm igz uj tmstm hm lkjfgtm lkjk hm lkstujm, jgs k hmim`skr pkhm hmlohor sm hmsmdg sm kpkr g mssm tmstm lkj sug hmimsg hm grjghurg (pgrg sm hmim`hmr lk`trg k hg`k), kutrk tmstm hm lkjfgtm (pgrg lk`trg-gtgqum), ku uj sgcvgjm`tk hm
vorgr ï iklghk mj uj dkeghkr o`hovohugc, pmrsk`gemj `ìk-dkeghkr ku erupk hm o`ojoeks. ]JG grrmhk`hgr ï k tmjpk qum cmvg pgrg tkhks hgrmj ujg vkctg.
lkrpk (pgrg tm`tgr sgor hk LWL m iueor). \m hkos pmrsk`gem`s mstìk cutg`hk ku cutg`hk, ossk smrog uj tmstm rmsostohk hm Ikråg.
prüxojks smu fø`us hm Bgfocohghm `mssms tmstms.
?.< W]G@XK XMJ^K Ï ]JG YOVGEMJ;
00 Cmog jgos skfrm Ymroiolgåýms Kpkstgs `g pçeo`g 8.6.
Lghg rkhghg mquovgcm g gprkxojghgjm`tm hmz smeu`hks mj tmjpk rmgc, lkj g vmz hm lghg pmrsk`gemj glk`tmlm`hk gprkxojghgjm`tm hm`trk hmssm tmjpk, jgs `g krhmj hm tur`k (mj kpksoåìk g tkhgs hm ujg vmz). ^krtg`tk, gceuïj qum jkrrm g`tms hm sug vmz `ìk pkhm geor `g sug vmz.
?.9 VMLMFK ]J FØ@]\ HG LG^G; \m vklä sm mslk`hmr gtrçs hm ujg lkfmrturg qum mslk`hm pmck jm`ks jmtghm hm smu lkrpk, vklä eg`bg Yg`tgemj mj smus tmstms hm rmsostä`log hm Grjghurg lk`trg gtgqums î hostæ`log.
?.8 K W]M ^K\\K IGTMV @K JM] XKV@K;
?.5 W]G@XK ^K\\K JKYMV;
Wug`hk lbmegr g sug vmz, hoeg gk Hormtkr k qum vklä ekstgrog hm igzmr. K Hormtkr horç sm vklä pkhm igzmr tuhk hm ujg vmz ku sm cmvgrog vçroks tur`ks pgrg rmgcozgr tuhk k qum hmsmdg.
Yklä pkhm jkvmr jmtghm hm sug vmcklohghm mj jmtrks mj ujg gåìk hm jkvojm`tk (sug vmcklohghm tktgc mj jmtrks pgrg gjfgs gs gåýms). \m vklä mstovmr usg`hk ujg grjghurg pmsghg, lkjk uj Ygllsuot ku Ghvg`lmh Fgttcm Hrmss, vklä prmlosgrç igzmr uj tmstm hm Ikråg pgrg jkvmr tkhg g sug lktg1 igcbg soe`oiolg so e`oiolg qum vklä sm jkvm pmcg jmtghm (ku uj qugrtk hm sug Ymcklohghm mj jmtrks).
CKLGC HM BOX, HGJL 7>.7 CKLGC HM BOX @krjgcjm`tm `ìk ï `mlmssçrok, jgs sm sm tkr`gr ojpkrtg`tm, vklä pkhm usgr k hogergjg gfgoxk pgrg vmr k`hm uj pmrsk`gemj iko gto`eohk. Vkcgr –oeugcgr‚ soe`oiolg qum smu cghk msqumrhk iko
77>> MOGKX@ MOGKX@ GB EG,M]JG VBL MG XMCO@LE V YMVJMCBK @K B
pkhm lk`lmhmr Yg`tgemj gk smu lkrpk sgcvk m`qug`tk hmslg`sg. K Hormtkr, m`trmtg`tk, pkhm hmlohor qum tm`tgr hmslg`sgr mj lorlu`stæ`logs ghvmrsgs (lkjk sm mslk`hmr hm prmhghkrms) lk`imrm Hmsvg`tgemj gk tmstm hm lurg.Yklä lurg.Yklä sü pkhm sm lurgr hk hmslg`sk ujg vmz pkr hog.
gto`eohk, m`qug`tk rkcgr –prkfgfocohghms‚ soe`oiolg qum k cghk hormotk iko gto`eohk.
7>4 LGFMÅG
.8 O@LK@\LOÄ@LOG M JKVXM
74 V. CME
7>.6 HG@K\
\mjprm qum vklä gto`eor > hm Yohg, igåg uj sgcvgjm`tk hm Lkrpk4 Igcbg soe`oiolg qum vklä jkrrm. \ulmssk soe`oiolg qum vklä iolg o`lk`slom`tm m k Hormtkr igrç ujg dkeghg smlrmtg `g jmsg gfgoxk pgrg hmslkfror qug`hk vklä rmlupmrgr g lk`sloä`log. @krjgcjm`tm, uj jmjfrk hg tropucgåìk lkj uj jmhslg``mr pkhm hmtmrjo`gr sug lk`hoåìk. Gcïj hossk, lom`tostgs m g`hrüohms qum pgssgj pkr uj Xmstm hm o`tmcmltk emrgcjm`tm pkhm hozmr, gssoj lkjk qugcqumr kutrg pmsskg lkj ujg Bgfocohghm rmcmvg`tm, lkjk ^rojmorks \klkrrks ku Fokckeog.
\mjprm qum vklä pmrhm uj tmstm hm Lkjfgtm rmsostohk, vklä rmlmfm hg`k qum ï suftrgêhk hm sug \gôhm. Gcïj hossk, sm k glmrtk iko uj glmrtk lrêtolk, ku sm vklä rmlmfmr jgos hg`k hk qum g jmtghm hm sug sgôhm jçxojg mj uj glmrtk, vklä prmlosgrç igzmr ujVkck ujVkck hm pæ`olk.
VKCK ^GVG YKLÄ VML]^MVGV G LK@\LOÄ@LOG ...
Yklä mstç mj lkjg m lkj jkrtm lmrmfrgc. \kjm`tm
7
ju`hk hmspmrtk.
00 Cmog jgos skfrm \trmss m ^æ`olk `gs pçeo`gs 6=-69.
7>.< LKJK M] L]VG; \mjprm qum vklä tovmr g lbg`lm hm hmslg`sgr pkr pmck jm`ks smos bkrgs, smu lkrpk tm`tgrç lurgr sugs imrohgs `gturgcjm`tm. ^grg rmprmsm`tgr ossk, gk hmslg`sgr, vklä hmvm igzmr uj\gcvgjm`tk lkrpkrgc m sm tovmr sulmssk, vklä lurg sgôhm oeugc î qug`tohghm qum kftmvm. Mj lgsk hm igcbg, vklä `ìk lk`smeum lurgr sugs imrohgs `gturgcjm`tm. Mj ujg igcbg lrêtolg, smus imrojm`tks pokrgj m vklä pmrhm 7h7> pk`tks hm vohg. ]j glmrtk lrêtolk, m`trmtg`tk, hkfrg g qug`tohghm hm Yohg lurghg. Yçroks jmholgjm`tks tgjfïj pkhmj lurgr vklä m gceu`s `gvoks sìk mquopghks lkj Jmhfgys qum
jmhohgs mxtrgkrho`çrogs k cmvgrìk hm vkctg gk
Mj 7h7> hogs, lkj 7 \gôhm. -= Ikråg,
6-<
- = Ymcklohghm, -= O`tmcmltk (pmrhg pmrjg`m`tm). Hmsvg`tgemj mj tkhks ks tmstms pkr 7h7> hogs.
+ 7h7> Mstrmssm.
8-9
Mj 7h7> bkrgs. 7 sgôhm. -= Ikråg m -= Ymcklohghm (pmrhg pmrjg`m`tm). Hmsvg`tgemj mj tkhks ks tmstms pkr 7h7> bkrgs. +< \trmss.
5-?
Mj 7h7> jo`utks. 7 sgôhm. -= Ikråg (pmrhg pmrjg`m`tm). Hmsvg`tgemj mj tkhks ks tmstms pkr jo`utks. +6 \trmss.
7>
Ojmhogtgjm`tm. 7 sgôhm. Hmsvg`tgemj mj tkhks ks tmstms pkr 7h7> jo`utks. +7 \trmss.
777 7
UBMG L UBMG GV^G KL@ X\ MV MV 4 GLJ VMJ G] CGKO@ XXOK@ G Mj @gvm Jìm, k usk hgs grjgs m lkjk vklä mslkcbm usç-cgs sìk juotk ojpkrtg`tms. G ju`oåìk lkstujg smr rmsujohg mj sm ujg grjg pkhmrksg, `gs jìks hm uj pmrsk`gemj `ìk trmo`ghk m mj pæ`olk, pkhm rgpohgjm`tm trg`sikrjgr ujg sotugåìk gf mj uj hmsgstrm.
77.7 GVJG\ Mj @gvm-jìm vklä usg smu Lkjfgt \tgt hurg`tm g cutg. B ujg Bgfocohghm rmcmvg`tm, lkjk Grjgs hm Ikek ku Lkjfgtm g lurtg hostæ`log, emrgcjm`tm gujm`tgjks smu Lkjfgtm \ tmjpkrgrogjm`tm, hg`hk g vklä uj `ôjmrk gctk pgrg rkcgr. Gs grjgs hm ghoåìk emrgcjm`tm pkssumj bgfocohghms mspmlogos prüprogs, qum pkhmj gujm`tgr go`hg jgos sugs lbg`lms hm skfrmvovä`log.
77.6 J]@OÅÌK Lghg grjg hmtïj gceu`s torks, k qum rmprmsm`tg qug`tgs vmzms vklä pkhm hospgrgr g grjg qum vklä hmvm rmlgrrmegr. \mjprm qum usgr sug grjg, jgrqum qug`tks torks vklä hmoxku g`tms hm rmlgrrmegr. \mjprm qum vklä rmgcozgr ujg gåìk, rmsmrvm uj tmjpk pgrg jgrlgr qug`tgs lçpsucgs, fgcgs ku rmvostgs vklä hmoxku lkjk w @ktg skfrm g lk`tgfocohghm4 g jgokrog hgs pmsskgs rgstrmog ju`oåýms. Mj ôctojg g`çcosm, ï pgrg k Ugrhm` sm vklä rgstrmog uj ku `ìk, jgs pgrg dkeks krom`tghks pgrg g skfrmvovä`log, `üs k rmlkjm`hgjks. @ìk ï tg`tk smr "rmgcostg", jgs soj qum lkrrmr lkj ju`oåìk cmvg g tkhks ks topks hm dkek o`tmr`k, k`hm ks dkeghkrms prklurgj grjgs m ju`oåýms, ku ojprkvosgj grjgs g pgrtor hm kfdmtks m`lk`trghks, ku gtï jmsjk jmxmr mj sugs grjgs pgrg usgr g ju`oåìk mcms m`lk`trgj. ]sg`hk –fuccmt‚ t ku iolbgs hm pøqumr pgrg rmprmsm`tgr 7, =, ujg tglghg pkhm tkr`gr mssg lk`tgfocohghm jgos içloc `g jmsg, dç qum ks dkeghkrms sü prmlosgj g`ktgr lkj qum qug`tohghm lkjmågj ku tmrjo`gj ujg smssìk. Yklä tgjfïj pkhm usgr uj hghk pkcoïhrolk m gfgoxç-cks lk`ikrjm vklä hospgrg lghg tork.
7766
GVJG\4 VG@EM, VMCKGHLOB 7 IGORG grjg hm ck`ek gclg`lm tmj lurtk, jïhok m gclg`lm gsskloghks g mcg. Igoxg bkrt4 Grjgs hospgrg`hk hm`trk hmstg g`em (ku o`imrokr) `ìk skirmj `m`bujg pm`gcohghm `k Lkjfgt \tgt hk bkktmr. Hm jïhok gclg`lm4 Grjgs hospgrg`hk `mstg g`em lk`imrmj
ujg pm`gcohghm hm -7>% î mstgtêstolg hm lkjfgtm hk gtorghkr.
Egjg k`e4 Mstg ï g hostæ`log jçxojg qum g grjg pkhm gto`eor lkj miolçlog. @k vçluk hk mspgåk, ujg fgcg hospgrghg pkhm vogdgr ` hostæ`log o`hmio`ohg - jgs pkr lgusg hk g`mc mj ujg `gvm ku mj uj pcg`mtg, mstm ï k gclg`lm jçxojk hg grjg. Hospgrgr `mstg g`em lk`imrm Hmsvg`tgemj gk tmstm hm Lkjfgtm hk Gtorghkr. jpcm4 Gfmc mstç jorg`hk lkj smu Voicm O`tmcoem`tm mj uj mlm`çrok hmsk`mstk g 8=> j hm hostæ`log, mslk`hohk `g lrgtmrg hm uj rkoh. Gfmc mstç mjpkcmorghk `k tkpk hm ujg gctg lrostg m tmj uj fkj pk`tk hm ohghm `k jmrlm`çrok. K Lkjfgtm hm Gfmc tmj (vs. rmsostä`log hm grjghurg)4
\mu kpk`m`tm hmvm suftrgor 7> hm smu tmstm hm rmsostä`log hm Grjghurg gk rkcgr lk`trg mstg grjg.
7<
GVJG\4 GVJG\ HM LKJFGXM
Mspmltrkslüpok4 Yosìk @ktur`g / Xïrjolg
\ostmjg \jgrt-co`a4 + 7> (Lkjfgtm sm mstovmr usg`hk B]H).
Æjfotk tïrjolk4 Yosìk Xïrjolg
Vkhghgs hm pmriurgåìk hm grjghurg4 - 7> (lk`trg rmsostä`log hm grjghurg). x76 iktks pkr rmvostg
\A 7>? \MMAMV \J
7H]JG>7VX
VOICM HJE4 7H7> *
* Hg`k tropck mj glmrtks lrêtolks.
Cg`åghkr hm erg`ghgs hm fkjfg hm gåìk4
^kssuo 9 Irge Erm`ghms. I6> –ÇVFOXVK‚ ^]7muH\7M> VOICM HJE4 =H7>
Vkhghgs hm iüsikrk4 x6 hm hg`k mj glmrtk lrêtolk. 7 (j.
AG@K R? LK7J
H7F>@K \BKXE]@ HJE4 6H7> *
* 7/6 hm hg`k g jïhok gclg`lm. 7/8 hm hg`k g ck`eg hostæ`log.
\tkrjgssguct \cues4 Vmfgtohg gk glmrtgr.
A`klahkw` `k glmrtk lrêtolk. 8 torks pkr rmlgreg
GVJG 6? \]7 7
FHJ>GLBO@M E]@ HJE4 8H7>
Mstkqum hkfrçvmc4 ^mrjotm smeurgr lkj ujg jìk.
Hgrhks Xrg`q4 K gcvk hmvm igzmr uj
Vmvostg hm uctrg lgpglohghm4 7 (=) iktks pkr rmvostg. I@ –\C]E E]@‚ VMYÜCYMV HJE4
sgcvgjm`tk hm lkrpk mj
Yg`tgemj ku qumhg
^MGFKH_ \O@GCOTGHKV HJE4 7H7>
o`lk`slom`tm pkr 7h7> rkhghgs (rkcgemj smlrmtg).
9 iktks pkr rmvostg
Ao`mto-\cues4 A`klahkw` `k glmrtk lrêtolk. - = (vs. rmsostä`log hm grjghurg). 2 torks pkr rmlgreg
Icgrm hm gctg o`tm`sohghm4 Yosêvmc hog m `kotm g pgrtor hm 6=aj. ck`em. 6 torks pkr rmlgreg
H&L 5
^O\XKCG XVG@W]OCOTGHKVG HJE4 @ / G *
* Xmj pktm`logc pgrg hmoxgr k gcvk o`lk`slom`tm, lk`suctm k tmxtk mj lgoxg.
78
GVJG\4 GVJG\ M\^MLOGO\
Grpìk hm lgrfk`k rmtrçtoc4 ]sghk `g jo`mrgåìk. Gk smr gto`eohk, k gcvk hmvm sgcvgr k lkrpk ku iolgr mjpgtghk.
Jolrkiocgjm`tk4
Hmtïj 7 tork.
=>>j. Hoiêloc hm lkrtgr.
7HE7mu>@E E]@ HJE4 6H7> *
BG@-6?> MW]O^GJM@XK
* 7h 7h7> 7> h hj je sm sm k g grp rpìk ìk ik ikrr pu puxghk pg pgrg rg ik ikrg rg h hk k g gcv cv k
Cgsmr hm imoxm gjpck4 Lk`struêhk pgrg hmstruor `gvoks. Gclg`lm hm 5>>j. Cmvg 7 rkhghg pgrg rmlgrrmegr g lghg tork. -7= (vs. rmsostä`log hm grjghurg).
Fgtmrog skcgr Jmeg-HR4 Hmtïj 9 torks g cgsmr. Cmvg 7 bkrg pgrg rmlgrrmegr vog emrghkr hk `gvok ku 9 bkrgs vog m`mreog skcgr. J@L JKHMCK G CG\
7HM7V>LKVXGHKV HJE4 H% *
* k ku u 7 J JH HJE sm gto gtorg rg` `hk lk` lk`tr trg g uj uj v mêl êluck uck k ku u `gv ok ok
Gcåg Oe`otmr
Xg`qum hm lkjfustêvmc o`icgjçvmc4
Hospgrg lbgjgs cêquohgs gtï 6>j. K ikek pmrjg`mlm k`hm pkusg. Hmtïj 2 torks.
VGJBKV@ 7 ICG7J
H7M> GXOVGHKV HJE4 6H7> *
* F Fk khy sg sgv v m k ku u s sm mr o` o`llm`hog ogh hk. 7h7> h hj je / t tu ur`k.
VK\LK \\9 ^O\XKCG
HM ^VMEK\ HJE4 6H7>
\cues hm prmek pgrg smrvoåk pmsghk4 Lk`struêhk pgrg rmpgrks hm `gvms mspglogos.
- 7> (vs. rmsostä`log hm grjghurg).
Gfskråìk hm lbkqum
Mspujg hm m`hurmlojm`tk rçpohk4
Lo`tg hm kjfrk
Gk glmrtgr, Lkrpk sgcvg pgrg mvotgr. G mspujg lkfrm k mspgåk hm jmtrks
Vmvostg hm prmeks lkj lgrrmeghkr gutkjçtolk4
qughrghks. Vmqumr tmstm hm Ikråg Q-Z
BGCC\ F \MVOM\ ^O\XKCG
HM M\^]JG HJE4 @ / G *
7= GVJGH]VG\
YGLL\]OX GVJKV \GYM4 +5%
XMV@K HM ^MVOEK
K trgdm fçsolk usghk hurg`tm g kpmrgåìk `k mspgåk.
GVJKV \GYM4 +=%
± Wug`hk lk`mltghk g
Lk`struêhk pgrg lom`tostgs m
uj tg`qum hm kxoeä`ok, rmtïj K6 suiolom`tm pkr 76 bkrgs ku 9 bkrgs skf mstrmssm.
± Lk`tïj lurtk gclg`lm
mxpckrghkrms usgrmj mj pcg`mtgs gcom`êem`gs. ± Ioctrk hm gr m pkhm grjgzm`gr
lkju`olgåýms m hkos
gtï 7 bkrg hm gr mj uj
igrüos.
pmqum`k tg`qum hm kxoeä`ok m
± Ymroiolgåýms hm vmcklohghm imotgs mj
uj Ygllsuot mstç smjprm mj hmsvg`tgemj.
± \m pmriurghk, jk`otkr o`tmr`k orç
g`ô`lok hm skj hmslkjprmssìk mj 9> smeu`hks.
pkhm ioctrgr g jgokrog hgs gtjksimrgs tüxolgs. ± ^rktmem lk`trg sotugåýms mxtrmjgs
lgckr m irok. ± Vmlupmrghkr hm bohrgtgåìk
sostmjg, pkhm igzmr 7 cotrk hm çeug hurgr 8 hogs.
± O`lcuo k`hgs lurtgs lkju`olgåìk m igrkc.
79 GVJGH]VG\
FGXGCBG GYG@ÅGHG YM\XOV GVJKV \GYM4 +7=% Xrgdm pghrìk pgrg iuzocmorks `gvgos ojpcg`tghks mj lkjfgtms pmsghks ikrg hk ju`hk.
± O`lcuo k`hgs lurtgs lkju`olgåìk (mj uj sostmjg imlbghk lkj kutrk
MW]O^M ^GHVÌK GXXOVM
iuzocmorks `gvgos mj sug u`ohghm), lgjm hk lkrpk, igrkc.
± Xmj uj pmqum`k mxkmsqumcmtk tmlohk `g rkupg qum pmrjotm qum k iuzocmork `gvgc lgrrmeum k hkfrk hk pmsk qum `krjgcjm`tm lgrrmegrog. ± Ymroiolgåýms hm vmcklohghm imotgs
mj GFHs mstìk smjprm mj hmsvg`tgemj.
GVJKV \GYM4 +>%
Jglglìk m lkurk lgsglks. G rkupg pghrìk usghg pmcks jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk g fkrhk hm ujg `gvm mspglogc. Xrgdm fçsolk gssujohk pgrg tkhks
Gucgs.
75
MW]O^GJM@XK OXMJ
L]\XK
HM\LVOÅÌK
Gvg`åghk
7=>>
Vkupg hm lkjfgtm pmsghg usghg pkr iuzocmorks `gvgos mj lkjfgtms ikrg hk ju`hk mj fgtgcbg. Mcm lk`imrm uj fø`us hm + 7=% `k tmstm hm rmsostä`log hm Grjghurg hk usuçrok. Mcm tmj uj pmqum`k mxk-msqumcmtk qum pmrjotm gk usuçrok lgrrmegr k hkfrk hk qum `krjgcjm`tm pkhmrog.
Ymstohk hm fgtgcbg
Gutkjmh (x9)
>
Lkjprojohks `g`ktml`kcüeolks qum gduhgj smu lkrpk g rmpgrgr hg`ks. Mcms hìk + 7>% pgrg sgcvgjm`tks hm Lkrpk hmsto`ghks g rmpmcor hkm`ågs, vm`m`k m tm`tgtovgs hm lurg, m + 7>% pgrg sgcvgjm`tks hm Jmhk imotks pgrg rmhuzor k \trmss.
Fo`ülucks Fokslg``mr
Gjpcogåìk hm 6>x. Irmqóm`tmjm`tm, väj lkj kpåýms hm vosìk tïrjolg m `ktur`g. ^mrjotm qum k usuçrok mxgjo`m g çrmg ojmhogtg mj fuslg hm so`gos hm vohg. Emrgcjm`tm pkhm mslg`mgr 7>>j mj tkhgs gs hormåýms, smj smr fckqumghk pmcg jgokrog hks jmtgos lk`bmlohks. ^khm hozmr g cklgcozgåìk hks so`gos hm vohg, jgs `ìk k qum ï mssg vohg.
Fkhy Lgj
=>
]jg læjmrg usghg mj sug rkupg qum pkhm trg`sjotor vêhmk hm vkctg g uj lm`trk hm lk`trkcm pgrg qum ks kutrks jmjfrks hg mquopm pkssgj vmr k qum vklä mstç vm`hk.
6=>
Xm`hg, Lg`to`g, Ikeìk, Jklbocg, \glk hm Hkrjor
6=
Lk`imrm Yg`tgemj `ks tmstms hm Ikråg pgrg gfror mlcusgs hm gr mjpmrrghgs ku cmvg`tgr kfdmtks pmsghks. Xgjfïj pkhm smr usghk lkjk grjg.
=>>
^mrjotm qum k usuçrok mslg`mom g`hrüohms m kutrks kreg`osjks lofmr`ïtolks pgrg hoge`kstolgr qugosqumr prkfcmjgs iêsolks ku jm`tgos qum pkssgj mstgr
Mquopgjm`tk hm glgjpgjm`tk
^ï hm lgfrg
Lofmr`ïtolk Hoge`üstolk
tm`hk. Irmqum`tmjm`tm hmslk`ioghk pkr g`hrüohms. ^khm smr usghk lkjk hospksotovk hm cklgcozgåìk hm kreg`osjks so`tïtolks.
\lg``mr Mcmtrø`olk
9=>
]j lk`du`tk lkjpcmtk hm imrrgjm`tgs pgrg igzmr rmpgrks hmtgcbghks ku trgfgcbks hm lk`struåìk mj mcmtrø`olks. Lk`imrm + 7>% gks rkcks qum fuslgj lk`smrtgr mcmtrø`olks.
]j pmqum`k hospksotovk qum mjotm uj so`gc cujo`ksk m, mj smeuohg, mjotm uj fopm gctk g lghg pkulks smeu`hks. Gcïj hossk, m`vog ujg lbgjghg mj
Lk`du`tk hm Imrrgjm`tgs
Mjmreä`log
Fgcozg
tkhks ks lg`gos hm rçhok pgrg `gvoks ku vmêlucks `g çrmg. ^khm smr lk`ioeurghk pgrg smr socm`loksk ku pgrg igzmr lbgjghgs gpm`gs mj lg`gos lk`bmlohks.
Vmeostrghkr hm Lgjpk
=>
Aot hm projmorks sklkrrks
5=
Wug`hk usghk, gholok`g + 7>% gks rkcks imotks pgrg lurgr imrohgs m pgrgr k
Cg`tmr`g
7>
sg`ergjm`tk. ^krtçtoc ku jk`tghk `k kjfrk, ocujo`g 6>j î irm`tm hk usuçrok.
Erg`ghg hm irgejm`tgåìk
8>>
Irmqóm`tmjm`tm väj lgrrmeghks mj roicms pucsg`tms, erg`ghgs hm irgejm`tgåìk lgusgj 7h7> hm hg`k g tkhks mj uj rgok hm 6> j qug`hk
(x9)
Xrgdm hm ^mroek
]sghk pgrg pmsquosgr ickrg m igu`g mxütolgs `k lgjpk. ^khm lkcmtgr so`gos votgos, gjkstrgs hm H@G m rmgcozgr g`çcosms em`ïtolgs m jgtmrogos fçsolgs mj kfdmtks mstrg`bks.
mxpckhmj. Juotgs vmzms pkhmj igzmr 7JHJE pgrg uj `gvok sm lkcklghk mj sug lgsg hm jçquo`gs ku pk`tm.
5=>
]j trgdm pghrìk pgrg ks lom`tostgs usgrmj mj pcg`mtgs gcom`êem`gs. @ìk iko lk`struêhk pgrg vogem`s mspglogos lkjk k vgllsuot, jgs ikr`mlm ioctrgemj hm gr m uj pmqum`k suprojm`tk hm gr, fmj lkjk + =% hm prktmåìk hm grjghurg.
Gtm`åìk
5=
Jkstrgr
Irmqóm`tmjm`tm Irmqóm`tmjm `tm usghk pkr iuzocmorks `gvgos, k B]H pmrjotm qum k usuçrok vmdg gtrgvïs hgs læjmrgs lkrpkrgos hm kutrgs pmsskgs mj sug u`ohghm m gprkvmotm ks rmlursks hm lk`mxìk o`tmcoem`tm hm sugs grjgs.
7>>
^mrjotm qum k usuçrok vmdg gsso`gturgs hm lgckr, îs vmzms lkj vçrogs bkrgs.
Cklgcozghkr
8=
Wug`hk usghk, pmrjotm qum ks jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk mj uj lm`trk hm lk`trkcm (ku `g pk`tm hm uj `gvok) rgstrmomj g cklgcozgåìk hk usuçrok.
Lk`du`tk Cklapola
8>
]j lk`du`tk gctgjm`tm gvg`åghk hm imrrgjm`tgs hmsto`ghgs g bglamgr sostmjgs fçsolks hm mlcusgs hm gr m pkrtgs mcmtrø`olgs. Lk`imrm + 7>% `ks
O`irgvmrjmcbk
Ülucks
rkcks imotks pgrg gfror mssgs pkrtgs. Ck`ek gclg`lm
9=
^grg usk `g lkju`olgåìk `gvok-supmriêlom.
==
Lk`lmhm ujg mjpu`bghurg jge`ïtolg gk usuçrok, pmrjoto`hk qum mcm lgjo`bm iglocjm`tm `g supmriêlom hm ujg `gvm (`k mspgåk, m`qug`tk g`lkrghg
Lkjjs
Jge-Fkkts
ku icutug`hk covrmjm`tm), ku gstmrüohms fgsmghks mj jmtgc.
Jmhslg``mr
7=>
JVM (x5)
5>
Xg`qum hm kxoeä`ok
=>
^mrjotm qum k usuçrok mslg`mom uj lkrpk vovk ku jkrtk m g`gcosm-k mj fuslg hm hkm`ågs ku g`krjgcohghms, smj tmr qum igzmr ujg foüpsog (ku gutüpsog). –Vmimoåýms prk`tgs pgrg lkjmr.‚ Vgåýms hm lgjpk o`hovohugos m o`hmpm`hm`tms mj mjfgcgem`s cmvms. Lghg uj tmj sustm`tk suiolom`tm pgrg ujg ô`olg pmsskg pkr uj hog (`ìk o`lcuo çeug).
Wug`hk g`mxghk g uj vgllsuot pmrjotm gtï 76 bkrgs hm kxoeä`ok mj lorlu`stæ`logs `krjgos. 8 bkrgs mj lorlu`stæ`logs mstrmssg`tms. Mxpcksovk.
72
MW]O^GJM@XK OXMJ
L]\XK
^êcucgs pgrg hkr (x9)
8=>
Vghok Dgjjmr
75=
Wug`hk gtovghk, tkr`g o`lkjprmm`sêvmos ks so`gos hm rçhok hm tkhks mj uj rgok hm 7>> aj.
Vmfrmgtbmr
8=
Wug`hk usghk, ioctrg k gr m pmrjotm g rmsporgåìk sufgquçtolg pkr gtï vo`tm jo`utks smj rmssureor. Lk`lmhm + 7>% pgrg
Fosturo
=>
qugcqumr uj qum iozmr tmstms hm pmrêlog Lorureog. ^khm smr usghk lkjk grjg.
^mrjotm g lkju`olgåìk hm `gvok g `gvok g ujg hostæ`log rgzkçvmc, fmj lkjk hm supmriêlom g supmriêlom mj gtï 76 quocøjmtrks.
Lurtk gclg`lm Lkjjs
^ghrìk
5=>
Wug`hk o`emrohk ojmhogtgjm`tm lurg 7h7> pk`tks hm hg`k m rmhuz k \trmss mj 7. Mxostm k pmroek hm vêlok m / ku kvmrhksm sm usghk lkj irmquä`log.
Mstg grjghurg cmvm ï k vmstohk pghrìk pgrg iuzocmorks iuzocmorks `gvgos o`hk pgrg k lkjfgtm m lk`imrm uj fø`us hm + 7>% `k tmstm hm rmsostä`log hm Grjghurg hk usuçrok.
Ymstohk hm fgtgcbg
Xropucgåìk ^ghrìk
HM\LVOÅÌK
6>
Xrgdm
Jglglýms, dgqumtgs hm lkurk, tä`os, rmegtg ku lgjosmtg msigrrgpghg. G rkupg pghrìk usghg pmcks jmjfrks hg tropucgåìk g fkrhk hm ujg `gvm mspglogc. Xrgdm gssujohk pghrìk pgrg tkhgs gs lcgssms.
\tojpga (x9)
9>>
Aot hm ^msquosg
6>>
Lk`lmhm 6h7> ojmhogtks î \gôhm m gujm`tg tmjpkrgrogjm`tm g Ikråg m k Lkjfgtm mj 6h7> lghg pkr 7h7> bkrgs. Mxostm k pmroek hm hmpm`hä`log m / ku kvmrhksm sm usghk lkj irmquä`log. Wug`hk usghk `g supmriêlom hm uj pcg`mtg, pmrjotm k jgpmgjm`tk rçpohk hm gceu`s quocøjmtrks prüxojks, fmj lkjk hghks skfrm rmsporgfocohghm hk gr, ergvohghm m kutrgs lgrgltmrêstolgs lgrgltmrêstolgs `ktçvmos ojpkrtg`tms hg pgosgemj pgosgemj lorlu`hg`tm.
Jglglìk
7>>>
^mrjotm k jkvojm`tk `k mspgåk smj skirmr pm`gcohghms pkr rghogåìk ku igctg hm kxoeä`ok. Vmqumr uj tg`qum hm kxoeä`ok pgrg rmsporgr. Irmqóm`tmjm`tm usghk lkj fktgs Jge m ujg grjg hm lkrhgjm. Lk`imrm + 5% gks tmstms hm rmsostä`log hm grjghurg.
Yofmlbmtm
5=
Jglbmtm qum vofrg g vmcklohghms uctrg-gctgs pgrg lkrtgr hm ikrjg cojpg g ikcbgemj hm`sg. ^khm smr usghk lkjk grjg. ^khm
Ioctrk hm çeug
7=
fkjfmgr => cotrks hm çeug ioctrghg pkr bkrg, jmsjk `ks pæ`tg`ks jgos sgckfrgs.
Juotgs vmzms, g hoimrm`åg m`trm g vohg m g jkrtm mj @gvmjìm ï tmr gs imrrgjm`tgs lmrtgs pgrg k trgfgcbk mj qumstìk. Glojg mstç ujg costg `ìk gfrg`em`tm hks topks hm mquopgjm`tk qum vklä m`lk`trgrç mj@gvm-jìm. mj@gvm-jìm.
72.7 ^GXVOJØ@OK O@OLOGC M LVÏHOXK\
`ôjmrk tkjghk, igåg uj sgcvgjm`tk hm lkrpk. Igcbg soe`oiolg qum vklä lgou o`lk`slom`tm m k Hormtkr rkcg `g jmsg hg pçeo`g 7>.8. Yklä pkhm lurgr uj vêlok pkr jmok hm trgtgjm`tk `k dkek ku sufo`hk hm `êvmc. 00 Cmog jgos skfrm \trmss m ^æ`olk `gs pçeo`gs 6=-69. 00 Cmog jgos skfrm lkjk sufor hm `êvmc `gs pçeo`gs * 7> pgrg smus lrïhotks o`ologos.
72.6 YÊLOK K usk mxlmssovk hm g`gceïsolks ku \tojpgas rmqumr uj \gcvgr k lkrpk pgrg prmvm`or k vêlok. ]jg vmz vologhk, igåg
uj sgcvgjm`tk lkrpkrgc hoçrok ku eg`bm 7h7> hm mstrmssm tkhks ks hogs smj. \m ikr usghk ujg vmz pkr hog hurg`tm ujg smjg`g, vklä prmlosgrç tkjgr k hkfrk hg qug`tohghm hm lkjprojohks pgrg kftmr k jmsjk mimotk.
\mjprm qum vklä tkjgr jgos hm uj lkjprojohk pkr vmz, rkcm 7h7>. \m vklä rkcgr oeugc ku gfgoxk hk
7?
H7>> XVO@AMX\ Vkcm `mstg jmsg hurg`tm g lrogåìk hk pmrsk`gemj pgrg m`lk`trgr uj fueoeg`eg. Xgjfïj pkhm smr usghk smjprm qum vklä vgslucbgr ks fkcsks, lkrpk, fmcolbm ku jklbocg hm gceuïj pgrg m`lk`trgr uj otmj gcmgtürok hoe`k hm `ktg. H7>> XVO@AMX
H7>> XVO@AMX
H7>> XVO@AMX
>
Eorkslüpok, Fm`t, Xo`
57
Rêlgrg hm lgiï, cgslghg, IMCOLOHGHM Ï KFVOEGXÜVOG
Gfmrrgåìk O`smltoc ^rmsmrvghg
\kcolotgåìk rmdmotghg (`gvok hg lkcø`og)
]jg lbgr`mlg vgrrohg pmck vm`tk
Ighmh Ermm` ^kamr Lbop
7 6 < 8 = 9 5 2 ? 7> 77 76 7< 78 7= 79 75 72 7? 6> 67 66 6< 68 6= 69 65 62 6?
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