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LHFLOD BDHDZAN

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LHFLOD……………………………………………………………………………..…...........

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LHVZKFTOOLKH……………………………………………………………………….…...

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D_VLNK ZKIAHLOK……………………………………………………………..……….. ZKIAHLOK………………………………… …………………………..………..

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L. LL.

ML ML_V _VKZ KZLA LA…… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …..… .……… ………. …... .. KZFDHD_ a. Fÿrlok……… Fÿrlok……………… ………………… …………………… …………………… ………………… ………………… ………….. j. Eÿhlok...… Eÿhlok...…………. ………..……… .………………… …………………… …………………… …………….…… ….………. …. o. Okrlhtk……… Okrlhtk………………… …………………. ………..……… .………………… …………………… ……………….. …….. f. Vksoahk…… Vksoahk…………… ………………… …………………… …………………… ………………… ………………. ……….… … d. Okipudsk Okipudsk……… ………….…… ….……………… …………………… …………………… ……………... …...…… ……

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DFLC DF LOK_ K_ ZK ZKIA OK_… _……… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ……… … IAVD IALCLO VDZL ZLAN AND_ D_IAHL FD HLOK OK OKH_ H_VZ VZTO TOOL OLKH KH…… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… …… VLWK VLWK__ FD WN WNAH AHVA VA_… _……… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …. _L_V _L_VDI DIA_ A_ OK OKH_ H_VZ VZTO TOVL VLSK SK_… _……… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ……

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D_VLNK BKVLOK……………………………………………………………………….……… BKVLOK…………………………………… ………………………………….………

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L. LL. LLL LLL..

ML ML_V _VKZ KZLA LA…… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… …….… .……… ………… …….. .. OAZAO OAZAOVDZ VDZÉ_V É_VLOA LOA AZQTLV AZQTLVDOV DOVKHL KHLOA_ OA_……… …………… ………… …………… ……………… ………… … DNDIDH DNDIDHVK_ VK_ OKH_V OKH_VZTO ZTOVLS VLSK_… K_………… …………… …………… …………… …………… …………… ……….. …..

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LS LS.. S. SL SL..

DNDIDH DNDIDHVK_ VK_ FDOKZA FDOKZAVLS VLSK_… K_………… …………… ………… …………… ……………… …………… …………… ……….. OA OAVD VDFZ FZAN AN BK BKVL VLOA OA…… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… …….. _L_VDI _L_VDIA_ A_ OKH_V OKH_VZTO ZTOVLS VLSK_… K_……… …………… ……………… …………… …………… …………… ………… ……… …

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LL LLL. L.. LS LS. S. SL SL..

OKIWAZAOLKH FD AIJK_ D_VLNK_…………………………………………….. D_VLNK_……………… ……………………………..

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Lhrkfuoolÿh Maola dn slbnk ]L surbd uh dstnk sajlk y uhlckrid, fdhkilhafk rkiáhlok, rdoljd dsd hkijrd fdjlfk a nas ndhbuas prkvdhldhds fdn nah qud sd okhkodh okik rkiahods. Na panajra dholdrra fks okhodpks5 na sdideahza dhrd dn prkodsk fd ckriaolÿh fd nas ndhbuas rkiahods y dn fd nas ards buratvas, rdanlzafas dh nks ilsiks paésds y dh dn ilsik tdipk, uhldhfk ouahk qudfaja fd na brah raflolÿh rkiaha okh nas ìohloas y dhfdholas járjaras. Dn rkiáhlok tdhd sus krébdhds dh dn Olsia fd Krldhd prkfuolfk dh 1746, ouahfk sd dsajndod uha sdparaolÿh dhrd na lbndsla krkfkxa y na oaÿnloa prkplaidhd floma. Dn rkiáhlok surbd dh dn slbnk ]L a partr fd na ajaféa fd Onuhy okik ard fd na orlstahfaf durkpda rduhlfa dh krhk an Wapa fd Zkia. _d _ d flcuhfd pkr nas pdrdbrlhaolkhds y pdrfurará masa jldh dhrafk dn slbnk ]LL, auhqud dh anbuhas zkhas pdriahdodrá masa dn slbnk ]LLL. ] LLL. Ds uh ard flfáotok qud prddhfd na dfuoaolÿh rdnlblksa fdn pudjnk. Na arquldoura ds nk qud idekr fdhd an bÿtok, dh rlbkr fd dnna haod dn ikvlildhk. Nks fks dndidhks cuhfaidhands fd na arquldoura bÿtoa skh dn arok apuhafk u kelvan y na jÿvdfa fd kelvas k fd oruodréa. _l dn rkiáhlok ds uh ard onáslok, dn bÿtok ds pkr dsdhola jarrkok, apaslkhafk, rkiáhtok. Wkr anbk cud dn prdflndok fd nks rkiáhtoks fdn slbnk ]L]. Na arquldoura bÿtoa ds lhhlaidhd iás okipnloafa qud na rkiáhloa. Okrrdspkhfd a uha ìpkoa nndha fd dhuslasiks rdnlblksks y fd rlqudza iadrlan. Nas Oruzafas mah dhodhflfk nks Dspérlus. Nks rdyds y nks dondslástoks pksddh sahdafas ckruhas0 na ilsia skoldfaf sd ma rdflilfk fd na ilsdrla. May ya lhhlfaf fd iuhlolplks, rdcublk fdn mkijrd nljrd, qud sd abrupa dh brdilks cudrdidhd fdsarrknnafks. Okik sd vd, pkr kfas pards may lhflolks fd cudrza y fd pkfdr. Dn ard bÿtok ds uha okhsdoudhola fd dsa rlqudza. An sdr dn bÿtok na ounilhaolÿh fd na Dfaf Idfla dipnda nas ard pnástoas (arquldoura, plhura, dsounura) okh hds fd afkorlhaildhk y dxanaolÿh fd nks vankrds rdnlblksks. Nas oadfrands sd okhvldrdh dh nks hudvks "Dvahbdnlks fd pldfra" qud harrah okh nas plhuras, dsauas y vlrands dsodhas fd na vlfa fd Orlsk, fd na Slrbdh, fd nks sahks y fdn Ahtbuk Vdsaidhk.

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Dstlnk Zkiáhlok

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L. ML_VKZLA5

_d nnaia dstnk rkiáhlok dh arquldoura an rdsunafk fd na okijlhaolÿh razkhafa y ariÿhloa fd dndidhks okhsruotvks y krhaidhands fd prkodfdhola natha, krldhan (jlzahthks, slrlks, pdrsas y árajds) y sdpdhrlkhan (odnas, bdriáhloks, hkriahfks) qud sd ckriÿ dh na Durkpa orlstaha furahd nks prlidrks slbnks fd na jaea Dfaf Idfla. Zdoljd dn hkijrd fd rkiáhloa pkr oklholflr su kraolÿh okh na aparlolÿh fd nas ndhbuas rkiáhloas k rkiahods. Kras cudhds qud cud dh dn slbnk ]L] ouahfk arqudÿnkbk Omarnds fd Bdrvlnnd flk dsd hkijrd a naariah arquldoura orlstaha koolfdhan fd nksdnslbnks ] an ]LL, pkr anuslÿh a na arquldoura rkiaha, dh na qud sd supkhéa qud sd majéa lhsplrafk. Na ìpkoa dh qud sd okhslfdra qud sd fdsarrknna dn dstnk rkiáhlok okiprdhfd nks slbnks ]L y ]LL, slh dxonuslÿh fd krks slbnks ahdrlkrds y pksdrlkrds, puds auhqud anbuhks dflolks fdn slbnk ] an vdz ya pudfah oanloarsd fd rkiáhloks, sd drlbldrkh krks vdrfafdraidhd ands dh flvdrsas zkhas (dspdolanidhd, dh Asurlas y Banlola) furahd na ìpkoa bÿtoa masa oasl anoahzar dn Zdhaolildhk. Na flvlslÿh iás okiõh qud pudfd iahdhdrsd fdn dstnk Zkiáhlok ds dhrd dn Zkiáhlok sdholnnk y dn Zkiáhlok fd rahslolÿh fahfk a dsd sdbuhfk brupk uh vankr sdouhfarlk y okhslfdráhfknk okik uha varlahd fdn prlidrk, okh an fd lhonulr dh ìn nks dflolks fd aspdok rkiáhl rki áhlok ok qud ksdh ksdhdh dh anbuhks anbuhks aroks aroks kel kelvan vands ds k apuha apuhafks fks slh oujrlr oujrlrsd sd okh jÿvdfa jÿvdfass fd oruodréa. Dsd sdbuhfk brupk dipldza dh dn slbnk ]L pdrk hk sd maod okiõh masa idflafks fdn ilsik slbnk d lhonusk dhkhods okdxlsd okh dn prlidrk. Oajd aijlìh flsthbulr pkr krk okhodpk dn dstnk Zkiáhlok dh fks varlahds, okh nks hkijrds fd sdholnnk y rdjdnfd, puds sd kjsdrva qud dh na prlidra ìpkoa fdn dstnk, masa ya dhrafk dn slbnk ]LL, sd prdsdhah nks dflolks okh rdnatva ayufanlfaf dh nks afkrhks fd pudras y vdhahas y okh oldrk aspdok fd pdsafdz y ksqudfaf, qud vah pdrfldhfk a idflfa qud avahza flomk slbnk0 ias hk pudfd dsajndodrsd dsk okik uha hkria okhsahd, pkr kjdfdodr a iuy flcdrdhds oausas5 rdblkhands k nkoands, na pdrcdoolÿh y dndbahola prkpla fd oafa okhsruoolÿh, k pkr okrrdspkhfdr su nlaolÿh a flstha dsoudna arstoa. Hk kjsahd, na flvlsl flv lslÿh ÿh dhrd dhrd Zkiáhl Zkiáhlok ok sdholn sdholnnk nk y Zkiáhl Zkiáhlok ok krlfk krlfk sdrvl sdrvlrá rá dh iuntu iuntuf f fd oasks oasks para para fddrilhar na orkhknkbéa fd nks dflolks fd dsd tpk dh uha ilsia rdblÿh k nkoanlfaf qud maya fd dsuflarsd0 y fdsfd nudbk sd pudfdh arljulr dh Dspaña an sdbuhfk brupk (okrrdspkhfldhd adxujdrahola idflafks fdn slbnk ]LL masa dhrafk dn slbuldhd) dflolks rkiáhloks qud ksdhdh krhaidhan k brahjldh hura fd dedouolÿh fd nks nks fdannds.

Fdsfd dn puhtk fd vlsta dxonuslvaidhtd arqultdotÿhlok  dn rkiáhlok cud uh dscudrzk okhthuk

dh okhsrulr dipnks pdrfurajnds okh na iaykr brahfdza pksljnd pdrk dvlahfk su pksljnd fdsruoolÿh. Dh dsd dipdñk na arquldoura rkiáhloa slbulÿ uh prkodsk dvknutvk okhthuk fd pdrcdoolkhaildhk y fd rdsknuolÿh fd prkjndias doÿhloks dh jusoa fd na anura y na nuz. Wara dnnk dn iadrlan dipndafk fdjéa sdr pldfra cuhfaidhanidhd, auhqud hk sd rdhuholÿ a krks iadrlands okik nudbk vdrdiks. Kra okhflolÿh lfdan dra qud dn dipnk fdjéa dsar ajkvdfafk. Dsk dra pkr fks razkhds5 na prlidra, pkr far iaykr rdndvahola slijÿnloa an dflolk y kra, iás práotoa, para dvlar nks lhodhflks qud nks domks fd iafdra sucréah okh oldra crdoudhola.

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Dsks fdsdks Dsks fdsdks nndvarkh nndvarkh a nks arquldoks arquldoks rkiáhloks rkiáhloks a okhsrulr okhsrulr sus lbndslas lbndslas okh brahfds iurks iaolzks fd pldfra qud pufldrah skpkrar nks dhkrids pdsks fd nas jÿvdfas. Nks vahks, auhqud fdsdafks pkr dn slijknlsik fd na nuz, cudrkh praotoafks fd iahdra iás dsoasa qud dh dn bÿtok bÿt ok -vahks -vahks dsrdo dsrdomks mks y saddr saddrasas- puds puds supkhé supkhéah ah crdoud crdoudhd hdidh idhd d idhkso idhksoajk ajk fd na rdslsdhola fd nks iurks. Okik okhsdoudhola sdouhfarla, dn lhdrlkr fd nks dipnks rkiáhloks sd dhvudnvd dh uha ailzafa nuz qud lhvla an rdokblildhk. Vaijlìh dsa nuz flcusa faja vlfa y "iabla" a na pknlorkiéa fd nas plhuras iurands qud oujréah sus iurks.

Dn sl sls sdi diaa fd dipu dipued edss y okhr okhrar arrd rds sks ks fd nas nas jÿvd jÿvdfa fass -i -idf dfla lah hdd ok oknu nuih ihas as,, pl plna nard rds, s, okhracudrds, kras jÿvdfas, do. _d okhvlrtÿ dh dn prlholpan prkjndia lhbdhldrln a rdsknvdr y qud hk sldiprd sd mlzk okh aoldrk, okik sajdiks pkr lhhuidrajnds fdrruijaildhks prkfuolfks dh flcdrdhds ìpkoas.

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LL. KZFDHD_5

1.- Fÿrlok5 Ds dn iás slipnd fd nks ÿrfdhds arquldoÿhloks rkiáhloks. Ouahk iás ahtbuk, iás sdholnnk, fahfk sdhsaolÿh fd rkjusdz, ouahk iás arfék, iás dsjdna y prkpkrolkhafk ds0 nkbrahfk asé  na arikhéa y jdnndza onásloa. Fdrlva fd nas ahtbuas okhsruoolkhds dh iafdra fdn pdrlkfk bdkiìrlok, fd uh plnar fd iafdra fd sdoolÿh ouafrafa, an qud sd cudrkh jlsdnahfk nas dsqulhas masa maodrnk olrounar. _us oaraodréstoas skh nas slbuldhds5 - Na oknu oknuih ihaa hk pk pksd sddd ja jasa sa,, fd fdso soah ahsa sa fl flrd rdo oai aidh dhd d sk skjr jrdd dn jasa jasaid idh hk, k, qud qud tdhd rds dsoankhds. Dn supdrlkr sd nnaia dstnÿjak. - Dn cusd ds iás ahomk ajaek qud arrlja, pksdd dsréas fd oahks vlvks, dn ìhasls fd na oknuiha fÿrloa ds cuhfaidhan, a ìhasls iás prkhuh prkhuholaf olafks, ks, iaykr iaykr aroaés aroaésik ik fd na oknuiha fÿrloa. Vldhd fd 13 a :7 dsréas dh arls arlsa a vl vlva va,, y dn pd pdr rnn ds nlbd nlbdra raid idh hdd okhvdxk. Na anura fdn cusd ds fd uhks 14 iÿfunks. - Dn oapldn sd okipkhd fd oknnarlhk, dqulhk y ájaok, nks ouands skjrdsandh okhslfdrajndidhd (rasbk fd aroaésik). -_kjrd dn ájaok fdsoahsa dn dhajnaildhk okipudsk pkr5 dn arqulrajd k flhdn (nlsk), dn crlsk y na okrhlsa. - Dn cr crls lsk k ds lhd lhdrr rrui uipl plfk fk pkr pkr r rlb lbnlnlck ckss y idkpas. Dh na idkpa fdn crlsk fÿrlok y dh dn lh lhd drl rlkr kr fd nk nkss cr crkh khk khd hdss ds fkhf fkhfdd sd fdsarrknna na dsounura.

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:.-Ekhlok5 Iás dsjdnk y alrksk qud dn krfdh fÿrlok, ma fdeafk ajuhfahds iudsras fd su dstnk, fd nas qud, okik dedipnk iás oahÿhlok, oajd fdsaoar dn Vdipnk fd Adhda Hl`ì dh na Aorÿpknls fd Adhas. Wrkfuod liprdslÿh fd dndbahola, crablnlfaf y rlqudza. Fÿrlok y eÿhlok sd fdsarrknnah dh áijlks bdkbráoks flsthks. Dn fÿrlok ds utnlzafk para nas okhsruoolkhds fd na Brdola pdhlhsunar y na Iabha Brdola. _lh dijarbk, dn krfdh Eÿhlok sd utnlza para na okhsruoolÿh fd dipnks eÿhloks sknk dh Ekhla. _us oaraodréstoas skh nas slbuldhds5 -

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Nas okn oknuihas tdh tdhdh jas jasa y skh iás iás anas y fdnbafas qud nas fÿrloas. Dn dhajnaidhk pksdd uh crkhÿh fdokrafk pkr aorÿdras. Ok Okrh rhls lsaa fd fd idh idhks ks vudn vudnk k qud qud na fÿrl fÿrloa oa y fd fdokra okrafa fa okh fdhdn fdhdnnkh nkhds, ds, ÿvunks ÿvunks y kras iknfuras. Crlsk kani anidhd okrrlfk, fdokr okrafk okh jaekrrdnldvds okhthuk. Arqulraj ajdd ds nlsk, flvlflfk dh rds cr crah ahea eass (p (pna naa aja jahf hfas as)) mkrl mkrlzk zkh han ands ds dsoankhafas. Oa Oapl pld dnn cckr kria iafk fk pkr pkr u uh h oua ouar rk k afk afkrh rhk, k, fdokrafk okh uha néhda fd kvas, uh okrfÿh fd pdrnas y fks brahfds vknuas a oafa nafk, dh dsplran. Nas vknuas sd dhoudhra dhou dhrah h ujloafas ujloafas a nks dxrdiks y sd uhdh pkr uha néhda ourva. Dn okheuhk rdoudrfa fks rknnks fd papdn sd sdpar parafk afks. s. Dn dqulhk dqulhk dsá dsá afkrha afkrhafk fk okh kvks. Cusd olnéhfrlok dsrlafk fd oah oahks pnahks (aoahanafk). Ds ikhknétok (uha pldza). A vdods sd kjsdrva ìhasls. Ja Jasa sa átoa átoa ckria ckriafa fa pkr pkr fks krks krks sdp sdpara arafks fks pkr pkr uha uha dsokol dsokola. a. A vdods vdods sd apky apkyaa dh uh pdfdsan ouafrafk nnaiafk pnlhk.

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?.-Okrlhtk5 _u hkvdfaf dsrlja dh dn oapldn, fkhfd dhokhraiks uha fdokraolÿh vdbdan, prkfuok fd nks oapldnds krldhands. Ds hauranlsa, iuy dipndafk pkr nks arquldoks mdndhéstoks, dxprdsa dn sdhtfk casuksk y cdidhlhk fdn iuhfk andeahfrlhk. _d flod qud su lhvdholÿh cud oasuan, an pkhdr uha ekvdh uha odstnna nndha fd krds skjrd uh plnar rkk. Ds dn fd iaykr rlqudza fdokratva, dn iás Jarrkok. _d aodhõah nks dndidhks fdokratvks dh dn crlsk y na okrhlsa. Dh dn pdrlkfk pks√onáslok dipdzaiks a vdr dsd krfdh, pdrk hk dh dipnks slhk dh dflolks okhidikratvks y okhsruoolkhds mdndhéstoas.

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_us oaraodréstoas skh nas slbuldhds5 -

Dh dn ar arqu qul lra rajd jd,, dn dn crl crlsk sk ds okrrl okrrlfk fk y fdokrafk. Ttnlzah dn dhajnaidhk Eÿhlok.

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Vl Vldh dhdd jas jasaa y dn cu cus sdd ds ds iuy iuy dsjd dsjdn nk k ya na anura fdn cusd qudqud nd fa uh aspdok cráblndsy iaykr, nk dndbahd.

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Ds sl slil ilna narr ddh h iuo iuomk mkss asp aspdo dok kss aann krfdh eÿhlok, pdrk bdhdranidhd fd prkpkrolkhds iás dstnlzafas.

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Oa Oara rao odr drlz lzaf afk k dspd dspdol olan anid idh hdd pkr pkr uh oapldn fd ckria fd oaipaha k kr ajldra, fd brah anura, fdokrafk okh fks nas fd mkeas fd aoahk, annks dhrksoafks, uh ájaok okh nafks oÿhoavks, lhdbra ouark pdqudñas vknuas eÿhloas y dhrd dnnas mkeas fd aoahk maoldhfk dsqulha.

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4.-Vksoahk5 Dn krfdh ksoahk hk pdrdhdod an brupk fd nks ÿrfdhds arquldoÿhloks brldbks (fÿrlok, eÿhlok y okrlhtk), slhk qud ds na apkraolÿh drusoa a nks ÿrfdhds onásloks. Fdrlva fdn fÿrlok, fdn qud ds uha slipnloaolÿh, y cud utnlzafk dh Drurla dh ìpkoa ahdrlkr a na okhqulsa fd Brdola. Wksdrlkridhd cud afkpafa y flcuhflfa pkr nks rkiahks. Okh dn pask fdn tdipk, fafk qud nks arquldoks rdhaodhtsas okhkoéah iuomk idekr dn ard rkiahk qud dn brldbk, dn krfdh ksoahk aijlìh cud iuy majluan fdsfd dn slbnk ]S (iuomk iás qud dn krfdh fÿrlok qud, práotoaidhd dra fdsokhkolfk y hk cud rdoupdrafk masa dn Hdkonaslolsik). _us oaraodréstoas skh nas slbuldhds5 -

-

Dn dh dha ajn jnai aidh dhk k dsá dsá ok okip ipud uds sk k pkr5 pkr5 Dn arqulrajd, uha dspdold fd vlba k brudsa y nlsa qud rdokrrd kfa na anlhdaolÿh fd oknuihas. k Dn crlsk, jahfa mkrlzkhan nlsa fd lbuan aparldhola qud dn arqulrajd y sdparafa fd ìsd pkr uh nlsdn nnaiafk dhla. k Na okrhlsa rdiaa dn krfdh ckriahfk uh sandflzk qud bdhd bdhdra rani nidh dhd d ou oudh dha a ok okh h uha uha iknfura fd tpk oliaolk. Dn oapl oapld dnn dsá dsá lhdb lhdbra rafk fk pkr pkr olhok olhok pldz pldzas as,, kfas dnnas nlsas5 k Th nlsdn. k Dn ájaok ds uha pldza prlsiátoa slil sl ilna narr a uh ajn ajndr drk k fd pnah pnaha a ouafrafa qud skpkra flrdoaidhd skjrd sé na dsruoura mkrlzkhan fdn dflolk. k Dn dqulhk, ouya bdkidréa ds na fd uha bura okhvdxa fd rdvknuolÿh, sd dxpa dxpahf hfdd maol maolaa na par pardd supd supdrl rlkr kr ok okh h uh sdht sdhtfk fk fd r rah ahsl slol olÿh ÿh dhr dhrdd na nass flidhslkhds fdn dxrdik fdn cusd y nas fdn ájaok fd iaykr aiañk. Dn oknnarlhk, aijkr olnéhfrlok lhdroanafk dhrd dn dqulhk y dn cusd, a ikfk fd prknkhbaolÿh fd ìsd y sdparafk fd ìn pkr uha iknfura mkrlzkhan. Dn jaqudÿh. k Na oknuih oknuihaa ksoaha ksoaha,, a flcdrdh flcdrdhola ola fd na na fÿrloa fÿrloa brldba brldba,, sd apkya apkya skjrd skjrd uha uha jasd (y (y ìsa, ìsa, skjrd uh pkflk) Dn cusd cusd ds fd fd sdoolÿ sdoolÿh h olrounar olrounar,, hkriani hkrianidh dhdd nlsk. nlsk. Dn aiañk aiañk kan kan fd na oknuih oknuihaa sudnd sudnd sdr fd oakrod iÿfunks, sldhfk fd fkod dn fdn cusd. _u fláidrk hk ds okhsahd, slhk qud va auidhahfk masa prkfuolr uh nlbdrk ajkijaildhk k ìhasls, fdordoldhfk nudbk maola dn dxrdik supdrlkr. k

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7<

 

6.-Okipudsk5 Dn krfdh okipudsk hk pdrdhdod an brupk fd nks ÿrfdhds arquldoÿhloks brldbks (fÿrlok,  eÿhlok y okrlhtk), slhk qud, okh dn ksoahk, ds uhk fd nas apkraolkhds rkiahas a nks ÿrfdhds onásloks. Dh prkpkrolkhds y dndidhks okipksltvks ds lfìhtok an krfdh okrlhtk, okh fks sanvdfafds5 na jasa ds iás rloa dh iknfuras y sd asdidea a uh oapldn fÿrlok lhvdrtfk, ildhras qud dn oapldn ds uha idzona k okipkslolÿh (fd amé dn hkijrd fdn krfdh) fdn oapldn  eÿhlok y fdn okrlhtk.1 Fdn prlidrk kia nas vknuas fd na pard supdrlkr supdrlkr y fdn sdbuhfk nas mkeas fd aoahk qud afkrhah na pard lhcdrlkr.

17

 

LLL. DFLCLOLK_ ZKIAHLOK_5

A brksk ikfk, uh dipnk rkiáhlok ds uh dflolk fd pldfra najrafa krldhafk okh na oajdodra an dsd okh uha k varlas havds nkhbluflhands qud pkféah dhdr kras aravdsafas. Dh koaslkhds, na caomafa dsaja prdodflfa fd uha ahdsana ajkvdfafa ikhuidhan. Anbuhas pards fd nks dflolks rkiáhloks skh5 1.- Oajdodra5 Na oajdodra ds na pard iás hkjnd fd nks dflolks rkiáhloks pudsk qud ds dn nubar fkhfd sd ujloa dn anar. Fd ckria lhvarlajnd dh dn rkiáhlok y dh kras arquldouras idfldvands, na oajdodra sd dhoudhra dh dn dxrdik krldhan fd na lbndsla. Na razÿh fd dsa krldhaolÿh oahÿhloa ds na fd qud nks prlidrks rayks fd nuz fdn féa fdjéah lholflr dh dnna pkrqud dsd _aoa _aokrui slijknlza a Edsuorlsk qud ds, sdbõh dn Hudvk Vdsaidhk "na nuz fdn iuhfk". Dsruouranidhd na oajdodra rkiáhloa sudnd dsar ckriafa pkr uh prlidr raik nnaiafk prdjldrlk, dhbarzafk an ájslfd.

:.- Olijkrrlk _kjrd dn oruodrk (lhdrsdoolÿh fdn rahsdpk okh na havd odhran) sd sknéa ndvahar uh olijkrrlk k krrd-nlhdrha -fd pnaha ouafrafa u kokbkhan- okh vdhahands para lnuilhar dn lhdrlkr.

11

 

Afdiás fd dsks olafks olijkrrlks sdholnnks, dxlsd uh brupk nnaiafk "Olijkrrlks fdn Fudrk" prdsdhds dh oadfrands y okndblaas sluafas dh dn kdsd fdn ahtbuk Zdlhk fd Ndÿh (Uaikra, Vkrk, _anaiahoa y Wnasdhola) iuomk iás dnajkrafks. _d nds ma arljulfk lhudhola jlzahtha y/k pkltvlha (Crahola). Dn iás prliltvk fd kfks ds dn pdrdhdoldhd a na oadfran fd Uaikra. Vldhd jÿvdfa bannkhafa, okh oujldra fd naeas fd pldfra y ouark krrdolnnas dh nas dsqulhas.

?.- Oaipaharlks rkiáhloks5 krrds y dspafañas5 Vaijlìh dra crdoudhd na okhsruoolÿh fd pardeas fd krrds oaipaharlk pardafas ahqudahfk na caomafa (nk qud sd fdhkilha "caomafa ariÿhloa") k krrds õhloas dh uh oksafk fdn dipnk (okh prdflndoolÿh pkr dn oksafk hkrd). Dn oaipah oaipaharl arlk k dhéa dhéa iuoma iuomass cuholkh cuholkhds ds slijÿn slijÿnloa loass iás anná fd na idra idra utnlza utnlzaolÿh olÿh okik okik lhsruidhk skhkrk para okhvkoar a Ilsa. _d raaja fd uh séijknk fd uhlÿh dhrd Flks y nks mkijrds y fdn pkfdr fd na Lbndsla. Dh koaslkhds sd raaja aijlìh fd uha dspdold fd krrd ckrandza fd fdcdhsa crdhd a nks dhdilbks, okik dh anbuhks nubards fd na Oastnna an sur fdn Fudrk. Na krrd rkiáhloa sknéa dhdr varlks plsks fdhlfks pkr lipksas sanldhds okh rkhdras y vdhahands para nas oaipahas hkrianidhd aelidzafks.

1:

 

Kra ckria fd oaipaharlk ds na nnaiafa dspafaña, iurk vdrtoan pnahk mkrafafk fd vahks para nks oaipahas. Dsa dsruoura uvk okik ckok flcuskr nas lbndslas fd nks ikhasdrlks olsdroldhsds. Dh Dspaña sd mah okhsdrvafk huidrksas dspafañas dh dn rkiáhlok fdn hkrd pandhthk, jurbanìs y fd Oahajrla. Na iás okhkolfa, qulzás, sda na fd _ah _anvafkr fd Oahaiufa (Wandhola).

6.- Caomafas y pkrafas Nas pudra pudrass ikhuid ikhuidha hands nds k pkraf pkrafas as krhaid krhaidha hafas fas idflah idflahd d suodsl suodslvas vas arqulv arqulvkn knas as ajkolhafas qud apkyajah skjrd oknuihas sd ajréah hkrianidhd dh dn iurk koolfdhan k idrlflkhan k dh aijks. Dh nks dipnks iás aijlolksks pkféa majdr huidrksas pudras fd dhrafa para ajaroar kfks nks iurks fdn dflolk. Dh dsd oask, na pudra prlholpan dsá hkrianidhd dh dn mastan koolfdhan. Dsa caomafa, afdiás fd na pudra ikhuidhanlzafa, pudfd dhdr krks vdhahands y ÿounks k rksdkhds fd lnuilhaolÿh (dh dn arfkrrkiáhlok).

1?

 

_l na pudra dra iuy ahoma sd oknkoaja okik rdcudrzk uha oknuiha odhran nnaiafa pardnuz k ialhdn. Dh dipnks lipkrahds sd sknéah añaflr dsauas fd pdrskhaeds jéjnloks a nas oknuihas k/y a nas arqulvknas (dh sdhtfk raflan crdhd a na krldhaolÿh nkhbluflhan fdn bÿtok). Krk dndidhk fdsaoafk fd nas pkrafas rkiáhloas ds na prdsdhola fd ipahks dsounplfks jaek nas arqulvknas.

Ds dh dsas pudras, dh nks oapldnds fd nas oknuihas lhdrlkrds y dh nks oahdolnnks qud skpkr skp kraja ajah h nks andrks andrks fdn deafk deafk fkhfd fkhfd sd okhodh okhodhra raja ja na iaykr iaykr pard pard fd na dsoun dsounura ura ikhuidhan qud aokipañaja lhflsknujndidhd a na arquldoura rkiáhloa fd nks pdrlkfks pndhk y arfék.

16  

LS. IAVDZLAND_ FD OKH_VZTOOLKH5

1.- Wldfra fd slnndréa k slnnar Jnkqud fd pldfra Jnkqud pldfra najraf najrafk k okik okik uh parand parandndp ndpépd épdfk) fk).. Crdoud Crdoudhd hdid idhd hd dsks dsks sln slnnar nards ds drah drah iaroafks pkr nks oahdrks okh iaroas para su pksdrlkr okjrk. Nas pardfds asé dnajkrafas d dhé héah ah fks fks has has oapa oapass fd slnn slnndr dréa éa y dh idfl idflk k uha uha iasa iasa fd rl rlpl plk k (p (pdq dqud udña ñass pl pldf dfra rass hkrianidhd prkodfdhds fdn annafk fd nks slnnards.

Na oknkoaolÿh k apardek fd na slnndréa pudfd sdr a skba y tzÿh (andrhahfk na flspkslolÿh dh ckria parandna y pdrpdhflounar a na flrdoolÿh fdn paraidhk), dholhafa, dh mlndras, do.

:.- _lnnardek Wldfra iás pdqudña, fd pdkr najrafk y aeusd, rdanlzafa okh iartnnk fdvasahfk flrdoaidhd na pldfra jrua, pdrk slh punlr nas oaras.

14

 

?.- Iaipudsk Wldfra hk najrafa k fd najrafk ksok. Crdoudhdidhd sd usaja dn "oanloahk" a jasd fd iaipksdréa abnuthafa okh arbaiasa (ikrdrk fd oan, ardha y abua). Wksdrlkridhd sd dhcksoaja para far aspdok nlsk a na supdrold prdvlaidhd lrrdbunar.

*Krks iadrlands Krks iadrlands usafks cudrkh dn nafrlnnk (skjrd kfk dh Dspaña), na iafdra (para oujldras fd dipnks hk ajkvdfafks), na plzarra y dn jarrk okolfk (deas fd deafks).

S. VLWK_ FD WNAHVA_5

Nas pnahas fd nas lbndslas cudrkh iuy varlafas y ds lipksljnd maodr uha rdnaolÿh fd kfas dnnas. Nas iás lipkrahds cudrkh5

1.- Wnahas fd sanÿh k jaslnloands Dsa pnaha dsá rdnaolkhafa okh ahtbuks dflolks põjnloks rkiahks y skjrd kfk, pkr nas prlidras lbndslas pandkorlstahas y prdrrkiáhloas _d raa fd lbndslas nkhbluflhands okh 1, ? ÿ 4 havds parandnas (dspaolk dhrd nas fd aroafas) slh rahsdpk y hkrianidhd hanlzafas dh oajdodra fd ájslfds sdilolrounards dsoankhafks.

:.- Wnaha fd oruz brldba Kra pnaha koaslkhan ds na fd oruz brldba, ds fdolr, ckriafa pkr fks havds lbuands qud sd oruzah pdrpdhflounaridhd dh dn odhrk. Th dedipnk dh Dspaña ds na fd _ah Wau fdn Oaip dh Jarodnkha.

13

 

?.- Wnahas fd oruz natha A na flspkslolÿh ahdrlkr sd nd añaféa uh jrazk pdrpdhflounar sanldhd dh pnaha (rahsdpk) okh o kh nk qud dn rdsunafk dra fd oruz natha. Dnnk slijknlzaja na oruz fd Orlsk. Dsas lbndslas pkféah dsar aijlìh rdiaafas dh oajdodras okh ájslfds dsoankhafks.

_lh

dijarbk,

dh

lbndslas

fd

pdrdbr pdr dbrlha lhaolÿ olÿh h y krks krks brahfd brahfdss dipnk dipnkss nas havds havds drilh drilhaja ajah h dh uha oajdod oajdodra ra okipnd okipndea ea ckriafa pkr oaplnna iaykr rkfdafa fd uha blrkna k fdaijunakrlk fd uha k varlas havds qud na rkfdaja y a na qud sd ajréah oaplnnas raflands. Th dedipnk dspañkn ds na Oadfran fd Ávlna

?.- Wnahas olrounards k pknlbkhands Nas lbndslas fd pnahas olrounards k pknlbkhands skh idhks crdoudhds. Hkrianidhd skh dipnks an sdrvlolk fd okiuhlfafds fd ÿrfdhds ilnlards partolpahds dh na Oruzafas, okik nks dipnarlks k nks oajanndrks fdn _ahk _dpunork, pkr pardodrsd an dipnk fd _ankiÿh y an fdn _ahk _dpunork fd Edrusanìh, rdspdotvaidhd.

Vdhdiks uh onark dedipnk dh na Lbndsla fd na Sdraoruz dh _dbkvla y aijlìh dh nas lbndsla fd Duhad y _ahk _dpunork fd Vkrrds fdn Zék (aijas

12

 

SL. _L_VDIA_ OKH_VZTOVLSK_5

1.- _lsdia Aflhdnafk k Arqulrajafk5 -

Dn slsdia aflhdnafk sd raa fd uha ckria okhsruotva jasafa dh dn usk fd fl flh hdn dnds ds apln aplnaf afks ks dhr dhrdd dnnk dnnkss k sk skjr jrdd oknuihas.

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Dh dn dn sls slsdi diaa aflh aflhdn dnaf afk k nks dfl dflo olk lkss skh skh su sus sdh dha afk fkss oasl oasl ok okip ipnd nda aid idh hdd pkr pkr pardfds k plnards qud nds fah uha rkjusa dsruoura dxdrha. Wd Wdri ril laa okij okijlh lhar ar pna pnah has as sup supdr drpu puds dsa as, s, pdrk dn pdsk a skpkrar dra dndvafk y sd fdjéa iuntpnloar dn hõidrk fd skpkrds. Flsi Flsilh lhué uéaa y flo floun una aja ja dn hõid hõidrk rk fd dspdoafkrds.

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Nas pards fdn _lsdia Aflhdnafk skh5 *Flhdn5 Ds dn dndidhk supdrlkr qud pdrild ordar vahks dh nks iurks para okhckriar pudras, vdhahas k pÿrtoks. Wkr dxdhslÿh, dn tpk fd arquldoura, k okhsruoolÿh qud utnlza dn usk fd fl flh hdn dnds ds para para oujrl oujrlrr nk nkss dspa dspaolk olkss dh nk nkss dfl dflol olks ks sd nnnnai aiaa ar arqu qul ldo dou ura ra aflh aflhd dna nafa fa k okhsruoolÿh aflhdnafa. *Wlnar5 Tha plnar, ds uha pldza arquldoÿhloa vdrtoan y anarbafa, qud sd utnlza para sksdhdr dn pdsk fd uha dsruoura, auhqud a vdods aijlìh tdhd hds dxonuslvaidhd fdokratvks. _dbõh su flspkslolÿh sd pudfdh onasloar dh5 k k k

Wlnar alsnafk k dxdhk5 _dparafk fd ouanquldr oudrpk fd na dfloaolÿh. Wlnar afksafk5 \uxapudsk a uh iurk u krk dndidhk fd na dfloaolÿh. Wlnar dijdjlfk5 Warolanidhd lhorusafk dh dn iurk u krk oudrpk fd na okhsruoolÿh. Dh dsd oask sd fdhkilha plnasra.

1=  

:.-_lsdia Ajkvdfafk5 -

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Dn sls slsd dia ia ajk ajkvd vdfa fafk fk tdh tdhdd su su jasd jasd dh dh dn ar arok ok k dndi dndidh dhk k sus susdh dha ah hdd fd ck ckri riaa ourv ourvaa fd fdst stha hafk fk a sanv sanvar ar uh dspaolk iás k idhks brahfd, ckriafk pkr fkvdnas k pldfras annafas dh ckria fd ou ouña ña,, bdhd bdhdra rani nidh dhd d dh hõid hõidrk rk lipar, qud krlblhah dipueds nadrands y fdsvéah na oarba vdrtoan qud skpkrah maola nks puhks fd apkyk fdn arok k lipksas. Okhslsa dh prknkhbar uh arok dh prkcuhflfaf. Wdril dril a skpk skpkr rar ar iás iás pdsk dsk, ndva ndvah har ar iás anuras y qud dn dspaolk lhdrlkr cudsd iás aipnlk. _d usa usa dh dh dflo dfloaol aolkhd khdss qud qud aokbéa aokbéah h uh bbrah rah vknuid vknuidh h fd pdrs pdrskha khas. s. Wdril Wdrildd oujrlr oujrlr uh uh dspao dspaolk lk iuomk iuomk iayk iaykrr okh uh uh iéhlik iéhlik fd fd skpkr skpkrds ds.. _d jasa jasa dh dn dn dsqud dsqudia ia fd arok arokss (sknk (sknk dn arok arok fd idfl idflk k puhk puhk)) y dh na ckri ckriaa dh qud qud dsd fdsoarba su pdsk. Wd Wdrk rk a aij ijlì lìh h iud iuds sra ra pr prkj kjnd ndia iass ooki kik5 k5 Okhrarrdsar nas prdslkhds nadrands. k k Dnlilhar na iaykr oahtfaf fd pdsk fd na oujldra. Ds Dsk kss prkj prkjnd ndia iass sk skh h rdsu rdsudn dnk kss ok okh5 h5 k Ndvahahfk brudsks iurks para ajskrvdr nas prdslkhds k Dipndahfk okik iadrlan oksruotvk fd nas jkvdfas dn nafrlnnk, dn mkrilbkh k arbaiasa dh vdr fd na pldfra, ias pdsafa.

Nas pards fdn _lsdia Ajkvdfafk skh5 *Arok fd Idflk Wuhk5 Dn arok fd idflk puhk, dh arquldoura, ds uh tpk fd arok qud dh dn lhrafÿs tdhd na ckria fd uh sdiloérounk. Ds dn dndidhk prlholpan fd na arquldoura ajkvdfafa, ckriahfk nas fd oañÿh. Ahtbuaidhd sknéa dsar okhckriafk pkr fkvdnas fd afkjd, nafrlnnk k pldfra

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?.-_lsdia Ilxk5 

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Tsahfk dn arok y flhdn sd aprkvdomah nas vdhaeas fd aijks slsdias. _d flrlbd dn pdsk fd nas pnahas maola puhks puh ks okhordks, okhordks, nks arrahquds arrahquds fd na jÿvdfa, qud sd rdckrzajah. Fdea dspaolk nljrd para qud olround uha brah iasa fd dspdoafkrds. Nndba a okhvdrtrsd dh uh slsdia fdokratvk5 fdokr atvk5 dn nnaiafk nnaiafk „D_QTDIA „D_QTDIA FD AZOK FD VZLTHCK’. Anlb An lbdr draa na ikhk ikhkk khé héaa fd anbu anbuhk hkss dxdrlkrds.

*Dsqudia fd Arok fd Vrluhck Ds uha krlblhanlfaf rkiáhloa. Fdhrk fd su majlnlfaf práotoa y jusoahfk na askolaolÿh fd dndidhks para uha iaykr rkjusdz y jdnndza, arikhlzah dn arok okh dn arqulrajd. Fd dsa sudrd sud rd dn slsdi slsdiaa anoahz anoahzaa iaykr iaykr cudrza cudrza y an prkplk prkplk tdipk tdipk sd okhsab okhsabra ra uha fdokraolÿ fdokraolÿh h puraidhd arquldoÿhloa. Nks rláhbunks ckriafks pkr dn rasfÿs fdn arok, dn arqulrajd y na oknuiha ckriah nas dheuas, hudva ckria arquldoÿhloa fd cdouhfa mlskrla dh na pksdrlfaf.

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Dstlnk BKVLOK

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L. ML_VKZLA5

Dn dstnk bÿtok sd fdsarrknna dh Durkpa, suodfldhfk an rkiáhlok fdsfd na ouara fìoafa fdn slbnk ]LL masa jldh dhrafk dn ]SL.

Na fdhkilhaolÿh pdykratva "bÿtok" cud lhvd lh vdh haf afaa pkr pkr nk nkss druf drufl lks ks fdn fdn Zd Zdha haoli olild ldh hk k okh sdht sdhtfk fk fd fdsp fdsprd rdol olk k a uh ar ard d qud qud ok okhs hslf lfdr draj ajah ah járj járjar ark k (dn (dn "ar "ardd fd nk nkss bk bkfk fks" s")) iuy iuy lh lhcd cdrl rlkr kr dh okhsl okhslfd fdra raol olÿh ÿh an ar ard d brdokrrkiahk. _lh dijarbk cud rdvankrlzafk y dxanafk dh dn slbnk ]L] pkr nks ikvlildhks haolkhanlsas y rkiáht rki áhtoks oks durkpd durkpdks ks y dh na aouan aouanlfa lfaf f sd okhslfd okhslfdra ra uhlvdr uhlvdrsan sanidh idhd d okik okik uhk fd nks ikidhks iás jrlnnahds fdsfd dn puhk fd vlsa arstok, fdn iuhfk koolfdhan. Auhqud dn bÿtok suodfd arquldoÿhloaidhd an rkiáhlok fdn slbnk ]LL, nk oldrk ds qud aijas arquldouras rdspkhfdh a prlholplks lhsplrafkrds kpudsks. Okik skstdhd dn brah dxpdrk Kk vkh _liskh, okh dn bÿtok sd prkfuod uha fd nas iás rafloands rupuras dstnéstoas qud mah okhkolfk na arquldoura koolfdhan. Na razÿh fd an rdvknuolÿh ds dn oaijlk fd na idhanlfaf idfldvan skjrd dn okhkolildhk y na vdrfaf dxlsdhd. Nks slbnks ]LL y ]LLL okhdipnah na fdrrka fdn lfdanlsik fd Wnaÿh, fdcdhflfk pkr _ah Abush, qud cud na jasd nksÿoa fd nks slbnks ankidfldvands. Fdsfd dsas cdomas, sd rdoupdra na nkska jasafa dh na prddilhdhola fd nks sdhtfks fd Arlsÿdnds, lhdhsaidhd fdcdhflfk pkr pdrskhaeds fd na anna fd sah Anjdrk Iabhk y sahk Vkiás Aqulhk. Na lfda fd qud sÿnk na raolkhanlfaf muiaha ds dn õhlok slsdia fd okhkolildhk y qud nas ckrias ckr ias sdhslj sdhsljnds nds skh sÿnk sÿnk uha aparld aparldhol holaa dhbañk dhbañksa sa fd na vdrfaf vdrfaf,, ds fdspna fdspnazaf zafaa pkr na okhvlo okh vloolÿ olÿh h fd qud fd nks sdhtf sdhtfks ks skh hdodsa hdodsarlk rlkss fdsoujr fdsoujrlr lr nas oksas oksas fd na haura haurandz ndza, a, vdrfafdra cudhd fd okhkolildhk. Okik okhsdoudhola fd dsd oaijlk fd idhanlfaf, dh dn oaipk fdn ard y na arquldoura, dn kjsthafk dqulnljrlk sliìrlok y na rdbunarlfaf y bdkidrlsik fdn rkiáhlok, skh fdspnazafks.

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Dn arquldok ya hk tdhd qud apdbarsd a ckrias rdbunards para okhsrulr (oérounks y ouafrafks cuhfaidhanidhd) slhk qud sd vd nljrd para rajaear, hk okik uhd bdÿidra slhk okik uh lhbdhldrk. Wkr ahk, sl dh dn oaipk fd nas lfdas sd sustuyd dn lfdanlsik pkr dn hauranlsik, dh dn oaipk fdn ard sd sustuyd na lhdnlbdhola ajsraoa pkr dn diplrlsik. Zdhì Muybmd dsorljd dsas jdnnas panajras skjrd na arquldoura bÿtoa5

"Tha dstìoa prabiáoa dflcoa ikhuidhtks fkhfd, fdsoartafas nas supdrcolds pnahas, sd drlzah fd puhtas, fd oanafks, fd prkydoolkhds, sd rkipdh dh dn eudbk okipndek fd nks sanldht sanl dhtds ds y nas ajdrtu ajdrturas ras,, fkhfd fkhfd nas néhdas néhdas trkpld trkpldzah zah,, sd okrtah okrtah,, sd lhtdrs lhtdrsdoo doolkh lkhah ah okh aspdrdza, fkhfd tkfas nas prdvlslkhds fd na lhtdnlbdhola skh fdrrktafas pkr dn lipdrlksk flotafk fd nks mdomks"

Dh dsd okhdxk y auhqud na arquldoura slbud sueda a oldras rdbnas jásloas fd bdkidréa, nks dflolks sd nljdrah fdn rlbkr raolkhan ahdrlkr y a sus dsruouras sd nds pdrild na vlfa y na dspkhahdlfaf. Okik aria Muybmd uh dflolk bÿtok pudfd dhdhfdrsd okik uh krbahlsik vlvk qud ordod maola dn skn. Wkr õntik, dsa hudva arquldoura, utnlza dsd diplrlsik lhbdhldrln ds lhvdhar lhbdhlksas sknuolkhds doÿhloas para dn h fd ordar dspaolks fd brah anura y oknkrlfk. Na iahdra fdn slbnk ]LLL fd slijknlzar na Edrusanìh Odndstan ds idflahd na ordaolÿh fd uh brahflksk dspaolk fd nuz y oknkr.

 

*Dvknuolÿh fd na arqultdotura5

Dn bÿtok sd fa dhrd 1147 y 14:4. Na dvknuolÿh fdn bÿtok fa nubar a nas slbuldhds dapas5 1.- Bÿtok fd rahslolÿh (1147- 1:77) Okhvlvdh dndidhks rkiáhloks okh krks fdn bÿtok (usk fd rksdkhds dh caomafas, aroks kelvands, jÿvdfas fd kelvas). _d lhonuydh dh dsd bÿtok nks ikhasdrlks fdn Olsdr. Dn prkcdskr Eksì Iaréa Azoárad nk fdhkilhÿ okik prkkbÿtok.

:.- Bÿtok purk k onáslok (_lbnks ]LLL y ]LS) Dh dn slb slbnk nk ]LL ]LLLL dn bÿtok bÿtok anoahz anoahzaa kfas kfas sus oarao oaraodré drésto stoas as y dndidh dndidhks ks rdprds rdprdsdh dhatv atvks5 ks5 vdrt vdrtoa oanlnlfa faf, f, prdp prdpkh khfd fdra raho hola la fdn fdn vahk vahk sk skjr jrdd dn iurk iurk,, do. do. Ds na ìpko ìpkoaa fd na nass br brah ahfd fdss oadfrands. Dh Crahola, fdsaoah Omarrds, Zdlis y Aildhs. Dh Dspaña (Oastnna y Ndÿh)5 Jurbks, Ndÿh y Vkndfk. Dh dn slbnk ]LS na arquldoura slbud maolìhfksd iás dsjdna y dipldza a farsd uha rdnatva lhfdpdhfdhola fd na dsounura y plhura.

?.- Bÿtok krlfk k aiébdrk Ds na casd fdoafdhd okrrdspkhfldhd an slbnk ]S dh qud sd prkfuod uha dxpnkslÿh fdokratva, masa dn puhk fd majnar fd jarrkqulzaolÿh fdn bÿtok. Euhk an a n arok kelvan sd usah hudvks aroks okik dn dsoarzafk, oarpahdn (rds odhrks) y okhkplan (ouark odhrks) Vaijlìh prknlcdrah nas jÿvdfas iuy fdokrafas y vdhahas iuy brahfds. Dsa dapa, dh Dspaña, sd fdhkilha bÿtok lsajdnlhk k dstnk Zdyds Oaÿnloks.

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LL. OAZAOVDZL_VLOA_ AZQTLVDOVKHLOA_5

Nas oaraodréstoas bdhdrands fd na arquldoura bÿtoa skh5 1.

Sdrtoanlfaf5 Nks dflolks tdhfdh a na anura. Vldhdh uh sdhtfk slijÿnlok fd asodhslkhanlfaf, fd nndbar an oldnk

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Nuilhkslfaf5   Dspaolks lhdrlkrds iuy nuilhksks y oknkrlsas. _d fdjd an prdfkilhlk fd nks vahk vahkss okh vlfr vlfrld ldra rass sk skjr jrdd nk nkss iurk iurks. s. Na nu nuil ilhk hksl slfa faf f ok oknk nkrd rdaf afaa pr prd ddh dhfd fd rdprdsdhar nas sdhsaolkhds fd uha Edrusanìh odndstan.

 

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Hauranlsik5 Nks dndidhks dndidhks dsounÿrloks dsounÿrloks lijrloafks lijrloafks dh na arquldou arquldoura ra sudndh sudndh sdr jasahd hauranlsas5 -Cknnaeds

-Mkeas

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Ahliands

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LLL. DNDIDHVK_ OKH_VZTOVLSK_5

1.- _ksdhlfks Dn iadrlan utnlzafk ds na pldfra okrafa, dsouafrafa y punlfa dh slnnards rdbunards. Nks dndidhks okhsruotvks fdn bÿtok iás oaraodréstoks skh5 Arok apuhafk u kelvan. Na utnlzaolÿh fd dsd arok ya prkplola na vdrtoanlfaf, pdrk skjrd kfk, ailhkra nks dipueds nadrands qud skh iaykrds dh dn arok fd idflk puhk

Jÿvdfa fd oruodréa. _d krlblha pkr dn oruod fd fks raiks fd jÿvdfa fd oañÿh apuhafa okh aroks oruodrks fd rdcudrzk. Afdiás tdhd aroks caekhds y ckridrks. Dn pdsk sd okhodhra dh nks áhbunks.

 

A idflfa qud dn bÿtok dvknuolkha, dspdolanidhd dh na ìpkoa fd fdoafdhola fdn slbnk ]S, nas jÿvdfas skh iás fdokratvas okh auidhk fdn hõidrk fd hdrvlks, okhvlrtìhfksd dh jÿvdfas dsrdnnafas, krands k rdtounafas.

 

:.- _usdhahds Nks iurks pldrfdh brah pard fd na cuholÿh fd susdhahds, pkr nk qud sd ajrdh brahfds vdhahas (dh dn bÿtok onáslok sd tdhfd a qud prdfkilhd dn vahk skjrd dn iurk). _d utnlza iuomk dn plnar casolounafk (okh varlas oknuihas afksafas para rdokbdr nks hdrvlks), qud ouahfk skh iuy has k dsrdomas sd nnaiah jaqudkhds. Nks oapldnds skh uha olha okhthua fdokrafa okh dndidhks vdbdands, dhrd nks qud fdsaoa na mkea fd oarfk oa rfk (oarflha).

?.- Dipueds okhrarrdsafks Dh na jÿvdfa fd oruodréa dn pdsk vdrtoan sd okhrarrdsa okh plnards dh dn lhdrlkr, y dh sdhtfk nadran okh nks arjkahds (sdokrds fd arok aìrdks), qud sd apkyah dh okhracudrds dxdrlkrds (dsrljks) y skjrd dnnks uha pldza nnaiafa plháounk, okh fks cuholkhds5  

Nndvar dn dipued vdrtoan maola ajaek Cuholÿh fdokratva

Nks arjkahds aijlìh tdhdh na cuholÿh fdAmkra dvaouar dn abua nnuvla pkr idflklhdrlkr fd nas bárbknas. Vkfk dsk pdrild anlbdrar nks iurks. dn iurk sÿnkfd dholdrra dn dspaolk fdn dflolk, hk ds uh skpkrd. A oausa fd dsk, sd ajrdh brahfds vahks.

 

LS. DNDIDHVK_ FDOKZAVLSK_5

Vaijlìh, sdbõh avahza dn bÿtok, nas vdhahas skh iás brahfds y dsáh iás fdokrafas. _d fdokrah okh vlfrldras y okh fdokraolkhds pìrdas fdhkilhafas raodréas.

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 Okh nas vlfrldras sd okhslbudh rdprdsdhaolkhds buratvas slilnards a nas fd na plhura, okh na

vdhaea fd qud pdrildh pasar na nuz, auhqud ds uha nuz hk iuy onara qud hks fa sdhsaolÿh fd skjrdhauranlfaf. Vaijlìh dn bÿtok maod usk fd uh tpk fd vdhaha pdounlar5 dn rksdÿh, qud tdhd ckria olrounar y qud sd sudnd flspkhdr dh na caomafa.

 

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Ds iuy crdoudhd qud nks aroks apuhafks fd nas vdhahas y pudras dhbah skjrd dnnks uh dndidhk fdokratvk rlahbunar fdhkilhafk bajndd.

Dhrd nks dndidhks bÿtoks fdokratvks fdsaoaiks nks dndidhks vdbdands (oarflha), nks bajndds skjrd nks vahks, nas vlfrldras dh nas vdhahas y nks rdnldvds y dsounuras qud fdokrah nas caomafas.

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S. OAVDFZAN BKVLOA5

Dsd tpk fd dflolk fd na arquldoura bÿtoa, na oadfran, tdhd nas slbuldhds oaraodréstoas5 

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_udnd dhdr pnaha fd oruz natha, flvlfldhfk su sdokr nkhbluflhan dh ? k 4 havds y dh ? havds dn rahsdpk. Dn rahsdpk sd sudnd sluar dh dn odhrk fdn dflolk, andeáhfksd fd na oajdodra. Vldhd blrkna sdholnna k fkjnd. Na oajdodra ds iuy brahfd5 rkfdafa fd uha okrkha fd oaplnnas raflands. _d fdsaoa dn oruodrk okh olijkrrlk. Hkrianidhd, dh na havd odhran sd slõa dn okrk, skjrd kfk dh nas oadfrands dspañknas. _d fdsaoa na caomafa prlholpan, auhqud aijlìh tdhdh lipkrahola nas caomafas fd nks nadrands fdn rahsdpk. Dh bdhdran, nas caomafas tdhdh ckria fd M. Cnahqudafa pkr fks krrds, bdhdranidhd okh ? pudras, y dh dn odhrk dn rksdÿh. Wudfd rdiaar dh drraza (pnaha) k dh krrds aplrailfafas k omapldnds. Dh sdhtfk mkrlzkhan sd flvlfd dh ? oudrpks5 k Dn oudrpk lhcdrlkr okh ? pudras qud sd okrrdspkhfdh okh nas havds lhdrlkrds. k Dn oudrpk idflk tdhd dh dn odhrk dn rksdÿh, ahqudafk pkr vdhahands Bandréa fd aroks k k Vkrrds. Dh sdhtfk vdrtoan, sd flvlfd dh rds oannds5 k Na okrrdspkhfldhd okh na havd nadran sur. Na okrrdspkhfldhd okh na havd odhran. k k Na okrrdspkhfldhd okh na havd nadran hkrd

Nk iás fdokrafk ds na caomafa, pdrk dh dnna fdsaoa na pudra. _d rdpldh nks ilsiks dndidhks fd na pkrafa rkiáhloa pdrk okh oldrks oaijlks5 ipahk okh ckria fd arok kelvan y arqulvknas aijlìh kelvands. Vaijlìh may anbuhks oaijlks dh na fdokraolÿh dsounÿrloa5   

Na fdokraolÿh fdn ipahk sd flspkhd dh crlsks supdrpudsks. Dh nas arqulvknas, na fdokraolÿh dsounÿrloa sd slõa dh na flrdoolÿh fdn arok. Nas dsounuras fd nas eaijas y dn pardnuz skh oasl fd junk rdfkhfk, y dsáh prkdblfas pkr fksdndds. _d flspkhdh skjrd iìhsunas.

*Afdiás fd nas oadfrands, krks dflolks onavd fd na arquldoura bÿtoa skh nks okhvdhks fd nas ÿrfdhds idhfloahds (craholsoahks y fkilhloks) dh nas olufafds. _d nds nnaia idhfloahds pkrqud prdfloah na pkjrdza, vlvdh fd na oarlfaf y na nliksha fd nks ordydhds. _d fdfloah a prdfloar, skjrd kfk dhrd nks rdlhks hk orlstahks. Dh dsas lbndslas sd cavkrdod na aoõstoa y na vlsljlnlfaf. A idflfa qud pasah nks slbnks, na arquldoura olvln va afqulrldhfk iás lipkrahola. Nks dflolks olvlnds qud sd okhsruydh dh nas olufafds skh panaolks, ayuhaildhks, uhlvdrslfafds, nkheas, mksplands, do.

 

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SL. _L_VDIA_ OKH_VZTOVLSK_5

1.- Jÿvdfa Hdrvafa5 Na jÿvdfa fd oruodréa, aijlìh nnaiafa jÿvdfa hdrvafa, ds uh tpk fd jÿvdfa oaraodréstoa fd na arquldoura bÿtoa qud rdoljd dsd hkijrd pkrqud dsá okhckriafa pkr dn oruod, k lhdrsdoolÿh, fd fks jÿvdfas fd oañÿh apuhafk. A flcdrdhola fd na jÿvdfa fd arlsa, na fd oruodréa sd oaraodrlza pkr dsar rdckrzafa pkr fks k iás hdrvlks flabkhands qud sd oruzah dh na onavd, onavd, bdhdra bdhdranid nidhd hd.. Na jÿvdfa jÿvdfa fd oruodr oruodréa éa sd okhslf okhslfdra dra uhk fd nks rds rds dndidh dndidhks ks flsthtvks fd na arquldoura bÿtoa, euhk okh dn arok aro k apuhafk y dn arjkahd. Na jÿvdfa fd oruodréa okhsa fd fks dndidhks5 nks aroks qud okhstuydh su ariazÿh, k dsqudndk, y nks pañks k pndidhks qud oujrdh nks dspaolks lhdridflks dhrd nks aroks. Wr Wrli lidr drk k sd nd ndva vah hah ah nk nkss ar arok oks, s, or orda dahf hfk k uha uha dsr dsruo uou ura ra dsjd dsjdn na, a, rdsl rdsls sdh dhd d y nlnlbd bdra ra,, y pksdr pks drlkr lkridh idhd d sd rdnndh rdnndhah ah nks pañks pañks lhdri lhdridfl dflks ks okhckr okhckriah iahfk fk nas jÿvdfa jÿvdfas, s, qudfah qudfahfk fk dhiaroafas rahsvdrsanidhd pkr nks aroks pdrplañks, aijlìh nnaiafks aroks caekhds, y nkhbluflhanidhd pkr nks aroks ckridrks, parandnks an ded fd na havd qud fdnlilah nks raiks fd na jÿvdfa.

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:.-Arjkahd Th arok arjkahd k slipndidhd ds uh dndidhk dsruouran dxdrlkr okh ckria fd idflk arok qud rdokbd na prdslÿh dh dn arrahqud fd na jÿvdfa y na rahsild a uh okhracudrd, k dsrljk, afksafk an iurk fd uha havd nadran. Ds uh dndidhk okhsruotvk flsthtvk fd na arquldoura bÿtoa, euhk okh dn arok apuhafk y na jÿvdfa fd oruodréa. Okik arok dxdrlkr fd fdsoarba sudnd dsar dh pkslolÿh lhonlhafa0 ds, pkr ahk, uh arok raipahd k arok pkr rahquln, ya qud tdhd nks arrahquds a flstha anura. Dn arjkahd ckria pard fd na dsruoura bÿtoa, pdrk sÿnk sd aprdola fdsfd dn dxdrlkr. Na pard lhcdrlkr sd apkya dh uh dsrljk, okhracudrd, k jkardn0 y na pard supdrlkr slrvd fd sksìh, bdhdranidhd, a uha jÿvdfa fd oruodréa. Th plháounk okrkha dn dsrljk, fdokráhfknk, fdhkilhafk abuea ouahfk ds iuy dndvafk.

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OKIWAZAOLKH FD AIJK_ D_VLNK_ (ZKIAHLOK ‟ BKVLOK) 1.-Nas pkrafas5 Nas pkraf pkrafas as rkiáhl rkiáhloas oas y bÿtoas bÿtoas skh práoto práotoaid aidhd hd lbuands lbuands.. _ÿnk tdhdh tdhdh fks flc flcdrd drdhol holas as cuhfaidhands5 - Nas bÿtoas tdhdh uh arok dholia fd na pkrafa. - Nas rkiáhloas tdhdh ckria fd arok fd idflk puhk ildhras qud nas bÿtoas tdhdh ckria fd arok kelvan.

:.- Na anura5 Nas lbndslas rkiáhloas drah iás pdqudñas qud nas bÿtoas, ya qud dh na okhsruoolÿh fd dsas õntias nas olufafds okipdah para vdr qulìh nas maoéa iás brahfds. BKVLOK

ZKIAHLOK

?.- Dsounuras y plhuras5 Nas rkiáhloas oardoéah fd sdhsaolÿh fd ikvlildhk y hk drah rdanlsas. Wrddhféah prkvkoar dikolkhds. Dh oaijlk, dh nas bÿtoas nas buras sliunajah ckrias rdands, oulfajah iuomk nks fdannds y afkparkh ikvlildhks haurands. -Dsounuras5 Nas fks drah dh rdnldvd y fd Orlsk oruoloafk y na Slrbdh okh dn hlñk pdrk dh nas bÿtoas sd dipdzarkh a iksrar sdhtildhks. -Wlhuras5 Dh nas lbndslas rkiáhloas dsajah plhafas dh nas pardfds fd anrdfdfkr fd nks anards y dh dn domk domk.. Dh nas bÿtoas bÿtoas sd pdrfld pdrfldrkh rkh nks sltks sltks rkiáhl rkiáhloks oks pkrqud pkrqud sd nas vdhah vdhahas as sustuydrkh a nks iurks.

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6.- Nuz y vdhahas5 Nas lbndslas rkiáhloas dhéah pkoa nuz lhdrlkr y iksrajah uh aspdok sÿnlfk y okipaok ildhras qud nas bÿtoas drah iás nõolfas.

 

Dsk sd fdjd a qud nas rkiáhloas uvldrkh qud rdckrzarnas okh okhracudrds (plnards afksafks afduh iurk nnaiafas qud slrvdh fd rdcudrzk) y qular vdhahas. Nas bÿtoas nuoéah vdhahasBKVLOK fd liábdhds ZKIAHLOK oknkrds vlfrldras k vlrands.

4.-Jÿvdfas5 Dh dn rkiáhlok sd flsthbuéah nas jÿvdfas fd oañÿh y nas fd arlsa, ildhras qud dh dn bÿtok dsaja na fd oruodréa. Nas jÿvdfas fd oañÿh drah fd ckria sdilolrounar y slrvd para oujrlr dn dspaolk okiprdhflfk dhrd fks iurks y nks fd arlsa skh oruods fd fks jÿvdfas fd oañÿh. Na jÿvdfa fd oruodréa dsaja ckriafa pkr fks aroks, nnaiafks hdrvlks qud sd oruzah dh flabkhan y sd apkyah skjrd oknuihas y plnards.

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3.- Aroks5 _d flsthbuéah nks aroks fd idflk puhk, dh dn rkiáhlok, ouya ourvaura ds lbuan a idfla olrouhcdrdhola. Nks aroks bÿtoks drah dn arjkahd y dn arok kelvan.Dn kelvan tdhd ckria fd puha fd doma.Dn arjkahd ds iás okipndek, tdhd ckria fd arok y sd oknkoa dh dn iurk dxdrlkr y fdsoarba pard fdn pdsk fd na jÿvdfa skjrd uh okhracudrd.