Monografia Enchapes

 

Q@D_A]ZDCGC @GJDF@GN CAN GNSDXNG@F ‚ XQ@F OGJQNSGC CA D@EA@DA]ËG JD_DN T G]WQDSAJSQ]G AZJQANG X]FOAZDF@GN CA D@EA@DA]ËG JD_DN

GCDSD_FZ T JFKMQZSDMNA X]AZA@SGCF XF]2  

JGNNG G×GKQ]F, ]fy Org`lnd`

 

JJGNND _DNJG, Jrdstidg` Xgun

 

JGNZD@G GXGRG, Naf`dcgs KFG]ZA@G SDJF@G, Mrdg`

XQ@F ‚ XA]Ò =8=7

 

CACDJGSF]DG Asta Asta trgm trgmgb gbf f sa nf ca cacd cdjgk jgkfs fs g `u `uast astrf rfss pg pgcr cras as y cf cfja ja`t `tas as pf pfrr an ca casa saf f ca supargjdú` y gyucg casd`tarasgcg qua `fs mrd`cg` jgcg cëg, ergjdgs g sus abakpnfs y a`sa÷g`zgs nnaegrakfs g jukpndr `uastrgs katgs. G `uastrfs iarkg`fs qua supdarf` frda`tgr`fs pfr an sa`carf ca ng supargjdú`.  G `uastrfs gkdefs y jfkpg÷arfs ca ogjuntgc, pfr su gpfyf a` tfcf kfka`tf.  T g tfcgs ngs parsf`gs qua ca u`g u ftrg ofrkg `fs ig` gyucgcf.

Kdn ergjdgs…

d

 

D@S]FCQJJDÚ@

An prasa`ta trgmgbf sa catgnng u` kgtardgn ca jf`strujjdú` ca gjgmgcfs an a`jigpa,  puas gcakçs jf`fjarakfs juçn sarëg su ou`jdf`gndcgc y a` qua suparodjdas suparodjdas sardgs ravastdr. ravastdr . Jf` od`as cajfrgtdvfs sa tda`a cdoara`tas tdpfs ca a`jigpas, pgrg cdoara`tas aspgjdfs tg`tf, jfjd`gs mg÷fs, sgngs, igmdtgjdf`as, a`tra ftrfs axtardfras jfkf d`tardfras. Ify a` cëg sa va qua vgkfs gvg`zg`cf y kabfrg`cf a` cdoara`tas gspajtfs y a` ng jf`strujjdú` ca deugn kg`arg< g trgväs ca nfs kgtardgnas pfcakfs kfcangr u`g vdvda`cg kfcar`g, rustdjf, kd`dkgndstg igstg gmstrgjtf, astf ta`da`cf a` jf`sdcargjdú` ng grqudtajturg. Jfkf d`ea`darfs jdvdnas ta`akfs ng fmndegjdú` ca jf`fjar cdoara`tas kgtardgnas ca gjgmgcf, puas as ou`cgka`tgn var su ou`jdf`gndcgc y frdea`. Jfkf sa jf`fja igy kujigs iarrgkda`tgs cdedtgnas qua gyucg` a` ng sdkungjdú` ca cajfrgjdú`, sd` akmgref, `f as nf kdskf ta`ar nfs kgtardgnas prasa`jdgnka`ta, pfr nf qua catgnngrakfs jfkf sa jngsdodjg` nfs a`jigpas. Ng dkpfrtg`jdg ca asta kgtardgn nf igja d`cdspa`gmna, puas pfc pfcakfs akfs utdndzgrnf a` cdoara`tas pgrtas ca u`g u`g vdvda`cg jfkf asjgnargs, ogjigcgs, pdsjd`gs y pgtdfs.

dd

 

]AZQKA@ A` tfcg jf`strujjdú` caspuäs ca igmar iajif u` navg`tgkda`tf ca kurfs, tajifs,  pdsfs a`tra ftrfs, as `ajasgrdf igjar u` ravastdkda`tf puas pgrg asf gpndjgrakfs an kgtardgn a`jigpa qua tda`a gneu`g jngsdodjgjdú` tg`tf pgrg axtardfras a d`tardfras jfkf pdacrgs grtdodjdgnas, pdacrgs `gturgnas, kgcarg, kgtardgnas vdtrafs, kgtardgnas pnçstdjfs, as `ajasgrdf tgkmdä` var an prfjasf jf`strujtdvf ca jgcg tdpf ca a`jigpa. Nfs a`jigpas tda`a` u`g vgrdacgc ca gpndjgjdf`as pgrg cdoara`tas tdpfs ca astrujturgs, nf dkpfrtg`ta as rasgntgr a` qua sa jfkpf`a ngs pdacrgs grtdodjdgnas, jfkf a`enfmgkfs an erg`dtf, jarçkdjg, nfsgs, kçrkfn, atj.  Kujifs nf utdndzg` pgrg pfcar gyucgr a` ng jf`strujjdú` g kabfrgr su curgmdndcgc y rasdsta`jdg, astf ca gjuarcf gn d`takpardskf sd nf utdndzgkfs a` axtardfras, sd mda` as pgrg rajumrdkda`tfs puaca kabfrgr ng dkgea` ca u`g vdvda`cg, jf` cdoara`tas astdnfs ca gjuarcf g `uastrf a`tfr`f, pfr nf qua as dkpfrtg`ta asta prfjasf jf`strujtdvf ca jgcg tdpf ca a`jigpa, puas ta`akfs qua raedr`fs g nfs pgsfs pgrg ta`ar u` kabfr rasuntgcf. Jf`fjar sd `ajasdtgkfs gneò` tdpf ca gcdtdvf u ftrf kgtardgn pgrg astfs tdpfs ca a`jigpas, rajgnjgr qua `f catgnngrakfs an jfstf, parf sd var su prfpdacgc, mannazg, astätdjg y gpgrda`jdg.

ddd

 

D@CDJA CACDJGSF]DG.......................................................................................................d D@S]FCQJJDÚ@......................... D@S]FCQJJDÚ@... ............................................ ............................................ ....................................................dd ..............................dd D@CDJA................................. D@CDJA........... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .......................................ddd .................ddd D@CDJA CA ODEQ]GZ........ ODEQ]GZ.............................. ............................................ ........................................................... ......................................vd .vd JGXDSQNF D............... D..................................... ............................................ ............................................ .................................................7 ...........................7 7.7.

FMBA FMBASD_FZ SD_FZ...... ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ...................... ........................7 ........7

7.=.

IDZSF IDZSF]DG... ]DG......... ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ...................... .............................7 .............7

7.=.7.

X]FJACA@JDG...............................................................................................................7

7.=.=.

JG]MÚ@, JG]MÚ@, AN X]DKA] JFKMQZSDMNA... JFKMQZSDMNA........ ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ............ ................. ...........................7 ................7

7.=.=.7.

Xatrúnaf............................................................................................................. Xatrúnaf.................................................................................................................= ....=

7.=.=.=.

An jfkmusmna Cdasan.................................................................................. Cdasan.............................................................................................: ...........:

7.=.=.:.

An egs `gturgn..........................................................................................................3

7.=.:.

JFKMQZSDMNAZ GJSQGNAZ...................................................................... GJSQGNAZ................................................................................... ..................... ........1 1

7.=.:.7.

Idcrúea`f...................................................................................................... Idcrúea`f.............................................................................................................. ........1 1

7.=.:.=.

Egs ndjugcf ca patrúnaf.........................................................................................1

7.=.:.:.

Egsfnd`g............................................................................................ Egsfnd`g..................................................................................................... .................. ............? ...?

7.=.:.3.

Mdf-Cdasan......................................... Mdf-Cdasan............................................................................................................... ......................................................................? ?

dv

 

=.

JGXDSQNF DD............. DD................................... ............................................ ............................................................... .........................................?? =.7.

:.

GCDSD GCDSD_FZ _FZ CA JFKMQ JFKMQZSDMN ZSDMNA..... A........... ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ...........? .....?

=.7.7.

¶Wuä sf` nfs gcdvfs can jfkmusmna6.................................................................... jfkmusmna6.......................................................................? ...?

=.7.=.

Mrava idstfrdg ca nfs gcdvfs........................................................................................5

=.7.:.

Xrfpdacgcas ea`argnas ca nfs jfkmusmnas....................................................... jfkmusmnas................................................................ .........5 5

=.7.3.

SDXFZ CA GCDSD_FZ T ZQZ OQ@JDF@AZ.........................................................................9

=.7.3.7.

Catarea`tas............................................................. Catarea`tas................................................................................................... .............................................. ........9 9

=.7.3.=.

Cdsparsg`tas........................................................................ Cdsparsg`tas.............................................................................................. ............................... ............9 ...9

=.7.3.:.

G`fxdcg`tas.........................................................................................................9 G`fxdcg`tas......................................................................................................... 9

=.7.3.3.

G` casegsta....................................................................... casegsta............................................................................................. ............................... ............4 ...4

=.7.3.1.

Kfcdojgcfras ca rdjjdú`......................................................................................4

=.7.3.?.

G`jfrrfsdvfs.............................................. G`jfrrfsdvfs........................................................................................................ ..........................................................4 4

=.7.3.5.

G`aspukg`tas.....................................................................................................4

=.7.3.9.

Kabfrgcfr ca vdsjfsdcgc.......................................................................................4 vdsjfsdcgc................................................................................... ....4

=.7.3.4.

Caprasfr can pu`tf ca udcaz2..............................................................................4

JGXDSQNF DDD........... DDD................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................................7: ..................7: :.7.

JFKMQ JFKMQZSDMN ZSDMNA..... A........... ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ .................. ............7: 7:

:.7.7.

Xrfpdacgcas Xrfpdacgcas aspajë aspajëojgs ojgs ca nfs nfs jfkmusmnas jfkmusmnas súndcfs..... súndcfs........... ............ ........... .............. ......................... .................7: .7:

:.7.=.

Xrfpdacgcas aspajëojgs ca nfs jfkmusmnas nëqudcfs...............................................73 nëqudcfs............................................... 73

:.7.:.

Xrfpdacgcas aspajëojgs ca nfs jfkmusmnas egsafsfs.............................................7?

:.=.

KGTF] KGTF]AZ AZ AKX] AKX]AZGZ AZGZ CA JFKM JFKMQZSDM QZSDMNA..... NA........... ............ ............ ............ ............ ................... ....................79 .......79

:.=.7.

Zgucd Grgkjf..............................................................................................................79

:.=.=.

Egzprfk......................................................................................... Egzprfk........................................................................................................ ......................... .............79 ...79

:.=.:.

@gf`gn Drg`dg` Fdn Jf. (@DFJ)...................................................................................79

:.=.3.

Axxf`Kfmdn.................................................................................................................79 Axxf`Kfmdn................................................................................................................. 79

:.:.

CDZS] CDZS]DMQJD DMQJDÚ@ Ú@ T S]G@ZXF]SA. S]G@ZXF]SA....... ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..................... ...............74 74

v

 

:.:.7.

]AWQDZDSFZ XG]G S]G@ZXF]SG]..............................................................................74

:.:.=.

S]G@ZXF]SA S]G@ZXF]SA - GNJG@JA GNJG@JA CA NG NG ZQXA]_DZDÚ@. ZQXA]_DZDÚ@....... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ................ ........................=7 ..............=7

:.:.:.

S]G@ZXF]SA - SDXFZ CA ZQXA]_DZDÚ@......................................................................==

:.:.:.7.

Zuparvdsdú` Xrafpargvg.....................................................................................==

:.:.:.=.

Zuparvdsdú` Fpargvg........................................................................................ Fpargvg.............................................................................. ...........== .==

:.:.:.:.

Zuparvdsdú` Aspajdgn.................................................................................... Aspajdgn............................................................................................ ........=: =:

:.:.3.

GJJAZF]DFZ KD@DKFZ ]AWQA]DCFZ................................................................... ]AWQA]DCFZ........................................................................=: .....=:

:.:.3.7. :.:.1.

]AWQA]DKDA@SFZ SAJ@DJFZ CA Q@G Q@DCGC........................................................ Q@DCGC.........................................................=3 .=3

:.:.?.

DCA@SDODJGJDF@2 „SDXFZ CA ]DAZEFZ - @OXG‛...........................................................=3

:.:.?.7.

DCA@SDODJGJDÚ@...................................................................................................=1

:.:.?.=.

X]FSAJJDÚ@........................................................................................................=1 X]FSAJJDÚ@........................................................................................................ =1

:.:.5.

An tg`qua tg`qua camarç camarç jukpndr jf` jf` ng `frkg katrfnúe katrfnúedjg djg nvc-883...... nvc-883............ ............ ........... ........... .............=? .......=?

:.:.5.7.

3.

DKXNAKA@SFZ CA ZAEQ]DCGC........................................................................... ZAEQ]DCGC...........................................................................=: =:

XDZF G@SDCAZNDRG@SA.............................................................................. G@SDCAZNDRG@SA....................................................................................... ...........=? ..=?

JGXDSQNF D_.............. D_.................................... ............................................ ............................................ .....................................=5 ...............=5 3.7.

GXNDJ GXNDJGJDF@ GJDF@AZ AZ CA GCDSD GCDSD_FZ _FZ T JFKMQZSDMN JFKMQZSDMNAZ.... AZ.......... ............ ............. ......................... ......................=5 ....=5

3.7.7.

GCDSD_FZ.....................................................................................................................=5

3.7.=.

]ANNA@FZ....................................................................................................................=5

3.7.:.

AYSA@CF]AZ...................................................................................... AYSA@CF]AZ...............................................................................................................=9 .........................=9

3.7.3.

XNGZSDJFZ...................................................................................................................=9

3.=.

GEA@S GEA@SAZ AZ XG]G KABF KABF]G] ]G] NG GCIAZD_DC GCIAZD_DCGC..... GC........... ............ ............ ...................... ..........................=4 ..........=4

3.=.7.7.

JGQJIF...............................................................................................................=4 JGQJIF............................................................................................................... =4

3.=.7.=.

FS]FZ..................................................................................................................=4 FS]FZ.................................................................................................................. =4

3.:.

JFKMQ JFKMQZSDMN ZSDMNAZ... AZ......... ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ....................... ..................:8 .:8

3.:.7.

JFKMQZSDMNA JFKMQZSDMNAZZ ZFNDCFZ ZFNDCFZ (JG]MF@ (JG]MF@ KD@A]GN KD@A]GN T _AEASG _AEASGN)..... N)........... ............ ........... ........... ..................:8 ............:8

3.:.7.7.

GXNDJGJDF@AZ CA JG]MF@.......................................................................... JG]MF@.................................................................................:8 .......:8

vd

 

3.:.=.

3.:.7.7.7.

_A@SGBGZ CAN JG]MF@...............................................................................:8

3.:.7.7.=.

CAZ_A@SGBGZ...............................................................................................:7

JFKMQZSDMNAZ EGZAFZG..........................................................................................:7 EGZAFZG.................................................................................... ......:7

3.:.=.7.

EGZ @GSQ]GN.............................................................. @GSQ]GN.................................................................................................. ........................................:7 ....:7

3.:.=.=.

MDFEGZ.................................................................................................................:7

3.:.:.

JFKMQZSDMNAZ NDWQDCFZ....................................................................................... NDWQDCFZ..........................................................................................:7 ...:7

3.:.:.7.

1.

CA]D_GCFZ CAN XAS]ÚNAF................................................................................ XAS]ÚNAF.................................................................................:7 .:7

3.3.

QZF A@ NG D@CQZS]DG D@CQZS]DG CA S]G@Z S]G@ZXF]S XF]SA...... A............ ............ ............ .................... ...............................:: .................::

3.1.

ZAJSF ZAJSF] ] D@CQZS]DGN. D@CQZS]DGN....... ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ...................... ..............................:3 ..............:3

JF@JNQZDF@AZ. JF@JNQZDF@AZ....................... ............................................ ............................................................... ............................................:1 ...:1

MDMNDFE]GOËG...................................................................................................:?

D@CDJA CA ODEQ]GZ  Odeurg @¸ 72 Ndja`jdg ca jf`cujdr .................................................74 jf`cujdr can jf`cujtfr .................................................74 kgtardgn tardgn jfkmustdmna...............=8 jfkmustdmna...............=8  Odeurg @¸ =2Cdoara`tas ofrkgs ca cdstrdmujdf` ca kg trg`spfrta ca jfkmustdmna.............................=7 jfkmustdmna.............................=7  Odeurg @¸ :2 Sg`qua sdstar`g pgrg trg`spfrta pgrg trg`spfrta saeò` ng nay....................................==  Odeurg @¸ 32Sg`qua sdstar`g pgrg nay....................................==  Odeurg @¸ 12 Dkpnaka`tfs ca saeurdcgc sdstar`gs....................=: saeurdcgc qua cama ta`ar ngs sdstar`gs....................=: dca`tdodjgjdf` @OXG........................................................=3  Odeurg @¸ ?2 Sgmnarf ca dca`tdodjgjdf` @OXG........................................................=3  Odeurg @¸ 52 Xgrta pfstardfr ca u`g sdstar`g jf` ngs aspajdodjgjdf`as saeò` nay..=1 nay..=1  Odeurg @¸ 92 Q`dcgcas ca sdstar`g.....=?  ca prftajjdf` qua cama ta`ar an jf`cujtfr ca sdstar`g.....=?   Odeurg @¸ 42 Sajif ca ng sdstar`g jf` pdsf g`tdcasndzg`ta....................................=?  g`tdcasndzg`ta....................................=?   Odeurg @¸ 782 Jgn/Idcrfxdcf Xatrfquëkdjg...............=9 Jgn/Idcrfxdcf ca Jgnjdf Xgrg Gcdtdvfs ca Xatrfquëkdjg...............=9 ca Geugs Zarvdcgs A` As.Kgca-d`-Jid`g  Odeurg @¸ 772 Srgtgkda`tf ca As.Kgca-d`-Jid`g...................:8 ...................:8 mdfegs...................  Odeurg @¸ 7=2 Xrfjasf can mdfegs ......................................... ............................................ ..................................:7 ............:7 vdd

 

 Odeurg @¸ 7: 2 Xrfjasf ca ]aod`gjdú` Xatrúnaf.................................................:= ]aod`gjdú` ca Xatrúnaf.................................................:= Jgn/Idcrfxdcf ca Jgnjdf Xgrg Gcdtdvfs ca Xatrfquëkdjg...............::  Odeurg @¸ 732 Jgn/Idcrfxdcf Xatrfquëkdjg...............::

vddd

 

JGXDSQNF D 7.7.  KG]JF SAÚ]DJF 7.7.7.  CAOD@DJDÚ@  Zaeò`, (@uavf Fjag`f Q@F Cdjjdf`grdf A`jdjnfpacdjf, =878), a`jigpgr as a s jumrdr  a` jgpgs. An a`jigpa tda`a cdoara`tas gpndjgjdf`as tg`tf a` ng d`ea`darëg y cajfrgtdvf, an a`jigpa `f as kçs qua u` kgtardgn ca jf`strujjdú` dcagcf pgrg ravastdr cdoara`tas tdpfs ca suparodjdas angmfrgcgs a` jf`jratf u ftfr kgtardgn, jfkf nf sf`2 kurfs, pdsfs, asjgnargs, vdegs y jfnuk`gs. Juyf fmbatdvf gcakçs ca cgr rasdsta`jdg y curgmdndcgc, tda`a u`g vgrdacgc ca astdnfs, cdsa÷fs y kfcanfs puas as su od`gndcgc as mrd`cgr u` gjgmgcf saeò` ng cajfrgjdú` qua casaakfs cgr g u` catarkd`gcf aspgjdf, yg sag d`tardfr (mg÷fs, jfjd`gs, sgngs, igmdtgjdf`as, atj.) f axtardfr (bgrcd`as, pgtdfs, ogjigcgs. (Grqudtajtfs, =879). An a`jigpa jf`sdsta a` rajumrdr pgracas f pdsfs jf` ng cdvarsdcgc ca tdpfs jf` ngs qua jf`tgkfs, jgcg tdpf pfsaa jgrgjtarëstdjgs ò`djgs, as cajdr gneu`gs jua`tg` jf` u`g jgrg kgs png`g qua ng ftrg, aspasfras prfkacdf ca :jk y pfr ftrf ngcf ngs igy gquanngs kgs gerastas y ròstdjgs, jugnqudarg ca anngs sa gcgptg` paroajtgka`ta g nf qua prata`cgkfs  musjgr, ng dcag as ignngr ng jfku`dú` ca ngs ofrkgs y jfnfr a` rangjdú` g nfs anaka`tfs qua d`tarvda`a` a` `uastrg jfkpfsdjdú` y can aspgjdf qua prata`cgkfs cajfrgr. (Grqudtajtfs, =879) Ify a` cëg an a`jigpgcf cg u` astdnf kfcar`f, rustdjf qua pfcrëg` sar nngkgtdvfs ca gjuarcf jfkf nf astä` utdndzg`cf qua astg jf`qudstg`cf g ngs parsf`gs pfr su mua` gjgmgcf. (Acu]ac, =881)

7

 

As `ajasgrdf jf`sdcargr gn kfka`tf navg`tgr u` kurf, pdsf, jfnuk`gs ta`ar u`g  prfyajjdú` pgrg igjar u` a`jigpgcf, jf`sdcargr u` gjgmgcf gjgmgcf pgrg pfcar gciardr bu`tf g ng astrujturg (Acu]ac, =881).

7.=.. IDZSF] 7.= IDZSF]DG DG Frdea` ca a`jigpgr a`2 ca`trf ca f sfmra, jigpg2 sustg`tdvf y gr2 suodbf. As u` rajumrdkda`tf f ng pdan pgrg ng acdodjgjdú`, kuy rasdsta`ta, qua an ifkmra casjumrdú casca ng g`tdeþacgc y qua ig nnaegcf igstg `uastrfs cëgs, òtdn pfr ng erg` rasdsta`jdg ca ng suparodjda gn gtgqua ca quëkdjfs y gmrgsdvfs nf jugn puaca sar utdndzgcgs a` d`tardfras y axtardfras, sa usg a` pdsfs y pgracas ca mg÷fs, jfjd`gs, pgtdfs ogjigcfs y a` ea`argn, ca gjuarcf cf`ca sa raqudarg a` ng acdodjgjdú`, axdsta` cdoara`tas tdpfs ca a`jigpas ca gjuarcf jfkf vg avfnujdf`g`cf a` an tdakpf.

7.=.7.  A@JIGXGCF CA KGCA]G Za ig` a`jf`trgcf a` an g`tdeuf Aedptf a` gtgòcas qua jf`ta`ëg` kfkdgs qua cgtg` ca igja u`fs 1.888 g÷fs. Jnafpgtrg prasa`tú g Bundf Jäsgr jf` u`g kasg rdjgka`ta d`jrustgcg jf` jigpgs. Nfs cdsa÷gcfras ca kuamnas Sifkgs Jidppa`cgna y Sifkgs Ziargtf` prfcubarf` pdazgs nubfsgs jf` jigpgs ca kgcargs curgs jfkf an jarazf, ng jgfmg y an `fegn. (Ea`dfng`cdg , =879)

7.=.=. 7.= .=. A@ A@JIG JIGXGC XGCF F CA JA] JA]ÇKD ÇKDJGZ  JGZ  Ng idstfrdg ca nfs ravastdkda`tfs jarçkdjfs sa rakf`tg igja sdenfs, ta`da`cf su frdea` parcdcf a`tra an frda`ta (Jid`g) y frda`ta kacdf (Surquëg). G pasgr ca qua ng taj`fnfeëg a` cajfrgjdú` arg gvg`zgcg pgrg ng äpfjg, su prfcujjdú` gò` arg grtasg`gn. Xfr kujifs sdenfs an ravastdkda`tf jarçkdjf oua sd`ú`dkf ca prfcujtf nubfsf, usgcf a` an pdsf

=

 

y pgrac ca ngs jgsgs ca parsf`gs rdjgs. Caspuäs ca ng DD Euarrg Ku`cdgn, ng prfcujjdú` ca jarçkdjg (ngbftgs y gzunabfs) prasa`tú u` jf`sdcargmna casgrrfnnf d`custrdgn jf` an gcva`dkda`tf ca ngs täj`djgs ca prfcujjdú`. Ng pfsdmdndcgc ca prfcujdr a` asjgng d`custrdgn  mgbú nfs prajdfs y nfs tfr`ú gjjasdmna g erg` pgrta ca ng pfmngjdú`.

7.=.:.  A@JIGXGCF CA XDAC]GZ  Casca tdakpfs kçs rakftfs pfr abakpnf an erg`dtf casca ng praidstfrdg< `fs ig gtrgëcf jfkf as ng dkpfrtg`jdg ca ng pdacrg a` ng jf`strujjdú` prajdsgka`ta `f sa jf`fja casca jug`cf sa utdndzú jfkf a`jigpgcf, sd` akmgref, jf`fjakfs qua puaca ma`aodjdgr a` ng curgmdndcgc y rasdsta`jdg, yg qua as u` kgtardgn kuy curgmna qua puaca sfpfrtgr vgrdfs gea`tas jndkgtfnúedjfs, pfr nf qua g jgptgcf `uastrg gta`jdú` gquannfs kd`argnas jfkf eakgs f jrdstgnas `gturgnas, qua sa usg` jf` od`as cajfrgtdvfs (CafrXdacrgEargrcf, =871).

=.   JGXDSQNF DD JNGZDODJGJDÚ@ T X]FXDACGCAZ =.7. XDAC]GZ XDAC]GZ @GSQ @GSQ]GNAZ ]GNAZ A` asta tdpf ca a`jigpas, pfcakfs var jfkf sa d`ta`tg dkdtgr ng pdacrg y sa puaca a`jf`trgr a` erg` vgrdacgc ca astdnfs y jfnfras, `f sfnf an rustdjf, tgkmdä` a` gjgmgcfs ca  pdacrg ndsg, tda`a` erg` curgmdndcgc, cg u` kfcanf kfcanf gtrgjtdvf g ng vdstg, jua`tg jf` axjana`ta gjgmgcf, sa usg` a` fmrgs kf`uka`tgnas cf`ca raqudara` kgyfr raouarzf tg`tf a` curgmdndcgc y gntg rasdsta`jdg. (Grqudtajtfs, =879)

=.7.7. =.7 .7. X]F X]FJAZ JAZF F JF@ JF@ZS ZS]QJ ]QJSD_ SD_F F =.7.7.7. =.7. 7.7. A@ XDZF XDZFZ Z

:

 

7. Jfkf prdkar pgsf pgsf sa cama cama rajurrdr rajurrdr g nfs png`fs, png`fs, pgrg ng ng nfjgndzgjdú` nfjgndzgjdú` y nfs nfs tdpfs tdpfs ca a`jigpas qua vg` a` jgcg nuegr.

=. _ardod _ardodjgr jgr suparo suparodjda djdass g a`jigp a`jigpgr  gr  

Jf` pnfkgcg



Jf` asjugcrg



Jf` raeng

:. Xdjgcf Xdjgcf y rasg` rasg`gcf gcf ca u`g u`g supa suparodj rodjda da 

Zanajjdf`gr iarrgkda`tg



Xdjgr



Ndkpdgcf can nuegr cf`ca a`jigpgr

3. Iukac Iukacajdk ajdkda` da`tf tf ca ng supa suparodj rodjda da 1. Za prapgrg prapgrg u` paegcf paegcfr, r, gciasdv gciasdvf f jrds f paeg paeg pdacrg pdacrg

3

 

?. Za tfkg tfkg kacdcgs kacdcgs y sa prapgrg prapgrg ng ng suparodjda, suparodjda, pgrg pgrg pfcar pfcar jfrtgr jfrtgr ngs pdazgs pdazgs ca gjuarcf g ngs cdka`sdf`as qua sa raqudara. 5. Igjar u`g u`g `dvangjdú `dvangjdú` ` sa rajfkda`c rajfkda`cgg a` kurfs kurfs jf` ng kg`euarg kg`euarg ca ca geug. geug. 9. Xf`a Xf`arr u`g u`g kgnn kgnngg katç katçnd ndjg jg.. 4. Xrapgrgjdú` Xrapgrgjdú` ca ngs pdacrgs pdacrgs y prapgrgjdú` prapgrgjdú` ca ngs kazjngs, kazjngs, igjar igjar u`g u`g kazjng kazjng ifkfeä`ag. 78. D`stgngjdú`, gjfkfcgr mda` ngs pdacrgs, jfkf u` rfkpajgmazgs. 77. Xf`ar Xf`ar sapgrgcfras sapgrgcfras a` ngs pdacrgs 7=. Od`gnka`ta, catgnngr y ndkpdgr jf` u`g mrfjig nfs axjasfs a` ngs bu`tgs. (Efkaz, =871)

=.7.7.=. A@ NFZ XDZFZ 7. Jfkf prdkar prdkar pgsf sa igja ng ndkpdazg ndkpdazg a` ng jugn sa prfjaca prfjaca g `dvangr `dvangr gquannfs gquannfs nuegras drraeungras.

=. Igjar u` u` g`çndsds g`çndsds jfkf jfkf sa casag casag igjar igjar an cdsa÷f, cdsa÷f, ca ca gjuarcf gjuarcf qua astç`cgras astç`cgras sa jukpng` jf` an prfpdatgrdf, vardodjgr an png`f grqudtajtú`djf (Efkaz, =871).

1

 

:. Za prapgrg prapgrg u` kfrtarf kfrtarf ca ca `dvangjdú`, `dvangjdú`, jfkpu jfkpuastf astf pfr pfr jaka`tf, jaka`tf, geraegcf geraegcf od`f od`f y ftrfs gcdtdvfs. (Efkaz, =871)

3. Za jfnfjg jfnfjg ngs pdacrgs pdacrgs caspuäs caspuäs ca ng `dvangjd `dvangjdú` ú` jf`sdcargr jf`sdcargr sd as as `ajasgrdf `ajasgrdf jfnfjgr  jfnfjgr  kgnngs, a` asta jgsf pgrg ta`ar kgyfr curgjdú` sarç jf` kfrtarf y ftrfs gcdtdvfs, dkpfrtg`ta ta`ar sapgrgcfras a` ngs bu`tgs y od`gnka`ta igjar u`g ndkpdazg a` ngs butgs jf` u`g mrfjig. (EFKAR, =87=)

=.7.=.  A@JIGXA CA E]G@DSF E]G@DSF An erg`dtf as u`g pdacrg curgcarg y varsçtdn qua as dcagn pgrg a`jdkargs ca jfjd`gs y mg÷fs. Ng vgrdacgc `gturgn ca jfnfras y taxturgs as dkpfrtg`ta pgrg igjar rasgntgr gneu`fs nuegras, utdndzgcg orajua`taka`ta a` ng jf`strujjdú`, sda`cf u`g rfjg ëe`ag (Kacannd`, =879)

?

 

=.7.=.7. JG]GJSA]ËZSDJGZ 

Curgmna



]asdsta`ta g ng nnuvdg gjdcg



]asuntgcf tfsjf



Dcagn pgrg ravastdkda`tf

Cajfrgjdú` ca d`tardfras 

A`jdkargs ca jfjd`g y mg÷fs



Kuamnas ca mg÷f



]avastdkda`tfs ogjigcfs Casva`tgbgs



Astrujturg d`tar`g as kuy pfrfsg, asta `f sfpfrtg an jgnfr y nfs jgkmdfs ca takpargturg rapa`td`g, cf`ca puaca` gpgrajar erdatgs.

5

 



An erg`dtf `f sa nnavg mda` jf` nfs prfcujtfs ca ndkpdazg quëkdjfs f pfr ragjjdú`, utdndzgr astfs ndkpdgcfras catardfrg an mrdnnf can erg`dtf.

=.7.:.  A@JIGXA CA KÇ]KFN KÇ]KFN Zaeò` Ka`jigjg B. (=873) as u` kgtardgn ca gjgmgcf pgrg rajumrdkda`tfs pfr sar `gturgn, ca erg` curgmdndcgc y kujig rasdsta`jdg.

-

Xrfvda Xrfvda`a `a ca ng trg`sof trg`sofrkg rkgjdú jdú` ` ca ca nngs gs rfjgs rfjgs jgnd jgndzgs zgs

-

Ngs supa suparodj rodjdas das ca ca sus jgrgs jgrgs sf` sf` ca ca gspajtf gspajtf çsparf çsparf y gn gn pundrn pundrngs gs tda`a` tda`a` u`g u`g jgpg jgpg  mrdnnfsg y ca gspajtf vdtrgn pfr nf qua pfsaa jugndcgcas ca dkparkagmdndcgc, dkparkagmdndcgc, tda`a u` gergcgmna gspajtf y `f as prfpa`sf g casegstgrsa.

-

Zu usf usf sa puaca cgr tg`tf a` d`tardf d`tardfras ras jfkf jfkf axtardfra axtardfras, s, sd` akmgref, akmgref, a` axtardfras axtardfras igy qua ta`ar a` jua`tg qua, tg`tf an geug ca nnuvdg jfkf an sfn, puaca caergcgr su suparodjda jf` an pgsf can tdakpf.

Odeurg @¸ 2 A`jigpgcf ca kçrkfn 

9

 

=.=.   XDAC]GZ G]SDODJDGNAZ Ng pdacrg grtdodjdgn as u` prfcujtf g mgsa ca jaka`tf qua sa kfncag pgrg raprasa`tgr u`g suparodjda ca pdacrg y nuaef sa rfjëg, sa td÷a f sa ravdsta jfkf an astujf, qua as u`g pgstg ca erg`f od`f jfkpuastg ca jgn gpgegcg jfkf yasf, pdeka`tfs `gturgnas, atj. (Ka`jigjg B., =873)

_A@SGBGZ CA NG XDAC]G G]SDODJDGN -

Zf` anak anaka`t a`tfs fs kçs ndearf ndearfss y oçjdnas oçjdnas ca d`stgngr d`stgngr,, yg qua, `frk `frkgnk gnka`t a`ta, a, pasg` pasg` ka`fs ka`fs qua ngs pdacrgs `gturgnas.

-

Gntf Gntf ergcf ergcf ca dkpa dkparka rkagmdn gmdndcg dcgc c y gdsngkda gdsngkda`tf `tf tärkd tärkdjf, jf, qua qua ogvfra ogvfraja ja gn gifrrf gifrrf a`areätdjf.

-

As oçj oçjdn dn ca ca kg kg`t `ta` a`ar ar a` mu mua` a`gs gs jf` jf`cd cdjd jdf` f`as. as.

-

@f as pfr pfrfs fsf, f, pfr pfr nf nf qua qua `f `f igy igy rda rdase sef f ca kfif kfif..

-

As rasdsta` rasdsta`ta ta y `f sa cata catardf rdfrg rg jf` jf` an pgsf pgsf can tdakpf. tdakpf.

 CAZ_A@SGBGZ CA NG XDAC]G G]SDODJDGN G]SDODJDGN -

As u` anak anaka` a`tf tf dkpf dkpfsdm sdmna na ca rap rapgrg grgr. r.

-

As d`ong d`ongkgm kgmna, na, gn ta`ar ta`ar u`g u`g paqua÷ paqua÷gg jg`tdcg jg`tdcgc c ca rasd`g rasd`g sa puaca puaca quak quakgr, gr, pfr pfr nf qua qua `f as rajfka`cgmna pgrg usgr jarjg ca ng jfjd`g, yg qua as kabfr `f pf`ar a`jdkg fnngs jgnda`tas

=.=.7.  A@JIGXAZ CA JA]ÇKDJG JA]ÇKDJG Asta kgtardgn tda`a u` erg` usf, sfmra tfcf a` axtardfras, cf`ca sa gprfvajig su curgmdndcgc y parkg`a`jdg. Sgkmdä` sa ravdsta` vdegs y jfnuk`gs, qua na cg` mua` gjgmgcf, gu`qua rasuntg u` pfjf jfstfsf, parf su curgmdndcgc jfkpa`sg an jfstf qua tda`a.

4

 

Odeurg @¸ 2 A`jigpgcf a` pgrac, jf` jarçkdjg. Xgsfs pgrg ng d`stgngjdú` 7. Jfk Jfkpru pruamg amg ng `dv `dvangj angjdú` dú` ca ca ng supar suparodjd odjda. a. =. Jf Jfrr rrde deaa ngs dkpa dkparo roajj ajjdf df`a `as. s. :. Qmdjg an an ja`trf can can çrag ca a`jigpgc a`jigpgcf, f, rajuarcg rajuarcg qua sa sa akpdazg akpdazg casca an ja`trf ja`trf igjdg nfs ngcfs. Xgrg umdjgr an ja`trf camarçs kgrjgr pravdgka`ta ngs në`ags casca an ja`trf ca jgcg pgrac y sa÷gngr ng d`tarsajjdú`. 3. Jfnf Jfnfjg jg u`g në`ag në`ag ca kgyúndjg kgyúndjg sd` gciasdv gciasdvf f casca an ja`trf igjdg igjdg u`g u`g ca ngs pgracas. pgracas. 1. Akpd Akpdazg azg ng d`stgngjdú d`stgngjdú` ` y cabg sd` jfnfjgr jfnfjgr gquanngs gquanngs kgyúnd kgyúndjgs jgs qua raqudara` raqudara` jfrta, jfrta, astf sa igja gn od`gn. @f fnvdcas cabgr aspgjdf a` an parëkatrf pgrg jfnfjgr nuaef ngs kfncurgs.

78

 

Odeurg @¸ 2 D`stgngjdú`

=.=.=.  A@JIGXAZ CA GRQNABFZ  GRQNABFZ  Zaeò` an Kg`ugn ca aspajdodjgjdf`as täj`djgs ca cdsa÷f y jf` jf`strujjdú`, strujjdú`, =885. Asta a`jigpa sa utdndzg a` nuegras qua vg` g astgr a` jf`tgjtf jf`td`uf jf` iukacgc f ergsg, jfkf mg÷fs y jfjd`gs y a` nuegras qua raqudarg` erg` ogjdndcgc ca ideda`dzgjdú`. jfkf sgnf`as ca fpargjdf`as a` ifspdtgnas, ngmfrgtfrdfs, atjätarg. A` an jgsf ca ngs pgracas, nnavgrç` u` rasg`f qua akpgraba ngs drraeungrdcgcas. Cama judcgrsa qua astä` mda` ngs asjugcrgs, pnfkfs y `dvanas ca ngs suparodjdas. (Kg`ugn ca aspajdodjgjdf`as täj`djgs ca cdsa÷f y jf`strujjdú`, =885) Gn jfnfjgrnfs camarç` astgr mda` kfbgcfs tg`tf nfs gzunabfs jfkf ngs suparodjdas. A` jug`tf g su ofrkg ca jfnfjgjdú`, puaca sar g bu`tg jfrrdcg f kgtgbu`tgs. (Kg`ugn ca aspajdodjgjdf`as täj`djgs ca cdsa÷f y jf`strujjdú`, =885) A` an jgsf a` an qua `f ta`egkfs ng egrg`tëg ca qua tfcgs ngs pdazgs sf` u`dofrkas, camakfs png`dodjgr ng kabfr ofrkg ca su usf pgrg qua ofrka` pgrta ca u` mua` jf`bu`tf.

Odeurg @¸ 2 A`jigpgcf a` pgrac, jf` gzunabfs.

=.=.:. SA]]GJFSG 77

 

Sarrgjftg f tdarrg jfjdcg (can dtgndg`f tarrgjfttg) as u` tärkd`f gnograrf qua casde`g tg`tf ng grjdnng kfcangcg y a`curajdcg gn ifr`f, jfkf an prfcujtf jarçkdjf rasuntg`ta, a` aspajdgn ngs astgtudnngs ca mgrrf jfjdcf. (Manndcf, =889) Ng tarrgjftg as tarrgjftg as u` kgtardgn qua idstúrdjgka`ta sa ig jgrgjtardzgcf pfr su anavgcg curgmdndcgc y su sa`sgjdú` `gturgn. Igja :8 g÷fs sa casgrrfnnú taj`fnfeëg pgrg igjar  pg`anas ca tarrgjftg gndeargcg pgrg kf`tgrsa sfmra u` sdstakg ca ogjigcg va`tdngcg. Ngs ogjigcgs va`tdngcgs ca tarrgjftg ig` va`dcf eg`g`cf tarra`f ca`trf ca ng grqudtajturg kfcar`g, yg qua astç` ogmrdjgcgs ca kgtardgn tftgnka`ta rajdjngmna, sf` rasdsta`tas gn idanf a d`jfkmustdmnas, gcakçs sus jfnfras `f jgkmdg` jf` an tdakpf. Zf` tftgnka`ta ndmras ca kg`ta`dkda`tf, yg qua sa trgtg ca ogjigcgs gutf ngvgmnas, gcakçs sa jgrgjtardzg` pfr su axjana`ta gdsngkda`tf tärkdjf y gjòstdjf, rasdsta`jdg g nfs efnpas y g nfs rgyfs Q_. (Casgrrfnnf, =874)

7=

 

7:

 

=.:.   KGCA]G =.:.7.  X]FJAZF JF@ZS]QJSD_F JF@ZS]QJSD_F

=.:.7.7. S]GMGBFZ X]ANDKD@G]AZ 73

 



_ardodjg an astgcf ca ng pgrac cf`ca jfnfjgrçs an ravastdkda`tf. Zd as ca jf`strujjdú` rajda`ta, ng pgrac cama astgr sajg.



Cajdca sd an rajumrdkda`tf jumrdrç ca tajif g suanf f súnf jfkf zújgnf (a` :/3 ca pgrac).



Kdca ng nf`edtuc ca ngs nçkd`gs y su aspasfr.



Kdca ng suparodjda òtdn ca ng nçkd`g pgrg jgnjungr juç`tf kgtardgn `ajasdtgrçs.



Xgrg an trgmgbf a` tfcg ng pgrac `ajasdtgrçs rd`jf`args, jg`tf`args f tgpatgs.



Ng jfnfjgjdú` ca u`g nçkd`g jfkf zújgnf, raqudara qua kdcgs an aspasfr tftgn qua sfmrasgncrç ca ng pgrac (ndstú` ca kgcarg pgrg ng d`stgngjdú` ca ngs nçkd`gs). Astg kacdcg capa`carç ca ng jfr`dsg ca tarkd`gjdú` qua jfnfquas.

71

 

=.:.7.=. X]AXG]GCF CA NG XG]AC 

Zd tda`as iukacgcas, jfnfjg ngs nçkd`gs ca vd`dnf a` ofrkg vartdjgn. An rajumrdkda`tf sa jfnfjg sfmra u`g mgsa ca ndstf`as. Cabg u` aspgjdf ca u`fs ?8 ja`tëkatrfs a`tra u` ndstú` y ftrf.



Nfs ndstf`as `f sa jfnfjg` tgn jugn jfkf vda`a`, sd`f qua sa nas igja u`fs jfrtas pgrg nfergr u`g jfrrajtg va`tdngjdú`.



]ajumra jf` an ndstú` tfcf an parëkatrf ca ngs va`tg`gs y nfs kgrjfs ca ngs  puartgs.

=.:.7.:. JFNFJGCF 

Zd ngs nçkd`gs sf` ca kgcarg, ngs camas casakmgngr 39 ifrgs g`tas ca d`stgngrngs y cabgrngs va`tdngr a` ng igmdtgjdú`.



Ng prdkarg nçkd`g cama astgr paroajtgka`ta `dvangcg. Asta as an sajratf pgrg nfergr u` mua` gjgmgcf.



Ng prdkarg nçkd`g sa odbg jf` paegka`tf. Ngs cakçs sa a`ergpg` jf` jngvfs aspajdgnas.



Gn pf`ar an jngvf paqua÷f y ca jgmazg g`jig, judcg mda` ca `f efnpagr ng nçkd`g.



Q`g vaz puastgs tfcgs ngs nçkd`gs jfnfjg nfs rakgtas od`gnas2 rd`jf`args, rfcgpdäs, tgpatgs.

=.:.7.3. X]AXG]GJDÚ X]AXG]GJDÚ@ @ CA KQ]FZ

7?

 

d`stgngjdú`

=.:.7.1. JQNKD@GJDÚ@ Ng gpndjgjdú` f ng tarkd`gjdú` puaca` igjarsa g`tas f caspuäs ca ng d`stgngjdú`, capa`cda`cf can tdpf ca mgr`dz f sdstakg ca gjgmgcf. As dkpfrtg`ta saeudr ngs d`strujjdf`as ca nfs ogmrdjg`tas ca prfcujtfs ca tarkd`gjdú`.

75

 

Za usg` a` d`tardfras. Jfkpra`ca` tfcf tdpf ca a`jigpa, yg sag a` ofrkg ca tgmngs, ndstf`as f ngkd`gs ea`argnka`ta ca pngywffc qua as u` tdpf ca kgtardgn ofrkgcf pfr nçkd`gs ca kgcarg, a` vgrdgs jgpgs (jf` sus odmrgs parpa`cdjungras a`tra së) u`dcgs pfr  paegka`tfs aspajdgnas. Sfcfs nfs a`jigpas ca kgcarg `ajasdtg` u` a`ndstf`gcf, cf`ca cf`ca sa gpndjg` ngs pdazgs ca kgcarg. Ngs kgcargs kçs usgcgs sf`2 kgbgeug, jacrf y jgfmg. An a`jigpa ca kgcarg tda`a u` erg` usf a` fodjd`gs, acdodjdfs jfkarjdgnas, jnumas, atj., yg qua pfr su taxturg y gpgrda`jdg gerg-cgmna rasuntg u` mua` anaka`tf ca jfkpfsdjdú`. (Cfkë`euaz & Iar`ç`caz, 7498)

=.:.=.  NDZSF@AZ CA KGCA]G Za trgtg ca pdazgs ca kgcarg, ea`argnka`ta ngregs y rajtgs, qua sa puaca` utdndzgr a` cdoara`tas fjgsdf`as. A` kujifs jgsfs sa prasa`tg` jf` gneu`g jgpg ca mgr`dz, qua na ftfreg u` gspajtf kçs judcgcf g ng kgcarg. Q`f ca nfs usfs kçs orajua`tas ca nfs ndstf`as ca kgcarg as pgrg ng cajfrgjdú` ca tajifs. As igmdtugn var astg ta`ca`jdg a` fodjd`gs vg`eugrcdstgs, qua jf`sdeua` ca asta 79

 

kfcf asjf`car ofjfs, gdras gjf`cdjdf`gcfs y ftrfs anaka`tfs ca ng astg`jdg. Gcakçs, gpfrtg` jdartg jgndcaz gn aspgjdf, yg qua ng kgcarg sa jf`vdarta a` an jfkpf`a`ta astranng ca ng sgng. (Kgbfoasg, =8=8)

=.:.=.7. FS]FZ QZFZ CA NFZ NDZSF@AZ CA KGCA]G Ndstf`as pgrg jf`strujjdú`2 can kdskf kfcf qua fjurra jf` gneu`fs tgmnf`as ca kgcarg, kgcarg, a` ou`jdú` can erfsfr ca nfs ndstf`as as pfsdmna utdndzgrnfs pgrg ng jf`strujjdú`. Nfs kçs eruasfs suana` usgrsa pgrg ng sapgrgjdú` ca astrujturgs y nfs ka`fs efrcfs gpfrtg` rdedcaz gn suanf. (Kgbfoasg, =8=8)

=.:.=.=. SDXFZ CA KGCA]G XG]G NDZSF@AZ Zf` kujifs nfs tdpfs ca kgcarg nfs qua sa usg` pgrg ng ogmrdjgjdú` ca ndstf`as. Astf `fs parkdta jragr sfnujdf`as ca kacdcgs kuy cdstd`tgs, qua jumra` u` gkpndf gmg`djf ca `ajasdcgcas. Astfs sf` nfs tdpfs ca kgcarg qua a`jf`trgkfs kçs orajua`taka`ta a` ofrkg ca ndstú`2 Kgcarg ca pd`f. Kgcarg ca rfmna. Kgcarg ca gmatf.

=.:.:.  NÇKD@GZ CA KGCA]G KGCA]G Ng kgcarg ngkd`gcg a`jfngcg ig supuastf u`g avfnujdú` taj`fnúedjg a` ng jf`strujjdú` jf` kgcarg gn nfergr pdazgs ca kgcarg kçs astgmnas cdka`sdf`gnka`ta jf` ofrkgs, nf`edtucas, g`jiurgs y jg`tfs cdoëjdnas f dkpfsdmnas ca jf`saeudr jf` u`g pdazg kgcarg kgjdzg.

74

 

Ng kgcarg ngkd`gcg a`jfngcg astç ofrkgcg pfr nçkd`gs ca kgcarg ndmras ca caoajtfs jf` aspasfras jfkpra`cdcfs a`tra ? y 31 kk jfnfjgcgs pgrgnangka`ta g ng cdrajjdú` nf`edtucd`gn ca ng odmrg, u`dcgs jf` gciasdvf pfr ng tastg kacdg`ta u` akpgnka od`ear-bfd`t y pfr an g`jif g tfpa. Ng kgcarg ngkd`gcg a`jfngcg sa ogmrdjg g pgrtdr ca pdazgs ca kgcarg gsarrgcgs ca  paqua÷g asjugcrëg. An prdkar pgsf as sajgr ng kgcarg igstg qua gnjg`zg u` jf`ta`dcf ca iukacgc a`tra an 9 y an 7=% ca iukacgc pgrg pfstardfrka`ta sg`agrngs andkd`g`cf `ucfs, oa`cgs y mfnsgs ca rasd`g. Q`g vaz qua ng kgcarg astç ndmra ca caoajtfs y sajg sa u`a`  pdazgs nf`edtucd`gnka`ta can kdskf aspasfr y g`jif pfr pfr ng tastg jf` u` akpgnka od`earbfd`t, an jugn sa a`jfng y sa pra`sg igstg jf`saeudr ng nf`edtuc casagcg. Srgs an tdakpf ca orgeugcf ca ng jfng ngs nçkd`gs sf` parodngcgs y sa a`jfng` pfr su g`jif pgrg  pgsgr an grkgcf a` u` mgstdcfr katçndjf qua gpndjgrç prasdú` sfmra an g`jif. An tdakpf, tdakpf, ng  prasdú` y ng takpargturg sa a`jgreg` ca tarkd`gr an orgeugcf y ta`ar jgsd ndstg ng pdazg g ogntg ca u` gjf`cdjdf`gcf y raeruasgcf qua andkd`g nfs axjasfs ca jfng y sfmrag`jifs y ng gpndjgjdú` ca u` ngsur qua gpfrtg u` aoajtf ou`edjdcg a d`sajtdjdcg y prftabg g ng kgcarg ca nfs rgyfs untrgvdfnatg can sfn. (Kgrlatd`eKgcararg.as, =875)

=.3. KGSA]DGNA KGSA]DGNAZ Z _ËS] _ËS]AFZ AFZ Za puaca` usgr a` ofrkg ca pgstdnngs f a` ofrkg ca png`jigs. Ngs pgstdnngs tda`a` u` aoajtf pgrajdcf g ngs pgstdnngs ca eras jarçkdjf, parf jf` kçs mrdnnf. A` ofrkg ngkd`gr q ca png`jigs, sa nferg u`g suparodjda pundcg y mrdnng`ta, sda`cf an vdtrfndta an kgtardgn kçs usgcf, ea`argnka`ta a` acdodjdfs jfkarjdgnas. Sda`a` erg` curgmdndcgc sd su gpndjgjdú` ig sdcf jfrrajtg, yg qua pfr caodjda`jdgs ca paegka`tf f ca jfnfjgjdú`, g vajas sa caspaeg` f rgbg`. A` nfs jgsfs ca pgstdnngs y nçkd`gs, axdsta erg` vgrdacgc ca jfnfras. (Eúkaz, =871)

=.3.7.  XGZSDNNGZ 

=8

 

Za puaca` usgr a` ofrkg ca pgstdnngs f a` ofrkg ca png`jigs. Ngs pgstdnngs tda`a` u` aoajtf pgrajdcf g ngs pgstdnngs ca eras jarçkdjf, parf jf` kgs mrdnnf. A` ofrkg ngkd`gr q ca png`jigs, sa nferg u`g suparodjda pundcg y mrdnng`ta, sda`cf an vdtrfndta an kgtardgn kgs usgcf, ea`argnka`ta a` acdodjdfs jfkarjdgnas. Sda`a` erg` curgmdndcgc sd su gpndjgjdú` ig sdcf jfrrajtg, yg qua pfr caodjda`jdgs ca paegka`tf f ca jfnfjgjdú`, g vajas sa caspaeg` f rgbg`. A` nfs jgsfs ca pgstdnngs y nçkd`gs, axdsta erg` vgrdacgc ca jfnfras. (Eúkaz, =871)

=.3.=.  NÇKD@GZ  Anaka`tfs ngkd`gras qua sa gpndjg` g suparodjdas kacdg`ta kgtardgnas gciasdvfs. An kftdvf ca su gpndjgjdú` as kargka`ta astätdjf, sd` akmgref, a` kujifs jgsfs tgkmdä` jua`tg jf` u`g ou`jdf`gndcgc. A` an jgsf ca ngs jfjd`gs pfr abakpnf, sa `ajasdtg a` ngs pgracas u` kgtardgn ca oçjdn ndkpdazg g`ta ngs ergsgs y sgnpdjgcurgs. Jua`tg jf` kòntdpnas ofrkgs, casca trg`spgra`tas, ngquagcfs ca jfnfras f jf` dkprasdf`as ca oftfs f dkçea`as. D`jnusf sa puaca fptgr pfr vdcrdfs takpngcfs a` jgsf ca qua fjurrdrç dkpgjtfs.

=7

 

=.1.  KGSA]DGNAZ XNÇZSDJFZ Za usg` jdartfs tgpdjas (ogmrdjgcfs jf` kgtardgnas pnçstdjfs, tgnas jfkf rasd`gs sd`tätdjgs) y tangs aspajdgnka`ta a` d`tardfras, pfr su ogjdndcgc ca ndkpdazg, taxturg y vgrdacgc ca jfnfras. Astfs kgtardgnas sa ig` akpnagcf a` a`jigpas ca pgracas a` ifspdtgnas. tagtrfs, atj. Za jfnfjg` kacdg`ta paegka`tf y sfmra mgsa png`g. (Eúkaz, =871)

=.1.7. SGXDJAZ  Casca su gpgrdjdú`, oua jf`fjdcf jfkf pgpan pd`tgcf yg qua asta sa angmfrgmg g kg`f. As frded`grdf ca Frda`ta, axpfrtgcf g Aurfpg a` an sdenf Y_nn. An usf can pgpan tgpdz as ng cajfrgjdú` ca pgracas d`tardfrasca d`kuamnas. Za usg` dnustrgjdf`as ca cdvarsgs ofrkgs pgrg jf`sarvgr ng grkf`ëg vdsugn. D`kacdgtgka`ta jfka`zú g ta`ar kgyfr pnusvgnëg y sfnf ngs ogkdndgs kçs gcd`argcgs pfcëg` usgrnf a` sus ifegras. Q` mua` abakpnf as ng jgsg Igrawffc ng jugn sa a`jua`trg a` ]ad`f Q`dcf, cdstd`eudcg pfr sus iarkfsgs pd`turgs y grta cajfrgtdvf. (Mdmu, =874)

=.1.7.7. SDXFZ CA XGXAN SGXDR Xd`tgcf

==

 

As an pgpan trgcdjdf`gn, su prd`jdpgn jgrgjtarëstdjg as qua jf`stg ca u`g sfng ifbg ca  pgpan y sa gcidara g pgrac ndsg jf` gyucg ca jfng.

_d`dndzgcf. ]ajumdartf jf` u`g jgpg ca mgr`dz an jugn prftaea an astgkpgcf y gyucg jfkf rapana`ta ca sujdacgc, as oçjdn ndkpdgrnf, parf `f tg`tf jfkf an vd`dn.

_d`ëndjf. Asta pgpan jua`tg jf` u`g erg` jgrgjtarëstdjg, astç jumdartf pfr u`g jgpg ca  pnçstdjf. Gyucg g prftaear an pgpan y g ogjdndtgr su ndkpdazg. As kuy rajfka`cgmna  pgrg nuegras qua puaca` a`sujdgrsa oçjdnka`ta y jf` iukacgc.

Mgsa taxtdn. Cg u` tfqua kuy cajfrgtdvf, parf as cdoëjdn ca ndkpdgr. Gcakçs, sa tda`a qua utdndzgr u` paegka`tf aspajdgn pgrg jfnfjgrnf, yg qua, sd `f sa igja jf` ngs iarrgkda`tgs jfrrajtgs, suana caspra`carsa.

Gutfgciardmna. An kçs oçjdn ca d`stgngr yg qua jua`tg jf` paegka`tf d`jnudcf. Jf` u`g paroajtg gsasfrëg, jugnqudar parsf`g as jgpgz ca d`stgngrnf sd` `d`eò` prfmnakg. A` Dmardg, `f sfnf va`cakfs pgpan tgpdz, ta a`sa÷gkfs g d`stgngrnf a d`jnusf ta cgkfs ngs  mgsas pgrg pfcar cdsa÷gr an d`tardfr ca tu ifegr.

=:

 

=.1.=.  XAXANKG Ngs papankgs sf` u` tdpf ca gjgmgcfs qua ig` gcqudrdcf kgyfr pfpungrdcgc a` nfs òntdkfs g÷fs. Camdcf g ng gjfedcg ca asta kgtardgn, as pfsdmna a`jf`trgr a` an karjgcf cdoara`tas kfcanfs ca papankgs g ng va`tg. Xgrta ca qua ng va`tg ca papankgs sa igyg vuantf tg` pfpungr sa cama g qua astg puaca sar usgcf a` cdstd`tfs gkmda`tas. G`ëkgta g utdndzgr asta kgtardgn a` ngs cdoara`tas igmdtgjdf`as ca tu jgsg, jf`fja a` juçnas quacg` kabfr.

=.1.=.7. SDXFZ CA XAXANKGZ  XAXANKGZ XG]G XG]G MG×FZ  Ngs papankgs pgrg mg÷fs quacg` sukgka`ta gtrgjtdvgs. Asta kgtardgn as rasdsta`ta g ng iukacgc, pfr nf qua sf` dcagnas a` asta tdpf ca gkmda`tas. Camdcf g ng vgrdacgc ca jfnfras qua puaca` ta`ar, sa rajfkda`cg qua `f tfcgs ngs pgracas ca asta gkmda`ta sa a`jua`tra` ravastdcgs jf` astgs pdazgs. Gu`qua sd sa akpnag

=3

 

u`g papankg ca jfnfr a`tarf, asta puaca sar an kabfr gndgcf pgrg mg÷fs  paqua÷fs pfrqua parkdta igjar sa`tdr kçs erg`ca an aspgjdf.

 XAXANKGZ XG]G XG]G XDZJD@GZ  Asa tfqua orasjf qua rfcag g tfcf gkmda`ta ca a`trata`dkda`tf gjuçtdjf kujigs vajas tda`a g ngs papankgs pgrg pdsjd`gs jfkf nfs prftgef`dstgs ca ng cajfrgjdú`. As jfkò` a`jf`trgr papankgs a` tarrgzgs a` acdodjdfs axjnusdvfs cf`ca nfs rasdca`tas sa tfkg` u` mua` jigpuzú` jf` vdstg gn kgr 

 XAXANKGZ XG]G XG]G JFJD@G Asta tdpf ca gjgmgcf as jfkò` a` jfjd`gs. Zu usf kçs jfkò` as a` ng ofrkg ca ndstf`as qua sa jfnfjg` a` u`g në`ag ifrdzf`tgn gn ja`trf ca ng pgrac f a` ng pgrta mgbg. Za suedara qua, pgrg `f jgregr kujif an cdsa÷f ca ngs jfjd`gs, `f usgr   papankgs a` tfcgs ngs pgracas. Zd sa qudara usgr a` tfcgs, astgs `f cama` tfjgr an tajif sd`f nnaegr igstg jdartg gnturg pgrg avdtgr fjgsdf`gr u` aoajtf gmrukgcfr.

=.1.:.  A@JIGXGCFZ A@ A@ X_J  Nfs zújgnfs ca X_J sa casgrrfnng` g pgrtdr ca X_J rëedcf, onaxdmna y axpg`cdcf. Asta kgtardgn parkdta prfcujdr zújgnfs ca jgrgjtarëstdjgs sdkdngras g nfs ca kgcarg,  parf sd` `d`eu`f ca sus d`jf`va`da`tas. d`jf`va`da`tas. Nfs zújgnfs ca X_J sa trgmgbg` jfkf nfs ca kgcarg, y puaca` jfrtgrsa, gtfr`dnngrsa,  parofrgrsa a d`enatgrsa jf` ngs kdskgs iarrgkda`tgs. Astf ogjdndtg su kf`tgba, yg qua `f raqudara` ca ng utdndzgjdú` ca iarrgkda`tgs aspajdgnas. Za puaca` odbgr jf` jaka`tf ca jf`tgjtf, sdndjf`g f gciasdvfs u`dvarsgnas, f kajç`djgka`ta kacdg`ta tfr`dnnfs f jngvfs. (Mgrmdard, =879) Gcakçs ca jukpndr u`g ou`jdú` astätdjg, nfs zújgnfs sa jfnfjg` a` ng mgsa ca nfs tgmdquas f pgracas ca ngs igmdtgjdf`as pgrg prftaearngs ca efnpas f rgygcurgs, pfr nf qua as

=1

 

dkpfrtg`ta qua sag` nf kçs rasdsta`tas pfsdmna. A` asta sa`tdcf, nfs zújgnfs ca X_J prasa`tg` `ukarfsgs va`tgbgs jf` raspajtf g nfs ca kgcarg, yg qua2 





 @f sa pucra`. Zf` gntgka`ta rasdsta`tas g ng iukacgc.  @f sf` gtgjgcfs pfr d`sajtfs jfkf ngs tarkdtgs, `d pfr if`efs if`efs ca `d`eò` tdpf.



Sda`a` gntg rasdsta`jdg gn ouaef2 `f prfpgeg` nngkg, sa gutfaxtd`eua` y `f jf`cuja` anajtrdjdcgc.



Zf` rasdsta`tas g cdvarsfs gea`tas quëkdjfs.



Zf` oçjdnka`ta ngvgmnas y pd`tgmnas a` jgsf ca qua sag` kg`jigcfs.

=.1.7.  RÚJGNFZ CA X_J  X_J 

=.1.7.7. RÚJGNF JNGZDJ An zújgnf Jngssdj sa ogmrdjg` a` an pgës g pgrtdr ca ng axtrusdú` ca kgtardgs  prdkgs ca X_J axpg`cdcf, cg`cf cg`cf jfkf rasuntgcf u` zújgnf ca candjgcg astätdjg y erg` rasdsta`jdg, jf` u`g suparodjda sugva, sd` dkparoajjdf`as. _da`a` ndstfs pgrg jfnfjgrsa a` ngrefs ca : katrfs, y ergjdgs g qua su jfnfr astç d`jfrpfrgcf a` su kgsg, ästa `f sa pdarca g`ta u` ava`tugn pu`zf`gcf f rgygcf. An zújgnf Jngssdj parkdta pgsgr jgmnas g trgväs ca sus rg`urgs pfstardfras y jumrdr nfs aspgjdfs ca axpg`sdú` pardkatrgn ca tfcf tdpf ca pdsfs. (Mgrmdard, =879)

=?

 

=.1.7.=. RÚJGNF ZG@DSG]DF B An zújgnf Zg`dtgrdf B as u` prfcujtf ogmrdjgcf jf` 788% ca X_J rëedcf qua  parkdta rasfnvar ng trg`sdjdú` a`tra sfngcfs y pgracas. Gn pfsaar jdartg onaxdmdndcgc,  parkdta gcgptgrsa g pgracas drraeungras f jf` jdartg jurvgturg. Zu astrujturg canegcg mrd`cg u`g judcgcg astätdjg kd`dkgndstg, y tda`a erg` rasdsta`jdg kajç`djg. Zu ofrkg racf`cagcg a` nfs axtrakfs ogjdndtg ng ndkpdazg y  mrd`cg u` gbusta prajdsf sfmra ngs pgracas. (Mgrmdard, =879)

=.1.7.:. RÚJGNF ZG@DSG]DF ONAY An Rújgnf Zg`dtgrdf Onax astç cdsa÷gcf aspajdgnka`ta pgrg su usf a` gkmda`tas qua raqudara` jf`cdjdf`as pgrtdjungras ca ideda`a y sg`dcgc, jfkf ifspdtgnas, ngmfrgtfrdfs y ordefrëodjfs. Ng astrujturg jfkpgjtg (`f gnvafngr) y su ofrkgjdú` kfnajungr igja` qua =5

 

sag` aspajdgnka`ta rasdsta`tas g nfs dkpgjtfs y rgygcurgs. Zf` ngvgmnas kacdg`ta catarea`tas y ndkpdgcfras cfkästdjfs, pfr nf qua su kg`ta`dkda`tf as sa`jdnnf. T ergjdgs g su ofrkg sa gcgptg g ngs drraeungrdcgcas ca nfs sustrgtfs, gsaeurg`cf u` kabfr jf`tgjtf jf` ngs suparodjdas sd` ng `ajasdcgc ca utdndzgr gciasdvfs a` sus  mfrcas. Astfs zújgnfs rasuanva` kuy mda` nfs ç`eunfs ç`eunfs a`tra pgracas, a`tra pgracas y jdanfrrgsf, f a`tra pgracas y pdsf. (Mgrmdard, =879)

=.?.   ]AJFKA@CGJDF@A ]AJFKA@CGJDF@AZ Z T JF@JNQZDF@AZ JF@JNQZDF@AZ An prfjasf ca d`stgngjdú` cama ragndzgrsa jf` kçs judcgcfs a` jdartfs kgtardgnas, tgnas jfkf an kçrkfn, a`jigpgcfs ca vdcrdf, jarçkdjg… a`tra ftrfs. Xfcakfs axtrgar ca tfcgs ngs jgbgs y jfnfjgr a` u` çrag pgrg ragndzgr pruamgs ca jfkmd`gjdf`as pgrg su jfrrajtf pgtrú`, astf a` an jgsf ca jarçkdjgs Xgrg cdoara`tas tdpfs ca kgtardgnas camakfs ragndzgr u`g d`stgngjdú` a` an jfrrajtf frca`. Xgrg ng utdndzgjdú` ca kgtardgnas gciara`tas cama gsaeurgrsa ca su úptdkg jf`sdsta`jdg g`tas ca jfnfjgrnf, cama astgr paegbfsf gn tgjtf y `f cakgsdgcf sajf a` an jgsf can kfrtarf, y ng utdndzgjdú` ca paegka`tf sdeua nfs astç`cgras ea`argnas ca kg`abf.

=9