More Than 2000 Solved MCQs on Research Methods

More Than 2000 Solved MCQs on Research Methodology & Short Questions Answers 1- Hypothesis refers to A. The outcome of an experiment B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter D. A tentative statement about the relationship 2- Statistics is used by researchers to A. Analyze the empirical data collected in a study B. Make their findings sound better C. Operationally define their variables D. Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended 3- A literature review requires A. Planning B. Good & clear writing C. Lot of rewriting D. All of the above 4- A literature review is based on the assumption that A. Copy from the work of others B. Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others C. Knowledge dis-accumulates D. None of the above option 5- A theoretical framework A. Elaborates the r/s among the variables B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s D. All of the above

6- Which of the following statement is not true? A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project B. A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting the proposed research project C. A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project D. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research project 7- Preliminary data collection is a part of the Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives A. Descriptive research B. Exploratory research C. Applied research D. Explanatory research 8- Conducting surveys is the most common method of generating A. Primary data B. Secondary data C. Qualitative data D. None of the above 9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is A. To conduct surveys B. To generate the hypothesis C. To focus group discussions D. To use experiments in an investigation 10- The appropriate analytical technique is determined by A. The research design B. Nature of the data collected C. Nature of the hypothesis D. Both A & B

11- Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as: a. Mall interviews b. Mall intercept interviews c. Brief interviews d. None of the given options 12-WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates. In this regard, WATS is the abbreviation of: e. West Africa Theological Seminary f. Washtenaw Area Transportation Study g. Wide Area Telecommunications Service h. World Air Transport Statistics 13-A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions and records the answers himself is known as the: i. Interview schedule j. Questionnaire k. Interview guide l. All of the given options 14-One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is: m. Research design n. Questionnaire design o. Interview design p. Survey design Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives 15-Question that consists of two or more questions joined together is called a: q. Double barreled question

r. General question s. Accurate question t. Confusing question

16-The number of questionnaires returned or completed divided by the total number of eligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the survey is called the: u. Response rate v. Participation rate w. Inflation rate x. None of the given options 17-To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question before a specific question then this procedure is called as the: y. Research technique z. Qualitative technique aa. Funnel technique bb. Quantitative technique 18-A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as: cc. Pilot testing dd. Pre-testing ee. Lab experiments ff. Both A & B 18-Field testing of the questionnaire shows that: gg. Respondents are willing to co-operate hh. Respondents are not willing to co-operate ii. Respondents do not like any participation jj. All of the given options 19- Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:

kk. Self-administered questionnaires ll. Office assistant mm. Manager nn. None of the given options

20- Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the: oo. Self-administered questionnaires pp. Office assistant qq. Manager rr. None of the given options 21-Discrete variable is also called………. A. Categorical variable B. Discontinuous variable C. Both A & B D. None of the above 22-“Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment” Such a hypothesis is an example of………. A. Descriptive Hypothesis B. Directional Hypothesis C. Relational Hypothesis D. All of the above 23-‘Science’ refers to………. A. A system for producing knowledge B. The knowledge produced by a system C. Both A & B D. None of the above

24-Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method? A. Deterministic Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives B. Rationalism C. Empirical D. Abstraction 25-The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the………. A. Variables B. Hypothesis C. Concept D. Theory 26-………research is based on naturalism. A. Field research B. Descriptive research C. Basic research D. Applied research 27-Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as……… E. Mall interviews F. Mall intercept interviews G. Brief interviews H. None of the given options 28- ……… is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking general question before a specific question. I. Research technique J. Qualitative technique K. Funnel technique L. Quantitative technique 29-In, ___________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction of the interview. M. Field interview

N. Telephonic interview O. Both A and B P. None of the given options 30-Randomization of test units is a part of ……… Q. Pretest R. Posttest S. Matching T. Experiment 31- Rationalism is the application of which of the following? A. Logic and arguments B. Research solution C. Reasoning D. Previous findings 32- On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies? A. Logical understanding B. Identification of events C. Prior knowledge D. All of the given options 33- Which of the following refers to research supported by measurable evidence? A. Opinion B. Empiricism C. Speculation D. Rationalism

34-Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, EXCEPT; A. Health care B. Religion Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives C. Business D. Government offices

35- All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT; A. Data are systematically analyzed B. Data are collected systematically C. Results are generalizable D. Results are used to improve practice 36-Which of the following is characteristic of action research? A. Variables are tightly controlled B. Results are generalizable C. Data are usually qualitative D. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships

37-If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and worth; he is likely conducting which of the following types of research? A. Experimental B. Applied C. Basic D. Evaluation 38- Exploratory research addresses which of the following types of question? A. If B. How C. Why D. What 39- Which of the following is not the source for getting information for exploratory research? A. Content analysis B. Survey

C. Case study D. Pilot study 40- Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory? A. A theory that has survived attempts at falsification B. A theory that is proven to be right C. A theory that has been disproved D. A theory that has been falsified 41- A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as: A. Discontinuous variable B. Dependent variable C. Independent variable D. Intervening variable 42- Which of the following is the opposite of a variable? A. An extraneous variable B. A dependent variable C. A data set D. A constant 43- Which of the following is not a concept? A. Leadership B. Total Quality Management C. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) D. Human Resource Management 44- Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable? A. Age B. Annual income C. Grade point average D. Religion Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives 45-“Income distribution of employees” in a specific organization is an example of which of

following type of variable? A. Discontinuous variable B. Continuous variable C. Dependent variable D. Independent variable 46-“There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higher efficiency” is an example of which type of hypothesis? A. Alternative B. Null C. Co relational D. Research 47- Which of the following is not a role of hypothesis? A. Guides the direction of the study B. Determine feasibility of conducting the study C. Identifies relevant and irrelevant facts D. Provides framework for organizing the conclusions

48-Hypothesis test may also be called as: A. Informal test B. Significance test C. Moderating test D. T-test 49-Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue? A. Context review B. Integrated review C. Theoretical review D. Methodological review

50-After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, EXCEPT; A. Volumes B. Titles C. Price D. Full names of the authors 51- ___________research is based on naturalism. A. Field research B. Descriptive research C. Basic research D. Applied research 52- Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as_________ A. Mall interviews B. Mall intercepts interviews C. Brief interviews D. None of the given options 53- ____________is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking general question before a specific question. A. Research technique B. Qualitative technique C. Funnel technique D. Quantitative technique 54- In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction of the interview. A. Field interview B. Telephonic interview C. Both A and B D. None of the given options Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

55- Randomization of test units is a part of ______________ A. Pretest B. Posttest C. Matching D. Experiment 56- Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency? a. Mean, standard deviation, mode b. Mean, median, standard deviation c. Arithmetic mean, median, mode d. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode 57- Internal validity refers to. a. Researcher’s degree of confidence. b. Generalisability c. Operationalization d. All of the above 58- How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of _________. a. Intensity b. Space c. Frequency d. Direction

59- Time consumed in mall intercept interview is . a. High b. Moderate c. Low d. Nil

60- Departmental stores selected to test a new merchandising display system is the example of . a. Quota sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Judgmental sampling d. Purposive sampling  image: http://api.ning.com/files/Y8bD62HksPhEE7cCSUEuJu-WWaHFBRwNPfyy1UtYNOyNrQktIZ2AMYWpS9eMY97XjvEcA-6xr70r-3y0coSYoP07EKp3Ykim/1075850909.png?xgip=0%3A0%3A189%3A189%3B %3B&width=48&height=48&crop=1%3A1

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61- In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables in the study. 1. Experiment 2. Hypothesis 3. Theoretical framework 4. Research design 62- In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced by the ____. 1. Dependent variable 2. Extraneous variable 3. Independent variable 4. Confounding variable 63- A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________. 1. Hypothesis 2. Results 3. Procedure

4. Sensitivity

64- The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________. 1. Telephonic interview 2. Personal interview Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives 3. Unstructured interview 4. Structured interview 65-The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from those that describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling process. 1. Sampling design 2. Non-probability sampling 3. Sampling error 4. Probability sampling 66- In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance of selection. 1. Purposive sampling 2. Quota sampling 3. Stratified sampling 4. Simple random sampling 67- ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measure concept does indeed measure the intended concepts. 1. Reliability 2. Replicability 3. Scaling 4. Validity

68- A researcher is interested in studying why the “new math” of the 1960s failed. She interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are considered as: 1. Primary sources 2. Secondary Sources 3. External critics 4. Internal critics

69- Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling? 1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups 2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions 3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done 4. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample 70- Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship can be established. 1. Strong 2. Linear 3. Weak 4. Cause and Effect 71. Discrete variable is also called………. E. Categorical variable F. Discontinuous variable G. Both A & B H. None of the above 72.“Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment” Such a hypothesis is an example of……….

E. Descriptive Hypothesis F. Directional Hypothesis G. Relational Hypothesis H. All of the above 73.‘Science’ refers to………. E. A system for producing knowledge Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives F. The knowledge produced by a system G. Both A & B H. None of the above

74.Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method? E. Deterministic F. Rationalism G. Empirical H. Abstraction 73.The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the………. E. Variables F. Hypothesis G. Concept H. Theory 74.………research is based on naturalism. U. Field research V. Descriptive research W. Basic research X. Applied research 75.Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as……… Y. Mall interviews Z. Mall intercept interviews AA. Brief interviews

BB. None of the given options 76.……… is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking general question before a specific question. CC. Research technique DD. Qualitative technique EE. Funnel technique FF. Quantitative technique 77.In, ……… the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction of the interview. GG. Field interview HH. Telephonic interview II. Both A and B JJ. None of the given options 78.Randomization of test units is a part of ……… KK. Pretest LL. Posttest MM. Matching NN. Experiment 79. In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables in the study. 1. Experiment 2. Hypothesis 3. Theoretical framework 4. Research design 80. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced by the ____. 1. Dependent variable 2. Extraneous variable 3. Independent variable

4. Confounding variable 81. A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________. Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives 1. Hypothesis 2. Results 3. Procedure 4. Sensitivity 82. The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________. 1. Telephonic interview 2. Personal interview 3. Unstructured interview 4. Structured interview

83. The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from those that describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling process. 1. Sampling design 2. Non-probability sampling 3. Sampling error 4. Probability sampling 84. In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance of selection. 1. Purposive sampling 2. Quota sampling 3. Stratified sampling 4. Simple random sampling

85. ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measure concept does indeed measure the intended concepts. 1. Reliability 2. Replicability 3. Scaling 4. Validity 86. A researcher is interested in studying why the “new math” of the 1960s failed. She interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are considered as: 1. Primary sources 2. Secondary Sources 3. External critics 4. Internal critics 87. Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling? 1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups 2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions 3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done 4. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample 88. Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship can be established. 1. Strong 2. Linear 3. Weak 4. Cause and Effect 89. Rationalism is the application of which of the following? A. Logic and arguments

B. Research solution C. Reasoning D. Previous findings 90. On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies? A. Logical understanding B. Identification of events Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives C. Prior knowledge D. All of the given options

91. Which of the following refers to research supported by measurable evidence? A. Opinion B. Empiricism C. Speculation D. Rationalism 92. Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, EXCEPT; A. Health care B. Religion C. Business D. Government offices

93. All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT; A. Data are systematically analyzed B. Data are collected systematically C. Results are generalizable D. Results are used to improve practice 94. Which of the following is characteristic of action research?

A. Variables are tightly controlled B. Results are generalizable C. Data are usually qualitative D. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationship 95. If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which of the following types of research? A. Experimental B. Applied C. Basic D. Evaluation 96. Exploratory research addresses which of the following types of question? A. If B. How C. Why D. What 97. Which of the following is not the source for getting information for exploratory research? A. Content analysis B. Survey C. Case study D. Pilot study

98. Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory? A. A theory that has survived attempts at falsification B. A theory that is proven to be right C. A theory that has been disproved D. A theory that has been falsified

100. Which of the following is not a concept? A. Leadership B. Total Quality Management C. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) D. Human Resource Management 101. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as: Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives A. Discontinuous variable B. Dependent variable C. Independent variable D. Intervening variable 102. Which of the following is the opposite of a variable? A. An extraneous variable B. A dependent variable C. A data set D. A constant 103. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable? A. Age B. Annual income C. Grade point average D. Religion

104. “Income distribution of employees” in a specific organization is an example of which of following type of variable? A. Discontinuous variable B. Continuous variable C. Dependent variable

D. Independent variable http://.com 105. “There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higher efficiency” is an example of which type of hypothesis? A. Alternative B. Null C. Correlational D. Research 106. Which of the following is not a role of hypothesis? A. Guides the direction of the study B. Determine feasibility of conducting the study C. Identifies relevant and irrelevant facts D. Provides framework for organizing the conclusions 107. Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue? A. Context review B. Integrated review C. Theoretical review D. Methodological review 108. After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, EXCEPT; A. Volumes B. Titles C. Price D. Full names of the authors

109. What is the primary focus of establishment surveys in this case study? A. Collect the data through past studies B. Analyze the literature review

C. Using of quantitative techniques D. Data collection through mail and Interview 110. Which one of following is generally common in establishment survey and household survey? A. Cognitive recall B. Homogenous respondents C. Error free D. Response burden Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives 111. Which one of the following is not of important consideration in establishment survey while designing questionnaires? A. Response burden B. Professional terminology C. Cognitive recall D. Use of Records 112. Which of the following method of data collection is not discussed in the case study? A. Questionnaires B. Interviews C. Mail survey D. Observations 113. Which of the following sampling technique is used for Employee Turnover and Job Openings survey? A. Simple random sampling B. Cluster sampling C. Stratified sampling D. Convenience sampling

114. Which one of the following is the limitation of establishment survey in this case study? A. Cost B. Limited data C. Unskilled interviewer D. Small sample size http://.com 115. Which of the following is not the part of specific protocol of focus groups in ETJO? A. Concept and indicators B. Definition C. Availability of records D. Cognitive recall 116. Which of the following is the draw back of pretest interview in ETJO survey? A. Small simple size B. Non cooperative response C. Probing D. Questionnaire format 117. Which of the following method of data collection is not used in the case study? A. Questionnaires B. Focus groups C. Correlational method D. Secondary data 118. What is the basic purpose of ETJO survey? A. To assess the feasibility of collecting job-vacancy and turnover data by occupation B. To analyze the problem of labor shortage C. To assess the motivation level of employees D. To analyze the factor contributing towards employee turnover

119. Which of the following is the basic purpose of pretest interview in this case study? A. To identified the potential problem B. To know the sample size C. To develop the questionnaire D. To use agency representative 120. Which one of the following sampling type is used in operations test to select the units? A. Simple random sampling Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives B. Cluster sampling C. Quota sampling D. Judgment sampling  image: http://api.ning.com/files/Y8bD62HksPhEE7cCSUEuJu-WWaHFBRwNPfyy1UtYNOyNrQktIZ2AMYWpS9eMY97XjvEcA-6xr70r-3y0coSYoP07EKp3Ykim/1075850909.png?xgip=0%3A0%3A189%3A189%3B %3B&width=48&height=48&crop=1%3A1

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121. Which of the following is the basic purpose of Response analysis survey in the case study? A. To assess the quality of ETJO survey data B. To know the sample size of ETJO survey data C. To develop the questionnaire for ETJO D. To use agency representative for ETJO 122. After Operation test, which of the following test findings were suggested by the researcher? A. Need of highly skilled and well trained interviewer

B. Sample size should be increased C. A decent increase in survey budget D. Focus group should be included 123. In which one of the following stage researcher consult the literature? A. Operation test B. Response analysis survey C. Document design analysis D. Pretest interviews

124. Which one of the following sampling type is used in Response analysis survey (RAS)? A. Simple random sampling B. Cluster sampling C. Quota sampling D. Stratified sampling 125. Which one of the following could be helpful for minimizing the bias in this case study? A. Cognitive research B. Focus group C. Pretest Interview D. Response analysis survey 126. Which one of the following is useful in assessing and clarifying concepts and definitions at the beginning stages of questionnaire? A. Operation test B. Document design analysis C. Focus group D. Response analysis survey

127. Which one of the following can be more helpful than others in order to determine the exact source of measurement errors in establishment survey? A. Focus group B. Operation test C. Response analysis survey D. Document design analysis Identify the ‘True’ and ‘False’ statements. (05) (1) Review of literature shows the incredibility of the body of knowledge and identifies the points at which the researcher made the research area ambiguous and unclear. (False) (2) The literature survey provides a solid foundation for developing the theoretical framework. (True) (3) The hypothesis should not only be specific to a place and situation but also these should be narrowed down with respect to its operation. (True ) (4) A cohort analysis is similar to cross-sectional research. (False) Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives (5) A literature review does not consider the prior studies, their agreements or disagreements in the field. (False) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. (1) Research hypothesis is formulated by the researcher which suggests the nature of relationship i.e. the direction of relationship. (2) Correlational hypothesis merely states that the variables occur together and does not imply that one causes the other. (3) Longitudinal type of research examine feature of any unit at more than one time. (4) Historical review traces the development of an idea or shows how a particular issue or theory has evolved over time. (5) Discontinuous variable is also known as discrete/ categorical/ classificatoryvariable. 6. Validity problems occur when the researcher’s theoretical definition does not match that of the government agency or organization that collected the information. 7. Reliability problems occur when official definition or the method of collecting

Information changes over time. 8. Secondary data refer to information gathered by someone other than the researcher conducting the present study. 9. Experiments are best for topics where the researcher controls a situation and manipulates an Independent variable. 10. A social indicator is any measure of wellbeing used in policy. 11.Two power bases of scientific knowledge are Empiricism and Rationalism 12.Action research is a type of Applied research 13.Three types of longitudinal research are time series, panel, and cohort 14.The research proposal is just like a research report, but it is written before the research project begins. 15.Natural science concepts are often expressed in symbolic forms. 16.The double blind experiment is designed to control experimenter expectancy. 17.Pilot testing is also called pre-testing. 18.The totality, out of which sample is drawn is referred to as population. 19.The physical setting of the interview creates Situational bias. 20.Probing is the verbal prompts made by field worker.

http://.com Long Questions: Q1. Write any five similarities of Historical-Comparative research and Field research? Answer: 1. Both H-C research and field research recognize that the researcher’s point of view is an avoidable part of research. Both involve interpretation, which introduce the interpreter’s location in time, place, and world-view. 2. Both field and H-C research examine a great diversity of data. In both the research becomes immersed in data to gain an emphatic understanding of events and people. 3. Both field and H-C research often use grounded theory (theory usually emerges during the process of data collection.) 4. Both field and H-C research involves a type of translation. The researcher’s meaning system usually differs from that of people he or she studies, but he or she

Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives tries to penetrate and understand their point of view. 5. Both field and H-C research focus on action, process, and sequence and see time process as essential. 6. Generalization and theory are limited in field and H-C research. Q2. How quantitative and qualitative techniques are applied in HistoricalComparative research. Answer: Quantitative approach The quantitative techniques with some minor adjustment can be applied to study the past or other cultures. _ The researcher can focus on the issue in one society, few societies or multiple societies. _ The researcher can focus on the issue in one time in the past or examine the issue across many years/periods in the past. _ The researcher can focus on the issue in the present or a recent past period. _ The researcher’s analysis could be based primarily on quantitative data or qualitative data. Qualitative approach _ The researcher must be able to take on, mentally, the circumstances, views, and feelings of those being studied to interpret their action appropriately. _ The historical-comparative research must find patterns among the voluminous details describing the subject matter of study. Question # 01 How do concrete and abstract concepts differ? Give example. (Marks: 04) Solution: Concrete Concepts: Concrete ones refer to straightforward physical objects or familiar experiences. Abstract concepts: Abstract concepts refer to ideas that have a scattered meaning or an indirect expression Abstraction is a thought process wherein ideas are distanced from objects.

The difference between concrete and abstract concepts can be expressed with some characterizations like, 1. Abstract concepts have only relational properties while concrete concepts have some fundamental properties. 2. Abstract concepts are universals and concrete concepts are particulars. 3. Abstract concepts are sets (generalized) and concrete concepts are individuals (specified). 4. Concrete concepts are known by observation whereas abstract concepts are known in some other way, e.g., by abstraction, by intuition, etc Example Print Media (Abstract) Publication News Paper Daily Dawn (Concrete) Question # 02 Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives Given the situation below, Discuss with reason into which category they fall  • According to the purpose of doing research and  • The uses of research (Marks: 03, 03) Scenario 1: Reasons for Absenteeism A university professor wanted to analyze in depth the reasons for absenteeism of employees in organizations. Fortunately, a company within 20 miles of the campus employed her as a consultant to study that very issue. Solution: • According to the purpose of doing research : It is Explanatory research as the purpose is to find out the reasons for a phenomenon i.e. 

absenteeism of employees in organizations. Research seeks to determine the answers to why question about a specific behavior.  • According to the uses of research:

It is applied research since, the problem is being faced by an organization and the research is called upon to solve it. Scenario 2: Effects of Nasal Spray on Flu A research scientist surveys 1,000 employees in different organizational settings to study the efficacy of several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus. He subsequently publishes his findings in a highly respected medical journal. Solution: • According to the purpose of doing research : It is Descriptive research, as, the research question only finds out the special effects of 

several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus in different organizational settings. It is to find out the relationship among the substances under study.  • According to the uses of research: It is a Basic research since the underlying purpose is to expand the frontier of knowledge . Question#01: Why turn over is high in some organizations? As per above given query, explain the following components of Theoretical frame work; (Marks: 10) i) Develop an inventory of variables (min. five variables required) ii) Specify direction of relationship iii) Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists iv) Make an inventory of propositions Ans: i) Develop an inventory of variables Salary Package is low, Inflexibility in working hours, Low decentralization (participation in decision making), Lack of other benefits (bonus, appraisals, conveyance facilities, etc), Poor working ambiance ii) Specify direction of relationship a) Between salary & turn-over negative relationship exists

b) Between flexible working hours & turn-over negative relationship exists c) Between decentralization & turn-over negative relationship exists Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives d) Between extra benefits & turn-over negative relationship exists e) Between ambiance & turn-over negative relationship exists iii) Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists? a) Between salary & turn-over negative relationship exists because in current era a good salary package has more attraction for employees to remain in the same organization. So organizations that keep themselves up-dated with privileged market salary packages usually have low turn over ratio. b) Between flexible working hours & turn-over negative relationship exists because flexibility in working hours give some relaxation to employees especially in case when their targets are not achieved due to a reason able fact. c) Between decentralization & turn-over negative relationship exists because participation in decision making raise confidence of employee and motivation level. So, organization have more decentralized system face low turn-over ratio. d) Between extra benefits & turn-over negative relationship exists. The organizations offer different packages like bonuses, conveyance facilities etc, such organizations have more satisfies employees and low turn over. e) Between ambiance & turn-over negative relationship exists. Working ambiance does matter a lot. Good ambiance that help in releasing working stress increase the employee motivation and interest in doing job well.

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Question#02: What is meant by a Research Proposal? Explain briefly. Also mention at what time a research proposal is submitted? (Marks: 05) Note: (Copied data from hand outs will not be appreciated) Ans: A research proposal is a document that plans how and in which manner a research will be conducted. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. Such proposals must offer convincing support for your research topic. It means the topic/issue for which research study is being proposed should be sound enough to conduct a worthy research. The proposal must describe a detailed methodology for conducting the research i.e. which tools are going to be used in your research. More over when writing a proposal it is well to assume that reader of your proposal is interested to find out the answer of these questions;    

• What do you want to do, how much will it cost, and how much time will it take? • What has already been done in the area of your project? • How do you plan to do it? • How will the results be evaluated?

A good proposal is that which well defines these questions and convinces the reader that research on specified issue is needed to conduct. So, the research proposal is submitted before starting the research project because in this you plan how the data will be collected and analyzed. Q. Explain the difference between these terms with one example of each. i. Population and target population ii. Sampling unit and observation unit iii. Parameter and statistic i. Population and Target Population. Population refers to the entire group of people, events or things of interest that the

researcher wishes to investigate. Target population is the complete group of specific population elements relevant to the research project. Example Suppose a researcher wants to investigate the productivity of employees working in multinationals in Pakistan. All the employees working in multinational will be the population. The researcher wants to investigate the productivity of employees working in multinational in FMCG sector in Pakistan. Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives All the employees working in multinationals in FMCG sector in Pakistan will be the target population. ii. Sampling Unit and Observation Unit A sampling unit is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling. An observation unit is an element or aggregation of elements from which the information is collected. Example In the above example the researcher selects employees from three FMCG multinationals (Procter and Gamble, Unilever and Nestle) for data collection. Among these employees he selected First Line Managers for collecting the data. Among all First Line Manager he selects 40 Line managers for data collection. In this example the employees from three FMCGs (Procter and Gamble, Unilever and Nestle) are the primary sampling unit, all the First Line managers are the secondary/ final sampling unit and the selected First Line managers are the observation unit. iii. Parameter and Statistics A parameter is the summary description of a given variable in a population while Statistic is the summary description of a given variable in a survey sample. Example In the above example the mean productivity of all the employees working in the multinational is the Parameter and the mean productivity of the First Line managers from those the researcher collected the data is the Statistics. Q: Define Research? Discuss the special features of Scientific method of Research?

Solution: Definition of Research: Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions by gathering the needed information. General image of the research is that it has something to do with the laboratory where scientists are supposedly doing some experiments. Research is simply the process of finding solutions to a problem after thorough study and analysis of the situational factors. In research, we try to follow a system or a procedure in an organized manner. It is all the more necessary in case we want to repeat the study, or somebody else wants to verify our findings. In the latter case the other person has to follow the same procedure that we followed. Hence not only we have to do the study in a systematic manner but also that system should be known to others. Special Features of Scientific Method of Research: The Scientific method of Research is a procedure to produce knowledge and to discover the principles & laws in this universe. Special Features of Scientific Method of Research are as follows: 1. Empirical Scientific method is concerned with the realities that are observable through “sensory experiences.” It generates knowledge which is verifiable by experience or observation. Some of the realities could be directly observed, like the number of students present in the class and how many of them are male and how many female. The same students have attitudes, values, motivations, aspirations, and commitments. These are also realities which cannot be observed directly, but the researchers have designed ways to observe these indirectly. Any reality that cannot be put to “sensory experience” directly or indirectly (existence of heaven, the Day of

Judgment, life hereafter, God’s rewards for good deeds) does not fall within the domain of scientific method. 2. Verifiable Observations made through scientific method are to be verified again by using the senses to confirm or refute the previous findings. Such confirmations may have to be made by the same researcher or others. We will place more faith and credence in those findings and conclusions if similar findings emerge on the basis of data collected by other researchers using the same methods. To the extent that it does happen (i.e. the results are replicated or repeated) we will gain confidence in the scientific nature of our research. Replicability, in this way, is an important characteristic of scientific method. Hence revelations and intuitions are out of the domain of scientific method. 3. Cumulative Prior to the start of any study the researchers try to scan through the literature and see that their study is not a repetition in ignorance. Instead of reinventing the wheel the researchers take stock of the existing body of knowledge and try to build on it. Also the researchers do Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives not leave their research findings into scattered bits and pieces. Facts and figures are to be provided with language and thereby inferences drawn. The results are to be organized and systematized. Nevertheless, we don’t want to leave our studies as stand alone. A linkage between the present and the previous body of knowledge has to be established, and that is how the knowledge accumulates. 4. Deterministic Science is based on the assumption that all events have antecedent causes that are subject to identification and logical understanding. For the scientist, nothing “just happens” – it happens for

a reason. The scientific researchers try to explain the emerging phenomenon by identifying its causes. Of the identified causes which ones can be the most important? For example, in the 2006 BA/BS examination of the Punjab University 67 percent of the students failed. What could be the determinants of such a mass failure of students? The researcher may try to explain this phenomenon and come up with variety of reasons which may pertain to students, teachers, administration, curriculum, books, examination system, and so on. Looking into such a large number of reasons may be highly cumbersome model for problem solution. It might be appropriate to tell, of all these factors which one is the most important. The researcher tries to narrow down the number of reasons in such a way that some action could taken. 5. Ethical and Ideological Neutrality The conclusions drawn through interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective; that is, they should be based on the facts of the findings derived from actual data, and not on our own subjective or emotional values. For instance, if we had a hypothesis that stated that greater participation in decision making will increase organizational commitment, and this was not supported by the results, it makes no sense if the researcher continues to argue that increased opportunities for employee participation would still help. Such an argument would be based, not on the factual, data based research findings, but on the subjective opinion of the researcher. If this was the conviction of the researcher all along, then there was no need to do the research in the first place. Researchers are human beings, having individual ideologies, religious affiliations,

cultural differences which can influence the research findings. Any interference of their personal likings and dis-likings in their research can contaminate the purity of the data, which ultimately can affect the predictions made by the researcher. Therefore, one of the important characteristics of scientific method is to follow the principle of objectivity, uphold neutrality, and present the results in an unbiased manner.

6. Statistical Generalization Generalisability refers to the scope of the research findings in one organizational setting to other settings. Obviously, the wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by research, the more useful the research is to users. For instance, if a researcher’s findings that participation in decision making enhances organizational commitment are found to be true in a variety of manufacturing, industrial, and service organizations, and not merely in the particular organization studied by the researcher, the generalisability of the findings to other organizational settings is enhanced. The more generalizable the research, the greater its usefulness and value. For wider generalisability, the research sampling design has to be logically developed. Here the use of statistics is very helpful. Statistics is device for comparing what is observed and what is logically expected. The use of statistics becomes helpful in making generalizations, which is one of the goals of scientific method. 7. Rationalism Science is fundamentally a rational activity, and the scientific explanation must make sense. Religion may rest on revelations, custom, or traditions, gambling on faith, but science must rest

on logical reason. There are two distinct logical systems important to the scientific quest, referred to as deductive logic and inductive logic. Q: Define Hypothesis? What are different types of hypothesis? Explain. Solution: Definition of Hypothesis: A proposition that can be verified to determine its reality is a hypothesis. A hypothesis may be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables, expressed in the form of a testable statement. Relationship is proposed by using a strong logical argumentation. This logical relationship may be part of theoretical framework of the study. For example,   

• Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment (variable). • Level of job commitment of the officers is associated with their level of efficiency. • Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of

efficiency. Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives 

• The higher the level of job commitment of the officers the lower their level of

absenteeism. Types of Hypothesis: There are different types of hypothesis which are as follows. 1-Descriptive Hypothesis Descriptive hypothesis contains only one variable thereby it is also called as univariate hypothesis. Descriptive hypotheses typically state the existence, size, form, or distribution of some variable. The first hypothesis contains only one variable. It only shows the distribution of the level of commitment among the officers of the organization which is higher than average. Such a hypothesis is an example of a Descriptive Hypothesis. 2- Relational Hypothesis

These are the propositions that describe a relationship between two variables. The relationship could be non-directional or directional, positive or negative, causal or simply correlational. While stating the relationship between the two variables, if the terms of positive, negative, more than, or less than are used then such hypotheses are directional because the direction of the relationship between the variables (positive/negative) has been indicated. These hypotheses are relational as well as directional. The directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the relationship has been specified. Non-directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the association has not been specified. The relationship may be very strong but whether it is positive or negative has not been postulated. Correlational hypotheses state merely that the variables occur together in some specified manner without implying that one causes the other. Such weak claims are often made when we believe that there are more basic causal forces that affect both variables. For example: Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency. Explanatory (causal) hypotheses imply the existence of, or a change in, one variable causes or leads to a change in the other variable. This brings in the notions of independent and the dependent variables. Cause means to “help make happen.” So the independent variable may not be the sole reason for the existence of, or change in the dependent variable. 3- Null Hypothesis It is used for testing the hypothesis formulated by the researcher. Researchers treat evidence that

supports a hypothesis differently from the evidence that opposes it. They give negative evidence more importance than to the positive one. It is because the negative evidence tarnishes the hypothesis. It shows that the predictions made by the hypothesis are wrong. The null hypothesis simply states that there is no relationship between the variables or the relationship between the variables is “zero.” That is how symbolically null hypothesis is denoted as “H0”. For example: H0 = There is no relationship between the level of job commitment and the level of efficiency. Or H0 = The relationship between level of job commitment and the level of efficiency is zero. Or the two variables are independent of each other. It does not take into consideration the direction of association (i.e. H0 is non directional), which may be a second step in testing the hypothesis. 4- Alternative Hypothesis The alternative (to the null) hypothesis simply states that there is a relationship between the variables under study. In our example it could be: there is a relationship between the level of job commitment and the level of efficiency. Not only there is an association between the two variables under study but also the relationship is perfect which is indicated by the number “1”. Thereby the alternative hypothesis is symbolically denoted as “H1”. It can be written like this: H1: There is a relationship between the level of job commitment of the officers and their level of efficiency. 5- Research Hypothesis Research hypothesis is the actual hypothesis formulated by the researcher which may also suggest the nature of relationship i.e. the direction of relationship. In our example it could be:

Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency. Q: Ahmad is the manager of a restaurant; he wants to see his staff cooperative and hardworking but his staff is not working well according to his will. He decided to give the incentives in order to motivate and encourage them but his policy did not work effectively. There can be many factors behind this behavior of staff that needs to be researched. For this purpose, he appoints you as a researcher and asks you to discover those factors and submit a report to him. How you will undertake this kind of Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives research and what steps you will choose to make a report about the behavior of the staff? Solution: The manager of the restaurant appoints me as a researcher to find out the factors behind the staff behavior. I will take the following steps in order to undertake this research and to make a report. These steps are as follows: STEP 1: To Select the topic of research: First of all I will select the topic which is a general area of study or issue. The topic in this research is the factors behind the staff behavior. A topic appears to be too broad for conducting research. The specific issues that need to be researched within the situation may not be identified at this stage. I will try to analyze the problems currently existing in the restaurant that needs to be solved and the areas that a manager believes need to be improved in the restaurant (improving the existing policies). Then I will develop some research questions that a basic researcher wants to answer empirically. STEP 2: Preliminary Data Collection or to Explore different areas from where I can get information related to the restaurant and staff behavior:

After selecting the topic, I will collect data from different sources. This step may be considered as part of the exploratory research. An exploration typically begins with a search for published data and studies. Such sources can provide secondary data which becomes part of the background information (about the restaurant & groups of people). Some secondary sources of data are statistical bulletins, government publications, information published or unpublished, case studies, online data, web sites, and the Internet from where I can get information. In addition, information can also be collected from the people who are well informed about the staff and restaurant, especially those who have clearly stated positions on controversial aspects of the problem. In certain situations, I will also focus on group discussions with the staff of the restaurant. Such discussions can help me in the identification of factors and having clarification of their behavior. STEP 3: Problem Definition After having discussions with the professionals as well as with the staff to whom the issue relates, and the review of literature, now I will be in a position to narrow down from its original broad base and define the factors clearly. Translate the broad issue into a research question. As part of the applied research convert the management dilemma into a management question, and then on to research question that fits the need to resolve the dilemma. The symptoms of a problem might help tracing the real problem. For example in this research, the productivity decline of workers is an issue. The manager has tried to solve it by the provision of incentives but his policy did not

work. I will find the possible factors like the morale and motivation of the workers having some other antecedents. STEP 4: To develop the Theoretical Framework Consultations with the informants and professionals, and the review of literature will help me in the identification of different factors that are considered to be relevant. Now I will need to make a logical relationship among several factors identified. This will help in the delineation of the theoretical framework. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated. Developing such a conceptual framework helps to postulate or hypothesize and test certain relationships. STEP 5: To Generate the Hypotheses Once I have identified the important variables relevant to an issue and established the logical reasoning in the theoretical framework, I will be in a position to test whether the relationships that have been theorized do in fact hold true. By testing these relationships scientifically, I will obtain reliable information to determine the relationship among the variables. The results of these tests offer part of the answers to the formulated research questions, whether these relate basic research or to applied research. STEP 6: To make a Research Design Research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information. It is a framework or the blueprint that plans the action for research project. The objectives of the study determined during the early stages of the research

are included in the design to ensure that the information collected is appropriate for solving the problem. It is very important to specify the sources of information, and the research method or technique (survey or experiment, for example) to be followed in the study. Broadly there are six basic research methods for descriptive and causal research: surveys, experiments, observation, communication analysis (content analysis), case study, focus group discussion. STEP 7: Data Collection, Data Processing, and Analysis Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives Data collection is integral part of the research design; Data collection is determined by the research technique selected for the project. Data can be collected in a variety of ways, in different settings – field or lab – and from different sources. It could includeinterviews – face to face interviews, telephone interviews, computer-assisted interviews, and interviews through electronic media; questionnaires that either personally administered, sent through mail, or electronically administered; observation of individuals and events which could be participant or non participant. Once the fieldwork has been completed, the data must be converted into a format that will answer the research questions and help testing the hypotheses. The computer can help in making tables and the application of different statistics. STEP 8: Testing the Hypotheses; Answering the Research Questions The analysis and interpretation of the data shall be the means to testing the formulated hypotheses as well as finding answers to the research questions. In case of applied research, the research should be helpful in finding solutions to the problems of the organization or society. Making recommendations may also be part of this process. STEP 9: Report Writing

The research report should communicate the research findings effectively. All too often the report is a complicated statement of the study’s technical aspects and sophisticated research methods. The report has to be presented in the format as it may have been part of the terms of reference if it is a sponsored study. I will write the basic factors behind the staff behavior in my report and I will also give some suggestions to the manager to motivate the staff so that they can work efficiently. stion.levels of the students in her study. Which of the following BEST describes the chapter test? Select correct option: Definition Construct Variable Operationalized variable  image: http://api.ning.com/files/Y8bD62HksPhEE7cCSUEuJu-WWaHFBRwNPfyy1UtYNOyNrQktIZ2AMYWpS9eMY97XjvEcA-6xr70r-3y0coSYoP07EKp3Ykim/1075850909.png?xgip=0%3A0%3A189%3A189%3B %3B&width=48&height=48&crop=1%3A1

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Permalink Reply by + M.Tariq Malik on April 1, 2012 at 8:44pm

1. Your county has just developed a new procedure for helping juveniles who are arrested. Does the new procedure result in fewer arrests in the future? This is a question of: outcome evaluation. process evaluation

economic efficiency assessment.

2. The nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design allows a researcher to assess the effects of an independent variable by examining change from pretest to posttest. True False 3. When a researcher makes multiple observations before and after a change is implemented, the design is called an interrupted time-series design. True False 4. Behavior changes when the treatment is introduced and changes again when the treatment is withdrawn. This describes a: interrupted time-series design. ABA design. control series design 5. Single-subject designs cannot be conducted with multiple participants. True False 6. An ABAB design has both ethical and internal validity advantages over the ABA design. True False 7. A documentary film director made a series of films about the lives of a set of children when they were 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 years of age, i.e, the films 7-Up and 14-Up.. What type of "research design" is this? cross-sectional

longitudinal sequential 8. When Donald Campbell compared fatalities in Connecticut and nearby states before and after a police speeding crackdown, the ___________ design was used. interrupted time series control series longitudinal 9. Cross-sectional designs confound developmental changes and cohort effects. True False 10. After comparing the effects of jail and a drug treatment program on persons convicted of drug-related offenses, a researcher analyzed the societal costs of each. The researcher has conducted: outcome evaluation needs assessment economic efficiency assessment ===========================ANSWERS============================ 1. outcome evaluation 2. True 3. True 4. ABA design 5. False 6. True 7. longitudinal 8. control series 9. True 10. economic efficiency assessment ce:n� >s�/}�w='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Arial;color:black'>Select correct option:  image: http://api.ning.com/files/Y8bD62HksPhEE7cCSUEuJu-WWaHFBRwNPfyy1UtYNOyNrQktIZ2AMYWpS9eMY97XjvEcA-6xr70r-3y0coSYoP07EKp3Ykim/1075850909.png?xgip=0%3A0%3A189%3A189%3B %3B&width=48&height=48&crop=1%3A1

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Permalink Reply by + M.Tariq Malik on April 1, 2012 at 8:45pm

1. You want to know if males and females differ in preferences for dogs and cats as pets. You ask males and females to indicate whether they prefer dogs, cats, or neither dogs nor cats. When you describe your results, you will compare: means. percentages. medians. 2. You want to know if males and females differ in the length of recommended sentence for someone found guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol. You ask males and females to indicate the number of weeks of jail time the convicted person should receive. When you describe your results, you will compare: means percentages medians 3. If you are using a nominal scale, the standard deviation is the best measure of variabilility of responses. True False 4. You conducted a survey of students in your school. You report that half the students work 25 hours per week or less. The statistic you used is the mean. median. mode 5. Couples who share more similar attitudes indicate that they are more satisfied with their relationship. This reflects a ___________ correlation.

positive negative 6. A correlation coefficient provides information about the strength of the relationship between variables. True False 7. A researcher assessed the following variables in a sample of teenage males: aggressive behavior, anger, loneliness, and perceived social support from family and friends. In addition to examining the correlations among these variables, the researcher tested a proposed model of how these variable are related to one another. The researcher is using a: partial correlation analysis. structural equation model. multiple regression analysis. 8. You believe that the relationship between the two variables you are investigating is curvilinear. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient will provide a good index of the strength of this relationship. True False 9. You expected to find that age is related to more conservative political attitudes. However, your study found that the two variables were not related. Before you conclude that the two variables are not related, you should examine the range of values on your age variable. True False 10. A multiple correlation is a correlation between one variable and another variable that is measured on a ratio scale. a combined set of variables. a manipulated variable.

===========================ANSWERS============================ 1. percentages 2. means 3. False 4. median 5. positive 6. True 7. structural equation model 8. False 9. True 10. combined set of variables  image: http://api.ning.com/files/Y8bD62HksPhEE7cCSUEuJu-WWaHFBRwNPfyy1UtYNOyNrQktIZ2AMYWpS9eMY97XjvEcA-6xr70r-3y0coSYoP07EKp3Ykim/1075850909.png?xgip=0%3A0%3A189%3A189%3B %3B&width=48&height=48&crop=1%3A1

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Permalink Reply by + M.Tariq Malik on April 1, 2012 at 8:45pm

1. Statistical significance tests allow you to make inferences about population values based on data obtained from samples. True False 2. After conducting a statistical test, you conclude that the mean score of males differs significantly from the mean score of females. You have: accepted the null hypothesis rejected the null hypothesis made a Type I error 3. With larger sample sizes, your sample data are more likely to accurately reflect true population values. True False

4. You did not reject the null hypothesis. It is possible that you made a: Type I error. Type II error. Type I and a Type II error. 5. To increase the likelihood of obtaining a significant result, you should have a: large difference between groups. small variabilility within groups. both of these are true. 6. In addition to knowing about the statistical significance of your data, it is important to know about effect size, the strength of the relationship between your variables. True False 7. When you conduct a t-test, your obtained data are transformed into a single obtained t value. A ____________ of t values exists to allow you to know the probability that your data are consistent with the null hypothesis. sampling distribution random probability distribution Type I error table 8. The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is called: alpha beta power

9. Another term for systematic variance is between-group variance. Another term for error variance is within-group variance. True False 10. When designing a study, it is possible to calculate the sample size that will be needed to obtain a statistically significant effect. This calculation is called: Type II error analysis. effect size analysis. power analysis. =======================ANSWERS================================ 1. True 2. rejected the null hypothesis 3. True 4. Type II error 5. both of these 6. True 7. sampling distribution 8. power 9. True 10. power analysis  image: http://api.ning.com/files/Y8bD62HksPhEE7cCSUEuJu-WWaHFBRwNPfyy1UtYNOyNrQktIZ2AMYWpS9eMY97XjvEcA-6xr70r-3y0coSYoP07EKp3Ykim/1075850909.png?xgip=0%3A0%3A189%3A189%3B %3B&width=48&height=48&crop=1%3A1

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Permalink Reply by + M.Tariq Malik on April 1, 2012 at 8:46pm

1. Meta-analysis is a statistical procedure to combine the results of many studies that investigated the same variable.

True False

2. The ability to infer that that the independent variable caused the effect on the dependent variable is called: internal validity external validity criterion validity 3. When you discuss the extent to which your results would apply to other people or settings, you are concerned with: internal validity external validity criterion validity 4. A jury decision study used a male judge. A way to increase generalizability would be to replicate the study with a female judge. True False 5. A replication in which the original procedures are duplicated is called a(n) _______________ . exact replication conceptual replication systematic replication. 6. A synthesis of the data obtained from many studies on a particular topic is called a literature review. True False

7. A study on fear of medical procedures was conducted in a room on campus that had been decorated as a doctor's office has: experimental realism mundane realism replicability 8. The participants in the study became very involved in a computer simulation. This study has: experimental realism mundane realism replicability 9. A study that uses different procedures for manipualating and measuring variables from another study is called a conceptual replication. True False 10. A study conducted outside the confines of a standard laboratory/classroom is called a: field experiment mundane experiment meta-analysis ==========================ANSWERS============================= 1. True 2. internal validity 3. external validity 4. True 5. exact replication 6. True 7. mundane realism 8. experimental realism 9. True 10. field experiment

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Permalink Reply by + M.Tariq Malik on April 1, 2012 at 8:46pm

1. A reliable measure has more measurement error than an unreliable measure. True False 2. An indicator of reliability based on the correlations of each item in a measure with every other item is called: Test-retest reliability Cronbach's alpha Split-half reliability 3. A measure is reactive if it changes the behavior being measured. True False 4. A researcher developed a measure of shyness and is now asking whether this measure does in fact measure a person's true state of shyness. This is a question of: reactivity. construct validity. reliability.

5. Scores on a final exam are related to student grade point average, the amount of time spent studying for the exam, and class attendance. What type of validity is demonstrated

in this case? convergent validity. discriminant validity. criterion validity. 6. Nominal scales of measurement have no quantitative properties. True False 7. Which of the following variables does NOT have ratio scale properties? job satisfaction rating reaction time to respond when a stimulus is presented distance (in inches) that two people stand from each other when conversing 8. My measure allows me to successfully predict future behavioral outcomes. My measure has: Criterion validity Face validity 9. Unobtrusive measures reduce the problem of reactivity. True False 10. Whenever you divide people into groups, you probably using a nominal scale level of measurement. True False

========================ANSWERS=============================== 1. False 2. Cronbach's alpha 3. True

4. Construct validity 5. Convergent validity 6. True 7. job satisfaction 8. Criterion validity 9. True 10. True  image: http://api.ning.com/files/Y8bD62HksPhEE7cCSUEuJu-WWaHFBRwNPfyy1UtYNOyNrQktIZ2AMYWpS9eMY97XjvEcA-6xr70r-3y0coSYoP07EKp3Ykim/1075850909.png?xgip=0%3A0%3A189%3A189%3B %3B&width=48&height=48&crop=1%3A1

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Permalink Reply by + M.Tariq Malik on April 1, 2012 at 8:46pm

1. A researcher is granted permission to become involved with a college basketball team - attending practices and team meetings, accompanying coaches on recruiting trips, regularly talking with players, etc. The researcher used naturalistic observation. True False 2. A researcher devised a coding system to analyze the messages on an Internet bulletin board discussion of the controversy concerning Elian Gonzalez, the Cuban boy who was rescued after a boat accident in the ocean between Cuba and the United States. This study used: content analysis. naturalistic observation. systematic observation.

3. Reliability is not an issue in systematic observation. True False

4. A researcher videotaped people while viewing political debates. Raters viewed segments of the tapes and recorded whether the people were smiling. This study used: systematic observation. naturalistic observation. content analysis. 5. A researcher tries to explain why a particular observation does not fit with a theory that is used to explain other observations. This is called: inter-rater reliability. negative case analysis. internal validity. 6. A researcher uses interviews and many types of psychological and medical tests to study a woman who had surgery to remove a part of her brain. This is called a case study. True False 7. A researcher accessed information on the Internet from a series of surveys of women that was conducted during the 1970s and 1980s. The data were analyzed to examine changes in attitudes and behaviors over time. Which of the following methods was used? systematic observation case study archival research

8. When two or more judges make ratings of observed behaviors, it is important to examine: inter-rater reliability. test-retest reliability.

9. A psychologist conducts a study that uses data collected from many cultures in the world. The researcher probably used: Human Relations Area Files PsycINFO 10. A researcher studies memory by talking to groups of people in their 50s, 60s, and 70s about memory problems that they have experienced and worried about. This study has collected: quantitative data. qualitative data. =======================ANSWERS================================ 1. True 2. content analysis 3. False 4. Systematic observation 5. negative case analysis 6. True 7. archival research 8. inter-rater reliability 9. Human Relations Area Files 10. qualitative data  image: http://api.ning.com/files/Y8bD62HksPhEE7cCSUEuJu-WWaHFBRwNPfyy1UtYNOyNrQktIZ2AMYWpS9eMY97XjvEcA-6xr70r-3y0coSYoP07EKp3Ykim/1075850909.png?xgip=0%3A0%3A189%3A189%3B %3B&width=48&height=48&crop=1%3A1

image: http://api.ning.com/files/bR8nA-I0SJG6CIZy-G9bFxGXvn7hyT4N02K91fZsBDwSAIVAhU74oiWF5BLjEKrNuuwmyDKushBjV7-opkYm*m2jWzSgMBAS/ddd.png?size=64&crop=1%3A1

Permalink Reply by + M.Tariq Malik on April 1, 2012 at 8:47pm

1. With probability sampling techniques, each member of the population has a(n) specifiable probability of being sampled. True False 2. You wish to make a precise estimate about the characteristics of a population of

individuals. You should use: quota sampling. probability sampling. accidental sampling. 3. A nonprobability sample is usually acceptable when the goal of the research is to examine relationships between variables. True False 4. The number of people who complete a survey in relation to the number of people contacted to participate is called the: response set. response rate. response bias. 5. A panel study is used to study changes in survey responses over time. True False 6. The question, "Do you think that television should have less violence and fewer shows about sex" is considered: double-barreled. loaded. open-ended. 7. Which type of questions should be first in a questionnaire or interview? questions about demographics such as age and gender questions about attitudes and behaviors 8. Which type of question is most likely to be used when the researcher is just starting to explore what people think about a particular topic? closed-ended

open-ended 9. If you need a sample of about 1,000 to get an accurate estimate of a population of 10,000 people, you need a sample size of 2,000 if your population consists of 20,000 people. True False 10. Which is most likely to yield qualitative data? Mail survey Focus group Telephone interview ==============================ANSWERS========================= 1. True 2. probability sampling 3. True 4. response rate 5. True 6. double-barreled 7. attitudes and behaviors 8. open-ended 9. False 10. Focus group interview -h� _t1�/}�wayout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'>PsycINFO 10. A researcher studies memory by talking to groups of people in their 50s, 60s, and 70s about memory problems that they have experienced and worried about. This study has collected: quantitative data. qualitative data. =======================ANSWERS================================ 1. True 2. content analysis

3. False 4. Systematic observation 5. negative case analysis 6. True 7. archival research 8. inter-rater reliability 9. Human Relations Area Files 10. qualitative data 1. The reasons why the independent variable might not have caused an effect on the dependent variable are called threats to internal validity. True False 2. A researcher studied the effect of defendant physical attractiveness on juror decisions. The attractive person was 20 years old, and the unattractive person was a 45-year old. The problem here is that: age is confounded with attractiveness. it is very difficult to operationally define physical attractiveness. attractiveness is not related to perceptions of guilt. 3. The use of existing natural groups of participants usually results in equivalent groups for the experiment. True False 4. The same people participate in each condition of an experiment. What type of design is this? repeated measures (within-subjects) independent groups (between-subjects) matched pairs 5. Mortality refers to the fact that participants may drop out of experiments.

True False 6. Complete counterbalancing means that: there were no practice effects all possible orders of the IV were used all Latin squares were constructed 7. An advantage of a repeated measures design is that it requires fewer participants. True False 8. Practice and fatigue effects are both problems with independent groups designs. True False 9. All things being equal, which design is more likely to result in a statistically significant effect? Independent groups Repeated measures 10. You identified the 15 employees in a large organization who were absent from work the most days during the previous month. You require these employees to attend a oneday program on time and stress management in an attempt to reduce absenteeism. In the following month, all of the employees improved their attendance. The improvement could be caused by the program or it might be due to: statistical regression. mortality instrument decay ==============================ANSWER========================== 1. True 2. age is confounded 3. False 4. repeated measures

5. True 6. all possible orders 7. True 8. False 9. Repeated measures 10. Statistical regression p> " �pc�/}�wormal style='line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; textautospace:none'>collected: quantitative data. qualitative data. =======================ANSWERS================================ 1. True 2. content analysis 3. False 4. Systematic observation 5. negative case analysis 6. True 7. archival research 8. inter-rater reliability 9. Human Relations Area Files 10. qualitative data