Moral Rachels James

 

^EDZN[WDAHA

GHQ×@DGH GNGD@DB HGBWQH

JHG^@QHA AN JD@BWBJÏH T QNB@BFÏH S[BF[HOH AN JD@BWBJÏH OBAH@DAHA H ADWQHEGDH ÄQDGH

^EDAHA D= N@ ÈOKDQB AN @H ÄQDGH / ADWQDEGDBENW KÈWDGHW. N`hkbrhab pbr= @dg. Gäshr Nauhrab [hods Qrhkhmb nsgrdtb an heè`dsds y gbonethrdb an `bs sdfudnetns tnxtbs= 8. [hgl [hgln`s, n`s, Mhons= Detrb Detrbaug auggd÷ gd÷e e

h `h jd` jd`bs bsbjï bjïh h ob obrh rh`. `. (A (Ann

nstn nstn tn tnxt xtb b an ankn knss

heh`dzhr y gbonethr `bs ghps. 8, ; y 7).  Shrtdneab an `bs nmnop`bs prnsnethabs pbr Mhons [hgln`s ne su tnxtb detrbauggd÷e h `h jd`bsbjïh obrh` vhobs h dr anshrrb``heab eunstrb heè`dsds sbkrn `bs trns prdonrbs ghpïtu`bs an adglb tnxtb. Mhons [hgln`s p`hetnh `h sbrprnsh an `bs gbesnrvhabrns gbesnrvhabrns pbr `h snetnegdh snetnegdh an` Qrdkueh` Wuprnob an `bs nsthabs uedabs uedabs an ebrtn Hoärdgh qun supbeïh `h `nfh`dzhgd÷e an` an` hkbrt hkbrtb b ansan ansan nsn nsn obone obonetb tb sn lhe lhe obvd` obvd`dzh dzhab ab ph phrh rh he heu`h u`hrr `h snetn snetnegd egdh. h. Lhy Lhy pbanrbs pba nrbsbs bs h`dhabs h`dhabs ne `h Ghsh K`hegh K`hegh n` prdonrb prdonrb an n``bs n``bs [be [beh`a h`a [nhfhe [nhfhe qudne qudne ldzb bpbsdgd÷e H` prnsdanetn an` Qrdkueh` Wuprnob y pbstnrdbronetn gbe Fnbrfn Kusl qudne an ansp spuä uäs s an snr snr n`nf n`nfda dab b sufd sufdrd rd÷ ÷ h` trdk trdkue ueh` h` qu qun n an ankn knrï rïh h rn rngb gbes esda danr nrhr hr tb tbab ab nstn nstn p`hetnhodnetb. Shrh n` prnsdanetn Kusl `h gunstd÷e an `nfh`daha sbkrn n` hkbrtb vh nstrnglhonetn nstrnglhonetn `dfhah h sd ns obrh`onetn degbrrngtb ä` sn bpben h `h `nfh`dzhgd÷e an` hkbrtb hjdroheab qun n`

 

hkbrtb ns deobrh`, gbob sn ankn rnhggdbehr lhy uebs punane gbdegdadr gbe ä` y angdr qun n` hkbrtb ns deobrh` `bs btrbs punane nsthr ne anshgunrab anshgunrab y angdr qun lh lnglb n` hkbrtb ns obrh`onetn hgnpthk`n pnrb sdnoprn nxdstn ueh tnrgnrh pbsdkd`daha, Sbrqun `b qun rnspngth h `h obrh`daha eb nxdstne lnglbs y ehadn tdnen b eb `h rhz÷e pbr ue `hab n` prnsdanetn Kusl eb lhgn oès qun nxprnshr sus snetdodnetbs pnrsbeh`ns sbkrn `hkbr  ghth`bfèeab`b an oh`b pnrb nstb ns oès qun su jbroh an netneanr. Btrbs vhe h adsgrnphr  an n``bs y `bs snetdodnetbs an uebs y btrbs eb sbe oès gbrrngtb. Nsth ns n` p`hetnhodnetb kèsdgb an` sukmntdvdsob ätdgb, ueh tnbrïh qun hjdroh qun h` rnh`dzhr mudgdbs Obrh`ns `hs pnrsbehs eb lhgne oès qun nxprnshr sus prbpdbs ansnbs b snetdodnetbs ne nsth gbegnpgd÷e eb nxdstne `bs lnglbs Obrh`ns, ns ue lnglb qun ne 8467 sn lhe prhgtdghab oès an ue od``÷e an hkbrtb ne `bs Nsthabs ^edabs pnrb eb ns ue lnglb qun nstb snh h`fb kuneb b oh`b y eb ns s÷`b pbrqun snh n` tnoh an` hkbrtb pbanobs angdr `b odsob sbkrn guh`qudnr gunstd÷e obrh`. @bs an brdnethgd÷e nopdrdsth gbob Ahvda Luon nxprnsh ne `h rhz÷e nsnegdh` ne 867< a÷ean hjdroh qun `h obrh`daha ns gunstd÷e an snetdodnetb y eb an rhz÷e rnspngtb h `h ehturh`nzh ehturh`nz h luoheh pbr nmnop`b guh`qudnr guh`qudnr hggd÷e gbesdanrhah gbesdanrhah vdgdb ue hsnsdehtb ansan n` puetb an vdsth phrh negbetrhr nsn lnglb b nxdstnegdh rnh` qun anebodeh vdgdb euegh pbarè negbe negbetrè trèrsn rsn`n `n lhsth lhsth vb vb`vn `vnrr su rnj`n rnj`nxd÷ xd÷e e lhgdh lhgdh an anet etrb rb y ne negb gbetr etrhr hr ue sn snetd etdodn odnetb etb an anshprbkhgd÷e qun surfn ne n` deadvdaub qun heh`dzh n` hgtb, Njngtdvhonetn lhy ue lnglb pnrb ns bkmntb an` snetdodnetb vh`brhtdvb y eb an `h rhz÷e. @h juegd÷e an` mudgdb obrh` snfýe Luon ns fudhr `h gbeaugth pnrb `h rhz÷e pbr sï sb`h eu eueg egh h pu puna nan n an angd gdre rebs bs qu qun n lhgn lhgnrr sb`h sb`hon onet etn n eb ebs s dejb dejbro roh h an `h eh ehtu turh rh`n `nzh zh y `hs `hs gbesngunegdhs an `bs hgtbs y an `hs rn`hgdbens `÷fdghs netrn `hs prbpbsdgdbens, hsï `h rhz÷e punan angdr h ueh oumnr qun sd hkbrth su vdah snrè oès jègd` ne h`fueh jbroh pnrb n` jntb ankn obrdr an nstb eb sn prnean eb sn ansprnean ue ‐ankn‟ phrh `h tboh an angdsdbens ns engnshrdb qun netrne ne munfb `hs nobgdbens an `h prbpdh oumnr, h n``h `n prnbguphrè sd ounrn n` jntb guèetb `n prnbguph oès `h vdah jègd` qun punah tnenr sd ounrn b `h ounrtn an` jntb ne sï.

 

Luon gbeg`uyn qun ne ý`tdoh desthegdh `h obrh`daha nstè antnrodehah pbr n` snetdodnetb ne ouglhs bghsdbens `h fnetn susgrdkn n` sukmntdvdsob ätdgb pbrqun `b hsbgdh gbe ueh hgtdtua an tb`nrhegdh gbe rnspngtb h hqun``bs qun adsgrnphe.  N` sukmntdvdsob ätdgb p`hetnh qun `h obrh`daha eb ns oès qun gunstd÷e an snetdodnetbs pnrsb pnrsbeh eh`ns `ns qun qun bjrng bjrngn n ueh ueh rhz÷e rhz÷e p`hu p`husdk sdk`n `n phrh phrh nsth nsth hg hgtdt tdtua ua an tb`nrh tb`nrheg egdh, dh, sd `bs snetdo sne tdodne dnetb tbs s an ueh ueh pnrsb pnrsbeh eh sb sbe e oès gb gbrrn rrngtb gtbs s qu qun n `bs an guh`q guh`qudn udnrr btrh btrh eb ns nstè tè  mustdjdghab qun ehadn pbefh sus bpdedbens bpdedbens h `bs btrbs guheab `h obrh` hjngth `h pb`ïtdgh gbob ne n` ghsb an` hkbrtb `h dop`dghgd÷e ns bkvdh edefýe snfonetb an `h gbouedaha tdnen n` anrnglb an dopbenr su gbegnpgd÷e obrh` h btrbs. Nsth `ïenh an pneshodnetb supben ue nrrbr sutd` `h danh an snr tb`nrhetns ns nesdodsob ue  mudgdb obrh` y n` sukmntdvdsob sukmntdvdsob eb nxdfn qun hgnptnobs hgnptnobs edefýe mudgdb obrh` phrtdgu`hr, h`fudne qun hgnptn `h tnbrïh tnearè hýe bpdedbens obrh`ns qun angdr qun n` hkbrtb ns obrh`onetn hgnpthk`n b kdne qun ns badbsb pnrb `h tnbrïh eb ebs adgn quä hgtdtua habpthr  s÷`b s÷` b ebs ebs rn rnj`n j`nmh mh qun qun eunst eunstrh rh n`ngg n`nggd÷e d÷e eb rnprns rnprnsne neth th `h vnrah vnraha a s÷`b s÷`b snetdo snetdodn dnetb etbs s pnrsbeh`ns. @hs pnrsbehs qun hgnpthe n` sukmntdvdsob ätdgb punane hjdrohr n` vh`br an `h tb`nrhegdh b kdne enfhr`b pnrb habptheab `h hgtdtua qun snh eb grnne qun su n`nggd÷e rnprnsneth `h vnraha sbkrn g÷ob ankne gbopbrthrsn ne ghokdb rngbebgne qun eb lhgne oès qun nxprnshr sus snetdodnetbs hanoès an `h grnnegdh ne `h tb`nrhegdh eb ns ueh prnrrbfhtdvh nxg`usdvh an` sukmntdvdsob, qudnens rnglhzhe n` sukmntdvdsob ätdgb y grnne ne ghokdb qun nxdstne vnrahans obrh`ns bkmntdvhs punane grnnr sde nokhrfb qun ankne snr tb`nrhetns h` pneshr qun ankne snr tb`nrhetns ns ueh an `hs vnrahans obrh`ns bkmntdvhs n` rn`htdvdsob phrh `h nxpbsdgd÷e an `h tb`nrhegdh ne n` gbetnxtb an `h advnrfnegdh gu`turh` b sbgdh` an `hs danhs obrh`ns. Btrh gbegnpgd÷e ns qun n` sukmntdvdsob ätdgb ns vnrahanrb guheab ne rnh`daha ehah ns kuneb b oh`b nsth danh punan nxprnshrsn adjnrnetns obabs punan angdrsn qun tbab nstè pnrodtdab b qun ne rnh`daha eb dopbrth, sn nxprnsh gbob sn nxprnsn ouglhs pnrsbeh pnrsbehs s `h gbesdanrhe gbesdanrh e ueh danh `dknrhabrh `dknrhabrh y gbob hrfuonetb h jhvbr an` sukmntdvdsob btrbs pbr thetb

 

gbesdanrhe qun `h danh ns pnredgdbsh enfheab tbah obrh`daha T ``nfhe h `h gbeg`usd÷e qun ankn rnglhzhrsn n` sukmntdvdsob h ghush an hokhs rnhggdbens nstèe nqudvbghah nqudvbghahs s pbrqun ne rnh`daha sukmntdvdsob ätdgb eb supbene ehah qun snh kuneb b oh`b ansan n` puetb an vdsth obrh`.  H `h danh an qun ehah ehah ns kuneb b oh`b pbanobs pbanobs aneb anebodehr odehr `h Edfdld`dsob obrh`, obrh`, ouglbs sbe `bs jd`÷sbjbs htrhïabs pbr n` sukmntdvdsob pnrb pbgbs lhe sdab edld`dsths `h rhz÷e ns sdop`n pnesnobs ne h`fudne qun grnynsn rnh`onetn qun ehah ns kuneb b oh`b sd h`fudne onegdbeh snxb junrh an ueh adsgusd÷e jd`bs÷jdgh snrïh ouy h`hrohetn sdfedjdghrïh qun sn bpbearïh h `h vdb`hgd÷e h `h tbrturh h` hsnsdehtb y sdfedjdghrïh thokdäe tn nsthrïh h jhvbr an n``b9 `h rnspunsth h tbab nstb sn negunetrh ne n` sdfudnetn sdfudnetn p`hetnhodnetb qun sn netdnean pb pbrr ku kune neb b b oh`b oh`b ne `h rnh` rnh`da daha ha dean deanpn pnea eadn dnet etno none netn tn h` snet snetdo dodn dnet etb b hu hueq equn un n` sukmntdvdsob ätdgb ednfh qun nxdsth ne lnglbs Obrh`ns deanpneadnetns an `bs snetdodnetbs sd nstb ns `b qun sn netdnean pbr edld`dsob obrh` n` sukmntdvdsob ätdgb ns ue edld`dsob obrh`. Shrh jbrou`hr ueh gbegnpgd÷e sukmntdvdsth hanguhah an` mudgdb ätdgb sn punan angdr qun h`fb ns obrh`onetn gbrrngtb sd ns th` n` prbgnsb an rnj`nxdbehr sbkrn su ehturh`nzh y gbesngunegdhs ``nvh ohetnenr ue snetdodnetb an hprbkhgd÷e lhgdh n``bs ne ueh pnrsbeh the rhzbehk`n n dophrgdh` gbob snh luohehonetn pbsdk`n. Nstb eb ns oès qun ueh jbroh an angdr qun ns obrh`onetn gbrrngtb lhgnr hqun``b qun hprbkhrïh ueh pnrsbeh gbop`nthonetn rhzbehk`n qun phrngn nsthr h gdnrth adsthegdh an `h danh sdop`n y qun tdnen pbsdkd`dahans an snr vnrahanrb. Shrngn onmbr vnr h `h tnbrïh an `h vdrtua gbob phrtn an `h tnbrïh f`bkh` an `h ätdgh oès gbob gbo b ueh ueh tnbrïh tnbrïh gbop`n gbop`nth th ne

`h tnbrïh tnbrïh tbth` tbth` deg`uyn deg`uyn ueh nxp` nxp`dgh dghgd÷ gd÷e e an tbahs tbahs `hs

gbesda gbe sdanrh nrhgdb gdben ens s qun qun jdf jdfurh urhe e ne `h tboh tboh an angds angdsdbe dbens ns pr prègt ègtdgh dghs. s. Gbe Gbe sus rhzbe rhzbens ns sukyhgnetns `h gunstd÷e ns sd nsh pnrspngtdvh tbth` punan tnenr ne guneth thetb ueh gbegn gbe gnpgd pgd÷e ÷e hang hanguh uhah ah an `h hggd÷e hggd÷e gb gbrrn rrngth gth gbob gbob ue ueh h gbegn gbegnpgd pgd÷e ÷e rn`hg rn`hgdbe dbeha hah h an an`` ghrègtnr vdrtubsb an ue obab qun lhfh mustdgdh hokhs. @h tnbrïh tbth` pbarïh nopnzhr  tboheab tboh eab n` kdnensth kdnensthrr luoheb luoheb gbob vh`br an `h suprnoh suprnoh dopbrthe dopbrthegdh, gdh, puadneab puadneab angdr  angdr 

 

ansan n` puetb an vdsth obrh` qun anknobs qunrnr ueh sbgdnaha ne qun tbabs puadnrhe ``nvhr vdahs jn`dgns y shtdsjhgtbrd shtdsjhgtbrdhs hs ([hgln`s, ;336)

Shrh gboprneanr nstn hrfuonetb gbe ohybr g`hrdaha pbanobs trhaugdr`b an `h sdfudnetn ohenrh ohe nrh sd `h ätdgh ätdgh an `h vdr vdrtua tua prntne prntnean anrr lhgnr lhgnr ue ueh h tnbrïh tnbrïh gb gbop` op`nt nth h rnqudn rnqudnrn rn ab abs s n`nonetbs n`nonetb s ne prdonr `ufhr deg`udr ueh nxp`dghgd÷e an tbahs `hs gbesdanrhgdbens gbesdanrhgdbens qun jdfurh ne `h tboh an angdsdbens prègtdghs. Gbe sus rhzbens y pbr n` btrb `hab deg`udr ue ohrgb fnenrh` ldpbtätdghonetn ldpbtätdghonetn abean `h ätdgh an `h vdrtua eb bjrngn gbob punan snr n` kdnensthr  kdnensthr  b `h jn`dgdaha gbob sugnan ne n` utd`dthrdsob an Wtuhrt Od``. Ns jh`sb qun `h ätdgh ne fnenrh` ankn deg`udr ueh nxp`dghgd÷e tbahs `hs gbesdanrhgdbens qun jdfurhe ne `h tboh an `hs angdsdbens sd `h ätdgh tuvdnrh gbob obtdvhgd÷e nxp`dghr tbahs `hs gbesdanrhgdbens `h adstdegd÷e h` detnrdbr an `h jd`bsbjïh prègtdgh rnsu`thrïh supnrjdgdh`, Deg`usb `h ätdgh deg`udrè ueh tnbrïh sbkrn gunstdbens prègtdghs qun eb dop`dghe ne `h obrh`daha gbob nsgbfnr netrn knknr ue tä an ue shkbr b an btrh oès kdne `h ätdgh tdnen gbob gbontdab nsthk`ngnr adrngtrdgns an hggd÷e ne `bs hgtbs qun punane anebodehrsn prbpdhonetn Obrh`ns `b qun dop`dgh btrb fäenrb an prbk`nohs, ne `h bkrh an [hgln` sn hprngdh hprn gdh `h adstdegd adstdegd÷e ÷e oès fneärdg fneärdgh h an `hs vdrtuans vdrtuans ue adsgnred adsgnredodne odnetb tb prbpdhon prbpdhonetn etn an  Hrdst÷tn`ns,, [hgln`s sn rnjdnrn h `hs vdrtuans sde adstdefudr`hs  Hrdst÷tn`ns adstdefudr`hs `b guh` punan snr frhvn ne vhrdbs snetdabs n` prdonrb gbe g`hrdaha ns `h anjdedgd÷e an `h vdrtua gbob ue tärodeb onadb netrn abs nxtrnobs abean ueb rnprnsneth n` nxgnsb y n` btrb n` anjngtb ns gdnrtb qun [hgln`s [hgl n`s eb sn rnjdnrn rnjdnrn adrngthonet adrngthonetn n h nsth anjdedgd÷ anjdedgd÷e e pnrb punan punan vnrsn dop`dghah dop`dghah h` gbesdanrhr qun nsth sn vn ohedjnsthah ne ueh hggd÷e lhkdtuh` puns n` gbegnptb an hggd÷e huequn eb anjdedab ne n` tnxtb tdnen `h ghrfh an hgtb obrh`. Qbab nstb ns phrtn phrtn an ue prdegdpdb prdegdpdb hetrbpb`÷ hetrbpb`÷fdgb fdgb qun sbe abs pbtnegdh pbtnegdhs s adstdeth adstdeths s `h jhgu`tha hpntdtdvb y `h jhgu`tha gbfebsgdtdvh qun hanoès lhy ne adstdetbs frhabs h shknr  detn`dfdk`ns y snesdk`ns nsth adstdegd÷e sn hprunkh pbr `bs hgtbs an ghah ueh sd n` lbokrn ns ghphz an gbebgnr netbegns pbsnn `h jhgu`tha detn`ngtdvh y sd n` lbokrn ns ghphz an

 

hpntngnr rhgdbeh`onetn rhgdbeh`onetn netbegns pbsnn `h jhgu`tha hpntdtdvb rhgdbeh` sd nstb ns hsï sdneab `h vdrtua ueh pnrjnggd÷e an `h pbtnegdh sn sdfun qun `h pnrjnggd÷e an ghah ueh an `hs jhgu`thans gbrrnspbean h vdrtuans tbth`onetn adstdeths. Ne n` tnxtb an [hgln` ns hrdb an` prbk`noh an `h rn`hgd÷e qun lhy netrn n` netneadodnetb y `h vb`uetha nsth ghrnegdh sn ankn prngdshonetn h `b hetnadglb qun eb adstdefun netrn vdrtuans detn`ngtuh`ns y Oorh`ns pnrb `h rn`hgd÷e netrn hokhs jhgu`thans ns ue prbk`noh jueahoneth` n` lbokrn vn sde auah h oneuab n` kdne pnrb pbr j`hqunzh eb ns ghphz an lhgnr lhgnr`b, `b, gh ghrhg rhgtnr tnrdzh dzhea eab b ue prbk`n prbk`noh oh febs febsnb nb`bf `bfdgb dgb ph phrh rh h`ghe h`ghezhr zhr `h `hs s adjdgu adjdgu`th `than ans s hetrbpb`÷fdghs y ätdghs qun gbetdnen `h sïetnsds tbodsth netrn Whe Hfustïe y Hrdst÷tn`ns. Whetb Wh etb Qb Qboès oès an Hqude Hqudeb b utd`d utd`dzh zh `h nxp`d nxp`dgh ghgd÷ gd÷e e p`ht÷ p`ht÷edg edgh h prbpu prbpunst nsth h pb pbrr Hfust Hfustde de ph phrh rh ghrhgtnrdzhr ueh snrdn an rn`hgdbens `h an `bs phrtdgu`hrns gbe n` gbe `bs nmnop`hrns ne `h onetn advdeh grnhabrh qun snrïhe `hs ghushs jbroh`ns y `h nxp`dghgd÷ nxp`dghgd÷e e an Hrdst÷tn`ns phrh ghrhgtnrdzhrr btrh snrdn an rn`hgdbens `hs qun nstès netrhøh ne `h hprnlnesd÷e pbr phrtn an ghrhgtnrdzh `h onetn qun ns n` bkmntdvb dedgdh` an` gbebgdodnetb devnstdfhgd÷e an `h onetn abean qunah nxg`udah `h pbsdkd`daha an ahr guneth an` jne÷oneb an `h vb`uetha h` odsob tdnopb qun  Hfustde ghrngïh an `b qun Hrdst÷tn`ns Hrdst÷tn`ns prbpbrgdbehkh prbpbrgdbehkh gbe su ansgukrdod ansgukrdodnetb netb sbkrn `h pbtnegdh an `h onetn y sus neghrehgdbens tn÷rdghs y prègtdghs puab anobstrhr gbob `h vb`uetha gbegnkdah h `h ohenrh hfustdedheb pbaïh thetb nsthr h` snrvdgdb an `h onetn gbob thokdäe eb bksthetn nefhøhr `h netneadah `h onetn h `h ohenrh an Hrdst÷tn`ns. @h vb`uetha rnsu`th angdsdvh phrh `h ätdgh g`èsdgh an `h vdrtua puns `h pnrjnggdbeh ansan n` puetb an vdsth an `h vdrtua obrh` eb ns n` netneadodnetb n` qun pnrjnggdbeh obrh`onetn sdeb `h vb`uetha qudne d`uodeh pbr n` netneadodnetb y ns `h qun tdnen `h junrzh phrh neghushrr `h phsd÷e phrh obtdvhr `h jbrth`nzh y `h tnop`hezh ne n` hfnetn obrh` hanoès `h neghush vb`uetha tdnen `h junrzh phrh anjbrohr n` gbebgdodnetb detn`ngtuh` y ns ghphz an ansvdrtuhr  n` kdne kdne qun qun gb gbegd egdkn kn n` netne netneado adodn dnetb etb phrh phrh kusgh kusghrr btrb btrb kdne kdne qu qun n pu puna nan n sn snrr oneb onebr  r   mnrèrqudghonetn  mnrèrqudgh onetn h` prdonrb. prdonrb. [hgln` thopbgb ounstrh abs vdrtuans jueahoneth`ns ne n` èokdtb obrh` pbr ue `hab `h pruanegdh y n` btrb `h Qnopnrhegdh sn nejbgh ne trhthr h`fueh an `hs phrtdgu`hrdahans qun

 

haqudnr haq udnrne ne huequn huequn sde onegdbe onegdbehr hr `hs sn anadgh anadgh nxprnsh nxprnshonet onetn n h` vh`br vh`br b vh`netïh vh`netïh,, `h fnenrbsdaha, `h sdegnrdaha, `h `nh`tha h `h jhod`dh y h `bs hodfbs. Nstheab husnetn nsths abs vdrtuans anmh outd`hah ne `h gboprnesd÷e qun sn ankn tnenr  an `h ätdgh an `h vdrtua phrh n` prbpdb Hrdst÷tn`n Hrdst÷tn`ns s nstb haqudnrn dopbrthegdh eb s÷`b phrh `h vdah prègtdgh b pb`ïtdgh sdeb thokdäe phrh `h vdah gbetnop`htdvh. Shrh tnenr ueh g`hrh heh`bfïh lhy qun angdr qun hsï gbob ne `h vdah pb`ïtdgh abean sn rnh`dzhe adstdeths vdrtuans guyh rngtbrh ns `h pruanegdh y h su vnz ns hrqudtngth suprnoh an tbahs eb sbe nqudvh`netns puns punan ahrsn `h shkdaurïh sde `h pruanegdh y nsth ý`tdoh sde `h prdonrh Hrdst÷tn`ns hsnfurh qun eb lhy bpbsdgd÷e netrn ueh y btrh ns pbsdk`n vdvdr  ueh vdah gbejbron gbe hokhs `b guh` nqudvh`n h angdr qun ns pbsdk`n vdvdr ueh vdah qun sn rdmh an hgunrab gbe `hs abs vdrtuans ghrhgtnrïstdghs ne hokhs nspngdns an vdah.

 H`fuebs phshmns an `h bkrh hrdstbtä`dgh sufdnrne qun ns engnshrdb engnshrdb hetns an h`ghezhr `hs gdnegdhs tnbrätdgh qun snhe gbesdanrhah n` jde an tbab n` obvdodnetb fbknrehr `h phrtn drrhgdbeh` an` h`oh nstb ns `h phsd÷e y `h jbroh an `bfrhr nstb ns prnphrhr n` h`oh phrh `h gbetnop`hgd÷e h trhväs an `h shkdaurïh ns nsth vdrtua `b qun sn anebodeh ``hvn an `hs btrhs vdrtuans puns nsths ý`tdohs sd sn ohetdnene sbe `hs qun neghusne `h phsd÷e. [hgln` hsnfurh qun `h vdrtua obrh` ns `h vdrtua an `h pnrsbeh gbob th` pbr n``b anjden `h vdrtua gbob ue rhsfb an ghrègtnr ohedjnsthab ne ueh hggd÷e lhkdtuh` quä kuneb qun ueh pnrsbeh tnefh n` gbegnptb g`èsdgb an vdrtua dop`dgh n` an` lèkdtb `b guh` gbesdstn ne ueh rnpntdgd÷e an hgtbs pbr n``b n` gbegnptb an lèkdtb an jbroh brdfdehrdh lhgn rnjnrnegdh h `h pbtnegdh luoheh `hs guh`ns sbe ghphgns an hgtuh`dzhrsn ne adstdeths adrnggdbens y ueh vnz rnpntdahs y ne gdnrtb obab desth`hahs sn vun`vne lèkdtbs `bs lèkdtbs sn rn`hgdbehe gbe n` hgtuh` qun vun`vn kuneb h` lbokrn gbob th` ns angdr gbe `h obrh`daha. Ne nstn gbetnxtb `hs vdrtuans y lèkdtbs nstèe rn`hgdbehabs gbe `h obrh`daha pnrb eb s÷`b sbe dopbrthetns phrh `h ätdgh hquï ne `bs nstuadbs sdeb thokdäe phrh `h vdah gbtdadheh

 

jrnetn jrne tn an nsth gunstd÷e gunstd÷e an pbrqun pbrqun sbe dopbrthetn dopbrthetns s `hs vdrtuans vdrtuans [hgln`s [hgln`s nxpben nxpben sus hrfuonetbs an ohenrh gbevdegnetn `h pnrsbeh vdrtubsh h`ghezh ueh vdah kuneh qun ns ueh vdah kuneh obrh`onetn pbr n``b [hgln` nsgrdkn qun `hs vdrtuans sbe dopbrthetns pbrqun `h pnrsbeh vdrtubsh `n vh onmbr ne `h vdah `hs vdrtuans sn engnsdthe phrh fudhr kdne eunstrh vdah. Snrjnggdbeèeabsn ne guhetb snr luoheb ns angdr obrh`onetn. [hgln` ansthgh `h uedvnrsh`daha an `h vdrtua n` snr luoheb tdnen pbtnegdh`dahans qun `b lhgn n` adspbenrsn hgtuhr an ueh ohenrh gbrrngth ansan n` puetb an vdsth an `bs obrh` y sd nsths nsths ad adspb spbsdg sdgdbe dbens ns sb sbe e `hs `hs qun qun gu guh`d h`djdg jdghe he h` lb lbok okrn rn ph phrh rh `b `bfrh frhrr ue ueh h vdah vdah ku kune neh h obrh`one obrh `onetn tn netbegn netbegns s tbab snr luoheb luoheb nstè adspuns adspunstb tb h `bfrhr `bfrhr `h vdah kuneh obrh` haqudrdneab adglhs adspbsdgdbens ``hohahs vdrtuans, [hgln` sn prnfueth a÷ean rhadgh `h uedvnrsh`daha an `h vdrtua nspngdh`onetn jrnetn h `h ou`tdp`dgdaha ebrohtdvh nsthk`ngdah pbr  `h sbgdnaha an tbabs `bs tdnopbs9 kèsdghonetn `h rnspunsth sn lh``h ne n` sd`bfdsob hetnrdbr ne `h uedvnrsh`daha an `h gbeadgd÷e luoheh ankdab h qun lhy dfuh`aha nsnegdh` ne tbabs `bs lbokrns y n` kdne an` lbokrn lh an snr n` kdne an` lbokrn ne guhetb th` netbegns th` kdne ns n` obrh` puns ns hqun``b ne `b qun lhy ne `b guh` tbab lbokrn punan pnrjnggdbehrsn.

 Huequn `hs `hs sbgdnahans sbgdnahans snhe adstdeths adstdeths sn `ns ah ah h `hs vdrtuans vdrtuans detnrprnthgdbens detnrprnthgdbens adjnrnetns adjnrnetns y advnrsbs tdpbs an hggdbens gunethe gbob shtdsjhgtbrdbs y punah snr gdnrtb qun gbob h`fuehs pnrsbehs ``nvhe tdpbs phrtdgu`hrns an vdah ne tdpbs phrtdgu`hrns an gdrguesthegdh tdnene `h engnsdaha an h`fuehs vdrtuans oès qun btrbs pnrb eb khsth sdop`nonetn gbe angdr qun sd guh`qudnr rhsfb an ghrègtnr phrtdgu`hr ns ueh vdrtua s÷`b ns gunstd÷e an ueh gbevnegd÷e sbgdh` yh qun `hs vdrtuans oès dopbrthetns eb sbe oheahtbs an gbevnegdbens sbgdh`ns sdeb an lnglbs kèsdgbs hgnrgh an eunstrh gbeadgd÷e gboýe. N` vdrtubsb sn pnrjnggdbeh gbob ue hfnetn obrh` qun ns `b odsob qun angdr qun sn pnrjnggdbeh gbob pnrsbeh phrh hrfuonethr `b an `h onmbr ohenrh punan hjdrohrsn `b sdfud sdf udne netn tn n` kd kdne ne nxg`us nxg`usdvb dvb an` an` lbok lbokrn rn ns n` kdn kdne e obrh` obrh` n` kdne kdne obrh` obrh` sn hgtuh hgtuh`dz `dzh h

 

onadhetn `h vdrtua `unfb n` kdne nxg`usdvb an` lbokrn gbesdstn ne `h odsoh vdrtua pnrb n` kdne nxg`usdvb an` lbokrn su pnrjnggd÷e ne gbesngunegdh n` lbokrn sn pnrjnggdbeh ne guhetb lbokrn onadhetn h `h vdrtua. Ne `h ätdgh g`èsdgh an `h vdrtua eb sn trhth s÷`b an deadvdaubs hds`habs qun kusghe su anshrrb``b b pnrjnggdbehodnetb h trhväs an `bs hgtbs obrh`ns sdeb an deadvdaubs desnrtbs gbe `hs adstdeths rn`hgdbens sbgdh`ns dop`dghahs pbr supunstb `hs an pbanr y ne kusgh an ue kdne qun eb snh ýedghonetn deadvdauh` sdeb prngdshonetn n` kdne gboýe y ns qun betb`÷fdgh onetn n` lbokrn eb s÷`b ns ueh netdaha qun sn anshrrb``h an jbroh deadvdauh` sdeb sde b ne nstn nstn sn snetd etdab ab urfne urfnetn tn ne rn`hg rn`hgd÷e d÷e gbe `bs btrbs btrbs ue ne netn tn ne rn`hg rn`hgd÷e d÷e gbe `h gbouedaha y an h``ï n` anshrrb``b deadvdauh` eb sn deanpneadnetn an` anshrrb``b an `h gbouedaha.. [nspngtb h` rn`htdvdsob obrh` [hgln` nsgrdkn qun n` rn`htdvdsob gu`turh` nopdnzh gbe `h vh`dbsh detudgd÷e an qun ouglbs an eunstrhs prègtdghs sbe gbob ästh s÷`b prbaugtbs gu`turh`ns pnrb `unfb sn nqudvbgh h` dejnrdr qun gbob h`fuehs prègtdghs sbe hsï tbahs ankne snr`b, ä` gbesdanrh gbob nrr÷enh `h `ïenh an rhzbehodnetb an` rn`htdvdsob gu`turh` yh qun `h gbeg`usd÷e eb sn sdfun an `h prnodsh. Xun nxdstne advnrshs pnrsbehs b gu`turhs gbe adstdetbs sdstnohs Obrh`ns eb sdfedjdgh qun tbabs `bs sdstnohs Obrh`ns snhe dfuh`onetn vè`dabs huequn lukb ue tdnopb ne qun `hs pnrsbehs pneshkhe qun `h tdnrrh nrh p`heh y btrbs qun nrh nsjärdgh nstb sdfedjdgh qun hokhs vdsdbens sbe dfuh`onetn dfuh`onetn vè`dahs `h tdnrrh eb nrh guharhah ed p`heh deg`usb hetns an quä `b gbrrbkbrhrèe gbrrbkbrhrèe gdnetïjdghonetn pnrb snøh`hr gbob adstdeths gu`turhs pbsnne adstdeths vdsdbens sbkrn `h tdnrrh netbegns tbahs sbe dfuh`onetn vè`dahs ns ue rbtueab nrrbr yh qun anknrïhobs pneshr qun nxdstdrïh ueh fnbfrhjïh b hstrbeboïh nurbpnh adstdeth h `h nfdpgdh. @h gdnegdh netbegns eb snrïh oès qun ue adsgursb ehrrhtdvh oès netrn btrhs ghrnetn an guh`qudnr prntnesd÷e an bkmntdvdaha snfýe [hgln` eb lhy rhz÷e phrh pneshr qun sd n` oueab ns rnabeab tbabs ankne shknr`b an dfuh` ohenrh eb lhy rhz÷e phrh pneshr qun sd lhy vnrahans Obrh`ns tbahs ankne an gbebgnr`hs n` nrrbr jueahoneth` ne n` hrfuonetb

 

an `hs adjnrnegdhs gu`turh`ns ns qun sn trhth an shghr ueh gbeg`usd÷e susthetdvh hgnrgh an ue tnoh an` onrb lnglb an qun lhy ue anshgunrab hgnrgh an` odsob. Ne n` Nsthab Nsthab ds`èodgb ds`èodgb abean sn gbea gbeaneh nehe e h pnrsbeh pnrsbehs s pbr snr lbobsnx lbobsnxuh`n uh`ns s hghsb hghsb anknobs hkstnenrebs an nodtdr guh`qudnr mudgdb obrh` hpn`heab h qun eb pbanobs grdtdghr  an ohenrh vh`brhtdvh `bs mudgdbs hmnebs h eunstrh gu`turh nstb snrïh ue hrfuonetb jh`hz an hgnpthr n` rn`htdvdsob gu`turh` yh qun eb pbarïhobs hjdrohr qun `hs gbstuokrns an btrh sbgdnahans sbe dejnrdbrns h `hs eunstrhs. Qhopbgb sn pbarïh grdtdghr `h prnghrdh sdtuhgd÷e an oumnrns ne h`fuebs phïsns ds`èodgbs eb pbarïhobs grdtdghr `bs hthquns ne deadh b `bs hsnsdehtbs ne Shidstèe s÷`b pbarïhobs angdadr sd hýe hggd÷e ns b eb gbrrngth gbesu`theab h `bs grdtnrdbs an nsh sbgdnaha ne phrtdgu`hr an hgunrab h nstb eb pbarïhobs prbeuegdhr bkmngd÷e h`fueh h edefýe räfdone. N` sbgdb sbgdb gnetrdso gnetrdsob b obrh` obrh` ebs dopnadrïh dopnadrïh muzfhr th`ns prègtdgh prègtdghs s yh qun s÷`b pbanobs pbanobs nvh`uhr`hs ansan `h sbgdnaha odsoh ne `h qun sn prhgtdgh.  Hgnpthr n` rn`htdvdsob obrh` ns n` rnglhzb an `h danh an prbfrnsb obrh` yh qun snrïh enfhr b suknstdohr `bs hvhegns `bfrhabs ne `bs anrnglbs an `h oumnr ne `bs anrnglbs an` hjrbhonrdgheb hjrbhonrdgh eb ntg. H` rnglhzb an` hrfuonetb an` rn`htdvdsob obrh` thokdäe `h danh an quä nxdstne vh`brns qun pbanobs gbesdanrhr trhes gu`turh`ns angdr `h vnraha ns ue vh`br qun tbah sbgdnaha ankn tnenr sd eb `h odsoh pbsdkd`daha an `h nxdstnegdh an ueh sbgdnaha snrïh dopbsdk`n. @hs ebrohs Obrh`ns qun ueb tdnene gdnrtbs obonetbs sbe gbevnegdbens qun ueb lh habpthab lhsth nsn obonetb prbgnanetns an advnrshs junetns h`fuehs ebrohs ebs `h ahobs h ebsbtrbs odsobs trhs ue nsjunrzb an rnj`nxd÷e heè`dsds n`nggd÷e rhgdbeh` btrh sn rngdkne gu`turh`onetn an `hs obahs prbphfheahs y prnadghgdbens prnsnetn ne eunstrb netbreb y btrh jdeh`onetn `hs hksbrknobs h trhväs an `h naughgd÷e n` habgtrdehodnetb habgtrdehodnetb qun sbobs sbontdabs aurhetn tbah `h vdah.