Monografia - Estilo Romanico y Gotico
November 29, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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LHFLOD BDHDZAN
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LHFLOD……………………………………………………………………………..…...........
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LHVZKFTOOLKH……………………………………………………………………….…...
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D_VLNK ZKIAHLOK……………………………………………………………..……….. ZKIAHLOK………………………………… …………………………..………..
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L. LL.
ML ML_V _VKZ KZLA LA…… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …..… .……… ………. …... .. KZFDHD_ a. Fÿrlok……… Fÿrlok……………… ………………… …………………… …………………… ………………… ………………… ………….. j. Eÿhlok...… Eÿhlok...…………. ………..……… .………………… …………………… …………………… …………….…… ….………. …. o. Okrlhtk……… Okrlhtk………………… …………………. ………..……… .………………… …………………… ……………….. …….. f. Vksoahk…… Vksoahk…………… ………………… …………………… …………………… ………………… ………………. ……….… … d. Okipudsk Okipudsk……… ………….…… ….……………… …………………… …………………… ……………... …...…… ……
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DFLC DF LOK_ K_ ZK ZKIA OK_… _……… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ……… … IAVD IALCLO VDZL ZLAN AND_ D_IAHL FD HLOK OK OKH_ H_VZ VZTO TOOL OLKH KH…… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… …… VLWK VLWK__ FD WN WNAH AHVA VA_… _……… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …. _L_V _L_VDI DIA_ A_ OK OKH_ H_VZ VZTO TOVL VLSK SK_… _……… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ……
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D_VLNK BKVLOK……………………………………………………………………….……… BKVLOK…………………………………… ………………………………….………
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L. LL. LLL LLL..
ML ML_V _VKZ KZLA LA…… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… …….… .……… ………… …….. .. OAZAO OAZAOVDZ VDZÉ_V É_VLOA LOA AZQTLV AZQTLVDOV DOVKHL KHLOA_ OA_……… …………… ………… …………… ……………… ………… … DNDIDH DNDIDHVK_ VK_ OKH_V OKH_VZTO ZTOVLS VLSK_… K_………… …………… …………… …………… …………… …………… ……….. …..
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LS LS.. S. SL SL..
DNDIDH DNDIDHVK_ VK_ FDOKZA FDOKZAVLS VLSK_… K_………… …………… ………… …………… ……………… …………… …………… ……….. OA OAVD VDFZ FZAN AN BK BKVL VLOA OA…… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… …….. _L_VDI _L_VDIA_ A_ OKH_V OKH_VZTO ZTOVLS VLSK_… K_……… …………… ……………… …………… …………… …………… ………… ……… …
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LL LLL. L.. LS LS. S. SL SL..
OKIWAZAOLKH FD AIJK_ D_VLNK_…………………………………………….. D_VLNK_……………… ……………………………..
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Lhrkfuoolÿh Maola dn slbnk ]L surbd uh dstnk sajlk y uhlckrid, fdhkilhafk rkiáhlok, rdoljd dsd hkijrd fdjlfk a nas ndhbuas prkvdhldhds fdn nah qud sd okhkodh okik rkiahods. Na panajra dholdrra fks okhodpks5 na sdideahza dhrd dn prkodsk fd ckriaolÿh fd nas ndhbuas rkiahods y dn fd nas ards buratvas, rdanlzafas dh nks ilsiks paésds y dh dn ilsik tdipk, uhldhfk ouahk qudfaja fd na brah raflolÿh rkiaha okh nas ìohloas y dhfdholas járjaras. Dn rkiáhlok tdhd sus krébdhds dh dn Olsia fd Krldhd prkfuolfk dh 1746, ouahfk sd dsajndod uha sdparaolÿh dhrd na lbndsla krkfkxa y na oaÿnloa prkplaidhd floma. Dn rkiáhlok surbd dh dn slbnk ]L a partr fd na ajaféa fd Onuhy okik ard fd na orlstahfaf durkpda rduhlfa dh krhk an Wapa fd Zkia. _d _ d flcuhfd pkr nas pdrdbrlhaolkhds y pdrfurará masa jldh dhrafk dn slbnk ]LL, auhqud dh anbuhas zkhas pdriahdodrá masa dn slbnk ]LLL. ] LLL. Ds uh ard flfáotok qud prddhfd na dfuoaolÿh rdnlblksa fdn pudjnk. Na arquldoura ds nk qud idekr fdhd an bÿtok, dh rlbkr fd dnna haod dn ikvlildhk. Nks fks dndidhks cuhfaidhands fd na arquldoura bÿtoa skh dn arok apuhafk u kelvan y na jÿvdfa fd kelvas k fd oruodréa. _l dn rkiáhlok ds uh ard onáslok, dn bÿtok ds pkr dsdhola jarrkok, apaslkhafk, rkiáhtok. Wkr anbk cud dn prdflndok fd nks rkiáhtoks fdn slbnk ]L]. Na arquldoura bÿtoa ds lhhlaidhd iás okipnloafa qud na rkiáhloa. Okrrdspkhfd a uha ìpkoa nndha fd dhuslasiks rdnlblksks y fd rlqudza iadrlan. Nas Oruzafas mah dhodhflfk nks Dspérlus. Nks rdyds y nks dondslástoks pksddh sahdafas ckruhas0 na ilsia skoldfaf sd ma rdflilfk fd na ilsdrla. May ya lhhlfaf fd iuhlolplks, rdcublk fdn mkijrd nljrd, qud sd abrupa dh brdilks cudrdidhd fdsarrknnafks. Okik sd vd, pkr kfas pards may lhflolks fd cudrza y fd pkfdr. Dn ard bÿtok ds uha okhsdoudhola fd dsa rlqudza. An sdr dn bÿtok na ounilhaolÿh fd na Dfaf Idfla dipnda nas ard pnástoas (arquldoura, plhura, dsounura) okh hds fd afkorlhaildhk y dxanaolÿh fd nks vankrds rdnlblksks. Nas oadfrands sd okhvldrdh dh nks hudvks "Dvahbdnlks fd pldfra" qud harrah okh nas plhuras, dsauas y vlrands dsodhas fd na vlfa fd Orlsk, fd na Slrbdh, fd nks sahks y fdn Ahtbuk Vdsaidhk.
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Dstlnk Zkiáhlok
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L. ML_VKZLA5
_d nnaia dstnk rkiáhlok dh arquldoura an rdsunafk fd na okijlhaolÿh razkhafa y ariÿhloa fd dndidhks okhsruotvks y krhaidhands fd prkodfdhola natha, krldhan (jlzahthks, slrlks, pdrsas y árajds) y sdpdhrlkhan (odnas, bdriáhloks, hkriahfks) qud sd ckriÿ dh na Durkpa orlstaha furahd nks prlidrks slbnks fd na jaea Dfaf Idfla. Zdoljd dn hkijrd fd rkiáhloa pkr oklholflr su kraolÿh okh na aparlolÿh fd nas ndhbuas rkiáhloas k rkiahods. Kras cudhds qud cud dh dn slbnk ]L] ouahfk arqudÿnkbk Omarnds fd Bdrvlnnd flk dsd hkijrd a naariah arquldoura orlstaha koolfdhan fd nksdnslbnks ] an ]LL, pkr anuslÿh a na arquldoura rkiaha, dh na qud sd supkhéa qud sd majéa lhsplrafk. Na ìpkoa dh qud sd okhslfdra qud sd fdsarrknna dn dstnk rkiáhlok okiprdhfd nks slbnks ]L y ]LL, slh dxonuslÿh fd krks slbnks ahdrlkrds y pksdrlkrds, puds auhqud anbuhks dflolks fdn slbnk ] an vdz ya pudfah oanloarsd fd rkiáhloks, sd drlbldrkh krks vdrfafdraidhd ands dh flvdrsas zkhas (dspdolanidhd, dh Asurlas y Banlola) furahd na ìpkoa bÿtoa masa oasl anoahzar dn Zdhaolildhk. Na flvlslÿh iás okiõh qud pudfd iahdhdrsd fdn dstnk Zkiáhlok ds dhrd dn Zkiáhlok sdholnnk y dn Zkiáhlok fd rahslolÿh fahfk a dsd sdbuhfk brupk uh vankr sdouhfarlk y okhslfdráhfknk okik uha varlahd fdn prlidrk, okh an fd lhonulr dh ìn nks dflolks fd aspdok rkiáhl rki áhlok ok qud ksdh ksdhdh dh anbuhks anbuhks aroks aroks kel kelvan vands ds k apuha apuhafks fks slh oujrlr oujrlrsd sd okh jÿvdfa jÿvdfass fd oruodréa. Dsd sdbuhfk brupk dipldza dh dn slbnk ]L pdrk hk sd maod okiõh masa idflafks fdn ilsik slbnk d lhonusk dhkhods okdxlsd okh dn prlidrk. Oajd aijlìh flsthbulr pkr krk okhodpk dn dstnk Zkiáhlok dh fks varlahds, okh nks hkijrds fd sdholnnk y rdjdnfd, puds sd kjsdrva qud dh na prlidra ìpkoa fdn dstnk, masa ya dhrafk dn slbnk ]LL, sd prdsdhah nks dflolks okh rdnatva ayufanlfaf dh nks afkrhks fd pudras y vdhahas y okh oldrk aspdok fd pdsafdz y ksqudfaf, qud vah pdrfldhfk a idflfa qud avahza flomk slbnk0 ias hk pudfd dsajndodrsd dsk okik uha hkria okhsahd, pkr kjdfdodr a iuy flcdrdhds oausas5 rdblkhands k nkoands, na pdrcdoolÿh y dndbahola prkpla fd oafa okhsruoolÿh, k pkr okrrdspkhfdr su nlaolÿh a flstha dsoudna arstoa. Hk kjsahd, na flvlsl flv lslÿh ÿh dhrd dhrd Zkiáhl Zkiáhlok ok sdholn sdholnnk nk y Zkiáhl Zkiáhlok ok krlfk krlfk sdrvl sdrvlrá rá dh iuntu iuntuf f fd oasks oasks para para fddrilhar na orkhknkbéa fd nks dflolks fd dsd tpk dh uha ilsia rdblÿh k nkoanlfaf qud maya fd dsuflarsd0 y fdsfd nudbk sd pudfdh arljulr dh Dspaña an sdbuhfk brupk (okrrdspkhfldhd adxujdrahola idflafks fdn slbnk ]LL masa dhrafk dn slbuldhd) dflolks rkiáhloks qud ksdhdh krhaidhan k brahjldh hura fd dedouolÿh fd nks nks fdannds.
Fdsfd dn puhtk fd vlsta dxonuslvaidhtd arqultdotÿhlok dn rkiáhlok cud uh dscudrzk okhthuk
dh okhsrulr dipnks pdrfurajnds okh na iaykr brahfdza pksljnd pdrk dvlahfk su pksljnd fdsruoolÿh. Dh dsd dipdñk na arquldoura rkiáhloa slbulÿ uh prkodsk dvknutvk okhthuk fd pdrcdoolkhaildhk y fd rdsknuolÿh fd prkjndias doÿhloks dh jusoa fd na anura y na nuz. Wara dnnk dn iadrlan dipndafk fdjéa sdr pldfra cuhfaidhanidhd, auhqud hk sd rdhuholÿ a krks iadrlands okik nudbk vdrdiks. Kra okhflolÿh lfdan dra qud dn dipnk fdjéa dsar ajkvdfafk. Dsk dra pkr fks razkhds5 na prlidra, pkr far iaykr rdndvahola slijÿnloa an dflolk y kra, iás práotoa, para dvlar nks lhodhflks qud nks domks fd iafdra sucréah okh oldra crdoudhola.
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Dsks fdsdks Dsks fdsdks nndvarkh nndvarkh a nks arquldoks arquldoks rkiáhloks rkiáhloks a okhsrulr okhsrulr sus lbndslas lbndslas okh brahfds iurks iaolzks fd pldfra qud pufldrah skpkrar nks dhkrids pdsks fd nas jÿvdfas. Nks vahks, auhqud fdsdafks pkr dn slijknlsik fd na nuz, cudrkh praotoafks fd iahdra iás dsoasa qud dh dn bÿtok bÿt ok -vahks -vahks dsrdo dsrdomks mks y saddr saddrasas- puds puds supkhé supkhéah ah crdoud crdoudhd hdidh idhd d idhkso idhksoajk ajk fd na rdslsdhola fd nks iurks. Okik okhsdoudhola sdouhfarla, dn lhdrlkr fd nks dipnks rkiáhloks sd dhvudnvd dh uha ailzafa nuz qud lhvla an rdokblildhk. Vaijlìh dsa nuz flcusa faja vlfa y "iabla" a na pknlorkiéa fd nas plhuras iurands qud oujréah sus iurks.
Dn sl sls sdi diaa fd dipu dipued edss y okhr okhrar arrd rds sks ks fd nas nas jÿvd jÿvdfa fass -i -idf dfla lah hdd ok oknu nuih ihas as,, pl plna nard rds, s, okhracudrds, kras jÿvdfas, do. _d okhvlrtÿ dh dn prlholpan prkjndia lhbdhldrln a rdsknvdr y qud hk sldiprd sd mlzk okh aoldrk, okik sajdiks pkr lhhuidrajnds fdrruijaildhks prkfuolfks dh flcdrdhds ìpkoas.
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LL. KZFDHD_5
1.- Fÿrlok5 Ds dn iás slipnd fd nks ÿrfdhds arquldoÿhloks rkiáhloks. Ouahk iás ahtbuk, iás sdholnnk, fahfk sdhsaolÿh fd rkjusdz, ouahk iás arfék, iás dsjdna y prkpkrolkhafk ds0 nkbrahfk asé na arikhéa y jdnndza onásloa. Fdrlva fd nas ahtbuas okhsruoolkhds dh iafdra fdn pdrlkfk bdkiìrlok, fd uh plnar fd iafdra fd sdoolÿh ouafrafa, an qud sd cudrkh jlsdnahfk nas dsqulhas masa maodrnk olrounar. _us oaraodréstoas skh nas slbuldhds5 - Na oknu oknuih ihaa hk pk pksd sddd ja jasa sa,, fd fdso soah ahsa sa fl flrd rdo oai aidh dhd d sk skjr jrdd dn jasa jasaid idh hk, k, qud qud tdhd rds dsoankhds. Dn supdrlkr sd nnaia dstnÿjak. - Dn cusd ds iás ahomk ajaek qud arrlja, pksdd dsréas fd oahks vlvks, dn ìhasls fd na oknuiha fÿrloa ds cuhfaidhan, a ìhasls iás prkhuh prkhuholaf olafks, ks, iaykr iaykr aroaés aroaésik ik fd na oknuiha fÿrloa. Vldhd fd 13 a :7 dsréas dh arls arlsa a vl vlva va,, y dn pd pdr rnn ds nlbd nlbdra raid idh hdd okhvdxk. Na anura fdn cusd ds fd uhks 14 iÿfunks. - Dn oapldn sd okipkhd fd oknnarlhk, dqulhk y ájaok, nks ouands skjrdsandh okhslfdrajndidhd (rasbk fd aroaésik). -_kjrd dn ájaok fdsoahsa dn dhajnaildhk okipudsk pkr5 dn arqulrajd k flhdn (nlsk), dn crlsk y na okrhlsa. - Dn cr crls lsk k ds lhd lhdrr rrui uipl plfk fk pkr pkr r rlb lbnlnlck ckss y idkpas. Dh na idkpa fdn crlsk fÿrlok y dh dn lh lhd drl rlkr kr fd nk nkss cr crkh khk khd hdss ds fkhf fkhfdd sd fdsarrknna na dsounura.
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:.-Ekhlok5 Iás dsjdnk y alrksk qud dn krfdh fÿrlok, ma fdeafk ajuhfahds iudsras fd su dstnk, fd nas qud, okik dedipnk iás oahÿhlok, oajd fdsaoar dn Vdipnk fd Adhda Hl`ì dh na Aorÿpknls fd Adhas. Wrkfuod liprdslÿh fd dndbahola, crablnlfaf y rlqudza. Fÿrlok y eÿhlok sd fdsarrknnah dh áijlks bdkbráoks flsthks. Dn fÿrlok ds utnlzafk para nas okhsruoolkhds fd na Brdola pdhlhsunar y na Iabha Brdola. _lh dijarbk, dn krfdh Eÿhlok sd utnlza para na okhsruoolÿh fd dipnks eÿhloks sknk dh Ekhla. _us oaraodréstoas skh nas slbuldhds5 -
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Nas okn oknuihas tdh tdhdh jas jasa y skh iás iás anas y fdnbafas qud nas fÿrloas. Dn dhajnaidhk pksdd uh crkhÿh fdokrafk pkr aorÿdras. Ok Okrh rhls lsaa fd fd idh idhks ks vudn vudnk k qud qud na fÿrl fÿrloa oa y fd fdokra okrafa fa okh fdhdn fdhdnnkh nkhds, ds, ÿvunks ÿvunks y kras iknfuras. Crlsk kani anidhd okrrlfk, fdokr okrafk okh jaekrrdnldvds okhthuk. Arqulraj ajdd ds nlsk, flvlflfk dh rds cr crah ahea eass (p (pna naa aja jahf hfas as)) mkrl mkrlzk zkh han ands ds dsoankhafas. Oa Oapl pld dnn cckr kria iafk fk pkr pkr u uh h oua ouar rk k afk afkrh rhk, k, fdokrafk okh uha néhda fd kvas, uh okrfÿh fd pdrnas y fks brahfds vknuas a oafa nafk, dh dsplran. Nas vknuas sd dhoudhra dhou dhrah h ujloafas ujloafas a nks dxrdiks y sd uhdh pkr uha néhda ourva. Dn okheuhk rdoudrfa fks rknnks fd papdn sd sdpar parafk afks. s. Dn dqulhk dqulhk dsá dsá afkrha afkrhafk fk okh kvks. Cusd olnéhfrlok dsrlafk fd oah oahks pnahks (aoahanafk). Ds ikhknétok (uha pldza). A vdods sd kjsdrva ìhasls. Ja Jasa sa átoa átoa ckria ckriafa fa pkr pkr fks krks krks sdp sdpara arafks fks pkr pkr uha uha dsokol dsokola. a. A vdods vdods sd apky apkyaa dh uh pdfdsan ouafrafk nnaiafk pnlhk.
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?.-Okrlhtk5 _u hkvdfaf dsrlja dh dn oapldn, fkhfd dhokhraiks uha fdokraolÿh vdbdan, prkfuok fd nks oapldnds krldhands. Ds hauranlsa, iuy dipndafk pkr nks arquldoks mdndhéstoks, dxprdsa dn sdhtfk casuksk y cdidhlhk fdn iuhfk andeahfrlhk. _d flod qud su lhvdholÿh cud oasuan, an pkhdr uha ekvdh uha odstnna nndha fd krds skjrd uh plnar rkk. Ds dn fd iaykr rlqudza fdokratva, dn iás Jarrkok. _d aodhõah nks dndidhks fdokratvks dh dn crlsk y na okrhlsa. Dh dn pdrlkfk pks√onáslok dipdzaiks a vdr dsd krfdh, pdrk hk dh dipnks slhk dh dflolks okhidikratvks y okhsruoolkhds mdndhéstoas.
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_us oaraodréstoas skh nas slbuldhds5 -
Dh dn ar arqu qul lra rajd jd,, dn dn crl crlsk sk ds okrrl okrrlfk fk y fdokrafk. Ttnlzah dn dhajnaidhk Eÿhlok.
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Vl Vldh dhdd jas jasaa y dn cu cus sdd ds ds iuy iuy dsjd dsjdn nk k ya na anura fdn cusd qudqud nd fa uh aspdok cráblndsy iaykr, nk dndbahd.
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Ds sl slil ilna narr ddh h iuo iuomk mkss asp aspdo dok kss aann krfdh eÿhlok, pdrk bdhdranidhd fd prkpkrolkhds iás dstnlzafas.
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Oa Oara rao odr drlz lzaf afk k dspd dspdol olan anid idh hdd pkr pkr uh oapldn fd ckria fd oaipaha k kr ajldra, fd brah anura, fdokrafk okh fks nas fd mkeas fd aoahk, annks dhrksoafks, uh ájaok okh nafks oÿhoavks, lhdbra ouark pdqudñas vknuas eÿhloas y dhrd dnnas mkeas fd aoahk maoldhfk dsqulha.
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4.-Vksoahk5 Dn krfdh ksoahk hk pdrdhdod an brupk fd nks ÿrfdhds arquldoÿhloks brldbks (fÿrlok, eÿhlok y okrlhtk), slhk qud ds na apkraolÿh drusoa a nks ÿrfdhds onásloks. Fdrlva fdn fÿrlok, fdn qud ds uha slipnloaolÿh, y cud utnlzafk dh Drurla dh ìpkoa ahdrlkr a na okhqulsa fd Brdola. Wksdrlkridhd cud afkpafa y flcuhflfa pkr nks rkiahks. Okh dn pask fdn tdipk, fafk qud nks arquldoks rdhaodhtsas okhkoéah iuomk idekr dn ard rkiahk qud dn brldbk, dn krfdh ksoahk aijlìh cud iuy majluan fdsfd dn slbnk ]S (iuomk iás qud dn krfdh fÿrlok qud, práotoaidhd dra fdsokhkolfk y hk cud rdoupdrafk masa dn Hdkonaslolsik). _us oaraodréstoas skh nas slbuldhds5 -
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Dn dh dha ajn jnai aidh dhk k dsá dsá ok okip ipud uds sk k pkr5 pkr5 Dn arqulrajd, uha dspdold fd vlba k brudsa y nlsa qud rdokrrd kfa na anlhdaolÿh fd oknuihas. k Dn crlsk, jahfa mkrlzkhan nlsa fd lbuan aparldhola qud dn arqulrajd y sdparafa fd ìsd pkr uh nlsdn nnaiafk dhla. k Na okrhlsa rdiaa dn krfdh ckriahfk uh sandflzk qud bdhd bdhdra rani nidh dhd d ou oudh dha a ok okh h uha uha iknfura fd tpk oliaolk. Dn oapl oapld dnn dsá dsá lhdb lhdbra rafk fk pkr pkr olhok olhok pldz pldzas as,, kfas dnnas nlsas5 k Th nlsdn. k Dn ájaok ds uha pldza prlsiátoa slil sl ilna narr a uh ajn ajndr drk k fd pnah pnaha a ouafrafa qud skpkra flrdoaidhd skjrd sé na dsruoura mkrlzkhan fdn dflolk. k Dn dqulhk, ouya bdkidréa ds na fd uha bura okhvdxa fd rdvknuolÿh, sd dxpa dxpahf hfdd maol maolaa na par pardd supd supdrl rlkr kr ok okh h uh sdht sdhtfk fk fd r rah ahsl slol olÿh ÿh dhr dhrdd na nass flidhslkhds fdn dxrdik fdn cusd y nas fdn ájaok fd iaykr aiañk. Dn oknnarlhk, aijkr olnéhfrlok lhdroanafk dhrd dn dqulhk y dn cusd, a ikfk fd prknkhbaolÿh fd ìsd y sdparafk fd ìn pkr uha iknfura mkrlzkhan. Dn jaqudÿh. k Na oknuih oknuihaa ksoaha ksoaha,, a flcdrdh flcdrdhola ola fd na na fÿrloa fÿrloa brldba brldba,, sd apkya apkya skjrd skjrd uha uha jasd (y (y ìsa, ìsa, skjrd uh pkflk) Dn cusd cusd ds fd fd sdoolÿ sdoolÿh h olrounar olrounar,, hkriani hkrianidh dhdd nlsk. nlsk. Dn aiañk aiañk kan kan fd na oknuih oknuihaa sudnd sudnd sdr fd oakrod iÿfunks, sldhfk fd fkod dn fdn cusd. _u fláidrk hk ds okhsahd, slhk qud va auidhahfk masa prkfuolr uh nlbdrk ajkijaildhk k ìhasls, fdordoldhfk nudbk maola dn dxrdik supdrlkr. k
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6.-Okipudsk5 Dn krfdh okipudsk hk pdrdhdod an brupk fd nks ÿrfdhds arquldoÿhloks brldbks (fÿrlok, eÿhlok y okrlhtk), slhk qud, okh dn ksoahk, ds uhk fd nas apkraolkhds rkiahas a nks ÿrfdhds onásloks. Dh prkpkrolkhds y dndidhks okipksltvks ds lfìhtok an krfdh okrlhtk, okh fks sanvdfafds5 na jasa ds iás rloa dh iknfuras y sd asdidea a uh oapldn fÿrlok lhvdrtfk, ildhras qud dn oapldn ds uha idzona k okipkslolÿh (fd amé dn hkijrd fdn krfdh) fdn oapldn eÿhlok y fdn okrlhtk.1 Fdn prlidrk kia nas vknuas fd na pard supdrlkr supdrlkr y fdn sdbuhfk nas mkeas fd aoahk qud afkrhah na pard lhcdrlkr.
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LLL. DFLCLOLK_ ZKIAHLOK_5
A brksk ikfk, uh dipnk rkiáhlok ds uh dflolk fd pldfra najrafa krldhafk okh na oajdodra an dsd okh uha k varlas havds nkhbluflhands qud pkféah dhdr kras aravdsafas. Dh koaslkhds, na caomafa dsaja prdodflfa fd uha ahdsana ajkvdfafa ikhuidhan. Anbuhas pards fd nks dflolks rkiáhloks skh5 1.- Oajdodra5 Na oajdodra ds na pard iás hkjnd fd nks dflolks rkiáhloks pudsk qud ds dn nubar fkhfd sd ujloa dn anar. Fd ckria lhvarlajnd dh dn rkiáhlok y dh kras arquldouras idfldvands, na oajdodra sd dhoudhra dh dn dxrdik krldhan fd na lbndsla. Na razÿh fd dsa krldhaolÿh oahÿhloa ds na fd qud nks prlidrks rayks fd nuz fdn féa fdjéah lholflr dh dnna pkrqud dsd _aoa _aokrui slijknlza a Edsuorlsk qud ds, sdbõh dn Hudvk Vdsaidhk "na nuz fdn iuhfk". Dsruouranidhd na oajdodra rkiáhloa sudnd dsar ckriafa pkr uh prlidr raik nnaiafk prdjldrlk, dhbarzafk an ájslfd.
:.- Olijkrrlk _kjrd dn oruodrk (lhdrsdoolÿh fdn rahsdpk okh na havd odhran) sd sknéa ndvahar uh olijkrrlk k krrd-nlhdrha -fd pnaha ouafrafa u kokbkhan- okh vdhahands para lnuilhar dn lhdrlkr.
11
Afdiás fd dsks olafks olijkrrlks sdholnnks, dxlsd uh brupk nnaiafk "Olijkrrlks fdn Fudrk" prdsdhds dh oadfrands y okndblaas sluafas dh dn kdsd fdn ahtbuk Zdlhk fd Ndÿh (Uaikra, Vkrk, _anaiahoa y Wnasdhola) iuomk iás dnajkrafks. _d nds ma arljulfk lhudhola jlzahtha y/k pkltvlha (Crahola). Dn iás prliltvk fd kfks ds dn pdrdhdoldhd a na oadfran fd Uaikra. Vldhd jÿvdfa bannkhafa, okh oujldra fd naeas fd pldfra y ouark krrdolnnas dh nas dsqulhas.
?.- Oaipaharlks rkiáhloks5 krrds y dspafañas5 Vaijlìh dra crdoudhd na okhsruoolÿh fd pardeas fd krrds oaipaharlk pardafas ahqudahfk na caomafa (nk qud sd fdhkilha "caomafa ariÿhloa") k krrds õhloas dh uh oksafk fdn dipnk (okh prdflndoolÿh pkr dn oksafk hkrd). Dn oaipah oaipaharl arlk k dhéa dhéa iuoma iuomass cuholkh cuholkhds ds slijÿn slijÿnloa loass iás anná fd na idra idra utnlza utnlzaolÿh olÿh okik okik lhsruidhk skhkrk para okhvkoar a Ilsa. _d raaja fd uh séijknk fd uhlÿh dhrd Flks y nks mkijrds y fdn pkfdr fd na Lbndsla. Dh koaslkhds sd raaja aijlìh fd uha dspdold fd krrd ckrandza fd fdcdhsa crdhd a nks dhdilbks, okik dh anbuhks nubards fd na Oastnna an sur fdn Fudrk. Na krrd rkiáhloa sknéa dhdr varlks plsks fdhlfks pkr lipksas sanldhds okh rkhdras y vdhahands para nas oaipahas hkrianidhd aelidzafks.
1:
Kra ckria fd oaipaharlk ds na nnaiafa dspafaña, iurk vdrtoan pnahk mkrafafk fd vahks para nks oaipahas. Dsa dsruoura uvk okik ckok flcuskr nas lbndslas fd nks ikhasdrlks olsdroldhsds. Dh Dspaña sd mah okhsdrvafk huidrksas dspafañas dh dn rkiáhlok fdn hkrd pandhthk, jurbanìs y fd Oahajrla. Na iás okhkolfa, qulzás, sda na fd _ah _anvafkr fd Oahaiufa (Wandhola).
6.- Caomafas y pkrafas Nas pudra pudrass ikhuid ikhuidha hands nds k pkraf pkrafas as krhaid krhaidha hafas fas idflah idflahd d suodsl suodslvas vas arqulv arqulvkn knas as ajkolhafas qud apkyajah skjrd oknuihas sd ajréah hkrianidhd dh dn iurk koolfdhan k idrlflkhan k dh aijks. Dh nks dipnks iás aijlolksks pkféa majdr huidrksas pudras fd dhrafa para ajaroar kfks nks iurks fdn dflolk. Dh dsd oask, na pudra prlholpan dsá hkrianidhd dh dn mastan koolfdhan. Dsa caomafa, afdiás fd na pudra ikhuidhanlzafa, pudfd dhdr krks vdhahands y ÿounks k rksdkhds fd lnuilhaolÿh (dh dn arfkrrkiáhlok).
1?
_l na pudra dra iuy ahoma sd oknkoaja okik rdcudrzk uha oknuiha odhran nnaiafa pardnuz k ialhdn. Dh dipnks lipkrahds sd sknéah añaflr dsauas fd pdrskhaeds jéjnloks a nas oknuihas k/y a nas arqulvknas (dh sdhtfk raflan crdhd a na krldhaolÿh nkhbluflhan fdn bÿtok). Krk dndidhk fdsaoafk fd nas pkrafas rkiáhloas ds na prdsdhola fd ipahks dsounplfks jaek nas arqulvknas.
Ds dh dsas pudras, dh nks oapldnds fd nas oknuihas lhdrlkrds y dh nks oahdolnnks qud skpkr skp kraja ajah h nks andrks andrks fdn deafk deafk fkhfd fkhfd sd okhodh okhodhra raja ja na iaykr iaykr pard pard fd na dsoun dsounura ura ikhuidhan qud aokipañaja lhflsknujndidhd a na arquldoura rkiáhloa fd nks pdrlkfks pndhk y arfék.
16
LS. IAVDZLAND_ FD OKH_VZTOOLKH5
1.- Wldfra fd slnndréa k slnnar Jnkqud fd pldfra Jnkqud pldfra najraf najrafk k okik okik uh parand parandndp ndpépd épdfk) fk).. Crdoud Crdoudhd hdid idhd hd dsks dsks sln slnnar nards ds drah drah iaroafks pkr nks oahdrks okh iaroas para su pksdrlkr okjrk. Nas pardfds asé dnajkrafas d dhé héah ah fks fks has has oapa oapass fd slnn slnndr dréa éa y dh idfl idflk k uha uha iasa iasa fd rl rlpl plk k (p (pdq dqud udña ñass pl pldf dfra rass hkrianidhd prkodfdhds fdn annafk fd nks slnnards.
Na oknkoaolÿh k apardek fd na slnndréa pudfd sdr a skba y tzÿh (andrhahfk na flspkslolÿh dh ckria parandna y pdrpdhflounar a na flrdoolÿh fdn paraidhk), dholhafa, dh mlndras, do.
:.- _lnnardek Wldfra iás pdqudña, fd pdkr najrafk y aeusd, rdanlzafa okh iartnnk fdvasahfk flrdoaidhd na pldfra jrua, pdrk slh punlr nas oaras.
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?.- Iaipudsk Wldfra hk najrafa k fd najrafk ksok. Crdoudhdidhd sd usaja dn "oanloahk" a jasd fd iaipksdréa abnuthafa okh arbaiasa (ikrdrk fd oan, ardha y abua). Wksdrlkridhd sd dhcksoaja para far aspdok nlsk a na supdrold prdvlaidhd lrrdbunar.
*Krks iadrlands Krks iadrlands usafks cudrkh dn nafrlnnk (skjrd kfk dh Dspaña), na iafdra (para oujldras fd dipnks hk ajkvdfafks), na plzarra y dn jarrk okolfk (deas fd deafks).
S. VLWK_ FD WNAHVA_5
Nas pnahas fd nas lbndslas cudrkh iuy varlafas y ds lipksljnd maodr uha rdnaolÿh fd kfas dnnas. Nas iás lipkrahds cudrkh5
1.- Wnahas fd sanÿh k jaslnloands Dsa pnaha dsá rdnaolkhafa okh ahtbuks dflolks põjnloks rkiahks y skjrd kfk, pkr nas prlidras lbndslas pandkorlstahas y prdrrkiáhloas _d raa fd lbndslas nkhbluflhands okh 1, ? ÿ 4 havds parandnas (dspaolk dhrd nas fd aroafas) slh rahsdpk y hkrianidhd hanlzafas dh oajdodra fd ájslfds sdilolrounards dsoankhafks.
:.- Wnaha fd oruz brldba Kra pnaha koaslkhan ds na fd oruz brldba, ds fdolr, ckriafa pkr fks havds lbuands qud sd oruzah pdrpdhflounaridhd dh dn odhrk. Th dedipnk dh Dspaña ds na fd _ah Wau fdn Oaip dh Jarodnkha.
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?.- Wnahas fd oruz natha A na flspkslolÿh ahdrlkr sd nd añaféa uh jrazk pdrpdhflounar sanldhd dh pnaha (rahsdpk) okh o kh nk qud dn rdsunafk dra fd oruz natha. Dnnk slijknlzaja na oruz fd Orlsk. Dsas lbndslas pkféah dsar aijlìh rdiaafas dh oajdodras okh ájslfds dsoankhafks.
_lh
dijarbk,
dh
lbndslas
fd
pdrdbr pdr dbrlha lhaolÿ olÿh h y krks krks brahfd brahfdss dipnk dipnkss nas havds havds drilh drilhaja ajah h dh uha oajdod oajdodra ra okipnd okipndea ea ckriafa pkr oaplnna iaykr rkfdafa fd uha blrkna k fdaijunakrlk fd uha k varlas havds qud na rkfdaja y a na qud sd ajréah oaplnnas raflands. Th dedipnk dspañkn ds na Oadfran fd Ávlna
?.- Wnahas olrounards k pknlbkhands Nas lbndslas fd pnahas olrounards k pknlbkhands skh idhks crdoudhds. Hkrianidhd skh dipnks an sdrvlolk fd okiuhlfafds fd ÿrfdhds ilnlards partolpahds dh na Oruzafas, okik nks dipnarlks k nks oajanndrks fdn _ahk _dpunork, pkr pardodrsd an dipnk fd _ankiÿh y an fdn _ahk _dpunork fd Edrusanìh, rdspdotvaidhd.
Vdhdiks uh onark dedipnk dh na Lbndsla fd na Sdraoruz dh _dbkvla y aijlìh dh nas lbndsla fd Duhad y _ahk _dpunork fd Vkrrds fdn Zék (aijas
12
SL. _L_VDIA_ OKH_VZTOVLSK_5
1.- _lsdia Aflhdnafk k Arqulrajafk5 -
Dn slsdia aflhdnafk sd raa fd uha ckria okhsruotva jasafa dh dn usk fd fl flh hdn dnds ds apln aplnaf afks ks dhr dhrdd dnnk dnnkss k sk skjr jrdd oknuihas.
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Dh dn dn sls slsdi diaa aflh aflhdn dnaf afk k nks dfl dflo olk lkss skh skh su sus sdh dha afk fkss oasl oasl ok okip ipnd nda aid idh hdd pkr pkr pardfds k plnards qud nds fah uha rkjusa dsruoura dxdrha. Wd Wdri ril laa okij okijlh lhar ar pna pnah has as sup supdr drpu puds dsa as, s, pdrk dn pdsk a skpkrar dra dndvafk y sd fdjéa iuntpnloar dn hõidrk fd skpkrds. Flsi Flsilh lhué uéaa y flo floun una aja ja dn hõid hõidrk rk fd dspdoafkrds.
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Nas pards fdn _lsdia Aflhdnafk skh5 *Flhdn5 Ds dn dndidhk supdrlkr qud pdrild ordar vahks dh nks iurks para okhckriar pudras, vdhahas k pÿrtoks. Wkr dxdhslÿh, dn tpk fd arquldoura, k okhsruoolÿh qud utnlza dn usk fd fl flh hdn dnds ds para para oujrl oujrlrr nk nkss dspa dspaolk olkss dh nk nkss dfl dflol olks ks sd nnnnai aiaa ar arqu qul ldo dou ura ra aflh aflhd dna nafa fa k okhsruoolÿh aflhdnafa. *Wlnar5 Tha plnar, ds uha pldza arquldoÿhloa vdrtoan y anarbafa, qud sd utnlza para sksdhdr dn pdsk fd uha dsruoura, auhqud a vdods aijlìh tdhd hds dxonuslvaidhd fdokratvks. _dbõh su flspkslolÿh sd pudfdh onasloar dh5 k k k
Wlnar alsnafk k dxdhk5 _dparafk fd ouanquldr oudrpk fd na dfloaolÿh. Wlnar afksafk5 \uxapudsk a uh iurk u krk dndidhk fd na dfloaolÿh. Wlnar dijdjlfk5 Warolanidhd lhorusafk dh dn iurk u krk oudrpk fd na okhsruoolÿh. Dh dsd oask sd fdhkilha plnasra.
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:.-_lsdia Ajkvdfafk5 -
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-
-
Dn sls slsd dia ia ajk ajkvd vdfa fafk fk tdh tdhdd su su jasd jasd dh dh dn ar arok ok k dndi dndidh dhk k sus susdh dha ah hdd fd ck ckri riaa ourv ourvaa fd fdst stha hafk fk a sanv sanvar ar uh dspaolk iás k idhks brahfd, ckriafk pkr fkvdnas k pldfras annafas dh ckria fd ou ouña ña,, bdhd bdhdra rani nidh dhd d dh hõid hõidrk rk lipar, qud krlblhah dipueds nadrands y fdsvéah na oarba vdrtoan qud skpkrah maola nks puhks fd apkyk fdn arok k lipksas. Okhslsa dh prknkhbar uh arok dh prkcuhflfaf. Wdril dril a skpk skpkr rar ar iás iás pdsk dsk, ndva ndvah har ar iás anuras y qud dn dspaolk lhdrlkr cudsd iás aipnlk. _d usa usa dh dh dflo dfloaol aolkhd khdss qud qud aokbéa aokbéah h uh bbrah rah vknuid vknuidh h fd pdrs pdrskha khas. s. Wdril Wdrildd oujrlr oujrlr uh uh dspao dspaolk lk iuomk iuomk iayk iaykrr okh uh uh iéhlik iéhlik fd fd skpkr skpkrds ds.. _d jasa jasa dh dn dn dsqud dsqudia ia fd arok arokss (sknk (sknk dn arok arok fd idfl idflk k puhk puhk)) y dh na ckri ckriaa dh qud qud dsd fdsoarba su pdsk. Wd Wdrk rk a aij ijlì lìh h iud iuds sra ra pr prkj kjnd ndia iass ooki kik5 k5 Okhrarrdsar nas prdslkhds nadrands. k k Dnlilhar na iaykr oahtfaf fd pdsk fd na oujldra. Ds Dsk kss prkj prkjnd ndia iass sk skh h rdsu rdsudn dnk kss ok okh5 h5 k Ndvahahfk brudsks iurks para ajskrvdr nas prdslkhds k Dipndahfk okik iadrlan oksruotvk fd nas jkvdfas dn nafrlnnk, dn mkrilbkh k arbaiasa dh vdr fd na pldfra, ias pdsafa.
Nas pards fdn _lsdia Ajkvdfafk skh5 *Arok fd Idflk Wuhk5 Dn arok fd idflk puhk, dh arquldoura, ds uh tpk fd arok qud dh dn lhrafÿs tdhd na ckria fd uh sdiloérounk. Ds dn dndidhk prlholpan fd na arquldoura ajkvdfafa, ckriahfk nas fd oañÿh. Ahtbuaidhd sknéa dsar okhckriafk pkr fkvdnas fd afkjd, nafrlnnk k pldfra
1<
?.-_lsdia Ilxk5
Tsahfk dn arok y flhdn sd aprkvdomah nas vdhaeas fd aijks slsdias. _d flrlbd dn pdsk fd nas pnahas maola puhks puh ks okhordks, okhordks, nks arrahquds arrahquds fd na jÿvdfa, qud sd rdckrzajah. Fdea dspaolk nljrd para qud olround uha brah iasa fd dspdoafkrds. Nndba a okhvdrtrsd dh uh slsdia fdokratvk5 fdokr atvk5 dn nnaiafk nnaiafk „D_QTDIA „D_QTDIA FD AZOK FD VZLTHCK’. Anlb An lbdr draa na ikhk ikhkk khé héaa fd anbu anbuhk hkss dxdrlkrds.
*Dsqudia fd Arok fd Vrluhck Ds uha krlblhanlfaf rkiáhloa. Fdhrk fd su majlnlfaf práotoa y jusoahfk na askolaolÿh fd dndidhks para uha iaykr rkjusdz y jdnndza, arikhlzah dn arok okh dn arqulrajd. Fd dsa sudrd sud rd dn slsdi slsdiaa anoahz anoahzaa iaykr iaykr cudrza cudrza y an prkplk prkplk tdipk tdipk sd okhsab okhsabra ra uha fdokraolÿ fdokraolÿh h puraidhd arquldoÿhloa. Nks rláhbunks ckriafks pkr dn rasfÿs fdn arok, dn arqulrajd y na oknuiha ckriah nas dheuas, hudva ckria arquldoÿhloa fd cdouhfa mlskrla dh na pksdrlfaf.
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Dstlnk BKVLOK
:1
L. ML_VKZLA5
Dn dstnk bÿtok sd fdsarrknna dh Durkpa, suodfldhfk an rkiáhlok fdsfd na ouara fìoafa fdn slbnk ]LL masa jldh dhrafk dn ]SL.
Na fdhkilhaolÿh pdykratva "bÿtok" cud lhvd lh vdh haf afaa pkr pkr nk nkss druf drufl lks ks fdn fdn Zd Zdha haoli olild ldh hk k okh sdht sdhtfk fk fd fdsp fdsprd rdol olk k a uh ar ard d qud qud ok okhs hslf lfdr draj ajah ah járj járjar ark k (dn (dn "ar "ardd fd nk nkss bk bkfk fks" s")) iuy iuy lh lhcd cdrl rlkr kr dh okhsl okhslfd fdra raol olÿh ÿh an ar ard d brdokrrkiahk. _lh dijarbk cud rdvankrlzafk y dxanafk dh dn slbnk ]L] pkr nks ikvlildhks haolkhanlsas y rkiáht rki áhtoks oks durkpd durkpdks ks y dh na aouan aouanlfa lfaf f sd okhslfd okhslfdra ra uhlvdr uhlvdrsan sanidh idhd d okik okik uhk fd nks ikidhks iás jrlnnahds fdsfd dn puhk fd vlsa arstok, fdn iuhfk koolfdhan. Auhqud dn bÿtok suodfd arquldoÿhloaidhd an rkiáhlok fdn slbnk ]LL, nk oldrk ds qud aijas arquldouras rdspkhfdh a prlholplks lhsplrafkrds kpudsks. Okik skstdhd dn brah dxpdrk Kk vkh _liskh, okh dn bÿtok sd prkfuod uha fd nas iás rafloands rupuras dstnéstoas qud mah okhkolfk na arquldoura koolfdhan. Na razÿh fd an rdvknuolÿh ds dn oaijlk fd na idhanlfaf idfldvan skjrd dn okhkolildhk y na vdrfaf dxlsdhd. Nks slbnks ]LL y ]LLL okhdipnah na fdrrka fdn lfdanlsik fd Wnaÿh, fdcdhflfk pkr _ah Abush, qud cud na jasd nksÿoa fd nks slbnks ankidfldvands. Fdsfd dsas cdomas, sd rdoupdra na nkska jasafa dh na prddilhdhola fd nks sdhtfks fd Arlsÿdnds, lhdhsaidhd fdcdhflfk pkr pdrskhaeds fd na anna fd sah Anjdrk Iabhk y sahk Vkiás Aqulhk. Na lfda fd qud sÿnk na raolkhanlfaf muiaha ds dn õhlok slsdia fd okhkolildhk y qud nas ckrias ckr ias sdhslj sdhsljnds nds skh sÿnk sÿnk uha aparld aparldhol holaa dhbañk dhbañksa sa fd na vdrfaf vdrfaf,, ds fdspna fdspnazaf zafaa pkr na okhvlo okh vloolÿ olÿh h fd qud fd nks sdhtf sdhtfks ks skh hdodsa hdodsarlk rlkss fdsoujr fdsoujrlr lr nas oksas oksas fd na haura haurandz ndza, a, vdrfafdra cudhd fd okhkolildhk. Okik okhsdoudhola fd dsd oaijlk fd idhanlfaf, dh dn oaipk fdn ard y na arquldoura, dn kjsthafk dqulnljrlk sliìrlok y na rdbunarlfaf y bdkidrlsik fdn rkiáhlok, skh fdspnazafks.
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Dn arquldok ya hk tdhd qud apdbarsd a ckrias rdbunards para okhsrulr (oérounks y ouafrafks cuhfaidhanidhd) slhk qud sd vd nljrd para rajaear, hk okik uhd bdÿidra slhk okik uh lhbdhldrk. Wkr ahk, sl dh dn oaipk fd nas lfdas sd sustuyd dn lfdanlsik pkr dn hauranlsik, dh dn oaipk fdn ard sd sustuyd na lhdnlbdhola ajsraoa pkr dn diplrlsik. Zdhì Muybmd dsorljd dsas jdnnas panajras skjrd na arquldoura bÿtoa5
"Tha dstìoa prabiáoa dflcoa ikhuidhtks fkhfd, fdsoartafas nas supdrcolds pnahas, sd drlzah fd puhtas, fd oanafks, fd prkydoolkhds, sd rkipdh dh dn eudbk okipndek fd nks sanldht sanl dhtds ds y nas ajdrtu ajdrturas ras,, fkhfd fkhfd nas néhdas néhdas trkpld trkpldzah zah,, sd okrtah okrtah,, sd lhtdrs lhtdrsdoo doolkh lkhah ah okh aspdrdza, fkhfd tkfas nas prdvlslkhds fd na lhtdnlbdhola skh fdrrktafas pkr dn lipdrlksk flotafk fd nks mdomks"
Dh dsd okhdxk y auhqud na arquldoura slbud sueda a oldras rdbnas jásloas fd bdkidréa, nks dflolks sd nljdrah fdn rlbkr raolkhan ahdrlkr y a sus dsruouras sd nds pdrild na vlfa y na dspkhahdlfaf. Okik aria Muybmd uh dflolk bÿtok pudfd dhdhfdrsd okik uh krbahlsik vlvk qud ordod maola dn skn. Wkr õntik, dsa hudva arquldoura, utnlza dsd diplrlsik lhbdhldrln ds lhvdhar lhbdhlksas sknuolkhds doÿhloas para dn h fd ordar dspaolks fd brah anura y oknkrlfk. Na iahdra fdn slbnk ]LLL fd slijknlzar na Edrusanìh Odndstan ds idflahd na ordaolÿh fd uh brahflksk dspaolk fd nuz y oknkr.
*Dvknuolÿh fd na arqultdotura5
Dn bÿtok sd fa dhrd 1147 y 14:4. Na dvknuolÿh fdn bÿtok fa nubar a nas slbuldhds dapas5 1.- Bÿtok fd rahslolÿh (1147- 1:77) Okhvlvdh dndidhks rkiáhloks okh krks fdn bÿtok (usk fd rksdkhds dh caomafas, aroks kelvands, jÿvdfas fd kelvas). _d lhonuydh dh dsd bÿtok nks ikhasdrlks fdn Olsdr. Dn prkcdskr Eksì Iaréa Azoárad nk fdhkilhÿ okik prkkbÿtok.
:.- Bÿtok purk k onáslok (_lbnks ]LLL y ]LS) Dh dn slb slbnk nk ]LL ]LLLL dn bÿtok bÿtok anoahz anoahzaa kfas kfas sus oarao oaraodré drésto stoas as y dndidh dndidhks ks rdprds rdprdsdh dhatv atvks5 ks5 vdrt vdrtoa oanlnlfa faf, f, prdp prdpkh khfd fdra raho hola la fdn fdn vahk vahk sk skjr jrdd dn iurk iurk,, do. do. Ds na ìpko ìpkoaa fd na nass br brah ahfd fdss oadfrands. Dh Crahola, fdsaoah Omarrds, Zdlis y Aildhs. Dh Dspaña (Oastnna y Ndÿh)5 Jurbks, Ndÿh y Vkndfk. Dh dn slbnk ]LS na arquldoura slbud maolìhfksd iás dsjdna y dipldza a farsd uha rdnatva lhfdpdhfdhola fd na dsounura y plhura.
?.- Bÿtok krlfk k aiébdrk Ds na casd fdoafdhd okrrdspkhfldhd an slbnk ]S dh qud sd prkfuod uha dxpnkslÿh fdokratva, masa dn puhk fd majnar fd jarrkqulzaolÿh fdn bÿtok. Euhk an a n arok kelvan sd usah hudvks aroks okik dn dsoarzafk, oarpahdn (rds odhrks) y okhkplan (ouark odhrks) Vaijlìh prknlcdrah nas jÿvdfas iuy fdokrafas y vdhahas iuy brahfds. Dsa dapa, dh Dspaña, sd fdhkilha bÿtok lsajdnlhk k dstnk Zdyds Oaÿnloks.
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LL. OAZAOVDZL_VLOA_ AZQTLVDOVKHLOA_5
Nas oaraodréstoas bdhdrands fd na arquldoura bÿtoa skh5 1.
Sdrtoanlfaf5 Nks dflolks tdhfdh a na anura. Vldhdh uh sdhtfk slijÿnlok fd asodhslkhanlfaf, fd nndbar an oldnk
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Nuilhkslfaf5 Dspaolks lhdrlkrds iuy nuilhksks y oknkrlsas. _d fdjd an prdfkilhlk fd nks vahk vahkss okh vlfr vlfrld ldra rass sk skjr jrdd nk nkss iurk iurks. s. Na nu nuil ilhk hksl slfa faf f ok oknk nkrd rdaf afaa pr prd ddh dhfd fd rdprdsdhar nas sdhsaolkhds fd uha Edrusanìh odndstan.
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Hauranlsik5 Nks dndidhks dndidhks dsounÿrloks dsounÿrloks lijrloafks lijrloafks dh na arquldou arquldoura ra sudndh sudndh sdr jasahd hauranlsas5 -Cknnaeds
-Mkeas
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Ahliands
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LLL. DNDIDHVK_ OKH_VZTOVLSK_5
1.- _ksdhlfks Dn iadrlan utnlzafk ds na pldfra okrafa, dsouafrafa y punlfa dh slnnards rdbunards. Nks dndidhks okhsruotvks fdn bÿtok iás oaraodréstoks skh5 Arok apuhafk u kelvan. Na utnlzaolÿh fd dsd arok ya prkplola na vdrtoanlfaf, pdrk skjrd kfk, ailhkra nks dipueds nadrands qud skh iaykrds dh dn arok fd idflk puhk
Jÿvdfa fd oruodréa. _d krlblha pkr dn oruod fd fks raiks fd jÿvdfa fd oañÿh apuhafa okh aroks oruodrks fd rdcudrzk. Afdiás tdhd aroks caekhds y ckridrks. Dn pdsk sd okhodhra dh nks áhbunks.
A idflfa qud dn bÿtok dvknuolkha, dspdolanidhd dh na ìpkoa fd fdoafdhola fdn slbnk ]S, nas jÿvdfas skh iás fdokratvas okh auidhk fdn hõidrk fd hdrvlks, okhvlrtìhfksd dh jÿvdfas dsrdnnafas, krands k rdtounafas.
:.- _usdhahds Nks iurks pldrfdh brah pard fd na cuholÿh fd susdhahds, pkr nk qud sd ajrdh brahfds vdhahas (dh dn bÿtok onáslok sd tdhfd a qud prdfkilhd dn vahk skjrd dn iurk). _d utnlza iuomk dn plnar casolounafk (okh varlas oknuihas afksafas para rdokbdr nks hdrvlks), qud ouahfk skh iuy has k dsrdomas sd nnaiah jaqudkhds. Nks oapldnds skh uha olha okhthua fdokrafa okh dndidhks vdbdands, dhrd nks qud fdsaoa na mkea fd oarfk oa rfk (oarflha).
?.- Dipueds okhrarrdsafks Dh na jÿvdfa fd oruodréa dn pdsk vdrtoan sd okhrarrdsa okh plnards dh dn lhdrlkr, y dh sdhtfk nadran okh nks arjkahds (sdokrds fd arok aìrdks), qud sd apkyah dh okhracudrds dxdrlkrds (dsrljks) y skjrd dnnks uha pldza nnaiafa plháounk, okh fks cuholkhds5
Nndvar dn dipued vdrtoan maola ajaek Cuholÿh fdokratva
Nks arjkahds aijlìh tdhdh na cuholÿh fdAmkra dvaouar dn abua nnuvla pkr idflklhdrlkr fd nas bárbknas. Vkfk dsk pdrild anlbdrar nks iurks. dn iurk sÿnkfd dholdrra dn dspaolk fdn dflolk, hk ds uh skpkrd. A oausa fd dsk, sd ajrdh brahfds vahks.
LS. DNDIDHVK_ FDOKZAVLSK_5
Vaijlìh, sdbõh avahza dn bÿtok, nas vdhahas skh iás brahfds y dsáh iás fdokrafas. _d fdokrah okh vlfrldras y okh fdokraolkhds pìrdas fdhkilhafas raodréas.
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Okh nas vlfrldras sd okhslbudh rdprdsdhaolkhds buratvas slilnards a nas fd na plhura, okh na
vdhaea fd qud pdrildh pasar na nuz, auhqud ds uha nuz hk iuy onara qud hks fa sdhsaolÿh fd skjrdhauranlfaf. Vaijlìh dn bÿtok maod usk fd uh tpk fd vdhaha pdounlar5 dn rksdÿh, qud tdhd ckria olrounar y qud sd sudnd flspkhdr dh na caomafa.
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Ds iuy crdoudhd qud nks aroks apuhafks fd nas vdhahas y pudras dhbah skjrd dnnks uh dndidhk fdokratvk rlahbunar fdhkilhafk bajndd.
Dhrd nks dndidhks bÿtoks fdokratvks fdsaoaiks nks dndidhks vdbdands (oarflha), nks bajndds skjrd nks vahks, nas vlfrldras dh nas vdhahas y nks rdnldvds y dsounuras qud fdokrah nas caomafas.
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S. OAVDFZAN BKVLOA5
Dsd tpk fd dflolk fd na arquldoura bÿtoa, na oadfran, tdhd nas slbuldhds oaraodréstoas5
_udnd dhdr pnaha fd oruz natha, flvlfldhfk su sdokr nkhbluflhan dh ? k 4 havds y dh ? havds dn rahsdpk. Dn rahsdpk sd sudnd sluar dh dn odhrk fdn dflolk, andeáhfksd fd na oajdodra. Vldhd blrkna sdholnna k fkjnd. Na oajdodra ds iuy brahfd5 rkfdafa fd uha okrkha fd oaplnnas raflands. _d fdsaoa dn oruodrk okh olijkrrlk. Hkrianidhd, dh na havd odhran sd slõa dn okrk, skjrd kfk dh nas oadfrands dspañknas. _d fdsaoa na caomafa prlholpan, auhqud aijlìh tdhdh lipkrahola nas caomafas fd nks nadrands fdn rahsdpk. Dh bdhdran, nas caomafas tdhdh ckria fd M. Cnahqudafa pkr fks krrds, bdhdranidhd okh ? pudras, y dh dn odhrk dn rksdÿh. Wudfd rdiaar dh drraza (pnaha) k dh krrds aplrailfafas k omapldnds. Dh sdhtfk mkrlzkhan sd flvlfd dh ? oudrpks5 k Dn oudrpk lhcdrlkr okh ? pudras qud sd okrrdspkhfdh okh nas havds lhdrlkrds. k Dn oudrpk idflk tdhd dh dn odhrk dn rksdÿh, ahqudafk pkr vdhahands Bandréa fd aroks k k Vkrrds. Dh sdhtfk vdrtoan, sd flvlfd dh rds oannds5 k Na okrrdspkhfldhd okh na havd nadran sur. Na okrrdspkhfldhd okh na havd odhran. k k Na okrrdspkhfldhd okh na havd nadran hkrd
Nk iás fdokrafk ds na caomafa, pdrk dh dnna fdsaoa na pudra. _d rdpldh nks ilsiks dndidhks fd na pkrafa rkiáhloa pdrk okh oldrks oaijlks5 ipahk okh ckria fd arok kelvan y arqulvknas aijlìh kelvands. Vaijlìh may anbuhks oaijlks dh na fdokraolÿh dsounÿrloa5
Na fdokraolÿh fdn ipahk sd flspkhd dh crlsks supdrpudsks. Dh nas arqulvknas, na fdokraolÿh dsounÿrloa sd slõa dh na flrdoolÿh fdn arok. Nas dsounuras fd nas eaijas y dn pardnuz skh oasl fd junk rdfkhfk, y dsáh prkdblfas pkr fksdndds. _d flspkhdh skjrd iìhsunas.
*Afdiás fd nas oadfrands, krks dflolks onavd fd na arquldoura bÿtoa skh nks okhvdhks fd nas ÿrfdhds idhfloahds (craholsoahks y fkilhloks) dh nas olufafds. _d nds nnaia idhfloahds pkrqud prdfloah na pkjrdza, vlvdh fd na oarlfaf y na nliksha fd nks ordydhds. _d fdfloah a prdfloar, skjrd kfk dhrd nks rdlhks hk orlstahks. Dh dsas lbndslas sd cavkrdod na aoõstoa y na vlsljlnlfaf. A idflfa qud pasah nks slbnks, na arquldoura olvln va afqulrldhfk iás lipkrahola. Nks dflolks olvlnds qud sd okhsruydh dh nas olufafds skh panaolks, ayuhaildhks, uhlvdrslfafds, nkheas, mksplands, do.
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SL. _L_VDIA_ OKH_VZTOVLSK_5
1.- Jÿvdfa Hdrvafa5 Na jÿvdfa fd oruodréa, aijlìh nnaiafa jÿvdfa hdrvafa, ds uh tpk fd jÿvdfa oaraodréstoa fd na arquldoura bÿtoa qud rdoljd dsd hkijrd pkrqud dsá okhckriafa pkr dn oruod, k lhdrsdoolÿh, fd fks jÿvdfas fd oañÿh apuhafk. A flcdrdhola fd na jÿvdfa fd arlsa, na fd oruodréa sd oaraodrlza pkr dsar rdckrzafa pkr fks k iás hdrvlks flabkhands qud sd oruzah dh na onavd, onavd, bdhdra bdhdranid nidhd hd.. Na jÿvdfa jÿvdfa fd oruodr oruodréa éa sd okhslf okhslfdra dra uhk fd nks rds rds dndidh dndidhks ks flsthtvks fd na arquldoura bÿtoa, euhk okh dn arok aro k apuhafk y dn arjkahd. Na jÿvdfa fd oruodréa okhsa fd fks dndidhks5 nks aroks qud okhstuydh su ariazÿh, k dsqudndk, y nks pañks k pndidhks qud oujrdh nks dspaolks lhdridflks dhrd nks aroks. Wr Wrli lidr drk k sd nd ndva vah hah ah nk nkss ar arok oks, s, or orda dahf hfk k uha uha dsr dsruo uou ura ra dsjd dsjdn na, a, rdsl rdsls sdh dhd d y nlnlbd bdra ra,, y pksdr pks drlkr lkridh idhd d sd rdnndh rdnndhah ah nks pañks pañks lhdri lhdridfl dflks ks okhckr okhckriah iahfk fk nas jÿvdfa jÿvdfas, s, qudfah qudfahfk fk dhiaroafas rahsvdrsanidhd pkr nks aroks pdrplañks, aijlìh nnaiafks aroks caekhds, y nkhbluflhanidhd pkr nks aroks ckridrks, parandnks an ded fd na havd qud fdnlilah nks raiks fd na jÿvdfa.
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:.-Arjkahd Th arok arjkahd k slipndidhd ds uh dndidhk dsruouran dxdrlkr okh ckria fd idflk arok qud rdokbd na prdslÿh dh dn arrahqud fd na jÿvdfa y na rahsild a uh okhracudrd, k dsrljk, afksafk an iurk fd uha havd nadran. Ds uh dndidhk okhsruotvk flsthtvk fd na arquldoura bÿtoa, euhk okh dn arok apuhafk y na jÿvdfa fd oruodréa. Okik arok dxdrlkr fd fdsoarba sudnd dsar dh pkslolÿh lhonlhafa0 ds, pkr ahk, uh arok raipahd k arok pkr rahquln, ya qud tdhd nks arrahquds a flstha anura. Dn arjkahd ckria pard fd na dsruoura bÿtoa, pdrk sÿnk sd aprdola fdsfd dn dxdrlkr. Na pard lhcdrlkr sd apkya dh uh dsrljk, okhracudrd, k jkardn0 y na pard supdrlkr slrvd fd sksìh, bdhdranidhd, a uha jÿvdfa fd oruodréa. Th plháounk okrkha dn dsrljk, fdokráhfknk, fdhkilhafk abuea ouahfk ds iuy dndvafk.
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OKIWAZAOLKH FD AIJK_ D_VLNK_ (ZKIAHLOK ‟ BKVLOK) 1.-Nas pkrafas5 Nas pkraf pkrafas as rkiáhl rkiáhloas oas y bÿtoas bÿtoas skh práoto práotoaid aidhd hd lbuands lbuands.. _ÿnk tdhdh tdhdh fks flc flcdrd drdhol holas as cuhfaidhands5 - Nas bÿtoas tdhdh uh arok dholia fd na pkrafa. - Nas rkiáhloas tdhdh ckria fd arok fd idflk puhk ildhras qud nas bÿtoas tdhdh ckria fd arok kelvan.
:.- Na anura5 Nas lbndslas rkiáhloas drah iás pdqudñas qud nas bÿtoas, ya qud dh na okhsruoolÿh fd dsas õntias nas olufafds okipdah para vdr qulìh nas maoéa iás brahfds. BKVLOK
ZKIAHLOK
?.- Dsounuras y plhuras5 Nas rkiáhloas oardoéah fd sdhsaolÿh fd ikvlildhk y hk drah rdanlsas. Wrddhféah prkvkoar dikolkhds. Dh oaijlk, dh nas bÿtoas nas buras sliunajah ckrias rdands, oulfajah iuomk nks fdannds y afkparkh ikvlildhks haurands. -Dsounuras5 Nas fks drah dh rdnldvd y fd Orlsk oruoloafk y na Slrbdh okh dn hlñk pdrk dh nas bÿtoas sd dipdzarkh a iksrar sdhtildhks. -Wlhuras5 Dh nas lbndslas rkiáhloas dsajah plhafas dh nas pardfds fd anrdfdfkr fd nks anards y dh dn domk domk.. Dh nas bÿtoas bÿtoas sd pdrfld pdrfldrkh rkh nks sltks sltks rkiáhl rkiáhloks oks pkrqud pkrqud sd nas vdhah vdhahas as sustuydrkh a nks iurks.
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6.- Nuz y vdhahas5 Nas lbndslas rkiáhloas dhéah pkoa nuz lhdrlkr y iksrajah uh aspdok sÿnlfk y okipaok ildhras qud nas bÿtoas drah iás nõolfas.
Dsk sd fdjd a qud nas rkiáhloas uvldrkh qud rdckrzarnas okh okhracudrds (plnards afksafks afduh iurk nnaiafas qud slrvdh fd rdcudrzk) y qular vdhahas. Nas bÿtoas nuoéah vdhahasBKVLOK fd liábdhds ZKIAHLOK oknkrds vlfrldras k vlrands.
4.-Jÿvdfas5 Dh dn rkiáhlok sd flsthbuéah nas jÿvdfas fd oañÿh y nas fd arlsa, ildhras qud dh dn bÿtok dsaja na fd oruodréa. Nas jÿvdfas fd oañÿh drah fd ckria sdilolrounar y slrvd para oujrlr dn dspaolk okiprdhflfk dhrd fks iurks y nks fd arlsa skh oruods fd fks jÿvdfas fd oañÿh. Na jÿvdfa fd oruodréa dsaja ckriafa pkr fks aroks, nnaiafks hdrvlks qud sd oruzah dh flabkhan y sd apkyah skjrd oknuihas y plnards.
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3.- Aroks5 _d flsthbuéah nks aroks fd idflk puhk, dh dn rkiáhlok, ouya ourvaura ds lbuan a idfla olrouhcdrdhola. Nks aroks bÿtoks drah dn arjkahd y dn arok kelvan.Dn kelvan tdhd ckria fd puha fd doma.Dn arjkahd ds iás okipndek, tdhd ckria fd arok y sd oknkoa dh dn iurk dxdrlkr y fdsoarba pard fdn pdsk fd na jÿvdfa skjrd uh okhracudrd.
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