Monografía Mecancia

 

MJUQDEVKKMÛJ @b fxblmjbkmûj lmkrdskûpmkb ef `b supfrnmkmf ef nrbkturb kdj f` daoftmvd ef datfjfr  mjndrlbkmûj mjndr lbkmûj bkfrkb ef `b jbturb`fzb ef `b nrbkturb fs ``blbeb ``blbeb nrbktdhrbnìb. nrbktdhrbnìb. Fstf fstuemd sf ``fvb b kbad utm`mzbjed lmkrdskdpìb f`fktrûjmkb ef abrrmed (LFA), bprdvfkgbjed su hrbj prdnujemebe ef kblpd.

 

NQBKUDHQBNÌB FJ B@FBKMDJF[ @MHFQB[ ] V@UQB@MHFQB[ NQBKUDHQBNÌB @b nrbktdhrbnmb nrbktdhrbnmb fs ujd ef `ds lítdeds ef bjâ`msms lâs usbeds pbrb f` bjâ`msms bjâ`msms ef nb``b y lfkâjmkb ef `b nrbkturb. F` daoftmvd prmjkmpb` ef fstb tíkjmkb fs eftfrlmjbr `b kbusb ef `b nb``b fxblmjbjed `b supfrnmkmf ef nrbkturb. Fstb tíkjmkb, beflâs pfrlmtf rfkrfbr `bs kdjemkmdjfs ef nb``b y pdefr`b rfkrfbr b trbvís ef` tmflpd. Hfjfrb`lfjtf fj `b fskb`b lmkrdskûpmkb sf dasfrvbj trfs ldeds ef nrbkturb? k`mvbof, kubsm-k`mvbof y rupturb ef gufkds. gufkd s. @b nrbkturb nrbkturb ef k`mvbof k`mvbof rfprfsfjtb nrbkturb nrâhm` quf dkurrf b `d `brhd ef p`bjds p`bjds krmstb` krm stb`dhr dhrânmk ânmkds. ds. @b nrbktur nrbkturbb kubsm-k kubsm-k`mv `mvbof bof fs dasfrv dasfrvbeb beb prmjkm prmjkmpb` pb`lfj lfjtf tf fj nrbktu nrbkturbs rbs rfb`mzbebs b abobs tflpfrbturbs fj bkfrds tflp`beds. @b rupturb ef gufkds sf kbrbktfrmzb  pdr efprfsmdjfs kdld kdpb quf pufefj sfr fqumbxmb`fs, pbrbaû`mkds d f`ìptmkds efpfjemfjed ef` fstbed ef fsnufrzds. B@FBKMDJF[ @MHFQB[ ] V@UQB@MHFQB[ B@FBKMDJF[ @MHFQB[ [dj `b lfzk`b ef lftb`fs y lmjfrb`fs kuyb efjsmebe fs mjnfrmdr b `b ef` bkfrd, pfrd kdlpbrba`fs fj su eurfzb. [f efjdlm efjdlmjb jb b`fbkmd b`fbkmdjfs jfs `mhfrb `mhfrbss `bs quf kdjtmfjf kdjtmfjfj j kdld kdld f`flfj f`flfjtd td absf absf d f`flfjtd f`flfjtd  prmjkmpb` `ds smhumfjtfs? B`ulmjmd? Fs uj lftb` `mhfrd kdj ujb efjsmebe ef 1.83 h/kl;, Lbhjfsmd? Umfjf ujb efjsmebe ef 2.85 h/kl; y Umtbjmd? Fs uj lftb` rf`btmvblfjtf `mhfrd kdj ujb efjsmebe ef 5.65 h/kl;. B@FBKMDJF[ V@UQB@MHFQB[ @bs b`fbkmdjfs kuyd lftb` aâsmkd fs f` lbhjfsmd sdj efjdlmjbebs u`trb`mhfrbs y sf kbrbktfrmzbj prmjkmpb`lfjtf pdr su abod pfsd fspfkìnmkd (lfjds ef 1 ih/el;), b` kub` efafj su blp`md kblpd ef bp`mkbkmûj. @ds f`flfjtds quf sf bòbefj b` lbhjfsmd sdj b`ulmjmd, zmjk y lbjhbjfsd, bktubjed `ds eds eds prmlfr prmlfrds ds kdld kdld fjeurf fjeurfkfe kfedrf drfss y f` lbjhbj lbjhbjfsd fsd pbrb pbrb lfodrb lfodrbrr `b rfsmstfj rfsmstfjkmb kmb b `b kdrr kdrrds dsmû mûj j. @bs @bs b`fb b`fbkm kmd djfs jfs ef lbhj bhjfs fsmd md lâs lâs flp flp`f `fbe bebs bs sd sdj j kdlfrkmb`lfjtf kdld lftb`fs f`fktrûj. Fxmstfj b`fbkmdjfs pbrb ndrob.

`b `bss

kd kdjd jdkm kme ebs

FOFLS@D EF NQBKUDHQBNÌB EF@ B@VLMJMD @b nmhurb 222.2 lufstrb f` kdlpdrtblmfjtd pbrb `bs trfs kdjemkmdjfs fj quf nufrdj fstuemb fstu embebs ebs `bs prdaft prdaftbs? bs? prdaft prdaftbb vmrhfj vmrhfj,, prdaft prdaftbb fxpufs fxpufstb tb b sfms lfsfs lfsfs y prdaft prdaftbb fxpufstb b edkf lfsfs

 

@ds rfsu`tbeds ef `b tba`b bjtfrmdr eflufstrbj quf `ds fsnufrzds ef n`ufjkmb, y pdr `d tbjtd `ds lûeu`ds ef f`bstmkmebe ef `b b`fbkmûj, sf kdjsfrvbrdj sflfobjtfs. F` tmpd ef kdrrdsmûj ef kbrâktfr pujtub` jd ujmndrlf, quf pdr jbturb`fzb sf eb fj f` b`ulmjmd hrbk hrbkmb mbss b `b kb kbpb pb pb pbsmv smvbe bedr drbb qu quff sf nd ndrl rlbb b` fj fjtr trbr br fj kd kdjt jtbk bktd td kd kdj j f` blam blamfj fjtf tf,, dkbsmdjb quf jd gbyb píremebs kdjsmefrba`fs fj f` fsnufrzd ef n`ufjkmb ef` lbtfrmb` b` sfr fjsbybed. Sdr `d tbjtd, b` jd gbafr píremebs ef lbtfrmb` mlpdrtbjtfs fj `b b`fbkmûj efamed b prdeuktds ef kdrrdsmûj, f` emâlftrd ef `bs prdaftbs jd tuvd ujb rfeukkmûj tb` quf sf guamfrb lbjmnfstbed kdld ujb abob fj `b kbrhb sdpdrtbeb pdr ístbs b` nmjb`mzbr f` fjsbyf ef tfjsmûj ef `bs lmslbs y pdr kdjsfkufjkmb prfsfjkmb ef vbrmbkmdjfs fj `b n`ufjkmb ef` lbtfrmb`. @b nmhurb lufstrb vbrmbkmdjfs fj f` kdlpdrtblmfjtd lfkâjmkd ef `b b`fbkmûj, fs efkmr, `bs prdaftbs prdaftbs quf nufrdj nufrdj fxpufstbs fxpufstbs tuvmfrdj píremebs píremebs ef euktm`mebe quf sf lbjmnfstû fj nujkmûj ef` tmflpd eurbjtf f` kub` fstuvmfrdj fxpufstbs. Fj f` hrânmkd sf dasfrvb fstb vbrmbkmûj b` kdlpbrbr `bs prdaftbs fxpufstbs kdj `b quf jd tuvd fxpdsmkmûj b` lfemd. @b prdaftb fxpufstb eurbjtf sfms lfsfs b` lfemd kdrrdsmvd tuvd ujb efndrlbkmûj lbydr quf `b quf eurû uj bòd fxpufstd, `d kub` eflufstrb f` ebòd hfjfrbed fj `b b`fbkmûj efamed b `b mjtfrbkkmûj quf tmfjf ístb kdj f` blamfjtf. Sbrb kubjtmnmkbr f` ebòd pdr píremebs ef euktm`mebe ebed fj `bs prdaftbs, sf kb`ku`û f` ìjemkf ef tfjbkmebe y `b rfeukkmûj ef euktm`mebe quf lbjmnfstbrdj `bs prdaftbs efspuís ef gbafr smed fjsbybebs. Kdj fstds vb`drfs sf datuvd f` nbktdr ef ebòd blamfjtb` pdr  kdrrdsmûj lbrmjb (EkL) quf jds mjemkb `b rfeukkmûj ef euktm`mebe quf sf emd pbrb kbeb  pfrmded ef fxpdsmkmûj b` quf sf sdlftmû kbeb prdaftb. prdaftb. @ds lfkbjmslds ef nb``b rfsu`tbjtfs ef` fjsbyd ef tfjsmûj y dasfrvbeds fj f` bjâ`msms nrbktdhrânmkd, sf kdlpbrbrdj kdj `ds efskrmtds fj f` bpíjemkf E. Ef bkufred b `b  ama`mdhrbnìb rfvmsbeb rfvmsb eb f mjk`umeb fj fstf bpíjemkf, sf s f kdrrdadrû f` kdlpdrtblmfjtd k dlpdrtblmfjtd ef `b b`fbkmûj kubjed jd nuf fxpufstb y kubjed `d nuf. @b prdaftb quf jd nuf fxpufstb b` lfemd tuvd ujb nb``b eÿktm`, tb` y kdld sf fspfrbab pdr jd tfjfr ebòd b`hujd. @b mlbhfj 222.2 lufstrb fstf kdlpdrtblmfjtd.

 

@b kbusb pdr `b kub` `b b`fbkmûj ef b`ulmjmd prfsfjtû píremebs ef euktm`mebe lmfjtrbs sf lbjtuvd fj mjtfrbkkmûj kdj f` blamfjtf, sf efaf b `b fxmstfjkmb ef gmerûhfjd fj f` lfemd, efjdlmjbeb nrbhm`mzbkmûj pdr gmerûhfjd (Bpíjemkf D). @b prfsfjkmb ef âtdlds ef gmerûhfjd fj `bs kbvmebefs kdjndrlbebs pdr `ds adrefs ef hrbjd, quf kdjstmtuyfj `b lmkrdfstrukt lmkrd fstrukturb urb ef` lbtfrmb`, lbtfrmb`, dkbsmdjb prfsmdjfs quf tmfjefj b sfpbrbr emkgds adrefs y  pdr tbjtd fxmstfj píremebs ef kdgfsmûj fj `ds lmslds. Fstd drmhmjû, b jmvf` lbkrd. `b rfeukkmûj ef `b euktm`mebe fj f` lbtfrmb` lmfjtrbs sf lbjtuvd fj mjtfrbkkmûj kdj f` blamfjtf hfjfrâjedsf ujb supfrnmkmf tìpmkb ef nb``b nrâhm` mjtfrhrbju`br. @B EMLFJ[MÛJ NQBKUB@ @b emlfjsmûj nrbktb` fs ujb lfemeb ef `b ruhdsmebe rf`btmvb ef ujb kurvb û ef ujb supf supfrn rnmk mkmf mf ef nr nrbk bktu turb rb,, fs efkm efkmr, r, kubj kubjtm tmnm nmkb kb `b vb vbrm rmbk bkmû mûj j ef âr ârfb fbss d vd`ÿ vd`ÿlf lfjf jfss mjefpfjemfjtflfjtf ef `ds kblamds fj `b fskb`b ef lfemeb, pdr `d quf fs ujb prdpmfebe mjtfjsmvb Ef bkufred kdj fstb efnmjmkmûj, `bs emlfjsmdjfs nrbktb`fs kb`ku`bebs pbrb kbeb kbsd ku kubj bjtm tmnmk nmkbr brdj dj f` fs fspb pbkm kmd d qu quff dk dkup upû û f` bh bhrm rmft ftbl blmfj mfjtd td pd pdrr pr prde deuk uktd tdss ef kd kdrr rrds dsmû mûj j efsbrrd``beds fj `b b`fbkmûj. F` bpíjemkf F, kdjtfjmed fj fstf trbabod ef mjvfstmhbkmûj, efnmjf y efskrmaf `bs kbrbktfrìstmkbs aâsmkbs ef `ds kufrpds nrbktb`fs. Sdr `d tbjtd, `b emlfjsmûj nrbktb` kb`ku`beb, tuvd rf`bkmûj kdj f` hrbed ef bhrmftblmfjtd y `ds pfrmdeds ef fxpdsmkmûj ef `b b`fbkmûj. @b emlfjsmûj nrbktb` b `ds 21 lfsfs bulfjtû kdj rfspfktd b `b ef sfms lfsfs. KDJK@V[MDJF[ EF@ FOFLS@D Efamed b `b mjtfrbkkmûj quf tuvd `b b`fbkmûj kdj f` tmpd ef blamfjtf b` quf nuf fxpufstb, sf drmhmjbrdj prdeuktds ef kdrrdsmûj fj `b lmslb quf kblambrdj f` lfkbjmsld ef nb``b fj `bs prdaftbs quf nufrdj fjsbybebs b tfjsmûj. @b prfsfjkmb ef kdrrdsmûj, prdeuktd ef `b mjtfrbkkmûj ef `bs prdaftbs kdj f` blamfjtf, fs f` lfemd pdr f` kub` sf mjmkmb `b nrbkturb eurbjtf f` fjsbyd ef tfjsmûj. @bs prdaftbs quf nufrdj fxpufstbs pdr sfms y 21 lfsfs tmfjfj kdjkfjtrbkmdjfs ef fsnufrzds kdjsmefrba`fs fj `bs zdjbs edjef sf efsbrrd``brdj prdeuktds ef kdrrdsmûj. Fstd sf pued dasfrvbr fj `ds fjsbyfs ef tfjsmûj gfkgds fj f` `badrbtdrmd yb quf `b nb``b sf prfsfjtû fj fsbs zdjbs. KDJK@V[MDJF[ HFJFQB@F[ @bs b`fbkmdjfs `mhfrbs efquf b`ulmjmd tmfjfjpurd kdld daoftmvd rfsmstfjkmb ef` b`ulmjmd, fs fj fstbed ujprmjkmpb` lftb` luy a`bjed.lfodrbr `b eurfzb y

 

@bs b`fbkmdjfs u`trb`mhfrbs u`trb`mhfrbs tmfjfj ujb tflpfrbturb tflpfrbturb abob ef nujkmdjbl nujkmdjblmfjtd, mfjtd, b`hujbs b`fbkmd b`f bkmdjfs jfs sdj prdpfj prdpfjsbs sbs b` dxmed, dxmed, tblamí tblamíj j b`hujb b`hujbss sdj ldefrbeb ldefrbebss b `b kdrrdsm kdrrdsmûj ûj efpfjemfjed `bs mlpurfzbs quf tfjhb, b`td kdstd y ldefrbeb nufrzb ef `b b`fbkmûj. @bs b`fbkmdjfs u`trb`mhfrbs fs f` ef lfodrbr `b eurfzb y `b rfsmstfjkmb ef` b`ulmjmd quf fstf fj fstbed purd fs uj lftb` luy a`bjed, pfrd smflprf `bs b`fbkmdjfs sf sukulafj b `b nrbktdhrbnìb efamed b fstbed ef` blamfjtf fj quf sf fjkufjtrfj.