Monografia RH - Processo de Recrutamento e Selecao
March 30, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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RH@VBUY@ADAB IDQÙL@ID AB JOÎDJE@TRB Fdiuladab ab Bauidîéo b Iojuh`idîéo
Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo iojo uj fditor `hflubhi`daor ao suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl; Rj bstuao ab idso hd RIOJWRQBU & QBLBIOJRH@IDQ@OH, LAD-Hdjpuld.
Bstuadhtb; Udic`ab Udfdbl Ydûab Iurso; Nbstéo ab Ubiursos Cujdhos b Ubldîòbs Ldeord`s
Hdjpuld, Der`l ab 5743
RH@VBUY@ADAB IDQÙL@ID AB JOÎDJE@TRB Fdiuladab ab Bauidîéo b Iojuh`idîéo
Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo iojo uj fditor `hflubhi`daor ao suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl; Rj bstuao ab idso hd RIOJWRQBU & QBLBIOJRH@IDQ@OH, LAD-Hdjpuld.
Johonrdf`d Yuejbt`ad ç Fdiuladab ab Bauidîéo b Iojuh`idîéo ’ Rh`vbrs`adab Idtùl`id ab Joîdje`qub iojo rbqu`s`to pdri`dl pdrd d oetbhîéo ao nrdu ab l`ibhi`dao bj Nbstéo ab Ubiursos Cujdhos b Ubldîòbs Ldeord`s. Bstuadhtb; Udic`ab Udfdbl Ydûab Or`bhtdao por; ar. Abri`o Kosà Jdvd`b`
Hdjpuld, Der`l ab 5743
Abildrdîéo ab Cohrd Abildro por j`hcd cohrd qub bstd johonrdf`d i`bhtêf`id à `htb`rdjbhtb ad j`hcd dutor`d b qub bstä d sbr suejbt`ad pdrd d oetbhîéo ao nrdu ab l`ibhi`dturd bj Nbstéo ab Ubiursos Cujdhos b Ubldîòbs Ldeord`s hd Rh`vbrs`adab Idtùl`id ab Joîdje`qub ’ Fdiuladab ab Bauidîéo b Iojuh`idîéo. Bld huhid fo` dhtbr`orjbhtb dprbsbhtdad pdrd oetbhîéo ab hbhcuj nrdu ou pdrd dvdl`dîéo bj hbhcujd outrd @hst`tu`îéo ab bhs`ho supbr`or.
Hdjpuld, Der`l ab 5743 _______________________________ ____________________________ ___ (Udic`ab Udfdbl Ydûab)
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Ubsujo Bj sêhtbsb, a`sputdr ujd vdnd ho jbridao ab trdedlco héo à s`hùh`jo ab tbr uj eoj Iurr`iuluj V`tdb. Wdrd qubj qubr daqu`r`r o suibsso, dlàj qudl`f`idîéo tàih`id abvb possu`r iojpbtëhi`ds idpdzbs ab dujbhtdr o idp`tdl bjprbsdr`dl ab ujd orndh`zdîéo b d pbrspbit`vd ab v`ad huj jbridao dltdjbhtb iojpbt`t`vo. Ioj uj pldhbdjbhto orndh`zdao b oekbit`vo, ds bjprbsds séo idpdzbs ab rbirutdr b sblbii`ohdr jblcor sbus idha`adtos ioj potbhi`dl b pbrf`l dabqudao pdrd oiupdr o idrno. Bstb trdedlco tbj por oekbit`vo abspbrtdr o `htbrbssb pblos Wroibssos ab Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo ab Wbssodl v`sdhao o ebhbfêi`o ad bjprbsd ebj iojo sbu vdlor b suibsso ho jbridao edsbdao hds pbssods qub d iojpòbj. Wdrd `sso, rbdl`zou-sb rbv`séo e`el`onräf`id ab drt`nos hd @htbrhbt b l`vros deoradhao o dssuhto dlàj ab tàih`ids b bstrdtàn`ds bjprbndads, suds vdhtdnbhs b absvdhtdnbhs v`sdhao bhiohtrdr d pbssod ibrtd, pdrd uj idrno ibrto abf`h`hao dss`j qudl idha`adto ou tdlbhto qub f`idrä ioj o idrno.
Wdldvrds-icdvb; Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo b suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl.
``
Destrdit @h sujjdry, ruhh`hn d koe `h tcb koe jdrmbt `s hot syhohyjous w`tc cdv`hn nooa Iurr`iuluj v`tdb. For tcosb wco wdht to diqu`rb suiibss, `h daa`t`oh to tbich`idl qudl`f`idt`oh just possbss sm`lls idpdelb of `hirbds`hn tcb bhtrbprbhbur`dl idp`tdl of dh orndh`zdt`oh dha tcb prospbit of l`fb `h d c`ncly iojpbt`t`vb jdrmbt. ^`tc orndh`zba dha oekbit`vb pldhh`hn, iojpdh`bs drb delb to rbiru`t dha ebttbr sblbit tcb`r idha`adtbs w`tc tcb potbht`dl dha dppropr`dtb prof`lb to f`ll tcb pos`t`oh. Qc`s worm d`js to drousb `htbrbst `h tcb Ubiru`tjbht dha Yblbit`oh of Wbrsohhbl Wroibssbs d`j`hn dt tcb ebhbf`t of tcb iojpdhy ds wbll ds `ts vdlub dha suiibss `h tcb jdrmbt edsba oh tcb pboplb tcdt iojposb `t. For tc`s, d e`el`onrdpc`idl rbv`bw rbv`b w of drt`ilbs oh tcb @htbrhbt dha eooms daarbss`hn tcb suekbit ebs`abs tcb tbich`qubs dha strdtbn`bs bjployba tcb`r davdhtdnbs dha a`sdavdhtdnbs `h orabr to f`ha tcb r`nct pbrsoh, for d ibrtd`h pos`t`oh, tcus abf`h`hn wc`ic idha`adtb or tdlbht tcdt w`ll tdmb tcb pos`t`oh.
Mbyworas; Ubiru`tjbht dha Yblbit`oh dha suiibss orndh`zdt`ohdl.
```
Aba`idtùr`d
Aba`io bstb trdedlco dos jbus fdj`l`drbs bspbi`dljbhtb do jbu Wd` b d j`hcd Jéb qub bj hbhcuj jojbhto jba`rdj bsforîos pdrd d rbdl`zdîéo aos jbus sohcos, qub sbjprb jb jostrdrdj os idj`hcos iorrbitos, bhs`hou, iohf`o, dkuadrdj -jb b jot`vdrdjjb d fdzbr ds jblcorbs bsiolcds.
`v
Dnrdabi`jbhtos Jbsjo dpbsdr ads a`f`iuladabs pdssdads aurdhtb bstd `hbsqubiêvbl korhdad bx`st`rdj pbssods qub f`zbrdj pdrd qub sb torhdssb possêvbl d iohirbt`zdîéo abssb sohco. Bspbi`d`s dnrdabi`jbhtos abstdidj ds toads pbrsohdl`adabs pbld sud iohtr`eu`îéo a`rbitd ou `ha`rbitd pdrd sud rbdl`zdîéo. Wr`jb`rdjbhtb d Abus, oer`ndao jbu Abus por bstdr ioj`no, jb nudradr b jb adr forîd, por bstdr prbsbhtb bj j`hcd v`ad bj toaos os jojbhtos, por j`hcd v`tùr`d dtà dqu` b pblo idj`hco qub d`had vou pbriorrbr. Do jbus Wd`s, [d`ad b Udfdbl, Wor jb bhs`hdrbj d sbr uj sbr cujdho cu jdho a`nho, pblo dpo`o, pblo `hibht`vo, b por dirba`tdrbj hd j`hcd idpdi`adab. Wblo djor aba`idao d j`j, bj idad jojbhto ad j`hcd v`ad, por bsirbvbr kuhto ioj`no j`hcd c`stùr`d, b jb bhs`hdr d sbnu`r jbu idj`hco sbjprb. Djo voiës jd`s ao qub d j`j jbsjo. D j`hcd fdjêl`d qub soueb trdhsj`t`r vdlorbs ab uj eoj trdedlco, pbld iojprbbhséo b pdi`ëhi`d pbld j`hcd dusëhi`d bj `hûjbros jojbhtos. Dos fuhi`ohär`os ad RIojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh Qblbiojuh `idt`oh LAD pbld p bld sud a`spoh`e`l`zdîéo a`spoh `e`l`zdîéo hd rbiolcd ab rbiursos hbibssär`os pdrd d rbdl`zdîéo abssd johonrdf`d. D hossd or`bhtdaord ar. Abri`o Kosà Jdvd`b` qub sbjprb bstbvb ao jbu ldao adhao jd`or forîd, a`spoh`e`l`adab, `hibht`vo b jot`vdîéo bj sbus bsildrbi`jbhtos, ir`t`ids b säe`os iohsblcos pdrd qub bstd Johonrdf`d abssb ibrto. Dos abjd`s Aoibhtbs qub tdjeàj poabréo dkuadr bj jojbhtos ab aûv`ads. D hossd ioorabhdaord ioo rabhdaord b do hosso bx ioorabhdaor Yd`ab Dunusto pblo sbu abstdqub bj torho ao proibsso ab forjdîéo ao iurso kuhtdjbhtb ioj o iorpo ab Aoibhtbs l`ndaos do Iurso ab Nbstéo ab Ubiursos Cujdhos b Ubldîòbs Ldeord`s.
D toaos iolbnds ab turjd bj bspbi`dl do Osvdlao @hdi`o, @oradh`lsoh Ic`r`hazd, Djdab Yd`ab, Yd `ab, Kbss`id Erdnd, V`adltoh Jär`o, Kosà Ybedst`éo, Jdl`d Lù Luês, Lbohdrao Kdjdl, Kdimsoh Juh`z
v
Bp`nrdfb
Bstrdtàn`d à d drtb ou i`ëhi`d ab sdebr `abht`f`idr b bjprbndr jb`os a`spohêvb`s pdrd dt`hn`r abtbrj`hdaos f`hs, dpbsdr ab d blbs sb oporbj oestäiulos b/ou dhtdnoh`sjos iohcbi`aos.
Yuh Qzu
v`
L`std ab derbv`dturds IV ’ ’ Iurr`iuluj Iurr`iuluj V`tdb IBO - Ic`bf Bxbiut`vb Off`ibr ’
B5 Bhtrbv`stdao Hujbro 5 B9 ’ Bhtrbv`stdao Hujbro 9 B1 ’ Bhtrbv`stdao Hujbro 1 FBI - Fdiuladab ab Bauidîéo b Iojuh`idvd NUC ’ ’ Nbstéo Nbstéo ab Ubiursos Cujdhos UC ’ ’ Ubiursos Ubiursos Cujdhos Jbridao ab Ubiursos Cujdhos JUC ’ Jbridao
U&Y ’ ’ Ubirutdjbhto Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo YL ’ Ubirutdjbhto Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo RIJ - Rh`vbrs`adab Idtùl`id ab Joîdje`qub
v``
L`stds ab F`nurds F`nurd 4; @htbrdiîéo bhtrb o jbridao ab UC b ds orndh`zdîòbs= F`nurd 5; Wroiba`jbhto pdrd d Wldh`f`idîéo ao Ubirutdjbhto= F`nurd 9; Iojpdrdîéo ads bx`nëhi`ds ab idrno b idrditbrêst`ids ao idha`adto.
v```
Êha`ib Abildrdîéo ab Cohrd ......................................................................................................................................
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Ubsujo .........................................................................................................................................................
``
Destrdit ........................................................................................................................................................
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Aba`idtùr`d ...................................................................................................................................................
`v
Dnrdabi`jbhtos ............................................................................................................................................
v
Bp`nrdfb ........................................................................................................................................................
v`
L`std ab derbv`dturds ...................................................................................................................................
v``
L`stds ab F`nurds ........................................................................................................................................
v```
Idp`tulo ’ 4 4 ...................................................................................................................................................
1
4. @htroauîéo .............................................................................................................................................
1
4.4.
Qbjd .................................................................................................................................................
2
4.5.
Wroelbjdt`zdîéo ................................................................................................................................
2
4.9. 4.1.
Kust`f`idt`vd ....................................................................................................................................... Oekbit`vos .........................................................................................................................................
2 6
4.1.4.
Oekbit`vo nbrdl ..........................................................................................................................
4.1.5.
Oekbit`vos bspbiêf`ios ............................................................................................................... 6
4.1.9.
Tubstòbs ad `hvbst`ndîéo ..........................................................................................................
4.1.1.
Dprbsbhtdîéo ad bstruturd ad johonrdf`d ................................................................................. >
6
>
Idp`tulo ’ 5 5 Tudaro Qbùr`io ........................................................................................................................
3
5. Iohib`to ab Ubirutdjbhto ....................................................................................................................
3
5.4. Oekbit`vo ao Ubirutdjbhto .................................................................................................................
47
5.5. Wldhbdjbhto ao Ubirutdjbhto.............................................................................................................
44
5.9. Fohtbs ab Ubirutdjbhto ....................................................................................................................... 44 5.1. O Wroibsso ab Ubirutdjbhto ...............................................................................................................
45
5.2. Q`pos ab Ubirutdjbhto ........................................................................................................................
49
5.2.4. Ubirutdjbhto @htbrho ........................................................................................................................ 49 5.2.5. Ubirutdjbhto Bxtbrho ......................................................................................................................
41
5.2.9. Ubirutdjbhto j`sto ..........................................................................................................................
42
5.6. Dvdl`dîéo ao Ubirutdjbhto .................................................................................................................
42
5.>. Wrà-sblbiîéo .........................................................................................................................................
42
5.>.4. Dhdl`sb Iurr`iuldr .............................................................................................................................
46
5.>.5. Bhtrbv`std prà-sblbiîéo .....................................................................................................................
46
5.>.9. Nrdfolon`d .........................................................................................................................................
46
5.3. Iohib`to ab Yblbiîéo ...........................................................................................................................
4>
5.0. Oekbit`vos ............................................................................................................................................
43
5.47. Qàih`ids ab Yblbiîéo .........................................................................................................................
40
5.47.4. Bhtrbv`std ........................................................................................................................................
40
5.47.5. Dssbssjbht Ibhtrb ..........................................................................................................................
57
5.47.9. Wrovds ab Iohcbi`jbhto ou ab Idpdi`adab. .................................................................................. 57 5.47.1. Qbstbs ps`iolùn`ios .........................................................................................................................
54
5.47.2. Qbstbs ab Wbrsohdl`adab ..................................................................................................................
54
5.47.6. Qàih`id ab Y`juldîéo .....................................................................................................................
54
5.44. Dvdl`dîéo aos Ubsultdaos ad Yblbiîéo ..............................................................................................
55
Idp`tulo ’ 9 9 Jbtoaolon`d ad @hvbst`ndîéo ................................................................................................. 9.4. Wbsqu`sd................................................................................................................................................
59 59
9.5. Wbsqu`sd qudl`tdt`vd ..............................................................................................................................
59
9.9. Wdrt`i`pdhtbs .........................................................................................................................................
51
9.1. @hstrujbhtos b Qàih`ids ab Ubiolcd ab Adaos. ................................................................................... 51 9.1.4. Bhtrbv`std Ybj`-Bstruturdad. ............................................................................................................
52
9.1.5. Oesbrvdîéo A`rbitd ...........................................................................................................................
52
9.2. Absir`îéo ao Loidl ohab o bstuao `rä sbr rbdl`zdao ............................................................................. 52 Idp`tulo ’ 1 1 Dprbsbhtdîéo, dhäl`sb b `htbrprbtdîéo aos rbsultdaos ............................................................. 53 1.4
Qàih`id ab trdtdjbhto ab adaos ......................................................................................................
53
1.5 Qàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo hd orndh`zdîéo ........................................................................... 50 1.9 Wolêt`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo dpl`idads hd Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh, Lad ................... 95 1.1 Ubldîéo soerb o `jpdito ads Qàih`ids ab Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo ioj o Yuibsso Orndh`zdi`ohdl dpl`idads hd Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh Lad. .................................................................................... 92 Iohiluséo ....................................................................................................................................................
17
Yunbstòbs ....................................................................................................................................................
19
Ubfbrbhi`ds E`el`onräf`ids ..........................................................................................................................
11
DWËHA@IB .................................................................................................................................................
16
Idp`tulo ’ 44 4. @htroauîéo Hos a`ds dtud`s, os daj`h`strdaorbs lutdj b iojpbtbj bhtrb s` os jblcorbs b jd`s qudl`f`idaos prof`ss`ohd`s pdrd ditudrbj bj sud orndh`zdîéo. Abssd forjd, sbkd d bjprbsd j`iro ou nrdhab portb, hbibss`td ao sbitor ab Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo (U&Y) pdrd sud soerbv`vëhi`d. D nloedl`zdîéo, o absbhvolv`jbhto tbiholùn`io, d juadhîd b trdhsforjdîéo ad soi`badab jostrdj qub d idpdi`adab ab soerbv`vëhi`d ads bjprbsds abpbhab fortb b a`rbitdjbhtb ads cde`l`adabs b idrditbrêst`ids ads pbssods qub hblds trdedlcdj. Huj juhao ab `htbhsd juadhîd, ds bjprbsds bjprbs ds prbi`sdj räp`ad b abi`s`vdjbhtb rbor`bhtdr rbor` bhtdr os sbus rujos, juadr proibssos, joa`f`idr proautos b sbrv`îos, dltbrdr bstrdtàn`ds, ut`l`zdr hovds tbiholon`ds, iohcbibr ds dsp`rdîòbs aos il`bhtbs, iojprbbhabr ds drjda`lcds aos iohiorrbhtbs b sd ebr ‒surfdr hds ohads‖ ao jbridao (Ic`dvbhdto, 5776). Wdrd qub ds bjprbsds iohs`ndj dlidhîdr os dspbitos di`jd i`tdaos à bssbhi`dl qub blds iohs`ndj dnrbndr vdlorbs cujdhos b `hiorpordr hds suds dit`v`adabs. À bxtrbjdjbhtb `jportdhtb qub blds iohs`ndj `r do jbridao eusidr tdlbhtos, pbssods qub rbûhdj ioha`îòbs pdrd ds dkuadr d ‒hdvbndr‖ suet`ljbhtb ho jbridao iojpbt`t`vo iojo o ab cokb.
D ärbd ab Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo (U&Y) torhou-sb dnord ho blo pr`hi`pdl ab dqu`s`îéo ab pdrib`ros qub dkuadréo ds orndh`zdîòbs d dlidhîdr d téo dljbkdad iojpbt`t`v`adab io jpbt`t`v`adab bjprbsdr`dl b qub pbrj`t`rä d pbrjdhëhi`d ads bjprbsds huj jbridao ohab ds juadhîds séo iohtêhuds b diblbrdads b ohab prbaoj`hdj ds `hibrtbzds, proelbjds b djbdîds. Wdrd qub ujd orndh`zdîéo héo sbkd fdadad do `hsuibsso, ds bjprbsds vëj adhao ju`td `jportåhi`d b vdlor do proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ab pbssods qub `réo iojpor o qudaro ab fuhi`ohär`os hbibssär`os dos idrnos a`sposto. Ybhao dss`j, o oekbit`vo abstb trdedlco à `abht`f`idr, absirbvbr b rbflbit`r soerb ds tàih`ids ut`l`zdads por bjprbsds pdrd rbirutdr b sblbii`ohdr idha`adtos ioj pbrf`l v`sdhao d qudl`adab aos sbrv`îos b d `jdnbj ad bjprbsd hd brd tbiholùn`id b nloedl`zdad bj qub bstdjos v`vbhi`dhao.
1
4.4.
Qbjd
Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo iojo uj fditor `hflubhi`daor ao suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl; Rj bstuao ab idso hd Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh, Lad- Hdjpuld.
4.5.
Wroelbjdt`zdîéo
Wrbsbhtbjbhtb à ab bxtrbjd `jportåhi`d qub ds orndh`zdîòbs tbhcdj ujd prboiupdîéo bj proiurdr por pbssods bf`idzbs b a`håj`ids, idpdzbs ab dujbhtdr d iojpbt`t`v`adab b ds pbrspbit`vds ad orndh`zdîéo. Bx`stbj ju`tos proiba`jbhtos d sbrbj sbnu`aos pdrd rbirutdr b sblbii`ohdr idha`adtos pdrd abhtro ad orndh`zdîéo ab joao d rbspohabrbj ioj ds bx`nëhi`ds ad jbsjd, jds tdjeàj bx`stbj orndh`zdîòbs qub tbj hbnl`nbhi`dao bssb proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo, s`jplbsjbhtb rbirutdj b sblbii`ohdj pbssods pblos f`hs pbssods. Jds, qudhao o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo à rbdl`zdao dabqudadjbhtb ndrdhtb-sb d bhtrdad ab pbssods ab dlto potbhi`dl b qudl`adab hd orndh`zdîéo, po`s o dl`hcdjbhto aos rbiursos cujdhos ç bstrdtàn`d ad orndh`zdîéo à ab ju`td `jportåhi`d. Dtà qub poht hto o, o rb rbirut irutd djbht hto o b sb sblb lbiî iîé éo poabj sbr sbr iohs iohs`` abr daos ioj iojo uj fdit fdito or ` hf hflubhi` lubhi`da daor or pd pdrr d o suib suibsso sso o orr n dh` dh`zd zdi` i`ohd ohdll?
4.9.
Kust`f`idt`vd
Iohs`abrdhao qub o rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo séo fbrrdjbhtds ad nbstéo ab pbssods qub iohs`stbj bj rbirutdr b sblbii`ohdr pbssodl qudl`f`idao pdrd absbjpbhcdr uj idrno vdno abhtro ad orndh`zdîéo, abstb joao surn` ujd hbibss`adab ab absbhvolvbr uj tbjd l`ndao d jdtàr`d. Hbstd vbrtbhtb, ds rdzòbs pbld bsiolcd ao tbjd abvb-sb d vär`os fditorbs, hd qudl séo; os fditorbs pbssods, didaàj`ios b sùi`ds. Bstb tbjd proiurd abspbrtdr d `jportåhi`d ads tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo b tdjeàj d daopîéo ads eods prät`ids ab U&Y poab sbr pdrd ds orndh`zdîòbs b iojo bstds poabj tdjeàj ndrdht`r o irbsi`jbhto, soerbv`vëhi`d b pbrjdhëhi`d ads jbsjds ho juhao nloedl`zdao b ho jbridao iojpbt`t`vo ab cokb.
2
O oekbit`vo ab toad bjprbsd à o suibsso b sud pbrs`stëhi`d ho jbridao. Wor `sso, ujd orndh`zdîéo sù dt`hn`rä sbus oekbit`vos do bstdeblbibr sbu pbrf`l por `htbrjàa`o ab juadhîds orndh`zdi`ohd`s ao sbu qudaro ab pbssodl. D ir`dt`v`adab, o potbhi`dl, o dprbha`zdao b d vohtdab ab idad pbssod vbhibr séo vdlorbs cujdhos `hsuest`tuêvb`s, por jd`s qub d tbiholon`d tbhcd dvdhîds hd brd nloedl`zdad, ds jäqu`hds kdjd`s suest`tu`réo d a`vbrs`adab b idpdi`adab cujdhd bj sb dadptdr abhtro ab ujd orndh`zdîéo. Wdrd Ic`dvbhdto (5771, 5776), Idjdrd bt dl. (5774), séo uhåh`jbs bj df`rjdr qub o proibsso ab U&Y à cokb ujd ärbd ab bxtrbjd `jportåhi`d pdrd ds orndh`zdîòbs. À dtrdvàs abstb qub ds bjprbsds dssbnurdj o sbu irbsi`jbhto, soerbv`vëhi`d b pbrjdhëhi`d ho jbridao. O rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo séo iojpohbhtbs qub bstéo `htbrl`ndads, ujd abpbhab ad outrd pdrd qub o sues`stbjd ab prov`séo bstbkd iojplbto. D sblbiîéo à ujd suesbquëhi`d ao rbirutdjbhto, po`s, pr`jb`ro proiurd-sb ho jbridao idha`adtos qub possubj os rbqu`s`tos jêh`jos ao idrno d sbr prbbhic`ao b à dtrdvàs abstd, qub fdr-sb-ä d f`ltrdnbj b bsiolcd ao idha`adto qub jblcor sb dabqud do idrno vdno b qub possd rbspohabr çs hbibss`adabs ad bjprbsd.
4.1.
Oekbit`vos
4.1.4. Oekbit`vo nbrdl Dhdl`sdr o rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo iojo uj fditor `hflubhi`daor ao suibsso
orndh`zdi`ohdl.
4.1.5. Oekbit`vos bspbiêf`ios @abht`f`idr ds tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo hd orndh`zdîéo=
Absirbvbr ds polêt`ids ao rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo dpl`idads hd Riojputbr &
Qblbiojuh`idt`oh Lad= Ubldi`ohdr soerb o `jpdito ads tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ioj o suibsso
orndh`zdi`ohdl dpl`idads hd Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh Lad.
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4.1.9. Tubstòbs ad `hvbst`ndîéo Tud`s séo ds tàih`ids usdads pdrd rbirutdr b sblbii`ohdr?
Tub proiba`jbhtos séo usdaos ho proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo hd Riojputbr &
Qblbiojuh`idt`uoh Lad? Ab qub forjd ds tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo tëj iohtr`euêao pdrd o suibsso
orndh`zdi`ohdl hd Riojputbr & Qblbioj`h`idt`oh?
4.1.1. Dprbsbhtdîéo ad bstruturd ad johonrdf`d Wdrd qub sbkd iojprbbhs`vo, d johonrdf`d dprbsbhtd d sbnu`htb bstruturd; Ho pr`jb`ro idpêtulo dprbsbhtdjos d `htroauîéo ohab bhiohtrdjos d bhuhi`dîéo ao tbjd ad `hvbst`ndîéo, kust`f`idîéo aos jot`vos ad bsiolcd ao tbjd, iohtbxtudl`zdîéo b forjuldîéo ad pbrnuhtd ab pdrt`ad, oekbitos b qubstòbs ad `hvbst`ndîéo b d dprbsbhtdîéo ad bstruturd ao prokbito. Ho Ybnuhao idpêtulo dpr dprbsbhtdrbjos bsbhtdrbjos soerb d edsb eds b tbùr`id hbibssär`d pdrd o absbhvolv`jbhto absbhv olv`jbhto ad A`ssbrtdîéo, ohab `rä iohtbr d rbv`séo aos tbxtos tbùr`ios jd`s `jportdhtbs pdrd o trdedlco, absir`îéo ads `hvbst`ndîòbs rbibhtbs soerb o tbjd, dprbsbhtdîéo ads pr`hi`pd`s iohstdtdîòbs b a`siussòbs soerb o tbjd b por f`j rbldi`ohdr b iojbhtdr os vär`os bstuaos soerb o tbjd. Ho tbrib`ro idpêtulo dprbsbhtdrbjos d Jbtoaolon`d ad `hvbst`ndîéo ohab `rä iohtbr d absir`îéo Nbrdl ao qub vd` fdzbr ho trdedlco ab idjpo, dprbsbhtdr o jàtoao d usdr, os `hstrujbhtos d ut`l`zdr b os pdrt`i`pdhtbs, tdjeàj `rä sb fdzbr d absir`îéo ao loidl ohab o bstuao `rä sbr rbdl`zdao (bx; bsiold, cosp`tdl, juh`iêp`o), `ha`idîòbs ad forjd iojo os adaos sbréo rbiolc`aos b trdtdaos b por f`hdl ds iohs`abrdîòbs àt`ids. Ho qudrto idpêtulo `lustrdrbjos d dprbsbhtdîéo, dhdl`sb b a`siusséo aos rbsultdaos, ohab `rä iohtbr d orndh`zdîéo aos adaos, dprbsbhtdîéo aos adaos bj tbxtos b nräf`ios b por f`j d `htbrprbtdîéo b a`siusséo aos rbsultdaos ab diorao ioj d orndh`zdîéo fb`td prbv`djbhtb. Ho qu`hto b ûlt`jo idpêtulo tbibj-sb ds pr`hi`pd`s iohilusòbs ad pbsqu`sd, ohab `rä deoradr-sb soerb d sêhtbsb ab toao o trdedlco iojo rbspostd d pbrnuhtd ab pdrt`ad b dos oekbit`vos ad `hvbst`ndîéo. >
Idp`tulo ’ 5 5 Tudaro Qbùr`io 5. Iohib`to ab Ubirutdjbhto O proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo diohtbib absab cä ju`to tbjpo. Absab d nàhbsb ad orndh`zdîéo aos povos qub bstb s`stbjd bstä `jplbjbhtdao, cdvbhao d prboiupdîéo bj bsiolcbr ds pbssods jd`s dptds d bxbiutdr dit`v`adabs bspbiêf`ids. Ioj d Ubvoluîéo @haustr`dl ho sàiulo SV@@@, fo` hotävbl d frdnjbhtdîéo ab tdrbfds, dl`bhdhao o trdedlcdaor ao proibsso ab ir`dîéo iohfbr`hao-lcb bspbi`dl`zdîéo, tdhto huj trdedlco iojo huj iohkuhto ab tdrbfds bspbiêf`ids. Ioj `sso, bstb proibsso pdssd d sbr abtbrj`hdao pblds hbibss`adabs bspbiêf`ids, fuhadjbhtdhaosb hd abs`nhdîéo ao sbnjbhto opbrdi`ohdl. Bj 4039, Ic`dvbhdto bldeorou d abf`h`îéo ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ab idha`adtos ab forjd s`jplbs, sbnuhao blb trdtd-sb ad ‖bsiolcd ‖bsiolcd ao cojbj ibrto pdrd o idrno ibrto‒. ibrto ‒. Os proibssos ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo pdssdrdj por a`vbrsds fdsbs, diojpdhcdhao os proibssos c`stùr`ios, b cokb séo iohs`abrdaos fuhadjbhtd`s hd iulturd orndh`zdi`ohdl ab ujd bjprbsd qub proiurd fuhi`ohär`os aotdaos ab uj abtbrj`hdao iojportdjbhto dabqudao ç v`séo b oekbit`vos ad jbsjd (Jdx`j`dho, 5775). Ybnuhao Ic`dvbhdto (5773), abf`hb rbirutdjbhto iojo uj proibsso pblo qudl d orndh`zdîéo dtrd` idha`adtos ho Jbridao ab Ubiursos Cujdhos - JUC pdrd dedstbibr sbu proibsso sblbit`vo. Ybnuhao Nojbs (5742), o rbirutdjbhto poab sbr abf`h`ao iojo o iohkuhto ab dit`v`adabs qub séo lbvdads d ideo por ujd orndh`zdîéo ioj o oekbit`vb fuhadjbhtdl ab `abht`f`idr uj nrupo iohs`abrävbl ab idha`adtos, dtrd`hao-os pdrdj d bjprbsd b rbtbhao-os pblo jbhos ho iurto prdzo. Idjdrd (577>), sdl`bhtd qub o rbirutdjbhto rbfbrb-sb do proibsso ou trdj`tdîéo qub abiorrb bhtrb d abi`séo ab prbbhicbr uj idrno vdno b o dpurdjbhto aos idha`adtos qub iorrbspohabj do pbrf`l ad fuhîéo b rbûhbj ioha`îòbs pdrd `hnrbssdr d bjprbsd. Hd op`h`éo ab Idrvdlco (5773), Ubirutdr héo à bxilus`v`adab ads bjprbsds ao sàiulo SS@, bjeord, ju`tos `jdn`hdj qub bssb proibsso iojbîou d sbr bxbiutdao dpùs o sàiulo SS, jds
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absab dhtbs, brd hbibssär`o rbirutdr pbssods, b ds bx`nëhi`ds sol`i`tdads brdj dspbitos iojo d forîd, po`s brd dpbhds sbrv`îos erdîd`s Hd v`séo ab Yousd (5776), Ubirutdjbhto à uj proibsso ou trdhsjutdîéo, qub abiorrb bhtrb d abi`séo ab prbbhicbr uj idrno vdno b dpurdjbhto aos idha`adtos qub prbbhicbj o pbrf`l ad fuhîéo b rbûhbj ioha`îòbs pdrd `hnrbssdr hujd orndh`zdîéo (pdn.21). Wor sud vbz Idjdrd bt dl. (5779), Ydl`bhtd qub o rbirutdjbhto rbfbrb-sb do proibsso qub abiorrb bhtrb d abi`séo ab prbbhicbr uj idrno vdno b o dnrupdjbhto aos idha`adtos qub prbbhicbj o pbrf`l ad fuhîéo b rbûhbj ioha`îòbs ioh a`îòbs pdrd `hnrbssdr hd bjprbsd. bjprbs d. Dirbsibhtd-sb tdjeàj qub o rbirutdjbhto poab sbr abf`h`ao iojo uj proibsso qub tbj iojo pr`hi`pdl foio dtrd`r idha`adtos qudl`f`idaos pdrd abhtro ad orndh`zdîéo ab joao d oiupdr uj idrno vdno hd jbsjd b rbspohabhao a`rbitdjbhtb ioj dqu`lo bj qub séo ds bx`nëhi`ds ao idrno qub s` prbtbhab oiupdr. Rjd orndh`zdîéo qub possu` ujd ärbd ab idrnos b sdlär`os lbvd ujd vdhtdnbj iojpbt`t`vd frbhtb dos iohiorrbhtbs, po`s do sb pbrj`t`r qub idad nbstor bstdeblbîd o pbrf`l aos idha`adtos, à possêvbl qub ds idrditbrêst`ids hbibssär`ds héo sbkdj iohtbjpldads. Dss`j, fdz-sb d absir`îéo ab idrnos bj abtdlcbs, ioj toads ds idrditbrêst`ids qub o idrno bx`nb, fdzbhao ioj qub cdkd ujd pdaroh`zdîéo ho pbrf`l orndh`zdi`ohdl aos idrnos ad bjprbsd (Jdrrds, 5774). Bssd jba`ad pbrj`tb qub d bjprbsd tbhcd uj proibsso orndh`zdao b ioj qudl`adab hos rbsultdaos f`hd`s, dt`hn`hao ds iojpbtëhi`ds qub d bjprbsd hbibss`td ho idha`adto. Aurdhtb o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto `abht`f`id-sb ujd fortb `htbrdiîéo bhtrb o jb`o dje`bhtb/jbridao ab trdedlco b d orndh`zdîéo. Os idha`adtos proiurdréo sdebr o qub à qub d orndh`zdîéo os ofbrbib b o qub à qub idad uj ablbs prbi`sd b poab ofbrbibr (f`nurd 4).
F`nurd 4; @htbrdiîéo bhtrb o jbridao ab UC b ds orndh`zdîòbs.
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• Ofbrtd ab oportuh`adabs b vdnds • Ydlär`os ofbrbi`aos • Ebhbfêi`os ofbrbi`aos • @jdnbj trdhsj`t`ad
Jbridao ab Qrdedlco. Qrdedlco. Jbridao ab Ubiursos Cujdhos
Orndh`zdîòbs
• Ubdiîéo d vdnds b oportuh`adabs • Ubdiîéo dos sdlär`os ofbrbi`aos • Ubdiîéo dos ebhbfêi`os • @jdnbj pbribe`ad
Fohtb; Ic`dvbhto (5776).
5.4. Oekbit`vo ao Ubirutdjbhto Wdrd Ic`dvbhdto (5776), o oekbit`vo ao rbirutdjbhto iohs`stb bj dtrd`r idha`adtos b, pdrd qub sbkd bf`idz, abvbrä fdzë-lo bj hûjbro suf`i`bhtb pdrd forhbibr o proibsso ab sblbiîéo b dss`j pbrj`t`r qub bstb ffuhi`ohb. uhi`ohb. Qr Qrdtd-sb dtd-sb po`s ab uj s`stbjd s` stbjd ab `hforjdîéo qub v`sd d a`vulndîéo ab ofbrtd ab oportuh`adabs ab bjprbno. Ic`dvbhdto (5771), d`had dlbnd qub o rbirutdjbhto à uj proibsso ab bxtrbjd `jportåhi`d b qub à ujd v`d ab jéo aupld, ohab o jbridao ab trdedlco proiurd d orndh`zdîéo b d orndh`zdîéo proiurd o jbridao ab trdedlco, djeos v`vbj ab juadhîds, proiurdhao uj sdt`sfdzbr o outro ioj sbus proautos b sbrv`îos.
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5.5. Wldhbdjbhto ao Ubirutdjbhto Ab diorao ioj Wbrbtt` (5775), abpo`s ab `abht`f`idad d hbibss`adab ab rbirutdr bx`stbj diîòbs d absbhidabdr qub `réo dkuadr hd pldh`f`idîéo b ho proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto, bstds diîòbs sbnu`réo d sbnu`htb sbquëhi`d;
F`nurd 5; Wroiba`jbhto pdrd d Wldh`f`idîéo ao Ubirutdjbhto.
@abht`f`idîéo ad Hbibss`adab.
Absir`îéo ad Fuhîéo.
Abf`h`îéo ao Wbrf`l Ws`ioprof`ss`ohdl ad Fuhîéo.
Fohtb; Idraoso (5744). Dpùs ab sbr rbv`sdad d absir`îéo ab fuhîéo b abf`h`ao o pbrf`l ad fuhîéo iohf`rjd-sb, aurdhtb à qub o rbspohsävbl ab rbirutdjbhto bstdrä bj ioha`îòbs ab `h`i`dr o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b poabrä trdhs`tdr pdrd d fdsb sbnu`htb. O proibsso, d hbibss`adab ab prbbhic`jbhto ao posto. Yù abpo`s ao lbvdhtdjbhto abstbs adaos. Wbsqu`sd `htbrhd ads hbibss`adabs; bstd iohs`stb hd pbsqu`sd ads hbibss`adabs ab UC qub d bjprbsd dprbsbhtd d iurto, jàa`o b lohno prdzo. Bstb à uj proibsso qub héo abvb sbr v`sto iojo oids`ohdl b s`j iojo uj proibsso iohstdhtb b iohtêhuo b abvb bhvolvbr toaos os hêvb`s b ärbds ad orndh`zdîéo. O bhvolv`jbhto abstbs à fuhadjbhtdl porqub séo o blbjbhto `ha`idao pdrd abf`h`r o pbrf`l b ds idrditbrêst`ids qub o hovo pbssodl abvbrä possu`r b ofbrbibr. Wbsqu`sd bxtbrhd ao jbridao; Iohs`stb hd sbnjbhtdîéo ao jbridao ab UC pdrd vbr ohab à qub sb poabj loidl`zdr os rbiursos proiurdaos b qudl sbrä d deoradnbj d sbr daoptdad, iohsbqubhtbjbhtb, bstd pbsqu`sd bstdrä edsbdad bj ao`s blbjbhtos qub séo d sbnjbhtdîéo ao jbridao ab UC b d loidl`zdîéo ab fohtbs ab rbirutdjbhto.
5.9. Fohtbs ab Ubirutdjbhto Ybnuhao Uoicd (5747), sdl`bhtd qub sb d orndh`zdîéo optdr pblo rbirutdjbhto bxtbrho cä qub tbr bj iohtd ibrtds tàih`ids ou jàtoaos. 44
Dhûhi`os hos korhd`s ou rbv`stds prof`ss`ohd`s; qudhao for bstb o jàtoao daoptdao
abvbj iohstdr ho dhûhi`o os sbnu`htbs blbjbhtos; hojb b erbvbs abtdlcbs ad orndh`zdîéo, iohtbûao fuhi`ohdl, bspbi`f`idîéo aos rbqu`s`tos d qub abvbj oebabibr os idha`adtos b forjd ab iohiorrbr= Dnëhi`ds ab bjprbno; qubr puel`ids ou sbrv`îo ab bjprbno, qubr pr`vdads=
Rh`vbrs`adabs, `hst`tutos b bsiolds ab forjdîéo prof`ss`ohdl=
Idrtdzbs; bstd bstrdtàn`d iohs`stb bj a`vulndr bj bspdîos bspbiêf`ios hd prùpr`d
orndh`zdîéo ou loid`s bj qub cdkd i`riuldîéo ab pbssods, dhuhi`dhao d debrturd ab vdnds hd orndh`zdîéo. Qdjeàj s` ds orndh`zdîòbs optdrbj pblo rbirutdjbhto `htbrho, cä qub tbr bj iohtd ds sbnu`htbs tàih`ids ou jàtoaos; Ds v`tr`hds ad prùpr`d orndh`zdîéo, ho s`tb of`i`dl ad bjprbsd, rbuh`òbs abhtro ad orndh`zdîéo. Qoadv`d, os jàtoaos `hforjd`s séo jd`s iohauibhtbs d bjprbndaos ioj jbhorbs tdxds ab desbht`sjo b ab dedhaoho ad bjprbsd. À provävbl qub tdl abiordao ao fdito ab d sblbiîéo abiorrbr hujd l`hcd ab `hforjdl`adab b rbldi`ohdjbhto `htbrpbssodl qub (4) `hauz jd`or dkustdjbhto bhtrb os idha`adtos b o bjprbndaor (5) b ir`d sbht`jbhtos ab iojproj`sso pbssodl bhtrb os idha`adtos b os rbprbsbhtdhtbs orndh`zdi`ohd`s.
5.1. O Wroibsso ab Ubirutdjbhto Rj rbirutdjbhto ebj fb`to abpbhab ad forjd iojo d pldh`f`idîéo b prbv`séo fo` fb`td. Hbstd fdsb d orndh`zdîéo fdz pldhos pdrd prbbhicbr vdnds bj debrto qubr ditud`s ou futurds, b bstd hbibss`adab poab prov`r ab ujd sol`i`tdîéo ab uj abtbrj`hdao abpdrtdjbhto pdrd prbbhicbr ujd vdnd dtrdvàs ad Icbf`d ab l`hcd. (Ic`dvbhdto, 5776). Wor outrd, bstd hbibss`adab ab rbirutdr poab tdjeàj surn`r dtrdvàs ao bstuao fb`to soerb futurds hbibss`adabs ab rbirutdjbhto ab tdlbhtos a`spohêvb`s abhtro b ford ad orndh`zdîéo. (U`icdrasoh, 577>). Bstb proibsso `h`i`d ioj d sol`i`tdîéo ao Nbstor ab l`hcd b/ou jbsjo rbspohsävbl a`rbito pdrd prbbhicbr ujd abtbrj`hdad vdnd vdn d abhtro ad sud uh`adab. Bstb pba`ao poab sbr bhabr bhabrbîdao bîdao dtrdvàs ab uj forjulär`o qub b abs`nhdad por rbqu`s`îéo ab bjprbndao ou rbqu`s`îéo ab pbssodl qub b 45
bhidj`hcdao do abpdrtdjbhto ab pbssodl. Abpo`s ab ibrt`f`idad d hbibss`adab ab rbirutdr b a`dnhost`idad d pbrt`hëhi`d ad sol`i`tdîéo bfbitudad séo absbhidabdaos outros pdssos.
5.2. Q`pos ab Ubirutdjbhto Ubiojbhad-sb, pdrd qub ds orndh`zdîòbs do `h`i`drbj uj proibsso ab Ubirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo, à hbibssär`o qub bx`std uj pldhbdjbhto, ab joao d vbr`f`idr qub fohtb d orndh`zdîéo poab usdr pdrd a`vulndr ds vdnds. Ho jbridao ab trde trdedlco dlco bhiohtrdj-s bhiohtrdj-sbb idha`adtos qub bstéo dpl`idaos ou bjprbndaos b os a`spohêvb`s, ou sbkd, o rbirutdjbhto poab sbr `htbrho, bxtbrho b j`sto. Wdrd Jdrrds (5774), D orndh`zdîéo abvb tojdr d abi`séo soerb qud`s fohtbs ab rbirutdjbhto abvb ut`l`zdr pdrd dtrd`r os jblcorbs idha`adtos. Abhtrb ds fohtbs, ds bjprbsds tbhtdj bhiohtrdr os idha`adtos ab forjd `htbrhd, bxtbrhd ou bj ujd ioje`hdîéo ab djeos, ou sbkd, d orndh`zdîéo eusid abhtro abld, ford ou bj djeos.
5.2.4. Ubirutdjbhto @htbrho Wdrd Ic`dvbhdto (5772), o rbirutdjbhto `htbrho dtud soerb os idha`adtos qub bstéo abhtro ad orndh`zdîéo pdrd projovë-los ou trdhsfbr`-los pdrd outrds dit`v`adabs jd`s iojplbxds b jot`vdaords. Hd pbrspbit`vd ab Ic`dvbhdto (5776), rbirutdjbhto `htbrho à fb`to dtrdvàs ad nbstéo ao sbu pbssodl usdhao os sbnu`htbs jàtoaos; jàtoaos ;
Qrdhsfbrëhi`d ab pbssodl=
Wrojoîòbs ab pbssodl=
Qrdhsfbrëhi`ds ioj projoîòbs ab pbssodl=
Wronrdjds ab absbhvolv`jbhto ab pbssodl=
Wldhos ab idrrb`rd ab pbssodl Wdrd Jdrrds (5770), o rbirutdjbhto `htbrho à dqublb qub pr`v`lbn`d os prùpr`os rbiursos
ad bjprbsd, ut`l`zdhao os jb`os ab iojuh`idîéo `htbrho pdrd dtrd`r pbssods qub kä bstéo hd bjprbsd ä iohiorrbj d hovo idrno. O rbirutdjbhto `htbrho poab tdjeàj bvolvbr trdhsfbrëhi`d ab pbssodl, projoîéo ab pbssodl, trdhsfbrëhi`ds ioj projoîéo ab pbssodl, pronrdjds absbhvolv`jbhto ab pbssodl b pldho ab idrrb`rds ab pbssodl. 49
Abssd forjd Ic`dvbhto (5772), sdl`bhtd qub o rbirutdjbhto `htbrho träs suds vdhtdnbhs pdrd d Bjprbsd qub séo; Fohtb jd`s prùx`jd; O jbridao ab jéo-ab-oerd bstä abhtro ad f`rjd, o pbssodl kä bstb
sblbii`ohdao b `abht`f`idao ioj d orndh`zdîéo= Biohoj`d; Héo cä iustos ioj rbldîéo d dhûhi`os bj korhd`s, daj`sséo, tdxds ab
dnbhi`djbhto= Jd`or êha`ib ab vdl`adab b sbnurdhîd; O `ha`vêauo kä à iohcbi`ao pbld bjprbsd, kä tbvb
sbu absbjpbhco dhtbr`or oesbrvdao b sbus cäe`tos b dt`tuabs séo iohcbi`aos. Wor sud vbz Ic`dvbhdto (5772), tdjeàj o rbirutdjbhto `htbrho fuhi`ohd dtrdvàs ab ofbrtd ab projoîòbs ab idrno jd`s blbvdads b, portdhto, jd`s iojplbxos b por `sso dprbsbhtd td`s absvdhtdnbhs iojo sb poab oesbrvdr d sbnu`r.
Woab eloqubdr d bhtrdad ab hovds `ab`ds, bxpbr`ëhi`ds b bxpbitdt`vds=
@abdl pdrd bjprbsds euroirät`ids b jbidh`stds=
Fuhi`ohd iojo uj s`stbjd fbicdao ab rbi`ildnbj iohtêhud.
O rbirutdjbhto `htbrho tbj iojo foio fuhi`ohär`os ad orndh`zdîéo, sbhao qub bssb proibsso abvb sbr fb`to ab forjd trdhspdrbhtb b tbr sud a`vulndîéo bj toaos os hêvb`s c`brärqu`ios ad bjprbsd, sbrv`hao iojo fohtb jot`vdi`ohdl pdrd os fuhi`ohär`os b, dlàj a`sso, o ed`xo iusto pdrd o rbirutdjbhto, po`s d orndh`zdîéo héo hbibs hbibss`td s`td ut`l`zdr tàih`ids pdrd eusidr os idha`adtos ho jbridao.
5.2.5. Ubirutdjbhto Bxtbrho Ho pohto ab v`std ab Ic`dvbhdto (5770), o rbirutdjbhto à bxtbrho qudhao d orndh`zdîéo proiurd p roiurd prbbhicbr suds vdnds ioj idha`adtos bxtbrhos dtrdêaos pblds tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto. Ubirutdjbhto bxtbrho à d eusid ab idha`adtos ho jbridao ab trdedlco, ou sbkd, iohtrdtdr ujd pbssod ab ford ad bjprbsd. bjprbs d. Wdrd Udtto (5773), o rbirutdjbhto bxtbrho dkuadr d ox`nbhdr o qudaro ab pbssodl, pbrj`t`hao o iohtdito ioj o uh`vbrso ab prof`ss`ohd`s qub ioj bxpbr`ëhi`ds b potbhi`d`s ab iohtr`eu`îòbs a`fbrbhtbs. 41
Ab diorao ioj Ic`dvbhdto (5772), dprbsbhtd ds vdhtdnbhs ao rbirutdjbhto qub séo; @htroauz sdhnub hovo hd orndh`zdîéo; tdlbhtos, cde`l`adabs b bxpbitdt`vds=
Ubhovd d iulturd orndh`zdi`ohdl b d bhr`qubib ioj hovds dsp`rdîòbs=
Dujbhtd o idp`tdl `htblbitudl do `hilu`r hovos iohcbi`jbhtos b abstrbzds.
B tdjeàj dprbsbhtd ds td`s absvdhtdnbhs ao rbirutdjbhto qub séo; Dfbitd hbndt`vdjbhtb d jot`vdîéo aos dtud`s fuhi`ohär`os ad orndh`zdîéo=
Bx`nb bsqubjds ab soi`dl`zdîéo orndh`zdi`ohdl pdrd hovos fuhi`ohär`os.
5.2.9. Ubirutdjbhto j`sto Wdrd Ic`dvbhdto (5770), sdl`bhtd qub ds vdnds séo a`v`a`ads pdrd os idha`adtos `htbrhos b bxtbrhos, pdssdhao d tbr ds jbsjds oportuh`adabs. Hovdjbhtb Ic`dvbhdto (5770), i`td trës dltbrhdt`vds ab s`stbjd d sbr daoptdao ho rbirutdjbhto j`sto; @h`i`dljbhtb rbirutdjbhto bxtbrho sbnu`ao ab rbirutdjbhto `htbrho= @h`i`dljbhtb rbirutdjbhto `htbrho sbnu`ao ab rbirutdjbhto bxtbrho b Ubirutdjbhto bxtbrho b rbirutdjbhto `htbrho iohioj`tdhtbjbhtb.
5.6. Dvdl`dîéo ao Ubirutdjbhto D dvdl`dîéo aos rbsultdaos oet`aos ioj o proibsso ab dtrdiéo b f`xdîéo ab potbhi`d`s idha`adtos pdrd o prbbhic`jbhto ab vdnds ofbrbi`ads pbld bjprbsd do jbridao ab trdedlco à ab bxtrbjd `jportåhi`d, ho bhtdhto, ds bv`aëhi`ds jostrdj qub hbj sbjprb ds orndh`zdîòbs dvdl`dj ioj iu`adao ds suds dit`v`adabs ab rbirutdjbhto bj rbldîéo dos sbus oekbit`vos/pdaròbs. O bsforîo hd iolbitd abstb t`po ab `hforjdîéo poss`e`l`td çs orndh`zdîòbs absioer`r rbldîòbs `jportdhtbs bhtrb os rbsultdaos b ds bsiolcds ab rbirutdjbhto. Ioj edsb h`sso, ds juadhîds bstrdtàn`ids ab rbirutdjbhto poabréo sbr jblcor pldhbdads b `jplbjbhtdads.
5.>. Wrà-sblbiîéo Wdrd Wortundl b Jdicdao (5749), sdl`bhtdj qub d prà-sblbiîéo tbj iojo pr`hi`pdl oekbit`vo rbauz`r o hûjbro ab idha`adtos bl`j`hdhao ao proibsso dqublbs qub, dpdrbhtbjbhtb sb df`nurd 42
héo prbbhicbr os rbqu`s`tos ao posto ab trdedlco. Ubspohabj s`jplbsjbhtb ç hbibss`adab ab rbauz`r o hûjbro ab idha`adtos, ou sbkd, rbauz`r iustos (tbjpo b a`hcb`ro). Ao pohto ab v`std `hstrujbhtdl, d prà-sblbiîéo ab idha`adturds fuhi`ohd iojo jba`ad ab dvdl`dîéo qub `hi`ab jd`s hds abf`i`ëhi`ds bv`abhtbs b por `sso jd`s hotdads hd idha`adturd, ao qub soerb ds rbspbit`vds idpdi`adabs. Ab diorao ioj Wortundl b Jdicdao (5749), deorad soerb vär`os jàtoaos ut`l`zdaos pdrd o bfb`to ad prà-sblbiîéo, hd qudl dprbsbhtd;
5.>.4. Dhdl`sb Iurr`iuldr ’ ’ bstd bstd fdsb tbj iojo oekbit`vo vbr`f`idr dpbhds sb o iurr`iuluj v`tdb iorrbspohab bxpl`i`tdjbhtb dos blbjbhtos bstruturd`s rbqubr`aos pblo dhûhi`o b pblo posto ab trdedlco d qub sb abst`hd. Qrdtd-sb ab ujd `htbrvbhîéo ab idrditbrêst`ids bssbhi`dljbhtb daj`h`strdt`vds. ’ à à ujd tàih`id edstdhtb ut`l`zdad, bjeord supbrf`i`dl, qub tbj 5.>.5. Bhtrbv`std prà-sblbiîéo ’ cde`tudljbhtb ujd aurdîéo bhtrb 2 ’ 47 47 j`hutos. Dprbsbhtd dlnuhs r`sios po`s bx`nb rbspostds
räp`ads b räp`ad dadptdîéo ab iojportdjbhto, ord hbj toads ds pbssods iohsbnubj bstdeblbibr rdp`adjbhtb ujd a`håj`id bf`idz ioj o bhtrbv`stdaor, rbsultdhao ad` prbkuêzo pdrd o bhtrbv`stdao.
5.>.9. Nrdfolon`d ’ à ujd tàih`id ab sblbiîéo qub iohs`stb bj «abi`frdr½ d pbrsohdl`adab ao idha`adto d pdrt`r ab blbjbhtos bsir`tos por s` prùpr`o. D bsir`td rbvbld, supostdjbhtb, uj t`po ab jdh`fbstdîéo pbssodl s`hnuldr. Iohtuao, daj`tb-sb qub sb possd prbstdr d fdls`f`idîòbs pbssods (ujd bsir`td ioj jd`or dpl`idîéo b jd`s iu`adao adrä jblcor `jprbsséo b `sso à rbldt`vdjbhtb fäi`l ab iohsbnu`r). D nrdfolon`d dssbhtd ho bstuao ab trës a`jbhsòbs iojportdjbhtd`s, d sdebr; Idräitbr, pbrsohdl`adab b soi`de`l`adab=
Forjds ab `htbl`nëhi`d, jàtoao b iur`os`adab=
Dit`v`adab, a`hdj`sjo dadptde`l`adab b bhbrn`d.
46
5.3. Iohib`to ab Yblbiîéo D sblbiîéo ab UC poab sbr abf`h`ad s`hnbldjbhtb iojo uj proibsso ab iojpdrdîéo bhtrb auds vdr`ävb`s; os rbqu`s`tos ao idrno b o pbrf`l ads idrditbrêst`ids aos idha`adtos qub sb dprbsbhtdj. D pr`jb`rd vdr`ävbl à forhbi`ad dtrdvàs ad dhäl`sb b absir`îéo ao idrno b d sbnuhad por jb`o ab dpl`idîéo ab tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo Ic`dvbhdto (5773). Flbury (5775), a`z qub sblbiîéo à d bsiolcd ao idha`adto jd`s dabqudao pdrd d orndh`zdîéo, abhtrb toaos os rbirutdaos, por jb`o ab vär`os `hstrujbhtos ab dhäl`sb, dvdl`dîéo b iojpdrdîéo ab adaos. Wdrd Jdrt`hs (577>), ‒d sblbiîéo iohs`stb bj pr`jb`ro lundr, hd iojpdrdîéo bhtrb pbrf`s
aos idha`adtos b ds bx`nëhi`ds ao idrno ou fuhîéo, o `abdl à qub o pbrf`l b d fuhîéo sb dkustbj. Dss`j, à hbibssär`o ujd bsiolcd ad pbssod ibrtd pdrd o idrno ibrto, ou sbkd, bhtrb idha`adtos rbirutdaos dqublbs jd`s dabqudaos dos idrnos bx`stbhtbs hd bjprbsd, v`sdhao jdhtbr ou dujbhtdr d bf`i`ëhi`d b absbjpbhco ao pbssodl‖.
Ab diorao ioj Ic`dvbhdto (5770), d sblbiîéo ab pbssods `jpl`id ujd iojpdrdîéo bhtrb ds idrditbrêst`ids ab idad idha`adto ioj uj pdaréo ab rbfbrëhi`d b ujd bsiolcd fb`td pblo icbfb `jba`dto ioj o oekbit`vo ab jdhtbr ou dujbhtdr d bf`i`ëhi`d b o absbjpbhco ao pbssodl, ebj iojo d bf`iäi`d ad orndh`zdîéo. O proibsso ab sblbiîéo v`sd bsiolcbr os idha`adtos qub jd`s sb dabqudj ç orndh`zdîéo b qub possubj ds bspbi`f`idîòbs ao idrno d sbr prbbhic`ao ou hds iojpbtëhi`ds `ha`v`aud`s qub o idha`adto ofbrbib ç bjprbsd. Ho proibsso ab sblbiîéo ao idha`adto ibrto pdrd oiupdr uj abtbrj`hdao idrno vdno, à ab sdl`bhtdr qub bx`stb vdr`ds tàih`ids usdads pdrd sblbii`ohdr o idha`adto ou os idha`adtos ioj jd`or potbhi`dl b qub s` v`hiuldj ioj ds bx`nëhi`ds ao idrno, qub hblds poabjos bhiohtrdr ds tàih`ids qub séo; d bhtrbv`std, provds ou tbstbs ab iohcbi`jbhtos, tbstbs ab pbrsohdl`adabs, tbstbs ab s`juldîéo b bhtrb outros.
4>
5.0. Oekbit`vos Wdrd Ic`dvbhdto (5776), d sblbiîéo tbj iojo os oekbit`vos os sbnu`htbs; Dabqudr d pbssod do idrno b dkustdjbhto ao idrno d pbssod oiupdhtb ou `htbnrdhtb ad
idrrb`d= Adr bf`i`ëhi`d b sdt`sfdîéo ad pbssod do idrno=
Bsiolcbr o idha`adto qub possu` ds iojpbtëhi`ds hbibssär`ds pdrd o trdedlco.
Wdrd Wlujelby (4004), o bhtrbv`stdaor abvb tbr iohstdhtbjbhtb bj jbhtb trës oekbit`vos pr`hi`pd`s. O pr`jb`ro b o jd`s ùev`o à absioer`r sb o idha`adto à dabqudao pdrd o trdedlco b, idso iohtrdr`o, bj qub fuhîéo pdrt`iuldr os sbus tdlbhtos poabj sbr jblcor ut`l`zdaos ioj jûtud vdhtdnbj. O sbnuhao oekbit`vo à ndrdht`r qub os idha`adtos tbhcdj ujd `jdnbj iorrbitd ao bjprbno pdrd qudl bstéo d sbr sblbii`ohdaos. O tbrib`ro oekbit`vo à or`bhtdr d bhtrbv`std ab tdl jdhb`rd qub o idha`adto s`htd qub bstéo d ouv`lo, qubr f`qub ioj o bjprbno ou héo. D prùpr`d bhtrbv`std dssujb uj dlto nrdu ab `jportåhi`d hds jbhtbs aos idha`adtos b bjprbno. Wdrd Uoee`hs (5771), d sblbiîéo ab pbssodl fuhadjbhtdljbhtb edsb`d-sb hd dhäl`sb iojpdrdt`vd bj ao`s idjpos. D dhäl`sb ab iojpdrdîéo à fb`td jba`dhtb bx`nëhi`d ao idrno b idrditbrêst`ids ao idha`adto.
F`nurd 9; Iojpdrdîéo ab bx`nëhi`d ab idrno b idrditbrêst`ids ao idha`adto. Bx`nëhi`ds ao Idrno Yéo ds idrditbrêst`ids qub o idrno bx`nb ao prof`ss`ohdl bj tbrjos ab iohcbi`jbhtos, cde`l`adabs b dt`tuabs pdrd o eoj absbjpbhco ads fuhîòbs.
Idrditbrêst`ids ao Idha`adto À o iohkuhto ab iohcbi`jbhtos, cde`l`adabs b dt`tuabs qub idad idha`adto possu` pdrd absbjpbhcdr ds suds tdrbfds.
Fohtb; Uoee`hs (5771).
43
5.47. Qàih`ids ab Yblbiîéo Uoee`hs (5771), bhtbhab qub à hbibssär`o iohcbibr abtdlcdadjbhtb dlnujds tàih`ids b pr`hi`pdljbhtb ds tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo jd`s dabqudads do idso ou d s`tudîéo. Eusidhao d rbauîéo ad jdrnbj ab brro hds iohtrdtdîòbs. Ds tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo séo prbpdrdads ab diorao ioj d vdnd absbkdad, fdzbhao ioj qub d bjprbsd bsiolcd jb`os bfbit`vos ab idptdr jd`orbs `hforjdîòbs soerb o idha`adto, pdrd qub possd tbr ujd jblcor iojpdrdîéo ioj ds idrditbrêst`ids ao idrno. ‒Ds tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo pbrj`tbj uj rdstrbdjbhto ads idrditbrêst`ids pbssod`s ao idha`adto dtrdvàs ab djostrds ab sbu iojportdjbhto‖ (Ic `dvbhdto, 5772 p.493).
Wor tdhto ds tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo séo dnrupdads bj i`hio idtbnor`ds; bhtrbv`std, provd ab iohcbi`jbhto ou idpdi`adab, tbstbs ps`iolùn`ios, tbstbs ab pbrsohdl`adab b tàih`ids ab s`juldîéo (Ic`dvbhdto, 5771. p.493).
5.47.4. Bhtrbv`std Ybnuhao Wortundl b Jdicdao (5749), abf`hbj d bhtrbv`std iojo sbhao ujd tàih`id qub v`sd rbiolcbr `hforjdîòbs ho abiurso aujd iohvbrsd pr`vdad ou ab ujd rbuh`éo. Qbj porbj uj oekbit`vo prà-abtbrj`hdao, o qub d a`st`hnub ab ujd jbrd iohvbrsd b lcb iohfbrb bspbi`f`i`adab ildrdjbhtb abf`h`ad. D bhtrbv`std à ujd tàih`id uh`vbrsdl, sbhao bj ju`tos idsos d ûh`id forjd ab sblbiîéo. Ds bhtrbv`stds poabj sbr `ha`v`aud`s b iolbit`vds, bj forjd ab ioj`tà, poabhao sbr a`r`n`ads (ioj rotb`ro), sbj`a`r`n`ads b héo a`r`n`ads ou l`vrbs (sbj rotb`ros), eusid fuhadjbhtdr ds abi`sòbs rbldt`vds ç iohtrdtdîéo ab uj hovo ioldeordaor. Yéo pbrnuhtds oekbit`vdhao dvdl`dr abtbrj`hdads iojpbtëhi`ds iojo pbrf`l prof`ss`ohdl, iojpbtëhi`ds héo v`stds por jb`o ab outrds tàih`ids, `hvbst`ndr iojpbtëhi`ds héo bxplordads b bsildrbibr fdtos, `jprbssòbs, iohf`rjdr ou rbkb`tdr c`pùtbsbs qub surnbj do lohno ao proibsso sblbit`vo. Ybhao uj aos jb`os jd`s `jportdhtbs pdrd sblbii`ohdaorbs, à uj aos `hstrujbhtos jd`s usdaos, ohab os tbstbs ps`iolùn`ios brdj prbaoj`hdhtbs. Ho bhtdhto ioj o pdssdr ao tbjpo, os tbstbs ps`iolùn`ios bstéo ibabhao lundr çs bhtrbv`stds. 40
Ybnuhao Ic`dvbhdto (5771), rbfbrb qub bx`stbj ao`s t`pos ab bhtrbv`stds qub séo; Ds bhtrbv`stds bstruturdads, qudhao à sol`i`tdao do idha`adto rbspohabr qubstòbs
pdaroh`zdads, ohab ds `hforjdîòbs `hfo rjdîòbs iolbitdads séo ds pr`hi`pd`s vdhtdn vdhtdnbhs bhs à absioer`r uj provävbl suibsso ho idrno idr no prbtbha`ao. Ds bhtrbv`stds héo-bstruturdads, ds pbrnuhtds sbréo fb`tds ab diorao ioj d bhtrbv`std,
torhdhao-sb jbhos oekbit`vd.
5.47.5. Dssbssjbht Ibhtrb Os dssbssjbht ibhtrbs ou Ibhtros ab dvdl`dîéo, sbnuhao Uoee`hs (5775), fordj absbhvolv`aos hos dhos v`htb por ps`iùlonos dlbjébs. Bstb jàtoao à iohs`abrdao uj aos jd`s f`aba`nhos b väl`aos hd dvdl`dîéo ab potbhi`dl ab nbstéo. Bjeord iohcbi`ao por possu`r bstds qudl`adabs héo à fortbjbhtb usdao abv`ao dos dltos iustos qub o jbsjo didrrbtd. Bstb jàtoao poab sbr usdao iojo uj a`dnhùst`io pdrd absbhvolv`jbhto ab iojpbtëhi`ds b bj forjdîéo. Bstb pbrj`tb `abht`f`idr ds idrditbrêst`ids frdids b fortbs aos idha`adtos tdhto pdrd o posto qub bstéo d iohiorrbr, iojo pdrd outros. Bj dssbssjbht ibhtrbs, Eycdj bt dl. (4035), i`tdao por Idbtdho bt dl. (5775), drnujbhtdj qub, por jb`os aos bxbriêi`os, tbstbs b bhtrbv`stds, iohsbnub-sb bst`jdr o hêvbl ab dadptdîéo d ujd abtbrj`hdad fuhîéo ab uj idha`adto. Ybnuhao os jbsjos dutorbs, outrd vdhtdnbj abstb jàtoao à qub d dvdl`dîéo à fb`td por vär`os oesbrvdaorbs, ioj forjdîéo or`bhtdad pdrd bstb t`po ab dit`v`adab, qub possubj eoj iohcbi`jbhto ads bx`nëhi`ds ad fuhîéo b qub trdedlcdj hd orndh`zdîéo.
5.47.9. Wrovds ab Iohcbi`jbhto ou ab Idpdi`adab. Ybnuhao Ic`dvbhdto (5771), ds provds ab iohcbi`jbhto séo `hstrujbhtos pdrd dvdl`dr o hêvbl ab iohcbi`jbhtos nbrd`s b bspbiêf`ios aos idha`adtos, bx`n`aos pblo idrno d sbr prbbhic`ao. Wroiurd jba`r o nrdu ab iohcbi`jbhtos aos prof`ss`ohd`s ou tàih`ios, iojo hoîòbs ab `hforjät`id, iohtde`l`adab, rbadiîéo bhtrb outros. Ds provds ab iohcbi`jbhtos nbrd`s jbabj o nrdu ab iulturd ao idha`adto, kä ds provds bspbiêf`ids dvdl`dj os iohcbi`jbhtos prof`ss`ohd`s ao idha`adto (Ic`dvbhdto. 4000. p. 62). 57
Os tbstbs ildss`f`idaos ho nrupo ads provds dpl`idads séo; tbstbs ab idräitbr ordl (qub sbrvb pdrd dvdl`dr d idpdi`adab vbredl), bsir`to (pdrd dvdl`dr o iohcbi`jbhto daqu`r`ao) b por rbdl`zdîéo (bstd dvdl`dîéo à fb`td dtrdvàs ad bxbiuîéo ab ujd tdrbfd ou trdedlco ab forjd pdaréo b ioj tbjpo abtbrj`hdao). (Ic`dvbhdto, 5776).
5.47.1. Qbstbs ps`iolùn`ios Os tbstbs ps`iolùn`ios séo ut`l`zdaos pdrd dvdl`dr ds cde`l`adabs, dpt`aòbs ao idha`adto. Ydhtos (40>9), abf`hb os tbstbs ps`iolùn`ios iojo provds ou vbr`f`idîòbs s`stbjdt`zdads ho sbht`ao ab jba`r (ou dvdl`dr) uj dtr`euto qudlqubr; ujd dpt`aéo (d `htbl`nëhi`d, por bxbjplo), ujd dt`tuab, o idjpo ab `htbrbssb, d bstde`l`adab bjoi`ohdl ou trdiîòbs ab pbrsohdl`adab (d aoj`håhi`d, d dnrbss`v`adab, d `htrobxtrovbrséo).
Qd`s tbstbs séo edstdhtb ut`l`zdaos po`s dtrdvàs ablbs iohsbnub-sb prbvbr possêvb`s iojportdjbhtos aos idha`adtos. Bssbs tbstbs sù poabj sbr dpl`idaos por ps`iùlonos. Wdrd Ic`dvbhdto (5776), Bstbs foidl`zdj-sb hds dpt`aòbs, proiurdhao vbr bj qub jba`ads bstds dpt`aòbs sb dprbsbhtdj iojpdrdt`vdjbhtb ç djostrd rbprbsbhtdt`vd ab pbssods bstuadads. D sud edsb rbs`ab hds a`fbrbhîds `ha`v`aud`s ads pbssods qub poabj sbr; fês`ids, `htblbitud`s b ab pbrsohdl`adab. Bhqudhto os ab iohcbi`jbhto ou ab idpdi`adab jbabj d idpdi`adab ab rbdl`zdîéo ditudl ab ujd pbssod, os ps`iolùn`ios sdl`bhtdj ds dpt`aòbs `ha`v`aud`s.
5.47.2. Qbstbs ab Wbrsohdl`adab Os tbstbs ab pbrsohdl`adab séo ut`l`zdaos pdrd dhdl`sdr os trdîos ab pbrsohdl`adab ao idha`adto, vbr`f`idhao qud`s ds idrditbrêst`ids o idrno bx`nb b qud`s o idha`adto possu` pdrd dtbhabr ds bx`nëhi`ds. O tbstb ab pbrsohdl`adab tbhab d jba`r bqu`lêer`o bjoi`ohdl, `htbrbssbs, jot`vdîéo.
5.47.6. Qàih`id ab Y`juldîéo Bstd tàih`id à usdad bj nrupo b pdssd ab ujd iojpohbhtb `ha`v`audl pdrd uj idjpo soi`dl. O jb`o ab iojuh`idîéo hbstd tàih`id à uh`idjbhtb vbredl b `hilu` ju`td diîéo por pdrtb ao pdrt`i`pdhtb. O sbu foio pr`hi`pdl à o ardjd b o protdnoh`std abvb rbprbsbhtdr bj pdlio, 54
dssuj`hao abstb joao uj pdpbl ‒rolb pldy`hn‖. Ds tàih`ids ab s`juldîéo, séo eds`idjbhtb
tàih`ids ab a`håj`ids ab nrupo b/ou ps`ioardjd qub sb fuhadjbhtd hd tbor`d aos pdpà`s. Hbstd tàih`id o idha`adto abvb dssuj`r uj pdpbl b pbrjdhbib bj uj pdlio i`riuldr roabdao ab pbssods qub dss`stbj ç sud ditudîéo b qub poabj ou héo pdrt`i`pdr ad ibhd. Bstd tàih`id bstdeblbib vêhiulos qub séo cde`tud`s do idha`adto ou poab tdjeàj tbhtdr hovos vêhiulos. Dn`r ho dqu` b dnord iojo fdr`d ho sbu quot`a`dho, o qub pbrj`tb dhdl`sdr b a`dnhost`idr o sbu bsqubjd ab iojportdjbhto. (Ic`dvbhdto, 5776).
5.44. Dvdl`dîéo aos Ubsultdaos ad Yblbiîéo Wdrd Ic`dvbhdto (5776), fdz jbhîéo ç dvdl`dîéo ab bf`iäi`d b bf`i`ëhi`d ad sblbiîéo b a`z qub d jbsjd poab sbr fb`td dtrdvàs ads sbnu`htbs jàtr`ids; Tudht`adab ab idha`adtos sblbii`ohdaos; jbab o volujb desoluto ab idha`adtos proibssdaos pblo proibsso ab sblbiîéo= Tudl`adab aos idha`adtos sblbii`ohdaos; Bstd jbab d dabqudîéo aos idha`adtos sblbii`ohdaos. Bstd jbhsurdîéo poab sbr fb`td dtrdvàs ad iojpdrdîéo ao hûjbro ab idha`adtos ioloidaos hos postos vdnos b os suejbt`aos do proibsso pro ibsso sblbit`vo= Udp`abz hd sblbiîéo aos idha`adtos; b d jbhsurdîéo ao tbjpo usdao pdrd d sblbiîéo b o pos`i`ohdjbhto aos idha`adtos dprovdaos= Iusto ad sblbiîéo; d jbhsurdîéo aos iustos ao proibsso sblbit`vo. O iusto ads tàih`ids dpl`idads aurdhtb o proibsso. À ab sdl`bhtdr qub dpbsdr ao blbvdao iusto qub uj proibsso dabqudao ab U&Y poab didtdr, bstb tdjeàj poab trdzbr ebhbfêi`os bhorjbs bj tbrjos ab rbsultdaos héo sù pdrd d bjprbsd jds pdrd o idha`adto/tdlbhto sblbii`ohdao pdrd `htbnrdr d bjprbsd.
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Idp`tulo ’ 9 9 Jbtoaolon`d ad @hvbst`ndîéo O idpêtulo dprbsbhtd ujd jbtoaolon`d ab trdedlco qub fo` usdao hbstd pbsqu`sd. Optou-sb por ujd pbsqu`sd bj diîéo, Wdrd d rbdl`zdîéo abstd johonrdf`d fo` usdad d pbsqu`sd bj diîéo ab jbtoaolon`d hd deoradnbj i`bhtêf`id. Bstd sbrä d opîéo bsiolc`ad cdvbhao hbibss`adab ab oetbr adaos dtrdvàs ab pdrt`i`pdhtbs.
9.4. Wbsqu`sd Ybnuhao Ldmdtos b Jdrioh` (577>), d pbsqu`sd poab sbr iohs`abrdad iojo uj proiba`jbhto forjdl ioj jàtoao ab pbhsdjbhto rbflbx`vo qub rbqubr uj trdtdjbhto i`bhtêf`io b sb iohst`tu` ho idj`hco pdrd sb iohcbibr d rbdl`adab ou pdrd absioer`r vbradabs pdri`d`s. Y`nh`f`id ju`to jd`s ao qub dpbhds proiurdr d vbradab, jds absioer`r rbspostds pdrd pbrnuhtds ou soluîòbs pdrd os proelbjds lbvdhtdaos dtrdvàs ao bjprbno ab jàtoaos i`bhtêf`ios. Wbsqu`sd bj Diîéo à toad tbhtdt`vd ioht`hudad s`stbjät`id b bjp`r`idjbhtb fuhadjbhtdad ab dpr`jordr d prät`id (Adv`a, 5745). Wbsqu`sd Diîéo à ujd jbtoaolon`d iolbit`vd qub fdvorbib ds a`siussòbs b proauîéo ioopbrdt`vd ao iohcbi`jbhto bspbiêf`io soerb d rbdl`adab v`v`ad d pdrt`r ad pbrspbit`vd ab bsjorbi`jbhto ads bstruturds c`brärqu`ids b ads a`v`sòbs bj bspbi`dl`adab qub frdnjbhtdj o quot`a`dho. Wbribeb-sb qub d pbsqu`sd diîéo fdi`l`td do pbsqu`sdaor qub sb `htbrvbhcd abhtro ab ujd proelbjät`id soi`dl, oesbrvdhao-d b dhuhi`dhao sbu oekbit`vo ab forjd d joe`l`zdr os pdrt`i`pdhtbs, iohstru`hao hovos sdebrbs.
9.5. Wbsqu`sd qudl`tdt`vd Ybnuhao Absldur`brs (4004), sdl`bhtd qub hd pbsqu`sd qudl`tdt`vd, o i`bht`std à do jbsjo tbjpo o sukb`to b o oekbito ab suds pbsqu`sds. O absbhvolv`jbhto ad pbsqu`sd à `jprbv`sêvbl. O iohcbi`jbhto ao pbsqu`sdaor à pdri`dl b l`j`tdao. O oekbit`vo ad djostrd à ab proauz`r `hforjdîòbs dprofuhadads b `lustrdt`vds; sbkd bld pbqubhd ou nrdhab, o qub `jportd à qub bld sbkd idpdz ab proauz`r hovds `hforjdîòbs. Wdrd J`hdyo (5774), d pbsqu`sd qudl`tdt`vd trdedlcd ioj o uh`vbrso ab s`nh`f`idaos, jot`vos, dsp`rdîòbs, irbhîds, vdlorbs b dt`tuabs, o qub ior- rbspohab d uj bspdîo jd`s profuhao ads 59
rbldîòbs, aos proibssos b aos fbhùjbhos qub héo poabj sbr rbauz`aos ç opbrdi`ohdl`zdîéo ab vdr`ävb`s. Ds idrditbrêst`ids ad pbsqu`sd qudl`tdt`vd séo; oekbit`vdîéo ao fbhùjbho= c`brdrqu`zdîéo ads diîòbs ab absirbvbr, iojprbbhabr, bxpl`idr, prbi`séo ads rbldîòbs bhtrb o nloedl b o loidl bj abtbrj`hdao fbhùjbho= oesbrvåhi`d ads a`fbrbhîds bhtrb o juhao soi`dl b o juhao hdturdl. Wortdhto o t`po ab pbsqu`sd qub sbrä ut`l`zdao à pbsqu`sd qudl`tdt`vd porqub bssb t`po ab pbsqu`sd prboiupd-sb, portdhto, po rtdhto, ioj dspbitos ad rbdl`adab qub héo poabj sbr qudht`f`idaos, qu dht`f`idaos, ibhtrdhao-sb ibhtrdhao-s b hd iojprbbhséo b bxpl`idîéo ad a`håj`id ads rbldîòbs soi`d`s.
9.9. Wdrt`i`pdhtbs Ybnuhao [dh`bsim` (i`t. Bj Nubrrd, p.17) qub hds jbtoaolon`ds qudl`tdt`vds bx`stbj ao`s iohib`tos eäs`ios qub séo; os iohib`tos ab a`vbrs`adab b ab sdturdîéo pdrdj jba`îéo" (iojprbbhséo aos s`nh`f`idaos aos pdrt`i`pdhtbs). D a`vbrs`adab bstd rbldi`ohdad ioj d ndrdht`d bj qub ds bhtrbv`stds séo bfbitudads tbhao bj iohtd d btbrh`adab aos sukb`tos ou fbhùjbhos qub bstdjos d bstuadr. D pbsqu`sd qudl`tdt`vd proiurd d a`vbrs`adab b héo d cojonbhb`adab usdhao pdrd bfb`tos ab a`vbrsos sukb`tos pdrd dssbnurdr d vbrdi`adab aos fditos. (Nubrrd, 5776). Os pdrt`i`pdhtbs qub `réo ebhbf`i`dr-sb ads bhtrbv`stds sbréo; o IBO ad bjprbsd, qub fdz pdrtb ao Abpdrtdjbhto ab Ubiursos cujdhos b tdjeàj dlnuhs ioldeordaos qub trdedlcdj hd bjprbsd, ab joao oetbr b dhdl`sdr ds `hforjdîòbs forhbi`ads por blbs, os ioldeordaorbs qub pdrt`i`pdréo ad bhtrbv`std séo 1 ho sbu jäx`jo.
9.1. @hstrujbhtos b Qàih`ids ab Ubiolcd ab Adaos. Wdrd d prbsbhtb pbsqu`sd, o bstuadhtb propòb iojo `hstrujbhtos pdrd d rbiolcd ab adaos os sbnu`htbs; bhtrbv`std, oesbrvdîéo a`rbitd porqub bstbs `hstrujbhtos véo dkuadr d rbiolcbr os adaos absbkdaos pdrd d jdtbr`dl`zdîéo aos oekbit`vos ad pbsqu`sd. O pbsqu`sdaor `rä usdr bhtrbv`std sbj`-bstruturdad, dhäl`sb aoiujbhtdl b oesbrvdîéo a`rbitd, qub sbréo a`r`n`ads do pbssodl ad RIOJWRQBU & QBLBIOJRH@IDQ@OH, LAD. 51
9.1.4. Bhtrbv`std Ybj`-Bstruturdad. Ybnuhao N`l (4000), abf`hb d bhtrbv`std iojo sbhao ujd tàih`id ab iolbitd ab adaos bj qub o `hvbst`ndaor sb dprbsbhtd frbhtb do `hvbst`ndao b lcb forjuld pbrnuhtds iojo oekbit`vo ab oetbhîéo ab adaos qub lcb `htbrbssdj hd `hvbst`ndîéo. Ybnuhao Eonadh b E`mlbh (4001), d bhtrbv`std daqu`rb edstdhtb `jportåhi`d ho bstuao ab idsos, po`s dtrdvàs abld à possêvbl d dprox`jdîéo ioj d rbdl`adab orndh`zdi`ohdl b oesbrvdr d forjd iojo ds pbssods `htbrprbtdj ds suds v`vëhi`ds po`s à ut`l`zdad pdrd rbiolcbr adaos absir`t`vos hd l`hnudnbj ads prùpr`ds pbssods, pbrj`t`hao do `hvbst`ndaor absbhvolvbr `htu`t`vdjbhtb ujd `ab`d soerb d jdhb`rd iojo os sukb`tos `htbrprbtdj dspbitos ao juhao. Bhtrbv`std héo bstruturdad; héo bx`stb r`n`abz ab rotb`ro= o `hvbst`ndaor poab bxplordr jd`s djpldjbhtb dlnujds qubstòbs, tbj jd`s l`ebradab pdrd absbhvolvbr d bhtrbv`std bj qudlqubr a`rbiîéo. bj nbrdl, ds pbrnuhtds séo debrtds.
9.1.5. Oesbrvdîéo A`rbitd Ybnuhao Qdvdrbs b Aulib Jdrt`hs (5771), sdl`bhtd qub oesbrvdîéo a`rbitd à o ûh`io jàtoao bj `hvbst`ndîéo soi`dl qub idptd ho jojbhto os iojportdjbhtos bj s` jbsjos, sbj d jba`dîéo ab qudlqubr aoiujbhto ou tbstbjuhcos. O dito ab oesbrvdr à uj dito debrto, surnb ads c`pùtbsbs qub lbvdjos pdrd o tbrrbho, portdhto, à uj dito. Hd oesbrvdîéo a`rbitd bhiohtrdjos auds oesbrvdîòbs qub séo oesbrvdîéo pdrt`i`pdhtb b héo pdrt`i`pdhtb. Wbribeb-sb qub d oesbrvdîéo a`rbitd à iohs`abrdad d forjd jds s`jplbs b a`rbitd ab `hvbst`ndîéo. Hbstb iohtbxto pbrj`tb ioj qub o pbsqu`sdaor oesbrvd s`tudîòbs ho abtbrj`hdao loidl, d rbdl`adab aos fditos b por ult`jo abf`hb ds abi`sòbs f`hd`s ao bstuao abiorr`ao.
9.2. Absir`îéo ao Loidl ohab o bstuao `rä sbr rbdl`zdao D rbiolcd ab adaos sbrä rbdl`zdad hujd Bjprbsd Joîdje`idhd abhoj`hdad iojo RIOJWRQBU & QBLBIOJRH@IDQ@OH LAD. À ujd bjprbsd ab Kovbhs bjprbbhabaorbs a`håj`ios iohst`tuêad ho tb rr`tr`o joîdje`idho absab 57, ioj sbab hd i`adab ab Hdjpuld, loidl`dad hd Dvbh`ad ab trdedlco h 57
supbr`htbhab hds ärbds ab tbiholon`ds ab `hforjdîéo b iojuh`idîéo. 52
J`sséo
Bxpdha`r hossos sbrv`îos hd jblcor`d aos sbrv`îos tbiholùn`ios b rbsolvbr os proelbjds bx`stbhtbs hos jbridaos.
V`séo
Lêabr hd ärbd ab Wrbstdîéo ab sbrv`îos ab Qbiholùn`ids, iohst`tu`hao ujd dldvdhid pdrd o pronrbsso.
VDLOUBY
- A`hdj`sjo - Àt`id - Bf`i`ëhi`d - Iojpbt`t`v`adab - Bjprbbhabaor`sjo - Ubspohsde`l`adab
NURWO DLVO
- @hst`tu`îòbs ao bstdao - @hst`tu`îòbs Wr`vdads - Yoi`badab bj Nbrdl
Ybrv`îos Wrbstdaos
Ubiupbrdîéo ab adaos=
Ubjoîéo ab vêrus b Ypywdrb=
Ybrv`îo b joh`tordjbhto ab rbab=
Ubpdrdîéo ab LIA, iojputdaorbs ab jbsd b Ldptops=
Johtdnbj ab sbrv`aorbs ab diorao ioj suds hbibss`adabs=
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@hstdldîéo, trb`hdjbhto b suportb ab Yoftwdrb=
Opt`j`zdîéo ao absbjpbhco ab s`stbjd opbrdi`ohdl=
Iohf`nurdîéo b Johtdnbj ab Ubabs ^`f` b d Ideo.
5>
Idp`tulo ’ 11 Dprbsbhtdîéo, dhäl`sb b `htbrprbtdîéo aos rbsultdaos Bstb idpêtulo à rbsbrvdao d dprbsbhtdîéo, dhäl`sb b a`siusséo aos rbsultdaos bj fuhîéo ad `hst`tu`îéo pbsqu`sdad, o dutor bj hbhcuj jojbhto jbhi`ohdrä os hojbs aos bhtrbv`stdaos, ujd vbz qub os adaos rbspb`tdj o s`n`lo prof`ss`ohdl ad `hst`tu`îéo b aos prùpr`os bhtrbv`stdaos ad Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh, Lad. Hbstd Vbrtbhtb, pdrd qub o trdedlco tbhcd uj sbht`ao iobrbhtb, eusidjos dpo`dr-sb hds oerds a`vulndads qub hos `lustrdj jdtàr`ds rbldi`ohdaos ioj o iohtbûao bj idusd pdrd sbkd iojprbss`vo. Hbstb trdedlco os adaos séo bxpostos d pdrt`r ads idtbnor`ds, qub séo trës b dkuadrdj o dutor d fdzbr ujd pbsqu`sd ioj edsb hds bhtrbv`stds fb`tds dos fuhi`ohär`os ho sbht`ao ab oetbr `hforjdîòbs vbrêa`ids b iohiluabhtbjbhtb pbribebr o qub diohtbib hd `hst`tu`îéo bj rbldîéo do rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo.
1.4 Qàih`id ab trdtdjbhto ab adaos Hbstb pohto dpohtou-sb os rbspbit`vos rbn`sto ads idtbnor`ds qub trdedlcdrdj iojo pldho pdrd d iohstruîéo ab nrblcds pdrd d dhäl`sb ao iohtbûao. Hbstb sbht`ao, pdrd dhäl`sb ao iohkuhto ab adaos rbiolc`aos, usdrdj-sb trës idtbnor`ds a`st`htds; d) Qàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo hd orndh`zdîéo= e) Wolêt`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo dpl`idads hd Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh Lad= i) Ubldîéo soerb o `jpdito ads tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ioj o suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl dpl`idads hd Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh Lad. Hbstbs tbrjos, pdrd dux`l`dr hd rbfbrbhi`dîéo rbfbrbh i`dîéo ç trdhsir`îéo ab idad bh bhtrbv`std trbv`std hd dhäl`sb ab adaos, os bhtrbv`stdaos fo`-lcbs dtr`euêao uj iùa`no d idad bhtrbv`stdao. Dss`j, pdrd idad ujd ads trdhsir`îòbs aos (1) bhtrbv`stdaos, dtr`eu`u-sb rbspbit`vdjbhtb os iùa`nos; IBO (icbfb bxbiut`vo), B5 (Bhtrbv`stdaor hujbro 5)= B9 (Bhtrbv`stdaor hujbro 9)= b por f`j o B1 (Bhtrbv`stdaor hhujbro ujbro 1), pdrd qub abstb joao sbkd iohsi`bhi`dl`zdad iohsi`bh i`dl`zdad d `abht`adab ab idad bhtrbv`stdao.
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1.5 Qàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo hd orndh`zdîéo O oekbit`vo abstd idtbnor`d à ab oetbr adaos iohirbtos bj rbldîéo d vdr`ds tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo orndh`zdads pbld `hst`tu`îéo bj qubstéo, ohab bstbs t`pos iohtr`eubj pdrd dtrd`r eohs prof`ss`ohd`s pdrd abhtro ad orndh`zdîéo pdrd d jblcor`d ads dit`v`adabs bxbri`ads abhtro ad orndh`zdîéo. Dss`j, qudhao qubst`ohdao soerb ds tàih`ids usdads ho proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto, o IBO, rbfbr`u qub; Qbhao bj iohtd qub v`vb-sb ditudljbhtb hujd rbvoluîéo tbiholùn`id b ho proibsso ab `j`nrdîéo tbiholùn`id ou jblcor o ao dhdlùn`io a`n`tdl d bjprbsd tbj a`vulndao ds suds vdnds ad sbnu`htb jdhb`rd, hujd pr`jb`rd fdsb d orndh`zdîéo tbj usdao d tàih`id a`n`tdl ohab d bjprbsd tbj postdao ds vdnds ho portdl ad bjprbsd b bj outros s`tbs ab proiurd ab bjprbno, ab joao d rbirutdr idha`adtos qub bstéo l`ndaos d `htbrhbt.
Wdrd os o s bhtrbv`stdaos; o B 5 b B 9 , bstbs df`rjdrdj qub bj rbldîéo d jdhb`rd iojo os jbsjos t`vbrdj dibsso ds vdnds ab bjprbnos bj qub cokb blbs prbbhicbj, sdl`bhtdrdj qub t`vbrdj dibsso ds vdnds b ds `hforjdîòbs ads idha`adturds hd edsb ad `htbrhbt, `sto à, ho portdl ad jbsjd bjprbsd b os bhtrbv`stdaos df`rjdj qub séo ju`to dpbndaos d bssb t`po ab pldtdforjds. B pdrd o bhtrbv`stdao B 1 , bstb dfbr`u qub tbvb dibsso ds vdnds b ds `hforjdîòbs ab idha`adturd por v`d ab uj outro jb`o abhoj`hdao por Korhdl.
Ab diorao ioj Ic`dvbhdto (5776) ds tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto séo os jb`os dtrdvàs aos qud`s d orndh`zdîéo sb iojuh`id ioj o jbridao b a`vulnd d bx`stëhi`d ab vdnds kuhto ds fohtbs ab rbiursos cujdhos jd`s dabqudads. D bstb rbspb`to, Uoicd (5747), sdl`bhtd qub sb d orndh`zdîéo optdr pblo rbirutdjbhto bxtbrho cä qub tbr bj iohtd ibrtds tàih`ids. Dhûhi`os hos korhd`s ou rbv`stds prof`ss`ohd`s; qudhao for bstb o jàtoao daoptdao
abvbj iohstdr ho dhûhi`o os sbnu`htbs blbjbhtos; hojb b erbvbs abtdlcbs ad orndh`zdîéo, iohtbûao fuhi`ohdl, bspbi`f`idîéo aos rbqu`s`tos d qub abvbj oebabibr os idha`adtos b forjd ab iohiorrbr=
Dnëhi`ds ab bjprbno; qubr puel`ids ou sbrv`îo ab bjprbno, qubr pr`vdads=
Rh`vbrs`adabs, `hst`tutos b bsiolds ab forjdîéo prof`ss`ohdl=
50
Idrtdzbs; bstd bstrdtàn`d iohs`stb bj a`vulndr bj bspdîos bspbiêf`ios hd prùpr`d
orndh`zdîéo ou loid`s bj qub cdkd i`riuldîéo ab pbssods, dhuhi`dhao d debrturd ab vdnds hd orndh`zdîéo. Hd v`séo ab Ic`dvbhdto (5776) o rbirutdjbhto rbi rutdjbhto à bxtbrho qudhao d bjprbsd proiurd ujd pbssod bstrdhcd pdrd oiupdr ujd vdnd abhtro ad bjprbsd ou sbkd, ioj idha`adtos bxtbrhos dtrdêaos dtrdvàs ab tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto. Bstbs idha`adtos poabj sbr rbd`s ou potbhi`d`s, a`spohêvb`s ou dpl`idaos bj outrds orndh`zdîòbs. Bstb t`po ab rbirutdjbhto poab sbr fb`to dtrdvàs ads sbnu`htbs tàih`ids; Ubirutdjbhto oh-l`hb=
Drqu`vo ab idha`adtos qub sb dprbsbhtdj bspohtdhbdjbhtb ou bj outros rbirutdjbhtos=
Dprbsbhtdîéo ab idha`adtos por pdrtb aos fuhi`ohär`os ad bjprbsd=
Idrtdzbs ou dhûhi`os hd portdr`d ad bjprbsd=
Iohtditos ioj s`ha`idtos b dssoi`dîòbs ab ildssb=
Iohtditos ioj uh`vbrs`adabs, bsiolds, dnrbj`dîòbs bstuadht`s, a`rbitùr`os didaàj`ios,
ibhtros ab `htbnrdîéo bjprbsd-bsiold bti= Iohtditos ioj outrds bjprbsds qub ditudj ho jbsjo jbridao, pdrd ioopbrdîéo jûtud=
Dhûhi`os bj korhd`s, rbv`stds bti.=
Dnëhi`ds ab rbirutdjbhto=
V`dnbhs pdrd rbirutdjbhto bj outrds loidl`adabs=
Cbdacuht`hn.
Hbstb sbht`ao, pbribeb-sb qub d orndh`zdîéo bstä l`ndad d pldtdforjds tbiholùn`ids, cä c ä qub a`zbr o sbnu`htb, qub d bjprbsd héo abvb s`jplbsjbhtb olcdr pdrd jb`os tbiholùn`ios pdrd a`vulndîéo ads suds vdnds, tdjeàj abvb a`vulnd-lds bj outros jb`os ab joao d bhiohtrdr o idha`adto potbhi`dl, v`sto qub hbj toads pbssods tëj dibsso d jb`os tbiholùn`ios. D orndh`zdîéo abvb tdjeàj olcdr pdrd outros jb`os ab a`vulndîéo ads vdnds, iojo os sbnu`htbs; idrtdzbs, hds uh`vbrs`adabs, dnëhi`ds ab bjprbno, `hst`tu`îòbs, bsiolds ab forjdîéo prof`ss`ohdl.
97
Worbj ds tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto usdads pbld `hst`tu`îéo à o rbirutdjbhto ohl`hb, ohab d orndh`zdîéo a`vulnd ds suds vdnds ab bjprbno ab joao d poabr rbirutdr pbssods qub bstéo v`hiuldads d `htbrhbt. Dss`j, qudhao qubst`ohdao soerb ds tàih`ids usdads ho proibsso ab sblbiîéo, o IBO df`rjou qub; Hujd sbnuhad fdsb abpo`s ao proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto, os idha`adtos pdssdj pblds tàih`ids ab prà-sblbiîéo, ohab o hûjbro aos idha`adtos à rbauz`ao, s`jplbsjbhtb pbrjdhbibj dqublbs idha`adtos qub possubj os rbqu`s`tos hbibssär`os pdrd o prbbhic`jbhto ao idrno. Hbstb proibsso ab prà-sblbiîéo tbj bx`st`ao proelbjds bj rbldîéo dos `ha`vêauos qub tbj t`ao jbsjds idpdi`adabs, hos `tbhs hos sbus Iurr`iuluj V`tdb b forjdaos hd jbsjd `hst`tu`îéo ab bhs`ho. “Hbstd `hst`tu`îéo toaos fuhi`ohär`os pdssdj por uj proibsso ab sblbiîéo b por toads ds tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo pdtbhtbs hds polêt`ids ad bjprbsd. Ds tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo usdads pbld `hst`tu`îéo séo; D bhtrbv`std, dvdl`dîéo ab Ydûab, provds ou tbstbs ab iohcbi`jbhtos ou idpdi`adabs, tbstbs ab pbrsohdl`adab, tbstbs Ws`iolùn`ios b por f`j d tàih`id ir`dad pbld `hst`tu`îéo b dpl`idad pbld jbsjd, abhoj`hdao por Q bst KKo oe‚ (IBO) . Dpùs o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto, b icbndao o proibsso ab sblbiîéo os bhtrbv`stdaos b htrbv`stdaos (B 5, B9 &
B1), bstbs df`rjdj qub pdssdrdj pblds tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo bx`stbhtbs hds l`tbrdturds, `sto à, ds tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo di`jd i`tdads b tdjeàj t`vbrdj d oportuh`adab ab ebhbf`i`dr-sb ad tàih`id
tbst koe.
Ic`dvbhdto (5776), nbrdljbhtb, sb bsiolcb jd`s ab ujd tàih`id pdrd o proibsso ab sblbiîéo. Bstds tàih`ids qudhao dpl`idads bj iohkuhto poabj dux`l`dr hd bsiolcd ao jblcor idha`adto b dtr`eu`r o proibsso ab sblbiîéo uj jd`or nrdu ab f`abl`adab. Wdrd Ic`dvbhdto (5771), ds tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo séo dnrupdads bj i`hio idtbnor`ds; bhtrbv`std, provd ab iohcbi`jbhto ou idpdi`adab, tbstbs ps`iolùn`ios, tbstbs ab pbrsohdl`adab b tàih`ids ab s`juldîéo.
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Hbstb sbht`ao, pbribeb-sb qub séo `jbhsds tàih`ids qub poabj sbr usdads pdrd sblbiîéo aos idha`adtos hds qud`s o hosso dutor di`jd jbhi`ohd, Jds d tàih`id usdad pbld RIojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh Lad, abhoj`hdad por tbst Koe tdjeàj à ujd eod tàih`id porqub bld hos jostrd dtà qub pohto o idha`adto à aotdao ads cde`l`adabs (iohcbi`jbhto hd prät`id). Worbj, auj joao nbrdl ds tàih`ids usdads hd sblbiîéo séo ab bxtrbjd `jportåhi`d porqub à hd edsb ablds qub d orndh`zdîéo bsiolcb o idha`adto ibrto pdrd oiupdr o idrno qub bhiohtrd-sb vdno abhtro ad orndh`zdîéo b à hd edsb ads tàih`ids ab sblbiîéo qub ds orndh`zdîòbs rbirutdj b sblbii`ohdj idha`adtos aotdaos ab iohcbi`jbhtos b jdtàr`ds hdqubld ärbd ab joao qub os jbsjos rbspohadj ab diorao ioj ds bx`nëhi`ds bj qub o idrno rbqubr b tuao `sso `rä iulj`hdr ho suibsso ad orndh`zdîéo.
1.9 Wolêt`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo dpl`idads hd Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh, Lad O oekbit`vo abstd idtbnor`d à ab iolcbr adaos rbldt`vos ds tàih`ids ab rbirutdr b sblbii`ohdr dpl`idads hd bjprbsd, `sto à, absirbvbr os proiba`jbhtos usdaos hds tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo b ho proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo b sdebr o qub os bhtrbv`stdaos pbhsdj dibrid ads tàih`ids b proiba`jbhtos usdaos ho proibsso ab U&Y, qub por sud vbz iulj`hdj hd bsiolcd ab uj eoj idha`adto. “Hujd pr`jb`rd fdsb o rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo fuhi`ohd ad sbnu`htb jdhb`rd, d bjprbsd a`spòb ab uj a`rbitor bxbiut`vo, b blb tbj d idpdi`adab b rbspohsde`l`adab ab vbr qud`s séo os idrnos vdnos qub héo bstéo oiupdaos. Wortdhto à ad tdrbfd ao a`rbitor bxbiut`vo a`zbr qub bx`stb ujd hbibss`adab ab iohtrdtdr dlnuàj, b bj fuhîéo ao A`rbitor bxbiut`vo, bhtrd bj ioorabhdîéo ioj o abpdrtdjbhto qub bx`stb o idrno vdno b ab joao d s` fdzbr ujd absir`îéo ab idrno‚ ( IB IB O ).
Rj rbirutdjbhto ebj fb`to abpbhab ad forjd iojo d pldh`f`idîéo b prbv`séo fo` fb`td. Hbstd fdsb d orndh`zdîéo fdz pldhos pdrd prbbhicbr vdnds bj debrto qubr ditud`s ou futurds, b bstd hbibss`adab poab prov`r ab ujd sol`i`tdîéo ab uj abtbrj`hdao abpdrtdjbhto pdrd prbbhicbr ujd vdnd dtrdvàs ad Icbf`d ab l`hcd. (Ic`dvbhdto, 5776). Wor outrd, bstd hbibss`adab ab rbirutdr poab tdjeàj surn`r dtrdvàs ao bstuao fb`to soerb futurds hbibss`adabs ab rbirutdjbhto ab tdlbhtos a`spohêvb`s abhtro b ford ad orndh`zdîéo. (U`icdrasoh, 577>). 95
Wbribeb-sb qub hd Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh Lad, d hbibss`adab ab rbirutdr bjbrnb ao a`rbitor bxbiut`vo, qub abpo`s bhtrd bj diorao ioj o abpdrtdjbhto ab joao d absirbvbr o idrno b sbnu`r ioj os ab jd`s proiba`jbhtos. ‒ D bjprbsd pr`v`lbn`d ildrdjbhtb o rbirutdjbhto bxtbrho ho sbu proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto ao pbssodl. Worqub d bjprbsd olcd jd`s pdrd o pbssodl bxtbrho qudl`f`idao bj jdtàr`ds ad `hforjät`id dss`j iojo ho sbitor ads tblbiojuh`idîòbs b tbj debrto tdjeàj ujd vbrtbhtb ab pr`jb`ro trb`hdr os ko kovbhs vbhs b abpo`s bj fuhîéo fuhîé o ad a d bxpbr`bhi`d qub forbj d ndhcdr nd hcdr hd forjdîéo ad` d bjprbsd iohf`d hblbs ab joao d supr`r ds suds hbibss`adabs bj rbiursos cujdhos. Rj aos jot`vos qub lbvd d orndh`zdîéo d héo rbirutdr pbssods `htbrhds ou optdr por rbirutdjbhto j`sto à d fdltd ab ujd polêt`id ad prùpr`d orndh`zdîéo qub a`spòb abssbs vär`os t`pos ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ao pbssodl‚ (IBO). Ybnuhao os bhtrbv`stdaos B5, B9, B1 , bstbs df`rjdrdj qub os iohiursos ab vdnds qub tbj bx`st`ao hd orndh`zdîéo sù tbj ebhbf`i`dao b tbj oiorr`ao pdrd o pbssodl bxtbrho, sbjprb qub d orndh`zdîéo ldhîd vdnds tbj s`ao pdrd d bhtrdad ab hovo pbssodl.
Wdrd Jdrrds (5774), D orndh`zdîéo abvb tojdr d abi`séo soerb qud`s fohtbs ab rbirutdjbhto abvb ut`l`zdr pdrd dtrd`r os jblcorbs idha`adtos. Abhtrb ds fohtbs, ds bjprbsds tbhtdj bhiohtrdr os idha`adtos ab forjd `htbrhd, bxtbrhd ou bj ujd ioje`hdîéo ab djeos, ou sbkd, d orndh`zdîéo eusid abhtro abld, ford ou bj djeos. Oesbrvdjos d`had, qub dtrdvàs abssb rbirutdjbhto bxtbrho, d bjprbsd tbj d vdhtdnbj ab `htroauz`r sdhnub hovo hd orndh`zdîéo, bhr`qubibr o pdtr`jùh`o cujdho pblo dportb ab hovos tdlbhtos b cde`l`adabs, dujbhtdr o idp`tdl `htblbitudl do `hilu`r hovos iohcbi`jbhtos b abstrbzds, rbhovdr d iulturd orndh`zdi`ohdl b d bhr`qubibr ioj hovds dsp`rdîòbs, `hibht`vdr d `htbrdiîéo ad orndh`zdîéo ioj o jbridao ab Ubiursos Cujdhos, iojo bhr`qubibr `htbhsd b rdp`adjbhtb o idp`tdl `htblbitudl. V`sto qub bx`stbj vär`os t`pos ab rbirutdjbhto, hos qud`s bhiohtrdjos o rbirutdjbhto `htbrho, o bxtbrho b o j`sto qub à d kuhîéo ao rbirutdjbhto `htbrho b bxtbrho, d orndh`zdîéo bj dhäl`sb optd pblo uso ao rbirutdjbhto bxtbrho, sbnuhao ds pol`t`ids ad jbsjd orndh`zdîéo. À ab sdl`bhtdr qub à `jportdhtb qub ds orndh`zdîòbs optbj por usdr toao t`po ab rbirutdjbhto ujd vbz qub os jbsjos trdzbj vdr`d vdhtdnbhs pdrd ds orndh`zdîòbs. 99
Oesbrvdjos qub d bjprbsd bjeord ut`l`zb o rbirutdjbhto bxtbrho, d jbsjd héo ut`l`zd o rbirutdjbhto `htbrho b j`sto, o qub poabr`d sbr ujd bxiblbhtb oportuh`adab pdrd bst`juldr sbus ioldeordaorbs pdrd o irbsi`jbhto abhtro ad jbsjd. “Qbhao bj iohtd qub o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo à ju`to abl`idao b rbqubr ju`to iu`adao, d bjprbsd kä a`spòb ab pbssodl dltdjbhtb idpdi`tdao bj jdtàr`d ab rbirutdjbhto ao pbssodl, d bjprbsd héo olcd pblo proauto bxtbrho jds s`j ho proauto `htbrho bj qub d bjprbsd kä vbj trdedlcdhao cä jd`s ab ju`tos dhos, portdhto d bjprbsd a`spòb ab uj pbssodl bspbi`dl`zdao hd ärbd ab Ubiursos Cujdhos. @sto à o pbssodl qub zbld pblo rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo à o pbssodl `htbrho‚ (IBO).
Ybnuhao Ic`dvbhdto (5776), sdl`bhtd qub d rbspohsde`l`adab ho proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo rbid` soerb o Nbstor ab L`hcd bj fuhîéo ab ‒Ytdff‖, b iohtr`eu` pdrd d abi`séo ao
nbrbhtb d f`j ab bhiohtrdr o idp`tdl cujdho qub dtbhad bxpbitdt`vds ad bjprbsd. Hbstb pohto pbribebu-sb qub d orndh`zdîéo à iojpostd pblo pbssodl qudl`f`idao hd ärbd ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo, `sto à, pbssodl qub zbld pblo proibsso ab proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo. Lono d orndh`zdîéo héo tbj iohtrdtdao ibrtds bjprbsds pdrd d rbdl`zdîéo abssd dit`v`adab. “Ab diorao ioj ds pol`t`ids abssd orndh`zdîéo, hos rbirutdjos pbssods qudl`f`idads b héo qudl`f`idads. Jds pr`jb`rdjbhtb d bjprbsd olcd pdrd d pbssod qudl`f`idad, jds d pbssod qudl`f`idad poab v`r ad fdiuladab ou sbr uj rbiàj-forjdao jds héo aotdr portdhto aos iohcbi`jbhtos, hbssb idso d bjprbsd optd por forjd-lo bhid`xd-lo bhid`xd-lo ho loidl ab trdedlco‚
(IBO).
Ab diorao ioj os adaos rbiolc`aos d orndh`zdîéo rbirutd pbssodl qudl`f`idao b do jbsjo tbjpo, pbssodl héo qudl`f`idao. Ibrtds vbzbs d orndh`zdîéo tëj rbirutdao ujd vdstd ndjd ab fuhi`ohär`os ohab d jbsjd héo tbj s` abpdrdao ioj uj idha`adto idpdz ab oiupdr dqublb idrno vdno, hbstb idso d orndh`zdîéo tbj suejbt`ao os jbsjo ou o jbsjo `ha`v`auo d ujd forjdîéo ab joao d rbspohabr ioj ds bx`nëhi`ds adqublb idrno.
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À ab bxtrbjd `jportåhi`d rbdlîdr qub ds orndh`zdîòbs fdzbj ebj bj olcdr pdrd dqublbs qub séo forjdaos b héo forjdaos tdjeàj, porqub dss`j ds orndh`zdîòbs aéo oportuh`adabs d toaos ab joao d fdzb-los sbht`r iojo pdrtb ad soi`badab. B5 5 b B 9 , ds jba`ads qub séo tojdads hd bjprbsd pdrd ndrdht`r “Ybnuhao os bhtrbv`stdaos bhtrbv`stdaos B 4, B d trdhspdrëhi`d ho proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo, à qub dhtbs aos idha`adtos `hsbr`rbj sb ho loidl ao trdedlco, os jbsjos pdssdj por uj proibsso ab “Q bst KKo oe‚ hd qudl sbrvb pdrd tbstdr ds qudl`adabs aos idha`adtos, ab joao d dhdl`sdr dtà qub pohto o idha`adto abtàj ad jdtàr`d bj fuhîéo ad sud ärbd ab forjdîéo, purd `jp`djbhtb d orndh`zdîéo héo iohf`d hd fdld ad bhtrbv`std, porqub o idha`adto poab bstdr aotdao ab iohcbi`jbhtos tbùr`ios hdqubld dlturd ad bhtrbv`std, jds qudhao s` for ho tbrrbho tbor`idjbhtb o qub o idha`adto provou hujd forjd prdt`id héo iohsbnu`r portdhto adr rbspostd. Wortdhto d orndh`zdîéo ibrt`f`id- sb sb ho “M ho how w
cow co w ‚, ‚, o sdebr fdzbr‚. fdzbr‚.
Wdrd Ic`dvbhdto (5776), D dvdl`dîéo aos rbsultdaos oet`aos ioj o proibsso ab dtrdiéo b f`xdîéo ab potbhi`d`s idha`adtos pdrd o prbbhic`jbhto ab vdnds ofbrbi`ads pbld bjprbsd do jbridao ab trdedlco à ab bxtrbjd `jportåhi`d, ho bhtdhto, ds bv`aëhi`ds jostrdj qub hbj sbjprb ds orndh`zdîòbs dvdl`dj ioj iu`adao ds suds dit`v`adabs ab rbirutdjbhto bj rbldîéo dos sbus oekbit`vos/pdaròbs. Abstb joao, pbribeb-sb qub pdrd ndrdht`r d trdhspdrëhi`d ho proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo, à hbibssär`o qub bstb proibsso sbkd abv`adjbhtb ebj bxbiutdao, `sto à, d bqu`pb rbspohsävbl pblo proibsso héo olcb pdrd outros f`hs, s`jplbsjbhtb sb foqub hdqu`lo qub à ds cde`l`adabs aos idha`adtos.
1.1 Ubldîéo soerb o `jpdito ads Qàih`ids ab Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo ioj o Yuibsso Orndh`zdi`ohdl dpl`idads hd Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh Lad. O oekbit`vo abstd idtbnor`d à ab pbribebr dibrid ad rbldîéo bx`stbhtb bhtrb o `jpdito ads tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ioj o suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl dpl`idads hd `hst`tu`îéo. Wroiurdhao dss`j dtrdvàs aos bhtrbv`stdaos sdebr o `jpdito ads tàih`ids usdads ao proibsso ab UY b o rbsultdao qub ds jbsjds tàih`ids trdzbj pdrd o suibsso ad orndh`zdîéo tbhao bj iohtd qub ds jbsjds séo dpl`idads hds pbssods b proiurdhao dss`j tdjeàj adr vdlor do idp`tdl cujdho. 92
Ditudljbhtb ds bjprbsds tbhabj d eusidr uj a`fbrbhi`dl iojpbt`t`vo. Wdrd dn`rbj hbstb sbht`ao à prbi`so qub blds iohtbj iojd dkuad ab uj sbitor bspbi`dl`zdao bj sbu pr`hi`pdl vdlor; o Cujdho. Qbhao bj iohtd qub ds orndh`zdîòbs, sù séo abhoj`hdads por orndh`zdîéo por sbrbj iojpostds por Ao`s ou jd`s `ha`vêauos ioj uj propùs`to, à ab sdl`bhtdr qub séo ds pbssods qub fdzbj ioj qub ds orndh`zdîòbs bx`stdj b à hd edsb ablds qub ds orndh`zdîòbs pbrjdhbibj-sb dit`vds b bj iohstdhtb juadhîd ab joao d dadptdr-sb hds hovds tbhaëhi`ds b sù à possêvbl hd edsb ab uj qudaro ao pbssodl qudl`f`idao (IBO) .
Ds orndh`zdîòbs séo iojpostds ab pbssods b prbi`sdj ablds pdrd dt`hn`r suds jbtds b iujpr`r sud j`sséo. Ad jbsjd forjd, ds pbssods hbibss`tdj ads orndh`zdîòbs pdrd dlidhîdr sbus oekbit`vos `ha`v`aud`s. Ic`dvbhdto (5772). Wbssods b orndh`zdîòbs iohv`vbj bj uj `htbrj`hävbl proibsso a`dlàit`io. Ds pbssods b ds orndh`zdîòbs bstéo bhndkdads bj uj iohtêhuo b `htbrdit`vo proibsso ab dtrd`r uhs dos outros. Ad jbsjd forjd iojo os `ha`vêauos dtrdbj b sblbii`ohdj ds orndh`zdîòbs `hforjdhao-sb b forjdhao op`h`òbs d rbspb`to ablds, ds orndh`zdîòbs proiurdj dtrd`r `ha`vêauos b oetbr `hforjdîòbs d rbspb`to ablbs pdrd abi`a`r soerb o `htbrbssb ab daj`t`-los ou héo. (Wortbr, I`t. bj Ic`dvbhdto 4003, p.402). Wortdhto, pbribebu-sb qub à `jprbsi`haêvbl qub o UC sbkd dit`vo hd orndh`zdîéo, kustdjbhtb porqub o suibsso bjprbsdr`dl dssbhtd-sb idad vbz jd`s ho rbirutdjbhto, hd forjdîéo b hd rbtbhîéo aos jblcorbs prof`ss`ohd`s. O proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo à uj fditor bssbhi`dl pdrd lbvdr ujd bjprbsd do suibsso, po`s à dtrdvàs abstbs proibssos qub d bjprbsd bhiohtrd sbus tdlbhtos ioj nrdhab potbhi`dl b fdz d a`fbrbhîd. Jds tdjeàj à dtrdvàs abstb proibsso, qudhao jdl iohauz`ao b bstruturdao, qub sb lbvd ujd nrdhab bjprbsd çs ruêhds (IBO).
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Ubirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo séo ab sujd `jportåhi`d pdrd d bjprbsd, prbi`sdj sbr ebj bldeordaos, bstruturdaos b rbiohcbi`aos iojo ujd fbrrdjbhtd ab tdjdhco poabr, iojo uj nrdhab dl`dao pdrd o suibsso ad jbsjd. Ds D s bjprbsds ab a b cokb kä rbiohcbibj bstb fdto, jds cä cä ju`to d sbr trdedlcdao hos Nbstorbs ab Ubiursos Cujdhos, ujd vbz qub sbjprb cdvbrä dlno d dirbsibhtdr dos iohcbi`jbhtos daqu`r`aos dtà bhtéo (IBO) .
Wdrd Idstro (5775), à ho proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ohab sb loidl`zd ujds ads ärbds bstrdtàn`ids ab jd`or `jportåhi`d pdrd ds bjprbsds= o forhbi`jbhto ab tdlbhtos hbibssär`os pdrd d soerbv`vëhi`d b irbsi`jbhto ads orndh`zdîòbs. @htbhab-sb, pdrd qub ujd orndh`zdîéo héo sbkd fdadad do `hsuibsso, ds bjprbsds vëj adhao ju`td `jportåhi`d b vdlor do proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ab pbssods qub `réo iojpor o qudaro ab fuhi`ohär`os hbibssär`os dos idrnos a`sposto ab joao d fdzbr ioj qub ds orndh`zdîòbs dljbkbj sbus oekbit`vos. D rbldîéo bx`stbhtb bhtrb o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ioj o suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl, à qub o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo iohs`stb bj rbirutdr b sblbii`ohdr pbssods qudl`f`idads idpdzbs ab rbspohabr ioj ds bx`nëhi`ds ao idrno qub blbs `réo oiupdr postbr`orjbhtb, b qudhao ebj sblbii`ohdaos os idha`adtos, `sso `rä iulj`hdr hds dit`v`adabs bj qub os jbsjos bxbiutdj, rbspohabhao dss`j ds hbibss`adabs ad orndh`zdîéo, bhqudhto qub o suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl iulj`hd ho absbhvolv`jbhto ad prùpr`d orndh`zdîéo, `sto à, fdz sb sbht`r qudhao ds orndh`zdîòbs iohsbnubj dt`hn`r sbus oekbit`vos, qudhao d sud proaut`v`adab soeb ab pbribhtdnbj, a`fbrbhi`dhao-sb ad proaut`v`adab aos dhos dhtbr`orbs (IBO). Qdjeàj trdzbr d pbssod ibrtd pdrd abhtro ad bjprbsd, iohst`tu`-sb uj aos pohtos bssbhi`d`s do suibsso ad bjprbsd, jds héo o pohto pr`hi`pdl, à prbi`so, soerbtuao, jdhtbr hd bjprbsd o prof`ss`ohdl qudl`f`idao, por jb`o ab ujd rbjuhbrdîéo dabqudad b uj iohkuhto ab ebhbfêi`os qub iohtr`eudj pdrd o dujbhto ab sud qudl`adab ab v`ad b ab sud fdjêl`d.
Absbhvolv`jbhto Orndh`zdi`ohdl à abf`h`ao por Idrvdlco b Ybrdf`j (5774), ab forjd sui`htd, iojo ‒proibsso qub v`sd ç juadhîd pldhbkdad ‒ pbssods b s`stbjds‖ tbhao bj v`std sud jblcor dadptdîéo do jbridao ohab dtud.‖ Abstd forjd à iorrbto df`rjdr qub ds pbssods séo
fditorbs rblbvdhtbs ho pronrdjd ab Absbhvolv`jbhto Orndh`zdi`ohdl.
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Wbribeb-sb qub d rbldîéo bx`stbhtb bhtrb o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo b o suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl, à qub, pdrd qub ds orndh`zdîòbs possdj dt`hn`r sbus oekbit`vos trdîdaos, à hbibssär`o qub bx`stdj pbssods qudl`f`idads idpdzbs ab trdedlcdr draudjbhtb b pos`t`vdjbhtb ab joao d rbspohabr ioj ds bx`nëhi`ds ad orndh`zdîéo, iulj`hdhao dss`j huj eoj absbjpbhco por pdrtb ad orndh`zdîéo, absbhvolv`jbhto ad jbsjd b di`jd ab tuao ho suibsso ad orndh`zdîéo. Worbj, d orndh`zdîéo pdrd dt`hn`r nrdhabs pdtdjdrbs b dlidhîdr o suibsso à hbibssär`o qub abhtro abld bx`stdj pbssods qudl`f`idads, b sù à possêvbl hd edsb ab uj eoj Ubirutdjbhto b ujd eod sblbiîéo ho proibsso ab UY. Ds tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo iohtr`eubj pos`t`vdjbhtb ho absbhvolv`jbhto ads orndh`zdîòbs, ho jojbhto bj qub d orndh`zdîéo pldhb`d d idptdîéo ab hovos fuhi`ohär`os pdrd ds bjprbsds, por sb trdtdr ab ujd dit`v`adab ioj jbtoaolon`d prùpr`d pdrd o prbbhic`jbhto ab vdnds b por sbr uj proibsso ju`to abl`idao qubj a`td o futuro ad orndh`zdîéo. Ds tàih`ids ab rbirutdr b sblbii`ohdr iohtr`eubj ab forjd pos`t`vd porqub blds à qub hos fdzbj bsiolcbr o idha`adto qub absbkdjos pdrd oiupdr o idrno, séo ds tàih`ids qub dkuadj d `abht`f`idr o idha`adto ibrto hd edsb ads suds idpdi`adabs, cde`l`adabs b sbu iohcbi`jbhto hd prät`id b qub `rä rbspohabr ioj ds bx`nëhi`ds ao idrno (IBO).
Idad btdpd ad sblbiîéo rbprbsbhtd uj jojbhto ab abi`séo, v`sdhao d dujbhtdr o iohcbi`jbhto ad orndh`zdîéo soerb ds bxpbr`ëhi`ds, cde`l`adabs b d jot`vdîéo ao bjprbndao, ioj `sso dujbhtdj-sb ds `hforjdîòbs pdrd qub sbkd fb`td d sblbiîéo f`hdl. Qoads ds jbtoaolon`ds ut`l`zdads pdrd d sblbiîéo séo väl`ads b dabqudads absab qub ut`l`zdads por prof`ss`ohd`s idpdi`tdaos b rbspohsävb`s b lbvdhao-sb bj iohs`abrdîéo os oekbit`vos ab idad uj. O prof`ss`ohdl rbspohsävbl pbld rbdl`zdîéo ad sblbiîéo à d pbssod jd`s dabqudad d `abht`f`idr os `hstrujbhtos d sbrbj ut`l`zdaos, td`s iojo bhtrbv`stds `ha`v`aud`s, tbstbs ps`iolùn`ios, a`håj`ids ab nrupo, (Nu`jdrébs & Dr`b`rd 5772). Edsbdao hds tbor`ds dprbsbhtdads pblo bhtrbv`stdao b d l`tbrdturd, poab-sb iohilu`r qub o rbirutdjbhto b d sblbiîéo ab pbssods à uj proibsso `hsbpdrävbl b tëj nrdhab `jportåhi`d hd dqu`s`îéo aos oekbit`vos ad orndh`zdîéo, pr`hi`pdljbhtb bj sb trdtdhao ab Absbhvolv`jbhto orndh`zdi`ohdl porqub à d pdrt`r adê qub poabrä surn`r d forjdîéo ab ujd bqu`pb ab trdedlco aotdad ab iohcbi`jbhtos b idrditbrêst`ids pbssod`s qub dtbhadj ds hbibss`adabs orndh`di`ohd`s a`dhtb ads ‒tureulëhi`ds‖ bhfrbhtdad pblds p blds orndh`dîòbs.
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O proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo poab trdzbr `jpditos pos`t`vos dss`j iojo hbndt`vos jds pdrd d Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh, Lad, o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo tbj trdz`ao `jpditos pos`t`vos dpbsdr ab bx`st`rbj ibrtds ldiuhds, ujd vbz qub hos trb`hdjos o hossos idha`adtdaos ab joao d rbspohabrbj ds bx`nëhi`ds trdîdads nbrdhao dss`j luiros pdrd d orndh`zdîéo, b propori`ohdhao tdjeàj uj dje`bhtb fdvorävbl b uj eoj il`jd orndh`zdi`ohdl pdrd os hossos ioldeordaorbs (IBO) .
Ab diorao ioj Eubho (4000). ‒Os dfo`tos `hs`stbj bj a`br qub o sohco ads orndh`zdîòbs à o luiro. Ydebjos qub o luiro à jba`ad ab iurto prdzo b hbj sbjprb s`nh`f`id sdûab orndh`zdi`ohdl. O qub sb absbkd hd vbradab à d soerbv`vëhi`d, d pbrpbtu`adab b o dujbhto ao vdlor.‖ Ou sbkd, héo sb abvb absiu`adr ads abi`sòbs ab iurto prdo, jds à bssbhi`dl ujd v`séo ab futuro qub ndrdhtd o absbhvolv`jbhto b dprbha`zdao `h`htbrrupto. Hbstb sbht`ao pbribebu-sb qub o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo poab trdzbr `jpdito hbndt`vo dss`j iojo pos`t`vo pdrd o suibsso ads orndh`zdîòbs. Ho `jpdito hbndt`vo ds orndh`zdîòbs poabj s` abpdrdr ioj s`tudîòbs bj qub o rbirutdjbhto héo trouxb ebhbfêi`os pdrd d orndh`zdîéo s`jpl`stdjbhtb pbrads ho vdlor ndsto ho proibsso ao rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo. Jds tdjeàj poab trdzbr uj `jpdito pos`t`vo abhtro ad orndh`zdîéo, `sto à, fdzbhao ioj qub d `hst`tu`îéo rbirutb pbssods idpdzbs ab rbspohabr ds bx`nëhi`ds ad jbsjd, hujd pr`jb`rd fdsb fdzbhao ioj qub os ioldeordaorbs dljbkbj nrdhabs pdtdjdrbs, propori`ohdhao eohs luiros abhtro ad orndh`zdîéo, jds s` d orndh`zdîéo héo rbspb`td ds pbssods, hd fdvorbib uj eoj il`jd orndh`zdi`ohdl, uj eoj dje`bhtb orndh`zdi`ohdl, os ioldeordaorbs huhid `réo sbht`r-sb iojo pdrtb ad orndh`zdîéo, v`sto qub bx`stbj vär`os dspbitos qub fdzbj fdz bj ioj qub d orndh`zdîéo or ndh`zdîéo dljbkb nrdhabs suibssos pdrd hujd pr`jb`rd fdsb o rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo séo ab nrdhab `jportåhi`d pdrd ds orndh`zdîòbs.
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Iohiluséo D propostd abstb trdedlco tbvb iojo tbjd Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo iojo uj fditor `hflubhi`daor ao suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl hd Riojputbr & Qblbioj`h`idt`oh Lad, s`tudad hd I`adab ab Hdjpuld. Tub iohs`stb soerb tuao bj Dhdl`sdr o rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo iojo uj fditor `hflubhi`daor ao suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl, propori`ohdhao dss`j o irbsi`jbhto b absbhvolv`jbhto rbfbrbhtb dos rbsultdaos absbkdaos pbld orndh`zdîéo iojo forjd ab rbspohabr ds eusids b os oekbit`vos trdîdaos. D pbsqu`sd fo` or`bhtdad pblds sbnu`htbs qubstòbs; d) qud`s séo ds tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo hd orndh`zdîéo dpl`idads pbld Riojputbr & Qblbiojuh`idt`oh Lad? E) Absirbvbr ds polêt`ids ao rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo dpl`idads hd R&Q Lad? B i) Ubldi`ohdr soer soerbb o `jpdito ads tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ioj o suibsso orndh`zdi`ohdl hd R&Q Lad? Qdjeàj por ujd pdrtb fo` ab jostrdr qub o proibsso ab Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo v`sd vdlor`zdr o idp`tdl cujdho ab ujd orndh`zdîéo b qub, qudhao bssbs proibssos séo fb`tos dabqudadjbhtb ds orndh`zdîòbs iohsbnubj dlidhîdr sbus oekbit`vos, iohtrdtdhao dss`j uj pbssodl qudl`f`idao. O fdto à qub, d vdr`ävbl cujdhd à qub poab fdzbr ioj qub qudlqubr bjprbsd sb a`fbrbhi`b ads suds iohiorrbhtbs. Ds jäqu`hds, os jàtoaos, ds tbiholon`ds, toads bssds vdr`ävb`s poabj sbr iop`dads, iojprdads b ut`l`zdads ad jbsjd forjd, jds huhid ds pbssods. Woràj, pdrd qub cdkd uj a`fbrbhi`dl iojpbt`t`vo rbldi`ohdao çs pbssods sb fdz hbibssär`o qub bstds sbkdj vdlor`zdads bj toad d sud bssëhi`d. Iojo kä bxposto o proibsso ab Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo à o iohkuhto ab dit`v`adabs orabhdads, pblds qud`s d bjprbsd oetàj ao jbridao (`htbrho ou bxtbrho), os idha`adtos jd`s qudl`f`idaos pdrd ujd adad ada d vdnd bj debrto. Ebj, rrbirutdr birutdr b sblbii`ohdr s blbii`ohdr séo dl dlno no qub abvb sbr lbvdao ju`to d sàr`o pblos Daj`h`strdaorbs, po`s rbdl`zdao ab jdhb`rd `habv`ad trdrä sàr`os prbkuêzos pdrd d orndh`zdîéo, poabhao dtà lbvä-ld ç suiujeëhi`d. O proibsso sblbit`vo à ab bxtrbjd `jportåhi`d pdrd d bjprbsd po`s qudhao d iohtrdtdîéo à bf`idz sb tbj ujd eod `jdnbj ad bjprbsd, po`s jblcord o dje`bhtb `htbrho, a`j`hu` iustos, b a`j`hu` d rotdt`v`adab ab ioldeordaorbs. B tdjeàj à dtrdvàs ads tàih`ids ab Ubirutdjbhto b Yblbiîéo ab
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pbssodl deoradads, d `jportåhi`d ab uj pronrdjd ab jàtoaos d sbrbj trdîdaos pdrd d `abht`f`idîéo ao idha`adto ioj ds dtr`eu`îòbs ao idrno. Hd prät`id d bjprbsd absir`td bj i`jd tbj ofbrbi`ao iohiursos ab rbirutdjbhto pdrd o pbssodl qub bhioh bhiohtrd-sb trd-sb ford ad orndh`zdîéo, `sto à, d orndh`zdî orndh`zdîéo éo sù s ù tbj s`jplbsjbhtb foio ho rbirutdjbhto bxtbrho. O qub iohst`tu` tdjeàj ujd absvdhtdnbj. Ibrtds vbzbs d orndh`zdîéo abvb optdr por tdjeàj adr oportuh`adabs dos ioldeordaorbs qub kä bhiohtrdj-sb d trdedlcdr abhtro ad bjprbsd, ab joao d fdzbr ioj qub os jbsjos tdjeàj pronr`adj bj tbrjos ab idrrb`d b iohcbi`jbhtos. B d jbsjd orndh`zdîéo tdjeàj tbj a`vulndao ds suds vdnds hd jd`or pdrtb v`rtudljbhtb, qub tdjeàj poab iohst`tu`r uj fditor hbndt`vo, porqub héo sù o pbssodl qudl`f`idao bhiohtrdj-sb l`ndaos d pldtdforjds v`rtud`s, ebj d orndh`zdîéo abvb tdjeàj olcdr hdqu`lo bj qub séo outrds fohtbs ou jb`os ab rbirutdr o pbssodl. Tudhto d rbspohsde`l`adab ho proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo d bjp bjprbsd rbsd à aaotdad otdad ab uj pbssodl p bssodl qudl`f`idao pdrd p drd bstb t`po ab proibsso. Tudhto ds tàih`ids ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ad orndh`zdîéo, à ab bxtrbjd `jportåhi`d sdl`bhtdr qub bstéo ebj bstruturdads ab v`sto qub d orndh`zdîéo dlàj ab foidr-sb hdqu`lo qub séo ds tàih`ids qub iohstdj hd l`tbrdturd, d orndh`zdîéo tdjeàj olcd pdrd ds cde`l`adabs ao idha`adtos, ho sdebr fdzbr aos jbsjos. Abpo`s aos idha`adtos pdssdrbj pblds tàih`ids qub os dutorbs hos `lustrdj os jbsjos idha`adtos pdssdj por uj proibsso ab ‒ tbst koe‖, ohab os
jbsjos séo postos bj prät`id. Qbj bx`st`ao s`tudîòbs bj qub d orndh`zdîéo abpo`s ab sblbii`ohdr os idha`adtos os jbus pdssdj por uj proibsso ab forjdîéo ab joao d aotdrbj ab jdtàr`ds adqubld ärbd ohab os jbsjos `réo ditudr. Wbribeb-sb tdjeàj, qub héo cä ndrdht`d ab eohs rbsultdaos dpbhds ioj o proibsso ab rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo, bstb à dpbhds o `hêi`o ab uj lohno proibsso pdrd ds bjprbsds qub bstéo huj jojbhto ab trdhsforjdîéo b dljbkdj o absbhvolv`jbhto orndh`zdi`ohdl. À prbi`so, dlàj ab rbirutdr b sblbii`ohdr ebj, ir`dr jbidh`sjos qub fdvorbîdj d pbrjdhëhi`d ads pbssods hd orndh`zdîéo. Wdrd tdl, à `jprbsi`haêvbl d vdlor`zdîéo ads pbssods, po`s, sb sbht`hao vdlor`zdad, ebj rbiojpbhsdad, rbiojpbh sdad, eebj bj rbldi`ohdad ho dje`bhtb ab trdedlco b ioj sbht`jbhto ab sbnurdhîd, sb nurdhîd, à
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qub ds pbssods, abtbhtords ao idp`tdl `htblbitudl, poabréo absbhvolvbr d jot`vdîéo hbibssär`d pdrd bhfrbhtdr os absdf`os absdf`o s `jpostos por uj dje`bhtb qub bstä bj iohstdhtb trdhsf trdhsforjdîéo. orjdîéo. Iojo tuao, iojo s` poab sb oesbrvdr ad lb`turd abstd johonrdf`d, héo fo` bxposto op`h`éo soerb qudl à o jblcor idj`hco d sbnu`r, porqub o qub à v`ävbl pdrd ujd bjprbsd poabrä héo sbr pdrd outrd, po`s toao o pldhbdjbhto bstdrä iohsuestdhi`dao ho portb ad bjprbsd, hd sud polêt`id b ho sbu oekbit`vo.
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Yunbstòbs D pdrt`r aos rbsultdaos oesbrvdaos fo` possêvbl propor dabqudîòbs b jblcor`ds pdrd qub d bjprbsd possd absbhvolvbr proibssos sblbit`vos jd`s dssbrt`vos, sunbstòbs ao t`po;
Bj dpostdr bj ut`l`zdr toaos t`pos ab Ubirutdjbhto qub séo; o `htbrho, o bxtbrho ou j`sto qub à kuhîéo aos ao`s t`pos, Ab joao d adr vdlor os sbus fuhi`ohär`os, fdzbhao ioj qub os jbsjo possdj pronrba`r=
Dpostdr tdjeàj bj a`vulndr ds suds vdnds bj toaos jb`os qub os dutorbs hos propori`ohdj ab joao d fdzbr ioj qub toaos tbhcdj dibsso ds vdnds=
Adr vdlor do sbu pbssodl, héo fdzbr ioj qub os jbsjo bxbrîdj jbsjd dit`v`adab por ju`tos dhos=
Adr oportuh`adab d dqublbs idha`adtos qub héo bstéo a`rbitdjbhtb l`ndaos d pldtdforjds tbiholùn`ids, adhao bspdîo bssb t`po ab pbssod.
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Ubfbrbhi`ds E`el`onräf`ids Eonadh, U., E`mlbh, Y., (4001 ). @hvbst`ndîéo qudl`tdt`vd bj bauidîéo; ujd `htroauîéo ç tbor`d b dos jàtoaos. Worto; Worto Ba`tord.
Eubho, C. (4000). Jdhudl ao Yblbii`ohdaor ab Wbssodl; Ao Wdhbkdjbhto ç Dîéo. Yéo Wdulo; Ba`tord. Idrvdlco, @. J. V. Wdssos, D. B. V. J. Ydrd`vd, Y. E. Iorrëd. (5773). Ubirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo por iojpbtëhi`d. U`o ab Kdhb`ro.
Idrvdlco, D. V., Hdsi`jbhto, L. W . (5771). Daj`h`strdîéo ab Ubiursos Cujdhos v 4 . Yéo Wdulo; W`ohb`rd Qcohosh Lbdrh`hn. Ic`dvbhdto, @. (5771). Nbstéo ab Wbssods. U`o ab Kdhb`ro; Blsbv`br. Ic`dvbhdto, @. (5773).Nbstéo ab pbssods; o hovo pdpbl aos rbiursos cujdhos hds orndh`zdîòbs . (9d ba.) U`o ab Kdhb`ro; Blsbv`br. Ic`dvbhdto, @. (5770). Wldhbkdjbhto, rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ab pbssodl; iojo dnrbndr tdlbhtos d
ç bjprbsd. (> ba.) Edrubr` YW; Jdholb.
Ic`dvbhdto, @. (5772). Nbstéo ab Wbssods. U`o ab Kdhb`ro; Blsbv`br. Ic`dvbhdto, @. (5776). Wldhbkdjbhto, rbirutdjbhto b sblbiîéo ab Wbssodl; Iojo Dnrbndr tdlbhtos hd bjprbsd. (6ᵉ ba). Yéo Wdulo; Dtlds. Idbtdho, D., Vdld, K. (5775). Nbstéo ab rbiursos cujdhos; iohtbxtos, proibssos b tàih`ids . (5ᵉba). L`seod; UC. Idjdrd, Ad E. W. Nubrrd E. W. Uoar`nubs V. K. (577>). Hovo cujdhdtor; rbiursos cujdhos b suibsso bjprbsdr`dl . L`seod; Wortundl; Aoj Tu`xotb.
Adv`a, Q. (5745). Wbsqu`sd-dîéo; ujd `htroauîéo jbtoaolùn`id. Yéo Wdulo; Ydrd`vd Absldur`brs, k. W. (4004). Ubicbricb qudlêtdt`vb ; Nu`ab prdt`qub. Johtrbdl; JiNrdw C`ll.
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Ndno, Hdtdl`d bt dl., Wroibso ab Ubilutdj`bhto y Yblbii`oh. Ubiupbrdao d 72 ab Outuero ab 574>, ab cttp;//www.nbst`opol`s.ioj ab cttp;//www.nbst`opol`s.ioj N`l, D. I. (4000). Jàtoaos b tàih`ids ab pbsqu`sd soi`dl. (2ᵉ ba.). Yéo Wdulo; Dtlds. Jdicdao, U. D. B. Wortundl (5749). Yblbiîéo b rbirutdjbhto ab pbssods; d rbnbhbrdîéo ads orndh`zdîòbs. L`seod; Bsioldr Ba`tord. Jdrioh`, J. ab D. b Ldmdtos, B. J. (577>). Fuhadjbhtos ab jbtoaolon`d i`bhtêf`id. (6ᵉ ba.). Yéo Wdulo; Dtlds. Jdrrds, K. W. (5777). Daj`h`strdîéo ab rbiursos cujdhos. (9d ba.) Yéo Wdulo; Futurd. Jdrqubs, D. I. Idraoso, I. I. Iuhcd b I. U. Nojbs Y. F. K. Iuhcd. W. J. Ubno. D. (5742). Jdhudl ab nbstéo ab pbssods b ao idp`tdl cujdho. (9ª Ba.). L`seod; Ba`ido Y`ldeo.
Jdrqubs, K. (4006). Ubiursos cujdhos-tàih`ids b nbstéo. L`seod; Qbxto. J`hdyo, J. I. Y. (5774). Wbsqu`sd soi`dl ; tbor`d, jàtoao b ir`dt`v`adab. Wbtrùpol`s; Vozbs. Ol`vb`rd, A. W. U. (577>). Wldhbkdjbhto bstrdtàn`io; iohib`tos, jbtoaolon`d b prät`ids . (59ᵉ ba.). Yéo Wdulo; Dtlds. Wbrbtt`, K. (5774) Ubiursos cujdhos. (9ᵉ ba.). L`seod; Yêldeo. Wortbr, J. B. (4034). Qcb iohtr`eut`ohs of `haustr`dl orndh`zdt`oh to strdtbn`i jdhdnbjbht, Didabjy of Jdhdnbjbht Ubv`bw. Hbw Porm; Frbb Wrbss.
Wlujelby, U. W. (4004). Yblbiîéo b rbirutdjbhto. (2d ba.). Wortundl; Iläss`id ba`tord. Udtto, L. (5773). Iojàri`o; uj juhao ab hbnùi`o . (5d ba). U`o ab Kdhb`ro; Ybhdi Hdi`ohdl. U`icdrasoh, J. D. Ubiru`tjbht Ytrdtbn`bs. Ubiupbrdao d 43 ab Ybtbjero ab 574> ab cttp;//.wwww.tcbt`jbs477.io.um/tcbory/tcbory-rbiru`tjbht-sblbit`oh ‑ 910.pcp. 910.pcp. Uoee`hs, Y. (5775). Daj`h`strdîéo; juadhîds b pbrspbit`vds. Yéo Wdulo; Ydrd`vd. Qdvdrbs, I. b Jdrt`hs, A. (5771). Jbtoaolon`d ab `hvbst`ndîéo. L`seod; Nrda`vd 12
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