Monografia Sonia - 2017 Ucm

 

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Âhmlkf Ilsto mf to`fio .............................. ..................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................... ... lll Ilsto mf [lgios f O`rfvloturos...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ...........lv Mfkioroçëa............................. Mfkioroçëa....... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ v Mfmlkotûrlo .................... ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ........................................ ..................vl Ogromfklbfhtas ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ................................ .........vll Pfsuba ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... vlll KOZL]VIA L .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................ < Lhtramuçëa ..................... ............................................ .............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ......................................... ...................< ?. ]fbo4 @fhfcâklas ma Fxfrkâkla Câslka ho ]frkflro Lmomf ..... ........................... ............................................. ........................... ?: ?.?. Mfilbltoçëa ma ]fbo ............. ................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ........................... ?: ?. 0.Zra`ifbotlzoçoa 0.Zra`ifbotlzoçoa ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... ?: ?.;.A`dfktlvas ................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ .................................... .............. ?? ?.;.?.A`dfktlva gfroi4................................... ......................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ................................ ......... ?? ?.;.0.A`dfktlvas fspfkâclkas4 ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ .................................... .............. ?? ?.=.Dustlclkotlvo4 ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ................................ ......... ?? ?.6.Nlpûtfsfs au Zfrguhtos mf Zfsqulso .................... ........................................... .............................................. ....................................... ................?0 KOZL]VIA LL ................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ .................................... ..............?; 0. Cuhmobfhtoçëa Cuhmobfhtoçëa tfûrlko .................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................. ....................................... .................?; KOZL]VIA LLL ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ ..........?7 ;. Bftamaiaglo mf pfsqulso........... pfsqulso................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ........................... ?7 ;.?.Kiosslclkoçëaa mo pfsqulso .... ;.?.Kiosslclkoçë .......................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ...... ?7 ;.0. Koroktfrlzoçëa mo obastro fb cuhçëa mo lmomf .......... ................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... ?7 ;.;. Koroktfrlzoçëa mo obastro fb cuhçëa ma sfxa .................. ........................................ ............................................ ......................... ... ?> ;.=. Lhstrubfhtas mf rfkaino mf momas ..... ........................... ............................................ ............................................. .................................... ............. ?> ;.6. Zrakfmlbfhtas mf trotobfhta mf momas ................... ......................................... ............................................ .................................... .............. ?> ;.3. ]rotobfhta fstotâstlka ............................................................ .................................................................................. ........................................... .....................?> ;.7. _ufstöfs ìtlkos .................. ......................................... ............................................. ............................................. .............................................. ............................ ..... ?> KOZL]VIA LS...................... LS............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... ?< =. Oprfsfhtoçëa Oprfsfhtoçëa f mlskussëa mf rfsuitomas..................... ........................................... ............................................. .................................... ............. ?< =.?. Kabporoçëa fb cuhçëa ma sfxa sa`rf as `fhfcâklas mo prïtlko mo oktlvlmomf câslko câ slko ....... 0= 6. Kahkiusëa................................................. ....................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 03

 

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6.?. Pfkabfhmo Pfkabfhmoçöfs................. çöfs........................................ ............................................. ............................................. .............................................. ............................ ..... 07 Pfcfrfhklos @l`ilagrïclkos ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................................ .................0> Ohfxa

 

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Ilsto mf to`fio ]o`fio ?4 Koroktfrlzoçëa mo obastro fb cuhçëa mo lmomf......................................................?= lmomf......................................................?=  ]o`fio 04 Mfskrlçëa mo obastro fb cuhçëa ma sfxa................... sfxa......................................... ............................................ ......................?6 ?6  ]o`fio ;4 Zassul oigub pra`ifbo mf soômf.............. soômf.................................... ............................................. ........................................?3 .................?3 ]o`fio =4 Ì cubohtf............... cubohtf..................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ...............................?3 .........?3 ]o`fio 64 _uols mafhços vakä tfb mloghastlkomos.... mloghastlkomos.......................... ............................................. .......................................?3 ................?3  ]o`fio 34 _uols oilbfhtas lhgfrf kab bolar ccrfquähklo..... rfquähklo........................... ............................................... .............................?7 ....?7  ]o`fio 74 O quohta tfbpa protlko oktlvlmomf câslko...................... câslko............................................ ..........................................? ....................?>> ]o`fio >4 _uohtas mlos par sfboho protlko oktlvlmomf câslko................. câslko.......................................... .................................?> ........?>  ]o`fio : lmasas, sfhma =: ma sfxa cfblhlha f =: ma sfxa boskuilha. Zoro cokliltor f tarhor passâvfi a prakfssa mf kaifktoomoptoma mf momas, ub qufstlahïrla kahtfhma :< qufstöfs cfknomos mf bôitlpiof fskaino, parusau-sf OGVLOPHA (0:?;), ì ub lhstrubfhta omoptoma poro lmfhtlclkor mfskrfvfr `fhfcâklas arluhmas mo prïtlko rfguior mf fxfrkâklas câslkas. Zoro a trotobfhta mf momas usau-sf a pragrobo [Z[[ vfrsëa ?=.:. ahmf cal opilkoma a bìtama mf o`armogfb quoiltotlvo ma tlpa mfskrltlva, f quf knfgau  ‛   sf o kahkiusëa mf quf as `fhfcâklas mo oktlvlmomf câslko rfguior poro as lmasas mo vlio mf Hobloia carob4 o rfmuçëa mo prfssëa ortfrloi, o rfmuçëa mf mlo`ftf f o mlblhulçëa mf marfs ortlkuiorfs. Kahkiulu-sf olhmo quf fb rfioçëa o kabporoçëa fb cuhçëa ma sfxa, as `fhfcâklas mo oktlvlmomf câslko bohtlvfrob-sf as bfsbas fb ob`as as sfxas (rfmuçëa mo prfssëa ortfrloi, rfmuçëa mf mlo`ftf f mlblhulçëa mf marfs ortlkuiorfs), f hëa nauvf mlcfrfhços slghlclkotlvos, opfsor ma sfxa boskuilha oprfsfhtor hôbfras ilgflrobfhtf bolarfs fb tfrbas mf `fhfcâklas.

Zoiovros-knovfs  ‛  ‛  fxfrkâklas câslkas, `fhfcâklas câslkas, prïtlko rfguior mf fxfrkâklas.

 

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KOZL]VIA L Lhtramuçëa

A fhvfinfklbfhta papuioklahoi ì ub cokta quf pamf sfr a`sfrvoma fb tama a buhma, sfdo has poâsfs fb vlo mf mfsfhvaivlbfhta au as quf dï fstëa mfsfhvaivlmas. Ha fhtohta, toi sltuoçëa mfsiub`ro mf carbos mlcfrfhtfs poro as lhmlvâmuas.  [fguhma (KOF]OHA, 0::3, p.06), a fhvfinfklbfhta pamf vorlor mf lhmlvâmua poro lhmlvâmua, sfhma mf bohflro gromuoi poro uhs f bols rïplma poro autras ]ols vorloçöfs fstëa rfioklahomos o vïrlas coktarfs kaba, par fxfbpia4 fstlia mf vlmo, nï`ltas soumïvfls f, oilbfhtoçëa `oiohkfomo, mfhtra autras. Mol quf, a fhvfinfklbfhta ì ubo ftopo vltoi mo vlmo ma sfr nuboha, kahcarbf fvlmfhklo (@PL]A F IL]SAK, 0::=, p.?>), a fhvfinfklbfhta ì ub cfhûbfha quf otlhgf tamas as sfrfs nubohas, lhmfpfhmfhtfbfhtf ma sf fxtrokta saklafkahûblka. [fhma koroktfrlzoma kaba ub prakfssa mlhàblka, pragrfsslva f lrrfvfrsâvfi, ilgomas lhtlbobfhtf o coktarfs `laiûglkas, psâqulkas f saklols. ]ols coktarfs mfstf prakfssa pamfb kabprabftfr ospfktas câslkas f o kopoklmomf cuhklahoi ma lmasa mf rfoilzor torfcos ma quatlmloha. Kahcarbf (ILBO 0::0), mfclhf o optlmëa câslko kaba o kopoklmomf cuhklahoi ma lhmlvâmua mf fxfkutor ubo mftfrblhomo torfco. A quf pamf kabprabftfr outahablo ma lmasa mf rfoilzor os oktlvlmomfs ma quatlmloha f, akoslahohmaa ilbltoçöfs oa bfsba. akoslahohm  Hfstf kahtfxta, o prïtlko rfguior mf fxfrkâkla câslka, ì ubo mos prlhklpols `osfs poro o bohutfhçëa mo soômf f quoilmomf mf vlmo, pamfhma kab`otfr fssfs fcfltas ma fhvfinfklbfhta f, ouxlilohma a lmasa o bohtfr fb `ab fstoma suo optlmëa câslko f kopoklmomf cuhklahoi. A  prfsfhtf tro`oina prftfhmf lmfhtlclkor as `fhfcâklas a`tlmas o portlr mo protlko rfguior mas fxfrkâklas câslka ho tfrkflro lmomf, ha mfsfhraior ma tfbo fb oiusëa. Okrfmltobas quf  pamfbas mfstf, mfstf, trozfr ub pracuhm pracuhmaa kahnfklbfh kahnfklbfhta ta o rfsta.

 

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?. ]fbo4 @fhfcâklas ma Fxfrkâkla Câslka ho ]frkflro Lmomf ?.?. Mfilbltoçëa ma ]fbo  Ho vlsëa mf Borkahl (0::?4?:0) a tfbo ’ì a ossuhta quf sf mfsfdo pravor au mfsfhvaivfr, surgf mf ubo mlclkuimomf mf hoturfzo prïtlko fhcrfhtomo pfia outar, mfsoclas fhkahtromas ho iltfroturo mf autras tro`oinas au mf tfarlos‒.   [fhma

osslb, a tfbo prapasta fhkahtro-sf mfilbltoma ma sfgulhtf bama4 @fhfcâklas ma fxfrkâkla câslka ho tfrkflro lmomf ho vlio mf

Hobloia (0:?7 - 0:?>).  ?. 0.Zra`ifbotlzoçoa Fstï pravoma quf a sfmfhtorlsba ì ubo mos bolarfs fplmfblos f kousos mf bartf ma hassa sìkuia. Hubo papuioçëa oporfhtfbfhtf soumïvfi au hubo papuioçëa fspfkloi, o Oktlvlmomf Câslko (OC) ossubf ub popfi krukloi ho soômf, fspfkloibfhtf ha kosa mas lmasas. A fstlia mf vlmo f as coktarfs ob`lfhtols pamfb oubfhtor o vorloçëa lhmlvlmuoi rfioklahomo kab o lmomf, ubo vfz quf pamfb bamlclkor a pragrobo gfhìtlka tohta fb ohlbols kaba fb nubohas. O kahtâhuo fxpaslçëa ê lrromloçëa pamf okfifror a fhvfinfklbfhta kaba rfsuitoma mo butoçëa gfhìtlko f su`sfqufhtf rfpilkoçëa mf pratfâhos lbpfrcfltos. O lhgfstëa mf oilbfhtas, tohta quohtltotlvo kaba quoiltotlvo, oporfkf kaba tfhma a bolar patfhkloi mf oitfroçëa pasltlvo ma potrlbûhla gfhìtlka. O lhtfrvfhçëa mlftìtlko tfb o kopoklmomf hëa sû mf oubfhtor a klkia mf vlmo, bos tob`ìb mf prabavfr ub fhvfinfklbfhta kab sukfssa f ubo bolar quoilmomf mf vlmo O oktlvlmomf câslko tob`ìb ossubf ub popfi bulta lbpartohtf ho prabaçëa mo soômf f  prfvfhçëa mf mafhços krûhlkos, oubfhtohma o quoilmomf mf vlmo. Bultos kahmlçöfs krûhlkos kaba o mafhço kormlavoskuior, mlo`ftfs bfiiltus, nlpfrtfhsëa, a`fslmomf f astfaparasf,  prfvoifhtfs has lmasas, pamfb sfr oitfromos otrovìs mf bumohços ha fstlia mf vlmo, ahmf o oilbfhtoçëa f oktlvlmomf câslko fstëa lhkiuâmos. Ì hfsto pfrspfktlvo quf surglu fb hûs o lmflo mf cozfr ub fstuma vaitoma oas lmasas, ubo vfz quf o vlio mf Hobloia, passul ub hôbfra kahslmfrïvfi mf pfssaos mfsto lmomf, kaba carbo mf praplklor ub nï`lta f fstlia mf vlmo soumïvfi f kab quoilmomf. Ì hfssf àb`lta quf surgf o sfgulhtf qufstëa mf pfsqulso4 _uols  sëa as `fhfcâklas câslka a`tlmas mo prïtlko rfguior mas fxfrkâklas câslkas ho tfrkflro t frkflro lmomf5  ho vlio mf Hobloia. 

 

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?.;.A`dfktlvas ?.;.?.A`dfktlva gfroi4  ➠ 

Lmfhtlclkor as `fhfcâklas câslka a`tlmas mo protlko rfguior mas fxfrkâklas câslkas ho tfrkflro lmomf.

?.;.0.A`dfktlvas fspfkâclkas4 ➠  Mfskrfvfr   as `fhfcâklas câslka a`tlmas mo protlko rfguior mas fxfrkâklas câslkas ho tfrkflro lmomf5 ➠ 

Kabporor fb cuhçëa ma gìhfra  as `fhfcâklas câslka a`tlmas mo protlko rfguior mas fxfrkâklas câslkas ho tfrkflro lmomf.

?.=.Dustlclkotlvo4 ’O dustlclkotlvo kahslstf hu hubo bo fxpaslçëa suklhto, parìb kabpifto mos rozöfs mf armfb tfûrlko f mas batlvas mf armfb prïtlko quf tarhob lbpartohtf ho rfoilzoçëa mo pfsqulso‒

(Borkahl f Ioeotas 0::6400?). A prfsfhtf tro`oina dustlclko-sf pfia cokta mo pfsqulsomaro sfr pracfssaro ho FZK mf Hobloia [fmf o iahgo moto f tfr-sf fhvaivlma fb vorlos okçöfs fskaiorfs hfstf kobpa, tro`oinohma kab krlohços, osslb kaba omuitas. Bos o rozëa pfrtlhfhtf ì quf fio tob`ìb coz portf mf ub grupa quf tfb protlkoma glhïstlko hos ortìrlos mo vlio mf Hobloia, par ahmf tfb vlsta ub hubfra slghlclkotlva mf lhmlvâmuas mo tfrkflro lmomf, o ociuârfb has porqufs mfspartlvas, ruos f kobpas o`frtas mo vlio mf Hobloia o protlkorfb sfus fxfrkâklas câslkas. Ainohma fsto sltuoçëa, sltuoçëa, f tfhma fb kahto kahto quf bultos pfssaos mfsto kkobomo, obomo, osslb kaba kaba os autros tfb cflta as fxfrkâklas câslkas mf carbo portlkuior, sfb hfhnub arlfhtomar au  praclsslahoi mf fmukoçëa fmukoçëa câslko, o pfsqulso pfsqulsomaro maro clkau fqulvakom fqulvakomoo has parquäs mf tohto protlko, mol o fskaino mfstf tfbo, poro prakuror mftfrblhor as `fhfcâklas a`tlmas ho protlko rfguior mas fxfrklmas câslkas ho tfrkflro lmomf, hfsto vlio. Fstumor fstf tfbo, sfrï ho aplhlëa mo pfsqulsomaro rfifvohtf, vlsta quf lmfhtlclkomas as  `fhfcâklas quf fstëa fstëa par mftrïs mfstf os ossuhta, suhta, pfrbltlrï a lhgrfssa mf vïrlas lmas lmasas, as, ho omfsëa

 

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mo protlko mf fxfrkâklas câslkas, a quf praparklahorï ub fhvfinfklbfhta soumïvfi f kab `ao quoilmomf mf vlmo. Zar autra ioma, o pfsqulso pamfrï odumor oas praclsslahols mf fmukoçëa câslko o ilmorfb kab  pfssaos mo tfrkflro lmomf, ha qquf uf tohgf o rfo rfoilzoçëa ilzoçëa rfguior mf ffxfrkâklas xfrkâklas câslkas.

?.6.Nlpûtfsfs au Zfrguhtos mf Zfsqulso Nlpûtfsf ì ubo fxpfktotlvo mf rfsuitoma o sfr fhkahtromo oa iahga mo pfsqulso, kotfgarlos olhmo hëa kabpiftobfhtf kabpravomos fbplrlkobfhtf, au aplhlöfs vogos arluhmos ma sfhsa kabub quf olhmo hëa possorob pfia krlva ma fxfrkâkla klfhtâclka (@OPPF]A5 NAHAPO]A, ?%5

Mfbähklo 6%5 ❓  Mfiârlas 3,?7%5 ❓ 

 

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Mfprfssëa ?:,?%.

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Kfrko mf 76% mas lmasas kab 7: ohas au bols oprfsfhtob pfia bfhas träs mfssfs  pra`ifbos oa bfsba tfbpa.

Fb rfioçëa ês mafhços bols kabuhs ha fhvfinfklbfhta mfvf-sf ifvor fb kahto o bohflro  pfio quoi sf knfgau o vfinlkf, mlvfrsas coktarfs kahtrl`ufb poro o quohtlmomf f o quoilmomf mas ohas quf sf vlvf. Oigubos mafhços rfoibfhtf surgfb kab a fhvfinfklbfhta, bos autros oporfkfb mfvlma o ubo bï quoilmomf mf vlmo.

0.;. @fhfcâklas mo oktlvlmomf câslko ho tfrkflro lmomf 0.;.?. Oktlvlmomf câslko Oktlvlmomf câslko ì tama bavlbfhta karparoi vaiuhtïrla nuboha, quf rfsuito hub gosta fhfrgìtlka oklbo mas hâvfls mf rfpausa, koroktfrlzoma pfio oktlvlmomf ma quatlmloha f pfias fxfrkâklas câslkas. ]roto-sf mf kabpartobfhta lhfrfhtf oa sfr nuboha kab koroktfrâstlkos  `laiûglkos f sûkla sûkla - kuiturols. Ha àb`lta mo Lhtfrvfhçëa Lhtfrvfhçëa ma Zrac Zraclsslahoi lsslahoi mf Fmukoçëa Fmukoçëa Câslko, o oktlvlmomf câslko kabprffhmf o tatoilmomf mf bavlbfhtas karparols, fxfkutomas ha kahtfxta mf mlvfrsos prïtlkos4 glhïstlkos, fxfrkâklas câslkas, mfspartas, dagas, iutos, kopaflro, ortfs borklols, mohços, oktlvlmomfs râtblkos, fxprfsslvos f okra`ïtlkos, buskuioçëa, iozfr, rfkrfoçëa, rfo`liltoçëa, frgahablo, rfioxobfhta karparoi, lago, fxfrkâklas kabpfhsotûrlas ê oktlvlmomf io`aroi f ma quatlmloha f autros prïtlkos karparols  karparols (BOILH[EL & SA[FP, 0:?0).

0.;.0. @fhfcâklas Sïrlas fstumas kahkfltuols sa`rf o fclkïklo mo oktlvlmomf câslko poro lhciuähklo mo quoilmomf mf vlmo, fspfkloibfhtf poro pfssaos mo tfrkflro lmomf, cal mfsfhvaivlma par [twortf Elhg (?) Ilkfhkloturo fb Fhslha mf Fmukoçëa Câslko

[ûhlo P. F. Ohtûhla Knlkuflo [upfrvlsar4 mr4 Iltas Nosblb Boqulho

Vhlvfrslmomf Kotûilko mf Bakob`lquf  Hobpuio, Mfzfb`ra mf 0: 0:?7 ?7

 

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@FHFCLKLA[ MA F^FPKLKLA CL[LKA HO ]FPKFLPO LMOMF - KO[A MO SLIO MF HOBLOIA (0:?7-0:?>) Ilkfhkloturo fb Fhslha mf Fmukoçëa Câslko

[ûhlo P. F. Ohtûhla Knlkuflo 

Bahagroclo Klfhtâclko oprfsfhtomo oa Mfportobfhta mf Fmukoçëa Câslko f Mfsparta-VKB Hobpuio poro a`tfhçëa ma grou okomìblka mf Ilkfhkloturo fb Fmukoçëa Câslko f Mfsparta. 

[upfrvlsar4 mr4 Iltas Nosblb Boqulho

Vhlvfrslmomf Kotûilko mf Bakob`lquf  Hobpuio, Mfzfb`ra Mfzfb`ra mf 0:?7

 

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VHLSFP[LMOMF KO]ÛILKO MF BAÇOB@L_VF KFH]PA MF FH[LHA O ML[]OHKLO _VF[]LAHÏPLA   Fstf qufstlahïrla coz portf cuhmobfhtoi mf ubo pfsqulso quf vol sfr mfsfhvaivlmo poro tro`oina mf kahkiusëa mf Ilkfhkloturo. ]fb kaba a`dfktlva lmfhtlclkor as `fhfcâklas câslkas a`tlmas mo prïtlko rfguior mas fxfrkâklas câslkas ho tfrkflro lmomf. Zartohta, borquf kab ^ os qufstöfs quf inf sëa kahvfhlfhtfs f dustlclquf sf hfkfssïrla. Osslb sfhma, pfmf-sf a prffhknlbfhta ma prfsfhtf qufstlahïrla kaba lhstrubfhta mf rfkaino mf momas f oclrbobas-inf quf a bfsba ì ohûhlba, pfia quf slhto-sf ilvrf ha sfu prffhknlbfhta. Mfsmf dï kahta kab o suo kaio`aroçëa f ogromfça ohtfklpomobfhtf pfios lhcarboçöfs carhfklmos.

Lmomf4QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Lmomf4QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ[fxa4 Q[fxa4 Cfblhlha ( ) Boskuilha ( ) ?)- Zassul oigub pra`ifbo mf soômf1 0)- Ì cubohtf1 ( )[LB ( ) HËA ( )[LB ( ) HËA ;)- _uols mafhços vakä tfb mloghastlkomos1 ( autro4QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ autro4QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQ ( )mlo`ftfs ( )astfaparasf 7

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=)- _uols oilbfhtas vakä lhgfrf kab bolar crfqùähklo1 ( )korhf vfrbfino ( )ifgubfs ( )vfrmuros ( )crlturos ( )rfcrlgfrohtfs ( )korhf `rohko ( )crutos ( )garmuros ( )makfs ( )autras4QQQQQQQQQQQ 6)- Nï quohta tfbpa protlko otlvlmomf câslko ha pradfta1 ( ) ? o 3 bfsfs ( ) 3 bfsfs o ? oha ( ) ? oha o ?,3 ( )?,3 o 0 ohas ( ) oklbo mf 0 ohas4QQQ 3)- _uohtas mlos par sfboho, vakä protlko otlvlmomf câslko1 ( )? ( )0 ( ); ( )= ( )6 ( )3 ( )7 7)- _uohta tfbpa par mlo, vakä protlko otlvlmomf câslko1 ( ) ;: blh. ( )=6blh. ( )3: blh. ( ) oklbo mf ? naro4QQQ >)- O prïtlko mf otlvlmomfs otl vlmomfs câslkos inf trauxf `fhfcâklas1 ( )[LB ( ) HËA