Morphology

What is morphology ?

Morph = form or shape, ology = study of Morphology is the study of the basic building blocks of meaning in language. What is a morpheme?

A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, The English word play (basic element) that stands for its own and other additional elements play s, played, playing, replay. Morpheme meets three criteria : 1- It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning 2- It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless reminders 3- It recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning Write a number after each word showing how many morphemes it contains Play = 1 Replay = 2 unable = 2 cheaply = 2 Man = 1 weak = 1 weakness = 2 rainy = 2 Write the meaning of the italicized morphemes  = like \ keep er  =  = one who \ unable + inactive + impossible = not \  Antedate = before\ replay = again \ manly  = cheapest = most

Free morpheme

That is a morpheme is free if it is able to appear as a word by itself. (can be uttered with meaning) Bound morpheme

It is bound if it can only appear as part of a larger, multi-morphemic word. (cannot be uttered with meaning)

Undressed UnPrefex Bound

dress stem free

careless -ed suffix bound

care stem free

-less suffix bound

-ness suffix bound

Underline the free morphemes Speaker \ kingdom\ petrodollar\ idolize \ selective. .. . . Underline the bound morphemes Speaker \ kingdom \ petrodollar \ idolize \ selective \ remake \ undo\ dreamed \ biomass

A base morpheme :It :It is the part of a word that has the principal meaning Underline the bases in these words ear \ fail ure ure \ famous \ infamous \ enlight en en Womanly \ end ear

A base is a linguistic form that meets one or more of these requirements 1- It can occur as an immediate constituent c onstituent of a word whose only other immediate constituent is a prefix or suffix Examples: react – active – fertilize 2- It is an allomorph of a morpheme m orpheme which has another allomorph that is a free form 3- Examples: depth (deep) – wolves (wolf) 4- It is a borrowing from another language in which it is a free form or a base 5-

Examples: biometrics – microcosm – phraseology

Affixes An affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before or within or after a base There are three kinds of affixes: prefixes – infixes and suffixes Prefixes:: are those bound morphemes that occur before a base Prefixes Infixes:: are bound morphemes that have been inserted within a word Infixes Suffixes:: are bound morphemes that occur after a base Suffixes unfuckinbelieveable able Examples: Prefix = unfuckinbelieveabl e \ infix = unfuckin unfuckinbelieveable believeable \ suffix = unfuckinbelieve unfuckinbelieveable Write the meaning of the prefixes below and write another word containing the same prefix with the same meaning Antifreeze Antifreeze – against –

Imperfect Imperfect – not –

Postwar Postwar – after –

antivirus

impossible

postmortem

Circumvent Circumvent – around –

Irreverent Irreverent – not –

Proceed Proceed – forward –

circumstances

irreplaceable

progress

Copilot Copilot – with –

Inspire Inspire – in,on – inscribe

Retroactive Retroactive – backward –

cooperation Contradict Contradict – against – contravene Devitalize Devitalize – do the opposite of – deactivate Disagreeable Disagreeable – not – dishonest Insecure Insecure – not – incompetent

Intervene Intervene – between – intercede Intramural Intramural – within – intravenous Obstruct Obstruct – against or opposite – obstacle Prewar Prewar – before – preconceive

retrogress Semiprofessional Semiprofessional – half – semisoft Subway Subway – under – substandard Supernatural Supernatural – over – superman

Write the number of suffixes it contains after each word Organists = 2 \ personalities = 3 \ flirtatiously = 2 \ atomizers = 3 \ contradictorily = 3 Inflectional suffixes can be schematized as follows: 1- {-s pl}

\ dogs , bushes

\ noun plural

2- {-s sg ps} \ boy’s

\ noun singular possessive

3- {- s pl ps} \ boys’ , men’s

\ noun plural possessive possessive

4- {- 3d}

\ present third-person singular

\ runs , catches

5- {-ing vb} \ discussing

\ present participle

6- {-d pt}

\ chewed

\ past tense

7- {-d pp}

\ chewed, eaten

\ past participle

8- {-er cp}

\ bolder, sooner , nearer \ comparative

9- {-er sp}

\boldest, soonest, nearest \ superlative

The inflectional suffixes differ from the derivational suffixes in the following ways 1- They do not change the part of speech 2- They come last in a word when they are present 3- They go with all stems of a given part of speech 4- They do not pile up; only one ends a word Write the name for each bold inflectional suffix below: The flagpole remained remained in  in front of Main Hall = past tense Four pledges pledges were initiated = noun plural rd

Shirley pledges pledges to do her best = 3  person singular The pledge’s shirt was torn = noun singular possessive The pledges’ shirts were torn = noun plural possessive We were discussing discussing the  the editorial = present = present participle The novel was shorter shorter than  than I had expected = comparative They waited waited at  at the dock = past tense Which is the longest longest route?  route? = superlative = superlative The dealer weighed weighed the  the poultry = past participle

Derivational suffixes characteristics 1- The words with which which derivational suffixes combine is an arbitrary matter 2- In many cases but not all a deriv ational suffix changes the part of speech of the word to which it is added 3- Usually do not close off a word

Derivational suffixes examples: Happiness Happiness \  \ friendship friendship \  \ boyhood boyhood \  \ activity activity \ imagination imagination \  \ ignorance ignorance \  \ pleasure pleasure \  \ multilingualism multilingualism After every word indicate its part of speech classification by N(noun V(verb) Aj(adjective) Av (adverb) Break = N\V * Conspire = V * Ideal = N\Aj * False = Aj * Passion = noun * Sweetly = Av * Singer = N * accept Daily = Aj\N\Av * familiarization = N * doubt = N\V Add a derivational suffix to each of the following words which already end in a derivational suffix Reasonable = reasonableness reasonableness \  \ formal = formality formality \  \ organize = organization organization \  \ purify = purification purification \  \ realist = realistic realistic Add an inflectional suffix to each of the following words which end in derivational suffixes Kindness = kindnesses kindnesses \ beautify = beautified beautifi ed \  \ quarterly = quarterlies quarterlies \ popularize = popularized popularized Depth = depths depths \ pressure = pressures pressures \ arrival = arrivals arrivals \ friendly = friendlier friendlier \  \ funny = funniest funniest Allomorphs - are the set of morphs

- are variants of of a morpheme that differ in pronunciation pronunciation identical

Examples: the plural –(e)s of regular nouns can be pronounced \-z\, mats \-s\, or papers\-iz\ depending on the final sound of the noun’s singular form

Zero allomorph: an allomorph: an inflection on nouns or verbs presumed to be present although invisible Examples: in “three sheep” and “he hit a home run” the plural of sheep and the past tense of hit are said to  be

realized as zeros Words a sound or a letter or a group of both that express particular meaning Simple, complex and compound words: 1- Simple words consist words consist of a single morpheme. Examples: slay, flea, long, spirit, knave, graph, pure, oyster, mete 2- Complex words contain words contain as their immediate constituents either two bound forms or abound and a free form. Examples: matri|side \ tele|vise \ ex|clude \ cosmo|naut \ knav|ish \ tele|graph \ aqua|naut\ bi|cycle \ philo|sophy \ dent|tal 3- Compound words have words  have free forms usually two as their immediate constituents Examples: green|house \ out|side \ no|show \ under|go \ over|ripe \ attorney|general *a small number of compound words have three or four free forms as coordinate ICs Examples: happy|go|lucky happy|go|lucky \ spic|and|span spic|and|span

Word formation processes Compounding: process used in English and it involves combining roots\two roots\two or more words to create new ones known as compound lexemes. E.g.: typewriter, hotdog, dining room, handbag, breakfast, high school, baby-sitter, mother-in-law Derivation: process by which new words are created by adding derivational affixes to simple bases\roots. E.g.: act+or  actor  actor \ act+ive active \ king+dom  kingdom Invention: 

One of the least common processes of word formation



It involves the invention of totally new words



It is associated with the names of inventors, products names or companies names E.g. aspirin, nylon, Kleenex, Kodak, Fahrenheit

Echoism: the formation of words whose sound suggests s uggests their meaning. E.g.: hiss\ hush\ click\ thunder\whisper\moan. Clipping:: the process of cutting off the beginning or the end of a word or both, leaving apart t o stand for the Clipping whole.

Examples: exam\ gym\math\lab\ dorm\ prof\ fan\ gas\ ad

Acronymy:: the process whereby a word is formed from the initial or beginning segments of a succession of Acronymy words.

E.g.: LAZER  Light Amplification By Stimulated Emission of Radiation

NATO  North Atlantic Treaty \ NOW  National Organization of Women \ OK Old Kinderhook WASP  White, Anglo-Saxon Protestant \ IRS  Internal Revenue Service Blending:: Blending 

A special form of word formation that involves both compounding and clipping.



It is the fusion of two words into one, the first part of one word with the last part of another. E.g. E.g. brunch  breakfast+lunch \ Smog  Smoke+fog \ motel  motor+hotel \ telecast  television+broadcast

happenstance  happen+circumstance \ stagflation  stagnation+inflation \

simulcast  simultaneous+broadcast \ dumbfound  dumb+confound \ telecast \ telecast  tele+broadcast Back-formation: 

Avery specified type of reduction process in which a form of one lexical category is reduced to form another.



When the Verb is formed from the Noun E.g. televise  television \ donate  donation  donation \ edit edit  editor \ housekeep  housekeeper administrate  administration \ babysit  baby-sitter \ emote  emotion

Inflectional Paradigms Paradigm: is a set of related forms having the same stem but different affixes. Stem

Plural

Possessive

Plural +

The noun paradigm

Possessive --------

{s-pl}

{-s pl

{-s ps} ps}

Doctor

doctors

doctor’s

doctors’

Woman

women

woman’s

women’s

Carpenter

Carpenters

Carpenter’s Carpenters’

Brother

Brothers

Brother’s

Brothers’

Japanese

Japanese

-------------

-----------------

Cattle

Cattle

-------------

Cattle’s

Athletics

athletics

Athletics’ 

------------------

Duck

Ducks

Duck’s

Ducks’

Underline the noun modifier or pronoun reference that reveals the number of the bold noun: -

deer this season The hunting party saw few deer this

-

news delighted her That news delighted

-

He studied poetics in poetics in all its complications

-

My scissors lost scissors lost their sharpness

-

She shot both quail on quail on the wing

Underline the verb that reveals the number of the bold noun: -

The Chinese was Chinese was preparing the dinner

-

The Chinese were Chinese were preparing the dinner

-

Oats is Oats is his best crop

-

bass are biting today The bass are

-

species has become extinct The species has

Indicate by Sg or Pl whether the bold collective nouns are singular or plural: -

The band is band is playing well today  Sg

-

The band are band are playing well today  Pl

-

choir became dissatisfied with their robes  Pl The choir became

-

choir became dissatisfied with its singing  Sg The choir became

-

The staff  of  of the college paper was a high-quality group  Pl

-

The tribe were tribe were on the warpath  Pl

-

The tribe was tribe was the owner fo the river bottom  Sg

-

The congregation rose congregation rose to its feet  Sg

-

The congregation have congregation have all helped with the fund-raising drive  Pl

The verb paradigm

Stem

Present

Present

Past

Past

Third-

Participle

Tense

Participle

{s 3d}

{-ING vb}

{-D pt}

{-D pp}

Shows

Showing

Showed

Showed

Person Singular --------Show

also shown Ring Cut

Rings

Ringing

Rang

Rung

cuts

Cutting

Cut

cut

Learn

Learns

Choose

Chooses

Set

Sets

Learning

Learned

Learned

Choosing

Chose

Chosen

Setting

Set

set

*Verbs have three, four, or five forms for example the verb learn have four forms Each of these five forms has its own uses: 1- The stem: occurs after to, after auxiliaries such as can and will Examples: to sit \ can go \ we eat 2- The present third-person singular: is the form used with the pronouns he, she it Examples: - he cuts his class every Wednesday \ that freshman cuts his class every Wednesday 3- The present participle: combines with seven of the eight forms... am\ is \ are\ was \ were\ be \ been Examples: they were writing letters \ she must have been sleeping

4- The past tense takes on numerous forms Examples: jumped\ shrunk\ kept\ led \began\ rode\ built\ found\ knew\ swore \ shook 5- The past participle is used with have, has, had Examples: she has selected a stunning gown \ he had never flown in a helicopter

Write down the following verb paradigms and indicate how many forms they have -

Walk  walks  walking  walked  walked [4]

-

Bite  bites  biting  bit  bit or bitten [4 or 5 ]

-

Keep  keeps  keeping  kept  kept [4]

-

Freeze  freezes  freezing  froze  frozen [5]

-

Set  sets  setting  set  set [3]

-

Sell  sells  selling  sold  sold [4]

-

Put  puts  putting  put  put [3]

-

Sleep  sleeps  sleeping  slept  slept [4]

The comparable Paradigm Stem

Comparative

Superlative

----------

{ER cp}

{EST sp}

Deadly

Deadlier

Deadliest

sweet

Sweeter

Sweetest

Friendly

Friendlier

Friendliest

Soon

Sooner

Soonest

-

Write down the comparative and superlative forms for the following stems Angry  angrier  angriest \ healthy  healthier  healthiest Common  commoner  commonest \ quiet  quieter  quietest Stupid  stupider  stupidest \ foolish  x  x \ cruel  x  cruelest Well  better  best \ bad  worse  worst \ much, many  more  most Old  older  oldest \ few  fewer  fewest

Noun:: is the name of a thing that may be seen, felt, heard or understand Noun Verb:: is a word that s hows action or state of being Verb Adjective:: is a word that modifies a noun Adjective Adverb:: defined as a word that modifies a v erb, adjective, or another adverb Adverb

Underline the nouns in the following sentences: -

Our president has a new plan

-

The janitors had not seen the umbrella

-

The counselor may plan a different approach

-

My aunt always mothers her youngest son

-

The chef’s sisters arrived

Indicate how many of the five forms the bold verbs has -

met the leaders of the parade [4] The president met the

-

The mines had been swept away swept away [4]

-

The bridge players would not leave th leave the e table [4]

-

The water is spreading into spreading into the meadow [3]

-

The canary might have been eaten by eaten by the cat [5]

-

June set the set the table [3]

Write down the source noun, verb, adjective, or bound form of the adjectives below Golden  gold \ helpless  help \ lovely  love \ peaceful  peace … Classify the bold words whether its adverb or adjective -

Your ideas seem sensible  Aj

-

They are playing happily  Av

-

He turned the hands clockwise  Av

-

Be careful  Aj

-

Have you seen the paper lately?  Av

-

It’s fragile. Lift it easylike  Av

-

She walked homeward  Av

-

Luckily, the brake was set  Av

-

The student’s reports were creative  Aj

-

Her report was very specific  Aj

-

You richly deserve the prize  Av

-

Annie is a waitress evenings  Av