Montaje Instalaciones (3161)

 

^KZGMC DKC MI\TACADHZ Kc mistacadhr ks ca meaoki dk LH LHIKR IKR TKCKLHE a aitk itk kc suslrmpthr, suslrmpthr, phr ch taith ks mepkratmvh quk dkeukstrk prhgksmhiacmseh ki thdas sus altmvmdadks. [i mistacadhr prhgksmhiac sk dkgmik lheh6    

Kc mistacadhr dkjk kstar hroucchsh dk su trajafh Kc mistacadhr dkjk ehstrar smkeprk uia altmtud prhgksmhiac Kc mistacadhr dkjk prkskitar smkeprk ca meaoki dk ui prhgksmhiac Kc mistacadhr dkjk vkr su hgmlmh lheh uia prhgksmüi, ih lheh ui smepck trajafh

Lacmdadks dkc mistacadhr prhgksmhiac6 

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LHIGMAIVA. \k dkrmva dkc lhihlmem LHIGMAIVA. lhihlmemkith kith dk su hgmlmh hgmlmh y dk ca midustrma dk ca gmjra hptmla. LZKATMWMD LZKA TMWMDAD. AD. Dkjk lrkar ki kc lcmkitk iklksmda iklksmdadks, dks, yy,, ac emseh tmkeph, adaptarsk a sus rkqukrmemkiths. LH LHI\ I\MD MDKZ KZAL ALMÜ I.ck kslulba Dk Dkjk jk dk dkeh ehst strar rar ac lcmk lcmkit itk k qu quk k sk mi mitk tkrk rksa sa ki su suss iklksmdadks y MÜI. quk sus hpmimhiks. LAZM\EA. Dkjk ehstrar ac lcmkitk uia prkhlupalmüi rkac para balkrck skitmr  cas lhsas dk eaikra smepck.

 

^rhlkdmemkiths dk uia mistacalmüi prhgksmhiac 

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Lhepru Lhep rukj kjk k ait aitks ks dk sa sacmcmrr a rk rkac acmz mzar ar ca mi mist stac acalm almüi üi qu quk k ki su vk vkbå bålu luch ch dmsphioa dk thdas cas bkrraemkitas y kckekiths iklksarmhs.  Askoörksk dk lheprkidkr thdas cas ürdkiks dk mistacalmüi aitks dk sacmr dk ca hgmlmia dk dkspalbh.

^rkparalmüi para ca mistacalmüi 

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^rmekrh, prksíitksk ac lcmkitk aitks dk dkskejarlar dkc vkbåluch luacqumkr  kqumph h eatkrmac. Tkioa cmsta ca mdkitmgmlalmüi pkrshiac y dk ca lhepañå lhepañåa a dk skrvmlmh. Ih kitrk a ca lasa dkc lcmkitk sm ih bay ki kcca ui aducth rksphisajck eayhr a 12 añhs. Kxpcmquk ac lcmkitk cas ürdkiks dk trajafh quk trak. Askoörksk dk quk skai cas emseas quk kc lcmkitk dkska.  Kslulbk luacqumkr rklhekidalmüi h suokrkilma dkc lcmkitk. \m kstk kxprksa prkhlupalmüi prkhlup almüi shjrk phsmjcks dañhs a ca prhpmkdad, kxpcmquk aitks dk mimlm mimlmar  ar  chs trajafhsaccalcmkitk ghreaphr ki kc quk rkacmzará mistacalmüi.  ^rkouitk smtmh ki qukcaskrá ujmladh kc kqumph (HIT) prmilmpac.

^caimgmlalmüi dk ca mistacalmüi 

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Kilukitrk ca ekfhr ghrea dk cckvar ca gmjra drhp dksdk ca lafa IA^ a ca lasa Kilukitrk dkc usuarmh. Thek su tmkep tmkeph h para kilhitrar kilhitrar kc ekfhr puith dk kitrad kitrada, a, uia vkz lhihzla ca ruta mitkria dk ca dultkråa. Tratk dk hjtkikr ca aprhjalmüi dkc lcmkitk dk sus pcaiks dk mistacalmüi taith ki ca partk kxtkrmhr lheh ki kc mitkrmhr dk ca lasa dkc suslrmpthr.

Zkacmzalmüi dk ca mistacalmüi 

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Tratk ac lcmkitk lheh a uia pkrshia mephrtaitk. \ka lhrtís y cmepmh ki sus ehdacks. Ih guek dkitrh dk ca lasa dkc lcmkitk Ih kitrk a ca las lasa a dkc lc lcmkitk mkitk llhi hi zapat zapaths hs ehfa ehfadhs dhs h kichda kichdadhs. dhs. ^üioask uia jhcsa dk pcástmlh prhtklthra h laejmk dk zapaths. Iuila phioa bkrraemkitas kilmea dk acoöi eukjck dkitrh dkc bhoar. [sk cas bkrraemkitas adkluadas para ca mistacalmüi. Iuila dmsluta lhi kc lcmkitk. \m kilukitra ui prhjckea quk ih pukdk rkshcvkr, ccaek ccaek a ca lkitrac phr ayuda. Tratk dk usar su radmh, usk kc tkcíghih dkc lcmkitk lheh öctmeh rklursh. Iuila lrmtmquk h rklhemkidk uia earla dk rhutkr ki partmlucar. Iuila baoa arrkochs ki acoöi rhutkr kxmstkitk dkc usuarmh.

 

Gmiacmzalmüi dk ca mistacalmüi 

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 Ac gmiacmzar ca mistacalmüi ca lasa dkc sus suslrmpthr lrmpthr dkjk kstar tai cmepma lheh ac mimlmar chs trajafhs. Cmepmk Cmepm k kc árka dk trajafh6 rklh rklhfa fa trhzhs dk gmjra gmjra,, kivhctu kivhcturas ras y eatkrm eatkrmac ac dk kepaquk ki ca partk kxtkria dk ca lasa. Ki kc mitkrmhr dk ca lasa cmepmk thdhs chs rksmduhs okikradhs ki kc prhlksh dk pkrghralmüi dk parkdks y laiacktas. Kduquk ac lcmkitk shjrk kc skrvmlmh quk alaja dk mistacar. Kxpcmquk kc prhlkdmemkith quk dkjk skoumr para shcmlmtar ui skrvmlmh tílimlh. Zksphida thdas cas dudas dkc lcmkitk shjrk kc skrvmlmh, y dífkck sajkr quk kstará smkeprk a su skrvmlmh. Dkjk Dkj k adk adkeás eás rkacm rkacmzar zar cas smo smoumk umkitk itkss alt altmvm mvmdad dadks ks ALT[AC ALT[ACK\ K\ prhpmas prhpmas dk LHIKRTKCKLHE6   

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Lhchlalmüi Dkc MD h lüdmoh dkc suslrmpthr ki ca alhektmda Kitrkoa dk ca cmjrkta dk paoh ac suslrmpthr  Ccki Cckiar ar ca tajc tajca a dk ek ekdm dmas as lhi lhi ca hpkr hpkral almü müi i dk ca rk rkd d ki Tkckvmsmüi, Mitkrikt y Tkckghiåa. Aikxh M Lhchlalmüi dkcbhfa MD dkc ki eatkrmacks kc phstk Cckiadh dk ca dk suslrmpthr lhisueh dk Cckiadh dk ca bhfa dk tmkeph y ehvmemkith dk ruta kstajcklmda para lada tílimlh. Kitrkoa dmarmh dk eatkrmac shjraitk a jhdkoa Zkphrtk a lhitrhc dk ruta dk tmkeph y ehvmemkith dk lada luadrmcca.

 

ZKD DK JAIDA AILBA BGL Kc mistaca mistacadhr dhr dk TW phr Lajck y \krvml \krvmlmhs mhs dk W Wachr achr aor aorkoa koadh, dh, sk ujm ujmla la ki ca partk gmiac dk ca ladkia quk lhighrea uia rkd Båjrmda dk Gmjra üptmla y Lajck lhaxmac. Ks mephrtaitk quk kc pkrshiac dkdmladh a kstas cajhrks kitmkida kc prmilmpmh dk hpkralmüi dk kstk tmph dk rkdks. Ca rkd BGL k kss uia rk rkd d dk jai jaida da ail ailba ba phr phrquk quk p pkre kremtk mtk cca a tra traise isemsm msmüi üi dk eöctmpcks laiacks dk Tkckvmsmüi, Tkckvmsmüi, Mitkrikt a acta vkchlmdad, daths kitrk keprksas y ki chs öctmehs ö ctmehs añhs Whz shjrk M^ h tkckghiåa. Ca kstrultura dk ksta rkd ksta lhighreada phr cas smoumkitks uimdadks6

LAJKLKZA H BKAD-KID. Aitkia Aitk ias. s. Ki kstk cuoar, phr ekdmh dk ui patmh dk aitkias parajücmlas, sk smithimzai dk chs dmgkrkitks satícmtks okhkstalmhiarmhs quk kxmstki, chs laiacks dk TW quk lhephiki ca ormcca dk prhoraealmüi dk LAJCK BHOAZ. Zklkpthrks dk satícmt Zklkpthrks satícmtk. k. Ksths kqumphs shi chs kilaroadhs dk dkehducar ca skñac prhvkimkitk dkc satícmtk y ki kitrkoar ki su sacmda kc vmdkh y kc audmh dk lada laiac dk TW. Ehducadhrks.  Chs ehducadhrks rklmjki ca skñac jaida jask dk vmdkh vmdkh y audmh y ca lhivmkrtki ki ui laiac dk TW ehducadh dk 7 Ekoabkrtz. ^hr lada laiac dk TW ki ca rkd dk Lajck sk rkqumkrk ui ehducadhr. Lhejmiadhr.   Ks ui kqumph quk suea ca grklukilma dk sacmda dk thdhs chs ehducadhrks para lhighrear ca orai jaida ailba dk sacmda. ZKD DK GMJZA Ü^TMLA Ca thphchoåa dk ca rkd dk gmjra üptmla ks skilmcca. Ca lmudad sk dmvmdk ki ihdhs dk :>>> lasas pasadas h ekihs. Dk ca lajklkra sacki lajcks dk gmjra üptmla balma chs B[Js h lkitrhs dk dmstrmjulmüi ghreaidh ui aimcch. A partmr dk chs B[J ´s sk acmekitai taejmíi lhi gmjra chs dmgkrkitks ihdhs quk pkrtkiklki a ca zhia dk migcukilma dk lada B[J. Chs kqumphs eas mephrtaitks shi6

Traisemshr dk Gmjra Üptmla. Lhivmkrtk ca skñac dk Zadmh Grklukilma dk jaida Traisemshr ailba quk bay ki ca sacmda dkc lhejmiadhr a skñac dk cuz u üpt üptmla. mla. Ksta ¨cuz ¨ sk mitrhdulk a cas trhilacks dk gmjra üptmla quk vai balma chs B[J´s. Dmvmshrks.  ^hr ekdmh dk ksths kqumphs pasmvhs üptmlhs sk pukdk dmvmdmr ki varmas sacmdas ca skñac dk uia gmjra. \k utmcmzai ki chs B[J´s para dmvmdmr ca skñac balma chs ihdhs.

 

Zklkpthrks Üptmlhs. Taejmíi rklmjki kc ihejrk dk ihdhs. Ksths kqumphs lhivmkrtki ca skñac dk cuz quk vmkik dk ca gmjra a skñac dk Zadmh Grklukilma lheh ca quk sk hrmomia ki ca lajklkra. lajklk ra. \k utmcmzai ac gmiac dk lada kicalk. A partmr  dkc rklkpthr üptmlh smouk ca rkd dk lajck lhaxmac. ZKD TZHILAC DK LAJCK LHARMAC Kstá lhepuksta phr trks partks dmgkrkitks6 rkd trhilac, rkd dk dmstrmjulmüi y rkd dk alhektmda h dkc Mistacadhr.

Zkd Trhilac.  \k kilaroa dk cccckvar kvar ca skña skñacc a travís dk lajck lh lhaxmac axmac bas basta ta chs aepcmgmladhrks dk dmstrmjulmüi. Luaidh ca dmstailma ks lhismdkrajck bay quk aepc ae pcmgmgml mlar ar ca skña skñacc dk ca tr trhi hila lacc lhi lhi ae aepc pcmgmgml mlad adhr hrks ks tmph tmph tr trhi hila lac.c. Ih sk rkl rklhe hemmki kid da tki kik kr las asllada dass dk trhil ila acks ki ui ihdh hdh dk eas dk : aepcmgmladhrks. Ki ca rkd trhilac ih bay cuoar para suslrmpthrks. Zkd dk dmstrmjulmüi. Ksta rkd dkrmvada dkrmvada dk dkc tr trhilac, hilac, ks ca quk acm acmekita ekita cchs hs taps h dkrmvadhrks dk skñac balma kc suslrmpthr. Kstá lhepuksta phr lajck lhaxmac, aepcmgmladhrks y euctmtaps. Zkd dk alhektmda.  Ks ca rkd dk ajhiadh h suslrmpthr quk va dksdk ca sacmda h jhla dkc euctmtap basta kc tkckvmshr dkc suslrmpthr h kc lheputadhr dkc emseh. Kc mistacadhr mistac adhr dk LAJCK BHOAZ dkjk skr kxpkrth ki ca tklihchoåa dk kstk tmph dk rkd. ^aráektrhs jásmlhs dk ca rkd BGL dk LAJCK BHOAZ

^aráektrh

Kspklmgmlalmüi

 Ailbh dk Jaida. \kitmdh

;> EBz “ ?;> EBz. 1:> Laiacks aiacüomlhs

Dmrklthdk Jaida Zkthrih  Ailbh Imvkc dk \acmda ki Jhla dk Tap Zkcalmüi L/I Imvkc dk \kñac ki kc TW dkc usuarmh

; EBz “ 4: EBz. Mitkrikt y Daths. WhM^ WhM^ 1; dJ para kc laiac eas acth Eayhr a 4; dJ \upkrmhr a > dJeW

 

DMAOZAEA DK [IA ZKD DK TW ^HZ LAJCK

Ki kc rkluadrh rksactadh kstá ca zhia dk altmvmdad dkc mistacadhr 

 

EATKZMACK\ DK CA MI\TACALMÜI shcaekitk para lhikxm lhikxmüi üi a [imüi G. Taejmíi sk ccaea G-21. \k dkjk usar shcaekitk tmkrra h ki chs tkremiacks tkremiacks h theas dk TW TW.. Ih usar para kxtkidkr kc lajck. \kr \krá á ui puith dk gaccas ki kc guturh.

Orapas. \k utmcmzai para sufktar kc lajck lhaxmac a cas parkdks dk ca lasa h apartaekith. apartae kith. ^ara laj lajck ck ZO-7 ks dk 2 ee. Dkjki skr rksmstk rksmstkitks itks a chs rayhs uctravmhckta.

 

Lhrrkas pcástmlas. \k utmcmzai para sufktar kc lajck lhaxmac ac ekisafkrh. Dkjki skr taejmíi rksmstkitks a chs rayhs uctravmhckta.

Lhiklthrks. \k utmcmzai para lhikltar kc lajck lhaxmac lhaxmac a chs kqumphs y pasmvhs lheh lhe h TW TW,, sp spcmcmtt ttkrs krs y ta taps ps.. Thd hdhs hs sh shi i dk dkcc tmtmph ph G. Kc => =>% % dk ch chss sk skrvm rvmlm lmhs hs dhemlmcmarmhs sk hrmomiai ki lhiklthrks eac mistacadhs h dk eaca lacmdad. \k dkjk utmcmz utmcmzar ar lhiklt lhiklthrks hrks dk uia shca pmkza y dk lheprksm lheprksmüi. üi. \m kc lhi lhiklt klthr  hr  kstará a ca mitkepkrmk ks mephrtaitk oaraitmzar ca mepkrekajmcmzalmüi lhi kc gmi dk kvmtar ca buekdad y phr ch taith ca dkoradalmüi dk ca skñac luaidh bay ccuvma.

 

 

\ufktadhr ki F. \k athrimcca ki phstks h supkrgmlmks luaidh ih sk pukdk usar  ui sufktadhr a ekisafkrh.

Lajckk dr Lajc drhp hp.. Ks kc laj lajck ck lha lhaxm xmac ac quk lh lhik iklt lta a ca rkd BGL ac kqu kqump mph h dkc suslrmpthr. Thdh lajck lhaxmac prhdulk pírdmdas. Kstas dkpkidki jásmlaekitk dkc eatkrmac dkc dmkcíltrmlh h eatkrmac kitrk kc lhidulthr lkitrac y ca eacca kxtkria,, y dkc eatkrmac dkc lhidulthr lkitrac kxtkria lkitrac.. ^ara cas alhektmda alhektmdass sk dkjk usar  lajck lhi ui acth oradh dk jcmidafk (=>%) para kvmtar mitkrgkrkilmas dk cas kstalmhiks dk radmh y TW. Luaidh ca alhektmda kitrk kc tap y ca kitrada y ca lasa ks lhismdkrajck, lhismdkrajck, sk dkjk usar lajc lajck k lhi ekisafkrh ekisafkrh.. Kc lajck smi ekisafkrh ekisafkrh sk utmcmza ki cas mistacalmhiks mitkrmhrks.  Atkiualmüi dkc lajck ZO-7

Gkkd-tbru jusbmio. Ks ui lmcmidrh lmcmidrh lhi uia tapa tapa suf sufktadhr ktadhra a dk p pcástml cástmlh, h, y quk sk ujmla ki cas pkrghralmhiks lhi kc gmi dk prhtkokr ac lajck y kvmtar ca kitrada dk phcvh y buekdad a ca lasa.

 

Jchquk dk atkrrmzafk. Ks uia pmkza ektácmla quk milhrphra dhs uim uimhiks hiks G-21. Tm Tmkik kik ui thrimcch thrimcch admlmhiac para lhikltar a tmkrra ca alhektmda dkc lajck lhaxmac. Ks euy mephrtaitk su mistacalmüi para prhtkokr chs kqumphs kckltrüimlhs.

^kre remtmtk k sufk sufkta tarr kc la lajc jck k dk alh alhek ektmtmda da lhi \ufktadhr \ufkta dhr dkc Ekisaf Ekisafkrh krh..  ^k ekisafkrh. Ca mistacalmüi dk kstk dmsphsmtmvh sk dkjk balkr lhi lumdadh para kvmtar qumkjrks h lurvas euy prhiuilmadas ki kc lajck.

Dmvmdk k ca skñac dk ui lajck lh lhaxmac axmac ki dhs h eas sacm sacmdas. das. Chs eas \pcmttkrs. Dmvmd lheuiks shi dk dhs, trks h luatrh sacmdas. Luaith eas sacmdas tkioa ui spcmttkr  eas pírdmdas hgrklk. [i dmvmshr dk dhs våas mitrhdulk uia pírdmda dk , 1:, 17 y :> dJ. Ki ca sacmda dk tap bay ekihs skñac quk ki ca sacmda dmrklta.

Tkremiadhrks. Eaitm Eaitmkiki kiki chs ?; übemhs dk ca rkd. Dk ksta eaikra kvmtai cas guoas y kc miorksh dk skñac. \k dkjki lhikltar ki chs tkremiacks ih utmcmzadhs dk chs spcmttkrs y alhpcadhrks dmrkllmhiacks. Bay tkremiadhrks quk rkqumkrki uia ccavk kspklmac para su mistacalmüi.

 

Gmctrh B^. Ks ui gmctrh pasa acths quk shcaekitk dkfa pasar chs laiacks dk TW quk vmkiki vmkiki dksdk ca laj lajklkr klkra a bal balma ma kc susl suslrmp rmpthr thr.. Aiuca Aiuca phr lhe lhepck pckth th cas skñacks ki skitmdh lhitrarmh, h ska dk ca lasa dkc suslrmpthr balma ca rkd. \k dkjk mistacar ki chs ihdhs ki quk sk prksta kc skrvmlmh dk lajckehdke para kvmtar lhitaemiar ca rkd luaidh ca mistacalmüi mitkria ks dkgmlmkitk h ba smdh actkrada phr kc usuarmh.

 

MI\TACALMÜI DK CA ZKD DK AJHIADH LHARMAC Ca Zkd dk ajhiadh lhaxmac ks kc lhephikitk dk thphchoåa BGL quk va dksdk kc E[C E[CTMT TMTA^ A^,, dhidk gmiacmza ca rkd trhilac lhaxmac, basta kc kqumph tkremiac dkc suslrm sus lrmpt pthr hr quk puk pukdk dk skr ui TW h ui lhep lheput utadh adhrr. Ks uia rk rkd d lh lhis istr trum umda da jásmlaekitk ki lajck ZO-7 h ZO-11, dkpkidmkidh su skckllmüi dkc imvkc dk skñac dmsphimjck ki kc E[CTMTA^, dk ca dmstailma ac kqumph dkc lcmkitk y dkc iöekrh dk kqumphs a lhikltar. Thdas kstas varmajcks okikrai dmgkrkitks imvkcks dk atkiualmüi.

^rhlkdmemkith dk ca mistacalmüi \mkeprk quk sk vaya a rkacmzar uia mistacalmüi dk rkd dk ajhiadh lhaxmac para kc skr skrvm vmlm lmh h dk TW ph phrr sus suslrm lrmpl plmü müi, i, dk dkjk jk sk skoum oumrs rsk k kc pr prhlk hlkdm dmem emki kith th qu quk k sk dkslrmjk a lhitmiualmüi6 

Kitrk kc Lhhrdmiadhr okikrac y kc Kilaroadh dk lada eüvmc, dhidk sk dmstrmjuyki cas dmgkrkitks parkfas dk mistacadhrks, sk hroaimzai cas ürdkiks dk mistacalmüi mistacalmüi y sk kstajck kstajcklki lki prmhrm prmhrmdadks dadks para kc dåa. Kc Kilaroa Kilaroadh dh asmoia kc trajafhya a chs mistacadhrks, kvacuaidh thdh ehekith chs rklurshs dk quk dmsphik, skai tílimlhs h dk rklursh ki bueaih.

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 Ac cckoar a ca dmrkllmüi, kc Mistacadhr dkjk vkrmgmlar quk ísta lhrrksphi lhrrksphida da lhi ca quk sk kilukitra rkomstrada ki ca hrdki dk mistacalmüi.  A lhitmiualmüi, dkjk vkrmgmlar ca ujmlalmüi dkc E[CTMT E[CTMTA^ lhi rkspklth ac quk tmkik asmoiadh asmoiadh ki ca hrdki. Ki kc lash dk kxmstmr ui TA^ TA^ eás lkrlaih lkrlaih a ca dmrkllm dmr kllmüi üi quk kc asmo asmoiad iadh h y sko skoöi öi ska kc puit puith h dk allksh dk ca rkd a ca prhpmkdad dkc usuarmh, ístk sk utmcmza y sk rkomstra kc laejmh ki ca hrdki dk trajafh. Adkeás, dkjk mighrear dk ksth ac Kilaroadh dkc eüvmc. eüvmc. Luaidh kc E[CTMTA^ E[CTMTA^ kstá lhpadh y bay htrh lhi tkremiacks cmjrks sk utmcmza y sk smouk kc emseh pash aitkrmhr. Ki thdh lash, dkjk tkikrsk ki lukita smkeprk kc imvkc dk skñac ki jhla dkc euctmtap, ca chiomtud dk ca rkd dk ajhiadh y kc iöekrh dk kqumphs a mistacar, aitks dk dkgmimr kc tmph dk lajck a utmcmzar utmcmzar.. Dk thdas eaikras, luaidh luaidh sk tkioa dudas ki luaith a ca chiomt chiomtud ud dk ca rkd dk al alhe hekt ktmd mda a h lu luaid aidh h bay baya a eás eás dk dh dhss tk tkck ckvm vmshr shrks ks lhi lhiklt kltad adhs, hs, ks lhivkimkitk rkacmzar uia ekdmlmüi dkc kstadh dk ca skñac dk sacmda ki kc E[CTMTA^ B/C51;/= dJeW (skoöi dmskñh), taith ki cas grklukilmas actas (laiac ?2) lheh ki cas jafas (laiac :), tkimkidh ki lukita chs imvkcks dk atkiualmüi quk pukdki prkskitarsk ki ca rkd, taith phr kc lajck lheh phr chs dmsphsmtmvhs pasmvhs qukchssklajcks mistacki. dathcask lhisucta ki dk casutmcmzar  tajcas dk kqumvackilmas para ZOLhi 7 y kstk ZO 11, lhivkimkilma

 

uih u htrh. Zklukrdk quk phr ihrea dk ca GLL, kc imvkc dk skñac eåimeh para kc skrvmlmh dk LA LATW TW ki chs kqumphs dkc lcmkitk kstá kitrk > y +< dJeW. 

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Luaidh sk kilukitra kc E[CTM E[CTMT TA^ lhpadh, pkrh ih bay htrh dksdk dhidk sk pukda rkacmzar ca mistacalmüi, mistacalmüi, sk mighrea dk kcch ac Kilaroadh. Kstk traemta kc ehitafk miekdmath dk ui iukvh E[CTMTA^ y, phr ch okikrac, sk authrmza ac mistacadhr para quk vaya kxtkidmkidh ca rkd ki taith cckoa ca luadrmcca kilaroada dk rkacmzar kc iukvh ehitafk. Dk ih skr aså, ca hrdki ba dk qukdar  pkidmkitk phr ehtmvhs tílimlhs. Kc Mistacadhr kitra ki lhitalth lhi kc lcmkitk, sk prkskita k mdkitmgmla chs smtmhs ki dhidk sk mistacarái chs kqumphs tkremiacks dk ajhiadh (eáxmeh luatrh). \m ca iklksmdad ks eayhr eayhr,, sk alukrda lhi kc lcmkitk ca mistacalmüi dk chs luatrh prmekrhs puiths y sk lhismoia uia ihta ki ca hrdki dk mistacalmüi para quk sk baoai cas ekdmlmhiks dk imvkc dk skñac iklksarmas y chs afustks h dmskñhs adkluadhs. adkluadhs. Adkeás sk vkrm vkrmgmla gmla lhi kc lcmk lcmkitk itk kc kstad kstadh h dk TWs, WB\, ca cåika tkckgüimla y htrhs kqumphs quk pukdai agkltarsk phr ca allmüi dkc trajafh. Zklukrdk quk qumki eaimpuca chs kqumphs ks kc lcmkitk, sacvh prkvma authrmzalmüi dk ístk.  Aitks dk quk kc vkbåluch lhitmiök kc rklhrrmdh, ca parkfa dk Mistacadhrks dkjk dklmdmr dk quí eaikra sk va a cckvar a lajh ca mistacalmüi y quí tmph dk bkrraem bkrr aemkit kita a iklksm iklksmta ta para balkr balkrch. ch. Ca dkeás bkrr bkrraem aemkit kita a ca dkf dkfa a ki kc vkbåluch. Luaidh ki ca rksmdkilma sk kilukitra shcaekitk ca kepckada dkc skrvmlmh, ks rklhekidajck ccaear tkckgüimlaekitk ac lcmkitk para pkdmr lhiskitmemkith dkc rklhrrmdh quk sk bará lhi ca rkd. Dk ih bajkr lcarmdad ac rkspklth h lhiskish lhi kc lcmkitk, ks ekfhr dkfar ca shcmlmtud apcazada phr kc suslrmpthr  y dkjk mighrearsk ac Kilaroadh dk ca luadrmcca. \mke \mkepr prk k qu quk k sk pr prks kski kitk tk ui uia a smtu smtual almü müi i quk quk pu pukd kda a pr prhp hpml mlma marr ea each chss kitkidmdhs, kc Mistacadhr dkjkrá lhismoiar phr kslrmth kc asuith ki ca hrdki dk trajafh y ca bará gmrear phr kc lcmkitk. Luepcmdh ksth, dkjk shcmlmtarck ac lcmkitk quk kilmkida kc TW, WB\, DWD, h acoöi htrh kqumph quk sk vka mivhculradh ki kc prhlksh, para lheprhjar su juki guilmhiaemkith (kilkidmdh, lhchr, lhchr, jrmilhs dk me meaoki, aoki, kitrk htrhs). Ksth kvmta milhivkimkitks milhivkimkitks phstkrmh phstkrmhrks, rks, ki lash dk rkprhdu rkprhdullmüi llmüi miadkluad miadkluada a dk ca meaoki phr dkgmlmkilma dkc aparath. Kc Mistacadhr ih dkjk ehvkr acoh quk ih ska iklksarmh h quk hgrkzla ca phsmjmcmdad dk dañh. \m ks iklksarmh, dkjk balkr sajkr dkc asuith ac lcmkitk y pkdmr ki thdh ehekith su lhiskitmemkith h authrmzalmüi.

 

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Chs lh lhik iklt lthr hrks ks sk uiki uiki ac kqum kqumph ph tk tkre remi miac ac dk aj ajhi hiad adh h at athr hrim imccccái áidhc dhchs hs eaiuacekitk. Ki chs kckekiths dk dmspkrsmüi h dmstrmjulmüi (spcmtt (spcmttkr, kr, jhlas dk E[CTMTA^, uimhiks) dkspuís dk cckvarch eaiuacekitk basta thpk, sk ck da 1/7 dk vukcta eás lhi uia ccavk jhla gmfa dk ?/17". Ki ch phsmjck, kc lajck sk kxtmkidk dksdk kc mitkrmhr dk ca kdmgmlalmüi balma kc E[CTMT E[C TMTA^ A^.. Kst Ksth h gal galmcm mcmta ta kc eai eaikfh kfh dk ca larrkt larrkta a dk acaej acaejrk rk y kvm kvmta ta ca phsmjmcmdad dk rhjh dk ca emsea, ac kstar dkitrh dk ca rksmdkilma. Ca cåika dkjk sacmr sacmr pkrpkidmlucare pkrpkidmlucarekitk kitk a ca galbada. galbada. ^hr kcch, sm kc laj lajck ck acmekitadhr ih pasa phr kc grkitk dk ca galbada, dkjk dkfarsk pkidmkitk ca mistacalmüi phr ehtmvhs tílimlhs y shcmlmtar kc availk dkc ekisafkrh.

  [ia vmsta dk pkrgmc dk ca mistacalmüi, chs puiths dk lhitalth y dk kitrada, aså lheh cas dmstailmas quk sk dkjki lhiskrvar sk eukstrai ki ca gmoura quk smouk.

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Kc prhlkdmemkith quk suomkrk LHEE\LH^K sk dkslrmjk a lhitmiualmüi.

 

Kxtrakrr kc Lajck. Kxtrak Lajck.  Alhehdk kc paquktk dk lajck h phrtalajck dkjafh dkc puith dk kitrada. Thek kc kxtrkeh dkc lajck y laemik balma kc puith dk alhpck. Ih dkfk quk kc lajck sk tukrza, raspk, kirkdk h kioailbk luaidh laem laemik ik,, kstk kstk bk bklb lbh h pu pukd kdk k dk dkgh ghre rear ar kc lajc lajck k y laus lausar ar pr prhj hjck ckea eass dk traisemsmüi phstkrmhrekitk. Lhitmiök kxtraykidh kc lajck basta aclaizar kc puith dk alhpck. Zklukrdk, dkjkrá tkikr sugmlmkitk lajck a eaih para tkidkr kc lajck a ch caroh dkc pcagüi h cåika dk lmemkith dkc kdmgmlmh para aclaizar kc puith dk puksta a tmkrra. Zktrhlkda kc larrktk y kxtramoa sugmlmkitk lajck kxtra lheh para aclaizar kc puith dk kitrada. Lhrtk kc lajck ki kc puith dkc larrktk.

Ehitafk dk lajck dk alhektmda ZO-7 smi Ekisafkrh

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 Ac lajck ZO 7 sk ck dkfa, ac sacmr dk ca jhla dkc E[CTMT E[CTMTA^ A^,, ui julck dk :> lkitåektrhs dk caroh phr :> lkitåektrhs dk ailbh. ^hst ^h stkrm krmhre hreki kitk tk kc laj lajck ck sk cccckv kva a a ch caro caroh h dk dkcc la lajc jck k >. >.;> ;>>" >" ü >.?;> >.?;>―, ―, aearráidhch aearrái dhch lhi lhrrkas dki dkitadas tadas a lada ektrh bast basta a cckoar ac grkitk dk ca galbada, a imvkc dk ca ekdmaikråa dk ca prhpmkdad. Grkitk a ca galbada sk lhchla ui ^mo Tamc (lhca dk lkrdh) y ki íc sk askoura ui tkishr, pasaidh kc lajck a travís dkc laiac dk su lukrph y aprmsmhiáidhch lhi ca luña. Cukoh, sk cckva kc lajck basta ca galbada ki dhidk dkjk rklmjmrch htrh tkishr, kc luac sk askoura ki uia arohcca rkdhida. Kc lajck (acaejrk) ih dkjk cckoar  a ca emtad dk ca galbada, galbada, smih a ca ekdmaikr ekdmaikråa. åa. \hch sk kxlk kxlkptöai ptöai dk ksta ihrea cas prhpmkdadks lhi tklbh a dhs aouas catkracks, dhidk kc puith lkitrac dk ístk h lajaccktk pukdk skr kc eás acth y aprhpmadh. Taith ki kc pmo tamc lheh ki ca arohcca rkdhida sk lhchlai eáxmeh dhs lajcks, lada uih lhi ui tkishr. Ki ch ph phsm smjc jck k kc lajc lajck k dkj kjk k ccko cckoar ar a ca galb galbad ada, a, smi smi milc milcmmia iallmhik mhiks, s, lhepcktaekit lhepck taekitk k parackch a pms pmsh. h. \mi kejaro kejaroh, h, sm ks iklksarm iklksarmh h ujmlarch ki ghrea hjcmlua (öimlaekitk lhi uia pkidmkitk jafaitk) sk ck dkjk balkr ui pkqukñh julck aitks dk ca galbada, kc luac prkstará ca guilmüi dk lhrta ohtkra.

 

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\m gukra iklksarmh kxtkidkr ca alhektmda ki lajck ZO 11, ístk sk cckva basta ca galbada dk ca lasa, y accå sk kepacea lhi ZO 7 lhi uia uimüi G-21, para lhitmiuar balma kc mitkrmhr dk ca prhpmkdad. Kc kepacek dkjk lujrmrsk lhi lmita auth-guidkitk y cukoh lhitkikr lmitauia dk vkitafa vmimch para prkvkimr kc kgkltuar miorksh dk buekdad. Kc lajck ZO-7 dkjk dk le para kc kepacek.

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Ki cas pkrghralmhiks, a ca kitrada y sacmda dk chs eurhs, sk lhchlai jufks pcástmlhs (ikorhs para kxtkrmhrks k mitkepkrmk y jcailhs para mitkrmhrks).

Ehitafk dk Lajck ZO-7 lhi ekisafkrh

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\m kc lajck dk alhektmda tmkik ekisafkrh, lheh ks ch alhiskfajck para trae traehs hs ea eayh yhrk rkss a ek ektr trhs hs sk suom suomkr krk k utmc utmcmz mzar ar kc pr prhl hlkd kdme memk mkit ith h dk LHEE\LH^K quk sk dkslrmjk ki chs párraghs quk smouki6

 

\kparar kc lajck ekisafkrh dkc lhaxmac. [sk chs acmlatks dk lhrtk catkrac para mimlmar ui lhrtk ki kc kfmdh kitrk kc lajck ekisafkrh y kc lhaxmac. Thek kc lajck ekisafkrh ki uia eaih y kc lhaxmac ki ca htra y ackfk sus eaihs uia dk htra dk eaikra uimghrek para skparar kc tkfmdh. \kpark kc tkfmdh dk lajck lheh sm ch lhrtara lhi uia tmfkra, ki cuoar dk skpararch dmrkltaekitk. Ki ca orágmla smoumkitk sk eukstra ca eaikra lhrrklta dk balkrch.

 

Alhpck kc lajck ekisafkrh ac traeh lhi kc eíthdh :-4-4.

Lhi uia

ajrazadkra ajrazad dk traehs traehs, , alh alhpck pck ggmrekek mrekekitk ui ui oailb oailbh ki ui Q pmk lheh dkdkc ca gmoura, hkra taejmíi ccaeadh oailbh ki ^,itk ac acaejrk ahlasm (kcle) puith dk kitrada. Kc oailbh dkjkråa qukdar dmrkltaekitk balma agukra dkc acaejrk y parackch ac pmsh.

Atk kc lajck ekisafkrh. Kc eíthdh :-4-4 ks kc prkgkrmdh para atar kc lajck ekisafkrh. \k ccaea :-4-4 phrquk lhismstk ki pasar DH\ vklks a travís dkc oailbh, kivhcvkr kivhcvkr kc lajck ekisaf ekisafkrh krh L[AT L[ATZH ZH vklks acrkdkd acrkdkdhr hr dkc emseh y L[ATZH L[A TZH vklks acrkdkdhr dkc lajck ekisafkrh/lhaxmac.  Askouráidhsk dk tkikr : pmks (7> le) dk lajck ekisafkrh, pask kc lajck phr  kc oailbh dhs vklks y tårkch gmrekekitk. Kc lajck ekisafkrh/lhaxmac ih skparadh dkjkråa kstar a lasm 7 pucoadas (1;le) dkc oailbh ki Q.

Kivukcva kc lajck ekisafkrh jmki afustadh luatrh vklks acrkdkdhr dk sm emseh.

 

Kivuk ukccva

kc

la laj jck

ekisafkr krh h

lua uattrh vklks acrkd kdkd kdh hr

dkc

la lajc jck k

ekisaf eki safkrh/ krh/lhax lhaxmac mac.quk . Chs julcks julcks eöctmp tmpcks cks Baoa dms dmstrm trmjuyk juyki i lua luacqu cqumkr mkrkitkismü tki i y ayudai a mepkdmr kc lajck sk eöc dkghrek. ui iudh smepck kcsmüi öctmeh julck. Zklhrtk chs rksths dk ekisafkrh.

Lhi kc lajck ekisafkr ekisafkrh h askour askouradh adh ac traeh, athrim athrimcck cck eaiuaceki eaiuacekitk tk kc lajck lhi su lhiklthr ya mistacadh ki kc hrmgmlmh dk kitrada. Lhi uia ccavk dk thrsmüi, afustk kc lhiklthr cjs/pucoada. \m ih tmkik uia ccavk dk thrsmüi, baoa omrar kc lhiklthr ui luarth vukcta admlmhiac lhi(7> ca ccavk h bkrraemkita para kc lhiklthr G. Dkjkråa tkikrdkacrkdkdhr dk : pmks le) dk lajck kitrk kc puith dk kitrada y dhidk kc lajck sk uik ac ekisafkrh. Adkeás dk ca galmcmdad dk eaikfh quk ksth prhphrlmhia, kstk lajck admlmhiac ck rksuctará euy ötmc sm acouia vkz iklksmta vhcvkr a mistacar kc lhiklthr ac lajck.

Ouardk kstk lajc lajck k ghreai ghreaidh dh ui julck dk ac acrkdkdhr rkdkdhr dk 7 puc pucoadas oadas (1; le le)) dk dmáektrh. Askoörksk quk kc dmáektrh dkc julck ih ska ekihr quk dmkz vklks kc dmáektrh kxtkrmhr dkc lajck. [sk ataduras dk lajck para ghrear y askourar kc julck ac traeh. ^hioa uia ktmqukta dk mdkitmgmlalmüi ki kc lajck. Ih ks iklksarmh lhighrear ui dhjck cazh h chhp, lhi uih shch jasta para chorar kc prhpüsmth.

 

 

ALH^CK DKC LAJCK A CA ALHEKTMDA DK CA LA\A 

[ia vkz quk kc lajck lhaxmac kstá askouradh ac TA^ y ac ekisafkrh y sk kilukit kilu kitra ra dmspuk dmspuksth sth para kitra kitrarr a ca rksmdkilm rksmdkilma a dkc suslr suslrmpt mpthr hr sk suo suomkr mkrk k rkacmzar chs smoumkitks pashs prhpuksths phr LHEE\LH^K6 Lhi uia kslackra cckouk basta kc puith dk alhpck y athrimcck h cckvk kc oailbh ki ^ h ki Q balma kc mitkrmhr dk ca rksmdkilma. [i juki puith dk alhpck ks ca ksqumia dk ca lasa, dkjafh dkc pcagüi. Ih sk dkjk gmfar a uia aitkia, uia laiackta para ca ccuvma, uia lbmekika h ui phstk kcíltrmlh. Kc oailbh dkjk pkreaiklkr parackch ac pmsh.

Ki kc puith dk alhpck pukdk utmcmzar kc eíthdh :-4-4 dkslrmth ki chs párraghs aitkrmhrks h uih smemcar para sufktar kc ekisafkrh a ca rksmdkilma. Ouåk kc lajck dksdk kc puith dk alhpck a ca jarra dk puksta a tmkrra. Kc rklhrrm rklh rrmdh dh dkj dkjk k skoumr skoumr chs dkt dktacc accks ks arqumt arqumtklt kltüim üimlhs lhs dk ca rks rksmdk mdkilm ilma. a. [sk orapas ki ghrea dk sufktadhrks dk lajck para kvmtar dañar ca kstrultura lhilíitrmla dkc lajck lhaxmac y su mepkdailma dk ?; übemhs.

 

Ki ca gmoura gmoura quk smou smouk k sk euk eukstr strai ai chs dktac dktaccks cks dk ca lhi lhikxm kxmüi üi dkc lajck lhaxmac a ca jarra dk tmkrra utmcmzaidh ui jchquk dk atkrrmzafk.

ZKD DK ALHEKTMDA KR^[K\TA 

 Aitks dk mimlmar kc tkidmdh dkc lajck ki kc mitkrmhr dk ca rksmdkilma, kc tílimlh, lhifuitaekitk lhi kc suslrmpthr, dkjk pcaikar kc rklhrrmdh dkc lajck skoöi chs puiths dk lhikxmüi y smoumkidh lhismdkralmhiks dk tmph kstítmlh ki kc mitkrmhr dk ca vmvmkida. ^hr ch okikrac kstk rklhrrmdh sk mimlma ki ui puith dk dmstrm dms trmjulm julmüi, üi, quk pukdk pukdk skr uia lafa lafa,, y sk kxt kxtmki mkidk dk basta chs puiths puiths dk lhikxmüi. Kc rklhrrmdh pukdk skr phr kc lmkch gacsh h phr kc kxtkrmhr dk ca lasa skoöi kc tmph dk lhistrullmüi. Bay quk kvmtar balkrch a ras dkc pmsh. Ki cas

 

orágmlas smoumkitks sk eukstra ui kfkepch dk dmstrmjulmüi dk uia lasa dk ui pmsh smi lmkch gacsh y dk ui skouidh pmsh quk sm lukita lhi ksta hplmüi.

^rmekr pmsh, lhi tmkrra y phr kc kxtkrmhr 

\kouidh pmsh dksdk uia lafa lkrla ac lmkch gacsh 

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[ia vkz skckllmhiada skckllmhiada ca traykl trayklthrma thrma sk prhlkdk ac tkidm tkidmdh dh dkc lajck lhaxmac lhaxmac skoöi cas lhismdkralmhiks quk sk kxphiki kiskoumda Ca dmstailma kitrk orapas dkjk skr aprhxmeadaekitk dk 7> lkitåektrhs, jmki dmstrmjumdas a ch caroh dkc lajck. Iuila sk lhchlai orapas a ekihs dk 4> le.  Ac mimlmar y ac gmiacmzar kc orapadh sk lhchla dhjck orapa, actkriadas actkriadas y uimdas. Ki cas ksqumias h lurvas sk lhchlai orapas a cadh y cadh dkc áiouch0  Aitks y dkspuís dk lruzar ui eurh sk dkjk lhchlar uia orapa ki lada cadh dkc emseh. Luaidh kc lajck sk va a lhchlar chiomtudmiacekitk phr eurh rash, cas orapas sk phiki actkriadas.

 

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Luaidh kc lajck sk va a mistacar chiomtudmiacekitk phr uia ksqumia, cas orapas sk lhchlai ki ui emseh skitmdh, juslaidh cckvar kc lajck ch eás arrmilhiadh phsmjck.

^rkgkrmjckekitk sk dkjk mistacar kc lajck phr ca partk supkrmhr dk chs zülachs. Iuila a ras dk pmsh. Taejmíi sk lhchlai orapas a ca kitrada y sacmda dkc spcmttkr a ; le dk lada jhla. Iuila sk dkjk mistacar lajck partmkidh eurh.

 

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Ki lash dk eurhs dk tapma h dk lhilrkth, sk rklhemkida mistacar pkqukñhs lbazhs dk eadkra ki chs smtmhs dhidk sk vai a lhchlar cas orapas. Ihreacekitk, sk pukdki dkfar kitrk 1.; y :.> ektrhs dk vkitafa dk rkd –cmjrk― ki lada puith dk lhikxmüi dk chs kqumphs dkc lcmkitk. Ksth ck pkremtmrá eaimpucarchs gálmcekitk phr ca partk dk atrás h ehvkrchs a ch caroh dk kstk traeh.

 

IH BALKZ.....

 

ZKD DK ALHEKTMDA LAIACMVADA 

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Ca laiacmzalmüi dkc lajck dkjk rkacmzarsk ki okikrac, lhi lmita dk alkrh para pksla, dk 1/2― 1/2― x ektrhs, p para ara dulths b basta asta dk 1― ü dk 1/4― x ektrhs para dulths eayhrks a 1―. Ki acouias hlasmhiks pukdki utmcmzarsk htrh tmph dk kckekiths para rkacmz rkacmzar  ar  ca pksla dk ca rkd, lheh acaejrk dk alhektmda, bmch dk phcmprhpmckih h iychi h milcush acouia rkd quk kstk para rktmrh. Ki dulths cmjrks, ca pksla sk mitrhdulk ki kc dulth kepufáidhca a traehs lhrths. Ki lash dk dulths hlupadhs, ks phsmjck y rklhekidajck utmcmzar ca rkd kxms kxmstk tkit itk k para bac bacar ar ca pksl pksla a val valma maid idh h a su vk vkzz kc dul dulth th.. Ca rkd kxmstkitk sk dkvukcvk phstkrmhrekitk fuith lhi ca rkd a mistacar. \k dkjk tkikr ca prklaulmüi dk kilmitar smkeprk ca puita dk ca lmita para pksla y cujrmlarca lhi vaskcmia midustrmac. Mimlma Mimlmacek cekitk itk dkst dkstapk apk th thdas das cas llafa afass para lhikxm lhikxmüi üi quk lhism lhismdkrk dkrk q quk uk balki partk dk ca laiacmzalmüi. Dk skr phsmjck, y sm ca laiacmzalmüi kstá hlupada, vkrmgmquk chs traehs dk dultkråa kitrk lafa y lafa, bacaidh lhi lumdadh chs kxtrkehs dk cas rkdks quk asheai ki kccas.  Aiacmlk cas phsmjcks dmgmluctadks quk sk ck pukdai prkskitar y güreksk uia mdka dk ca eaikra eás adkluada para mimlmar kc prhlksh dk laiacm laiacmzalmüi zalmüi dkc lajck. Ca ui uimü müi i dk dkcc la lajc jck k lh lhax axma macc lhi ca lmit lmita a par para a pk pksla sla dkjk kil kilmi mita tarsk rsk y cujrmlarsk lhi vaskcmia midustrmac h taclh, para quk pask eás gálmcekitk. Dkjk tkikrsk kspklmac lumdadh para ih qukjrar kc lajck, kxlkdmíidhsk ki su radmh eåimeh eåimeh dk lurvatu lurvatura. ra. Kc kspalm kspalmh h quk tmkiki cas laf lafas as dk :― x 4― x :― ü 4― x 4― x :―, ih ks sugmlmkitk para achfar chs spcmttkrs lhi sus lhiklthrks smi qukjrar kc lajck. ^hr taith, chs spcmttkrs ih dkjki lhchlarsk ki kc mmitkrmhr itkrmhr dk kstas lafas. Ca lafa 4― x 4― x 4― ks ca öimla quk pkremtk lhchlar süch uih dk kcchs smi eayhrks dmgmluctadks y smi dañar kc lajck.

 

MI\TACALMHIK\ MI\T ACALMHIK\ KI KDMGMLMH\ \MI ZKD MITKZIA 

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Luaidh ca shcmlmtud dk mistacalmüi ks para ui kdmgmlmh quk ih tmkik rkd mitkria, phr ch okikrac ih eayhrks a 4 pmshs, sk pmdk authrmzalmüi a ca Ademimstralmüi dkc kdmgmlmh y ac lcmkitk para cckvarca a lajh. \k rklhemkida juslar acouia migrakstrultura dk laiacmzalmüi, taith gukra lheh lhe h dk dkit itrh rh dk dkcc apart apartae aekit kith, h, dk ta tacc ea eaikr ikra a qu quk k ca mi mist stac acalm almüi üi qu qukdk kdk,, kstítmla y tílimlaekitk, ch ekfhr phsmjck. \m ca al alhe hekt ktmd mda a ks aír aírka ka,, sk dk dkjki jki sk skou oumr mr ch chss em emse sehs hs pr prhl hlkd kdme memk mkit iths hs aitkrmhrks. ^ara ca laiacmzalmüi dkc lajck lhaxmac pukdk utmcmzarsk kc dulth dk ca rkd tkckgüimla. Dkjk kvmtarsk ca utmc utmcmzalmüi mzalmüi dkc dulth dk lmtüghih (phr kc rmksoh dk dañh) y iuila pukdk utmcmzarsk kc dk kikroåa (phr kc rmksoh gåsmlh quk sk lhrrk y phr cas mitkrgkrkilmas kckltrheaoiítmlas quk ístas prhdulki) Zklmkitkekitk sk kstá lhchlaidh tujkråa dk ^WL (dk >% y ks phsmjck quk kc E[CTMT E[CTMTA^ A^ kstk lhpadh lhi uia rkd grauduckita. \m sk kilukitra ca laiacmzalmüi saturada, sk dkfa pkidmkitk phr rkdmskñh (dk kcch taejmíi ks rksphisajck kc Kilaroadh) Luaidh ca laiacmzalmüi kstá hjstrumda h ih kxmstk migrakstrultura kitrk ca lafa dk dmstrmjulmüi okikrac y kc apartaekith, sk dkfa pkidmkitk phr cmemtalmüi tílimla. Ki thdhs chs lashs ki quk ca mistacalmüi qukdk pkidmkitk phr acoöi ehtmvh, sk dk dkjk jk dk dkfa farr migh mighre real almü müi i ad adkl klua uada da ac lcmk lcmkit itk k pa para ra kvmt kvmtar ar eayh eayhrk rkss milhivkimkit milhiv kimkitks0 ks0 eás aui sm cas razhiks hjkdklk hjkdklki i a prhjckeas pcait pcaitkadhs kadhs phr íc. Kc Mistacadhr dkjk dkfar earlada ca jhla dkc E[CTMTA^ lhi kc apartaekith lhrrksphidmkitk. Chs spcm Chs spcmtt ttkr kr mitk mitkri rihs hs iu iuil ila a dk dkjk jki i uj ujml mlar arsk sk ki ár árka kass lheu lheuik ikss dk ca prhpmkdad. \mkeprk dkjki ujmlarsk dkitrh dk ca prhpmkdad rkspkltmva.

 

^ZHLKDMEMKITH ^AZA EHITAZ LHIKLTHZK\ Lhiklthr para lajck ZO-7 Kc lhiklthr para lajck ZO-7 ks ui kckekith dk mitkrgask quk smrvk para uimr kc lajck lhaxmac tmph ZO-7 a ui puith dk lhikxmüi tmph –G― bkejra, ya ska ki kc E[CTMT E[C TMTA^ A^,, ki kc spc spcmtt mttkr kr h ki kc kqumph kqumph tkre tkremia miacc dk ajh ajhiadh iadh.. Chs bay dk lhepr lhe prks ksmü müi i ax axma macc (luña (luña)) y dk lh lhep eprk rksm smüi üi ra radm dmac ac (b (bkxá kxáoh ohih ih h lüi lüiml mlh) h).. Ca lhiklthrmzalmüi sk balk lhi ca bkrraemkita philbadhra (lrmep thhc) adkluada para lada tmph dk lhiklthr. Kc prhlkdmemkith para gmfarch ac lajck ks kc smoumkitk6 

^rkpark kc lajck para kc tmph dk lhiklthr a utmcmzar, lhi ca ayuda dk ca bkrraemkita pkcalajck adkluada. ^ara kcch, lhchquk kc pkcalajck dk eaikra lhrrklta ki kc lajck y dkck varmhs omrhs ki ui emseh skitmdh (iuila sk dkvukcva). Zktmrk kc pkcalajck y cukoh, eaiuacekitk, rktmrk chs kckekiths quk Ki lajck kstk prhlkdmemkith qukdar ac dkslujmkrth uia partkskdkcbai bmchlhrtadh. lkitrac dkc y uia partk dkcdkjk kieaccadh.

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Wkrm krmgmq gmquk uk quk kc lhrtk kstí tíli tílimlae mlaekit kitk k pkrgklt pkrgklth6 h6 Chs bmch bmchss dk ca eacca dkjki qukdar dk ca emsea chiomtud k mitalths, smi quk sk rkvmkitki, y kc lhidult lhid ulthr hr lkitrac lkitrac ih puk pukdk dk kstar pml pmladh adh im racca raccadh. dh. \m kcch ih sk lue luepck pck,, lacmjrk ca bkrraemkita pkcalajck y rkpmta kc prhlkdmemkith. Dhjck chs bmchs dk ca eacca balma atrás, vkrmgmlaidh quk imiouih qukdk smi dhjcar y eulbh ekihs kirhccadh ki kc bmch lkitrac dkc lajck. Lhchquk kc lhiklthr ZO-7 dk tac eaikra quk kc dmkcíltrmlh quk skpara kc lhidulthr lkitrac dk ca eacca, qukdk a thpk lhi ca jask mitkria dkc lhiklthr. Wkrmgmquk quk ki imioöi ehekith ca cáemia dk acuemimh sk rasouk, quk kc dmkcíltrmlh ih ba pkrdmdh su lmrlucarmdad, quk kc lhidulthr lkitrac tkioa ca chiomtud adkluada y quk chs bmchs dk ca eacca ih asheki ki ca partk phstkrmhr  dkc lhiklthr.. Lheprm Lhep rmea ea kc lhik lhiklt lthr hr lhi lhi ca bk bkrr rrae aemk mkit ita a –p –phi hilb lbad adhr hra― a― (l (lrm rmep ep thhc thhc)) adkluada ac tmph dk lhiklthr, skoöi ska su ghrea dk utmcmzalmüi rkspkltmva0 agch agchfk fk ca pr prks ksmü müi i y vukc vukcva va a lhep lheprm rmem emrr bast basta a qu quk k kc lhik lhiklt lthr hr qu qukd kdk k dkjmdaekitk apcmladh. Wkrm krmgmq gmquk uk quk kc lhi lhiklt klthr hr bay baya a quk qukdad dadh h jmki jmki afu afusta stadh0 dh0 kst ksth h sk lue luepck pck luaidh ac kxlksmva, bacar kc lajck y kcsklhiklthr gukrza ih kstk ih sack. . ki dmrkllmhiks lhitrarmas, lhi uia

 

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Lhrtk kc lhi Lhrtk lhidul dulthr thr lkit lkitrac rac dkfáid dkfáidhch hch uih uihss trk trkss emc emcåek åektrh trhss phr guk gukra ra dkc lhiklth lhik lthrr. \m qukda eás caroh caroh,, phd phdråa råa kitr kitrar ar ki lhitalt lhitalth h lhi ca lar larlaza laza,, okikráidhsk okikrái dhsk ui lhrthl lhrthlmrlumt mrlumth0 h0 sm qukda euy lhrth, ca lhikxmü lhikxmüi i ih va a tkikr  juki lhitalth h imiouih, qukdaidh kc lmrlumth ajmkrth.. Kc lhidulthr lkitrac dkjk qukdar ki phsmlmüi rklta y pkrgkltaekitk ki kc lkitrh.

Lhiklthr ZO-11 Kc lhiklthr para lajck ZO-11 ks ui kckekith dk mitkrgask quk smrvk para uimr kc lajck lhaxmac tmph ZO-11 a ui puith dk lhikxmüi tmph –G― bkejra, ya ska ki kc E[CTMT E[C TMTA^ A^,, ki kc spc spcmtt mttkr kr h ki kc kqumph kqumph tkre tkremia miacc dk ajh ajhiadh iadh.. Chs bay dk lheprksmüi axmac (luña) y dk lheprksmüi radmac (bkxáohih). Ca lhiklthrmzalmüi sk balk lhi ca bkrraemkita philbadhra (lrmep thhc) adkluada para lada tmph dk lhiklthr. Ksths lhiklthrks pukdki tkikr pmi lkitrac prhpmh h pmi lkitrac midkpkidmkitk. Kstk sk utmcmzalkitrac para adkluar ca lhikxmüi –G―eulbh bkejra, dkjmdh a quk kcpmi lhidulthr dkc lhaxmac ZO-11 kski dkkcuitkremiac dmáektrh eayhr. Kc prhlkdmemkith para gmfarch ac lajck ks kc smoumkitk6 

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^rkpark kc lajck para kc tmph dk lhiklthr a utmcmzar, lhi ca ayuda dk ca bkrraemkita pkcalajck adkluada. ^ara kcch, lhchquk kc pkcalajck dk eaikra lhrrklta ki kc lajck y dkck varmhs omrhs ki ui emseh skitmdh (iuila sk dkvukcva). Zktmrk kc pkcalajck y cukoh, eaiuacekitk, rktmrk chs kckekiths quk sk bai lhrtadh. Ki kstk prhlkdmemkith dkjk qukdar ac dkslujmkrth uia partk dkc bmch lkitrac dkc lajck y uia partk dkc kieaccadh. Wkrm krmgmq gmquk uk quk kc lhrtk kstí tíli tílimlae mlaekit kitk k pkrgklt pkrgklth6 h6 Chs bmch bmchss dk ca eacca dkjki qukdar dk ca emsea chiomtud k mitalths, smi quk sk rkvmkitki y kc lhidult lhid ulthr hr lkitrac lkitrac ih puk pukdk dk kstar pml pmladh adh im racca raccadh. dh. \m kcch ih sk lue luepck pck,, lacmjrk ca bkrraemkita pkcalajck y rkpmta kc prhlkdmemkith. Dhjck chs bmchs dk ca eacca balma atrás, vkrmgmlaidh quk imiouih qukdk smi dhjcar y eulbh ekihs kirhccadh ki kc bmch lkitrac dkc lajck. Lhrtk kc lhidulthr lkitrac ki ghrea dk puita dk dmaeaitk lhi ca chiomtud adkluada skoöi ska ca kspklmgmlalmüi dkc lhiklthr. Ki ca eayhråa dk chs lashs ksta chiomtud vmkik dkgmimda ki kc lukrph dkc lhiklthr dk eaikra ikeüimla. Wka cas kspklmgmlalmhiks prhpmas dkc emseh. Lhchquk Lhchqu k kc lhiklth lhiklthrr ZO-1 ZO-11 1 dk tac eaikra quk kc lajck sk smkita quk cckoa a thpk.

 

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Wkrmgmq krmgmquk uk quk ki imioöi ehekith ca cáemia dk acuemi acuemimh mh sk rasouk y quk chs bmchs dk ca eacca ih asheki ki ca partk phstkrmhr dkc lhiklthr.. Lheprm Lhep rmea ea kc lhik lhiklt lthr hr lhi lhi ca bk bkrr rrae aemk mkit ita a –p –phi hilb lbad adhr hra― a― (l (lrm rmep ep thhc thhc)) adkluada ac tmph dk lhiklthr, skoöi ska su ghrea dk utmcmzalmüi rkspkltmva0 agch ag chfk fk ca pr prks ksmü müi i y vukc vukcva va a lhep lheprm rmem emrr bast basta a qu quk k kc lhik lhiklt lthr hr qu qukd kdk k dkjmdaekitk apcmladh.

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Wkrmgmq krmgmquk uk quk kc lhiklthr baya qukdad qukdadh h jmki afustadh afustadh00 ksth sk luepck sm ac bacar bac ar kc lajck y kc lhik lhiklth lthrr ki dmr dmrkll kllmhi mhiks ks lhitrarm lhitrarmas, as, lhi uia gukrza gukrza ih kxlksmva, kstk ih sk sack.

 

\KL[KILMA LHZZKLTA DK LHI \TZ[LLMÜI DK [I LHIKLTHZ G

 

IH BALKZ....

 

^ZHLKDMEMKITH ^AZA ^ZHOZAEAZ KC TW Kxmstki eulbhs ehdkchs dk tkckvmshrks chs luacks phdråai lcasmgmlarsk phr su lapalmdad para smithimzar laiacks, aså6 1. Tkckvms kckvmshrks hrks dk pkrmc pkrmcca6 ca6 \hi tkc tkckvmshrk kvmshrkss quk smithi smithimzai mzai chs la laiacks iacks dkc : ac 1< ki ca jaida dk grklukilmas jrhadlastmio. Kxmstk taejmíi uia vkrsmüi dk ísths quk utmcmza jhthiks kiWBG vkz dk pkrmcca. :. Tkck kckvms vmshrks hrks dk dhj dhjck ck pkrm pkrmcca cca66 Ki kcc kcchs hs ks phsmjck phsmjck sm smith ithimz imzar ar chs laia laiacks cks : ac 1