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Eabç`kbg ha Ciukhfs KK

EABG@KBG HA CIQKHFR KK >;>: >; >:3; 3;0> 0>?X ?X1> 1>

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BKSKI

XAEG4 XZGJGDF EF@FOZGCKBF CIQDFR A@ BG@GIAR GJKAZXFR

HFBA@XA4 

KK@O.

ZFHFICF

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IGQZG ^ZARA@XGHF ^FZ4

       

G^GTG BFGWQKZG, Dfsa Dgvkar  A@Z @ZKW KWQA QAT T GZ@ Z@GI GIHF HF,, Iuk ukss Ekblgai OGII OG IIAO AOFR FR BF BF@H @HFZ FZK, K, Df Dfro roaa Zf`gihf IIGKWQA BLQIIQ@WQKG, Ofihwk` Gvkias EGRKGR TG@GJZKG, Mgrig ^gfig EA@HFTG RG[LQG, Arwk` Basgr  ^AZBBG IF^AT, Mahy` Dlf`s WQKR^A WQK R^A ZFH ZFHZKO ZKOQAT QAT,, Jig Jighke hkekr  kr  Zfeg`

Graqukpg, GOFRXF hai :>:>

 

Eabç`kbg ha Ciukhfs KK

K@HKBA ^ZARA@XGBKÒ@ XGBKÒ@ .................... ...................................... ......................................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................................... ............................... ........... ^ZARA@ ZARQEA@ ................... ....................................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................................ ................. .

7

GJRXZGBX................. GJRXZG BX................................... .................................... ........................................ ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ......................... ....

2

K@XZFHQBBKÒ@............ K@XZFHQBB KÒ@................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................... ............................................ ......................................... ....................

8

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BG^KXQIF K ................. ................................... ...................................... ............................................ ............................................... ............................................. ......................................... ................... 1 EGZBF XAÒZKBF.. XAÒZKBF....................... .......................................... ........................................... ............................................. ........................................... ........................................ ......................... .....

1

HACK@KBKF@AR............................................................................................................................... K.

.  1

7.7.7 7.7.: 7.7.2 7.7.8

Bg`gi ................... ....................................... ........................................ ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ......... ..   1 Aiaea`tfs oafeëtrkbfs ha ig sabbkò` hai  bg`gi ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................... .....   3 Frkoa` ha ifs bg`gias gjkartfs .................. ...................................... .......................................... ............................................ .................................... ..............   ?  Ciudf a` Bg`gias  Gjkartfs ...................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................   <

gjkartfs ............................................................................ ............................................................................ 7.7.1   Bigskcbgbkò` hai udf a` bg`gias gjkartfs

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BG^KXQIF KK ............................................................................................................................................   72 CIQDF ^AZEG@A@XA [ Q@KCFZEA A@ BF@HQBXFR GJKAZXFR .............................................................   72

7.7.3   CIQDF ^AZEG@A@XA ................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................   78 7.7.? 

CIQDF Q@KCFZEA ............................................................ ................................................................................................................. .....................................................  7? 

7.7.<   BF@HQBXFR GJKAZXFR F BG@GIAR GJKAZXFR.................................................. GJKAZXFR..................................................................... ...................   :> 7.7.;

BG@GIAR GJKAZXFR [ RQR ^ZF^KAHGHAR .......................................................... ............................................................................. ...................   :7

7.7.7>

BÇIBQIFR RAOÔ@ IG RAIABBKÒ@ HAI BG@GI ............................................................. .................................................................. .....   :2

7.7.77

Hkstrkjubkò` Hkstrkj ubkò` ha vaifbkhg vaifbkhghas has a` u`g u`g sabbkò` sabbkò` ha bg`gi4 bg`gi4 ........... .................. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ......... ..   :8

7.7.7:

Bg`gias gjkartfs g`blfs4 ........................................................ .................................................................................................. ..........................................   :8

ABQGBKF@AR CQ@HGEA@XGIAR G^IKBGHFR A@ CIQDFR A@ BG@GIAR GJKAZXFR .................................. ................................ ..   :1

7.7.72

^ZK@BK^KFR HA A@AZOÅG [ EFEA@XQE ............................................................ ......................................................................... .............   :3

7.7.78

A`aroåg Aspabåcbg4 ....................................................... ........................................................................................................... ......................................................   :? 

7.7.71

Brktarkf Brktar kf pgrg ai astghf astghf bråbf bråbf hai udf4 udf4 ............ ................... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .........   :<

7.7.73

K`tarpratgbkò K`tarp ratgbkò` ` ha a`òea`fs a`òea`fs ifbgias4 ......... ................ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ......   :<

7.7.7?

A`aroåg A`aroå g a` bg`gias `f prkseçbfs4 prkseçbfs4 ......... ............... ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ......   :<

7.7.7<

Cuarzg aspabåcbg4 ........................................................... ............................................................................................................. ..................................................   :<

7.7.7;

^rk`bkpkf ^rk`bkp kf ha efea`t efea`tue ue gpikbghf gpikbghf g bg`gia bg`giass `f prkseçbf prkseçbfs4 s4 .......... ................ ............. .............. .............. ............. ......   :<

BG^KXQIF KKK ...........................................................................................................................................   :; G^IKBGBKF@AR HA BG@GIAR GJKAZXFR...................................................................................................   :; BF@BIQRKF@AR .......................................................................................................................... KK.

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Eabç`kbg ha Ciukhfs KK

ZABFEA@HGBKF@AR .................................................................................................................. KKK.

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KS. ZACAZA@BKGR JKJIKFOZGCKBGR............................................. ............................. ..........................   2; G@A\FR...................................................................................................................................... S.

.   8>

 

Eabç`kbg ha Ciukhfs KK

^ZARA@XGBKÒ@ Ig prasa`ta ef`forgcåg tka`a bfef tåttuif uif ’ciudf pareg`a`ta y u`kfrea a` bf`hubtfs

gjka gj kart rtfs fs―― y as astg tg hksa hksa` `g hf ha cfre cfregg prg prgb tk tkbg bg y sa sa`b `bki kiig ig pg pgrg rg bf`f bf`fba barr ha cf cfre regg axtrgfrhk`grkg ai taeg g`tas ea`bkf`ghf, hg`hf u`g jrava hasbrkpbkf hasbrkpbkf ` ha asta. Gi eksef tkaepf ig aiabbkf` ha u` taeg aspabåkbf kbf pgrg astg ef`forgcåg parekta bf`fbar eg s sfjr eg sfjraa ig ea eabg bg ` kbg ha i iukh ukhfs fs,, `f sf sf if su bf`b bf`bap aptf tf,, sk`f sk`f sus sus gp gpik ikbg bgbkf bkf`a `ass y prk`bkpgiea`ta ig kepfrtg`bkg qua tka`a ha`trf ha ig k`oa`karåg bkvki. Ai k` ha asta trgjgdf as pfhar bf`fbar ifs tkpfs ha iudf qua axksta` a` bf`hubtfs gjkartfs y pgr pgrgg if bu bugi gi ig ef` ef`fo forg rgcå cåg as astg tg astr astrub ubtu turg rghg hg a` 2 bgpå bgpåtuif tuifss y ghaeg ghaeg s ig igss lf lfdg dgss praikek`gras. A` ai prkear bgpåttuif uif sa hasbrkja ai egrbf tafrkbf qua as `abasgrkf bf`fbar pgrg bfepra`har ai taeg, a` ai saou`hf bgpåtuif sa rahgbtg ai hasgrrfiif hai taeg y asta as ai bgpåtuif tuif egs kepfrtg`ta hajkhf g qua sa hatgiig ha cfreg sa`bkiig ai taeg qua sa astg trgtg`hf, a` ai tarbar bgpåttuif uif sa prasa`tg igs gpikbgbkf`as hai taeg a` ig k`oa`karåg bkvki gbtugi gbtu gi y pfr pfr u it itkef kef sa pras prasa` a`tg tg ig igss bf`b bf`biu iusk skf` f`as as,, ra rabf bfea ea`h `hgb gbkf` kf`as as,, ra raca cara ra`b `bkgs kgs jkjikforg kbgs jkjikforg kbgs y g`axfs. Bf` ai pra prasa` sa`ta ta trg trgjgd jgdff `f sfi sfiff sa trg trgtg tg ha prf prfpfr pfrbkf bkf`gr `gr sgt sgtksc kscgbb gbbkf kf ` k`t k`taia aiabtu btugi gi gi astuhk ast uhkg`t g`taa ha k`o k`oa`k a`karå aråg bkv bkvki, ki, sk`f sk`f ha lgii lgiigr gr ea ea tfhfs fhfs qua qua pa pare rekt ktg` g` a` a`ta ta`h `har ar if ifss ca`ffea` ca` ea`fs fs qua axks axksta` ta` a` ig eabg eabg ` `kbg kbg ha iu iukhfs khfs,, egs giig giig ha sfi sfiubk ubkf`a f`ass purgea purgea`ta `ta `uea `uea r kb kbgs gs,, qua qua gu`q gu`qua ua u tkia tkiass ( a` bkar bkartg tg ea eahkh hkhgg ) pg pgrg rg ai k` k`oa oa`k `kar arf, f, `f pu puah aha` a` gprfvablgrsa gi bka` pfr bka`tf.

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ZARQEA@ Ai iudf ha goug a` u` bf`hubtf puaha sar iudf a` bg`gi gjkartf f iudf a` tujarå gg.. Astgs hfs bigsas ha iudfs sf` skekigras a` eublfs gspabtfs, parf ai iudf ha bg`gias gjkartfs tka`a iuogr bug`hf ifs iåq qukhfs ukhfs iuya` pfr ig gbbkf gbbkf ` ha ig orgvahgh y sfif astg astg ` pgrbkgiea`ta a`vuaitfs pfr u` bf`tfr`f sfikhf, as habkr, ai iåq qukhf ukhf qua iuya tka`a suparkbka ikjra y sfjra ai `f gbtug ftrg praskf` qua ig hajkhg g su prfpkf pasf y g ig praskf` gtefscarkbg. Ai iudf a` bf`hubtfs gjkartfs sa puaha bigskkbgr tfeg`hf bfef racara`bkg ifs pgrgeatrfs ha tkaepf y aspgbkf= bf` ai tkaepf bfef racara`bkg ai iudf puaha sar pareg`a`ta y vgrkghf (`f pareg`a`ta)= y bf` ai aspgbkf, ai iudf  iudf puaha sar u`kcfrea y vgrkghf (`f u`kcfrea).

Ai iudf pareg`a`ta sa prasa`tg bug`hf tfhgs igs sabbkf`as hai bg`gi tka`a` axgbtgea`ta igs eksegs bgrgbtarå bgrgbtaråsstkbgs  tkbgs lkh lkhrg rg u uikbgs ikbgs y as gq gquai uai a` ai qua igs prf prfpka pkahgh hghas as iu iukhg khgss pareg`aba` bf`stg`tas a` ai tkaepf, gu`qua puaha` `f sar bf`stg`tas a` ai aspgbkf. Ai iudf u`kcfrea a` bg`gias sa prasa`tg bug`hf igs cuarzgs ha crkbbkf` oa`arghgs a`tra ai iukhf y ig suparkbka sfikhg hai bg`gi sa aqukikjrg` bf` ig bfepf`a`ta hai pasf hai goug a` ig hkrabbkf` ha iudf, eg`ta`ka`hf ig vaifbkhgh bf`stg`ta y ghaegs sa bf`skharg qua ai iudf iu df u`k u`kcfr cfrea ea as sf sf if par pareg` eg`a`t a`ta, a, haj hajkhf khf g qu quaa ai iu iudf df u`k u`kcfr cfrea ea `f par pareg` eg`a`t a`taa prg bbtkbgea`ta prg tkbgea`ta `f axksta. ^gigjrgs bigvas4 ciudf, bg`gi, pareg`a`ta, u`kfrea y iåqukhf.

:

 

 GJRXZGBX Xla wgtar ifw k` g bf`hukt egy ja fpa` blg``ai ifw fr pkpa ifw. Xlasa twf bigssas fc  ifws gra skekigr k` eg`y raspabts, jut tla fpa` blg``ai ifw fbburs wla` ikqukhs ifw jy orgvkty g`h gra f`iy pgrtkgiiy wrgppah jy g sfikh jfu`hgry, k.a. tla ifwk`o ikqukh lgs craa surcgba g`h kt hfas `ft gbt f` g`ftlar prassura hua tf kts fw` wakolt g`h gtefsplarkb prassura. Xla ifw k` fpa` blg``ais bg` ja bigsskkah wktl racara`ba tf tla pgrgeatars fc tkea g`h spgba= racara`ba tkea ifw bg` ja pareg`a`t g`h vgrkah (`ft pareg`a`t)= g`h spgba, tla ifw bg` ja vgrkah g`h u`kcfre (u`ava`). Xla pareg`a`t ifw fbburs wla` gii sabtkf`s fc tla bg`gi lgva axgbtiy tla sgea lyhrguikb blgrgbtarkstkbs g`h ks f`a k` wlkbl tla iukh prfpartkas raegk` bf`stg`t fvar tkea, jut egy `ft ja bf`stg`t k` spgba. Xla u`kcfre ifw k` blg``ais gppagrs wla` tla cfrbas fc crkbtkf` oa`argtah jatwaa` tla iukh g`h tla sfikh surcgba fc tla blg``ai jgig`ba wktl tla bfepf`a`t fc tla wakolt fc tla wgtar f` tla hkrabtkf` fc ifw, suppfrtk`o tla bf`stg`t spaah g`h k` ghhktkf` kt tlk`ms tlgt  tla u`kcfre ifw ks f`iy pareg`a`t, hua tf tla cgbt tlgt tla u`kcfre `ft pareg`a`t ifw prgbtkbgiiy hfas `ft axkst. Maywfrhs4 cifw, blg``ai, pareg`a`t, u`kfre g`h ikqukh.

2

 

K@XZFHQBBKÒ@ A` ai astuhkf ha ig k`oa`karåg as euy kepfrtg`ta astuhkgr ifs iukhfs pfr sar ha org` utkikhgh pgrg ai hasgrrfiif ha org`has prfyabtfs ha lkhrguikbg. A` ifs uitkefs g`fs sa lg` va`khf hasgrrfiig`hfsa bf` rgpkhaz prfyabtfs ha rabursfs lkhrguikbfs y trgjgdfs ha k`oa`karåg lkhrguikbg a` tfhf ai eu`hf y pgrg aiif ai bf`fbkeka`tf ha ig lkhrguikbg ha bg`gias gjkartfs, as asa`bkgi pgrg ai hksa`f ha eublgs astrubturgs lkhrguikbgs. Q` bg`gi as u` skstaeg ha iudf hf`ha ig suparkbka suparkfr ha ifs iukhfs astg axpuastg g ig gtefscarg. Ai prasa`ta ef`forgcåg hgefs g bf`fbar ig kepfrtg`bkg hai astuhkf ha iudfs a` bg`gias gjkartfs, giou`fs bf`baptfs (egrbf tafrkbf) qua as cu`hgea`tgi bf`fbar ha aiifs pgrg ig gpikbgbkf` a` bgepf. Xgejka` lgjigefs ha gpikbgbkf`as ha ifs iukhfs a` bg`gias gjkartfs. Ig gpikbgbkf` sa hg pfr adaepifs a` igs bg`giatgs piuvkgias a` ifs ahkkbkfs, hra`as piuvkgias, råffss y bfrrka`tas `gturgias y ifs bg`gias bf`strukhfs pgrg hra`gr iukhfs a` cfreg bf`trfighg, ai g`giksks ha ifs bg`gias gjkartfs raqukara tab`kbgs aspabkgias. [ ig pgrt pgrtaa k k`g `gii ha ig ef ef`f `for orgcå gcåg hge hgefs fs g bf bf`f `fba barr giou` giou`gs gs bf bf`b `biu iuskf skf`a `ass y rabfea`hgbkf`as g ta`ar a` ai iudf pareg`a`ta y u`kcfrea a` bg`gias gjkartfs. Asparg Asp argefs efs qua ig pra prasa` sa`ta ta ef`for ef`forgcå gcåg sag sag utki utkikhg khgh h pg pgrg rg ifs ifs as astu tuhkg hkg`t `tas as ha k`oa`karåg k`earsfs a` ai grag ha ig lkhrguikbg.

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BG^KXQIF K EGZBF XAÒZKBF

K. HACK@KBKF@AR 7.7.7 Bg`gi A` k`oa`karåg sa ha`fek`g bg`gi g u`g bf`strubbkf` hastk`ghg gi trg`spfrta ha iukhfs oa`argiea`ta utkikzghg pgrg goug y qua, g hkcara`bkg ha igs tujaråggs, s, as gjkartg g ig gtefscarg. Xgejka` sa utkikzg` bfef våggss grtkkbkgias ha `gvaogbkf`. Ig hasbrkpbkf` hai bfepfrtgeka`tf lkhrguikbf ha ifs bg`gias as u`g pgrta cu`hgea`tgi ha ig lkhrguikbg y su hksa`f parta`aba gi bgepf ha ig k`oa`karåg lkhrguikbg, u`g ha igs aspabkgikhghas ha ig k`oa`karåg bkvki.

7.7.: Aiaea`tfs oafeëtrkbfs ha ig sabbkò` hai bg`gi Ifs aiaea`tfs oafeatrkbfs sf` prfpkahghas ha u`g sabbkf` hai bg`gi qua puaha sar hak`khg a`targea`ta pfr ig oafeatråg ha ig sabbkf` y ig prfcu`hkhgh hai iudf. Astfs aiaea`tfs sf` euy kepfrtg`tas pgrg ifs bg b giibuifs buifs hai asburrkeka`tf.

Ckourg 7.7 Rabbkf`as rabua`tas a` bg`gias

^rfu` ^rf u`hkh hkhgh gh hai ciudf ciudf,, bgi bgighf ghf f tkr tkrg`t g`ta4 a4 ig pr prfc fcu` u`hk hkhg hgh h hai hai i iud udff (l (l)) as ig hkstg`bkg vartkbgi hai pu`tf eg eg s jgdf ha ig sabbkf sabbkf ` hai bg`gi g ig suparkbka ikjra.

 G`blf suparkfr4 ai g`blf suparkfr (X) as ai g`blf ha ig sabbkf` hai bg`gi a` ig suparkbka ikjra.

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ag efdghg (G) as ai grag ha ig sabbkf sabbkf ` trg`svarsgi hai iudf  Çrag efdghg4 ai gg rrag `fregi g ig hkrabbkf hkrabbkf ` hai iudf.

^aråea ^ar åeatrf trf efd efdghf ghf44

ai paråe eatrf atrf efdghf (^) as ig if`oktuh ha ig iå` `ag ag ha ig

k`tarsabbkf` ha ig suparkbka

efdghg hai bg`gi bf` ig sabbkf sabbkf ` trg`svarsgi `fregi g ig

hkrabbkf ` hai iudf. hkrabbkf lkhrg u uikbf ikbf (Z) as ig raigbkf raigbkf ` a`tra ai gg rrag ag efdghg y ai Zghkf lkhrçuikbf4 ai rghkf lkhrg paråe eatrf atrf efdghf, sa axprasg bfef4 Z 5 G / ^

^rfu`hkhgh lkhrçuikbg4 ig prfcu`hkhgh lkhrg lkhrg u uikbg ikbg (H) as ig raigbkf raigbkf ` hai gg rrag ag efdghg bf` ai g`blf suparkfr, sa axprasg bfef4 H 5 G / X Cgbtfr ha ig sabbkò`4 ai cgbtfr ha ig sabbkf` (T), pgrg bgibuifs ha asburrkeka`tf f  iudf bråttkbf kbf as ai prfhubtf hai gg rag efdghg bf` ig rgåz bughrghg ha ig prfcu`hkhgh lkhrguikbg.

Ai cgbtfr ha ig sabbkf sabbkf `, pgrg bg bg iibuifs buifs ha asburrkeka`tf u`kcfrea as ai prfhubtf hai g rrag ag efdghg bf` ig pfta`bkg :/2 hai rghkf lkhrg lkhrg u uikbf, ikbf, sa axprasg bfef4 G. ZP(:/2)

7.7.2 Frkoa` ifs bg`gias gjkartfs  G.ha @gturgias Ifs bg`gias `gturgias k`iuya` tfhfs ifs tkpfs ha goug qua axksta` ha eg`arg `gturgi a` ig tk tkar arrg rg,, if bug bugia iass vgrå vgrågg` ` a` tgeg tgeg` `f has hasha ha paqua`fs grrfyuaifs a` zf`gs ef`tg`fsgs lgstg quajrghgs, grrfyfs, råffss paqua`fs y org`ha hass,

y astu stugrkfs

ha

egrag rags. Igs

bfrrka` bfr rka`tas tas suj sujtarr tarrgg` `ags ags qua trg trg`sp `spfrt frtg` g` goug bf` u`g suparkbka ikjra tgejka` sf` bf`skha harrghgs bfe feff bg` bg`gias gjkartfs `gturgias. Igs Igs pr prfp fpkah kahgh ghas as lk lkhrg hrg uikb ikbgs gs ha u` bg`g bg`gii `gturgi pfr if oa`argi sf` euy krraouigras. A`

giou`fs

bgsfs

puaha`

lgbarsa

supfskbkf`as aepårkbgs rkbgs rgzf`gjiaea`ta

3

 

bf`s bf`sks ksta ta`t `taa a` ig igss fj fjsar sarvg vgbkf bkf`a `ass y axpa axpark rka`b a`bkg kgss ra ragi gias as,, ha tg tgii efhf efhf qua qua igs igs bf`hkbkf`as ha iudf a` astfs bg`gias sa vuaivg` eg`adgjias eahkg`ta trgtgeka`tf ha ig lkhrguikbg tafrkbg.

J. Grtkckbkgias Ifs

bg`gias

gquaiifs

grtkkbkgias

sf`

bf`strukhfs

f

hasgrrfiighfs eahkg`ta ai ascuarzf lueg`f4 bg`gias ha `gvaogbkf`,

bg`gias ha ba`trgias lkhrfaiabtrkbgs, bg`gias y bg`giatgs ha krrkogbkf`, bu`atgs ha hra`gda, vartaharfs, bg`gias ha hasjfrha, bg`giatgs ha egharg, bu`atgs g if igrof ha bgrratargs atb., gså  bfef bfef bg`gias ha efhaifs ha igjfrgtfrkf bf` prfpfskrfs axparkea`tgias igs prfpkahghas lkhrguikbgs ha astf bg`gias puaha` sar bf`trfighgs lgstg u` `kvai hasaghf f hksa`ghgs pgrg buepikr

u`fs

hatarek`ghfs. Ig gpikbgbkf `

raquksktfs

ha igs tafrågs gs

lkhrgui lkh rguikbg kbgss g bg` bg`gia giass grt grtkkb kkbkgi kgias as prfhubkrg `, pfr tg`tf, rasuitghfs prfhubkrg jgstg`tas skekigras g igs bf`hkbkf`as ragias y, pfr bf`skouka`ta, sf` rgzf`gjiaea`ta axgbtfs pgrg prfpf prfpf sktfs prgbtkbfs ha hksa` hksa ` fs.

? 

 

7.7.8 Ciudf a` Bg`gias Gjkartfs (Blfw, 7;

t 

W t 

   

 >

Ciudf pareg`a`ta= vaifbkhgh (v), tkrg`ta (y) y bguhgi (W)

bf`stg`tas.

v t 







 y

 >  

W

 >

t 

 >

Ciudf vgrkghf= vaifbkhgh (v), tkrg`ta (y) y bguhgi (W)

t 

 

vgrkgjia a` ai tkaepf.  v    >

 y

   >

 

W    >







 I

 I

 I

Ciudf u`kcfrea= vaifbkhgh (v), tkrg`ta (y) y bguhgi (W)

bf`stg`tas. 

v  > 

 I

 

 

 y  >  I

W  

 I

 >

Ciudf vgrkghf= vaifbkhgh (v), tkrg`ta (y) y bguhgi (W)

vgrkgjia a` ai aspgbkf. ’I― as ig if`oktuh hai bg`gi.

^grg ai astuhkf ha ig lkhrguikbg ha bg`gias gjkartfs sa bf`skharg` trgefs ha bg`gi igrofs y ha sabbkf` bf`stg`ta pfr if qua sa g`gikzg u`kbgea`ta ai iudf u`kcfrea bf`skharg`hf ghaeg s qua as pareg` ghaeg pareg`a`ta. a`ta. Gskekse Gskeksef, f, sa ravksgrg ravksgrg ai g`g g`g iksks hai raokea` ha iudf ha gbuarhf bf` su vaifbkhgh, y bfef bgsf pgrtkbuigr ai iudf bråttkbf. kbf. (CIQDFR BG@GIAR)

 

7 2

 

7.7.3 CIQDF ^AZEG@A@XA Q` iudf pareg`a`ta as gquai a` ai qua igs prfpkahghas iukhgs pareg`aba` bf`stg`tas a` ai tkaepf, gu`qua puaha` `f sar bf`stg`tas a` ai aspgbkf.

Ckourg :.7 Ciudf pareg`a`ta (wa`hfr blara`qua efrg`)

Igs bgrgbtaråsstkbgs tkbgs hai iudf, bfef sf`4 Saifbkhgh (S), Bguhgi (W), y Bgighf (l), sf` k`hapa`hka`tas hai tkaepf, sk jka` puaha` vgrkgr g if igrof hai bg`gi. (Q@K) As gquai a` ai qua tfeg`hf bfef brktarkf ai tkaepf, igs bgrgbtaråsstkbgs tkbgs lkhrg lkhrg u uikbgs ikbgs pareg`aba` bf`stg`tas (kourg :.:), as habkr4 (hv/ht) 5 >4 ( IGJ. LKH HA BG@GIAR )

Ckourg :.: Asquaegtkzgbkò` hai ciudf pareg`a`ta

Ai iudf u`kcfrea sa prasa`tg bug`hf tfhgs igs sabbkf`as hai bg`gi tka`a` axgbtgea`ta igs eksegs bgrgbtaråsstkbgs tkbgs lkhrg lkhrg u uikbgs. ikbgs. ^grg qua asta tkpf ha iudf sa prasa`ta as `abasgrkf qua ig sabbkf` trg`svarsgi sag bf`stg`ta, qua su trgzf sag rabtf y ha u`g if`oktuh sukbka`ta pgrg va`bar ig zf`g trg`sktfrkg. A` asta tkpf ha iudf, ai orghka`ta ha a`aroå gg,, ig suparkbka ikjra hai goug y ig pa`hka`ta hai cf`hf hai bg`gi prasa`tg` iå` `ags ags pgrgiaigs. A` ai iudf pareg`a`ta, ai tkrg`ta `fregi, ig vaifbkhgh y ai grag lkhrguikbg a` bghg sabbkf` trg`svarsgi hai bg`gi, haja` pareg`abar bf`stg`tas a` ai tkaepf y ai aspgbkf.

78

 

^grg ai bgibuif hai iudf u`kcfrea y pareg`a`ta sa aepiag` igs cfreuigs ha Blazy (abugbkf` :.7), ha Jgzk` (abugbkf (abugbkf ` :.:) y ig ha Eg``k`o (abugbkf (abugbkf ` :.2). ( IGJ. LKH HA BG@GIAR )

Abugbkò` ha G`tfk`a Blazy  A` 7?3 7?3; ; ai k`o k`oa`k a`karf arf crg crg`ba `bas G`t G`tfk` fk`aa Bla Blazy has hasgrr grrfii fiigjg gjg prf prfjgj jgjiae iaea`t a`taa ig prk prkear eargg abugbkf ` ha iudf u`kcfrea, ig cgefsg abugbkf abugbkf abugbkf ` ha Bla Bla zzy, y, qua g ea`uhf sa axprasg bfef4

S  B ZR …………………………  (Ab.:.7) Hf`ha B 5 cgbtfr ha rasksta`bkg ha Blazy (abugbkf (abugbk f` :.: tgjig :.7) Z 5 rghkf lkhrguikbf, e R 5 pa`hka`ta hai bg`gi Astkegbkò` hai gbtfr ha rasksta`bkg ha Blazy 

Ra lg` fjta`khf a` cfreg axparkea`tgi giou`gs abugbkf`as qua parekta` astkegr ai vgifr ha ig B ha Blazy, a`tra igs egs bfeu`as sa a`bua`trg`

Abugbkò` ha Jgzk` Ai k`oa`karf lkhrguikbf crg`bas L. Jgzk` prfpusf u`g abugbkf` ha gbuarhf bf` ig bugi ai B ha Blazy sa bf`skharg bfef u`g cu`bkf` ha Z, parf `f ha R, axprasghg a` u`khghas k`oiasgs, astg abugbkf` as4

71?,3 ………………………… (Ab.:.:) 7  e /  Z Hf`ha e as u` bfakbka`ta ha ruofskhgh. B

Xgjig :.7. Sgifras prfpuastfs pgrg ai bfackbka`ta e ha Jgsk`.

Hasbrkpbkò` hai bg`gi

e ha Jgsk`

Ckarrf cu`hkhf `uavf Ckarrf cu`hkhf usghf

>.>3 >.7:

Xu `aias ha bf`bratf puikhf

>.::

Egepfstaråg ha ighrkiif jka` gbgjghg

>.73

Egepfstaråg a` jifquas ha pkahrg f ha ighrkiif egi gbgjghf

>..7> g >.73

Bf`bratf puikhf

>.77 g >.::

Bf`bratf ruofsf

>.81

Bg`gias a` tkarrg a` parcabtgs bf`hkbkf`as

7.18

Bg`gias a` tkarrg a` bf`hkbkf`as `fregias

:.23

Bg`gias a` tkarrg a` bf`hkbkf`as ruofsgs

2.7?

 

7 1

 

Ckourg :.2 Tf`g trg`sktfrkg y ciudf u`kfrea a` u` bg`gi g suparckbka ikjra. Abugbkò` ha Eg``k`o

Astgg abu Ast abugbk gbkff` as `at `atgea gea`ta `ta aepå aepårkbg r kbg y cu cuaa pras prasa` a`tg tghg hg pf pfrr pr prke kear argg fbgs fbgskf kf ` pf pfrr ai k`oa`karf Krig`has Zfjart Eg``k`o a` 7 vabas ig prfcu`hkhgh hai goug a` ai bg`gi) ha u` pu`tf sk`ouigr, as habkr u` pu`tf hf`ha lgy u`g euhg`zg ha sabbkf` trg`svarsgi yg sag ha cfreg f ha ruofskhgh, u` bgejkf ha pa`hka`ta f u`g vgrkgbkf vgrkgbkf ` a` ai bguhgi. (Q@K) Ai iudf u`kcfrea a` bg`gias sa prasa`tg bug`hf igs cuarzgs ha crkbbkf` oa`arghgs a`tra ai iukhf y ig suparkbka sfikhg hai bg`gi sa aqukikjrg` bf` ig bfepf`a`ta hai pasf hai goug a` ig hkrabbkf` ha iudf, eg`ta`ka`hf ig vaifbkhgh bf`stg`ta. Igs cuarzgs ha crkbbkf` oa`arg` u`g rasksta`bkg gi iudf (cuarzgs ha rasksta`bkg), igs bugias sf` bf`trgrrastghgs pfr igs cuarzgs qua ig orgvahgh adarba sfjra ai pasf hai buarpf (cuarzgs orgvktgbkf`gias), a` ai iudf u`kcfrea haja axkstkr u` aqukikjrkf a`tra igs cuarzgs ha rasksta`bkg (crkbbkf`) y igs cuarzgs orgvktgbkf`gias (pasf hai buarpf). Giou`gs bgrgbtaråsstkbgs tkbgs hai iudf u`kcfrea sf`4 g) Ig prf prfcu` cu`hkhg hkhgh h ha ig ig ig e ek`g k`g ha goug as bf` bf`stg stg`ta `ta g if igro igroff hai bg`g bg`gii y igs iå` `ags ags bfrraspf`hka`tas gi cf`hf hai bg`gi, suparkbka ikjra hai goug y iå` `ag ag ha a`aroåg sf` pgrgiaigs y sus pa`hka`tas kougias (sf 5 sw 5 sc  5  5 s) j) Igs pa parhkhgs ha bgrog pfr cr crkbbkf kbbkf ` pgrg u` trg trgef ef hghf sf` kougi kougias as gi habr habraea`t aea`tff a` ig bftg hai cf`hf hai bg`gi.

 

7 ? 

 

lc 5 bftg k`kbkgi ‒ bftg k`gi bft  g ck`gi   s  c    lc   bft g k`kbkgi  bft  I I A`tf`bas

hf`ha I as ig if`oktuh, bug`hf sa utkikzg ai vgifr ha ig pa`hka`ta hai cf`hf hai bg`gi (s f) a` cfreg crgbbkf`gi, sa astg bf`skharg`hf ai has`kvai axksta`ta a` 7>> eatrfs ha if`oktuh hai trgef. b) Ai or orgh ghka ka`t `taa ha a`ar a`aroå oåg f pa`hka`ta ha crkbbkf crkbbkf ` (sc) as kougi gi orghka`ta pkazfea ttrkbf pkazfea rkbf y g ig pa`hka`ta hai cf`hf hai bg`gi. h) ^grg ^grg pa`h pa`hka ka`t `tas as paq paqua ua` `g s ha haii cf`h cf`hff ha haii bg`g bg`gii sf 9 7>% 7>% f sk ai g ` ouif ouif ha k`bik`gbkf` hai cf`hf ha u` `kvai ha racara`bkg raspabtf g ig lfrkzf`tgi ( ) as egyf eg yfrr qu quaa 7> 7>¾, ¾, sa bf`s bf`skh khar argg qu quaa ig gi gitu turg rg pk pkaz azfe feaat rrkb kbgg (h) (h) as koug kougii g ig prfcu`hkhgh hai goug eahkhg vartkbgiea`ta (tkrg`ta, y). Rk sf 0 7>% f  0 7>¾ ig bgrog ha praskf praskf ` ha ig abugbkf abugbkf ` ha Jar`fuiik as4

 p

 

 h



* bfs  ………………………… (Ab.:.8)

hf`ha h as ai tkrg`ta eahkhf a` hkrabbkf hkrabbkf ` parpa`hkbuigr g ig pig`tkiig hai bg`gi f jka`, ska`hf h 5 y bfs  4

 p

 y

* bfs:  



………………………… (Ab.:.1)

hf`ha ’y― as ig prfcu`hkhgh hai goug eahkhg vartkbgiea`ta (tkrg`ta).

Ckourg :.8 Ciudf u`kfrea bf` `kvai ha raara`bkg

A` ai iudf u`kcfrea as pfskjia kha`tkkbgr giou`gs bgrgbtaråsstkbgs tkbgs lkhrguikbgs bfef sf` ai tkrg`ta `fregi (y`), ig vaifbkhgh `fregi (v `), ig pa`hka`ta `fregi (s `), ai grag lkhrguikbg f ptkeg y ig prfcu`hkhgh lkhrg lkhrg u uikbg ikbg (H).

 

7

 

Ckourg :.1 tkpf ha bg`gias gjkartfs saoô` su oafeatråg

Ckourg :.3 Ciudfs a` bg`gias gjkartfs

7.7.; BG@GIAR GJKAZXFR [ RQR ^ZF^KAHGHAR Bigsas ha bg`gias gjkartfs4 Ifs bg`gias `gturgias k`biuya` tfhfs ifs bursfs ha goug qua axksta` ha eg`arg `gturgi a` ig tkarrg, ifs bugias vgrågg` ` a` tgeg`f hasha paqua`fs grrfyuaifs a` zf`gs ef`tg`fsgs, lgstg quajrghgs, quajrghgs, grrf grrfyfs, yfs, råffss paq paqua` ua` fs y org org`ha `has. s. Igs bfr bfrrka rka`ta `tass suj sujtar tarrg rg ` `ags ags qua trg`sp trg `spfrt frtg` g` gou gougg bf` u`g sup supar arkbk kbkaa ikjra ikjra tge tgejka jka` sf` bf` bf`skh skharg arghgs hgs bfef bg` bg`gia giass gjkartfs

 

:7

 

`gturg `gt urgias ias.. Igs prf prfpkah pkahgha ghass lkhr lkhrggu uikbgs ikbgs ha u` bg` bg`gi gi `gt `gturg urgii pfr if oa` oa`ar argi gi sf` euy krraouigras. Ai bg`gi grtkkbkgi pfr if oa`argi as u` bg`gi igrof bf` pa`hka`ta sugva bf`strukhf sfjra ai suaif, qua puaha sar `f ravastkhf f ravastkhf bf` pkahrgs, bf`bratf, baea`tf, egharg f egtarkgias jktuek`fsfs. Ifs bg`gias grtkkbkgias sf` gquaiifs bf`strukhfs f hasgrrfiighfs eahkg`ta ai ascuarzf lueg`f4 bg`gias ha `gvaogbkf`, bg`gias ha ba`trgias lkhrfaiabtrkbgs, bg`gias y bg`giatgs ha egharg, bu`atgs g if igrof ha bgrratargs, atb., gså bfef bg`gias ha efhaifs bf`strukhfs a` ai igjfrgtfrkf bf` prfpfsktfs axparkea`tgias. Igs prfpkahghas lkhrguikbgs ha astfs bg`gias puaha` sar bf`trfighgs lgstg u` `kvai hasaghf f hksa`ghgs pgrg buepikr u`fs raquksktfs hatarek`ghfs.

Oafeatråg ha bg`gi4 Q` bg`gi bf`strukhf bf` u`g sabbkf` trg`svarsgi k`vgrkgjia y u`g pa`hka`ta ha cf`hf bf`stg`ta sa bf`fba bfef bg`gi prkseg prkse gttkbf. kbf. Ha ftrg eg`arg as `f prkseg prkseg ttkbf kbf ad.4 vartaharf ha g`blf vgrkgjia y gik`ageka`tf burvf. -Rabbkf` ha bg`gi= sabbkf` trg`svarsgi ha u` bg`gi tfeghf a` cfreg parpa`hkbuigr g ig hkrabbkf ` ha iudf. hkrabbkf -

Igs sabbkf`as ha bg`gias `gturgias sf` pfr if oa`argi euy krraouigras y g ea`uhf vgrå vgr ågg` `

hasha gprfxkeghgea`ta u`g pgrg pgrg j jfig fig lgstg gprfxkeghgea`ta u` trgpabkf. -

Ifs bg`gias grtkkbkgias pfr if oa`argi sa hksa` hksa` g` bf` sabbkf`as ha kourgs oafeatrkbgs

raouigras. -

Ai rabtg`ouif (Bg`gias bf`strukhfs bf` egtarkgias astgjias, bfef egepfstarågg,, rfbg,

eatgi f egharg), Rabbkf` trkg`ouigr (paqua`gs gbaqukgs, bu`atgs g if igrof ha bgrratargs y trgjgdfs ha igjfrgtfrkf), Ai Bkrbuif (gibg`tgrkiighfs y gibg`tgrkiigs paqua` paqua` f f eahkg`f) Ig cfreg ha trgpabkf as ig eçs pfpuigr pfr vgrkgs rgzf`as4 -

As akbka`ta pfrqua hg u` g rrag ag ha iudf org`ha a` raigbkf` bf` ai paråe eatrf atrf efdghf.

-

Ifs ighfs k`bik`ghfs sf` bf`va`ka`tas pgrg ifs bg`gias qua sa axbgvg, pfrqua as pfskjia hgrias ai gg `ouif `ouif hf`ha ifs egtarkgias ha bf`strubbkf bf`strubbkf ` sf` astgjias.

-

Ig pa`hka`ta ha ifs ighfs quahg hak`khg bf` ai g ` `ouif ouif raspabtf ha ig lfrkzf`tgi.

Aiaea`tfs oafeëtrkbfs ha u`g sabbkò` ha bg`gi4 Rf` prfpkahghas ha u`g sabbkf sabbkf ` ha bg`gi qua puaha` sar hak`khfs pfr bfepiatf pfr ig oafeatråg ha sabbkf sabbkf ` y ig prfcu`hkhgh ha iudf. Hak`kbkf ` ha giou`fs aiaea`tfs4 Hak`kbkf Ig prfcu`hkhgh hai iudf, as ig hkstg`bkg vartkbgi hasha ai pu`tf egs jgdf ha u`g sabbkf sabbkf ` hai bg`gi lgstg ig suparkbka ikjra. Ai `kvai as ig aiavgbkf` f hkstg`bkg vartkbgi hasha u` `kvai ha racara`bkg lgstg ig suparkbka ikjra. Ai g`blf suparkbkgi X as ai g`blf ha ig sabbkf sabbk f` hai

 

: :

 

bg`gi a` ig suparkbka ikjra. Ai grag efdghg G as ai grag ha ig sabbkf` trg`svarsgi hai iudf parpa`hkbuigr g ig hkrabbkf` hai iudf. Ai paråe eatrf atrf efdghf ^ as ig if`oktuh ha ig iå` `ag ag ha k`tarsabbkf` ha ig suparkbka ha bg`gi efdghf y ha u` pig`f trg`svarsgi parpa`hkbuigr g ig hkrabbkf ` hai iudf. hkrabbkf Ai rghkf lkhrg lkhrg u uikbf ikbf Z as ig raigbkf raigbkf ` hai gg rrag ag efdghg bf` raspabtf g su parå e eatrf atrf efdghf.

 G ………………………… (Ab.:.3)  Z  ^    ^  Ig prfcu`hkhgh lkhrg lkhrg uikbg H as ig raigbkf raigbkf ` a`tra ai gg rrag ag efdghg y ai g`blf a` ig suparkbka.

 G

 H  X   …………………………  (Ab.:.?)

Ai cgbtfr ha sabbkf` pgrg ai bgibuif ha iudf brktkbf T as ai prfhubtf hai grag efdg y ig rgå z bughrghg ha ig prfcu`hkhgh lkhrguikbg.    G  T  G  H

 G ………………………… (Ab.:. BÇIBQIFR RAOÔ@ IG RAIABBKÒ@ HAI BG@GI Igs axpraskf`as qua parekta` ai bg bg iibuif buif sf` cu`bkf cu`bkf ` ha ig cfreg oafeatrkbg ha ig sabbkf sabbkf ` trg`svarsgi hai bg`gi. A` ig skouka`ta tgjig sa rasuea` igs sabbkf`as egs utkikzghgs bf` igs u`khghas u `khghas hai skstaeg k`tar`gbkf`gi.

Ckourg :.?. Rabbkf`as eçs utkikzghgs a` oafeatråg ha bg`gias

 

: 2

 

7.7.77 Hkstrkjubkò` ha vaifbkhghas a` u`g sabbkò` ha bg`gi4 Hajkhf g ig prasa`bkg ha ig suparkbka ikjra y g ig crkbbkf` g if igrof ha igs pgrahas hai bg`gi , igs vaifbkhghas a` u` bg`gi `f astg` u`kcfreaea`ta hkstrkjukhgs a` su sabbkf` . Ig egxkeg vaifbkhgh eahkg a` bg`gias `fregias g ea`uhf fburra pfr hajgdf ha ig suparkbka ikjra g u`g hkstg`bkg ha >.>1 g >.:1 ha ig prfcu`hkhgh, bug`tf es barbg ha igs jg`bgs, egs prfcu`hf sa a`bua`trg asta eg eg xxkef. kef.

Ckourg :.< Burvgs bfeu`as ha kougi vaifbkhgh a` hkara`tas sabbkf`as ha bg`gi 

Ig hkstrkjubkf` ha vaifbkhghas a` u`g sabbkf` ha bg`gi hapa`ha tgejka` ha ftrfs cgbtfras, bfef u`g cfreg k`usugi ha ig sabbkf`, ig ruofskhgh hai bg`gi y ig prasa`bkg ha burvgs. A` u`g bfrrka`ta g`blg, rgpkhg y pfbf prfcu`hg f a` u` bg`gi euy iksf, ig vaifbkhgh egxkeg pfr if oa`argi sa a`bua`trg a` ig suparkbka ikjra. Ig ruofskhgh hai bg`gi bgusg u` k`braea`tf a` ig burvgturg ha ig burvg ig hkstrkjubkf` vartkbgi ha vaifbkhghas. A` u`g burvg ig vaifbkhgh sa k`braea`tg ha eg`arg sustg`bkgi a` ai ighf bf`vaxf hajkhf g ig gbbkf gb bkf ` ba ba`t `trk rkcu cuog og hai hai i iudf udf,, ai vka` vka`tf tf a` ig supa supar rkb kbka ka tka` tka`aa eu euyy pf pfbf bf ac acab abtf tf a` ig hkstrkjubkf ` ha vaifbkhghas. hkstrkjubkf

7.7.7: Bg`gias gjkartfs g`blfs4 Fjsarvgbkf`as lablgs a` bg`gias gbkartfs euy g`blfs lg` haefstrghf qua ig hkstrkjubkf` ha vaifbkhghas a` ig raokf` ba`trgi ha ig sabbkf` as a` asa`bkg ig ekseg qua axkstkråg a` u` bg`gi rabtg`ouigr ha g`blf k`k`ktf. A` ftrgs pgigjrgs, jgdf astg bf`hkbkf`, ifs ighfs hai bg`gi `f tka`a` prgbtkbgea`ta `k`ou`g k`iua`bkg a` ig hkstrkjubkf` ha vaifbkhghas a` ig raokf ` ba`trgi puaha bf`skhargrsa bfef jkhkea`skf`gi a` ai g`giksks lkhrguikbf. raokf

 

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ABQGBKF@AR CQ@HGEA@XGIAR G^IKBGHFR A@ CIQDFR A@ BG@GIAR  GJKAZXFR 7.7.7. ABQGBKÒ@ HA BF@X BF@XK@QKHGH4 K@QKHGH4 Ai bguhgi W, f ai vfiuea` ha iukhf qua bkrbuig pfr u`g sabbkf sabbkf ` a` ig u`khgh ha tkaepf, astg astg hghf pfr4

W    v.  v G . G ………………………… (Ab.:.;) Hf`ha v as ig vaifbkhgh eahkg ha ig sabbkf sabbkf ` `fregi gi iudf ha grag trg`svarsgi G.

Ckourg :.; ^arcki if`oktuhk`gi y sabbkò` trg`svarsgi ha u` bg`gi 

Bug`hf ai bguhgi as bf`stg`ta a` u` trgef, ig abugbkf` qua ofjkar`g ai iudf hasha ai pu`tf ha vkstg ha ig bf`sarvgbkf` ha ig egsg sa iigeg abugbkf` ha bf`tk`ukhgh. Astg abugbkf ` gpikbghg g igs sabbkf`as 7, :, ……, ` sa puaha asbrkjkr4 abugbkf S7 G7 5 S: G: 5……. 5 S` G` 5 bta

7.7.:. ABQGBKÒ@ HA A@AZOÅG F ABQGBKÒ@ HA JAZ@FQIIK A` bugiqukar iå` `ag ag ha bfrrka`ta qua gtrgvkasg u`g sabbkf` ha u` bg`gi sa hak`a bfef a`aroåg tftgi g ig sueg ha igs a`aroåggss ha pfskbkf` egs ig ha praskf` y egs ig ha vaifbkhgh, as habkr4 A`aroåg tftgi 5 A`aroåg ha pfskbkf pfskbkf ` + A`aroåg ha praskf praskf ` + A`aroåg ha vaifbkhgh.

Ckourg :.7> A`aroåg tftgi ha u` bg`gi 

 

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7.7.72 ^ZK@BK^KFR HA A@AZOÅG [ EFEA@XQE E FEA@XQE A`aroåg hai ciudf a` bg`gias b g`gias gjkartfs4 Ra sgja qua ig a`aroåg tftgi hai goug a` pka-ikjrg pfr ikjrg ha bugiqukar iå ` `ag ag ha bfrrka`ta qua pgsg g trgvas ha u`g sabbkf` ha bg`gi puaha axprasgrsa bfef ig giturg tftgi a` pkas ha goug, qua as kougi g ig sueg ha ig aiavgbkf` pfr a`bkeg hai `kvai ha racara`bkg, ig giturg ha praskf ` y ig giturg ha vaifbkhgh. praskf

Ckourg :.77 A`aroåg ha ciudf a` bg`gias gjkartfs

^fr adaepif, bf` raspabtf gi pig`f ha racara`bkg, ig giturg tftgi A ha u`g sabbkf` F qua bf`tka`a a` ai pu`tf G a` u`g iå ` `ag ag ha bfrrka`ta hai iudf ha u` bg`gi ha pa`hka`ta gitg puaha asbrkjkrsa bfef4

7.7.78 A`aroåg Aspabåckbg4 As ig a`aroåg pfr ikjrg ha goug a` bugiqukar sabbkf` ha u` bg`gi eahkhg bf` raspabtf gi cf`hf ha bg`gi. Ig cf cf reuig ha ig a`aroåg aspabåkbg kbg as ig skouka`ta4 S 

 A 

 

 

[ 

  : o  …………………………   ………………………… (Ab.:.7>)



Hf`ha Tg as ig aiavgbkf aiavgbkf ` hai pu`tf G pfr a`bkeg hai pig`f ha racara`bkg,



([g) as ig prfcu`hkhgh hai pu`tf G pfr hajgdf ha ig suparkbka hai goug eahkhg e ahkhg g if igrof ha ig sabbkf sabbkf ` hai bg`gi



μ as ai G`ouif ha ig pa`hka`ta hai cf`hf hai bg`gi

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^grg u`g a`aroåg aspabåkbg kbg axksta` hfs pfskjkikhghas, ig prfcu`hkhgh jgdg y ig prfcu`hkhgh gitg. Ig prfcu`hkhgh jgdg as ig prfcu`hkhgh gitar`g g ig prfcu`hkhgh gitg, y vkbavarsg. ^fr bf`skouka`ta pfhaefs bigskkbgr ifs iudfs ha ig skouka`ta eg`arg4 e g`arg4 5 ∔ Soy 5 { =

hf`ha 5 `uearf ha Crfuha

9 7 (ciudf suj brktkbf) ciudf brktkbf)

5 7( 0 7(ciudfsuparbrktkbf)

…………………………  (Ab.:.77)

7.7.71 Brktarkf pgrg ai astghf bråtkbf hai ciudf4

As ig bf`hkbkf bf`hkbkf ` pgrg ig bugi a` `u `u earf ha Crfuha as kougi g ig u`khgh. Ghaeg Ghaeg s as ai astghf

ha iudf pgrg ai bugi ig a`aroå g aspabåkbg kbg as eå` `keg keg pgrg u` bguhgi hatarek`ghf. Asta brktarkf astgjiaba qua a` ai astghf bråttkbf kbf hai iudf ig giturg ha ig vaifbkhgh as kougi g ig ektgh ha ig prfcu`hkhgh lkhrguikbg. Ig abugbkò`4 S

5 7 if qua sko`kckbg qua 5 7…………………………   (Ab.:.7:) ∔oH

Ai brktarkf haja sgtkscgbar igs skouka`tas bf`hkbkf`as4 g) Ciu Ciudf df pgr pgrgia giaif if org orghug hugiea iea`ta `ta vg vgrkg rkghf. hf. j) Bg` Bg`gi gi bf` pa` pa`hka hka`ta `ta jgd jgdg. g. b) Bfa Bfakb kbka ka`t `taa h haa aa`a `aro roååg supuastf kougi g ig ektgh.

7.7.73 K`tarpratgbkò` ha a`òea`fs ifbgias4

A` bg`gias gjkartfs fburra` bgejkfs ha astghf ha iudf, sk ai bgejkf fburra bf` rgpkhaz g if igrof ha u`g hkstg`bkg raigtkvgea`ta bfrtg, ai iudf as rgpkhgea`ta vgrkghf y sa bf`fba bfef ca`f ca`f ea`f ifbgi. Axksta` hfs tkpfs ha ca`f ca`f ea`fs ifbgias4 Bgåhg hg lkhrguikbg4 As u` ca`fea`f bgusghf bf` u` bgejkf gjruptf ai pa`hka`ta hai bg`gi f a` ig sabbkf sabbkf ` trg`svarsgi. Bgåhg hg ikjra as u` bgsf aspabkgi ha bgå h hgg lkhrguikbg y u`g iay `gturgi qua, sk `f g`gha a`aroåg axtar`g, ig suparkbka hai goug jusbgrg skaepra ig pfskbkf` egs jgdg pfskjia, ig bugi bfrraspf`ha ai ea`fr bf`ta`khf pfskjia ha hksparskf hksparskf ` ha a`aroåg. Zasgitf lkhrguikbf4 As bug`hf ai bgejkf rgpkhf ha ig prfcu`hkhgh ha iudf as hasha ai `kvai jgdf lgstg ai `kvai gitf, g ea`uhf ai rasuitghf as u`g sujkhg gjruptg ha ig suparkbka hai goug. 7.7.7? A`aroåg a` bg`gias `f prkseçtkbfs4

A` u` bg`gi `f prksegtkbf ig sabbkf` trg`svarsgi vgrkg g if igrof ha ig if`oktuh hai bg`gi, pfr bf`skouka`ta ig burvg ha ig a`aroåg aspabåkbg kbg bgejkg ha u`g sabbkf` g ftrg. Ig orgkbg trkhkea`skf`gi ha burvgs ha a`aroåg as bfepikbghg. Ig burvg ha a`aroåg puaha bf`strukrsa pfr sapgrghf a` bkartfs `u `u earfs ha pig`fs jkhkea`skf`gias pgrg igs sabbkf`as asbfokhgs. Ifs hgtfs fjta`khfs ha astgs burvgs sa utkikzg` iuaof pgrg orgkbgr ai parki ha ig

: ? 

 

suparkbka ha goug, ig iå` `ag ag ha ig prfcu`hkhgh bråtkbg y ig iå ` `ag ag ha ig prfcu`hkhgh gitar`g sfjra u` pig`f jkhkea`skf`gi. 7.7.7< Cuarzg aspabåckbg4

Gi gpikbgr ai prk`bkpkf ha efea`tue g u` trgef lfrkzf`tgi bfrtf ha u` bg`gi prkseg prkse gttkbf, kbf, puaha ko`frg ko`frg rsaifs rsaifs acabtfs ha igs cuarzgs axtar`gs ha crkbbkf crkbbkf ` y ha pasf hai goug. C

5 oGWº + ẗG …………………………  (Ab.:.72)

Astg cfreuig bf`stg ha hfs tarek`fs4 ai prkear tarek`f as ai efea`tue hai iudf pgsg trgvas ha ig sabbkf` hai bg`gi pfr u`khgh ha tkaepf y pfr u`khgh ha pasf hai goug, y ai saou`hf as ig cuarzg pfr u`khgh ha pasf ha goug, bfef gejfs tarek`fs a` asa`bkg sf` cuarzg pfr u`khgh ha pasf ha goug, su sueg puaha ha`fek`grsa cuarzg aspabkkbg. 7.7.7; ^rk`bkpkf ha efea`tue gpikbghf g bg`gias `f prkseçtkbfs4

Ig cuarzg aspabåkbg, kbg, gi kougi qua ig a`aroåg aspabåkbg, kbg, vgrågg` ` bf` ig cfreg ha ig sabbkf` hai bg`gi. Bug` Bug`hf hf `f ax axks ksta ta k`ta k`tarv rva` a`bk bkff ` ha cuar cuarzg zgss axta axtar` r`gg f bug` bug`hf hf as astg tgss cuar cuarzg zgss sf sf` ` k`sko`kkbg`tas f bf`fbkhgs. Ai prk`bkpkf ha efea`tue puha gpikbgrsa bf` tfhgs sus va`tgdgs g prfjiaegs bfef ai rasgitf lkhrguikbf, ai bugi prfhuba u`gs gitgs parhkhgs ha a`aroåg k`tar`g qua `f puaha avgiugrsa sk ai prk`bkpkf ha a`aroå a`aroåg sa utkikzg pfr så sfif.  sfif.

:

71 :>71)) Ai ^rf ^rfyab yabtf tf Asp Aspabk abkgi gi Blg Blgvkef vkefblk blkbb as u` sks skstae taegg ha krrkogbkf ` qua sa axtka`ha a` org` pgrta ha ig bfstg ha ig Zaokf ` Ig Ikjartgh a` ig zf`g `frta parug`g. Cua k`kbkghf a` ig habghg ha 7;3> pfr ai K`stktutf K`stktu tf @g @gbkf` bkf`gi gi ha Has Hasgrr grrfii fiiff (K@ (K@GHA) GHA),, hap hapa`h a`ha`b a`bkg kg hai Ofj Ofjkar kar`f `f ba` ba`trgi trgi paru parug` g`f. f. A` ai :>> >>2 2 sa ac acab abtu tuff ig tr trg` g`sc scar araa`bkg `bkg ha su ghek`kstrgbkf ` eksef gi Ofjkar`f Zaokf`gi ha Ig Ikjartgh. ghek`kstrgbkf Ra axtka`ha a` ig pgrta jgdg ha igs bua`bgs ha ifs rå ffss Rg`tg, a` ai bugi sa ujkbg ig jfbgtfeg prk`bkpgi, Blgf, Skru, Efbla y Blkbgeg. Ai fjdatkvf hai ^rfyabtf Aspabkgi as ai ha ogrg`tkzgr ai goug ha rkaof a` ifs paråe eatrfs atrfs ha rkaof ha igs pgrtas jgdgs ha igs bua`bgs ea`bkf`ghgs.

 

2 >

 

2.:. A@ AI EQ@HF 2.:.7. BG@GI HA EGZÅG BZKRX BZKRXK@G K@G (AR^G×G). (wkmkpahkg, :>73) Ai Bg`gi ha Egråg Brkstk`g as u` bg`gi ifbgikzghf a` ig prfvk`bkg ha Gijgbata (Aspg`g). Cua bf`strukhf pgrg hasabgr ig zf`g ha ifs Iig`fs ha Gijgbata, u`g bua`bg a`hfrrakbg girahahfr ha ig bgpktgi. As ig fjrg ha k`oa`karåg lkhrguikbg ha egyfr a`varoghurg ragikzghg a` Gijgbata g if igrof ha su lkstfrkg. Cua braghf pfr Zagi Habratf ha Bgrifs KS a` 78, bfea`zg`hf su bf`strubbkf` gi g`f skouka`ta, a` 71. Bf` u`g if`oktuh ha 2: me, hksburra pfr ifs tarek`fs eu`kbkpgias ha Gijgbata, Sgihaog`og y Bgsgs Bgs gs ha Dug Dug` ` @u @u ` az, a` hkr hkrabb abbkf kf ` sur surfas fastata-`fr `frfas fasta, ta, gtr gtrgva gvasg` sg`hf hf ig bkuhgh, y hasaejfbg a` ai grrfyf ha Bg` Bg `glfrrf, giua`ta hai råf Du Du bgr.

2.:.:. BG@GI HAI ^FZEG ^FZEG(AR^G×G) (AR^G×G) (BL HQAZF) Ai bg`gi hai ^freg as u`g fjrg ha k`oa`karå g bkvki qua sa k`guourf a` 7;;:. Hkblf bg`gi hksburra ?1,1 mkifeatrfs å` `taorgea`ta taorgea`ta a` ig prfvk`bkg ha Iaf`, parektka`hf ai rkaof ha 72.;>> labtgrags bf` goug huiba prfva`ka`ta hai aejgisa hai ^freg. Ai usf prk`bkpgi hai goug as ig gorkbuiturg.

27  

2.:.2. BG@GI ^G@GEÇ (B (Bg` g`gi gi ha ^g`g ^g`geg eg)) Ai bg bg`g `gii ha ^g`g ^g`geg eg as u`g u`g vå våg ha `g `gva vaog ogbkf bkf ` k`tarfbag`kbg a`tra ai egr Bgrkja y ai fbag`f ^gbå kbf kbf qua gtrgvkasg ai kstef ha ^g`geg ^g`geg a` su pu`tf egs astrablf, buyg if`oktuh as ha 31 me. Lgy asbiusgs a` bghg axtraef pgrg aiavgr ifs jgrbfs lgstg ai igof Ogtu`, u` igof grtkkbkgi braghf pgrg rahubkr ig bg`tkhgh ha trgjgdf raquarkhf pgrg ig axbgvgbkf` hai bg`gi, g :3 eatrfs sfjra ai `kvai hai egr, pgrg haspuas hasba`harifs lgstg ai `kvai hai ^gbåkbf kbf f ai Gtig Gtig ` `tkbf. tkbf. Hasha su k`guourgbkf` ai 71 ha gofstf ha 7;78, lg bf`saoukhf gbfrtgr a` tkaepf y hkstg`bkg ig bfeu`kbgbkf` egråttkeg, keg, hk`gekzg`hf ai k`tarbgejkf bfea bfearb rbkgi kgi y abf` abf`ffekb ekbff gi prfpf prfpfrb rbkf` kf`gr gr u`g u`g våg ha trg trg` sk sktf tf bfrt bfrtgg y raigtkvgea`ta jgrgtg a`tra ifs hfs fbag`fs, k`iuya`hf habkskvgea`ta a` ifs pgtrf`as hai bfearbkf eu`hkgi, kepuisg`hf ai brabkeka`tf abf`fekbf ha ifs pg pgååsas hasg hasgrr rrfi fiig ighf hfss y a` vå våggss ha hasg hasgrr rrfi fiif if,, ghae ghaeggs ha prfpfrbkf`gr ai kepuisf jgskbf pgrg ig axpg`skf` abf`fekbg ha eublgs raokf`as raeftgs hai eu`hf. A` :>7:, Astghfs Q`khfs, Blk`g, Blkia, Dgpf` y Bfrag hai Rur cuarf` ifs bk`bf prk`bkpgias usugrkfs hai bg`gi, qua iiavg ha fblf g hkaz lfrgs bruzgr.

2:  

2.:.8. BG@GI RQAT (Fblfg Z.) Ai Bg`gi ha Ruaz, qua sa axtka`ha hai ^uartf ha Rgkh, pgsg pfr Gi ‒ Ksegkikyg y bf`biuya sfjra ai Egr Zfdf a` ai ^uartf ha Xgwkq (Barbg ha ig Bkuhgh ha Ruaz), as ig våg iuvkgi qua lgba pfskjia pgsgr hkrabtgea`ta hai Egr Eahktarrg`af gi Egr Zfdf gtrgvasg`hf ai Oficf ha Ruaz, sk` `abaskhgh ha jfrhagr ai bf`tk`a`ta Gcrkbg`f bfef if lgbå gg` ` ifs jgrbfs hfs skoifs gtrgs bug`hf hasagjg` kr ha Aurfpg g Gskg. Ai bg`gi hai Ruaz astg ifbgikzghf a` u`g zf`g astrgtaokbg y as ai bg`gi egs ig igro rof, f, lgst lgstgg ai ef efea` ea`tf tf,, qua qua pua puaha ha sa sarr ge gepi pikg kghf hf y su pr prfc fcu` u`hkh hkhgh gh guea`tghg a` ai efea`tf qua sag `abasgrkf. Astg fjrg tka`a 737 me (7>> ekiigs) ha igrof. Ai bg`gi, ragikzg u` rabfrrkhf qua sa gprfxkeg g u`g iå`ag `ag rabtg lgstg ai igof Xkegs. Hasha giiå u` bfrta iiavg lgstg ifs Igofs Gegrofs (glfrg u` sfif buarpf ha goug) y u` bfrta k`gi iiaog lgstg ai Oficf hai Ruaz. A` ig gbtugikhgh, barbg ha :>.>>> jgrbfs gtrgvkasg` sus gougs bghg g`f, bf` bgrogs a`tra 2>> y 8>> ekiif`as ha tf`aighgs. Asta bg`gi tka`a tgejka` u`g org` kepfrtg`bkg hajkhf gi patrfiaf qua lgy a` ai oficf ^arskbf (jgstg`ta barbg ha giiå)).. Ai trgsighf hai bfejustkjia lgbkg ai asta ha Aurfpg sa lgba g trgva s hai Bg`gi ha Ruaz. trgva

2.:.1. BG@GI HA BFZK@X BFZK@XF F (eaogbf`strubbkf`as.`at) Ai bg`gi ha Bfrk`tf as qukzgs u`g ha igs fjrgs ha k`oa`karåg egs aspabtgbuigras a` ai eu`hf, `f sfif pfr su jaiiazg y tgeg`f sk`f ghaegs pfr su kepraskf`g`ta y ekia`grkg lkstfrkg. Ai eksef as u` bg`gi

 

2 2

 

axbgvghf sfjra ig rfbg hai kstef ha Bfrk`tf g k`gias hai skoif \K\, y bua`tg bf` u`g giturg ha egs ha 8> eatrfs y u`g axta`skf` ha 3,2 mkifeatrfs ha igrof hajkhf g if bugi iforg bfrtgr acabtkvgea`ta g u` pgå s a` hfs gi sapg sapgrg rgrr g ig raokf raokf ` orka orkaog og hai hai ^aif ^aifpf pf`a `asf sf ha ig La La i gha gha -i -igg Orab Orabkg kg bf`tk`a`tgi-. Gi efea`tf ha sar k`gikzghf, a` 7;> mkifeatrfs pgrg bujrkr astgs hfs grags.

 

2 8

 

KK. BF@BIQRKF@AR Ha ig prasa`ta ef`forgcåg iiaoge iiaogefs fs g bf`biuk bf`biukrr qua u` bg` bg`gi gi gjkart gjkartff sfpfrt sfpfrtgg

ig

praskf` ha ig gtefscarg y ig lkhrguikbg, y `abasktg ha u`g pa`hka`ta pgrg qua iuyg ai iåq qukhf. ukhf. [ sk ai bg`gi gjkar gjkartf tf `f tka`a pa`hk pa`hka`ta a`ta ai iiååq qukhf ukhf sa quahgråg astg`bghf as habkr `f sa trg`spfrtgrågg.. Ig orgvahgh y ig vksbfskhgh vg` g hatarek`gr ai bfepfrtgeka`tf f astghf hai iudf. ^fr asf as ha org` kepfrtg`bkg bf`fbar su vksbfskhgh hai iukhf qua vg pgsgr pfr ai bg`gi. Igs cfreuigs ha Blazy y ha Eg``k`o sf` igs egs raiavg`tas y as ig qua egs sa usg a` ig prgbtkbg. As habkr pgrg tfhf k`oa`karf k`earsf a` ai grag ha ig lkhrguikbg haja ta`ar ai bf`fbkeka`tf ha hkblgs cfreuigs.

KKK. ZABFEA@HGBKF@AR Ig rabfea`hgbkf` cu`hgea`tgi bug`hf sa trgta ha ragikzgr u` bg`gi gjkartf sa haja lgbar u` astuhkf axlgustkvf ha igs prfpkahghas hai iåq qukhf. ukhf. Ghaegs saha ta`ar a` bua`tg ai egtarkgi g utkikzgr a` ai bg`gi pgrg trgtgr ha egxkekzgr ig utkikhgh hai iå qukhf. Bfef pfr adaepif sk sa trgtg ha u` bg`gi ha krrkogbkf` qua astg lablf ha bf`bratf y ftrf bg`gi astg lablf ha tkarrg, tkarrg, ai bg`gi lablf ha bf`bratf sarg sarg ai qua ta trg`spfr trg`spfrtgrg tgrg egs iåqukhf qukhf qua ai ha tkarrg pfr sar ea`fs pareagjia qua ai ha tkarrg.

 

2 1

 

KS. ZACAZA@BKGR JKJIKFOZGCKBGR 





Blfw, S. X. ( 7;77). Eabç`kbg ha Ciukhfs (;`g ah.). (A. Grkzgl., Ah.) Rg`tgcë ha Jfoftç Bfifejkg4 EbOrg_- Lkii k`targearkbg`g,R.G. Bg`gi ha ^g`geg. (s.c.). lp4//ekbg`gihapg`geg.bfe/. Zabuparghf ai :3 ha Duikf ha :>73, ha lp4//ekbg`gihapg`geg.bfe/`fsftrfs/

 BL HQAZF. (s.c.). lp4//www.blhuarf.as. Zabuparghf ai :3 ha Duikf ha :>73, ha lp4//www.blhuarf.as/K`kbkf/K`crgastrubturgs/Bg`giasyzf`gsraogjias/Bg`gihaigegro

a`kzqukarhghai^freg/tgjkh/282/Hacguit.gspx





eaogbf`strubbkf`as.`at. (s.c.). eaogbf`strubbkf`as.`at. Zabuparghf ai :3 ha Duikf ha :>73, ha lp4//eaogbf`strubbkf`as.`at/6bf`strubbkf`5bg`gi-bfrk`tf lp4//eaogbf`strubbkf`as.`at/6bf`strubbkf`5bg`gi-bfrk`tf Fblfg Z., E. (s.c.). ukhfs.akg.ahu.bf. Zabuparghf ai :3 ha Duikf ha :>73, ha lp4//ukhfs.akg.ahu.bf/lkhrguikbg/grbuifsas/lkstfrkg/suaz/suaz.ltei

 wkmkpahkg. ha Rpaejra ha :>71). as.wkmkpahkg.fro. ha :>73, ha(:> lps4//as.wkmkpahkg.fro/wkmk/Blgvkefblkb lps4//as.wkmkpahkg.fro/wkmk/Blgvkefb lkb Zabuparghf ai :3 ha Duikf



wkmkpahkg. (: ha Gjrki ha :>73). as.wkmkpahkg.fro. Zabuparghf ai :3 ha Duikf ha :>73, ha lps4//as.wkmkpahkg.fro/wkmk/Bg`giVhaVEgr%B2%GHgVBrks`g

 

2 3

 

S. G@A\FR  G@A\F >74 Asquaeg oa`argi hai ^.A. BLGSKEFBLKB

 

2 ? 

 

 G@A\F >:4 Abugbkf`as pgrg bgibuigr bgrgbtaråstkbgs lkhrçuikbgs ha igs sabbkf`as ha  bg`gi eçs bfeu`as. Rabbkò`

 Çrag lkhrçuikbg (Gl)

^aråeatrf efdghf (^e)

Gl 5 jy

^e 5 j+:y

Zl 5 Gl / ^e

X5j

Gl 5 (j+zy)y

^e 5 j+:y (7+z:)7/:

Zl 5 Gl / ^e

X 5 j+:zy

Gl 5 zy:

^e 5 :y (7+z:)7/:

Zl 5 Gl / ^e

X 5 :zy

Gl 5 :/2 X y

^e 5 X + (24 Sgifras hai bfackbka`ta ha ruofskhgh (`) pgrg ig abugbkò` ha Eg``k`o `

>.>7 >.>7> > >.>77 >.>7 >. >72 2 >.>7 >.>7? ? >. >.>: >:> > >.>:1 >.> :1 >. >.>2 >21 1 >.>8 >.>8> >

Ruparckbka Eu Euyy ik iksg sg,, vk vkhr hrkf kf,, pi pigg s tkbf tkbf,, bfjr bfjraa Bf`bratf euy iksf Eg Egh harg arg ssug ugvva, ea eatg tgii, bf` bf`br brat atff Bg Bg`g `gia iass h haa tka tkarr rrg, g, jua` jua`gs gs bf`h bf`hkb kbkf kf`a `ass Bg Bg`g `gia iass ` `gt gtur urgi gias as ha tkar tkarrg rg,, ikj ikjra rass h haa vvao aoat atgb gbkf kf ` Bg` Bg`gia giass ` `gtu gturgi rgias as bf` gio giou`g u`g vao vaoatg atgbkf bkf ` y pkah pkahrgs rgs a` ai cf` cf`hf hf Bg Bg`g `gia iass `g `gtu turg rgia iass bf` bf` gj gju` u`hg hg`t `taa va vaoa oatg tgbkf bkf ` Grrf Grrfyf yfss h haa e ef` f`tg tg` `g bbf` f` eu eubl blgs gs pk pkah ahrg rgss

2 8 Xgiuhas rabfea`hghfs pgrg hkcara`ta tkpf ha egtarkgi Egtarkgi Grbkiig jig`hg gra`fsg, f pfrfsg Grbkiif gra`fsf, f crg`bf ikefsf Grbkiig k`g, crg`bf grbkiifsf Zavastkeka`tf ha bf`bratf sfjra grbkiig

Xgiuh Eçxkef (L4S) 247 :47 7.1 47 747

L lfrkzf`tgi S 55 vartkbgi 5 75 z Ai Q. R. Juragu fc Zabigegtkf` rabfeka`hg u` tgiuh u`kbf ha 7.1 4 7 pgrg sus hksa` hksa` fs ha bg`gias.

 G@A\F >1 Jfrhfs ikjras ha gbuarhf gi bguhgi  Bguhgi e2/s

(be)

Rk` ravastkr (be)

?.1

7>.>

>.>1 ‒ >.:1

7>.>>

:>.>

>.:1 ‒ >.1>

:>.>

8>.>

>.1> ‒ 7.>>

:1.>

1>.>

0 7.>>

2>.>

3>.>

Zavastkhf

9 >.>1

Jfrha ikjra (J).- As ai aspgbkf a`tra ig bftg ha ig bfrf`g y ig suparkbka hai goug, `f axksta `k`ou`g raoig kdg qua sa puahg gbaptgr u`kvarsgiea`ta pgrg ai bçibuif hai jfrha ikjra, hajkhf g qua igs iubtugbkf`as ha ig suparkbka hai goug a` u` bg`gi, sa puaha frkok`gr pfr  bgusgs k`bf`trfigjias.

2 ;  

 G@A\F >34 Saifbkhgh hai ciudf eçxkeg parekskjia pgrg asburrkeka`tf a` bg`gias sk` bgusgr arfskò`. Ra haja varkckbgr qua igs vaifbkhghas ha hksa÷f astë` ha`trf ha ifs iåektas k`hkbghfs.

Egtarkgi

Saifbkhgh eçxkeg parekskjia

(e/s) Bg`gias a` suaifs gra`fsfs Bg`gias a` suaifs grbkiifsfs

>.1 ‒ >.? >.< ‒ >.;

>.; ‒ 7.> Bg`gi ravastkhf ha zgbgta Egepfstaråg ha pkahrg y bf`bratf :.> :.1 ‒ 2.1 Bg`gias ravastkhfs ha ighrkiif bf` bf`bratf 2.> ‒ 3.> Bg`gias ravastkhf bf` bf`bratf Ig vaifbkhgh eå` `keg keg pgrg qua `f sa prfhuzbg sahkea`tgbkf sahkea`tgbkf ` as ha >.2> e/s e /s

 G@A\F >?4 G`blf  G`blf ha pig`tkiig pig`tkiig rabfea`hghfs rabfea`hghfs ha gbuarhf gi bbguhgi guhgi ha hksa÷f hai bg`gi. As kepfrtg`ta tfegr a` bua`tg qua sf` hgtfs suoarkhfs pgrg ai bçibuif k`kbkgi, ëstfs  puaha` efhkckbgrsa ha gbuarhf g bf`skhargbkf`as prçbtkbgs pgrg bghg bgsf a`  pgrtkbuigr.

Bguhgi (e2/s)

G`blf ha pig`tkiig (be) 2>

Ea`fr quay >.7 A`tra >.7 >.: A`tra >.: y >.8 Egyfr qua >.8

1> ?1

7.>>

 

8 >