Morphemes-LANE 333 - Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar

 

LANE 333 MORPHOLOGY 2012 – – Term Term er m 1

MORPHEMES 1 By: Dr.. Shadia Dr Shadia Y. Banjar Banjar 1

http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/  http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar  Dr.

 

WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?



The study of the internal structure of words is known as MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY..

“(The area of grammar concerned with the structure of words and with relationships between words words involving the morphemes that compose them is technically called morphology, from the Greek word morphe morphe  ‘form, ‘for m, shape’ and shape’  and morphemes can be Carstairs-McCarthy,2002 thought of as the minimal units of morphology)”. Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy,2002 2

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THE BASIC UNIT form, shape,

• •

internal

structure of words and processes of word formation. Morpheme smallest, undividable meaningful unit. 3

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 A. 

A morpheme is a short segment of language that meet three criteria: 1. It is a word or part of a word that has meaning.

2. It  cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders. 3. It recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning. 4

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Examining the word straight /stret/ /stret/ 

In the light of the three criteria , we find out that:

1. We recognize it as a word and can find it listed as such in any dictionary.

2. It cannot be divided without violation of meaning; straight meani ng of /stret/trait /tret/, rate/ret/, or ate/et/. The meaning t ese o t ese parts v o ate t e mean ng o stra g t. t. Furthermore, if we divide it in these ways , we will get the meaningless remainders of /-s/, /st-/, or /str-/. recurs with relatively ,stable meaning such 3. It environments as straightedge straighten, straighten , and  and   a instraight line.  5

Thus straight meets all the criteria of a morpheme. Dr. Shadia Dr. Shadi a Yous ousef ef Ban Banjar jar

 

B. • A FREE MORPHEME is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Examples: • bird • happy   , , uttered alone with meaning. It is always annexed to one or more morpheme to form a word. Examples: • -s , -er 6

• re-, -ness

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Classification of Morphemes

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TYPES OF MORPHEMES

free

free root

morpheme bound root bound affixes

n ec ona  a

xes

derivational affixes

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C.

Another classification of morphemes puts them into two classes: Bases and affixes. affixes.  A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the principal meaning : e.g. den al, lov able. able. Bases are very numerous and most of them are free morphemes; but some are bound , like - sent in consent . A word may contain one base and several affixes. 9

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A base is a linguistic form that meets one or more of these requirements: 1. It can occur as an immediate constituent of a word whose only other immediate constituent is a prefix or suffix. EXAMPLES: react , acti ve, ve, fertil ize ize 2. It is an allomorph of a morpheme which has another allomorph that is a free form. EXAMPLES: de  th (deep), wolv es es (wolf) 3. It is a borrowing from another language in which it is a free form or a base. EXAMPLES: bio metrics, metrics, cosm, phraseology  micro cosm, 10

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1.

The first difficulty is that you have your own individual stock of morphemes. morphemes. For ,one morpheme meaning “car car", ", example,, Tom may think of automobile  as example whereas Dick may know the morphemes auto (self self))and mobile  (moving moving), ), and recognize them in other words like autograph and mobilize.

2.

The second difficulty is that persons may know a given morpheme but differ in the degree to which they are aware of its presence in various words. For example, the agentive suffix (spelled –er, -or, -ar ) meaning “one “one who, that which which”, ”, and recognize it in words like singer and actor but what about in professor and swea sweate terr .

3.

Another problem problem results results from the fact that met metaphors aphors die as llanguage anguage cha changes. nges. For example, the morpheme –prehend– in apprehend  used to mean “to “to arrest or seize”.

4.

Additive meaning is a problem in itself. For example:



The morpheme pose (place) in : ‘pose a question’ and interpose ( place between)



suppose,, repose suppose



compose, depose, impose, propose 11

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Roots and Affixes

affixes . are at made of two roots •• Morphemes Every word has leastupone roottypes: and we canand findaffixes. them at the center center ooff word word-- deriv derivatio ational nal pr process ocesses. es.

•They carry basic meaning from which the rest of the sense of the word can be derived, e.g. morphemes such green“, “, and “America “America““ are roots (these roots also as “green happen to be free forms, independent words. ment, gen  in gen etics, etics, card in • Roots like seg  in seg ment, iac, cannot stand alone as words and we call them card iac, bound root morphemes, as a distinct from free root morphemes. affixes. . jar • All morphemes which are not roots are affixes Dr Dr.. Shadia Shadi a Yous ousef ef Ban Banjar 12

 

Cont., • 1. 2. 3. •

1. 2. 3. • 1. 2. 3.

Roots and Affixes

There are th thrree rul ulees th thaat diff ffeer aff ffiixes from roots ts:: They do not form words by themselves, they have to be added on to a stem. Their meaning, in many instances, is not a clear and specific as is the meaning of roots, and ma manny of them are comp mple lete telly me meaani ninngle lesss. Compared with the total number of ro rooots the number of affixes is rel relatively small. In English, all the productive affixes are either attached at the end of the stem (also known as suffixes) or they are attached at the front of the stem (also known as pr prefi efixes xes). ). co + occur “oc “occur cur toge together ther”, ”, peri + meter “m “meas easur uree aroun around” d” mid + night “midd middle le of the the nigh night” t”,, re + turn “tur “turn n ba back ck”” mis + treat “t “tre reat at badly badly”, ”, un + filled “n “not ot fill filled ed”” Exam Ex ampl ples es of Co Comm mmon on Su Suff ffix ixes es:: act + ion “state of acting” , ch chil ild+ d+ is ish h “ like a child” act + or “person who acts” , child + hood “sate of being a child” act + ive “pert pertai aini ning ng to be bein ing g in ac acti tion on””, ch chil ild+ d+ le less ss “wi with thou outt a ch chil ild” d”

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E.



An affix is a bound morpheme that occurs

before or within or after a base.  Affixes are of three types: ,

. 2.

infixes,

3.

suffixes.

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1.

2.

3.

Prefixes are those bound morphemes that occur before a base, as in im port, port, pre fix, fix, re consider. consider. Prefixes in English are a small class of morphemes, numbering about 75. Infixes are bound morphemes that have been inserted within a word. In English, infixes are rare rare.. Occasionally they are additions within a word. Suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a base, like shrinkage , failure . Suffixes may pile up to the number or three or four e.g. in formalizers’ : the base form  + the  

‘

-al, al, -  -ize  ize,, -  -er  er,, -  -s  s , whereas prefixes are four suffixes - 

commonly single, single, except for the negative un-  before another prefix. prefix.

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Cont.,

• Free v vs. s. bo boun und d (affixes affixes)) derivational

• Bound morphemes

inflectional

,  morpheme ‘past tense’ 

allomorph

allomorph

morph

morph

/id/ 16

/d/

allomorph morph /t/ Dr. Dr. Shadia Shadi a Yous ousef ef Ban Banjar jar

 

Cont., • Roots: the irreducible core of a word • Affixes: a morpheme that only occurs when attached to some other morpheme •  any inflectional affixes • Bases: any unit to which affixes of any kind can be added (derivational, inflectional)

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Cont., morphemes = free root, i.e. morphemes that constitute words by themselves, e.g. e.g.,, girl, boy boy,, …

Free

A

ROOT is the heart of a word, i.e. the morpheme that gives the word its central meaning: meaning: For exRoots am le 

un-husually  a i-nes free:  are "ha they " is thcan e rooappear t. as independent words (like "happy") . But not always: always: e.g. ceive in conceive.

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

paint  Root: lexical morpheme cannot In beEnglish, analyzedainto e.g., in paint-er  , read content in re-read  , ceive  inthat con-ceive. rootsmaller may beparts, a free root (e.g., paint, read) or a bound root (e,g., -ceive, huckle-). Thus it may or may not stand alone as a word.



Stem: a root morpheme is combined with an affix, which may or may not be a word, e.g., painter , -ceive + er .



Base: to mean any root or stem to which an affix is attached. V Base for -ed

Root & Base for -en

V

Adj

bright 19

Af

en

Af

ed Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

 

• Note: affixes are always bound morphemes. • In English, roots tend to be free morphemes. However , this blueberry, is not always the case-•• However, For instance: blackberry… • but: cranberry, raspberry. •  a o cran- , an rasp- mean • Bound roots in English are called cranberry morphemes (technical term).

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• Cranberry Cranberr y morphemes are bound root morphemes. • They have have no independent meaning. • They also ha have ve no parts of speech speech • Some more examples: • perceive, ceive,, deceive ceive, receive • -ceive? • infer , refer , defer  • -fer? mit,, permit, mit, submit • commit • -mit? 21

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The inflectional affixes can be schematized as follows:

1. Noun pl plural 2. Noun Noun sing singul ular ar poss posses essi sive ve 3. Noun Noun plur plural al po poss sses essiv sivee . 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 22

  singular Pres Presen entt part partic icip iple le Past te tense Past Past parti articcip iple le Comparati rativve Superl rlaative ive Dr. Shadia Dr. Shadi a Yous ousef ef Ban Banjar jar

 

Cont., •The words to which these affixes are attached are called stems . •The stem includes the base or bases and all the derivational affixes. •Thus the stem of cowboys is cowboy and that of beautified is beautify. beautify. •The inflectional suffixes differ from the derivational suffixes in the following ways: 1-They do not change the part of speech. Example: cold , colder (both adjectives) 2-They come last in a word. Example: shortened . 3-They go with all stems of a given part of speech. s . one ends a word. , drink Examples: He pile eats up; 4-They do not only Example: working . An exception is {-s pl ps}, the plural possessive of the

noun,, as in “the student noun students’ s’ worries”. worrie s”. 23

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The common characteristics of derivational suffixes are : 1.The words with which derivational suffixes combine is an arbitrary matter matter.. For example, when the noun is derived from the verb adorn we must add ment -, no other will do. 2.In many cases, but not all, a derivational suffix changes   . example, the noun act  becomes an adjective by the addition of –ive. 3.Derivational suffixes usually do not close off a word; that is, after a derivational suffix one can sometimes add another derivational suffix. 24

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Derivation & Inflection

In grammatical study, it is often necessary to examine families of related words. Such families are linguistically known as paradigms. A paradigm is a set of related forms having the   • There are two kinds of paradigms: 1. 2.

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Derivation & Inflection Derivation • The derivational paradigm is a set of related words composed of the same base morpheme and all the derivational affixes that can go with this base. Example: Some examples of noun-marking derivational suffixes are –hood, -ship, -ness, and –ment. Words having these endings are recognized, even in isolation, as nouns. (1999, Herndon) •A class of words with similar inflection rules is called an inflectional paradigm. Typically the similar similar rules amo amount unt to a unique set of af affixes. fixes. The inflectional paradigm is formed by words to which the inflectional suffixes are attached. 2. Inflectional suffixes come last in a word when they are present. 3. They go with all stems of a given part of speech. 4. They do not pile up as one inflectional morpheme closes a word. Example: the inflectional inflectional paradigm for the class form (NOUNS) is made up as follows: Base (singular) student

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Base Form + plural plural

Base F Base Form orm + possessive

Base Form +Possessive plural

students

Student’s

Students’

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(1) 1) Derivation vs. Inflection (1 

Derivation changes the

the word word category and/or the type of meaning of the word, so it is said to crea cr eate te a ne new w wor . e.g . suffix –  e.g. – ment ment in  government  gove rnment

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

Inflection does not

change either the word grammatical category or the type of meaning found in t e wor . e.g. suffix –  suffix –   –ss in books

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Derivation vs. Inflection (2 (2 2))  A derivational affix must combine with the base before

an inflectional affix.

e.g. neig neighbou neighbour hbourr (ba (base) se) + hood hood (DA) (DA) + s (IA) (IA) = neighbourhoods The following combination is unacceptable: neighbou neig neighbour hbourr (ba (base) se) + s (IA) (IA) + hood hood (DA) (DA) = *neighbourshood *neighbourshood

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Derivation vs. Inflection (3 (3 3)) An inflectional affix is more productive than a derivational affix. e.g. the inflectional suffix – suffix –  –s s can combine with virtually any   . On the other hand, the derivational suffix –  –ant  ant  can combine only with Latinate bases.

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Describe the italic affix af fixes: es: possible 1)   im possible 2)   terrorized  3)   terrorize 

1) Derivational prefix 2) Inflectional suffix 3) Derivational suffix

5)   dis like like 6)   humanity 

  5) Derivational prefix 6) Derivational suffix

7)   fastest 

7) Inflectional suffix

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Describe the italic affix es: af fixes:

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8)   pre mature mature

8)

9)   un tie tie

9)

10)   darken 

10)

11)   fallen 

11)

12)   oxen 

12)

13)   faster 

13)

14)   lecturer 

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Derivational prefix  Derivational prefix  Derivational suffix  Inflectional suffix  Inflectional suffix  Inflectional suffix  Derivational suffix 

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