More Ancient Egyptian Names of Dogs and Other Animals

More Ancient Egyptian Names of Dogs and Other Animals Author(s): Henry G. Fischer Source: Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 12 (1977), pp. 173-178 Published by: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1512730 . Accessed: 24/07/2011 10:17 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mma. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

The Metropolitan Museum of Art is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Metropolitan Museum Journal.

http://www.jstor.org

NOTES More Ancient Egyptian Names of Dogs and Other Animals HENRY

G. FISCHER

Lila AchesonWallaceCuratorin Egyptology,The Metropolitan Museumof Art

ALTHOUGH I HAVE COLLECTED only a handful of

further examples since the publication of JozefJanssen's article on ancient Egyptian names of dogs in 1958' and my own supplement in 196I,2 these additions extend the chronological scope of the previous repertory very considerably. In view of the fact that dogs generally shared the same names as humans, Janssen considered it strange that there seemed to be no evidence later than the Nineteenth Dynasty. The soundness of that expectation is now confirmed by three items in the following brief list. I have continued the previous sequence of numbers and, wherever possible, have referred both to that sequence and to Hermann I and II (GliickPersonennamen Ranke's Die Agyptischen abbreviated PN I, II; an asterisk is stadt, I935/52), in the latter case (enclosed in parenthesisif the prefixed comparison is incomplete or uncertain). 68. J 'Inhb. Old Kingdom. Wm. K. Simpson, Journalof EgyptianArchaeology 63 (I977) p. I75. From Reisner's Giza tomb 2042a.3 Simpson suggests that the name may be foreign, and possibly Libyan. 69. - " 1 'Ir(w)-m-S4r(?). Old Kingdom. Hans Wolfgang Miller, AgyptischeKunstwerke,KleinfundeundGlasin derSammlungE. undM. Kofler-Truniger, Luzern(MiinchnerAgyptologische Studien,Heft 5 [Berlin, This and accompanies no. 49, plate (A 90). I964]) P. 57 to the added been another slab having piece mentioned previously.

///

'I[k]ni. Old Kingdom. Tomb of Htp-k;.i, Saqqara. Geoffrey Martin, The Tombof Hetepkaand theSacredAnimalNecropOtherReliefsandInscriptionsfrom North olis, Saqqdra1964-I973 (London, forthcoming) pl. 9 (6).31 list this separately because of its incomplete: ness, but since q q is well known from the Old Kingdom, attested both for dogs (nos. 7, 8)4 and for people (PN I, p. 48 ['5-I7]), there seems little doubt about the restoration. 'Iknht.Old Kingdom relief in Cairo Mu71. q seum, CG 57192, unpublished. The dog is beneath the chair of a man named 'Iti (1 a .). ? J rnh-Psmtk.Twenty-sixth Dy*72. [_f] be To Theban tomb. published in Manfred Bienasty tak and Elfrieda Reiser-Haslauer, Das Grabdes Anch der Gottesgemahlin Nitokris (UnterHor, Obersthofmeister Arsuchungender ZweigstelleKairo des Osterreichischen the of chair Under Instituts 3 [Vienna]).5 chaologischen *70.

i. "Uber Hundenamen im pharaonischen Agypten," MitteiInstituts,AbteilungKairo,16 (WieslungendesDeutschenArchdologischen baden, I958) pp. 176-I82. 2. "A supplement to Janssen's list of dogs' names," Journal of (London) 47 (196i) pp. 152-153. EgyptianArchaeology 3. I am indebted to the author for allowing me to use this information in advance of publication. 4. As I note in my supplement (p. 53), the second of these examples (no. 8) is not incomplete. 5. I am indebted to Edna Russmann for calling my attention to this example, and to Dr. Bietak for permitting me to quote it.

I73 ? Henry G. Fischer 1978 METROPOLITAN MUSEUMJOURNAL 12

U

.. IF...:

..

, ,,

,

,

_.

t., I

R. -^ *t

i.

-*.

.o

_

_

L:...

__,

-?s y).

.jrr 2?r: iLL. k---? ' ,u

i

5 "" ,?.

r 1

I74

1. ?: "`'?C? ??r?:?. *-Y E

the tomb owner, south wall of the open court. PN I, p. 63 (2, 4).

*73. JNfr. Ptolemaic situla in the Cleveland Museum of Art, 32.32. (Figure I).6 R. Mond, O. H. Myers, H. W. Fairman, The Bucheum (London, I934) I, p. 98; II, p. 22 (45); III, pls. 85, i6i. A common name at all periods: PNVI, p. 194 (I). Hknw. Twenty-sixth Dynasty Theban *74. j. tomb 279 (Figure 2).7 Unpublished, but noted in Bertha Porter and Rosalind Moss, TopographicalBibliography I, The Theban Necropolis, Part I, Private Tombs, 2nd ed. (Oxford, I960) p. 358 (io, I5). Under the chair of the owner, east and west wall of the open court. PN I, p. 257 (3). (*)75. I z-- 3 Hknn. Old Kingdom. Saqqara tomb of Hnmw-htp and Ny-rnh Hnmw, on the south side of the Unis pyramid causeway. To be published by A. M. Moussa in the Archaologischen Veriffentlichungendes DeutschenArchaologischenInstituts, Abteilung Kairo. Compare PN I, p. 257 (6), written J . (*)76. h- Hhif. Old Kingdom. A. M. Blackman, Rock Tombs of Meir IV (London, 1924) p. 40 and pl. I5. The name is partly obliterated but seems certain. Compare IHhi, IHhy, PN I, p. 274 (5, 6). e *77. i b Kn-'Imn. Early Dyn. XVIII, temp. I. Stela in Cairo Museum, J. 59636, from Amenophis Karnak, unpublished. The dog is beneath the chair of the owner, a man named 'Irh-ms. See PAVI, p. 334 (I8), and compare the shorter New Kingdom name Kny (no. 67). A dog is also named on the curious Middle Kingdom monument in the Louvre published by Jacques Vandier in La Revuedu Louvre13/I (1963), pp. I -I, but the label is damaged (see his fig. 5, p. 6); just possibly it 6. The photograph has been generously supplied by John Cooney. As Miriam Lichtheim points out (Journalof Near Eastern Studies[Chicago] 6 [1947] p. 178), this situla can hardly be dated earlier than the Twenty-sixth Dynasty and is probably later. The border of stars at the top favors the second alternative as does the likelihood that the situla came from one of the Bucheum tombs. 7. From a field photograph made during the Metropolitan Musee Ambrose Lansing, The Metroseum's excavations of 1919-20; politan Museum of Art Bulletin 15 (July, I920) Part II, pp. I6-24.

FIGURE

FIGURE

2

Detail, tomb of Pabasa, Thebes 1 as in Janssen's no. 19. This might be read J [ l> monument is also interesting because it represents a man holding two monkeys and three baboons8 on the end of leashes in addition to the dog. The baboons are similarly labeled with what appears to be names, but the names-as far as one can make them out-are very ' / X? , apodd: one of them seems to read ~ parently meaning "When the foreign country is pacified, the land is happy" (Sgrh-hs-t-t-hr(?)-nfrt). An"His father awaits him" (WAh-swother is T I i q Smsw-_Tiy"The followers of it.f). A third is i

I

Bronze situla (photo: courtesy The Cleveland Museum of Art)

8. For a similar group of animals compare F. L1. Griffith and P. E. Newberry, El BershehII (London (18951) P1. I I.

175

FIGURE

3

Detail, Temple of Ramesses II, Beit el-Wali. After Ricke, Hughes, Wente

9, P

FIGURE 4

Detail, tomb of Puyemre, Thebes. After Davies

-11,f

k

Tly (?)," which may contain the name of a place.9 In every case the interpretation remains highly uncertain, and the label of the man who controls the animals is equally curious; he is an imy-r m;w "overseer of lions." Only one of the names listed here (no. 69) describes an attribute of the dog himself: it probably means "One who is fashioned as an arrow." Although no. 7I is not attested as a human name, the first part of it is so like examples 7, 8, and 70 that it should perhaps be understood as a double appellation, 'Ikn/Ht. The name Hti is well attested for people in the Old Kingdomos and 'Ikn(i) might be an ethnicon, referring to the district of the Second Cataract in Nubia." The present supplement adds two more theophoric names to the very few that have previously been noted. No such names are included among the forty-two that antedate the Middle Kingdom, and only one (S-'Ich, no. 28) has thus far been recorded from the Twelfth Dynasty. Is it only by coincidence that three theo176

phoric names occur among the thirteen that are known from the New Kingdom and later? They include two (no. 45) examples mentioning divinities-rnti-m-nh "Anath Is a Defender" and Kn-'Imn (no. 77) "Amun Is Valiant," as well as one that involves the reigning king 9. In any case t can hardly represent the feminine 2nd. pers. sing. suffix since Egyptian names did not normally employ the second person, and since the caption probably belongs to a male baboon, with the female behind him, as in the parallel from Bersha. o q' For Tiy compare, perhaps, later q 1 @ H. Il or VI des noms Dictionnaire Gauthier, geographiques (Cairo, 1929) pp.

i

40, 71. io. In addition to PV I, p. 231 (15) see H. Junker, Gtza XII (Vienna, 1955) p. 159. I I. The name 'Ikn/'Ikniis known for people of the Middle Kingdom onward (PNVI,p. 48 [15-X7]; II, p. 344), and it seems likely that it did in fact refer to the Nubian region at that time; a Dynasty XXII example adds ), the determinative of a foreign land. For the location of'Ikn see Vercoutter, Revued'Egyptologie(Paris) i6 (1964) pp. 179-191, and Dows Dunham, Uronarti,Shalfak,Mirgissa (Boston, 1967) p. I42.

FIGURE

5

Sarcophagus of a cat, Cairo Museum

(no. 72) "Psammetichus Lives." This development-if such it can be called-seems rather surprising if one considers that dogs had acquired a rather pejorative aspect in addition to the favorable one they had always enjoyed. Their fawning, cringing nature was repeatedly attributed to Egypt's enemies,12 and in the Nineteenth Dynasty nothing could more effectively express the submission of those enemies to Pharaoh's rule than the statement

q

,

, 1

! "we are indeed thy

dogs.""3 I2. And even as early as the Middle Kingdom: Sinuhe B 222-3 (A. M. Blackman, Middle-EgyptianStories[Brussels, 1932] p. 34). Compare H. Grapow, Die bildlichen Ausdriickedes Agyptischen (Leipzig, I924) pp. 75-76. 13. On two pillars from Merneptah's palace at Memphis, now in the University Museum, Philadelphia. 14. The following references are to Kenneth Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions,HistoricalandBiographicalI-VI (Oxford, 1968-72). 15. I, p. 22 (I ); V, pp. 33 (I4),

I3 (I5).

Dogs are not the only animals that acquired theophoric names, however. Such names predominate among those given to the king's horsesin the Ramesside battle scenes of the late New Kingdom.14They not only include Kn-'Imn (no. 77),I5 but also 'Imn-nht,I6 'Imnhrw,'7and Mry-'Imn'8-all of which are known for humans (PNI, pp. 29 [2I], 30 [4], I58 [I5])-as

well as

'Imn-hrMwt-hrti,19cntit-hrti,202nh-w_d-snb-mry-'Imn,2z and wd-n.f-pf-knt,22 'Imn-di.f-p;-hpl,23 'Imn-di.n.f-p;-hpS.24 The last three are clearly propitious names, intended to 17. II, p. I57 (4). 18. II, pp. 154 (7), 159 (2), I65 (6); V, pp. 8 (14), 12 (io), 44 (I2). 19. II, p. I53 (55). 20. I, p. 7 (I4).

21. II, pp. 176 (4), '8I (I2). 22. I, p. 7 (I4).

23. I, p. 9 ();

V, p. 30 (2).

24. I, p. 19 (4).

i6. II, p. 183 (5).

'77

favor the king's success in battle: "Amun Decrees Valor for Him," "Amun, He Gives Might," "Amun Has Given Might." All the non-theophoric names given to horses similarly emphasize victory; although one of them--c-nht,25 "Great of Strength (or Victory)," was also frequently given to humans (P NI, p. 57 [24]), the others are more distinctively propagandistic: Nhtw-mWmst,26 "Victory in Thebes"; Dr-pdwt,27 "Repeller of Foreigners"; Ptpt-hswt,28 "Trampler of Foreign Countries." These recall the name of the lion that accompanied the king on his campaigns: Sm4-hrw.f,29"Slayer of His Foes." This evidence doubtless explains why such names were sometimes applied to dogs in the New Kingdom; one of them, as we have seen, is attested both for a dog and a horse, and the other (no. 45) not Is a Deonly invokes the aid of a goddess-"Anath fender"-but occurs in the context of a battle scene, where the dog assists Ramesses II in attacking a Libyan (Figure 3).30 Finally, to round out this brief survey of the names of domestic animals, it may be noted that the name J _ o is applied to the half-obliterated figure of a cat facing

25. I, p. 7 (I4). 26. I, p. 8 (I5); II, pp. 156 (4), I58 (4), I59 (9), i8i (5); V, pp. i6 (14), 31 (I3), 44 (4), 80 (3). 27. V, p. 78 (I I). Variant Dr-pdwt-psdt"Who Repels the Nine Bows": V, pp. 15 (14), 50 (5), 85 (5). 28. I, p. 20 (i6). 29. II, p. I29 (6); also H. Ricke, G. Hughes, E. Wente, The Beit el- Wali Templeof RamessesII (OrientalInstituteNubianExpedition

I [Chicago,

1967]) pl. 15.

30. From the same source, pl. 14. It may be no accident that the dog should have been enlisted in attacking the Libyans, for dogs were used in military operations through the Libyan Desert as early as the beginning of the Middle Kingdom: see R. Anthes, "Eine Polizeistreife des Mittleren Reiches in die westliche Oase," Zeitschriftfur AgyptischeSpracheund Altertumskunde (Leipzig) 65 (I930) pp. i08-I 4. There is some evidence for the use of dogs against other foes, however, namely the painted box of Tutankhamun: C. Desroches-Noblecourt, Vieet mortd'unpharaonToutankhamon (Paris, 1963) pl. 17.

I78

its master in an Eighteenth Dynasty tomb painting (Figure 4) .3' This is either JNdmor feminine JNdm[t],and in either case the meaning is "The Pleasant One"; both the masculine and feminine forms are well attested as names of persons (PJ I, p. 215 [8, 24]). Although pet cats were represented from the Twelfth Dynasty onward,32 they are not otherwise known to have received personal names. One New Kingdom cat was so highly regarded by her master, the Memphite High Priest Dhwty-ms, a son of Amenophis III, that he had a limestone sarcophagus made for her, but in spite of this very special honor, she is only identified as "The Cat" (Figure 5).33

ADDENDUM Thanks to a query from Bernard Bothmer, I may correct one of the entries in my previous supplement (Journal of Egyptian Archaeology47 [I96I] p. 153): in no. 60 the owner of the tomb is Wnis-h-ist.f, not Wnis-hr-iSt.f.

at ThebesI (New 3 . FromN. de G. Davies,TheTombofPuyemre York, 1922) pl. 9. The length and shape of the tail make it almost certainthat this animalis, in fact, a cat, as Daviessupposeson p. 37; comparethe quitedifferentpositionof the dog'stail in similar scenesof the New Kingdom:N. de G. Davies,FiveThebanTombs (London, I913) pl. 25 (and 28); N. de G. Davies, Tombof Two Sculptorsat Thebes(New York, 1925) pl. 5. 32. Note, however, that the Eleventh Dynasty example shown by Arkell in the Journalof EgyptianArchaeology 48 (1962) p. 158, is actually Twelfth, as is shown by the epithet whm-rnhfollowing the name of the owner. 33. Cairo CG 5003: G. A. Reisner, Canopics,revised, annotated and completed by M. H. Abd-ul-Rahman (CatalogueGeneraldes AntiquitesEgyptiennesdu Museedu Caire,Nos. 400I-4740 and 49775033 [Cairo, 1967]) pp. 392-394; The opposite side is illustrated by L. Borchardt, Zeitschriftfiir AgyptischeSpracheundAltertumskunde 44 (1907) p. 97. Cats are similarly designated in some other cases, but there the intention is merely to identify the species of animal: P. E. Newberry, Beni Hasan II (London, I893) pl. 6; G. Maspero, Recueilde travauxrelatifsd laphilologieet d l'archeologie 2 ( 880) p. o8.